Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.4 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 7231 842109 575052 2026-05-29T05:58:55Z Sirjat 20447 Replaced content with "{{databox}}" 842109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} 1cuz34gp65axujgbyib7d5oqwb73c81 842111 842109 2026-05-29T05:59:12Z Sirjat 20447 842111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nilu''' babban kogi ne da ke arewa maso gabashin Afirka, yana gudana zuwa Bahar Rum. Tsawonsa ya kai {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}, kuma shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, duk da cewa ba ya ɗaukar ruwa da yawa kamar Amazon ko Congo. Nilu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da al’adu na Afirka tsawon dubban shekaru. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Farin Nilu da Bakin Nilu. Farin Nilu ya fi tsawo kuma ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin kogin, amma Bakin Nilu yana kawo ruwa fiye da sau biyu na Farin Nilu. Farin Nilu yana farawa kusa da Lake Victoria, yana gudana ta Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu; Bakin Nilu kuma yana farawa kusa da Lake Tana a Habasha, yana shiga Sudan daga kudu maso gabas. Sannan sukan haɗu a Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. Daga nan Nilu yana gudana ta hamadar Nubia zuwa Cairo, sannan ya zube cikin Bahar Rum kusa da Alexandria, inda ya kafa babban kwarin Nilu Delta. Kwarin Nilu yana ratsa ƙasashe 11. Yawancin ruwan Nilu yana fitowa daga ruwan sama a ƙasashen da ke sama kamar Habasha, Kenya, Tanzaniya da Uganda. Ƙasashen da ke ƙasa kamar Masar da Sudan suna dogara da ruwan Nilu don ban ruwa. Sauran ƙasashen da ke cikin kwarin sun haɗa da Burundi, DR Congo, Eritrea da Rwanda. Nilu ya kasance ginshiƙin ƙasar Masar ta dā, inda ambaliyar shekara-shekara ta kawo ƙasa mai gina amfanin gona. Wannan ƙasa ta tallafa wa noma da rayuwa a cikin hamada. Nilu ya sauƙaƙa kasuwanci, sadarwa, sufuri, da mulki. A kudu da cataract na biyu akwai Nubia, inda tsoffin al’ummomi irin su Kerma da Daular Kush suka zauna. A ƙarni na 19, Turawa sun yi bincike a kusa da Lake Victoria don gano asalin kogin. A yau, al’ummomin Nilotic suna rayuwa a gefen Nilu, suna kiwon shanu ta hanyar yin hijira bisa yanayin ambaliyar Nilu. A zamanin yau, Nilu yana da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Masar da Sudan, inda ake amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, an gina dam fiye da goma sha biyu a kwarin Nilu. Wadannan dam sun canza tsarin ambaliyar shekara-shekara, sun rage yawan laka da ke zuwa ƙasa, wanda ya sa Nilu Delta ke raguwa. Wasu dam kamar Aswan High Dam da Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam sun haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa kan ƙarancin ruwa, tsaro, abinci, da tilasta ƙaura. == Sunaye da Asalin Suna == Kalmar Turanci "Nile" ta samo asali daga Latin ''Nilus'' da Greek ''Neilos'', wanda wataƙila ya samo asali daga kalmar Semitic ''naḥal'' ma’ana 'kogi'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A cikin tsohuwar harshen Masar, kalma ɗaya ake amfani da ita don 'Nilu' da 'kogi': ''jtrw''.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Masarawa sun kira ƙasarsu ''kmt'' ma’ana 'baƙi', don nuni da launin ruwan ambaliyar Nilu mai ɗauke da laka daga sama.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Sunan Turanci "Blue Nile" fassarar sunan Larabci ne ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A zamanin yau, kogin yana da sunaye daban-daban a cikin kwarin Nilu. A Masar ana kiransa ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ko ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> A Sudan ta Kudu ana kiransa ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' ma’ana 'Kogin Dutsen'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} A Uganda, masu magana da Luganda suna kiransa ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Wasu mutanen Nubia na Masar da Sudan suna amfani da sunan Nobiin ''Áman Dawū'' ('Babban Ruwa').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Wasu rassan ruwa da sassan kogin suna ɗauke da sunan "Nile", ciki har da: * Albert Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Albert zuwa Nimule<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Black Nile — wani suna na Atbarah River<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * Blue Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Kyoga Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Kyoga zuwa Lake Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Main Nile — ɓangaren Nilu bayan haɗuwar Bakin Nilu da Farin Nilu{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * Mountain Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga duwatsun Uganda zuwa filayen Sudan ta Kudu{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}} * Victoria Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Victoria zuwa Lake Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * White Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Yellow Nile — Wadi Howar, tsohon rassa da ya bushe shekaru dubban da suka wuce{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} sgu9ngs0nssdoy99frjdr1wc938r8d5 842113 842111 2026-05-29T06:01:49Z Sirjat 20447 /* Sunaye da Asalin Suna */ 842113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nilu''' babban kogi ne da ke arewa maso gabashin Afirka, yana gudana zuwa Bahar Rum. Tsawonsa ya kai {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}, kuma shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, duk da cewa ba ya ɗaukar ruwa da yawa kamar Amazon ko Congo. Nilu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da al’adu na Afirka tsawon dubban shekaru. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Farin Nilu da Bakin Nilu. Farin Nilu ya fi tsawo kuma ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin kogin, amma Bakin Nilu yana kawo ruwa fiye da sau biyu na Farin Nilu. Farin Nilu yana farawa kusa da Lake Victoria, yana gudana ta Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu; Bakin Nilu kuma yana farawa kusa da Lake Tana a Habasha, yana shiga Sudan daga kudu maso gabas. Sannan sukan haɗu a Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. Daga nan Nilu yana gudana ta hamadar Nubia zuwa Cairo, sannan ya zube cikin Bahar Rum kusa da Alexandria, inda ya kafa babban kwarin Nilu Delta. Kwarin Nilu yana ratsa ƙasashe 11. Yawancin ruwan Nilu yana fitowa daga ruwan sama a ƙasashen da ke sama kamar Habasha, Kenya, Tanzaniya da Uganda. Ƙasashen da ke ƙasa kamar Masar da Sudan suna dogara da ruwan Nilu don ban ruwa. Sauran ƙasashen da ke cikin kwarin sun haɗa da Burundi, DR Congo, Eritrea da Rwanda. Nilu ya kasance ginshiƙin ƙasar Masar ta dā, inda ambaliyar shekara-shekara ta kawo ƙasa mai gina amfanin gona. Wannan ƙasa ta tallafa wa noma da rayuwa a cikin hamada. Nilu ya sauƙaƙa kasuwanci, sadarwa, sufuri, da mulki. A kudu da cataract na biyu akwai Nubia, inda tsoffin al’ummomi irin su Kerma da Daular Kush suka zauna. A ƙarni na 19, Turawa sun yi bincike a kusa da Lake Victoria don gano asalin kogin. A yau, al’ummomin Nilotic suna rayuwa a gefen Nilu, suna kiwon shanu ta hanyar yin hijira bisa yanayin ambaliyar Nilu. A zamanin yau, Nilu yana da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Masar da Sudan, inda ake amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, an gina dam fiye da goma sha biyu a kwarin Nilu. Wadannan dam sun canza tsarin ambaliyar shekara-shekara, sun rage yawan laka da ke zuwa ƙasa, wanda ya sa Nilu Delta ke raguwa. Wasu dam kamar Aswan High Dam da Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam sun haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa kan ƙarancin ruwa, tsaro, abinci, da tilasta ƙaura. == Sunaye da Asalin Suna == Kalmar Turanci "Nile" ta samo asali daga Latin ''Nilus'' da Greek ''Neilos'', wanda wataƙila ya samo asali daga kalmar Semitic ''naḥal'' ma’ana 'kogi'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A cikin tsohuwar harshen Masar, kalma ɗaya ake amfani da ita don 'Nilu' da 'kogi': ''jtrw''.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Masarawa sun kira ƙasarsu ''kmt'' ma’ana 'baƙi', don nuni da launin ruwan ambaliyar Nilu mai ɗauke da laka daga sama.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Sunan Turanci "Blue Nile" fassarar sunan Larabci ne ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A zamanin yau, kogin yana da sunaye daban-daban a cikin kwarin Nilu. A Masar ana kiransa ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ko ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> A Sudan ta Kudu ana kiransa ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' ma’ana 'Kogin Dutsen'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} A Uganda, masu magana da Luganda suna kiransa ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Wasu mutanen Nubia na Masar da Sudan suna amfani da sunan Nobiin ''Áman Dawū'' ('Babban Ruwa').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Wasu rassan ruwa da sassan kogin suna ɗauke da sunan "Nile", ciki har da: * Albert Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Albert zuwa Nimule<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Black Nile — wani suna na Atbarah River<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * Blue Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Kyoga Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Kyoga zuwa Lake Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Main Nile — ɓangaren Nilu bayan haɗuwar Bakin Nilu da Farin Nilu{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * Mountain Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga duwatsun Uganda zuwa filayen Sudan ta Kudu{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}} * Victoria Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Victoria zuwa Lake Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * White Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Yellow Nile — Wadi Howar, tsohon rassa da ya bushe shekaru dubban da suka wuce{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Asali == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka. Nilu yana bayyana a matsayin layi mai lanƙwasa mai shuɗi, yana farawa daga ƙasa a cikin daji mai kore, sannan ya tafi sama ya ƙare a Bahar Rum.|Nilu yana da cataracts guda shida da kuma asali da dama.{{efn|Wasu daga cikin cataracts sun nutse saboda madatsun ruwa da aka gina.}}]] Asalin Nilu yana daga wani rassa na Rukarara River, a cikin Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, a {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, a tsayin {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An fara gano wurin a 1969 ta masu bincike daga Waseda University.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2006, wasu masu yawon buɗe ido suka sake gano wurin, suka sanya alama a wani itace kusa ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) wanda yanzu wurin yawon buɗe ido ne.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2009, masana suka yi amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam don ƙara daidaita wurin, suka sanya shi a wani rijiya ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) da ke nesa da wurin na 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>}} Asalin yana nufin farkon ruwan da ke gudana duk shekara a cikin kwarin Nilu.<ref name=SourceCite/> Daga wannan asali, kogin yana gudana {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} zuwa bakin Bahar Rum.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} Tsawon an auna shi a 2009 ta hanyar hotunan tauraron dan adam.<ref name=SourceCite/> Mafi tsayin asalin Nilu yana kan duwatsun Rwenzori a Uganda.<ref name=Rwenz/> Duwatsun da ake kira “Mountains of the Moon” da Ptolemy ya bayyana sun danganta da Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Asalin da ya fi kudu yana Burundi a Ruvyironza River, wanda ke shiga Kagera River.<ref name=southSource/> An gina wani abin tunawa a kusa da Rutovu a 1937 ta Burkhart Waldecker.<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Abin tunawa yana a {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} Lake Victoria — wanda Tanzaniya, Uganda da Kenya ke rabawa — wani lokaci ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin Nilu, saboda yana ciyar da Farin Nilu daga Jinja, Uganda.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|Nilu yana fita daga Lake Victoria a Jinja, inda ake da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ake kira "source of the Nile".{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Wasu kuma suna ganin asalin gaskiya shi ne gajimare na ruwan sama da ke sama da Lake Victoria, saboda su ne ke kawo mafi yawan ruwan tafkin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. }}</ref> Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusa da Gish Abay, kudu da Lake Tana.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusan km 75 kudu da Lake Tana, a {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}}} slklyy3q5uno7cchwft4nz0lsiza9e8 842201 842113 2026-05-29T06:54:51Z Sirjat 20447 /* Asali */ 842201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nilu''' babban kogi ne da ke arewa maso gabashin Afirka, yana gudana zuwa Bahar Rum. Tsawonsa ya kai {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}, kuma shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, duk da cewa ba ya ɗaukar ruwa da yawa kamar Amazon ko Congo. Nilu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da al’adu na Afirka tsawon dubban shekaru. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Farin Nilu da Bakin Nilu. Farin Nilu ya fi tsawo kuma ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin kogin, amma Bakin Nilu yana kawo ruwa fiye da sau biyu na Farin Nilu. Farin Nilu yana farawa kusa da Lake Victoria, yana gudana ta Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu; Bakin Nilu kuma yana farawa kusa da Lake Tana a Habasha, yana shiga Sudan daga kudu maso gabas. Sannan sukan haɗu a Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. Daga nan Nilu yana gudana ta hamadar Nubia zuwa Cairo, sannan ya zube cikin Bahar Rum kusa da Alexandria, inda ya kafa babban kwarin Nilu Delta. Kwarin Nilu yana ratsa ƙasashe 11. Yawancin ruwan Nilu yana fitowa daga ruwan sama a ƙasashen da ke sama kamar Habasha, Kenya, Tanzaniya da Uganda. Ƙasashen da ke ƙasa kamar Masar da Sudan suna dogara da ruwan Nilu don ban ruwa. Sauran ƙasashen da ke cikin kwarin sun haɗa da Burundi, DR Congo, Eritrea da Rwanda. Nilu ya kasance ginshiƙin ƙasar Masar ta dā, inda ambaliyar shekara-shekara ta kawo ƙasa mai gina amfanin gona. Wannan ƙasa ta tallafa wa noma da rayuwa a cikin hamada. Nilu ya sauƙaƙa kasuwanci, sadarwa, sufuri, da mulki. A kudu da cataract na biyu akwai Nubia, inda tsoffin al’ummomi irin su Kerma da Daular Kush suka zauna. A ƙarni na 19, Turawa sun yi bincike a kusa da Lake Victoria don gano asalin kogin. A yau, al’ummomin Nilotic suna rayuwa a gefen Nilu, suna kiwon shanu ta hanyar yin hijira bisa yanayin ambaliyar Nilu. A zamanin yau, Nilu yana da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Masar da Sudan, inda ake amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, an gina dam fiye da goma sha biyu a kwarin Nilu. Wadannan dam sun canza tsarin ambaliyar shekara-shekara, sun rage yawan laka da ke zuwa ƙasa, wanda ya sa Nilu Delta ke raguwa. Wasu dam kamar Aswan High Dam da Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam sun haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa kan ƙarancin ruwa, tsaro, abinci, da tilasta ƙaura. == Sunaye da Asalin Suna == Kalmar Turanci "Nile" ta samo asali daga Latin ''Nilus'' da Greek ''Neilos'', wanda wataƙila ya samo asali daga kalmar Semitic ''naḥal'' ma’ana 'kogi'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A cikin tsohuwar harshen Masar, kalma ɗaya ake amfani da ita don 'Nilu' da 'kogi': ''jtrw''.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Masarawa sun kira ƙasarsu ''kmt'' ma’ana 'baƙi', don nuni da launin ruwan ambaliyar Nilu mai ɗauke da laka daga sama.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Sunan Turanci "Blue Nile" fassarar sunan Larabci ne ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A zamanin yau, kogin yana da sunaye daban-daban a cikin kwarin Nilu. A Masar ana kiransa ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ko ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> A Sudan ta Kudu ana kiransa ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' ma’ana 'Kogin Dutsen'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} A Uganda, masu magana da Luganda suna kiransa ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Wasu mutanen Nubia na Masar da Sudan suna amfani da sunan Nobiin ''Áman Dawū'' ('Babban Ruwa').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Wasu rassan ruwa da sassan kogin suna ɗauke da sunan "Nile", ciki har da: * Albert Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Albert zuwa Nimule<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Black Nile — wani suna na Atbarah River<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * Blue Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Kyoga Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Kyoga zuwa Lake Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Main Nile — ɓangaren Nilu bayan haɗuwar Bakin Nilu da Farin Nilu{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * Mountain Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga duwatsun Uganda zuwa filayen Sudan ta Kudu{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}} * Victoria Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Victoria zuwa Lake Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * White Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Yellow Nile — Wadi Howar, tsohon rassa da ya bushe shekaru dubban da suka wuce{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Asali == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka. Nilu yana bayyana a matsayin layi mai lanƙwasa mai shuɗi, yana farawa daga ƙasa a cikin daji mai kore, sannan ya tafi sama ya ƙare a Bahar Rum.|Nilu yana da cataracts guda shida da kuma asali da dama.{{efn|Wasu daga cikin cataracts sun nutse saboda madatsun ruwa da aka gina.}}]] Asalin Nilu yana daga wani rassa na Rukarara River, a cikin Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, a {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, a tsayin {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An fara gano wurin a 1969 ta masu bincike daga Waseda University.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2006, wasu masu yawon buɗe ido suka sake gano wurin, suka sanya alama a wani itace kusa ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) wanda yanzu wurin yawon buɗe ido ne.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2009, masana suka yi amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam don ƙara daidaita wurin, suka sanya shi a wani rijiya ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) da ke nesa da wurin na 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>}} Asalin yana nufin farkon ruwan da ke gudana duk shekara a cikin kwarin Nilu.<ref name=SourceCite/> Daga wannan asali, kogin yana gudana {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} zuwa bakin Bahar Rum.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} Tsawon an auna shi a 2009 ta hanyar hotunan tauraron dan adam.<ref name=SourceCite/> Mafi tsayin asalin Nilu yana kan duwatsun Rwenzori a Uganda.<ref name=Rwenz/> Duwatsun da ake kira “Mountains of the Moon” da Ptolemy ya bayyana sun danganta da Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Asalin da ya fi kudu yana Burundi a Ruvyironza River, wanda ke shiga Kagera River.<ref name=southSource/> An gina wani abin tunawa a kusa da Rutovu a 1937 ta Burkhart Waldecker.<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Abin tunawa yana a {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} Lake Victoria — wanda Tanzaniya, Uganda da Kenya ke rabawa — wani lokaci ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin Nilu, saboda yana ciyar da Farin Nilu daga Jinja, Uganda.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|Nilu yana fita daga Lake Victoria a Jinja, inda ake da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ake kira "source of the Nile".{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Wasu kuma suna ganin asalin gaskiya shi ne gajimare na ruwan sama da ke sama da Lake Victoria, saboda su ne ke kawo mafi yawan ruwan tafkin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. }}</ref> Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusa da Gish Abay, kudu da Lake Tana.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusan km 75 kudu da Lake Tana, a {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}}} == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Ruwan Kogin Nilu yana samo asali ne daga ruwan sama da ke sauka a tsaunukan yankunan kudu da gabashin Kwarin Nilu.|alt=Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka, tana nuna wuraren wasu birane da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ke kan kogin.]] Kogin Nilu babban kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin Afirka wanda ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum. Kwarin Nilu shi ne dukkan yankin ƙasa da ruwansa ke gangarowa zuwa Kogin Nilu, kuma yana da faɗin kilomita murabba'i 2,927,843{{snd}}kimanin kashi 10% na nahiyar Afirka (duba taswirar da ke kusa).<ref name=basinSize/> Kasashe goma sha ɗaya ne gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangarensu ke cikin wannan kwari: Burundi, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan, Tanzaniya da Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn|A shekara ta 2011, Sudan ta Kudu ta balle daga Sudan, ta zama ƙasa ta goma sha ɗaya a Kwarin Nilu.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Wannan kwari ya ƙunshi nau'o'in yanayi, tsarin muhalli da siffofin ƙasa iri-iri{{snd}}daga hamada masu yashi da fari a arewa, zuwa filayen fadama masu laushi a tsakiyar yankin, zuwa tsaunuka masu dazuzzuka da yawan ruwan sama a kudu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Ana iya raba Kwarin Nilu zuwa yankuna bakwai; biyar daga cikinsu suna ɗauke da mafi tsawon hanyar da Kogin Nilu yake bi. Idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan yankuna biyar su ne: Tafkunan Manyan Afirka, Nilu na Tsaunuka, Farin Nilu, Babban Nilu, da Delta ta Nilu. Yankuna biyu na ƙari suna ɗauke da manyan rafukan da ke shiga Nilu: Shuɗin Nilu da Kogin Atbarah.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} === Tafkunan Manyan Afirka === Yankin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka yana ɗauke da asalin Kogin Nilu tare da wasu manyan tafkuna da suke cikin tsarin Kogin Nilu: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Albert, Tafkin George da Tafkin Edward.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Bayanin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka. }}</ref> Asalin Kogin Nilu shi ne Kogin Rukarara da ke cikin Gandun Dajin Ƙasa na Nyungwe a Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> kuma yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera wanda ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|Asalin Kogin Nilu yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Rukarara, sannan zuwa Kogin Mwogo, wanda ke haɗuwa da Kogin Mbirurume ya zama Kogin Nyabarongo, wanda ke kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera, wanda kuma ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. }}</ref> }} Ko da yake babban tafki ne{{snd}}na biyu mafi girman tafkin ruwa mai ɗanɗano a duniya idan aka auna faɗi{{efn|An auna ne ta fuskar faɗin ƙasa, ba girman ruwa ba.}}{{snd}} Tafkin Victoria ba shi da zurfi sosai, domin matsakaicin zurfinsa kusan mita 40 ne.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Kogin yana fara ɗaukar sunan “Nilu” ne a inda Tafkin Victoria ke zubar da ruwa daga arewacinsa: sashen daga nan zuwa Tafkin Albert ana kiransa Victoria Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ruwan faɗuwa guda biyu{{snd}}Ripon Falls da Owen Falls{{snd}}sun kasance a wurin da Nilu ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria, amma an nutsar da su bayan gina Dam ɗin Nalubaale. Bayan Bujagali Falls da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali, Victoria Nile yana zubowa cikin Tafkin Kyoga. Bayan ya fita daga Tafkin Kyoga, Kogin Kafu yana shiga cikinsa, sannan ya ratsa Murchison Falls ya shiga Tafkin Albert. Ba kamar Tafkin Victoria ba, Tafkin Albert tafki ne mai zurfi wanda tsaunuka suka kewaye shi. Kogin yana fita daga tafkin a gefen arewarsa, inda ake kiransa Albert Nile; wannan sashe na kogin yana da shimfiɗa kuma faffaɗa, kuma ya dace da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa masu tururi.<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> === Nilu na Tsaunuka === Yanki na biyu na Kwarin Nilu idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa shi ne Nilu na Tsaunuka ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. }}</ref> Wannan yanki yana farawa kusa da garin Nimule, yana kaiwa zuwa Tafkin No, kuma gaba ɗayansa yana cikin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan ya ratsa Nimule, kogin yana wucewa ta Fula Rapids sannan ya isa Juba{{snd}}babban birnin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan Juba, Nilu yana ratsa garin Bor sannan ya shiga Sudd, wata babbar fadama da ke kan shimfiɗaɗɗen fili.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}.</ref> Gangarar ƙasar a yankin Sudd kusan 1:13,000 ce kawai, saboda haka kogin yana tafiya a hankali kuma yana faɗaɗa. Tsire-tsire masu yalwa ciki har da sedges, papyrus da water hyacinth na gama gari (wani nau'in tsiro mai mamaye muhalli) suna toshe hanyoyin ruwa kuma suna wahalar da zirga-zirga. A gefen arewa na fadamar Sudd, Nilu yana wucewa ta Tafkin No, ƙaramin tafki inda Kogin Bahr el Ghazal (wato “kogin barewa” a Larabci) ke shiga cikinsa daga yamma.<ref name=phys/> ewpv0w0euqd3hx3bph8mv93svkmetna 842210 842201 2026-05-29T06:57:51Z Sirjat 20447 /* Nilu na Tsaunuka */ 842210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nilu''' babban kogi ne da ke arewa maso gabashin Afirka, yana gudana zuwa Bahar Rum. Tsawonsa ya kai {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}, kuma shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, duk da cewa ba ya ɗaukar ruwa da yawa kamar Amazon ko Congo. Nilu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da al’adu na Afirka tsawon dubban shekaru. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Farin Nilu da Bakin Nilu. Farin Nilu ya fi tsawo kuma ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin kogin, amma Bakin Nilu yana kawo ruwa fiye da sau biyu na Farin Nilu. Farin Nilu yana farawa kusa da Lake Victoria, yana gudana ta Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu; Bakin Nilu kuma yana farawa kusa da Lake Tana a Habasha, yana shiga Sudan daga kudu maso gabas. Sannan sukan haɗu a Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. Daga nan Nilu yana gudana ta hamadar Nubia zuwa Cairo, sannan ya zube cikin Bahar Rum kusa da Alexandria, inda ya kafa babban kwarin Nilu Delta. Kwarin Nilu yana ratsa ƙasashe 11. Yawancin ruwan Nilu yana fitowa daga ruwan sama a ƙasashen da ke sama kamar Habasha, Kenya, Tanzaniya da Uganda. Ƙasashen da ke ƙasa kamar Masar da Sudan suna dogara da ruwan Nilu don ban ruwa. Sauran ƙasashen da ke cikin kwarin sun haɗa da Burundi, DR Congo, Eritrea da Rwanda. Nilu ya kasance ginshiƙin ƙasar Masar ta dā, inda ambaliyar shekara-shekara ta kawo ƙasa mai gina amfanin gona. Wannan ƙasa ta tallafa wa noma da rayuwa a cikin hamada. Nilu ya sauƙaƙa kasuwanci, sadarwa, sufuri, da mulki. A kudu da cataract na biyu akwai Nubia, inda tsoffin al’ummomi irin su Kerma da Daular Kush suka zauna. A ƙarni na 19, Turawa sun yi bincike a kusa da Lake Victoria don gano asalin kogin. A yau, al’ummomin Nilotic suna rayuwa a gefen Nilu, suna kiwon shanu ta hanyar yin hijira bisa yanayin ambaliyar Nilu. A zamanin yau, Nilu yana da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Masar da Sudan, inda ake amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, an gina dam fiye da goma sha biyu a kwarin Nilu. Wadannan dam sun canza tsarin ambaliyar shekara-shekara, sun rage yawan laka da ke zuwa ƙasa, wanda ya sa Nilu Delta ke raguwa. Wasu dam kamar Aswan High Dam da Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam sun haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa kan ƙarancin ruwa, tsaro, abinci, da tilasta ƙaura. == Sunaye da Asalin Suna == Kalmar Turanci "Nile" ta samo asali daga Latin ''Nilus'' da Greek ''Neilos'', wanda wataƙila ya samo asali daga kalmar Semitic ''naḥal'' ma’ana 'kogi'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A cikin tsohuwar harshen Masar, kalma ɗaya ake amfani da ita don 'Nilu' da 'kogi': ''jtrw''.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Masarawa sun kira ƙasarsu ''kmt'' ma’ana 'baƙi', don nuni da launin ruwan ambaliyar Nilu mai ɗauke da laka daga sama.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Sunan Turanci "Blue Nile" fassarar sunan Larabci ne ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A zamanin yau, kogin yana da sunaye daban-daban a cikin kwarin Nilu. A Masar ana kiransa ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ko ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> A Sudan ta Kudu ana kiransa ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' ma’ana 'Kogin Dutsen'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} A Uganda, masu magana da Luganda suna kiransa ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Wasu mutanen Nubia na Masar da Sudan suna amfani da sunan Nobiin ''Áman Dawū'' ('Babban Ruwa').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Wasu rassan ruwa da sassan kogin suna ɗauke da sunan "Nile", ciki har da: * Albert Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Albert zuwa Nimule<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Black Nile — wani suna na Atbarah River<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * Blue Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Kyoga Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Kyoga zuwa Lake Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Main Nile — ɓangaren Nilu bayan haɗuwar Bakin Nilu da Farin Nilu{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * Mountain Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga duwatsun Uganda zuwa filayen Sudan ta Kudu{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}} * Victoria Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Victoria zuwa Lake Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * White Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Yellow Nile — Wadi Howar, tsohon rassa da ya bushe shekaru dubban da suka wuce{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Asali == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka. Nilu yana bayyana a matsayin layi mai lanƙwasa mai shuɗi, yana farawa daga ƙasa a cikin daji mai kore, sannan ya tafi sama ya ƙare a Bahar Rum.|Nilu yana da cataracts guda shida da kuma asali da dama.{{efn|Wasu daga cikin cataracts sun nutse saboda madatsun ruwa da aka gina.}}]] Asalin Nilu yana daga wani rassa na Rukarara River, a cikin Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, a {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, a tsayin {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An fara gano wurin a 1969 ta masu bincike daga Waseda University.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2006, wasu masu yawon buɗe ido suka sake gano wurin, suka sanya alama a wani itace kusa ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) wanda yanzu wurin yawon buɗe ido ne.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2009, masana suka yi amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam don ƙara daidaita wurin, suka sanya shi a wani rijiya ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) da ke nesa da wurin na 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>}} Asalin yana nufin farkon ruwan da ke gudana duk shekara a cikin kwarin Nilu.<ref name=SourceCite/> Daga wannan asali, kogin yana gudana {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} zuwa bakin Bahar Rum.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} Tsawon an auna shi a 2009 ta hanyar hotunan tauraron dan adam.<ref name=SourceCite/> Mafi tsayin asalin Nilu yana kan duwatsun Rwenzori a Uganda.<ref name=Rwenz/> Duwatsun da ake kira “Mountains of the Moon” da Ptolemy ya bayyana sun danganta da Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Asalin da ya fi kudu yana Burundi a Ruvyironza River, wanda ke shiga Kagera River.<ref name=southSource/> An gina wani abin tunawa a kusa da Rutovu a 1937 ta Burkhart Waldecker.<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Abin tunawa yana a {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} Lake Victoria — wanda Tanzaniya, Uganda da Kenya ke rabawa — wani lokaci ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin Nilu, saboda yana ciyar da Farin Nilu daga Jinja, Uganda.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|Nilu yana fita daga Lake Victoria a Jinja, inda ake da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ake kira "source of the Nile".{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Wasu kuma suna ganin asalin gaskiya shi ne gajimare na ruwan sama da ke sama da Lake Victoria, saboda su ne ke kawo mafi yawan ruwan tafkin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. }}</ref> Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusa da Gish Abay, kudu da Lake Tana.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusan km 75 kudu da Lake Tana, a {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}}} == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Ruwan Kogin Nilu yana samo asali ne daga ruwan sama da ke sauka a tsaunukan yankunan kudu da gabashin Kwarin Nilu.|alt=Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka, tana nuna wuraren wasu birane da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ke kan kogin.]] Kogin Nilu babban kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin Afirka wanda ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum. Kwarin Nilu shi ne dukkan yankin ƙasa da ruwansa ke gangarowa zuwa Kogin Nilu, kuma yana da faɗin kilomita murabba'i 2,927,843{{snd}}kimanin kashi 10% na nahiyar Afirka (duba taswirar da ke kusa).<ref name=basinSize/> Kasashe goma sha ɗaya ne gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangarensu ke cikin wannan kwari: Burundi, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan, Tanzaniya da Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn|A shekara ta 2011, Sudan ta Kudu ta balle daga Sudan, ta zama ƙasa ta goma sha ɗaya a Kwarin Nilu.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Wannan kwari ya ƙunshi nau'o'in yanayi, tsarin muhalli da siffofin ƙasa iri-iri{{snd}}daga hamada masu yashi da fari a arewa, zuwa filayen fadama masu laushi a tsakiyar yankin, zuwa tsaunuka masu dazuzzuka da yawan ruwan sama a kudu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Ana iya raba Kwarin Nilu zuwa yankuna bakwai; biyar daga cikinsu suna ɗauke da mafi tsawon hanyar da Kogin Nilu yake bi. Idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan yankuna biyar su ne: Tafkunan Manyan Afirka, Nilu na Tsaunuka, Farin Nilu, Babban Nilu, da Delta ta Nilu. Yankuna biyu na ƙari suna ɗauke da manyan rafukan da ke shiga Nilu: Shuɗin Nilu da Kogin Atbarah.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} === Tafkunan Manyan Afirka === Yankin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka yana ɗauke da asalin Kogin Nilu tare da wasu manyan tafkuna da suke cikin tsarin Kogin Nilu: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Albert, Tafkin George da Tafkin Edward.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Bayanin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka. }}</ref> Asalin Kogin Nilu shi ne Kogin Rukarara da ke cikin Gandun Dajin Ƙasa na Nyungwe a Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> kuma yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera wanda ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|Asalin Kogin Nilu yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Rukarara, sannan zuwa Kogin Mwogo, wanda ke haɗuwa da Kogin Mbirurume ya zama Kogin Nyabarongo, wanda ke kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera, wanda kuma ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. }}</ref> }} Ko da yake babban tafki ne{{snd}}na biyu mafi girman tafkin ruwa mai ɗanɗano a duniya idan aka auna faɗi{{efn|An auna ne ta fuskar faɗin ƙasa, ba girman ruwa ba.}}{{snd}} Tafkin Victoria ba shi da zurfi sosai, domin matsakaicin zurfinsa kusan mita 40 ne.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Kogin yana fara ɗaukar sunan “Nilu” ne a inda Tafkin Victoria ke zubar da ruwa daga arewacinsa: sashen daga nan zuwa Tafkin Albert ana kiransa Victoria Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ruwan faɗuwa guda biyu{{snd}}Ripon Falls da Owen Falls{{snd}}sun kasance a wurin da Nilu ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria, amma an nutsar da su bayan gina Dam ɗin Nalubaale. Bayan Bujagali Falls da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali, Victoria Nile yana zubowa cikin Tafkin Kyoga. Bayan ya fita daga Tafkin Kyoga, Kogin Kafu yana shiga cikinsa, sannan ya ratsa Murchison Falls ya shiga Tafkin Albert. Ba kamar Tafkin Victoria ba, Tafkin Albert tafki ne mai zurfi wanda tsaunuka suka kewaye shi. Kogin yana fita daga tafkin a gefen arewarsa, inda ake kiransa Albert Nile; wannan sashe na kogin yana da shimfiɗa kuma faffaɗa, kuma ya dace da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa masu tururi.<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> === Nilu na Tsaunuka === Yanki na biyu na Kwarin Nilu idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa shi ne Nilu na Tsaunuka ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. }}</ref> Wannan yanki yana farawa kusa da garin Nimule, yana kaiwa zuwa Tafkin No, kuma gaba ɗayansa yana cikin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan ya ratsa Nimule, kogin yana wucewa ta Fula Rapids sannan ya isa Juba{{snd}}babban birnin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan Juba, Nilu yana ratsa garin Bor sannan ya shiga Sudd, wata babbar fadama da ke kan shimfiɗaɗɗen fili.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}.</ref> Gangarar ƙasar a yankin Sudd kusan 1:13,000 ce kawai, saboda haka kogin yana tafiya a hankali kuma yana faɗaɗa. Tsire-tsire masu yalwa ciki har da sedges, papyrus da water hyacinth na gama gari (wani nau'in tsiro mai mamaye muhalli) suna toshe hanyoyin ruwa kuma suna wahalar da zirga-zirga. A gefen arewa na fadamar Sudd, Nilu yana wucewa ta Tafkin No, ƙaramin tafki inda Kogin Bahr el Ghazal (wato “kogin barewa” a Larabci) ke shiga cikinsa daga yamma.<ref name=phys/> ===Yankin Farar Nilu=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Hoton sama na Khartoum, yana nuna haduwar koguna biyu, kowanne da launin ruwansa daban|Launuka daban-daban na Farar Nilu (hagu) da Bakar Nilu (dama) suna bayyana inda suka hade suka zama babban Nilu (hagu sama).]] Yayin da ake ci gaba da tafiya ƙasa, yankin na uku na kwarin Nilu shi ne yankin Farar Nilu{{efn|Yankin Farar Nilu, kamar yadda aka bayyana nan, yana dauke da karamin bangare na babban Kogin Farar Nilu.}} wanda ya hada da tsawon {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} daga kusa da Malakal zuwa Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. A nan ne Bakar Nilu ya hade da shi. Wannan bangaren kogin yana da faɗi, kwanciyar hankali, tare da ciyayi da fadamomi a bakin koguna. Kogin nan ba shi da zurfi kuma yana rasa ruwa sosai ta hanyar ƙura.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Inda Farar Nilu ya hade da Bakar Nilu, launukansu suna bambanta sosai. Farar Nilu ya fi haske saboda yashi da yake dauke da [[quartz]] da [[feldspar]]. Wannan ya bambanta da Bakar Nilu wanda ke dauke da laka mai duhu daga duwatsun [[basaltic rock]] na Habasha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} Kogin Sobat shi ne rafi wanda ke hade da Farar Nilu kusa da garin Malakal (bayan haduwar Bahr el Ghazal, kafin Bakar Nilu). Yankinsa{{snd}}wanda ya hada da [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}yana dauke da kusan kilomita murabba’i 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Sobat yana ambaliya tsakanin Yuli da Disamba.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Babban Nilu=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|Babban Dam na Aswan yana kan babban Nilu kusa da iyakar Misira da Sudan. Injinan lantarki na dam din suna da karfin samar da 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=Ginin kankare mai girma kusa da tafkin shiru. Manyan hasumiyoyin wutar lantarki suna kusa da ginin.]] Yankin na hudu na kwarin Nilu{{snd}}babban Nilu{{efn|Bangaren Nilu tsakanin haduwar Bakar/Farar Nilu da Bahar Rum ana kiransa Babban Nilu ko Saharan Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}yana daga Khartoum zuwa Cairo, babban birnin Misira.<ref name=phys/> Wannan bangaren yana da faɗi da zurfi mai daidaito: kusan {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} faɗi da {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} zurfi a wurin da ya fi zurfi (idan ba ambaliya ba).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Da zarar ya bar Khartoum, kogin ya shiga Sabaloka Game Reserve kuma ya ratsa manyan rafuka masu ƙarfi da ba a iya ketarewa da jirgin ruwa. Wannan shi ne na shida (kuma mafi kusa da sama) daga cikin rafuka shida na Nilu. Kogin Atbarah{{snd}}babban rafi{{snd}}yana hade da Nilu, wanda daga nan ya bi babban lankwasawa S zuwa yamma. Ana samun sauran rafuka hudu (lamba 5, 4, 3, da 2) a cikin wannan lankwasawa S, wanda ya sa kogin ba ya iya ketarewa; duk da haka jiragen ruwa na iya tafiya a wasu wuraren da ba su da rafuka. Kogin daga nan ya shiga tafkin Nasser. Wannan tafki{{snd}}tafki na biyu mafi girma da mutum ya yi a duniya{{snd}}an kafa shi ne lokacin da aka gina Babban Dam na Aswan a Misira, kuma ya mamaye fiye da {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} na Nilu. Dam na Aswan Low{{snd}}wanda ya fi tsoho kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta{{snd}}yana ƙasa da Babban Dam na Aswan, kusa da wurin rafin farko na Nilu (wanda yanzu ya nutse). Daga wadannan dam-dam, Nilu yana gudana kusan {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} ta cikin dutsen limestone, tare da gonaki masu ban ruwa, har sai ya isa Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta na Nilu=== {{main|Delta na Nilu}} [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|Delta na Nilu shi ne babban yanki mai siffar alwatika da ciyayi a saman wannan hoto, inda kogin ya zuba cikin Bahar Rum.|alt=Hoton arewacin Misira, wanda aka dauka daga sararin samaniya. Nilu ya kare ta hanyar shiga Bahar Rum, yana samar da babban yanki mai siffar alwatika.]] Yankin na biyar, kuma na ƙarshe, wanda ya kunshi Kogin Nilu shi ne Delta na Nilu, babban [[delta]] mai siffar alwatika (kimanin 22,000&nbsp;km{{super|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} wanda ya fara daga Cairo zuwa Bahar Rum.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Kogin ya rabu zuwa manyan hanyoyi biyu a cikin delta: reshen Rosetta da reshen Damietta. Jimillar girman delta (ciki har da bangaren da ya nutse) kusan 150,000&nbsp;km{{super|3}}. Delta an gina shi tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, daga yashi da kogin ya kawo daga sama.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Tun bayan kammala Babban Dam na Aswan a 1970, delta ya fara raguwa saboda lalacewar ruwan Bahar Rum. A da, lalacewar tana daidaita da sabbin ƙasa daga yashi da kogin ya kawo; amma dam yana rike yashi a tafkin sa, yana hana sabuwar ƙasa isa delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref> fjb5sk7ictwxc42e6yudsvdb1hv4fiw 842212 842210 2026-05-29T06:58:09Z Sirjat 20447 /* Delta na Nilu */ 842212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nilu''' babban kogi ne da ke arewa maso gabashin Afirka, yana gudana zuwa Bahar Rum. Tsawonsa ya kai {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}, kuma shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, duk da cewa ba ya ɗaukar ruwa da yawa kamar Amazon ko Congo. Nilu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da al’adu na Afirka tsawon dubban shekaru. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Farin Nilu da Bakin Nilu. Farin Nilu ya fi tsawo kuma ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin kogin, amma Bakin Nilu yana kawo ruwa fiye da sau biyu na Farin Nilu. Farin Nilu yana farawa kusa da Lake Victoria, yana gudana ta Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu; Bakin Nilu kuma yana farawa kusa da Lake Tana a Habasha, yana shiga Sudan daga kudu maso gabas. Sannan sukan haɗu a Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. Daga nan Nilu yana gudana ta hamadar Nubia zuwa Cairo, sannan ya zube cikin Bahar Rum kusa da Alexandria, inda ya kafa babban kwarin Nilu Delta. Kwarin Nilu yana ratsa ƙasashe 11. Yawancin ruwan Nilu yana fitowa daga ruwan sama a ƙasashen da ke sama kamar Habasha, Kenya, Tanzaniya da Uganda. Ƙasashen da ke ƙasa kamar Masar da Sudan suna dogara da ruwan Nilu don ban ruwa. Sauran ƙasashen da ke cikin kwarin sun haɗa da Burundi, DR Congo, Eritrea da Rwanda. Nilu ya kasance ginshiƙin ƙasar Masar ta dā, inda ambaliyar shekara-shekara ta kawo ƙasa mai gina amfanin gona. Wannan ƙasa ta tallafa wa noma da rayuwa a cikin hamada. Nilu ya sauƙaƙa kasuwanci, sadarwa, sufuri, da mulki. A kudu da cataract na biyu akwai Nubia, inda tsoffin al’ummomi irin su Kerma da Daular Kush suka zauna. A ƙarni na 19, Turawa sun yi bincike a kusa da Lake Victoria don gano asalin kogin. A yau, al’ummomin Nilotic suna rayuwa a gefen Nilu, suna kiwon shanu ta hanyar yin hijira bisa yanayin ambaliyar Nilu. A zamanin yau, Nilu yana da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Masar da Sudan, inda ake amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, an gina dam fiye da goma sha biyu a kwarin Nilu. Wadannan dam sun canza tsarin ambaliyar shekara-shekara, sun rage yawan laka da ke zuwa ƙasa, wanda ya sa Nilu Delta ke raguwa. Wasu dam kamar Aswan High Dam da Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam sun haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa kan ƙarancin ruwa, tsaro, abinci, da tilasta ƙaura. == Sunaye da Asalin Suna == Kalmar Turanci "Nile" ta samo asali daga Latin ''Nilus'' da Greek ''Neilos'', wanda wataƙila ya samo asali daga kalmar Semitic ''naḥal'' ma’ana 'kogi'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A cikin tsohuwar harshen Masar, kalma ɗaya ake amfani da ita don 'Nilu' da 'kogi': ''jtrw''.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Masarawa sun kira ƙasarsu ''kmt'' ma’ana 'baƙi', don nuni da launin ruwan ambaliyar Nilu mai ɗauke da laka daga sama.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Sunan Turanci "Blue Nile" fassarar sunan Larabci ne ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A zamanin yau, kogin yana da sunaye daban-daban a cikin kwarin Nilu. A Masar ana kiransa ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ko ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> A Sudan ta Kudu ana kiransa ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' ma’ana 'Kogin Dutsen'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} A Uganda, masu magana da Luganda suna kiransa ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Wasu mutanen Nubia na Masar da Sudan suna amfani da sunan Nobiin ''Áman Dawū'' ('Babban Ruwa').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Wasu rassan ruwa da sassan kogin suna ɗauke da sunan "Nile", ciki har da: * Albert Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Albert zuwa Nimule<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Black Nile — wani suna na Atbarah River<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * Blue Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Kyoga Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Kyoga zuwa Lake Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Main Nile — ɓangaren Nilu bayan haɗuwar Bakin Nilu da Farin Nilu{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * Mountain Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga duwatsun Uganda zuwa filayen Sudan ta Kudu{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}} * Victoria Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Victoria zuwa Lake Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * White Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Yellow Nile — Wadi Howar, tsohon rassa da ya bushe shekaru dubban da suka wuce{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Asali == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka. Nilu yana bayyana a matsayin layi mai lanƙwasa mai shuɗi, yana farawa daga ƙasa a cikin daji mai kore, sannan ya tafi sama ya ƙare a Bahar Rum.|Nilu yana da cataracts guda shida da kuma asali da dama.{{efn|Wasu daga cikin cataracts sun nutse saboda madatsun ruwa da aka gina.}}]] Asalin Nilu yana daga wani rassa na Rukarara River, a cikin Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, a {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, a tsayin {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An fara gano wurin a 1969 ta masu bincike daga Waseda University.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2006, wasu masu yawon buɗe ido suka sake gano wurin, suka sanya alama a wani itace kusa ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) wanda yanzu wurin yawon buɗe ido ne.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2009, masana suka yi amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam don ƙara daidaita wurin, suka sanya shi a wani rijiya ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) da ke nesa da wurin na 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>}} Asalin yana nufin farkon ruwan da ke gudana duk shekara a cikin kwarin Nilu.<ref name=SourceCite/> Daga wannan asali, kogin yana gudana {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} zuwa bakin Bahar Rum.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} Tsawon an auna shi a 2009 ta hanyar hotunan tauraron dan adam.<ref name=SourceCite/> Mafi tsayin asalin Nilu yana kan duwatsun Rwenzori a Uganda.<ref name=Rwenz/> Duwatsun da ake kira “Mountains of the Moon” da Ptolemy ya bayyana sun danganta da Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Asalin da ya fi kudu yana Burundi a Ruvyironza River, wanda ke shiga Kagera River.<ref name=southSource/> An gina wani abin tunawa a kusa da Rutovu a 1937 ta Burkhart Waldecker.<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Abin tunawa yana a {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} Lake Victoria — wanda Tanzaniya, Uganda da Kenya ke rabawa — wani lokaci ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin Nilu, saboda yana ciyar da Farin Nilu daga Jinja, Uganda.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|Nilu yana fita daga Lake Victoria a Jinja, inda ake da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ake kira "source of the Nile".{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Wasu kuma suna ganin asalin gaskiya shi ne gajimare na ruwan sama da ke sama da Lake Victoria, saboda su ne ke kawo mafi yawan ruwan tafkin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. }}</ref> Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusa da Gish Abay, kudu da Lake Tana.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusan km 75 kudu da Lake Tana, a {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}}} == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Ruwan Kogin Nilu yana samo asali ne daga ruwan sama da ke sauka a tsaunukan yankunan kudu da gabashin Kwarin Nilu.|alt=Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka, tana nuna wuraren wasu birane da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ke kan kogin.]] Kogin Nilu babban kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin Afirka wanda ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum. Kwarin Nilu shi ne dukkan yankin ƙasa da ruwansa ke gangarowa zuwa Kogin Nilu, kuma yana da faɗin kilomita murabba'i 2,927,843{{snd}}kimanin kashi 10% na nahiyar Afirka (duba taswirar da ke kusa).<ref name=basinSize/> Kasashe goma sha ɗaya ne gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangarensu ke cikin wannan kwari: Burundi, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan, Tanzaniya da Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn|A shekara ta 2011, Sudan ta Kudu ta balle daga Sudan, ta zama ƙasa ta goma sha ɗaya a Kwarin Nilu.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Wannan kwari ya ƙunshi nau'o'in yanayi, tsarin muhalli da siffofin ƙasa iri-iri{{snd}}daga hamada masu yashi da fari a arewa, zuwa filayen fadama masu laushi a tsakiyar yankin, zuwa tsaunuka masu dazuzzuka da yawan ruwan sama a kudu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Ana iya raba Kwarin Nilu zuwa yankuna bakwai; biyar daga cikinsu suna ɗauke da mafi tsawon hanyar da Kogin Nilu yake bi. Idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan yankuna biyar su ne: Tafkunan Manyan Afirka, Nilu na Tsaunuka, Farin Nilu, Babban Nilu, da Delta ta Nilu. Yankuna biyu na ƙari suna ɗauke da manyan rafukan da ke shiga Nilu: Shuɗin Nilu da Kogin Atbarah.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} === Tafkunan Manyan Afirka === Yankin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka yana ɗauke da asalin Kogin Nilu tare da wasu manyan tafkuna da suke cikin tsarin Kogin Nilu: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Albert, Tafkin George da Tafkin Edward.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Bayanin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka. }}</ref> Asalin Kogin Nilu shi ne Kogin Rukarara da ke cikin Gandun Dajin Ƙasa na Nyungwe a Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> kuma yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera wanda ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|Asalin Kogin Nilu yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Rukarara, sannan zuwa Kogin Mwogo, wanda ke haɗuwa da Kogin Mbirurume ya zama Kogin Nyabarongo, wanda ke kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera, wanda kuma ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. }}</ref> }} Ko da yake babban tafki ne{{snd}}na biyu mafi girman tafkin ruwa mai ɗanɗano a duniya idan aka auna faɗi{{efn|An auna ne ta fuskar faɗin ƙasa, ba girman ruwa ba.}}{{snd}} Tafkin Victoria ba shi da zurfi sosai, domin matsakaicin zurfinsa kusan mita 40 ne.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Kogin yana fara ɗaukar sunan “Nilu” ne a inda Tafkin Victoria ke zubar da ruwa daga arewacinsa: sashen daga nan zuwa Tafkin Albert ana kiransa Victoria Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ruwan faɗuwa guda biyu{{snd}}Ripon Falls da Owen Falls{{snd}}sun kasance a wurin da Nilu ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria, amma an nutsar da su bayan gina Dam ɗin Nalubaale. Bayan Bujagali Falls da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali, Victoria Nile yana zubowa cikin Tafkin Kyoga. Bayan ya fita daga Tafkin Kyoga, Kogin Kafu yana shiga cikinsa, sannan ya ratsa Murchison Falls ya shiga Tafkin Albert. Ba kamar Tafkin Victoria ba, Tafkin Albert tafki ne mai zurfi wanda tsaunuka suka kewaye shi. Kogin yana fita daga tafkin a gefen arewarsa, inda ake kiransa Albert Nile; wannan sashe na kogin yana da shimfiɗa kuma faffaɗa, kuma ya dace da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa masu tururi.<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> === Nilu na Tsaunuka === Yanki na biyu na Kwarin Nilu idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa shi ne Nilu na Tsaunuka ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. }}</ref> Wannan yanki yana farawa kusa da garin Nimule, yana kaiwa zuwa Tafkin No, kuma gaba ɗayansa yana cikin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan ya ratsa Nimule, kogin yana wucewa ta Fula Rapids sannan ya isa Juba{{snd}}babban birnin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan Juba, Nilu yana ratsa garin Bor sannan ya shiga Sudd, wata babbar fadama da ke kan shimfiɗaɗɗen fili.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}.</ref> Gangarar ƙasar a yankin Sudd kusan 1:13,000 ce kawai, saboda haka kogin yana tafiya a hankali kuma yana faɗaɗa. Tsire-tsire masu yalwa ciki har da sedges, papyrus da water hyacinth na gama gari (wani nau'in tsiro mai mamaye muhalli) suna toshe hanyoyin ruwa kuma suna wahalar da zirga-zirga. A gefen arewa na fadamar Sudd, Nilu yana wucewa ta Tafkin No, ƙaramin tafki inda Kogin Bahr el Ghazal (wato “kogin barewa” a Larabci) ke shiga cikinsa daga yamma.<ref name=phys/> ===Yankin Farar Nilu=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Hoton sama na Khartoum, yana nuna haduwar koguna biyu, kowanne da launin ruwansa daban|Launuka daban-daban na Farar Nilu (hagu) da Bakar Nilu (dama) suna bayyana inda suka hade suka zama babban Nilu (hagu sama).]] Yayin da ake ci gaba da tafiya ƙasa, yankin na uku na kwarin Nilu shi ne yankin Farar Nilu{{efn|Yankin Farar Nilu, kamar yadda aka bayyana nan, yana dauke da karamin bangare na babban Kogin Farar Nilu.}} wanda ya hada da tsawon {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} daga kusa da Malakal zuwa Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. A nan ne Bakar Nilu ya hade da shi. Wannan bangaren kogin yana da faɗi, kwanciyar hankali, tare da ciyayi da fadamomi a bakin koguna. Kogin nan ba shi da zurfi kuma yana rasa ruwa sosai ta hanyar ƙura.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Inda Farar Nilu ya hade da Bakar Nilu, launukansu suna bambanta sosai. Farar Nilu ya fi haske saboda yashi da yake dauke da [[quartz]] da [[feldspar]]. Wannan ya bambanta da Bakar Nilu wanda ke dauke da laka mai duhu daga duwatsun [[basaltic rock]] na Habasha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} Kogin Sobat shi ne rafi wanda ke hade da Farar Nilu kusa da garin Malakal (bayan haduwar Bahr el Ghazal, kafin Bakar Nilu). Yankinsa{{snd}}wanda ya hada da [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}yana dauke da kusan kilomita murabba’i 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Sobat yana ambaliya tsakanin Yuli da Disamba.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Babban Nilu=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|Babban Dam na Aswan yana kan babban Nilu kusa da iyakar Misira da Sudan. Injinan lantarki na dam din suna da karfin samar da 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=Ginin kankare mai girma kusa da tafkin shiru. Manyan hasumiyoyin wutar lantarki suna kusa da ginin.]] Yankin na hudu na kwarin Nilu{{snd}}babban Nilu{{efn|Bangaren Nilu tsakanin haduwar Bakar/Farar Nilu da Bahar Rum ana kiransa Babban Nilu ko Saharan Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}yana daga Khartoum zuwa Cairo, babban birnin Misira.<ref name=phys/> Wannan bangaren yana da faɗi da zurfi mai daidaito: kusan {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} faɗi da {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} zurfi a wurin da ya fi zurfi (idan ba ambaliya ba).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Da zarar ya bar Khartoum, kogin ya shiga Sabaloka Game Reserve kuma ya ratsa manyan rafuka masu ƙarfi da ba a iya ketarewa da jirgin ruwa. Wannan shi ne na shida (kuma mafi kusa da sama) daga cikin rafuka shida na Nilu. Kogin Atbarah{{snd}}babban rafi{{snd}}yana hade da Nilu, wanda daga nan ya bi babban lankwasawa S zuwa yamma. Ana samun sauran rafuka hudu (lamba 5, 4, 3, da 2) a cikin wannan lankwasawa S, wanda ya sa kogin ba ya iya ketarewa; duk da haka jiragen ruwa na iya tafiya a wasu wuraren da ba su da rafuka. Kogin daga nan ya shiga tafkin Nasser. Wannan tafki{{snd}}tafki na biyu mafi girma da mutum ya yi a duniya{{snd}}an kafa shi ne lokacin da aka gina Babban Dam na Aswan a Misira, kuma ya mamaye fiye da {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} na Nilu. Dam na Aswan Low{{snd}}wanda ya fi tsoho kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta{{snd}}yana ƙasa da Babban Dam na Aswan, kusa da wurin rafin farko na Nilu (wanda yanzu ya nutse). Daga wadannan dam-dam, Nilu yana gudana kusan {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} ta cikin dutsen limestone, tare da gonaki masu ban ruwa, har sai ya isa Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta na Nilu=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|Delta na Nilu shi ne babban yanki mai siffar alwatika da ciyayi a saman wannan hoto, inda kogin ya zuba cikin Bahar Rum.|alt=Hoton arewacin Misira, wanda aka dauka daga sararin samaniya. Nilu ya kare ta hanyar shiga Bahar Rum, yana samar da babban yanki mai siffar alwatika.]] Yankin na biyar, kuma na ƙarshe, wanda ya kunshi Kogin Nilu shi ne Delta na Nilu, babban [[delta]] mai siffar alwatika (kimanin 22,000&nbsp;km{{super|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} wanda ya fara daga Cairo zuwa Bahar Rum.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Kogin ya rabu zuwa manyan hanyoyi biyu a cikin delta: reshen Rosetta da reshen Damietta. Jimillar girman delta (ciki har da bangaren da ya nutse) kusan 150,000&nbsp;km{{super|3}}. Delta an gina shi tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, daga yashi da kogin ya kawo daga sama.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Tun bayan kammala Babban Dam na Aswan a 1970, delta ya fara raguwa saboda lalacewar ruwan Bahar Rum. A da, lalacewar tana daidaita da sabbin ƙasa daga yashi da kogin ya kawo; amma dam yana rike yashi a tafkin sa, yana hana sabuwar ƙasa isa delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref> g93kb6xigbsgylxhxbyp669sp3kol5d 842220 842212 2026-05-29T07:00:39Z Sirjat 20447 /* Delta na Nilu */ 842220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nilu''' babban kogi ne da ke arewa maso gabashin Afirka, yana gudana zuwa Bahar Rum. Tsawonsa ya kai {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}, kuma shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, duk da cewa ba ya ɗaukar ruwa da yawa kamar Amazon ko Congo. Nilu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da al’adu na Afirka tsawon dubban shekaru. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Farin Nilu da Bakin Nilu. Farin Nilu ya fi tsawo kuma ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin kogin, amma Bakin Nilu yana kawo ruwa fiye da sau biyu na Farin Nilu. Farin Nilu yana farawa kusa da Lake Victoria, yana gudana ta Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu; Bakin Nilu kuma yana farawa kusa da Lake Tana a Habasha, yana shiga Sudan daga kudu maso gabas. Sannan sukan haɗu a Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. Daga nan Nilu yana gudana ta hamadar Nubia zuwa Cairo, sannan ya zube cikin Bahar Rum kusa da Alexandria, inda ya kafa babban kwarin Nilu Delta. Kwarin Nilu yana ratsa ƙasashe 11. Yawancin ruwan Nilu yana fitowa daga ruwan sama a ƙasashen da ke sama kamar Habasha, Kenya, Tanzaniya da Uganda. Ƙasashen da ke ƙasa kamar Masar da Sudan suna dogara da ruwan Nilu don ban ruwa. Sauran ƙasashen da ke cikin kwarin sun haɗa da Burundi, DR Congo, Eritrea da Rwanda. Nilu ya kasance ginshiƙin ƙasar Masar ta dā, inda ambaliyar shekara-shekara ta kawo ƙasa mai gina amfanin gona. Wannan ƙasa ta tallafa wa noma da rayuwa a cikin hamada. Nilu ya sauƙaƙa kasuwanci, sadarwa, sufuri, da mulki. A kudu da cataract na biyu akwai Nubia, inda tsoffin al’ummomi irin su Kerma da Daular Kush suka zauna. A ƙarni na 19, Turawa sun yi bincike a kusa da Lake Victoria don gano asalin kogin. A yau, al’ummomin Nilotic suna rayuwa a gefen Nilu, suna kiwon shanu ta hanyar yin hijira bisa yanayin ambaliyar Nilu. A zamanin yau, Nilu yana da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Masar da Sudan, inda ake amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, an gina dam fiye da goma sha biyu a kwarin Nilu. Wadannan dam sun canza tsarin ambaliyar shekara-shekara, sun rage yawan laka da ke zuwa ƙasa, wanda ya sa Nilu Delta ke raguwa. Wasu dam kamar Aswan High Dam da Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam sun haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa kan ƙarancin ruwa, tsaro, abinci, da tilasta ƙaura. == Sunaye da Asalin Suna == Kalmar Turanci "Nile" ta samo asali daga Latin ''Nilus'' da Greek ''Neilos'', wanda wataƙila ya samo asali daga kalmar Semitic ''naḥal'' ma’ana 'kogi'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A cikin tsohuwar harshen Masar, kalma ɗaya ake amfani da ita don 'Nilu' da 'kogi': ''jtrw''.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Masarawa sun kira ƙasarsu ''kmt'' ma’ana 'baƙi', don nuni da launin ruwan ambaliyar Nilu mai ɗauke da laka daga sama.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Sunan Turanci "Blue Nile" fassarar sunan Larabci ne ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A zamanin yau, kogin yana da sunaye daban-daban a cikin kwarin Nilu. A Masar ana kiransa ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ko ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> A Sudan ta Kudu ana kiransa ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' ma’ana 'Kogin Dutsen'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} A Uganda, masu magana da Luganda suna kiransa ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Wasu mutanen Nubia na Masar da Sudan suna amfani da sunan Nobiin ''Áman Dawū'' ('Babban Ruwa').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Wasu rassan ruwa da sassan kogin suna ɗauke da sunan "Nile", ciki har da: * Albert Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Albert zuwa Nimule<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Black Nile — wani suna na Atbarah River<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * Blue Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Kyoga Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Kyoga zuwa Lake Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Main Nile — ɓangaren Nilu bayan haɗuwar Bakin Nilu da Farin Nilu{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * Mountain Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga duwatsun Uganda zuwa filayen Sudan ta Kudu{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}} * Victoria Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Victoria zuwa Lake Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * White Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Yellow Nile — Wadi Howar, tsohon rassa da ya bushe shekaru dubban da suka wuce{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Asali == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka. Nilu yana bayyana a matsayin layi mai lanƙwasa mai shuɗi, yana farawa daga ƙasa a cikin daji mai kore, sannan ya tafi sama ya ƙare a Bahar Rum.|Nilu yana da cataracts guda shida da kuma asali da dama.{{efn|Wasu daga cikin cataracts sun nutse saboda madatsun ruwa da aka gina.}}]] Asalin Nilu yana daga wani rassa na Rukarara River, a cikin Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, a {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, a tsayin {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An fara gano wurin a 1969 ta masu bincike daga Waseda University.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2006, wasu masu yawon buɗe ido suka sake gano wurin, suka sanya alama a wani itace kusa ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) wanda yanzu wurin yawon buɗe ido ne.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2009, masana suka yi amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam don ƙara daidaita wurin, suka sanya shi a wani rijiya ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) da ke nesa da wurin na 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>}} Asalin yana nufin farkon ruwan da ke gudana duk shekara a cikin kwarin Nilu.<ref name=SourceCite/> Daga wannan asali, kogin yana gudana {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} zuwa bakin Bahar Rum.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} Tsawon an auna shi a 2009 ta hanyar hotunan tauraron dan adam.<ref name=SourceCite/> Mafi tsayin asalin Nilu yana kan duwatsun Rwenzori a Uganda.<ref name=Rwenz/> Duwatsun da ake kira “Mountains of the Moon” da Ptolemy ya bayyana sun danganta da Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Asalin da ya fi kudu yana Burundi a Ruvyironza River, wanda ke shiga Kagera River.<ref name=southSource/> An gina wani abin tunawa a kusa da Rutovu a 1937 ta Burkhart Waldecker.<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Abin tunawa yana a {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} Lake Victoria — wanda Tanzaniya, Uganda da Kenya ke rabawa — wani lokaci ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin Nilu, saboda yana ciyar da Farin Nilu daga Jinja, Uganda.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|Nilu yana fita daga Lake Victoria a Jinja, inda ake da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ake kira "source of the Nile".{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Wasu kuma suna ganin asalin gaskiya shi ne gajimare na ruwan sama da ke sama da Lake Victoria, saboda su ne ke kawo mafi yawan ruwan tafkin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. }}</ref> Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusa da Gish Abay, kudu da Lake Tana.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusan km 75 kudu da Lake Tana, a {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}}} == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Ruwan Kogin Nilu yana samo asali ne daga ruwan sama da ke sauka a tsaunukan yankunan kudu da gabashin Kwarin Nilu.|alt=Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka, tana nuna wuraren wasu birane da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ke kan kogin.]] Kogin Nilu babban kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin Afirka wanda ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum. Kwarin Nilu shi ne dukkan yankin ƙasa da ruwansa ke gangarowa zuwa Kogin Nilu, kuma yana da faɗin kilomita murabba'i 2,927,843{{snd}}kimanin kashi 10% na nahiyar Afirka (duba taswirar da ke kusa).<ref name=basinSize/> Kasashe goma sha ɗaya ne gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangarensu ke cikin wannan kwari: Burundi, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan, Tanzaniya da Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn|A shekara ta 2011, Sudan ta Kudu ta balle daga Sudan, ta zama ƙasa ta goma sha ɗaya a Kwarin Nilu.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Wannan kwari ya ƙunshi nau'o'in yanayi, tsarin muhalli da siffofin ƙasa iri-iri{{snd}}daga hamada masu yashi da fari a arewa, zuwa filayen fadama masu laushi a tsakiyar yankin, zuwa tsaunuka masu dazuzzuka da yawan ruwan sama a kudu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Ana iya raba Kwarin Nilu zuwa yankuna bakwai; biyar daga cikinsu suna ɗauke da mafi tsawon hanyar da Kogin Nilu yake bi. Idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan yankuna biyar su ne: Tafkunan Manyan Afirka, Nilu na Tsaunuka, Farin Nilu, Babban Nilu, da Delta ta Nilu. Yankuna biyu na ƙari suna ɗauke da manyan rafukan da ke shiga Nilu: Shuɗin Nilu da Kogin Atbarah.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} === Tafkunan Manyan Afirka === Yankin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka yana ɗauke da asalin Kogin Nilu tare da wasu manyan tafkuna da suke cikin tsarin Kogin Nilu: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Albert, Tafkin George da Tafkin Edward.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Bayanin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka. }}</ref> Asalin Kogin Nilu shi ne Kogin Rukarara da ke cikin Gandun Dajin Ƙasa na Nyungwe a Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> kuma yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera wanda ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|Asalin Kogin Nilu yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Rukarara, sannan zuwa Kogin Mwogo, wanda ke haɗuwa da Kogin Mbirurume ya zama Kogin Nyabarongo, wanda ke kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera, wanda kuma ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. }}</ref> }} Ko da yake babban tafki ne{{snd}}na biyu mafi girman tafkin ruwa mai ɗanɗano a duniya idan aka auna faɗi{{efn|An auna ne ta fuskar faɗin ƙasa, ba girman ruwa ba.}}{{snd}} Tafkin Victoria ba shi da zurfi sosai, domin matsakaicin zurfinsa kusan mita 40 ne.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Kogin yana fara ɗaukar sunan “Nilu” ne a inda Tafkin Victoria ke zubar da ruwa daga arewacinsa: sashen daga nan zuwa Tafkin Albert ana kiransa Victoria Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ruwan faɗuwa guda biyu{{snd}}Ripon Falls da Owen Falls{{snd}}sun kasance a wurin da Nilu ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria, amma an nutsar da su bayan gina Dam ɗin Nalubaale. Bayan Bujagali Falls da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali, Victoria Nile yana zubowa cikin Tafkin Kyoga. Bayan ya fita daga Tafkin Kyoga, Kogin Kafu yana shiga cikinsa, sannan ya ratsa Murchison Falls ya shiga Tafkin Albert. Ba kamar Tafkin Victoria ba, Tafkin Albert tafki ne mai zurfi wanda tsaunuka suka kewaye shi. Kogin yana fita daga tafkin a gefen arewarsa, inda ake kiransa Albert Nile; wannan sashe na kogin yana da shimfiɗa kuma faffaɗa, kuma ya dace da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa masu tururi.<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> === Nilu na Tsaunuka === Yanki na biyu na Kwarin Nilu idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa shi ne Nilu na Tsaunuka ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. }}</ref> Wannan yanki yana farawa kusa da garin Nimule, yana kaiwa zuwa Tafkin No, kuma gaba ɗayansa yana cikin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan ya ratsa Nimule, kogin yana wucewa ta Fula Rapids sannan ya isa Juba{{snd}}babban birnin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan Juba, Nilu yana ratsa garin Bor sannan ya shiga Sudd, wata babbar fadama da ke kan shimfiɗaɗɗen fili.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}.</ref> Gangarar ƙasar a yankin Sudd kusan 1:13,000 ce kawai, saboda haka kogin yana tafiya a hankali kuma yana faɗaɗa. Tsire-tsire masu yalwa ciki har da sedges, papyrus da water hyacinth na gama gari (wani nau'in tsiro mai mamaye muhalli) suna toshe hanyoyin ruwa kuma suna wahalar da zirga-zirga. A gefen arewa na fadamar Sudd, Nilu yana wucewa ta Tafkin No, ƙaramin tafki inda Kogin Bahr el Ghazal (wato “kogin barewa” a Larabci) ke shiga cikinsa daga yamma.<ref name=phys/> ===Yankin Farar Nilu=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Hoton sama na Khartoum, yana nuna haduwar koguna biyu, kowanne da launin ruwansa daban|Launuka daban-daban na Farar Nilu (hagu) da Bakar Nilu (dama) suna bayyana inda suka hade suka zama babban Nilu (hagu sama).]] Yayin da ake ci gaba da tafiya ƙasa, yankin na uku na kwarin Nilu shi ne yankin Farar Nilu{{efn|Yankin Farar Nilu, kamar yadda aka bayyana nan, yana dauke da karamin bangare na babban Kogin Farar Nilu.}} wanda ya hada da tsawon {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} daga kusa da Malakal zuwa Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. A nan ne Bakar Nilu ya hade da shi. Wannan bangaren kogin yana da faɗi, kwanciyar hankali, tare da ciyayi da fadamomi a bakin koguna. Kogin nan ba shi da zurfi kuma yana rasa ruwa sosai ta hanyar ƙura.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Inda Farar Nilu ya hade da Bakar Nilu, launukansu suna bambanta sosai. Farar Nilu ya fi haske saboda yashi da yake dauke da [[quartz]] da [[feldspar]]. Wannan ya bambanta da Bakar Nilu wanda ke dauke da laka mai duhu daga duwatsun [[basaltic rock]] na Habasha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} Kogin Sobat shi ne rafi wanda ke hade da Farar Nilu kusa da garin Malakal (bayan haduwar Bahr el Ghazal, kafin Bakar Nilu). Yankinsa{{snd}}wanda ya hada da [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}yana dauke da kusan kilomita murabba’i 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Sobat yana ambaliya tsakanin Yuli da Disamba.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Babban Nilu=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|Babban Dam na Aswan yana kan babban Nilu kusa da iyakar Misira da Sudan. Injinan lantarki na dam din suna da karfin samar da 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=Ginin kankare mai girma kusa da tafkin shiru. Manyan hasumiyoyin wutar lantarki suna kusa da ginin.]] Yankin na hudu na kwarin Nilu{{snd}}babban Nilu{{efn|Bangaren Nilu tsakanin haduwar Bakar/Farar Nilu da Bahar Rum ana kiransa Babban Nilu ko Saharan Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}yana daga Khartoum zuwa Cairo, babban birnin Misira.<ref name=phys/> Wannan bangaren yana da faɗi da zurfi mai daidaito: kusan {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} faɗi da {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} zurfi a wurin da ya fi zurfi (idan ba ambaliya ba).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Da zarar ya bar Khartoum, kogin ya shiga Sabaloka Game Reserve kuma ya ratsa manyan rafuka masu ƙarfi da ba a iya ketarewa da jirgin ruwa. Wannan shi ne na shida (kuma mafi kusa da sama) daga cikin rafuka shida na Nilu. Kogin Atbarah{{snd}}babban rafi{{snd}}yana hade da Nilu, wanda daga nan ya bi babban lankwasawa S zuwa yamma. Ana samun sauran rafuka hudu (lamba 5, 4, 3, da 2) a cikin wannan lankwasawa S, wanda ya sa kogin ba ya iya ketarewa; duk da haka jiragen ruwa na iya tafiya a wasu wuraren da ba su da rafuka. Kogin daga nan ya shiga tafkin Nasser. Wannan tafki{{snd}}tafki na biyu mafi girma da mutum ya yi a duniya{{snd}}an kafa shi ne lokacin da aka gina Babban Dam na Aswan a Misira, kuma ya mamaye fiye da {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} na Nilu. Dam na Aswan Low{{snd}}wanda ya fi tsoho kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta{{snd}}yana ƙasa da Babban Dam na Aswan, kusa da wurin rafin farko na Nilu (wanda yanzu ya nutse). Daga wadannan dam-dam, Nilu yana gudana kusan {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} ta cikin dutsen limestone, tare da gonaki masu ban ruwa, har sai ya isa Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta na Nilu=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|Delta na Nilu shi ne babban yanki mai siffar alwatika da ciyayi a saman wannan hoto, inda kogin ya zuba cikin Bahar Rum.|alt=Hoton arewacin Misira, wanda aka dauka daga sararin samaniya. Nilu ya kare ta hanyar shiga Bahar Rum, yana samar da babban yanki mai siffar alwatika.]] Yankin na biyar, kuma na ƙarshe, wanda ya kunshi Kogin Nilu shi ne Delta na Nilu, babban [[delta]] mai siffar alwatika (kimanin 22,000&nbsp;km{{super|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} wanda ya fara daga Cairo zuwa Bahar Rum.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Kogin ya rabu zuwa manyan hanyoyi biyu a cikin delta: reshen Rosetta da reshen Damietta. Jimillar girman delta (ciki har da bangaren da ya nutse) kusan 150,000&nbsp;km{{super|3}}. Delta an gina shi tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, daga yashi da kogin ya kawo daga sama.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Tun bayan kammala Babban Dam na Aswan a 1970, delta ya fara raguwa saboda lalacewar ruwan Bahar Rum. A da, lalacewar tana daidaita da sabbin ƙasa daga yashi da kogin ya kawo; amma dam yana rike yashi a tafkin sa, yana hana sabuwar ƙasa isa delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref> ===Rafin Bakar Nilu=== {{main|Bakar Nilu}} [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Asalin Bakar Nilu yana daga Gish Abay a ƙasan layin haske. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa daga nan zuwa Tafkin Tana.|alt=Taswirar Habasha, tana nuna wani bangare na Bakar Nilu da Tafkin Tana.]] Tsawon hanyar Nilu{{snd}}wanda ya hada da rafi Farar Nilu{{snd}}yana da wasu rafuka. Yankunan kwaruruwan Bakar Nilu da Atbarah su ne yankuna na ƙarshe na kwarin Nilu.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Bakar Nilu yana fitowa daga tsaunuka a Habasha inda yake farawa a matsayin rafin da ake kira ''Abay'' kusa da garin Gish Abay: {{lang|am|Gish}} kalma ce ta Amharic wadda ke nufin 'tushen', kuma Abay shi ne sunan rafin.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay yana shiga Tafkin Tana, tafki mai faɗi kuma ba shi da zurfi, wanda ke da hanya guda ta fita inda ya karɓi sunan "Bakar Nilu". Kogin daga nan yana yin babban lankwasawa: da farko zuwa kudu, sannan yamma ta cikin kwarin mai ban mamaki mai zurfin {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}}, sannan arewa yana shiga Kudancin Sudan zuwa Sudan, inda ya hade da Farar Nilu a Khartoum ya zama Babban Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> A hanyarsa, Bakar Nilu yana samar da wutar lantarki a wurare da dama, ciki har da Tis Abay hydropower project a Bakar Nilu Falls, Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam kusa da iyakar Habasha da Kudancin Sudan, Roseires Dam kusa da garin Ad Damazin, da Sennar Dam.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Girman kwaruruwan Bakar Nilu ya fi kilomita murabba’i 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} ===Rafin Atbarah=== {{main|Kogin Atbarah}} Kogin Atbarah rafi ne na Nilu wanda yake fitowa daga arewacin Habasha, kuma yana hade da Nilu kusan {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} arewa da Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Yankin kwaruruwansa ya fi kilomita murabba’i 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah yana da gudu mai yawa a lokacin da bayan damina a Habasha (lokacin bazara da kaka), amma yana iya bushewa a lokacin hunturu da bazara. Duk da kasancewar rafin yana yawan yankewa, yana bayar da fiye da kashi 10% na jimillar ruwan shekara na Nilu.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dam-dam da ke kan Atbarah sun hada da Khashm el-Girba Dam, Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex, da Tekezé Dam (a kan rafin Tekezé).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> gnez1d0g4t0f4x1s0oj6iqqo1ohai7y 842221 842220 2026-05-29T07:00:54Z Sirjat 20447 /* Rafin Atbarah */ 842221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nilu''' babban kogi ne da ke arewa maso gabashin Afirka, yana gudana zuwa Bahar Rum. Tsawonsa ya kai {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}, kuma shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, duk da cewa ba ya ɗaukar ruwa da yawa kamar Amazon ko Congo. Nilu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da al’adu na Afirka tsawon dubban shekaru. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Farin Nilu da Bakin Nilu. Farin Nilu ya fi tsawo kuma ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin kogin, amma Bakin Nilu yana kawo ruwa fiye da sau biyu na Farin Nilu. Farin Nilu yana farawa kusa da Lake Victoria, yana gudana ta Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu; Bakin Nilu kuma yana farawa kusa da Lake Tana a Habasha, yana shiga Sudan daga kudu maso gabas. Sannan sukan haɗu a Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. Daga nan Nilu yana gudana ta hamadar Nubia zuwa Cairo, sannan ya zube cikin Bahar Rum kusa da Alexandria, inda ya kafa babban kwarin Nilu Delta. Kwarin Nilu yana ratsa ƙasashe 11. Yawancin ruwan Nilu yana fitowa daga ruwan sama a ƙasashen da ke sama kamar Habasha, Kenya, Tanzaniya da Uganda. Ƙasashen da ke ƙasa kamar Masar da Sudan suna dogara da ruwan Nilu don ban ruwa. Sauran ƙasashen da ke cikin kwarin sun haɗa da Burundi, DR Congo, Eritrea da Rwanda. Nilu ya kasance ginshiƙin ƙasar Masar ta dā, inda ambaliyar shekara-shekara ta kawo ƙasa mai gina amfanin gona. Wannan ƙasa ta tallafa wa noma da rayuwa a cikin hamada. Nilu ya sauƙaƙa kasuwanci, sadarwa, sufuri, da mulki. A kudu da cataract na biyu akwai Nubia, inda tsoffin al’ummomi irin su Kerma da Daular Kush suka zauna. A ƙarni na 19, Turawa sun yi bincike a kusa da Lake Victoria don gano asalin kogin. A yau, al’ummomin Nilotic suna rayuwa a gefen Nilu, suna kiwon shanu ta hanyar yin hijira bisa yanayin ambaliyar Nilu. A zamanin yau, Nilu yana da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Masar da Sudan, inda ake amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, an gina dam fiye da goma sha biyu a kwarin Nilu. Wadannan dam sun canza tsarin ambaliyar shekara-shekara, sun rage yawan laka da ke zuwa ƙasa, wanda ya sa Nilu Delta ke raguwa. Wasu dam kamar Aswan High Dam da Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam sun haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa kan ƙarancin ruwa, tsaro, abinci, da tilasta ƙaura. == Sunaye da Asalin Suna == Kalmar Turanci "Nile" ta samo asali daga Latin ''Nilus'' da Greek ''Neilos'', wanda wataƙila ya samo asali daga kalmar Semitic ''naḥal'' ma’ana 'kogi'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A cikin tsohuwar harshen Masar, kalma ɗaya ake amfani da ita don 'Nilu' da 'kogi': ''jtrw''.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Masarawa sun kira ƙasarsu ''kmt'' ma’ana 'baƙi', don nuni da launin ruwan ambaliyar Nilu mai ɗauke da laka daga sama.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Sunan Turanci "Blue Nile" fassarar sunan Larabci ne ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A zamanin yau, kogin yana da sunaye daban-daban a cikin kwarin Nilu. A Masar ana kiransa ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ko ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> A Sudan ta Kudu ana kiransa ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' ma’ana 'Kogin Dutsen'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} A Uganda, masu magana da Luganda suna kiransa ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Wasu mutanen Nubia na Masar da Sudan suna amfani da sunan Nobiin ''Áman Dawū'' ('Babban Ruwa').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Wasu rassan ruwa da sassan kogin suna ɗauke da sunan "Nile", ciki har da: * Albert Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Albert zuwa Nimule<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Black Nile — wani suna na Atbarah River<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * Blue Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Kyoga Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Kyoga zuwa Lake Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Main Nile — ɓangaren Nilu bayan haɗuwar Bakin Nilu da Farin Nilu{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * Mountain Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga duwatsun Uganda zuwa filayen Sudan ta Kudu{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}} * Victoria Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Victoria zuwa Lake Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * White Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Yellow Nile — Wadi Howar, tsohon rassa da ya bushe shekaru dubban da suka wuce{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Asali == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka. Nilu yana bayyana a matsayin layi mai lanƙwasa mai shuɗi, yana farawa daga ƙasa a cikin daji mai kore, sannan ya tafi sama ya ƙare a Bahar Rum.|Nilu yana da cataracts guda shida da kuma asali da dama.{{efn|Wasu daga cikin cataracts sun nutse saboda madatsun ruwa da aka gina.}}]] Asalin Nilu yana daga wani rassa na Rukarara River, a cikin Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, a {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, a tsayin {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An fara gano wurin a 1969 ta masu bincike daga Waseda University.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2006, wasu masu yawon buɗe ido suka sake gano wurin, suka sanya alama a wani itace kusa ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) wanda yanzu wurin yawon buɗe ido ne.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2009, masana suka yi amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam don ƙara daidaita wurin, suka sanya shi a wani rijiya ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) da ke nesa da wurin na 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>}} Asalin yana nufin farkon ruwan da ke gudana duk shekara a cikin kwarin Nilu.<ref name=SourceCite/> Daga wannan asali, kogin yana gudana {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} zuwa bakin Bahar Rum.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} Tsawon an auna shi a 2009 ta hanyar hotunan tauraron dan adam.<ref name=SourceCite/> Mafi tsayin asalin Nilu yana kan duwatsun Rwenzori a Uganda.<ref name=Rwenz/> Duwatsun da ake kira “Mountains of the Moon” da Ptolemy ya bayyana sun danganta da Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Asalin da ya fi kudu yana Burundi a Ruvyironza River, wanda ke shiga Kagera River.<ref name=southSource/> An gina wani abin tunawa a kusa da Rutovu a 1937 ta Burkhart Waldecker.<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Abin tunawa yana a {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} Lake Victoria — wanda Tanzaniya, Uganda da Kenya ke rabawa — wani lokaci ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin Nilu, saboda yana ciyar da Farin Nilu daga Jinja, Uganda.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|Nilu yana fita daga Lake Victoria a Jinja, inda ake da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ake kira "source of the Nile".{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Wasu kuma suna ganin asalin gaskiya shi ne gajimare na ruwan sama da ke sama da Lake Victoria, saboda su ne ke kawo mafi yawan ruwan tafkin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. }}</ref> Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusa da Gish Abay, kudu da Lake Tana.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusan km 75 kudu da Lake Tana, a {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}}} == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Ruwan Kogin Nilu yana samo asali ne daga ruwan sama da ke sauka a tsaunukan yankunan kudu da gabashin Kwarin Nilu.|alt=Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka, tana nuna wuraren wasu birane da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ke kan kogin.]] Kogin Nilu babban kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin Afirka wanda ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum. Kwarin Nilu shi ne dukkan yankin ƙasa da ruwansa ke gangarowa zuwa Kogin Nilu, kuma yana da faɗin kilomita murabba'i 2,927,843{{snd}}kimanin kashi 10% na nahiyar Afirka (duba taswirar da ke kusa).<ref name=basinSize/> Kasashe goma sha ɗaya ne gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangarensu ke cikin wannan kwari: Burundi, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan, Tanzaniya da Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn|A shekara ta 2011, Sudan ta Kudu ta balle daga Sudan, ta zama ƙasa ta goma sha ɗaya a Kwarin Nilu.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Wannan kwari ya ƙunshi nau'o'in yanayi, tsarin muhalli da siffofin ƙasa iri-iri{{snd}}daga hamada masu yashi da fari a arewa, zuwa filayen fadama masu laushi a tsakiyar yankin, zuwa tsaunuka masu dazuzzuka da yawan ruwan sama a kudu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Ana iya raba Kwarin Nilu zuwa yankuna bakwai; biyar daga cikinsu suna ɗauke da mafi tsawon hanyar da Kogin Nilu yake bi. Idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan yankuna biyar su ne: Tafkunan Manyan Afirka, Nilu na Tsaunuka, Farin Nilu, Babban Nilu, da Delta ta Nilu. Yankuna biyu na ƙari suna ɗauke da manyan rafukan da ke shiga Nilu: Shuɗin Nilu da Kogin Atbarah.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} === Tafkunan Manyan Afirka === Yankin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka yana ɗauke da asalin Kogin Nilu tare da wasu manyan tafkuna da suke cikin tsarin Kogin Nilu: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Albert, Tafkin George da Tafkin Edward.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Bayanin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka. }}</ref> Asalin Kogin Nilu shi ne Kogin Rukarara da ke cikin Gandun Dajin Ƙasa na Nyungwe a Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> kuma yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera wanda ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|Asalin Kogin Nilu yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Rukarara, sannan zuwa Kogin Mwogo, wanda ke haɗuwa da Kogin Mbirurume ya zama Kogin Nyabarongo, wanda ke kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera, wanda kuma ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. }}</ref> }} Ko da yake babban tafki ne{{snd}}na biyu mafi girman tafkin ruwa mai ɗanɗano a duniya idan aka auna faɗi{{efn|An auna ne ta fuskar faɗin ƙasa, ba girman ruwa ba.}}{{snd}} Tafkin Victoria ba shi da zurfi sosai, domin matsakaicin zurfinsa kusan mita 40 ne.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Kogin yana fara ɗaukar sunan “Nilu” ne a inda Tafkin Victoria ke zubar da ruwa daga arewacinsa: sashen daga nan zuwa Tafkin Albert ana kiransa Victoria Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ruwan faɗuwa guda biyu{{snd}}Ripon Falls da Owen Falls{{snd}}sun kasance a wurin da Nilu ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria, amma an nutsar da su bayan gina Dam ɗin Nalubaale. Bayan Bujagali Falls da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali, Victoria Nile yana zubowa cikin Tafkin Kyoga. Bayan ya fita daga Tafkin Kyoga, Kogin Kafu yana shiga cikinsa, sannan ya ratsa Murchison Falls ya shiga Tafkin Albert. Ba kamar Tafkin Victoria ba, Tafkin Albert tafki ne mai zurfi wanda tsaunuka suka kewaye shi. Kogin yana fita daga tafkin a gefen arewarsa, inda ake kiransa Albert Nile; wannan sashe na kogin yana da shimfiɗa kuma faffaɗa, kuma ya dace da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa masu tururi.<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> === Nilu na Tsaunuka === Yanki na biyu na Kwarin Nilu idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa shi ne Nilu na Tsaunuka ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. }}</ref> Wannan yanki yana farawa kusa da garin Nimule, yana kaiwa zuwa Tafkin No, kuma gaba ɗayansa yana cikin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan ya ratsa Nimule, kogin yana wucewa ta Fula Rapids sannan ya isa Juba{{snd}}babban birnin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan Juba, Nilu yana ratsa garin Bor sannan ya shiga Sudd, wata babbar fadama da ke kan shimfiɗaɗɗen fili.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}.</ref> Gangarar ƙasar a yankin Sudd kusan 1:13,000 ce kawai, saboda haka kogin yana tafiya a hankali kuma yana faɗaɗa. Tsire-tsire masu yalwa ciki har da sedges, papyrus da water hyacinth na gama gari (wani nau'in tsiro mai mamaye muhalli) suna toshe hanyoyin ruwa kuma suna wahalar da zirga-zirga. A gefen arewa na fadamar Sudd, Nilu yana wucewa ta Tafkin No, ƙaramin tafki inda Kogin Bahr el Ghazal (wato “kogin barewa” a Larabci) ke shiga cikinsa daga yamma.<ref name=phys/> ===Yankin Farar Nilu=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Hoton sama na Khartoum, yana nuna haduwar koguna biyu, kowanne da launin ruwansa daban|Launuka daban-daban na Farar Nilu (hagu) da Bakar Nilu (dama) suna bayyana inda suka hade suka zama babban Nilu (hagu sama).]] Yayin da ake ci gaba da tafiya ƙasa, yankin na uku na kwarin Nilu shi ne yankin Farar Nilu{{efn|Yankin Farar Nilu, kamar yadda aka bayyana nan, yana dauke da karamin bangare na babban Kogin Farar Nilu.}} wanda ya hada da tsawon {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} daga kusa da Malakal zuwa Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. A nan ne Bakar Nilu ya hade da shi. Wannan bangaren kogin yana da faɗi, kwanciyar hankali, tare da ciyayi da fadamomi a bakin koguna. Kogin nan ba shi da zurfi kuma yana rasa ruwa sosai ta hanyar ƙura.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Inda Farar Nilu ya hade da Bakar Nilu, launukansu suna bambanta sosai. Farar Nilu ya fi haske saboda yashi da yake dauke da [[quartz]] da [[feldspar]]. Wannan ya bambanta da Bakar Nilu wanda ke dauke da laka mai duhu daga duwatsun [[basaltic rock]] na Habasha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} Kogin Sobat shi ne rafi wanda ke hade da Farar Nilu kusa da garin Malakal (bayan haduwar Bahr el Ghazal, kafin Bakar Nilu). Yankinsa{{snd}}wanda ya hada da [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}yana dauke da kusan kilomita murabba’i 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Sobat yana ambaliya tsakanin Yuli da Disamba.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Babban Nilu=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|Babban Dam na Aswan yana kan babban Nilu kusa da iyakar Misira da Sudan. Injinan lantarki na dam din suna da karfin samar da 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=Ginin kankare mai girma kusa da tafkin shiru. Manyan hasumiyoyin wutar lantarki suna kusa da ginin.]] Yankin na hudu na kwarin Nilu{{snd}}babban Nilu{{efn|Bangaren Nilu tsakanin haduwar Bakar/Farar Nilu da Bahar Rum ana kiransa Babban Nilu ko Saharan Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}yana daga Khartoum zuwa Cairo, babban birnin Misira.<ref name=phys/> Wannan bangaren yana da faɗi da zurfi mai daidaito: kusan {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} faɗi da {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} zurfi a wurin da ya fi zurfi (idan ba ambaliya ba).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Da zarar ya bar Khartoum, kogin ya shiga Sabaloka Game Reserve kuma ya ratsa manyan rafuka masu ƙarfi da ba a iya ketarewa da jirgin ruwa. Wannan shi ne na shida (kuma mafi kusa da sama) daga cikin rafuka shida na Nilu. Kogin Atbarah{{snd}}babban rafi{{snd}}yana hade da Nilu, wanda daga nan ya bi babban lankwasawa S zuwa yamma. Ana samun sauran rafuka hudu (lamba 5, 4, 3, da 2) a cikin wannan lankwasawa S, wanda ya sa kogin ba ya iya ketarewa; duk da haka jiragen ruwa na iya tafiya a wasu wuraren da ba su da rafuka. Kogin daga nan ya shiga tafkin Nasser. Wannan tafki{{snd}}tafki na biyu mafi girma da mutum ya yi a duniya{{snd}}an kafa shi ne lokacin da aka gina Babban Dam na Aswan a Misira, kuma ya mamaye fiye da {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} na Nilu. Dam na Aswan Low{{snd}}wanda ya fi tsoho kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta{{snd}}yana ƙasa da Babban Dam na Aswan, kusa da wurin rafin farko na Nilu (wanda yanzu ya nutse). Daga wadannan dam-dam, Nilu yana gudana kusan {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} ta cikin dutsen limestone, tare da gonaki masu ban ruwa, har sai ya isa Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta na Nilu=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|Delta na Nilu shi ne babban yanki mai siffar alwatika da ciyayi a saman wannan hoto, inda kogin ya zuba cikin Bahar Rum.|alt=Hoton arewacin Misira, wanda aka dauka daga sararin samaniya. Nilu ya kare ta hanyar shiga Bahar Rum, yana samar da babban yanki mai siffar alwatika.]] Yankin na biyar, kuma na ƙarshe, wanda ya kunshi Kogin Nilu shi ne Delta na Nilu, babban [[delta]] mai siffar alwatika (kimanin 22,000&nbsp;km{{super|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} wanda ya fara daga Cairo zuwa Bahar Rum.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Kogin ya rabu zuwa manyan hanyoyi biyu a cikin delta: reshen Rosetta da reshen Damietta. Jimillar girman delta (ciki har da bangaren da ya nutse) kusan 150,000&nbsp;km{{super|3}}. Delta an gina shi tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, daga yashi da kogin ya kawo daga sama.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Tun bayan kammala Babban Dam na Aswan a 1970, delta ya fara raguwa saboda lalacewar ruwan Bahar Rum. A da, lalacewar tana daidaita da sabbin ƙasa daga yashi da kogin ya kawo; amma dam yana rike yashi a tafkin sa, yana hana sabuwar ƙasa isa delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref> ===Rafin Bakar Nilu=== {{main|Bakar Nilu}} [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Asalin Bakar Nilu yana daga Gish Abay a ƙasan layin haske. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa daga nan zuwa Tafkin Tana.|alt=Taswirar Habasha, tana nuna wani bangare na Bakar Nilu da Tafkin Tana.]] Tsawon hanyar Nilu{{snd}}wanda ya hada da rafi Farar Nilu{{snd}}yana da wasu rafuka. Yankunan kwaruruwan Bakar Nilu da Atbarah su ne yankuna na ƙarshe na kwarin Nilu.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Bakar Nilu yana fitowa daga tsaunuka a Habasha inda yake farawa a matsayin rafin da ake kira ''Abay'' kusa da garin Gish Abay: {{lang|am|Gish}} kalma ce ta Amharic wadda ke nufin 'tushen', kuma Abay shi ne sunan rafin.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay yana shiga Tafkin Tana, tafki mai faɗi kuma ba shi da zurfi, wanda ke da hanya guda ta fita inda ya karɓi sunan "Bakar Nilu". Kogin daga nan yana yin babban lankwasawa: da farko zuwa kudu, sannan yamma ta cikin kwarin mai ban mamaki mai zurfin {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}}, sannan arewa yana shiga Kudancin Sudan zuwa Sudan, inda ya hade da Farar Nilu a Khartoum ya zama Babban Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> A hanyarsa, Bakar Nilu yana samar da wutar lantarki a wurare da dama, ciki har da Tis Abay hydropower project a Bakar Nilu Falls, Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam kusa da iyakar Habasha da Kudancin Sudan, Roseires Dam kusa da garin Ad Damazin, da Sennar Dam.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Girman kwaruruwan Bakar Nilu ya fi kilomita murabba’i 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} ===Rafin Atbarah=== Kogin Atbarah rafi ne na Nilu wanda yake fitowa daga arewacin Habasha, kuma yana hade da Nilu kusan {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} arewa da Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Yankin kwaruruwansa ya fi kilomita murabba’i 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah yana da gudu mai yawa a lokacin da bayan damina a Habasha (lokacin bazara da kaka), amma yana iya bushewa a lokacin hunturu da bazara. Duk da kasancewar rafin yana yawan yankewa, yana bayar da fiye da kashi 10% na jimillar ruwan shekara na Nilu.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dam-dam da ke kan Atbarah sun hada da Khashm el-Girba Dam, Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex, da Tekezé Dam (a kan rafin Tekezé).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> 34w4d5yvp3ukylxw3wd6e9qeepvgy88 842223 842221 2026-05-29T07:01:09Z Sirjat 20447 /* Rafin Bakar Nilu */ 842223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nilu''' babban kogi ne da ke arewa maso gabashin Afirka, yana gudana zuwa Bahar Rum. Tsawonsa ya kai {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}, kuma shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, duk da cewa ba ya ɗaukar ruwa da yawa kamar Amazon ko Congo. Nilu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da al’adu na Afirka tsawon dubban shekaru. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Farin Nilu da Bakin Nilu. Farin Nilu ya fi tsawo kuma ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin kogin, amma Bakin Nilu yana kawo ruwa fiye da sau biyu na Farin Nilu. Farin Nilu yana farawa kusa da Lake Victoria, yana gudana ta Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu; Bakin Nilu kuma yana farawa kusa da Lake Tana a Habasha, yana shiga Sudan daga kudu maso gabas. Sannan sukan haɗu a Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. Daga nan Nilu yana gudana ta hamadar Nubia zuwa Cairo, sannan ya zube cikin Bahar Rum kusa da Alexandria, inda ya kafa babban kwarin Nilu Delta. Kwarin Nilu yana ratsa ƙasashe 11. Yawancin ruwan Nilu yana fitowa daga ruwan sama a ƙasashen da ke sama kamar Habasha, Kenya, Tanzaniya da Uganda. Ƙasashen da ke ƙasa kamar Masar da Sudan suna dogara da ruwan Nilu don ban ruwa. Sauran ƙasashen da ke cikin kwarin sun haɗa da Burundi, DR Congo, Eritrea da Rwanda. Nilu ya kasance ginshiƙin ƙasar Masar ta dā, inda ambaliyar shekara-shekara ta kawo ƙasa mai gina amfanin gona. Wannan ƙasa ta tallafa wa noma da rayuwa a cikin hamada. Nilu ya sauƙaƙa kasuwanci, sadarwa, sufuri, da mulki. A kudu da cataract na biyu akwai Nubia, inda tsoffin al’ummomi irin su Kerma da Daular Kush suka zauna. A ƙarni na 19, Turawa sun yi bincike a kusa da Lake Victoria don gano asalin kogin. A yau, al’ummomin Nilotic suna rayuwa a gefen Nilu, suna kiwon shanu ta hanyar yin hijira bisa yanayin ambaliyar Nilu. A zamanin yau, Nilu yana da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Masar da Sudan, inda ake amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, an gina dam fiye da goma sha biyu a kwarin Nilu. Wadannan dam sun canza tsarin ambaliyar shekara-shekara, sun rage yawan laka da ke zuwa ƙasa, wanda ya sa Nilu Delta ke raguwa. Wasu dam kamar Aswan High Dam da Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam sun haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa kan ƙarancin ruwa, tsaro, abinci, da tilasta ƙaura. == Sunaye da Asalin Suna == Kalmar Turanci "Nile" ta samo asali daga Latin ''Nilus'' da Greek ''Neilos'', wanda wataƙila ya samo asali daga kalmar Semitic ''naḥal'' ma’ana 'kogi'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A cikin tsohuwar harshen Masar, kalma ɗaya ake amfani da ita don 'Nilu' da 'kogi': ''jtrw''.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Masarawa sun kira ƙasarsu ''kmt'' ma’ana 'baƙi', don nuni da launin ruwan ambaliyar Nilu mai ɗauke da laka daga sama.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Sunan Turanci "Blue Nile" fassarar sunan Larabci ne ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A zamanin yau, kogin yana da sunaye daban-daban a cikin kwarin Nilu. A Masar ana kiransa ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ko ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> A Sudan ta Kudu ana kiransa ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' ma’ana 'Kogin Dutsen'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} A Uganda, masu magana da Luganda suna kiransa ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Wasu mutanen Nubia na Masar da Sudan suna amfani da sunan Nobiin ''Áman Dawū'' ('Babban Ruwa').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Wasu rassan ruwa da sassan kogin suna ɗauke da sunan "Nile", ciki har da: * Albert Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Albert zuwa Nimule<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Black Nile — wani suna na Atbarah River<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * Blue Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Kyoga Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Kyoga zuwa Lake Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Main Nile — ɓangaren Nilu bayan haɗuwar Bakin Nilu da Farin Nilu{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * Mountain Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga duwatsun Uganda zuwa filayen Sudan ta Kudu{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}} * Victoria Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Victoria zuwa Lake Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * White Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Yellow Nile — Wadi Howar, tsohon rassa da ya bushe shekaru dubban da suka wuce{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Asali == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka. Nilu yana bayyana a matsayin layi mai lanƙwasa mai shuɗi, yana farawa daga ƙasa a cikin daji mai kore, sannan ya tafi sama ya ƙare a Bahar Rum.|Nilu yana da cataracts guda shida da kuma asali da dama.{{efn|Wasu daga cikin cataracts sun nutse saboda madatsun ruwa da aka gina.}}]] Asalin Nilu yana daga wani rassa na Rukarara River, a cikin Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, a {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, a tsayin {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An fara gano wurin a 1969 ta masu bincike daga Waseda University.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2006, wasu masu yawon buɗe ido suka sake gano wurin, suka sanya alama a wani itace kusa ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) wanda yanzu wurin yawon buɗe ido ne.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2009, masana suka yi amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam don ƙara daidaita wurin, suka sanya shi a wani rijiya ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) da ke nesa da wurin na 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>}} Asalin yana nufin farkon ruwan da ke gudana duk shekara a cikin kwarin Nilu.<ref name=SourceCite/> Daga wannan asali, kogin yana gudana {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} zuwa bakin Bahar Rum.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} Tsawon an auna shi a 2009 ta hanyar hotunan tauraron dan adam.<ref name=SourceCite/> Mafi tsayin asalin Nilu yana kan duwatsun Rwenzori a Uganda.<ref name=Rwenz/> Duwatsun da ake kira “Mountains of the Moon” da Ptolemy ya bayyana sun danganta da Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Asalin da ya fi kudu yana Burundi a Ruvyironza River, wanda ke shiga Kagera River.<ref name=southSource/> An gina wani abin tunawa a kusa da Rutovu a 1937 ta Burkhart Waldecker.<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Abin tunawa yana a {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} Lake Victoria — wanda Tanzaniya, Uganda da Kenya ke rabawa — wani lokaci ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin Nilu, saboda yana ciyar da Farin Nilu daga Jinja, Uganda.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|Nilu yana fita daga Lake Victoria a Jinja, inda ake da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ake kira "source of the Nile".{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Wasu kuma suna ganin asalin gaskiya shi ne gajimare na ruwan sama da ke sama da Lake Victoria, saboda su ne ke kawo mafi yawan ruwan tafkin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. }}</ref> Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusa da Gish Abay, kudu da Lake Tana.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusan km 75 kudu da Lake Tana, a {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}}} == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Ruwan Kogin Nilu yana samo asali ne daga ruwan sama da ke sauka a tsaunukan yankunan kudu da gabashin Kwarin Nilu.|alt=Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka, tana nuna wuraren wasu birane da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ke kan kogin.]] Kogin Nilu babban kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin Afirka wanda ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum. Kwarin Nilu shi ne dukkan yankin ƙasa da ruwansa ke gangarowa zuwa Kogin Nilu, kuma yana da faɗin kilomita murabba'i 2,927,843{{snd}}kimanin kashi 10% na nahiyar Afirka (duba taswirar da ke kusa).<ref name=basinSize/> Kasashe goma sha ɗaya ne gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangarensu ke cikin wannan kwari: Burundi, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan, Tanzaniya da Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn|A shekara ta 2011, Sudan ta Kudu ta balle daga Sudan, ta zama ƙasa ta goma sha ɗaya a Kwarin Nilu.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Wannan kwari ya ƙunshi nau'o'in yanayi, tsarin muhalli da siffofin ƙasa iri-iri{{snd}}daga hamada masu yashi da fari a arewa, zuwa filayen fadama masu laushi a tsakiyar yankin, zuwa tsaunuka masu dazuzzuka da yawan ruwan sama a kudu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Ana iya raba Kwarin Nilu zuwa yankuna bakwai; biyar daga cikinsu suna ɗauke da mafi tsawon hanyar da Kogin Nilu yake bi. Idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan yankuna biyar su ne: Tafkunan Manyan Afirka, Nilu na Tsaunuka, Farin Nilu, Babban Nilu, da Delta ta Nilu. Yankuna biyu na ƙari suna ɗauke da manyan rafukan da ke shiga Nilu: Shuɗin Nilu da Kogin Atbarah.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} === Tafkunan Manyan Afirka === Yankin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka yana ɗauke da asalin Kogin Nilu tare da wasu manyan tafkuna da suke cikin tsarin Kogin Nilu: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Albert, Tafkin George da Tafkin Edward.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Bayanin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka. }}</ref> Asalin Kogin Nilu shi ne Kogin Rukarara da ke cikin Gandun Dajin Ƙasa na Nyungwe a Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> kuma yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera wanda ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|Asalin Kogin Nilu yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Rukarara, sannan zuwa Kogin Mwogo, wanda ke haɗuwa da Kogin Mbirurume ya zama Kogin Nyabarongo, wanda ke kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera, wanda kuma ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. }}</ref> }} Ko da yake babban tafki ne{{snd}}na biyu mafi girman tafkin ruwa mai ɗanɗano a duniya idan aka auna faɗi{{efn|An auna ne ta fuskar faɗin ƙasa, ba girman ruwa ba.}}{{snd}} Tafkin Victoria ba shi da zurfi sosai, domin matsakaicin zurfinsa kusan mita 40 ne.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Kogin yana fara ɗaukar sunan “Nilu” ne a inda Tafkin Victoria ke zubar da ruwa daga arewacinsa: sashen daga nan zuwa Tafkin Albert ana kiransa Victoria Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ruwan faɗuwa guda biyu{{snd}}Ripon Falls da Owen Falls{{snd}}sun kasance a wurin da Nilu ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria, amma an nutsar da su bayan gina Dam ɗin Nalubaale. Bayan Bujagali Falls da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali, Victoria Nile yana zubowa cikin Tafkin Kyoga. Bayan ya fita daga Tafkin Kyoga, Kogin Kafu yana shiga cikinsa, sannan ya ratsa Murchison Falls ya shiga Tafkin Albert. Ba kamar Tafkin Victoria ba, Tafkin Albert tafki ne mai zurfi wanda tsaunuka suka kewaye shi. Kogin yana fita daga tafkin a gefen arewarsa, inda ake kiransa Albert Nile; wannan sashe na kogin yana da shimfiɗa kuma faffaɗa, kuma ya dace da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa masu tururi.<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> === Nilu na Tsaunuka === Yanki na biyu na Kwarin Nilu idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa shi ne Nilu na Tsaunuka ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. }}</ref> Wannan yanki yana farawa kusa da garin Nimule, yana kaiwa zuwa Tafkin No, kuma gaba ɗayansa yana cikin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan ya ratsa Nimule, kogin yana wucewa ta Fula Rapids sannan ya isa Juba{{snd}}babban birnin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan Juba, Nilu yana ratsa garin Bor sannan ya shiga Sudd, wata babbar fadama da ke kan shimfiɗaɗɗen fili.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}.</ref> Gangarar ƙasar a yankin Sudd kusan 1:13,000 ce kawai, saboda haka kogin yana tafiya a hankali kuma yana faɗaɗa. Tsire-tsire masu yalwa ciki har da sedges, papyrus da water hyacinth na gama gari (wani nau'in tsiro mai mamaye muhalli) suna toshe hanyoyin ruwa kuma suna wahalar da zirga-zirga. A gefen arewa na fadamar Sudd, Nilu yana wucewa ta Tafkin No, ƙaramin tafki inda Kogin Bahr el Ghazal (wato “kogin barewa” a Larabci) ke shiga cikinsa daga yamma.<ref name=phys/> ===Yankin Farar Nilu=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Hoton sama na Khartoum, yana nuna haduwar koguna biyu, kowanne da launin ruwansa daban|Launuka daban-daban na Farar Nilu (hagu) da Bakar Nilu (dama) suna bayyana inda suka hade suka zama babban Nilu (hagu sama).]] Yayin da ake ci gaba da tafiya ƙasa, yankin na uku na kwarin Nilu shi ne yankin Farar Nilu{{efn|Yankin Farar Nilu, kamar yadda aka bayyana nan, yana dauke da karamin bangare na babban Kogin Farar Nilu.}} wanda ya hada da tsawon {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} daga kusa da Malakal zuwa Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. A nan ne Bakar Nilu ya hade da shi. Wannan bangaren kogin yana da faɗi, kwanciyar hankali, tare da ciyayi da fadamomi a bakin koguna. Kogin nan ba shi da zurfi kuma yana rasa ruwa sosai ta hanyar ƙura.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Inda Farar Nilu ya hade da Bakar Nilu, launukansu suna bambanta sosai. Farar Nilu ya fi haske saboda yashi da yake dauke da [[quartz]] da [[feldspar]]. Wannan ya bambanta da Bakar Nilu wanda ke dauke da laka mai duhu daga duwatsun [[basaltic rock]] na Habasha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} Kogin Sobat shi ne rafi wanda ke hade da Farar Nilu kusa da garin Malakal (bayan haduwar Bahr el Ghazal, kafin Bakar Nilu). Yankinsa{{snd}}wanda ya hada da [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}yana dauke da kusan kilomita murabba’i 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Sobat yana ambaliya tsakanin Yuli da Disamba.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Babban Nilu=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|Babban Dam na Aswan yana kan babban Nilu kusa da iyakar Misira da Sudan. Injinan lantarki na dam din suna da karfin samar da 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=Ginin kankare mai girma kusa da tafkin shiru. Manyan hasumiyoyin wutar lantarki suna kusa da ginin.]] Yankin na hudu na kwarin Nilu{{snd}}babban Nilu{{efn|Bangaren Nilu tsakanin haduwar Bakar/Farar Nilu da Bahar Rum ana kiransa Babban Nilu ko Saharan Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}yana daga Khartoum zuwa Cairo, babban birnin Misira.<ref name=phys/> Wannan bangaren yana da faɗi da zurfi mai daidaito: kusan {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} faɗi da {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} zurfi a wurin da ya fi zurfi (idan ba ambaliya ba).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Da zarar ya bar Khartoum, kogin ya shiga Sabaloka Game Reserve kuma ya ratsa manyan rafuka masu ƙarfi da ba a iya ketarewa da jirgin ruwa. Wannan shi ne na shida (kuma mafi kusa da sama) daga cikin rafuka shida na Nilu. Kogin Atbarah{{snd}}babban rafi{{snd}}yana hade da Nilu, wanda daga nan ya bi babban lankwasawa S zuwa yamma. Ana samun sauran rafuka hudu (lamba 5, 4, 3, da 2) a cikin wannan lankwasawa S, wanda ya sa kogin ba ya iya ketarewa; duk da haka jiragen ruwa na iya tafiya a wasu wuraren da ba su da rafuka. Kogin daga nan ya shiga tafkin Nasser. Wannan tafki{{snd}}tafki na biyu mafi girma da mutum ya yi a duniya{{snd}}an kafa shi ne lokacin da aka gina Babban Dam na Aswan a Misira, kuma ya mamaye fiye da {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} na Nilu. Dam na Aswan Low{{snd}}wanda ya fi tsoho kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta{{snd}}yana ƙasa da Babban Dam na Aswan, kusa da wurin rafin farko na Nilu (wanda yanzu ya nutse). Daga wadannan dam-dam, Nilu yana gudana kusan {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} ta cikin dutsen limestone, tare da gonaki masu ban ruwa, har sai ya isa Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta na Nilu=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|Delta na Nilu shi ne babban yanki mai siffar alwatika da ciyayi a saman wannan hoto, inda kogin ya zuba cikin Bahar Rum.|alt=Hoton arewacin Misira, wanda aka dauka daga sararin samaniya. Nilu ya kare ta hanyar shiga Bahar Rum, yana samar da babban yanki mai siffar alwatika.]] Yankin na biyar, kuma na ƙarshe, wanda ya kunshi Kogin Nilu shi ne Delta na Nilu, babban [[delta]] mai siffar alwatika (kimanin 22,000&nbsp;km{{super|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} wanda ya fara daga Cairo zuwa Bahar Rum.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Kogin ya rabu zuwa manyan hanyoyi biyu a cikin delta: reshen Rosetta da reshen Damietta. Jimillar girman delta (ciki har da bangaren da ya nutse) kusan 150,000&nbsp;km{{super|3}}. Delta an gina shi tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, daga yashi da kogin ya kawo daga sama.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Tun bayan kammala Babban Dam na Aswan a 1970, delta ya fara raguwa saboda lalacewar ruwan Bahar Rum. A da, lalacewar tana daidaita da sabbin ƙasa daga yashi da kogin ya kawo; amma dam yana rike yashi a tafkin sa, yana hana sabuwar ƙasa isa delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref> ===Rafin Bakar Nilu=== [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Asalin Bakar Nilu yana daga Gish Abay a ƙasan layin haske. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa daga nan zuwa Tafkin Tana.|alt=Taswirar Habasha, tana nuna wani bangare na Bakar Nilu da Tafkin Tana.]] Tsawon hanyar Nilu{{snd}}wanda ya hada da rafi Farar Nilu{{snd}}yana da wasu rafuka. Yankunan kwaruruwan Bakar Nilu da Atbarah su ne yankuna na ƙarshe na kwarin Nilu.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Bakar Nilu yana fitowa daga tsaunuka a Habasha inda yake farawa a matsayin rafin da ake kira ''Abay'' kusa da garin Gish Abay: {{lang|am|Gish}} kalma ce ta Amharic wadda ke nufin 'tushen', kuma Abay shi ne sunan rafin.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay yana shiga Tafkin Tana, tafki mai faɗi kuma ba shi da zurfi, wanda ke da hanya guda ta fita inda ya karɓi sunan "Bakar Nilu". Kogin daga nan yana yin babban lankwasawa: da farko zuwa kudu, sannan yamma ta cikin kwarin mai ban mamaki mai zurfin {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}}, sannan arewa yana shiga Kudancin Sudan zuwa Sudan, inda ya hade da Farar Nilu a Khartoum ya zama Babban Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> A hanyarsa, Bakar Nilu yana samar da wutar lantarki a wurare da dama, ciki har da Tis Abay hydropower project a Bakar Nilu Falls, Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam kusa da iyakar Habasha da Kudancin Sudan, Roseires Dam kusa da garin Ad Damazin, da Sennar Dam.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Girman kwaruruwan Bakar Nilu ya fi kilomita murabba’i 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} ===Rafin Atbarah=== Kogin Atbarah rafi ne na Nilu wanda yake fitowa daga arewacin Habasha, kuma yana hade da Nilu kusan {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} arewa da Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Yankin kwaruruwansa ya fi kilomita murabba’i 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah yana da gudu mai yawa a lokacin da bayan damina a Habasha (lokacin bazara da kaka), amma yana iya bushewa a lokacin hunturu da bazara. Duk da kasancewar rafin yana yawan yankewa, yana bayar da fiye da kashi 10% na jimillar ruwan shekara na Nilu.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dam-dam da ke kan Atbarah sun hada da Khashm el-Girba Dam, Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex, da Tekezé Dam (a kan rafin Tekezé).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> 5aqtfgxp74vp17z4srjb3w6x204oii5 842232 842223 2026-05-29T07:05:55Z Sirjat 20447 /* Rafin Atbarah */ 842232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nilu''' babban kogi ne da ke arewa maso gabashin Afirka, yana gudana zuwa Bahar Rum. Tsawonsa ya kai {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}, kuma shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, duk da cewa ba ya ɗaukar ruwa da yawa kamar Amazon ko Congo. Nilu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da al’adu na Afirka tsawon dubban shekaru. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Farin Nilu da Bakin Nilu. Farin Nilu ya fi tsawo kuma ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin kogin, amma Bakin Nilu yana kawo ruwa fiye da sau biyu na Farin Nilu. Farin Nilu yana farawa kusa da Lake Victoria, yana gudana ta Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu; Bakin Nilu kuma yana farawa kusa da Lake Tana a Habasha, yana shiga Sudan daga kudu maso gabas. Sannan sukan haɗu a Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. Daga nan Nilu yana gudana ta hamadar Nubia zuwa Cairo, sannan ya zube cikin Bahar Rum kusa da Alexandria, inda ya kafa babban kwarin Nilu Delta. Kwarin Nilu yana ratsa ƙasashe 11. Yawancin ruwan Nilu yana fitowa daga ruwan sama a ƙasashen da ke sama kamar Habasha, Kenya, Tanzaniya da Uganda. Ƙasashen da ke ƙasa kamar Masar da Sudan suna dogara da ruwan Nilu don ban ruwa. Sauran ƙasashen da ke cikin kwarin sun haɗa da Burundi, DR Congo, Eritrea da Rwanda. Nilu ya kasance ginshiƙin ƙasar Masar ta dā, inda ambaliyar shekara-shekara ta kawo ƙasa mai gina amfanin gona. Wannan ƙasa ta tallafa wa noma da rayuwa a cikin hamada. Nilu ya sauƙaƙa kasuwanci, sadarwa, sufuri, da mulki. A kudu da cataract na biyu akwai Nubia, inda tsoffin al’ummomi irin su Kerma da Daular Kush suka zauna. A ƙarni na 19, Turawa sun yi bincike a kusa da Lake Victoria don gano asalin kogin. A yau, al’ummomin Nilotic suna rayuwa a gefen Nilu, suna kiwon shanu ta hanyar yin hijira bisa yanayin ambaliyar Nilu. A zamanin yau, Nilu yana da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Masar da Sudan, inda ake amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, an gina dam fiye da goma sha biyu a kwarin Nilu. Wadannan dam sun canza tsarin ambaliyar shekara-shekara, sun rage yawan laka da ke zuwa ƙasa, wanda ya sa Nilu Delta ke raguwa. Wasu dam kamar Aswan High Dam da Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam sun haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa kan ƙarancin ruwa, tsaro, abinci, da tilasta ƙaura. == Sunaye da Asalin Suna == Kalmar Turanci "Nile" ta samo asali daga Latin ''Nilus'' da Greek ''Neilos'', wanda wataƙila ya samo asali daga kalmar Semitic ''naḥal'' ma’ana 'kogi'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A cikin tsohuwar harshen Masar, kalma ɗaya ake amfani da ita don 'Nilu' da 'kogi': ''jtrw''.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Masarawa sun kira ƙasarsu ''kmt'' ma’ana 'baƙi', don nuni da launin ruwan ambaliyar Nilu mai ɗauke da laka daga sama.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Sunan Turanci "Blue Nile" fassarar sunan Larabci ne ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A zamanin yau, kogin yana da sunaye daban-daban a cikin kwarin Nilu. A Masar ana kiransa ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ko ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> A Sudan ta Kudu ana kiransa ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' ma’ana 'Kogin Dutsen'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} A Uganda, masu magana da Luganda suna kiransa ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Wasu mutanen Nubia na Masar da Sudan suna amfani da sunan Nobiin ''Áman Dawū'' ('Babban Ruwa').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Wasu rassan ruwa da sassan kogin suna ɗauke da sunan "Nile", ciki har da: * Albert Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Albert zuwa Nimule<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Black Nile — wani suna na Atbarah River<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * Blue Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Kyoga Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Kyoga zuwa Lake Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Main Nile — ɓangaren Nilu bayan haɗuwar Bakin Nilu da Farin Nilu{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * Mountain Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga duwatsun Uganda zuwa filayen Sudan ta Kudu{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}} * Victoria Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Victoria zuwa Lake Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * White Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Yellow Nile — Wadi Howar, tsohon rassa da ya bushe shekaru dubban da suka wuce{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Asali == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka. Nilu yana bayyana a matsayin layi mai lanƙwasa mai shuɗi, yana farawa daga ƙasa a cikin daji mai kore, sannan ya tafi sama ya ƙare a Bahar Rum.|Nilu yana da cataracts guda shida da kuma asali da dama.{{efn|Wasu daga cikin cataracts sun nutse saboda madatsun ruwa da aka gina.}}]] Asalin Nilu yana daga wani rassa na Rukarara River, a cikin Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, a {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, a tsayin {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An fara gano wurin a 1969 ta masu bincike daga Waseda University.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2006, wasu masu yawon buɗe ido suka sake gano wurin, suka sanya alama a wani itace kusa ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) wanda yanzu wurin yawon buɗe ido ne.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2009, masana suka yi amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam don ƙara daidaita wurin, suka sanya shi a wani rijiya ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) da ke nesa da wurin na 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>}} Asalin yana nufin farkon ruwan da ke gudana duk shekara a cikin kwarin Nilu.<ref name=SourceCite/> Daga wannan asali, kogin yana gudana {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} zuwa bakin Bahar Rum.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} Tsawon an auna shi a 2009 ta hanyar hotunan tauraron dan adam.<ref name=SourceCite/> Mafi tsayin asalin Nilu yana kan duwatsun Rwenzori a Uganda.<ref name=Rwenz/> Duwatsun da ake kira “Mountains of the Moon” da Ptolemy ya bayyana sun danganta da Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Asalin da ya fi kudu yana Burundi a Ruvyironza River, wanda ke shiga Kagera River.<ref name=southSource/> An gina wani abin tunawa a kusa da Rutovu a 1937 ta Burkhart Waldecker.<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Abin tunawa yana a {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} Lake Victoria — wanda Tanzaniya, Uganda da Kenya ke rabawa — wani lokaci ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin Nilu, saboda yana ciyar da Farin Nilu daga Jinja, Uganda.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|Nilu yana fita daga Lake Victoria a Jinja, inda ake da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ake kira "source of the Nile".{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Wasu kuma suna ganin asalin gaskiya shi ne gajimare na ruwan sama da ke sama da Lake Victoria, saboda su ne ke kawo mafi yawan ruwan tafkin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. }}</ref> Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusa da Gish Abay, kudu da Lake Tana.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusan km 75 kudu da Lake Tana, a {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}}} == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Ruwan Kogin Nilu yana samo asali ne daga ruwan sama da ke sauka a tsaunukan yankunan kudu da gabashin Kwarin Nilu.|alt=Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka, tana nuna wuraren wasu birane da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ke kan kogin.]] Kogin Nilu babban kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin Afirka wanda ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum. Kwarin Nilu shi ne dukkan yankin ƙasa da ruwansa ke gangarowa zuwa Kogin Nilu, kuma yana da faɗin kilomita murabba'i 2,927,843{{snd}}kimanin kashi 10% na nahiyar Afirka (duba taswirar da ke kusa).<ref name=basinSize/> Kasashe goma sha ɗaya ne gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangarensu ke cikin wannan kwari: Burundi, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan, Tanzaniya da Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn|A shekara ta 2011, Sudan ta Kudu ta balle daga Sudan, ta zama ƙasa ta goma sha ɗaya a Kwarin Nilu.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Wannan kwari ya ƙunshi nau'o'in yanayi, tsarin muhalli da siffofin ƙasa iri-iri{{snd}}daga hamada masu yashi da fari a arewa, zuwa filayen fadama masu laushi a tsakiyar yankin, zuwa tsaunuka masu dazuzzuka da yawan ruwan sama a kudu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Ana iya raba Kwarin Nilu zuwa yankuna bakwai; biyar daga cikinsu suna ɗauke da mafi tsawon hanyar da Kogin Nilu yake bi. Idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan yankuna biyar su ne: Tafkunan Manyan Afirka, Nilu na Tsaunuka, Farin Nilu, Babban Nilu, da Delta ta Nilu. Yankuna biyu na ƙari suna ɗauke da manyan rafukan da ke shiga Nilu: Shuɗin Nilu da Kogin Atbarah.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} === Tafkunan Manyan Afirka === Yankin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka yana ɗauke da asalin Kogin Nilu tare da wasu manyan tafkuna da suke cikin tsarin Kogin Nilu: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Albert, Tafkin George da Tafkin Edward.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Bayanin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka. }}</ref> Asalin Kogin Nilu shi ne Kogin Rukarara da ke cikin Gandun Dajin Ƙasa na Nyungwe a Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> kuma yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera wanda ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|Asalin Kogin Nilu yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Rukarara, sannan zuwa Kogin Mwogo, wanda ke haɗuwa da Kogin Mbirurume ya zama Kogin Nyabarongo, wanda ke kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera, wanda kuma ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. }}</ref> }} Ko da yake babban tafki ne{{snd}}na biyu mafi girman tafkin ruwa mai ɗanɗano a duniya idan aka auna faɗi{{efn|An auna ne ta fuskar faɗin ƙasa, ba girman ruwa ba.}}{{snd}} Tafkin Victoria ba shi da zurfi sosai, domin matsakaicin zurfinsa kusan mita 40 ne.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Kogin yana fara ɗaukar sunan “Nilu” ne a inda Tafkin Victoria ke zubar da ruwa daga arewacinsa: sashen daga nan zuwa Tafkin Albert ana kiransa Victoria Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ruwan faɗuwa guda biyu{{snd}}Ripon Falls da Owen Falls{{snd}}sun kasance a wurin da Nilu ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria, amma an nutsar da su bayan gina Dam ɗin Nalubaale. Bayan Bujagali Falls da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali, Victoria Nile yana zubowa cikin Tafkin Kyoga. Bayan ya fita daga Tafkin Kyoga, Kogin Kafu yana shiga cikinsa, sannan ya ratsa Murchison Falls ya shiga Tafkin Albert. Ba kamar Tafkin Victoria ba, Tafkin Albert tafki ne mai zurfi wanda tsaunuka suka kewaye shi. Kogin yana fita daga tafkin a gefen arewarsa, inda ake kiransa Albert Nile; wannan sashe na kogin yana da shimfiɗa kuma faffaɗa, kuma ya dace da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa masu tururi.<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> === Nilu na Tsaunuka === Yanki na biyu na Kwarin Nilu idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa shi ne Nilu na Tsaunuka ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. }}</ref> Wannan yanki yana farawa kusa da garin Nimule, yana kaiwa zuwa Tafkin No, kuma gaba ɗayansa yana cikin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan ya ratsa Nimule, kogin yana wucewa ta Fula Rapids sannan ya isa Juba{{snd}}babban birnin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan Juba, Nilu yana ratsa garin Bor sannan ya shiga Sudd, wata babbar fadama da ke kan shimfiɗaɗɗen fili.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}.</ref> Gangarar ƙasar a yankin Sudd kusan 1:13,000 ce kawai, saboda haka kogin yana tafiya a hankali kuma yana faɗaɗa. Tsire-tsire masu yalwa ciki har da sedges, papyrus da water hyacinth na gama gari (wani nau'in tsiro mai mamaye muhalli) suna toshe hanyoyin ruwa kuma suna wahalar da zirga-zirga. A gefen arewa na fadamar Sudd, Nilu yana wucewa ta Tafkin No, ƙaramin tafki inda Kogin Bahr el Ghazal (wato “kogin barewa” a Larabci) ke shiga cikinsa daga yamma.<ref name=phys/> ===Yankin Farar Nilu=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Hoton sama na Khartoum, yana nuna haduwar koguna biyu, kowanne da launin ruwansa daban|Launuka daban-daban na Farar Nilu (hagu) da Bakar Nilu (dama) suna bayyana inda suka hade suka zama babban Nilu (hagu sama).]] Yayin da ake ci gaba da tafiya ƙasa, yankin na uku na kwarin Nilu shi ne yankin Farar Nilu{{efn|Yankin Farar Nilu, kamar yadda aka bayyana nan, yana dauke da karamin bangare na babban Kogin Farar Nilu.}} wanda ya hada da tsawon {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} daga kusa da Malakal zuwa Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. A nan ne Bakar Nilu ya hade da shi. Wannan bangaren kogin yana da faɗi, kwanciyar hankali, tare da ciyayi da fadamomi a bakin koguna. Kogin nan ba shi da zurfi kuma yana rasa ruwa sosai ta hanyar ƙura.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Inda Farar Nilu ya hade da Bakar Nilu, launukansu suna bambanta sosai. Farar Nilu ya fi haske saboda yashi da yake dauke da [[quartz]] da [[feldspar]]. Wannan ya bambanta da Bakar Nilu wanda ke dauke da laka mai duhu daga duwatsun [[basaltic rock]] na Habasha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} Kogin Sobat shi ne rafi wanda ke hade da Farar Nilu kusa da garin Malakal (bayan haduwar Bahr el Ghazal, kafin Bakar Nilu). Yankinsa{{snd}}wanda ya hada da [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}yana dauke da kusan kilomita murabba’i 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Sobat yana ambaliya tsakanin Yuli da Disamba.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Babban Nilu=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|Babban Dam na Aswan yana kan babban Nilu kusa da iyakar Misira da Sudan. Injinan lantarki na dam din suna da karfin samar da 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=Ginin kankare mai girma kusa da tafkin shiru. Manyan hasumiyoyin wutar lantarki suna kusa da ginin.]] Yankin na hudu na kwarin Nilu{{snd}}babban Nilu{{efn|Bangaren Nilu tsakanin haduwar Bakar/Farar Nilu da Bahar Rum ana kiransa Babban Nilu ko Saharan Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}yana daga Khartoum zuwa Cairo, babban birnin Misira.<ref name=phys/> Wannan bangaren yana da faɗi da zurfi mai daidaito: kusan {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} faɗi da {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} zurfi a wurin da ya fi zurfi (idan ba ambaliya ba).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Da zarar ya bar Khartoum, kogin ya shiga Sabaloka Game Reserve kuma ya ratsa manyan rafuka masu ƙarfi da ba a iya ketarewa da jirgin ruwa. Wannan shi ne na shida (kuma mafi kusa da sama) daga cikin rafuka shida na Nilu. Kogin Atbarah{{snd}}babban rafi{{snd}}yana hade da Nilu, wanda daga nan ya bi babban lankwasawa S zuwa yamma. Ana samun sauran rafuka hudu (lamba 5, 4, 3, da 2) a cikin wannan lankwasawa S, wanda ya sa kogin ba ya iya ketarewa; duk da haka jiragen ruwa na iya tafiya a wasu wuraren da ba su da rafuka. Kogin daga nan ya shiga tafkin Nasser. Wannan tafki{{snd}}tafki na biyu mafi girma da mutum ya yi a duniya{{snd}}an kafa shi ne lokacin da aka gina Babban Dam na Aswan a Misira, kuma ya mamaye fiye da {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} na Nilu. Dam na Aswan Low{{snd}}wanda ya fi tsoho kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta{{snd}}yana ƙasa da Babban Dam na Aswan, kusa da wurin rafin farko na Nilu (wanda yanzu ya nutse). Daga wadannan dam-dam, Nilu yana gudana kusan {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} ta cikin dutsen limestone, tare da gonaki masu ban ruwa, har sai ya isa Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta na Nilu=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|Delta na Nilu shi ne babban yanki mai siffar alwatika da ciyayi a saman wannan hoto, inda kogin ya zuba cikin Bahar Rum.|alt=Hoton arewacin Misira, wanda aka dauka daga sararin samaniya. Nilu ya kare ta hanyar shiga Bahar Rum, yana samar da babban yanki mai siffar alwatika.]] Yankin na biyar, kuma na ƙarshe, wanda ya kunshi Kogin Nilu shi ne Delta na Nilu, babban [[delta]] mai siffar alwatika (kimanin 22,000&nbsp;km{{super|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} wanda ya fara daga Cairo zuwa Bahar Rum.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Kogin ya rabu zuwa manyan hanyoyi biyu a cikin delta: reshen Rosetta da reshen Damietta. Jimillar girman delta (ciki har da bangaren da ya nutse) kusan 150,000&nbsp;km{{super|3}}. Delta an gina shi tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, daga yashi da kogin ya kawo daga sama.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Tun bayan kammala Babban Dam na Aswan a 1970, delta ya fara raguwa saboda lalacewar ruwan Bahar Rum. A da, lalacewar tana daidaita da sabbin ƙasa daga yashi da kogin ya kawo; amma dam yana rike yashi a tafkin sa, yana hana sabuwar ƙasa isa delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref> ===Rafin Bakar Nilu=== [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Asalin Bakar Nilu yana daga Gish Abay a ƙasan layin haske. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa daga nan zuwa Tafkin Tana.|alt=Taswirar Habasha, tana nuna wani bangare na Bakar Nilu da Tafkin Tana.]] Tsawon hanyar Nilu{{snd}}wanda ya hada da rafi Farar Nilu{{snd}}yana da wasu rafuka. Yankunan kwaruruwan Bakar Nilu da Atbarah su ne yankuna na ƙarshe na kwarin Nilu.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Bakar Nilu yana fitowa daga tsaunuka a Habasha inda yake farawa a matsayin rafin da ake kira ''Abay'' kusa da garin Gish Abay: {{lang|am|Gish}} kalma ce ta Amharic wadda ke nufin 'tushen', kuma Abay shi ne sunan rafin.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay yana shiga Tafkin Tana, tafki mai faɗi kuma ba shi da zurfi, wanda ke da hanya guda ta fita inda ya karɓi sunan "Bakar Nilu". Kogin daga nan yana yin babban lankwasawa: da farko zuwa kudu, sannan yamma ta cikin kwarin mai ban mamaki mai zurfin {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}}, sannan arewa yana shiga Kudancin Sudan zuwa Sudan, inda ya hade da Farar Nilu a Khartoum ya zama Babban Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> A hanyarsa, Bakar Nilu yana samar da wutar lantarki a wurare da dama, ciki har da Tis Abay hydropower project a Bakar Nilu Falls, Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam kusa da iyakar Habasha da Kudancin Sudan, Roseires Dam kusa da garin Ad Damazin, da Sennar Dam.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Girman kwaruruwan Bakar Nilu ya fi kilomita murabba’i 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} ===Rafin Atbarah=== Kogin Atbarah rafi ne na Nilu wanda yake fitowa daga arewacin Habasha, kuma yana hade da Nilu kusan {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} arewa da Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Yankin kwaruruwansa ya fi kilomita murabba’i 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah yana da gudu mai yawa a lokacin da bayan damina a Habasha (lokacin bazara da kaka), amma yana iya bushewa a lokacin hunturu da bazara. Duk da kasancewar rafin yana yawan yankewa, yana bayar da fiye da kashi 10% na jimillar ruwan shekara na Nilu.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dam-dam da ke kan Atbarah sun hada da Khashm el-Girba Dam, Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex, da Tekezé Dam (a kan rafin Tekezé).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> ==Ruwan Kogin== {{Nile River routemap}} [[File:Monthly variations of the flow of the Nile River.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Zane yana nuna sauyin ruwan Nilu a kowace shekara cikin mita kubik a sakan. Darajoji (Janairu zuwa Disamba) su ne 1285.7, 1006.0, 831.3, 881.7, 828.7, 845.2, 1930.3, 6984.0, 7866.5, 4895.2, 2510.8, 1596.9.|Gudun ruwan Nilu yana bambanta sosai a duk shekara. An auna darajoji (m³/s) a Dongola a kan babban Nilu.{{sfn|"Nile Basin Dongola", ''Global Runoff Data Center''}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} ]] ===Gudun ruwa da ambaliya=== {{further|Flooding of the Nile}} Ko da yake Nilu shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, ba shi da mafi girman gudun ruwa. Gudunsa{{snd}}kimanin 87 km³ a shekara{{efn| name=discharge}}{{snd}}ya yi ƙanƙanta idan aka kwatanta da manyan koguna. Gudun Nilu kusan kashi 1% ne na Amazon, 6% na Congo, da 12% na Yangtze.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=11}}. }}</ref>{{efn|An yi kwatancen ne da gudun Nilu da aka auna a Aswan. Gudun Nilu zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum ya fi ƙanƙanta.{{efn| name=discharge}} }} Gudun shekara-shekara daga manyan rassan uku na Nilu: 54% daga Blue Nile, 32% daga White Nile (ciki har da gudun Bahr el Ghazal da Sobat), da 14% daga Atbarah.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km³; White Nile 28 km³; Atbarah 12 km³ }} Dutsen White Nile da Blue Nile suna samun ruwan sama na yanayi, amma gudun White Nile ya fi daidaito fiye da Blue Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Wannan saboda tafkuna da fadamomi da yawa a White Nile suna rage tasirin yanayin ruwan sama.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=357}} Yayin da White Nile ke wucewa ta cikin fadamar Sudd, kusan rabin ruwan yana ɓacewa ta hanyar ƙura.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=346}} A gefe guda, gudun Blue Nile yana bambanta sosai: yana ambaliya daga Yuli zuwa Oktoba saboda ruwan sama na damina.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ruwan Blue Nile ya yi yawa a lokacin damina har White Nile ke ja baya a wurin haɗuwar koguna.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503–504}}. }}</ref> A lokacin ambaliya, gudun ruwa zuwa babban Nilu kusan 70% daga Blue Nile, 20% daga Atbarah, da 10% daga White Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A kololuwar ambaliya, gudun yau da kullum zuwa Lake Nasser kusan 0.71 km³, sau uku fiye da matsakaicin gudun yau da kullum na shekara 0.23 km³.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. Summer flood: 25.1 billion ft³ per day, or 0.71 km³ per day. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 4}}. Annual mean measured at Dongola station: 83 km³ per year, or 0.23 km³ per day. }}</ref>{{efn|name=exclGERD}}{{ efn| Yayin da gudun Blue Nile ke raguwa a lokacin sanyi, ruwan White Nile da aka tara yana ƙaruwa a Khartoum. A Afrilu da Mayu, White Nile yana bayar da kusan 80% na ruwan Nilu. Wannan ya ba da damar yin ban ruwa a duk shekara.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} }} Kafin a gina madatsun ruwa a Nilu, gudun ruwan Nilu a Masar yana bambanta da yanayi: ya fi yawa a lokacin bazara/damina; ya fi ƙanƙanta a lokacin sanyi/bazara.{{efn| Ƙarfin ambaliyar Nilu na shekara-shekara yana iya bambanta sosai daga shekara zuwa shekara. Lokutan ƙarancin ambaliya na iya ɗaukar shekaru da dama ko ƙarni.{{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=20-26}} }} Amma bayan gina Aswan High Dam{{snd}}wanda ya ƙirƙiri tafkin da zai iya riƙe kusan shekaru biyu na gudun ruwa{{snd}} gudun ruwan da ke ƙasa ya fi daidaito a duk shekara.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=45}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Gudun shekara-shekara na kogin a Aswan kusan 84 km³; kuma tafkin Aswan High Dam yana iya riƙe kusan 160 km³.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p= 8644 |loc=section 3.5.4}}. }}</ref> }} === Jigilar laka === Nilu yana ɗaukar laka zuwa ƙasa. Motsin laka ana rarrabe shi zuwa laka mai shawagi (wanda ke shawagi a cikin ruwa) ko laka mai nauyi (wanda ke kan ƙasan kogi).{{sfn|Lemma |2019|p=1}} Kashi 97% na laka da Nilu ke ɗauka daga Atbarah da Blue Nile ne, dukkansu daga Habasha.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=38}} Ƙasa a Delta ta Nilu ta samo asali daga duwatsu a Habasha. Jimillar duwatsun da aka nika cikin shekaru miliyan 30 daga asalin Nilu a Habasha kusan 102,000 km³, wanda ya yi daidai da ƙasar Delta ta Nilu kusan 150,000 km³.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=37}} 2z2tgvjqz06p26084me298fdyq7l3wm 842257 842232 2026-05-29T08:21:33Z Sirjat 20447 /* Jigilar laka */ 842257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nilu''' babban kogi ne da ke arewa maso gabashin Afirka, yana gudana zuwa Bahar Rum. Tsawonsa ya kai {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}, kuma shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, duk da cewa ba ya ɗaukar ruwa da yawa kamar Amazon ko Congo. Nilu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da al’adu na Afirka tsawon dubban shekaru. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Farin Nilu da Bakin Nilu. Farin Nilu ya fi tsawo kuma ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin kogin, amma Bakin Nilu yana kawo ruwa fiye da sau biyu na Farin Nilu. Farin Nilu yana farawa kusa da Lake Victoria, yana gudana ta Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu; Bakin Nilu kuma yana farawa kusa da Lake Tana a Habasha, yana shiga Sudan daga kudu maso gabas. Sannan sukan haɗu a Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. Daga nan Nilu yana gudana ta hamadar Nubia zuwa Cairo, sannan ya zube cikin Bahar Rum kusa da Alexandria, inda ya kafa babban kwarin Nilu Delta. Kwarin Nilu yana ratsa ƙasashe 11. Yawancin ruwan Nilu yana fitowa daga ruwan sama a ƙasashen da ke sama kamar Habasha, Kenya, Tanzaniya da Uganda. Ƙasashen da ke ƙasa kamar Masar da Sudan suna dogara da ruwan Nilu don ban ruwa. Sauran ƙasashen da ke cikin kwarin sun haɗa da Burundi, DR Congo, Eritrea da Rwanda. Nilu ya kasance ginshiƙin ƙasar Masar ta dā, inda ambaliyar shekara-shekara ta kawo ƙasa mai gina amfanin gona. Wannan ƙasa ta tallafa wa noma da rayuwa a cikin hamada. Nilu ya sauƙaƙa kasuwanci, sadarwa, sufuri, da mulki. A kudu da cataract na biyu akwai Nubia, inda tsoffin al’ummomi irin su Kerma da Daular Kush suka zauna. A ƙarni na 19, Turawa sun yi bincike a kusa da Lake Victoria don gano asalin kogin. A yau, al’ummomin Nilotic suna rayuwa a gefen Nilu, suna kiwon shanu ta hanyar yin hijira bisa yanayin ambaliyar Nilu. A zamanin yau, Nilu yana da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Masar da Sudan, inda ake amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, an gina dam fiye da goma sha biyu a kwarin Nilu. Wadannan dam sun canza tsarin ambaliyar shekara-shekara, sun rage yawan laka da ke zuwa ƙasa, wanda ya sa Nilu Delta ke raguwa. Wasu dam kamar Aswan High Dam da Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam sun haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa kan ƙarancin ruwa, tsaro, abinci, da tilasta ƙaura. == Sunaye da Asalin Suna == Kalmar Turanci "Nile" ta samo asali daga Latin ''Nilus'' da Greek ''Neilos'', wanda wataƙila ya samo asali daga kalmar Semitic ''naḥal'' ma’ana 'kogi'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A cikin tsohuwar harshen Masar, kalma ɗaya ake amfani da ita don 'Nilu' da 'kogi': ''jtrw''.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Masarawa sun kira ƙasarsu ''kmt'' ma’ana 'baƙi', don nuni da launin ruwan ambaliyar Nilu mai ɗauke da laka daga sama.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Sunan Turanci "Blue Nile" fassarar sunan Larabci ne ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A zamanin yau, kogin yana da sunaye daban-daban a cikin kwarin Nilu. A Masar ana kiransa ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ko ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> A Sudan ta Kudu ana kiransa ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' ma’ana 'Kogin Dutsen'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} A Uganda, masu magana da Luganda suna kiransa ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Wasu mutanen Nubia na Masar da Sudan suna amfani da sunan Nobiin ''Áman Dawū'' ('Babban Ruwa').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Wasu rassan ruwa da sassan kogin suna ɗauke da sunan "Nile", ciki har da: * Albert Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Albert zuwa Nimule<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Black Nile — wani suna na Atbarah River<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * Blue Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Kyoga Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Kyoga zuwa Lake Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Main Nile — ɓangaren Nilu bayan haɗuwar Bakin Nilu da Farin Nilu{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * Mountain Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga duwatsun Uganda zuwa filayen Sudan ta Kudu{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}} * Victoria Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Victoria zuwa Lake Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * White Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Yellow Nile — Wadi Howar, tsohon rassa da ya bushe shekaru dubban da suka wuce{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Asali == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka. Nilu yana bayyana a matsayin layi mai lanƙwasa mai shuɗi, yana farawa daga ƙasa a cikin daji mai kore, sannan ya tafi sama ya ƙare a Bahar Rum.|Nilu yana da cataracts guda shida da kuma asali da dama.{{efn|Wasu daga cikin cataracts sun nutse saboda madatsun ruwa da aka gina.}}]] Asalin Nilu yana daga wani rassa na Rukarara River, a cikin Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, a {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, a tsayin {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An fara gano wurin a 1969 ta masu bincike daga Waseda University.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2006, wasu masu yawon buɗe ido suka sake gano wurin, suka sanya alama a wani itace kusa ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) wanda yanzu wurin yawon buɗe ido ne.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2009, masana suka yi amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam don ƙara daidaita wurin, suka sanya shi a wani rijiya ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) da ke nesa da wurin na 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>}} Asalin yana nufin farkon ruwan da ke gudana duk shekara a cikin kwarin Nilu.<ref name=SourceCite/> Daga wannan asali, kogin yana gudana {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} zuwa bakin Bahar Rum.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} Tsawon an auna shi a 2009 ta hanyar hotunan tauraron dan adam.<ref name=SourceCite/> Mafi tsayin asalin Nilu yana kan duwatsun Rwenzori a Uganda.<ref name=Rwenz/> Duwatsun da ake kira “Mountains of the Moon” da Ptolemy ya bayyana sun danganta da Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Asalin da ya fi kudu yana Burundi a Ruvyironza River, wanda ke shiga Kagera River.<ref name=southSource/> An gina wani abin tunawa a kusa da Rutovu a 1937 ta Burkhart Waldecker.<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Abin tunawa yana a {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} Lake Victoria — wanda Tanzaniya, Uganda da Kenya ke rabawa — wani lokaci ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin Nilu, saboda yana ciyar da Farin Nilu daga Jinja, Uganda.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|Nilu yana fita daga Lake Victoria a Jinja, inda ake da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ake kira "source of the Nile".{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Wasu kuma suna ganin asalin gaskiya shi ne gajimare na ruwan sama da ke sama da Lake Victoria, saboda su ne ke kawo mafi yawan ruwan tafkin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. }}</ref> Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusa da Gish Abay, kudu da Lake Tana.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusan km 75 kudu da Lake Tana, a {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}}} == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Ruwan Kogin Nilu yana samo asali ne daga ruwan sama da ke sauka a tsaunukan yankunan kudu da gabashin Kwarin Nilu.|alt=Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka, tana nuna wuraren wasu birane da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ke kan kogin.]] Kogin Nilu babban kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin Afirka wanda ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum. Kwarin Nilu shi ne dukkan yankin ƙasa da ruwansa ke gangarowa zuwa Kogin Nilu, kuma yana da faɗin kilomita murabba'i 2,927,843{{snd}}kimanin kashi 10% na nahiyar Afirka (duba taswirar da ke kusa).<ref name=basinSize/> Kasashe goma sha ɗaya ne gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangarensu ke cikin wannan kwari: Burundi, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan, Tanzaniya da Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn|A shekara ta 2011, Sudan ta Kudu ta balle daga Sudan, ta zama ƙasa ta goma sha ɗaya a Kwarin Nilu.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Wannan kwari ya ƙunshi nau'o'in yanayi, tsarin muhalli da siffofin ƙasa iri-iri{{snd}}daga hamada masu yashi da fari a arewa, zuwa filayen fadama masu laushi a tsakiyar yankin, zuwa tsaunuka masu dazuzzuka da yawan ruwan sama a kudu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Ana iya raba Kwarin Nilu zuwa yankuna bakwai; biyar daga cikinsu suna ɗauke da mafi tsawon hanyar da Kogin Nilu yake bi. Idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan yankuna biyar su ne: Tafkunan Manyan Afirka, Nilu na Tsaunuka, Farin Nilu, Babban Nilu, da Delta ta Nilu. Yankuna biyu na ƙari suna ɗauke da manyan rafukan da ke shiga Nilu: Shuɗin Nilu da Kogin Atbarah.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} === Tafkunan Manyan Afirka === Yankin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka yana ɗauke da asalin Kogin Nilu tare da wasu manyan tafkuna da suke cikin tsarin Kogin Nilu: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Albert, Tafkin George da Tafkin Edward.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Bayanin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka. }}</ref> Asalin Kogin Nilu shi ne Kogin Rukarara da ke cikin Gandun Dajin Ƙasa na Nyungwe a Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> kuma yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera wanda ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|Asalin Kogin Nilu yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Rukarara, sannan zuwa Kogin Mwogo, wanda ke haɗuwa da Kogin Mbirurume ya zama Kogin Nyabarongo, wanda ke kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera, wanda kuma ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. }}</ref> }} Ko da yake babban tafki ne{{snd}}na biyu mafi girman tafkin ruwa mai ɗanɗano a duniya idan aka auna faɗi{{efn|An auna ne ta fuskar faɗin ƙasa, ba girman ruwa ba.}}{{snd}} Tafkin Victoria ba shi da zurfi sosai, domin matsakaicin zurfinsa kusan mita 40 ne.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Kogin yana fara ɗaukar sunan “Nilu” ne a inda Tafkin Victoria ke zubar da ruwa daga arewacinsa: sashen daga nan zuwa Tafkin Albert ana kiransa Victoria Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ruwan faɗuwa guda biyu{{snd}}Ripon Falls da Owen Falls{{snd}}sun kasance a wurin da Nilu ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria, amma an nutsar da su bayan gina Dam ɗin Nalubaale. Bayan Bujagali Falls da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali, Victoria Nile yana zubowa cikin Tafkin Kyoga. Bayan ya fita daga Tafkin Kyoga, Kogin Kafu yana shiga cikinsa, sannan ya ratsa Murchison Falls ya shiga Tafkin Albert. Ba kamar Tafkin Victoria ba, Tafkin Albert tafki ne mai zurfi wanda tsaunuka suka kewaye shi. Kogin yana fita daga tafkin a gefen arewarsa, inda ake kiransa Albert Nile; wannan sashe na kogin yana da shimfiɗa kuma faffaɗa, kuma ya dace da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa masu tururi.<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> === Nilu na Tsaunuka === Yanki na biyu na Kwarin Nilu idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa shi ne Nilu na Tsaunuka ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. }}</ref> Wannan yanki yana farawa kusa da garin Nimule, yana kaiwa zuwa Tafkin No, kuma gaba ɗayansa yana cikin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan ya ratsa Nimule, kogin yana wucewa ta Fula Rapids sannan ya isa Juba{{snd}}babban birnin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan Juba, Nilu yana ratsa garin Bor sannan ya shiga Sudd, wata babbar fadama da ke kan shimfiɗaɗɗen fili.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}.</ref> Gangarar ƙasar a yankin Sudd kusan 1:13,000 ce kawai, saboda haka kogin yana tafiya a hankali kuma yana faɗaɗa. Tsire-tsire masu yalwa ciki har da sedges, papyrus da water hyacinth na gama gari (wani nau'in tsiro mai mamaye muhalli) suna toshe hanyoyin ruwa kuma suna wahalar da zirga-zirga. A gefen arewa na fadamar Sudd, Nilu yana wucewa ta Tafkin No, ƙaramin tafki inda Kogin Bahr el Ghazal (wato “kogin barewa” a Larabci) ke shiga cikinsa daga yamma.<ref name=phys/> ===Yankin Farar Nilu=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Hoton sama na Khartoum, yana nuna haduwar koguna biyu, kowanne da launin ruwansa daban|Launuka daban-daban na Farar Nilu (hagu) da Bakar Nilu (dama) suna bayyana inda suka hade suka zama babban Nilu (hagu sama).]] Yayin da ake ci gaba da tafiya ƙasa, yankin na uku na kwarin Nilu shi ne yankin Farar Nilu{{efn|Yankin Farar Nilu, kamar yadda aka bayyana nan, yana dauke da karamin bangare na babban Kogin Farar Nilu.}} wanda ya hada da tsawon {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} daga kusa da Malakal zuwa Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. A nan ne Bakar Nilu ya hade da shi. Wannan bangaren kogin yana da faɗi, kwanciyar hankali, tare da ciyayi da fadamomi a bakin koguna. Kogin nan ba shi da zurfi kuma yana rasa ruwa sosai ta hanyar ƙura.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Inda Farar Nilu ya hade da Bakar Nilu, launukansu suna bambanta sosai. Farar Nilu ya fi haske saboda yashi da yake dauke da [[quartz]] da [[feldspar]]. Wannan ya bambanta da Bakar Nilu wanda ke dauke da laka mai duhu daga duwatsun [[basaltic rock]] na Habasha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} Kogin Sobat shi ne rafi wanda ke hade da Farar Nilu kusa da garin Malakal (bayan haduwar Bahr el Ghazal, kafin Bakar Nilu). Yankinsa{{snd}}wanda ya hada da [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}yana dauke da kusan kilomita murabba’i 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Sobat yana ambaliya tsakanin Yuli da Disamba.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Babban Nilu=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|Babban Dam na Aswan yana kan babban Nilu kusa da iyakar Misira da Sudan. Injinan lantarki na dam din suna da karfin samar da 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=Ginin kankare mai girma kusa da tafkin shiru. Manyan hasumiyoyin wutar lantarki suna kusa da ginin.]] Yankin na hudu na kwarin Nilu{{snd}}babban Nilu{{efn|Bangaren Nilu tsakanin haduwar Bakar/Farar Nilu da Bahar Rum ana kiransa Babban Nilu ko Saharan Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}yana daga Khartoum zuwa Cairo, babban birnin Misira.<ref name=phys/> Wannan bangaren yana da faɗi da zurfi mai daidaito: kusan {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} faɗi da {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} zurfi a wurin da ya fi zurfi (idan ba ambaliya ba).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Da zarar ya bar Khartoum, kogin ya shiga Sabaloka Game Reserve kuma ya ratsa manyan rafuka masu ƙarfi da ba a iya ketarewa da jirgin ruwa. Wannan shi ne na shida (kuma mafi kusa da sama) daga cikin rafuka shida na Nilu. Kogin Atbarah{{snd}}babban rafi{{snd}}yana hade da Nilu, wanda daga nan ya bi babban lankwasawa S zuwa yamma. Ana samun sauran rafuka hudu (lamba 5, 4, 3, da 2) a cikin wannan lankwasawa S, wanda ya sa kogin ba ya iya ketarewa; duk da haka jiragen ruwa na iya tafiya a wasu wuraren da ba su da rafuka. Kogin daga nan ya shiga tafkin Nasser. Wannan tafki{{snd}}tafki na biyu mafi girma da mutum ya yi a duniya{{snd}}an kafa shi ne lokacin da aka gina Babban Dam na Aswan a Misira, kuma ya mamaye fiye da {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} na Nilu. Dam na Aswan Low{{snd}}wanda ya fi tsoho kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta{{snd}}yana ƙasa da Babban Dam na Aswan, kusa da wurin rafin farko na Nilu (wanda yanzu ya nutse). Daga wadannan dam-dam, Nilu yana gudana kusan {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} ta cikin dutsen limestone, tare da gonaki masu ban ruwa, har sai ya isa Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta na Nilu=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|Delta na Nilu shi ne babban yanki mai siffar alwatika da ciyayi a saman wannan hoto, inda kogin ya zuba cikin Bahar Rum.|alt=Hoton arewacin Misira, wanda aka dauka daga sararin samaniya. Nilu ya kare ta hanyar shiga Bahar Rum, yana samar da babban yanki mai siffar alwatika.]] Yankin na biyar, kuma na ƙarshe, wanda ya kunshi Kogin Nilu shi ne Delta na Nilu, babban [[delta]] mai siffar alwatika (kimanin 22,000&nbsp;km{{super|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} wanda ya fara daga Cairo zuwa Bahar Rum.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Kogin ya rabu zuwa manyan hanyoyi biyu a cikin delta: reshen Rosetta da reshen Damietta. Jimillar girman delta (ciki har da bangaren da ya nutse) kusan 150,000&nbsp;km{{super|3}}. Delta an gina shi tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, daga yashi da kogin ya kawo daga sama.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Tun bayan kammala Babban Dam na Aswan a 1970, delta ya fara raguwa saboda lalacewar ruwan Bahar Rum. A da, lalacewar tana daidaita da sabbin ƙasa daga yashi da kogin ya kawo; amma dam yana rike yashi a tafkin sa, yana hana sabuwar ƙasa isa delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref> ===Rafin Bakar Nilu=== [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Asalin Bakar Nilu yana daga Gish Abay a ƙasan layin haske. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa daga nan zuwa Tafkin Tana.|alt=Taswirar Habasha, tana nuna wani bangare na Bakar Nilu da Tafkin Tana.]] Tsawon hanyar Nilu{{snd}}wanda ya hada da rafi Farar Nilu{{snd}}yana da wasu rafuka. Yankunan kwaruruwan Bakar Nilu da Atbarah su ne yankuna na ƙarshe na kwarin Nilu.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Bakar Nilu yana fitowa daga tsaunuka a Habasha inda yake farawa a matsayin rafin da ake kira ''Abay'' kusa da garin Gish Abay: {{lang|am|Gish}} kalma ce ta Amharic wadda ke nufin 'tushen', kuma Abay shi ne sunan rafin.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay yana shiga Tafkin Tana, tafki mai faɗi kuma ba shi da zurfi, wanda ke da hanya guda ta fita inda ya karɓi sunan "Bakar Nilu". Kogin daga nan yana yin babban lankwasawa: da farko zuwa kudu, sannan yamma ta cikin kwarin mai ban mamaki mai zurfin {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}}, sannan arewa yana shiga Kudancin Sudan zuwa Sudan, inda ya hade da Farar Nilu a Khartoum ya zama Babban Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> A hanyarsa, Bakar Nilu yana samar da wutar lantarki a wurare da dama, ciki har da Tis Abay hydropower project a Bakar Nilu Falls, Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam kusa da iyakar Habasha da Kudancin Sudan, Roseires Dam kusa da garin Ad Damazin, da Sennar Dam.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Girman kwaruruwan Bakar Nilu ya fi kilomita murabba’i 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} ===Rafin Atbarah=== Kogin Atbarah rafi ne na Nilu wanda yake fitowa daga arewacin Habasha, kuma yana hade da Nilu kusan {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} arewa da Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Yankin kwaruruwansa ya fi kilomita murabba’i 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah yana da gudu mai yawa a lokacin da bayan damina a Habasha (lokacin bazara da kaka), amma yana iya bushewa a lokacin hunturu da bazara. Duk da kasancewar rafin yana yawan yankewa, yana bayar da fiye da kashi 10% na jimillar ruwan shekara na Nilu.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dam-dam da ke kan Atbarah sun hada da Khashm el-Girba Dam, Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex, da Tekezé Dam (a kan rafin Tekezé).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> ==Ruwan Kogin== {{Nile River routemap}} [[File:Monthly variations of the flow of the Nile River.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Zane yana nuna sauyin ruwan Nilu a kowace shekara cikin mita kubik a sakan. Darajoji (Janairu zuwa Disamba) su ne 1285.7, 1006.0, 831.3, 881.7, 828.7, 845.2, 1930.3, 6984.0, 7866.5, 4895.2, 2510.8, 1596.9.|Gudun ruwan Nilu yana bambanta sosai a duk shekara. An auna darajoji (m³/s) a Dongola a kan babban Nilu.{{sfn|"Nile Basin Dongola", ''Global Runoff Data Center''}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} ]] ===Gudun ruwa da ambaliya=== {{further|Flooding of the Nile}} Ko da yake Nilu shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, ba shi da mafi girman gudun ruwa. Gudunsa{{snd}}kimanin 87 km³ a shekara{{efn| name=discharge}}{{snd}}ya yi ƙanƙanta idan aka kwatanta da manyan koguna. Gudun Nilu kusan kashi 1% ne na Amazon, 6% na Congo, da 12% na Yangtze.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=11}}. }}</ref>{{efn|An yi kwatancen ne da gudun Nilu da aka auna a Aswan. Gudun Nilu zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum ya fi ƙanƙanta.{{efn| name=discharge}} }} Gudun shekara-shekara daga manyan rassan uku na Nilu: 54% daga Blue Nile, 32% daga White Nile (ciki har da gudun Bahr el Ghazal da Sobat), da 14% daga Atbarah.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km³; White Nile 28 km³; Atbarah 12 km³ }} Dutsen White Nile da Blue Nile suna samun ruwan sama na yanayi, amma gudun White Nile ya fi daidaito fiye da Blue Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Wannan saboda tafkuna da fadamomi da yawa a White Nile suna rage tasirin yanayin ruwan sama.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=357}} Yayin da White Nile ke wucewa ta cikin fadamar Sudd, kusan rabin ruwan yana ɓacewa ta hanyar ƙura.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=346}} A gefe guda, gudun Blue Nile yana bambanta sosai: yana ambaliya daga Yuli zuwa Oktoba saboda ruwan sama na damina.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ruwan Blue Nile ya yi yawa a lokacin damina har White Nile ke ja baya a wurin haɗuwar koguna.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503–504}}. }}</ref> A lokacin ambaliya, gudun ruwa zuwa babban Nilu kusan 70% daga Blue Nile, 20% daga Atbarah, da 10% daga White Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A kololuwar ambaliya, gudun yau da kullum zuwa Lake Nasser kusan 0.71 km³, sau uku fiye da matsakaicin gudun yau da kullum na shekara 0.23 km³.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. Summer flood: 25.1 billion ft³ per day, or 0.71 km³ per day. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 4}}. Annual mean measured at Dongola station: 83 km³ per year, or 0.23 km³ per day. }}</ref>{{efn|name=exclGERD}}{{ efn| Yayin da gudun Blue Nile ke raguwa a lokacin sanyi, ruwan White Nile da aka tara yana ƙaruwa a Khartoum. A Afrilu da Mayu, White Nile yana bayar da kusan 80% na ruwan Nilu. Wannan ya ba da damar yin ban ruwa a duk shekara.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} }} Kafin a gina madatsun ruwa a Nilu, gudun ruwan Nilu a Masar yana bambanta da yanayi: ya fi yawa a lokacin bazara/damina; ya fi ƙanƙanta a lokacin sanyi/bazara.{{efn| Ƙarfin ambaliyar Nilu na shekara-shekara yana iya bambanta sosai daga shekara zuwa shekara. Lokutan ƙarancin ambaliya na iya ɗaukar shekaru da dama ko ƙarni.{{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=20-26}} }} Amma bayan gina Aswan High Dam{{snd}}wanda ya ƙirƙiri tafkin da zai iya riƙe kusan shekaru biyu na gudun ruwa{{snd}} gudun ruwan da ke ƙasa ya fi daidaito a duk shekara.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=45}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Gudun shekara-shekara na kogin a Aswan kusan 84 km³; kuma tafkin Aswan High Dam yana iya riƙe kusan 160 km³.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p= 8644 |loc=section 3.5.4}}. }}</ref> }} === Jigilar laka === Nilu yana ɗaukar laka zuwa ƙasa. Motsin laka ana rarrabe shi zuwa laka mai shawagi (wanda ke shawagi a cikin ruwa) ko laka mai nauyi (wanda ke kan ƙasan kogi).{{sfn|Lemma |2019|p=1}} Kashi 97% na laka da Nilu ke ɗauka daga Atbarah da Blue Nile ne, dukkansu daga Habasha.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=38}} Ƙasa a Delta ta Nilu ta samo asali daga duwatsu a Habasha. Jimillar duwatsun da aka nika cikin shekaru miliyan 30 daga asalin Nilu a Habasha kusan 102,000 km³, wanda ya yi daidai da ƙasar Delta ta Nilu kusan 150,000 km³.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=37}} == Muhalli == === Dabbobi === {{Easy CSS image crop |image =Hippos in their Natural Habitat in Kazinga Channel 10.jpg |desired_width = 260 |crop_left_perc = 20 |crop_right_perc = 0 |crop_top_perc = 10 |crop_bottom_perc = 0 |align = right |alt= Hipopotamus yana tsaye a bakin tafki mai ciyawa, da bushes a baya. |caption= Hipopotamus amphibius kusa da Lake Edward, ɗaya daga cikin tafkuna da ke ciyar da Nilu }} Jimillar nau’in kifaye da aka samu a kwarin Nilu an kiyasta fiye da 800. A cikin kogin kaɗai, nau’in kifaye 128 ne aka samu, daga iyalai 27.<ref name=fish/> Yawancin nau’in kifaye suna cikin iyalai huɗu: Cichlidae (cichlids), Cyprinidae (carp), Mormyridae (elephantfish), da Mochokidae (catfish).{{sfn|Witte|2009|p=647 }} Wasu nau’in Cichlid suna cikin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka.<ref name=fish>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009|pp=647, 651–652 }}. |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. }}</ref> Baya ga kifaye, dabbobin da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwan Nilu a wasu lokuta sun haɗa da hipopotamus, kada na Nilu, da buffalo na Afirka. Wasu halittun ruwa sun haɗa da molluscs, crab, da shrimp. <ref name=animals/> Dabbobi da yawa suna rayuwa a cikin muhallin bakin kogi, ciki har da giwaye, antelope, da giraffe.<ref name=animals/> Ƙwaryar da aka samu a tafkunan Nilu suna ɗauke da ƙwari masu cutarwa (blood flukes) waɗanda ke haifar da schistosomiasis ga dabbobi da mutane.{{sfn| Green|2009|p=205}} Tsuntsaye da ke rayuwa a bakin Nilu sun haɗa da herons, kingfishers, ospreys, da nau’o’in storks ciki har da shoebills.<ref name=animals>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=189}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer |2009|pp=585}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont |2009|pp=10–11}}. |{{harvnb|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=193,196–197,201–202}}. }}</ref> Wasu nau’in tsuntsaye suna da alaƙa da kwarin Nilu kaɗai (misali blue-winged goose), yayin da wasu suna da yaduwar duniya (misali moorhen da osprey).{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} Wasu nau’in heron, ducks, geese, da egrets suna rayuwa a kwarin duk shekara, kuma nau’in ducks da geese 14 suna zuwa ne kawai a lokacin sanyi.{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} Yawancin gulls da terns a kwarin suna yin hijira. A cikin shekaru dubu da suka gabata, wasu nau’in tsuntsaye sun ragu saboda mamayar ɗan adam a muhallinsu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=705}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}}. }}</ref> === Tsirrai === [[File:Nymphaea lotus1XMATT.jpg|thumb|alt= Furen fari da ganyaye masu kore suna shawagi a saman ruwa.|Nymphaea lotus (furen lotus na Masar) yana asali daga ruwan kwanciyar hankali na kwarin Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|pp=205,207}}. |{{harvnb| Vijverberg|2009|p=166}}. }}</ref>]] Yankin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka na kwarin Nilu ya ƙunshi tsirrai kamar water lily, papyrus, da water hyacinth. Water hyacinth tsiro ne mai mamaya, kuma ya shafi tsirrai na asali a Lake Kyoga.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. |{{harvnb| Dumont|2009|p=13}}. }}</ref> Tsirrai da aka saba a fadamar Sudd sun haɗa da Vossia, hippo grass, reed mace, ambatch, da papyrus. Sudd kuma tana ɗauke da tsirrai da ke rayuwa a cikin ƙaramin ambaliya, misali Oryza, antelope grass, da Phragmites.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=350}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> === Gurbatar muhalli === A tarihi, ruwan Nilu ya kasance mai kyau don sha, amma a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, ya zama ba shi da lafiya a wasu wurare.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009a|p=368}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Jack Talling ya rubuta "Abubuwa biyu na ruwan Nilu na ƙasa sun jawo hankali{{snd}} cewa yana da inganci don sha da ban ruwa, kuma cewa yana ɗauke da yawan laka a yanayi."{{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=368}} }} Gurɓatawa ya fi yawa a Lake Tana, kusa da manyan birane, da Delta ta Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|pp=395–396}}. }}</ref> Asalin gurɓatawa a Nilu sun haɗa da aikin gona, masana’antu, da shara na gida. Akwai masana’antu 36 da ke zubar da gurɓataccen ruwa kai tsaye cikin Nilu, da 41 cikin tashoshin ban ruwa. Waɗannan masana’antu sun haɗa da: sinadarai, lantarki, injiniya, takin zamani, abinci, ƙarfe, hakar ma’adinai, mai da sabulu, takarda, masana’antar zane da itace. Akwai fiye da magudanan aikin gona 90 da ke zubar da gurɓataccen ruwa cikin Nilu.{{sfn|"Nile Basin National Water Quality", ''Nile Basin Initiative''|pp=12-22}} Gurbatar kogi ya fi yawa tsakanin Aswan da Tekun Bahar Rum. Gurɓatar nan ya fito daga ayyukan ɗan adam, zubar aikin gona, da shara na masana’antu. Gurɓataccen abu yana ƙaruwa yayin da kogi ke tafiya ƙasa saboda taruwar gurɓatawa.<ref name=delta>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hegab|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=75}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,59,69}}. }}</ref> Delta tana da sauƙin taruwar gurɓatawa saboda rashin motsin ruwa mai kyau, ƙasa mai laushi, da yawan laka a ƙasan kogi.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} === Kariya da tasirin ɗan adam === [[File:Murchison Falls, Uganda (23475021234).jpg|thumb|Murchison Falls a White Nile|alt=Babban rafin ruwa, da dazuzzuka a bangarorin biyu.]] Kwarin Nilu ya kasance mai ɗanɗano da danshi daga shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata zuwa 5,000, wanda ya ba da damar fara aikin gona mai girma a kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata.<ref name=Humid/> Ci gaban aikin gona ya ƙara tasiri ga muhalli tun daga lokacin, yana haifar da sare dazuzzuka da lalacewar ƙasa.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Tasirin ya ƙara muni saboda yanayin ƙanƙara da ya fara kusan shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata. Wannan ya haifar da yunwa, rikice-rikicen zamantakewa, da lalacewar muhalli.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Wasu nau’in dabbobi sun bace a kwarin Nilu saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Sacred ibis ya kasance mai muh gqxzzm9wfu0ghp8avs1bea693kv8yv5 842258 842257 2026-05-29T08:21:53Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kariya da tasirin ɗan adam */ 842258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nilu''' babban kogi ne da ke arewa maso gabashin Afirka, yana gudana zuwa Bahar Rum. Tsawonsa ya kai {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}, kuma shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, duk da cewa ba ya ɗaukar ruwa da yawa kamar Amazon ko Congo. Nilu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da al’adu na Afirka tsawon dubban shekaru. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Farin Nilu da Bakin Nilu. Farin Nilu ya fi tsawo kuma ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin kogin, amma Bakin Nilu yana kawo ruwa fiye da sau biyu na Farin Nilu. Farin Nilu yana farawa kusa da Lake Victoria, yana gudana ta Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu; Bakin Nilu kuma yana farawa kusa da Lake Tana a Habasha, yana shiga Sudan daga kudu maso gabas. Sannan sukan haɗu a Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. Daga nan Nilu yana gudana ta hamadar Nubia zuwa Cairo, sannan ya zube cikin Bahar Rum kusa da Alexandria, inda ya kafa babban kwarin Nilu Delta. Kwarin Nilu yana ratsa ƙasashe 11. Yawancin ruwan Nilu yana fitowa daga ruwan sama a ƙasashen da ke sama kamar Habasha, Kenya, Tanzaniya da Uganda. Ƙasashen da ke ƙasa kamar Masar da Sudan suna dogara da ruwan Nilu don ban ruwa. Sauran ƙasashen da ke cikin kwarin sun haɗa da Burundi, DR Congo, Eritrea da Rwanda. Nilu ya kasance ginshiƙin ƙasar Masar ta dā, inda ambaliyar shekara-shekara ta kawo ƙasa mai gina amfanin gona. Wannan ƙasa ta tallafa wa noma da rayuwa a cikin hamada. Nilu ya sauƙaƙa kasuwanci, sadarwa, sufuri, da mulki. A kudu da cataract na biyu akwai Nubia, inda tsoffin al’ummomi irin su Kerma da Daular Kush suka zauna. A ƙarni na 19, Turawa sun yi bincike a kusa da Lake Victoria don gano asalin kogin. A yau, al’ummomin Nilotic suna rayuwa a gefen Nilu, suna kiwon shanu ta hanyar yin hijira bisa yanayin ambaliyar Nilu. A zamanin yau, Nilu yana da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Masar da Sudan, inda ake amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, an gina dam fiye da goma sha biyu a kwarin Nilu. Wadannan dam sun canza tsarin ambaliyar shekara-shekara, sun rage yawan laka da ke zuwa ƙasa, wanda ya sa Nilu Delta ke raguwa. Wasu dam kamar Aswan High Dam da Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam sun haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa kan ƙarancin ruwa, tsaro, abinci, da tilasta ƙaura. == Sunaye da Asalin Suna == Kalmar Turanci "Nile" ta samo asali daga Latin ''Nilus'' da Greek ''Neilos'', wanda wataƙila ya samo asali daga kalmar Semitic ''naḥal'' ma’ana 'kogi'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A cikin tsohuwar harshen Masar, kalma ɗaya ake amfani da ita don 'Nilu' da 'kogi': ''jtrw''.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Masarawa sun kira ƙasarsu ''kmt'' ma’ana 'baƙi', don nuni da launin ruwan ambaliyar Nilu mai ɗauke da laka daga sama.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Sunan Turanci "Blue Nile" fassarar sunan Larabci ne ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A zamanin yau, kogin yana da sunaye daban-daban a cikin kwarin Nilu. A Masar ana kiransa ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ko ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> A Sudan ta Kudu ana kiransa ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' ma’ana 'Kogin Dutsen'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} A Uganda, masu magana da Luganda suna kiransa ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Wasu mutanen Nubia na Masar da Sudan suna amfani da sunan Nobiin ''Áman Dawū'' ('Babban Ruwa').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Wasu rassan ruwa da sassan kogin suna ɗauke da sunan "Nile", ciki har da: * Albert Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Albert zuwa Nimule<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Black Nile — wani suna na Atbarah River<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * Blue Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Kyoga Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Kyoga zuwa Lake Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Main Nile — ɓangaren Nilu bayan haɗuwar Bakin Nilu da Farin Nilu{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * Mountain Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga duwatsun Uganda zuwa filayen Sudan ta Kudu{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}} * Victoria Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Victoria zuwa Lake Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * White Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Yellow Nile — Wadi Howar, tsohon rassa da ya bushe shekaru dubban da suka wuce{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Asali == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka. Nilu yana bayyana a matsayin layi mai lanƙwasa mai shuɗi, yana farawa daga ƙasa a cikin daji mai kore, sannan ya tafi sama ya ƙare a Bahar Rum.|Nilu yana da cataracts guda shida da kuma asali da dama.{{efn|Wasu daga cikin cataracts sun nutse saboda madatsun ruwa da aka gina.}}]] Asalin Nilu yana daga wani rassa na Rukarara River, a cikin Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, a {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, a tsayin {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An fara gano wurin a 1969 ta masu bincike daga Waseda University.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2006, wasu masu yawon buɗe ido suka sake gano wurin, suka sanya alama a wani itace kusa ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) wanda yanzu wurin yawon buɗe ido ne.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2009, masana suka yi amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam don ƙara daidaita wurin, suka sanya shi a wani rijiya ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) da ke nesa da wurin na 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>}} Asalin yana nufin farkon ruwan da ke gudana duk shekara a cikin kwarin Nilu.<ref name=SourceCite/> Daga wannan asali, kogin yana gudana {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} zuwa bakin Bahar Rum.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} Tsawon an auna shi a 2009 ta hanyar hotunan tauraron dan adam.<ref name=SourceCite/> Mafi tsayin asalin Nilu yana kan duwatsun Rwenzori a Uganda.<ref name=Rwenz/> Duwatsun da ake kira “Mountains of the Moon” da Ptolemy ya bayyana sun danganta da Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Asalin da ya fi kudu yana Burundi a Ruvyironza River, wanda ke shiga Kagera River.<ref name=southSource/> An gina wani abin tunawa a kusa da Rutovu a 1937 ta Burkhart Waldecker.<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Abin tunawa yana a {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} Lake Victoria — wanda Tanzaniya, Uganda da Kenya ke rabawa — wani lokaci ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin Nilu, saboda yana ciyar da Farin Nilu daga Jinja, Uganda.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|Nilu yana fita daga Lake Victoria a Jinja, inda ake da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ake kira "source of the Nile".{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Wasu kuma suna ganin asalin gaskiya shi ne gajimare na ruwan sama da ke sama da Lake Victoria, saboda su ne ke kawo mafi yawan ruwan tafkin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. }}</ref> Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusa da Gish Abay, kudu da Lake Tana.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusan km 75 kudu da Lake Tana, a {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}}} == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Ruwan Kogin Nilu yana samo asali ne daga ruwan sama da ke sauka a tsaunukan yankunan kudu da gabashin Kwarin Nilu.|alt=Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka, tana nuna wuraren wasu birane da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ke kan kogin.]] Kogin Nilu babban kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin Afirka wanda ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum. Kwarin Nilu shi ne dukkan yankin ƙasa da ruwansa ke gangarowa zuwa Kogin Nilu, kuma yana da faɗin kilomita murabba'i 2,927,843{{snd}}kimanin kashi 10% na nahiyar Afirka (duba taswirar da ke kusa).<ref name=basinSize/> Kasashe goma sha ɗaya ne gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangarensu ke cikin wannan kwari: Burundi, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan, Tanzaniya da Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn|A shekara ta 2011, Sudan ta Kudu ta balle daga Sudan, ta zama ƙasa ta goma sha ɗaya a Kwarin Nilu.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Wannan kwari ya ƙunshi nau'o'in yanayi, tsarin muhalli da siffofin ƙasa iri-iri{{snd}}daga hamada masu yashi da fari a arewa, zuwa filayen fadama masu laushi a tsakiyar yankin, zuwa tsaunuka masu dazuzzuka da yawan ruwan sama a kudu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Ana iya raba Kwarin Nilu zuwa yankuna bakwai; biyar daga cikinsu suna ɗauke da mafi tsawon hanyar da Kogin Nilu yake bi. Idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan yankuna biyar su ne: Tafkunan Manyan Afirka, Nilu na Tsaunuka, Farin Nilu, Babban Nilu, da Delta ta Nilu. Yankuna biyu na ƙari suna ɗauke da manyan rafukan da ke shiga Nilu: Shuɗin Nilu da Kogin Atbarah.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} === Tafkunan Manyan Afirka === Yankin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka yana ɗauke da asalin Kogin Nilu tare da wasu manyan tafkuna da suke cikin tsarin Kogin Nilu: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Albert, Tafkin George da Tafkin Edward.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Bayanin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka. }}</ref> Asalin Kogin Nilu shi ne Kogin Rukarara da ke cikin Gandun Dajin Ƙasa na Nyungwe a Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> kuma yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera wanda ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|Asalin Kogin Nilu yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Rukarara, sannan zuwa Kogin Mwogo, wanda ke haɗuwa da Kogin Mbirurume ya zama Kogin Nyabarongo, wanda ke kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera, wanda kuma ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. }}</ref> }} Ko da yake babban tafki ne{{snd}}na biyu mafi girman tafkin ruwa mai ɗanɗano a duniya idan aka auna faɗi{{efn|An auna ne ta fuskar faɗin ƙasa, ba girman ruwa ba.}}{{snd}} Tafkin Victoria ba shi da zurfi sosai, domin matsakaicin zurfinsa kusan mita 40 ne.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Kogin yana fara ɗaukar sunan “Nilu” ne a inda Tafkin Victoria ke zubar da ruwa daga arewacinsa: sashen daga nan zuwa Tafkin Albert ana kiransa Victoria Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ruwan faɗuwa guda biyu{{snd}}Ripon Falls da Owen Falls{{snd}}sun kasance a wurin da Nilu ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria, amma an nutsar da su bayan gina Dam ɗin Nalubaale. Bayan Bujagali Falls da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali, Victoria Nile yana zubowa cikin Tafkin Kyoga. Bayan ya fita daga Tafkin Kyoga, Kogin Kafu yana shiga cikinsa, sannan ya ratsa Murchison Falls ya shiga Tafkin Albert. Ba kamar Tafkin Victoria ba, Tafkin Albert tafki ne mai zurfi wanda tsaunuka suka kewaye shi. Kogin yana fita daga tafkin a gefen arewarsa, inda ake kiransa Albert Nile; wannan sashe na kogin yana da shimfiɗa kuma faffaɗa, kuma ya dace da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa masu tururi.<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> === Nilu na Tsaunuka === Yanki na biyu na Kwarin Nilu idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa shi ne Nilu na Tsaunuka ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. }}</ref> Wannan yanki yana farawa kusa da garin Nimule, yana kaiwa zuwa Tafkin No, kuma gaba ɗayansa yana cikin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan ya ratsa Nimule, kogin yana wucewa ta Fula Rapids sannan ya isa Juba{{snd}}babban birnin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan Juba, Nilu yana ratsa garin Bor sannan ya shiga Sudd, wata babbar fadama da ke kan shimfiɗaɗɗen fili.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}.</ref> Gangarar ƙasar a yankin Sudd kusan 1:13,000 ce kawai, saboda haka kogin yana tafiya a hankali kuma yana faɗaɗa. Tsire-tsire masu yalwa ciki har da sedges, papyrus da water hyacinth na gama gari (wani nau'in tsiro mai mamaye muhalli) suna toshe hanyoyin ruwa kuma suna wahalar da zirga-zirga. A gefen arewa na fadamar Sudd, Nilu yana wucewa ta Tafkin No, ƙaramin tafki inda Kogin Bahr el Ghazal (wato “kogin barewa” a Larabci) ke shiga cikinsa daga yamma.<ref name=phys/> ===Yankin Farar Nilu=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Hoton sama na Khartoum, yana nuna haduwar koguna biyu, kowanne da launin ruwansa daban|Launuka daban-daban na Farar Nilu (hagu) da Bakar Nilu (dama) suna bayyana inda suka hade suka zama babban Nilu (hagu sama).]] Yayin da ake ci gaba da tafiya ƙasa, yankin na uku na kwarin Nilu shi ne yankin Farar Nilu{{efn|Yankin Farar Nilu, kamar yadda aka bayyana nan, yana dauke da karamin bangare na babban Kogin Farar Nilu.}} wanda ya hada da tsawon {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} daga kusa da Malakal zuwa Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. A nan ne Bakar Nilu ya hade da shi. Wannan bangaren kogin yana da faɗi, kwanciyar hankali, tare da ciyayi da fadamomi a bakin koguna. Kogin nan ba shi da zurfi kuma yana rasa ruwa sosai ta hanyar ƙura.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Inda Farar Nilu ya hade da Bakar Nilu, launukansu suna bambanta sosai. Farar Nilu ya fi haske saboda yashi da yake dauke da [[quartz]] da [[feldspar]]. Wannan ya bambanta da Bakar Nilu wanda ke dauke da laka mai duhu daga duwatsun [[basaltic rock]] na Habasha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} Kogin Sobat shi ne rafi wanda ke hade da Farar Nilu kusa da garin Malakal (bayan haduwar Bahr el Ghazal, kafin Bakar Nilu). Yankinsa{{snd}}wanda ya hada da [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}yana dauke da kusan kilomita murabba’i 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Sobat yana ambaliya tsakanin Yuli da Disamba.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Babban Nilu=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|Babban Dam na Aswan yana kan babban Nilu kusa da iyakar Misira da Sudan. Injinan lantarki na dam din suna da karfin samar da 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=Ginin kankare mai girma kusa da tafkin shiru. Manyan hasumiyoyin wutar lantarki suna kusa da ginin.]] Yankin na hudu na kwarin Nilu{{snd}}babban Nilu{{efn|Bangaren Nilu tsakanin haduwar Bakar/Farar Nilu da Bahar Rum ana kiransa Babban Nilu ko Saharan Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}yana daga Khartoum zuwa Cairo, babban birnin Misira.<ref name=phys/> Wannan bangaren yana da faɗi da zurfi mai daidaito: kusan {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} faɗi da {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} zurfi a wurin da ya fi zurfi (idan ba ambaliya ba).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Da zarar ya bar Khartoum, kogin ya shiga Sabaloka Game Reserve kuma ya ratsa manyan rafuka masu ƙarfi da ba a iya ketarewa da jirgin ruwa. Wannan shi ne na shida (kuma mafi kusa da sama) daga cikin rafuka shida na Nilu. Kogin Atbarah{{snd}}babban rafi{{snd}}yana hade da Nilu, wanda daga nan ya bi babban lankwasawa S zuwa yamma. Ana samun sauran rafuka hudu (lamba 5, 4, 3, da 2) a cikin wannan lankwasawa S, wanda ya sa kogin ba ya iya ketarewa; duk da haka jiragen ruwa na iya tafiya a wasu wuraren da ba su da rafuka. Kogin daga nan ya shiga tafkin Nasser. Wannan tafki{{snd}}tafki na biyu mafi girma da mutum ya yi a duniya{{snd}}an kafa shi ne lokacin da aka gina Babban Dam na Aswan a Misira, kuma ya mamaye fiye da {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} na Nilu. Dam na Aswan Low{{snd}}wanda ya fi tsoho kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta{{snd}}yana ƙasa da Babban Dam na Aswan, kusa da wurin rafin farko na Nilu (wanda yanzu ya nutse). Daga wadannan dam-dam, Nilu yana gudana kusan {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} ta cikin dutsen limestone, tare da gonaki masu ban ruwa, har sai ya isa Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta na Nilu=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|Delta na Nilu shi ne babban yanki mai siffar alwatika da ciyayi a saman wannan hoto, inda kogin ya zuba cikin Bahar Rum.|alt=Hoton arewacin Misira, wanda aka dauka daga sararin samaniya. Nilu ya kare ta hanyar shiga Bahar Rum, yana samar da babban yanki mai siffar alwatika.]] Yankin na biyar, kuma na ƙarshe, wanda ya kunshi Kogin Nilu shi ne Delta na Nilu, babban [[delta]] mai siffar alwatika (kimanin 22,000&nbsp;km{{super|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} wanda ya fara daga Cairo zuwa Bahar Rum.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Kogin ya rabu zuwa manyan hanyoyi biyu a cikin delta: reshen Rosetta da reshen Damietta. Jimillar girman delta (ciki har da bangaren da ya nutse) kusan 150,000&nbsp;km{{super|3}}. Delta an gina shi tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, daga yashi da kogin ya kawo daga sama.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Tun bayan kammala Babban Dam na Aswan a 1970, delta ya fara raguwa saboda lalacewar ruwan Bahar Rum. A da, lalacewar tana daidaita da sabbin ƙasa daga yashi da kogin ya kawo; amma dam yana rike yashi a tafkin sa, yana hana sabuwar ƙasa isa delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref> ===Rafin Bakar Nilu=== [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Asalin Bakar Nilu yana daga Gish Abay a ƙasan layin haske. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa daga nan zuwa Tafkin Tana.|alt=Taswirar Habasha, tana nuna wani bangare na Bakar Nilu da Tafkin Tana.]] Tsawon hanyar Nilu{{snd}}wanda ya hada da rafi Farar Nilu{{snd}}yana da wasu rafuka. Yankunan kwaruruwan Bakar Nilu da Atbarah su ne yankuna na ƙarshe na kwarin Nilu.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Bakar Nilu yana fitowa daga tsaunuka a Habasha inda yake farawa a matsayin rafin da ake kira ''Abay'' kusa da garin Gish Abay: {{lang|am|Gish}} kalma ce ta Amharic wadda ke nufin 'tushen', kuma Abay shi ne sunan rafin.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay yana shiga Tafkin Tana, tafki mai faɗi kuma ba shi da zurfi, wanda ke da hanya guda ta fita inda ya karɓi sunan "Bakar Nilu". Kogin daga nan yana yin babban lankwasawa: da farko zuwa kudu, sannan yamma ta cikin kwarin mai ban mamaki mai zurfin {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}}, sannan arewa yana shiga Kudancin Sudan zuwa Sudan, inda ya hade da Farar Nilu a Khartoum ya zama Babban Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> A hanyarsa, Bakar Nilu yana samar da wutar lantarki a wurare da dama, ciki har da Tis Abay hydropower project a Bakar Nilu Falls, Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam kusa da iyakar Habasha da Kudancin Sudan, Roseires Dam kusa da garin Ad Damazin, da Sennar Dam.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Girman kwaruruwan Bakar Nilu ya fi kilomita murabba’i 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} ===Rafin Atbarah=== Kogin Atbarah rafi ne na Nilu wanda yake fitowa daga arewacin Habasha, kuma yana hade da Nilu kusan {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} arewa da Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Yankin kwaruruwansa ya fi kilomita murabba’i 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah yana da gudu mai yawa a lokacin da bayan damina a Habasha (lokacin bazara da kaka), amma yana iya bushewa a lokacin hunturu da bazara. Duk da kasancewar rafin yana yawan yankewa, yana bayar da fiye da kashi 10% na jimillar ruwan shekara na Nilu.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dam-dam da ke kan Atbarah sun hada da Khashm el-Girba Dam, Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex, da Tekezé Dam (a kan rafin Tekezé).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> ==Ruwan Kogin== {{Nile River routemap}} [[File:Monthly variations of the flow of the Nile River.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Zane yana nuna sauyin ruwan Nilu a kowace shekara cikin mita kubik a sakan. Darajoji (Janairu zuwa Disamba) su ne 1285.7, 1006.0, 831.3, 881.7, 828.7, 845.2, 1930.3, 6984.0, 7866.5, 4895.2, 2510.8, 1596.9.|Gudun ruwan Nilu yana bambanta sosai a duk shekara. An auna darajoji (m³/s) a Dongola a kan babban Nilu.{{sfn|"Nile Basin Dongola", ''Global Runoff Data Center''}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} ]] ===Gudun ruwa da ambaliya=== {{further|Flooding of the Nile}} Ko da yake Nilu shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, ba shi da mafi girman gudun ruwa. Gudunsa{{snd}}kimanin 87 km³ a shekara{{efn| name=discharge}}{{snd}}ya yi ƙanƙanta idan aka kwatanta da manyan koguna. Gudun Nilu kusan kashi 1% ne na Amazon, 6% na Congo, da 12% na Yangtze.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=11}}. }}</ref>{{efn|An yi kwatancen ne da gudun Nilu da aka auna a Aswan. Gudun Nilu zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum ya fi ƙanƙanta.{{efn| name=discharge}} }} Gudun shekara-shekara daga manyan rassan uku na Nilu: 54% daga Blue Nile, 32% daga White Nile (ciki har da gudun Bahr el Ghazal da Sobat), da 14% daga Atbarah.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km³; White Nile 28 km³; Atbarah 12 km³ }} Dutsen White Nile da Blue Nile suna samun ruwan sama na yanayi, amma gudun White Nile ya fi daidaito fiye da Blue Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Wannan saboda tafkuna da fadamomi da yawa a White Nile suna rage tasirin yanayin ruwan sama.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=357}} Yayin da White Nile ke wucewa ta cikin fadamar Sudd, kusan rabin ruwan yana ɓacewa ta hanyar ƙura.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=346}} A gefe guda, gudun Blue Nile yana bambanta sosai: yana ambaliya daga Yuli zuwa Oktoba saboda ruwan sama na damina.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ruwan Blue Nile ya yi yawa a lokacin damina har White Nile ke ja baya a wurin haɗuwar koguna.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503–504}}. }}</ref> A lokacin ambaliya, gudun ruwa zuwa babban Nilu kusan 70% daga Blue Nile, 20% daga Atbarah, da 10% daga White Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A kololuwar ambaliya, gudun yau da kullum zuwa Lake Nasser kusan 0.71 km³, sau uku fiye da matsakaicin gudun yau da kullum na shekara 0.23 km³.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. Summer flood: 25.1 billion ft³ per day, or 0.71 km³ per day. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 4}}. Annual mean measured at Dongola station: 83 km³ per year, or 0.23 km³ per day. }}</ref>{{efn|name=exclGERD}}{{ efn| Yayin da gudun Blue Nile ke raguwa a lokacin sanyi, ruwan White Nile da aka tara yana ƙaruwa a Khartoum. A Afrilu da Mayu, White Nile yana bayar da kusan 80% na ruwan Nilu. Wannan ya ba da damar yin ban ruwa a duk shekara.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} }} Kafin a gina madatsun ruwa a Nilu, gudun ruwan Nilu a Masar yana bambanta da yanayi: ya fi yawa a lokacin bazara/damina; ya fi ƙanƙanta a lokacin sanyi/bazara.{{efn| Ƙarfin ambaliyar Nilu na shekara-shekara yana iya bambanta sosai daga shekara zuwa shekara. Lokutan ƙarancin ambaliya na iya ɗaukar shekaru da dama ko ƙarni.{{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=20-26}} }} Amma bayan gina Aswan High Dam{{snd}}wanda ya ƙirƙiri tafkin da zai iya riƙe kusan shekaru biyu na gudun ruwa{{snd}} gudun ruwan da ke ƙasa ya fi daidaito a duk shekara.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=45}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Gudun shekara-shekara na kogin a Aswan kusan 84 km³; kuma tafkin Aswan High Dam yana iya riƙe kusan 160 km³.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p= 8644 |loc=section 3.5.4}}. }}</ref> }} === Jigilar laka === Nilu yana ɗaukar laka zuwa ƙasa. Motsin laka ana rarrabe shi zuwa laka mai shawagi (wanda ke shawagi a cikin ruwa) ko laka mai nauyi (wanda ke kan ƙasan kogi).{{sfn|Lemma |2019|p=1}} Kashi 97% na laka da Nilu ke ɗauka daga Atbarah da Blue Nile ne, dukkansu daga Habasha.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=38}} Ƙasa a Delta ta Nilu ta samo asali daga duwatsu a Habasha. Jimillar duwatsun da aka nika cikin shekaru miliyan 30 daga asalin Nilu a Habasha kusan 102,000 km³, wanda ya yi daidai da ƙasar Delta ta Nilu kusan 150,000 km³.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=37}} == Muhalli == === Dabbobi === {{Easy CSS image crop |image =Hippos in their Natural Habitat in Kazinga Channel 10.jpg |desired_width = 260 |crop_left_perc = 20 |crop_right_perc = 0 |crop_top_perc = 10 |crop_bottom_perc = 0 |align = right |alt= Hipopotamus yana tsaye a bakin tafki mai ciyawa, da bushes a baya. |caption= Hipopotamus amphibius kusa da Lake Edward, ɗaya daga cikin tafkuna da ke ciyar da Nilu }} Jimillar nau’in kifaye da aka samu a kwarin Nilu an kiyasta fiye da 800. A cikin kogin kaɗai, nau’in kifaye 128 ne aka samu, daga iyalai 27.<ref name=fish/> Yawancin nau’in kifaye suna cikin iyalai huɗu: Cichlidae (cichlids), Cyprinidae (carp), Mormyridae (elephantfish), da Mochokidae (catfish).{{sfn|Witte|2009|p=647 }} Wasu nau’in Cichlid suna cikin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka.<ref name=fish>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009|pp=647, 651–652 }}. |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. }}</ref> Baya ga kifaye, dabbobin da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwan Nilu a wasu lokuta sun haɗa da hipopotamus, kada na Nilu, da buffalo na Afirka. Wasu halittun ruwa sun haɗa da molluscs, crab, da shrimp. <ref name=animals/> Dabbobi da yawa suna rayuwa a cikin muhallin bakin kogi, ciki har da giwaye, antelope, da giraffe.<ref name=animals/> Ƙwaryar da aka samu a tafkunan Nilu suna ɗauke da ƙwari masu cutarwa (blood flukes) waɗanda ke haifar da schistosomiasis ga dabbobi da mutane.{{sfn| Green|2009|p=205}} Tsuntsaye da ke rayuwa a bakin Nilu sun haɗa da herons, kingfishers, ospreys, da nau’o’in storks ciki har da shoebills.<ref name=animals>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=189}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer |2009|pp=585}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont |2009|pp=10–11}}. |{{harvnb|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=193,196–197,201–202}}. }}</ref> Wasu nau’in tsuntsaye suna da alaƙa da kwarin Nilu kaɗai (misali blue-winged goose), yayin da wasu suna da yaduwar duniya (misali moorhen da osprey).{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} Wasu nau’in heron, ducks, geese, da egrets suna rayuwa a kwarin duk shekara, kuma nau’in ducks da geese 14 suna zuwa ne kawai a lokacin sanyi.{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} Yawancin gulls da terns a kwarin suna yin hijira. A cikin shekaru dubu da suka gabata, wasu nau’in tsuntsaye sun ragu saboda mamayar ɗan adam a muhallinsu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=705}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}}. }}</ref> === Tsirrai === [[File:Nymphaea lotus1XMATT.jpg|thumb|alt= Furen fari da ganyaye masu kore suna shawagi a saman ruwa.|Nymphaea lotus (furen lotus na Masar) yana asali daga ruwan kwanciyar hankali na kwarin Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|pp=205,207}}. |{{harvnb| Vijverberg|2009|p=166}}. }}</ref>]] Yankin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka na kwarin Nilu ya ƙunshi tsirrai kamar water lily, papyrus, da water hyacinth. Water hyacinth tsiro ne mai mamaya, kuma ya shafi tsirrai na asali a Lake Kyoga.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. |{{harvnb| Dumont|2009|p=13}}. }}</ref> Tsirrai da aka saba a fadamar Sudd sun haɗa da Vossia, hippo grass, reed mace, ambatch, da papyrus. Sudd kuma tana ɗauke da tsirrai da ke rayuwa a cikin ƙaramin ambaliya, misali Oryza, antelope grass, da Phragmites.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=350}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> === Gurbatar muhalli === A tarihi, ruwan Nilu ya kasance mai kyau don sha, amma a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, ya zama ba shi da lafiya a wasu wurare.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009a|p=368}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Jack Talling ya rubuta "Abubuwa biyu na ruwan Nilu na ƙasa sun jawo hankali{{snd}} cewa yana da inganci don sha da ban ruwa, kuma cewa yana ɗauke da yawan laka a yanayi."{{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=368}} }} Gurɓatawa ya fi yawa a Lake Tana, kusa da manyan birane, da Delta ta Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|pp=395–396}}. }}</ref> Asalin gurɓatawa a Nilu sun haɗa da aikin gona, masana’antu, da shara na gida. Akwai masana’antu 36 da ke zubar da gurɓataccen ruwa kai tsaye cikin Nilu, da 41 cikin tashoshin ban ruwa. Waɗannan masana’antu sun haɗa da: sinadarai, lantarki, injiniya, takin zamani, abinci, ƙarfe, hakar ma’adinai, mai da sabulu, takarda, masana’antar zane da itace. Akwai fiye da magudanan aikin gona 90 da ke zubar da gurɓataccen ruwa cikin Nilu.{{sfn|"Nile Basin National Water Quality", ''Nile Basin Initiative''|pp=12-22}} Gurbatar kogi ya fi yawa tsakanin Aswan da Tekun Bahar Rum. Gurɓatar nan ya fito daga ayyukan ɗan adam, zubar aikin gona, da shara na masana’antu. Gurɓataccen abu yana ƙaruwa yayin da kogi ke tafiya ƙasa saboda taruwar gurɓatawa.<ref name=delta>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hegab|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=75}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,59,69}}. }}</ref> Delta tana da sauƙin taruwar gurɓatawa saboda rashin motsin ruwa mai kyau, ƙasa mai laushi, da yawan laka a ƙasan kogi.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} === Kariya da tasirin ɗan adam === [[File:Murchison Falls, Uganda (23475021234).jpg|thumb|Murchison Falls a White Nile|alt=Babban rafin ruwa, da dazuzzuka a bangarorin biyu.]] Kwarin Nilu ya kasance mai ɗanɗano da danshi daga shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata zuwa 5,000, wanda ya ba da damar fara aikin gona mai girma a kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata.<ref name=Humid/> Ci gaban aikin gona ya ƙara tasiri ga muhalli tun daga lokacin, yana haifar da sare dazuzzuka da lalacewar ƙasa.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Tasirin ya ƙara muni saboda yanayin ƙanƙara da ya fara kusan shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata. Wannan ya haifar da yunwa, rikice-rikicen zamantakewa, da lalacewar muhalli.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Wasu nau’in dabbobi sun bace a kwarin Nilu saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Sacred ibis ya kasance mai muh == Manazarta == 72v70w67wfz59i0cyo4zspx6db9h631 842259 842258 2026-05-29T08:22:11Z Sirjat 20447 /* Manazarta */ 842259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nilu''' babban kogi ne da ke arewa maso gabashin Afirka, yana gudana zuwa Bahar Rum. Tsawonsa ya kai {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}, kuma shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, duk da cewa ba ya ɗaukar ruwa da yawa kamar Amazon ko Congo. Nilu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da al’adu na Afirka tsawon dubban shekaru. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Farin Nilu da Bakin Nilu. Farin Nilu ya fi tsawo kuma ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin kogin, amma Bakin Nilu yana kawo ruwa fiye da sau biyu na Farin Nilu. Farin Nilu yana farawa kusa da Lake Victoria, yana gudana ta Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu; Bakin Nilu kuma yana farawa kusa da Lake Tana a Habasha, yana shiga Sudan daga kudu maso gabas. Sannan sukan haɗu a Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. Daga nan Nilu yana gudana ta hamadar Nubia zuwa Cairo, sannan ya zube cikin Bahar Rum kusa da Alexandria, inda ya kafa babban kwarin Nilu Delta. Kwarin Nilu yana ratsa ƙasashe 11. Yawancin ruwan Nilu yana fitowa daga ruwan sama a ƙasashen da ke sama kamar Habasha, Kenya, Tanzaniya da Uganda. Ƙasashen da ke ƙasa kamar Masar da Sudan suna dogara da ruwan Nilu don ban ruwa. Sauran ƙasashen da ke cikin kwarin sun haɗa da Burundi, DR Congo, Eritrea da Rwanda. Nilu ya kasance ginshiƙin ƙasar Masar ta dā, inda ambaliyar shekara-shekara ta kawo ƙasa mai gina amfanin gona. Wannan ƙasa ta tallafa wa noma da rayuwa a cikin hamada. Nilu ya sauƙaƙa kasuwanci, sadarwa, sufuri, da mulki. A kudu da cataract na biyu akwai Nubia, inda tsoffin al’ummomi irin su Kerma da Daular Kush suka zauna. A ƙarni na 19, Turawa sun yi bincike a kusa da Lake Victoria don gano asalin kogin. A yau, al’ummomin Nilotic suna rayuwa a gefen Nilu, suna kiwon shanu ta hanyar yin hijira bisa yanayin ambaliyar Nilu. A zamanin yau, Nilu yana da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Masar da Sudan, inda ake amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, an gina dam fiye da goma sha biyu a kwarin Nilu. Wadannan dam sun canza tsarin ambaliyar shekara-shekara, sun rage yawan laka da ke zuwa ƙasa, wanda ya sa Nilu Delta ke raguwa. Wasu dam kamar Aswan High Dam da Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam sun haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa kan ƙarancin ruwa, tsaro, abinci, da tilasta ƙaura. == Sunaye da Asalin Suna == Kalmar Turanci "Nile" ta samo asali daga Latin ''Nilus'' da Greek ''Neilos'', wanda wataƙila ya samo asali daga kalmar Semitic ''naḥal'' ma’ana 'kogi'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A cikin tsohuwar harshen Masar, kalma ɗaya ake amfani da ita don 'Nilu' da 'kogi': ''jtrw''.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Masarawa sun kira ƙasarsu ''kmt'' ma’ana 'baƙi', don nuni da launin ruwan ambaliyar Nilu mai ɗauke da laka daga sama.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Sunan Turanci "Blue Nile" fassarar sunan Larabci ne ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A zamanin yau, kogin yana da sunaye daban-daban a cikin kwarin Nilu. A Masar ana kiransa ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ko ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> A Sudan ta Kudu ana kiransa ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' ma’ana 'Kogin Dutsen'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} A Uganda, masu magana da Luganda suna kiransa ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Wasu mutanen Nubia na Masar da Sudan suna amfani da sunan Nobiin ''Áman Dawū'' ('Babban Ruwa').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Wasu rassan ruwa da sassan kogin suna ɗauke da sunan "Nile", ciki har da: * Albert Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Albert zuwa Nimule<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Black Nile — wani suna na Atbarah River<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * Blue Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Kyoga Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Kyoga zuwa Lake Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Main Nile — ɓangaren Nilu bayan haɗuwar Bakin Nilu da Farin Nilu{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * Mountain Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga duwatsun Uganda zuwa filayen Sudan ta Kudu{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}} * Victoria Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Victoria zuwa Lake Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * White Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Yellow Nile — Wadi Howar, tsohon rassa da ya bushe shekaru dubban da suka wuce{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Asali == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka. Nilu yana bayyana a matsayin layi mai lanƙwasa mai shuɗi, yana farawa daga ƙasa a cikin daji mai kore, sannan ya tafi sama ya ƙare a Bahar Rum.|Nilu yana da cataracts guda shida da kuma asali da dama.{{efn|Wasu daga cikin cataracts sun nutse saboda madatsun ruwa da aka gina.}}]] Asalin Nilu yana daga wani rassa na Rukarara River, a cikin Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, a {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, a tsayin {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An fara gano wurin a 1969 ta masu bincike daga Waseda University.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2006, wasu masu yawon buɗe ido suka sake gano wurin, suka sanya alama a wani itace kusa ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) wanda yanzu wurin yawon buɗe ido ne.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2009, masana suka yi amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam don ƙara daidaita wurin, suka sanya shi a wani rijiya ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) da ke nesa da wurin na 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>}} Asalin yana nufin farkon ruwan da ke gudana duk shekara a cikin kwarin Nilu.<ref name=SourceCite/> Daga wannan asali, kogin yana gudana {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} zuwa bakin Bahar Rum.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} Tsawon an auna shi a 2009 ta hanyar hotunan tauraron dan adam.<ref name=SourceCite/> Mafi tsayin asalin Nilu yana kan duwatsun Rwenzori a Uganda.<ref name=Rwenz/> Duwatsun da ake kira “Mountains of the Moon” da Ptolemy ya bayyana sun danganta da Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Asalin da ya fi kudu yana Burundi a Ruvyironza River, wanda ke shiga Kagera River.<ref name=southSource/> An gina wani abin tunawa a kusa da Rutovu a 1937 ta Burkhart Waldecker.<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Abin tunawa yana a {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} Lake Victoria — wanda Tanzaniya, Uganda da Kenya ke rabawa — wani lokaci ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin Nilu, saboda yana ciyar da Farin Nilu daga Jinja, Uganda.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|Nilu yana fita daga Lake Victoria a Jinja, inda ake da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ake kira "source of the Nile".{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Wasu kuma suna ganin asalin gaskiya shi ne gajimare na ruwan sama da ke sama da Lake Victoria, saboda su ne ke kawo mafi yawan ruwan tafkin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. }}</ref> Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusa da Gish Abay, kudu da Lake Tana.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusan km 75 kudu da Lake Tana, a {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}}} == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Ruwan Kogin Nilu yana samo asali ne daga ruwan sama da ke sauka a tsaunukan yankunan kudu da gabashin Kwarin Nilu.|alt=Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka, tana nuna wuraren wasu birane da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ke kan kogin.]] Kogin Nilu babban kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin Afirka wanda ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum. Kwarin Nilu shi ne dukkan yankin ƙasa da ruwansa ke gangarowa zuwa Kogin Nilu, kuma yana da faɗin kilomita murabba'i 2,927,843{{snd}}kimanin kashi 10% na nahiyar Afirka (duba taswirar da ke kusa).<ref name=basinSize/> Kasashe goma sha ɗaya ne gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangarensu ke cikin wannan kwari: Burundi, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan, Tanzaniya da Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn|A shekara ta 2011, Sudan ta Kudu ta balle daga Sudan, ta zama ƙasa ta goma sha ɗaya a Kwarin Nilu.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Wannan kwari ya ƙunshi nau'o'in yanayi, tsarin muhalli da siffofin ƙasa iri-iri{{snd}}daga hamada masu yashi da fari a arewa, zuwa filayen fadama masu laushi a tsakiyar yankin, zuwa tsaunuka masu dazuzzuka da yawan ruwan sama a kudu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Ana iya raba Kwarin Nilu zuwa yankuna bakwai; biyar daga cikinsu suna ɗauke da mafi tsawon hanyar da Kogin Nilu yake bi. Idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan yankuna biyar su ne: Tafkunan Manyan Afirka, Nilu na Tsaunuka, Farin Nilu, Babban Nilu, da Delta ta Nilu. Yankuna biyu na ƙari suna ɗauke da manyan rafukan da ke shiga Nilu: Shuɗin Nilu da Kogin Atbarah.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} === Tafkunan Manyan Afirka === Yankin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka yana ɗauke da asalin Kogin Nilu tare da wasu manyan tafkuna da suke cikin tsarin Kogin Nilu: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Albert, Tafkin George da Tafkin Edward.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Bayanin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka. }}</ref> Asalin Kogin Nilu shi ne Kogin Rukarara da ke cikin Gandun Dajin Ƙasa na Nyungwe a Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> kuma yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera wanda ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|Asalin Kogin Nilu yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Rukarara, sannan zuwa Kogin Mwogo, wanda ke haɗuwa da Kogin Mbirurume ya zama Kogin Nyabarongo, wanda ke kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera, wanda kuma ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. }}</ref> }} Ko da yake babban tafki ne{{snd}}na biyu mafi girman tafkin ruwa mai ɗanɗano a duniya idan aka auna faɗi{{efn|An auna ne ta fuskar faɗin ƙasa, ba girman ruwa ba.}}{{snd}} Tafkin Victoria ba shi da zurfi sosai, domin matsakaicin zurfinsa kusan mita 40 ne.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Kogin yana fara ɗaukar sunan “Nilu” ne a inda Tafkin Victoria ke zubar da ruwa daga arewacinsa: sashen daga nan zuwa Tafkin Albert ana kiransa Victoria Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ruwan faɗuwa guda biyu{{snd}}Ripon Falls da Owen Falls{{snd}}sun kasance a wurin da Nilu ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria, amma an nutsar da su bayan gina Dam ɗin Nalubaale. Bayan Bujagali Falls da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali, Victoria Nile yana zubowa cikin Tafkin Kyoga. Bayan ya fita daga Tafkin Kyoga, Kogin Kafu yana shiga cikinsa, sannan ya ratsa Murchison Falls ya shiga Tafkin Albert. Ba kamar Tafkin Victoria ba, Tafkin Albert tafki ne mai zurfi wanda tsaunuka suka kewaye shi. Kogin yana fita daga tafkin a gefen arewarsa, inda ake kiransa Albert Nile; wannan sashe na kogin yana da shimfiɗa kuma faffaɗa, kuma ya dace da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa masu tururi.<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> === Nilu na Tsaunuka === Yanki na biyu na Kwarin Nilu idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa shi ne Nilu na Tsaunuka ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. }}</ref> Wannan yanki yana farawa kusa da garin Nimule, yana kaiwa zuwa Tafkin No, kuma gaba ɗayansa yana cikin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan ya ratsa Nimule, kogin yana wucewa ta Fula Rapids sannan ya isa Juba{{snd}}babban birnin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan Juba, Nilu yana ratsa garin Bor sannan ya shiga Sudd, wata babbar fadama da ke kan shimfiɗaɗɗen fili.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}.</ref> Gangarar ƙasar a yankin Sudd kusan 1:13,000 ce kawai, saboda haka kogin yana tafiya a hankali kuma yana faɗaɗa. Tsire-tsire masu yalwa ciki har da sedges, papyrus da water hyacinth na gama gari (wani nau'in tsiro mai mamaye muhalli) suna toshe hanyoyin ruwa kuma suna wahalar da zirga-zirga. A gefen arewa na fadamar Sudd, Nilu yana wucewa ta Tafkin No, ƙaramin tafki inda Kogin Bahr el Ghazal (wato “kogin barewa” a Larabci) ke shiga cikinsa daga yamma.<ref name=phys/> ===Yankin Farar Nilu=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Hoton sama na Khartoum, yana nuna haduwar koguna biyu, kowanne da launin ruwansa daban|Launuka daban-daban na Farar Nilu (hagu) da Bakar Nilu (dama) suna bayyana inda suka hade suka zama babban Nilu (hagu sama).]] Yayin da ake ci gaba da tafiya ƙasa, yankin na uku na kwarin Nilu shi ne yankin Farar Nilu{{efn|Yankin Farar Nilu, kamar yadda aka bayyana nan, yana dauke da karamin bangare na babban Kogin Farar Nilu.}} wanda ya hada da tsawon {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} daga kusa da Malakal zuwa Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. A nan ne Bakar Nilu ya hade da shi. Wannan bangaren kogin yana da faɗi, kwanciyar hankali, tare da ciyayi da fadamomi a bakin koguna. Kogin nan ba shi da zurfi kuma yana rasa ruwa sosai ta hanyar ƙura.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Inda Farar Nilu ya hade da Bakar Nilu, launukansu suna bambanta sosai. Farar Nilu ya fi haske saboda yashi da yake dauke da [[quartz]] da [[feldspar]]. Wannan ya bambanta da Bakar Nilu wanda ke dauke da laka mai duhu daga duwatsun [[basaltic rock]] na Habasha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} Kogin Sobat shi ne rafi wanda ke hade da Farar Nilu kusa da garin Malakal (bayan haduwar Bahr el Ghazal, kafin Bakar Nilu). Yankinsa{{snd}}wanda ya hada da [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}yana dauke da kusan kilomita murabba’i 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Sobat yana ambaliya tsakanin Yuli da Disamba.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Babban Nilu=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|Babban Dam na Aswan yana kan babban Nilu kusa da iyakar Misira da Sudan. Injinan lantarki na dam din suna da karfin samar da 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=Ginin kankare mai girma kusa da tafkin shiru. Manyan hasumiyoyin wutar lantarki suna kusa da ginin.]] Yankin na hudu na kwarin Nilu{{snd}}babban Nilu{{efn|Bangaren Nilu tsakanin haduwar Bakar/Farar Nilu da Bahar Rum ana kiransa Babban Nilu ko Saharan Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}yana daga Khartoum zuwa Cairo, babban birnin Misira.<ref name=phys/> Wannan bangaren yana da faɗi da zurfi mai daidaito: kusan {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} faɗi da {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} zurfi a wurin da ya fi zurfi (idan ba ambaliya ba).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Da zarar ya bar Khartoum, kogin ya shiga Sabaloka Game Reserve kuma ya ratsa manyan rafuka masu ƙarfi da ba a iya ketarewa da jirgin ruwa. Wannan shi ne na shida (kuma mafi kusa da sama) daga cikin rafuka shida na Nilu. Kogin Atbarah{{snd}}babban rafi{{snd}}yana hade da Nilu, wanda daga nan ya bi babban lankwasawa S zuwa yamma. Ana samun sauran rafuka hudu (lamba 5, 4, 3, da 2) a cikin wannan lankwasawa S, wanda ya sa kogin ba ya iya ketarewa; duk da haka jiragen ruwa na iya tafiya a wasu wuraren da ba su da rafuka. Kogin daga nan ya shiga tafkin Nasser. Wannan tafki{{snd}}tafki na biyu mafi girma da mutum ya yi a duniya{{snd}}an kafa shi ne lokacin da aka gina Babban Dam na Aswan a Misira, kuma ya mamaye fiye da {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} na Nilu. Dam na Aswan Low{{snd}}wanda ya fi tsoho kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta{{snd}}yana ƙasa da Babban Dam na Aswan, kusa da wurin rafin farko na Nilu (wanda yanzu ya nutse). Daga wadannan dam-dam, Nilu yana gudana kusan {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} ta cikin dutsen limestone, tare da gonaki masu ban ruwa, har sai ya isa Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta na Nilu=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|Delta na Nilu shi ne babban yanki mai siffar alwatika da ciyayi a saman wannan hoto, inda kogin ya zuba cikin Bahar Rum.|alt=Hoton arewacin Misira, wanda aka dauka daga sararin samaniya. Nilu ya kare ta hanyar shiga Bahar Rum, yana samar da babban yanki mai siffar alwatika.]] Yankin na biyar, kuma na ƙarshe, wanda ya kunshi Kogin Nilu shi ne Delta na Nilu, babban [[delta]] mai siffar alwatika (kimanin 22,000&nbsp;km{{super|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} wanda ya fara daga Cairo zuwa Bahar Rum.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Kogin ya rabu zuwa manyan hanyoyi biyu a cikin delta: reshen Rosetta da reshen Damietta. Jimillar girman delta (ciki har da bangaren da ya nutse) kusan 150,000&nbsp;km{{super|3}}. Delta an gina shi tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, daga yashi da kogin ya kawo daga sama.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Tun bayan kammala Babban Dam na Aswan a 1970, delta ya fara raguwa saboda lalacewar ruwan Bahar Rum. A da, lalacewar tana daidaita da sabbin ƙasa daga yashi da kogin ya kawo; amma dam yana rike yashi a tafkin sa, yana hana sabuwar ƙasa isa delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref> ===Rafin Bakar Nilu=== [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Asalin Bakar Nilu yana daga Gish Abay a ƙasan layin haske. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa daga nan zuwa Tafkin Tana.|alt=Taswirar Habasha, tana nuna wani bangare na Bakar Nilu da Tafkin Tana.]] Tsawon hanyar Nilu{{snd}}wanda ya hada da rafi Farar Nilu{{snd}}yana da wasu rafuka. Yankunan kwaruruwan Bakar Nilu da Atbarah su ne yankuna na ƙarshe na kwarin Nilu.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Bakar Nilu yana fitowa daga tsaunuka a Habasha inda yake farawa a matsayin rafin da ake kira ''Abay'' kusa da garin Gish Abay: {{lang|am|Gish}} kalma ce ta Amharic wadda ke nufin 'tushen', kuma Abay shi ne sunan rafin.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay yana shiga Tafkin Tana, tafki mai faɗi kuma ba shi da zurfi, wanda ke da hanya guda ta fita inda ya karɓi sunan "Bakar Nilu". Kogin daga nan yana yin babban lankwasawa: da farko zuwa kudu, sannan yamma ta cikin kwarin mai ban mamaki mai zurfin {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}}, sannan arewa yana shiga Kudancin Sudan zuwa Sudan, inda ya hade da Farar Nilu a Khartoum ya zama Babban Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> A hanyarsa, Bakar Nilu yana samar da wutar lantarki a wurare da dama, ciki har da Tis Abay hydropower project a Bakar Nilu Falls, Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam kusa da iyakar Habasha da Kudancin Sudan, Roseires Dam kusa da garin Ad Damazin, da Sennar Dam.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Girman kwaruruwan Bakar Nilu ya fi kilomita murabba’i 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} ===Rafin Atbarah=== Kogin Atbarah rafi ne na Nilu wanda yake fitowa daga arewacin Habasha, kuma yana hade da Nilu kusan {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} arewa da Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Yankin kwaruruwansa ya fi kilomita murabba’i 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah yana da gudu mai yawa a lokacin da bayan damina a Habasha (lokacin bazara da kaka), amma yana iya bushewa a lokacin hunturu da bazara. Duk da kasancewar rafin yana yawan yankewa, yana bayar da fiye da kashi 10% na jimillar ruwan shekara na Nilu.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dam-dam da ke kan Atbarah sun hada da Khashm el-Girba Dam, Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex, da Tekezé Dam (a kan rafin Tekezé).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> ==Ruwan Kogin== {{Nile River routemap}} [[File:Monthly variations of the flow of the Nile River.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Zane yana nuna sauyin ruwan Nilu a kowace shekara cikin mita kubik a sakan. Darajoji (Janairu zuwa Disamba) su ne 1285.7, 1006.0, 831.3, 881.7, 828.7, 845.2, 1930.3, 6984.0, 7866.5, 4895.2, 2510.8, 1596.9.|Gudun ruwan Nilu yana bambanta sosai a duk shekara. An auna darajoji (m³/s) a Dongola a kan babban Nilu.{{sfn|"Nile Basin Dongola", ''Global Runoff Data Center''}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} ]] ===Gudun ruwa da ambaliya=== {{further|Flooding of the Nile}} Ko da yake Nilu shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, ba shi da mafi girman gudun ruwa. Gudunsa{{snd}}kimanin 87 km³ a shekara{{efn| name=discharge}}{{snd}}ya yi ƙanƙanta idan aka kwatanta da manyan koguna. Gudun Nilu kusan kashi 1% ne na Amazon, 6% na Congo, da 12% na Yangtze.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=11}}. }}</ref>{{efn|An yi kwatancen ne da gudun Nilu da aka auna a Aswan. Gudun Nilu zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum ya fi ƙanƙanta.{{efn| name=discharge}} }} Gudun shekara-shekara daga manyan rassan uku na Nilu: 54% daga Blue Nile, 32% daga White Nile (ciki har da gudun Bahr el Ghazal da Sobat), da 14% daga Atbarah.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km³; White Nile 28 km³; Atbarah 12 km³ }} Dutsen White Nile da Blue Nile suna samun ruwan sama na yanayi, amma gudun White Nile ya fi daidaito fiye da Blue Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Wannan saboda tafkuna da fadamomi da yawa a White Nile suna rage tasirin yanayin ruwan sama.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=357}} Yayin da White Nile ke wucewa ta cikin fadamar Sudd, kusan rabin ruwan yana ɓacewa ta hanyar ƙura.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=346}} A gefe guda, gudun Blue Nile yana bambanta sosai: yana ambaliya daga Yuli zuwa Oktoba saboda ruwan sama na damina.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ruwan Blue Nile ya yi yawa a lokacin damina har White Nile ke ja baya a wurin haɗuwar koguna.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503–504}}. }}</ref> A lokacin ambaliya, gudun ruwa zuwa babban Nilu kusan 70% daga Blue Nile, 20% daga Atbarah, da 10% daga White Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A kololuwar ambaliya, gudun yau da kullum zuwa Lake Nasser kusan 0.71 km³, sau uku fiye da matsakaicin gudun yau da kullum na shekara 0.23 km³.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. Summer flood: 25.1 billion ft³ per day, or 0.71 km³ per day. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 4}}. Annual mean measured at Dongola station: 83 km³ per year, or 0.23 km³ per day. }}</ref>{{efn|name=exclGERD}}{{ efn| Yayin da gudun Blue Nile ke raguwa a lokacin sanyi, ruwan White Nile da aka tara yana ƙaruwa a Khartoum. A Afrilu da Mayu, White Nile yana bayar da kusan 80% na ruwan Nilu. Wannan ya ba da damar yin ban ruwa a duk shekara.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} }} Kafin a gina madatsun ruwa a Nilu, gudun ruwan Nilu a Masar yana bambanta da yanayi: ya fi yawa a lokacin bazara/damina; ya fi ƙanƙanta a lokacin sanyi/bazara.{{efn| Ƙarfin ambaliyar Nilu na shekara-shekara yana iya bambanta sosai daga shekara zuwa shekara. Lokutan ƙarancin ambaliya na iya ɗaukar shekaru da dama ko ƙarni.{{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=20-26}} }} Amma bayan gina Aswan High Dam{{snd}}wanda ya ƙirƙiri tafkin da zai iya riƙe kusan shekaru biyu na gudun ruwa{{snd}} gudun ruwan da ke ƙasa ya fi daidaito a duk shekara.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=45}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Gudun shekara-shekara na kogin a Aswan kusan 84 km³; kuma tafkin Aswan High Dam yana iya riƙe kusan 160 km³.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p= 8644 |loc=section 3.5.4}}. }}</ref> }} === Jigilar laka === Nilu yana ɗaukar laka zuwa ƙasa. Motsin laka ana rarrabe shi zuwa laka mai shawagi (wanda ke shawagi a cikin ruwa) ko laka mai nauyi (wanda ke kan ƙasan kogi).{{sfn|Lemma |2019|p=1}} Kashi 97% na laka da Nilu ke ɗauka daga Atbarah da Blue Nile ne, dukkansu daga Habasha.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=38}} Ƙasa a Delta ta Nilu ta samo asali daga duwatsu a Habasha. Jimillar duwatsun da aka nika cikin shekaru miliyan 30 daga asalin Nilu a Habasha kusan 102,000 km³, wanda ya yi daidai da ƙasar Delta ta Nilu kusan 150,000 km³.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=37}} == Muhalli == === Dabbobi === {{Easy CSS image crop |image =Hippos in their Natural Habitat in Kazinga Channel 10.jpg |desired_width = 260 |crop_left_perc = 20 |crop_right_perc = 0 |crop_top_perc = 10 |crop_bottom_perc = 0 |align = right |alt= Hipopotamus yana tsaye a bakin tafki mai ciyawa, da bushes a baya. |caption= Hipopotamus amphibius kusa da Lake Edward, ɗaya daga cikin tafkuna da ke ciyar da Nilu }} Jimillar nau’in kifaye da aka samu a kwarin Nilu an kiyasta fiye da 800. A cikin kogin kaɗai, nau’in kifaye 128 ne aka samu, daga iyalai 27.<ref name=fish/> Yawancin nau’in kifaye suna cikin iyalai huɗu: Cichlidae (cichlids), Cyprinidae (carp), Mormyridae (elephantfish), da Mochokidae (catfish).{{sfn|Witte|2009|p=647 }} Wasu nau’in Cichlid suna cikin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka.<ref name=fish>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009|pp=647, 651–652 }}. |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. }}</ref> Baya ga kifaye, dabbobin da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwan Nilu a wasu lokuta sun haɗa da hipopotamus, kada na Nilu, da buffalo na Afirka. Wasu halittun ruwa sun haɗa da molluscs, crab, da shrimp. <ref name=animals/> Dabbobi da yawa suna rayuwa a cikin muhallin bakin kogi, ciki har da giwaye, antelope, da giraffe.<ref name=animals/> Ƙwaryar da aka samu a tafkunan Nilu suna ɗauke da ƙwari masu cutarwa (blood flukes) waɗanda ke haifar da schistosomiasis ga dabbobi da mutane.{{sfn| Green|2009|p=205}} Tsuntsaye da ke rayuwa a bakin Nilu sun haɗa da herons, kingfishers, ospreys, da nau’o’in storks ciki har da shoebills.<ref name=animals>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=189}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer |2009|pp=585}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont |2009|pp=10–11}}. |{{harvnb|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=193,196–197,201–202}}. }}</ref> Wasu nau’in tsuntsaye suna da alaƙa da kwarin Nilu kaɗai (misali blue-winged goose), yayin da wasu suna da yaduwar duniya (misali moorhen da osprey).{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} Wasu nau’in heron, ducks, geese, da egrets suna rayuwa a kwarin duk shekara, kuma nau’in ducks da geese 14 suna zuwa ne kawai a lokacin sanyi.{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} Yawancin gulls da terns a kwarin suna yin hijira. A cikin shekaru dubu da suka gabata, wasu nau’in tsuntsaye sun ragu saboda mamayar ɗan adam a muhallinsu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=705}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}}. }}</ref> === Tsirrai === [[File:Nymphaea lotus1XMATT.jpg|thumb|alt= Furen fari da ganyaye masu kore suna shawagi a saman ruwa.|Nymphaea lotus (furen lotus na Masar) yana asali daga ruwan kwanciyar hankali na kwarin Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|pp=205,207}}. |{{harvnb| Vijverberg|2009|p=166}}. }}</ref>]] Yankin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka na kwarin Nilu ya ƙunshi tsirrai kamar water lily, papyrus, da water hyacinth. Water hyacinth tsiro ne mai mamaya, kuma ya shafi tsirrai na asali a Lake Kyoga.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. |{{harvnb| Dumont|2009|p=13}}. }}</ref> Tsirrai da aka saba a fadamar Sudd sun haɗa da Vossia, hippo grass, reed mace, ambatch, da papyrus. Sudd kuma tana ɗauke da tsirrai da ke rayuwa a cikin ƙaramin ambaliya, misali Oryza, antelope grass, da Phragmites.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=350}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> === Gurbatar muhalli === A tarihi, ruwan Nilu ya kasance mai kyau don sha, amma a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, ya zama ba shi da lafiya a wasu wurare.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009a|p=368}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Jack Talling ya rubuta "Abubuwa biyu na ruwan Nilu na ƙasa sun jawo hankali{{snd}} cewa yana da inganci don sha da ban ruwa, kuma cewa yana ɗauke da yawan laka a yanayi."{{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=368}} }} Gurɓatawa ya fi yawa a Lake Tana, kusa da manyan birane, da Delta ta Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|pp=395–396}}. }}</ref> Asalin gurɓatawa a Nilu sun haɗa da aikin gona, masana’antu, da shara na gida. Akwai masana’antu 36 da ke zubar da gurɓataccen ruwa kai tsaye cikin Nilu, da 41 cikin tashoshin ban ruwa. Waɗannan masana’antu sun haɗa da: sinadarai, lantarki, injiniya, takin zamani, abinci, ƙarfe, hakar ma’adinai, mai da sabulu, takarda, masana’antar zane da itace. Akwai fiye da magudanan aikin gona 90 da ke zubar da gurɓataccen ruwa cikin Nilu.{{sfn|"Nile Basin National Water Quality", ''Nile Basin Initiative''|pp=12-22}} Gurbatar kogi ya fi yawa tsakanin Aswan da Tekun Bahar Rum. Gurɓatar nan ya fito daga ayyukan ɗan adam, zubar aikin gona, da shara na masana’antu. Gurɓataccen abu yana ƙaruwa yayin da kogi ke tafiya ƙasa saboda taruwar gurɓatawa.<ref name=delta>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hegab|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=75}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,59,69}}. }}</ref> Delta tana da sauƙin taruwar gurɓatawa saboda rashin motsin ruwa mai kyau, ƙasa mai laushi, da yawan laka a ƙasan kogi.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} === Kariya da tasirin ɗan adam === [[File:Murchison Falls, Uganda (23475021234).jpg|thumb|Murchison Falls a White Nile|alt=Babban rafin ruwa, da dazuzzuka a bangarorin biyu.]] Kwarin Nilu ya kasance mai ɗanɗano da danshi daga shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata zuwa 5,000, wanda ya ba da damar fara aikin gona mai girma a kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata.<ref name=Humid/> Ci gaban aikin gona ya ƙara tasiri ga muhalli tun daga lokacin, yana haifar da sare dazuzzuka da lalacewar ƙasa.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Tasirin ya ƙara muni saboda yanayin ƙanƙara da ya fara kusan shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata. Wannan ya haifar da yunwa, rikice-rikicen zamantakewa, da lalacewar muhalli.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Wasu nau’in dabbobi sun bace a kwarin Nilu saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Sacred ibis ya kasance mai muh == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} gqrq5ydtrkokuek32bhlepxcnbjeylg 842260 842259 2026-05-29T08:22:44Z Sirjat 20447 /* Dabbobi */ 842260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nilu''' babban kogi ne da ke arewa maso gabashin Afirka, yana gudana zuwa Bahar Rum. Tsawonsa ya kai {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}, kuma shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, duk da cewa ba ya ɗaukar ruwa da yawa kamar Amazon ko Congo. Nilu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da al’adu na Afirka tsawon dubban shekaru. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Farin Nilu da Bakin Nilu. Farin Nilu ya fi tsawo kuma ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin kogin, amma Bakin Nilu yana kawo ruwa fiye da sau biyu na Farin Nilu. Farin Nilu yana farawa kusa da Lake Victoria, yana gudana ta Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu; Bakin Nilu kuma yana farawa kusa da Lake Tana a Habasha, yana shiga Sudan daga kudu maso gabas. Sannan sukan haɗu a Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. Daga nan Nilu yana gudana ta hamadar Nubia zuwa Cairo, sannan ya zube cikin Bahar Rum kusa da Alexandria, inda ya kafa babban kwarin Nilu Delta. Kwarin Nilu yana ratsa ƙasashe 11. Yawancin ruwan Nilu yana fitowa daga ruwan sama a ƙasashen da ke sama kamar Habasha, Kenya, Tanzaniya da Uganda. Ƙasashen da ke ƙasa kamar Masar da Sudan suna dogara da ruwan Nilu don ban ruwa. Sauran ƙasashen da ke cikin kwarin sun haɗa da Burundi, DR Congo, Eritrea da Rwanda. Nilu ya kasance ginshiƙin ƙasar Masar ta dā, inda ambaliyar shekara-shekara ta kawo ƙasa mai gina amfanin gona. Wannan ƙasa ta tallafa wa noma da rayuwa a cikin hamada. Nilu ya sauƙaƙa kasuwanci, sadarwa, sufuri, da mulki. A kudu da cataract na biyu akwai Nubia, inda tsoffin al’ummomi irin su Kerma da Daular Kush suka zauna. A ƙarni na 19, Turawa sun yi bincike a kusa da Lake Victoria don gano asalin kogin. A yau, al’ummomin Nilotic suna rayuwa a gefen Nilu, suna kiwon shanu ta hanyar yin hijira bisa yanayin ambaliyar Nilu. A zamanin yau, Nilu yana da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Masar da Sudan, inda ake amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, an gina dam fiye da goma sha biyu a kwarin Nilu. Wadannan dam sun canza tsarin ambaliyar shekara-shekara, sun rage yawan laka da ke zuwa ƙasa, wanda ya sa Nilu Delta ke raguwa. Wasu dam kamar Aswan High Dam da Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam sun haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa kan ƙarancin ruwa, tsaro, abinci, da tilasta ƙaura. == Sunaye da Asalin Suna == Kalmar Turanci "Nile" ta samo asali daga Latin ''Nilus'' da Greek ''Neilos'', wanda wataƙila ya samo asali daga kalmar Semitic ''naḥal'' ma’ana 'kogi'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A cikin tsohuwar harshen Masar, kalma ɗaya ake amfani da ita don 'Nilu' da 'kogi': ''jtrw''.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Masarawa sun kira ƙasarsu ''kmt'' ma’ana 'baƙi', don nuni da launin ruwan ambaliyar Nilu mai ɗauke da laka daga sama.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Sunan Turanci "Blue Nile" fassarar sunan Larabci ne ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A zamanin yau, kogin yana da sunaye daban-daban a cikin kwarin Nilu. A Masar ana kiransa ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ko ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> A Sudan ta Kudu ana kiransa ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' ma’ana 'Kogin Dutsen'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} A Uganda, masu magana da Luganda suna kiransa ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Wasu mutanen Nubia na Masar da Sudan suna amfani da sunan Nobiin ''Áman Dawū'' ('Babban Ruwa').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Wasu rassan ruwa da sassan kogin suna ɗauke da sunan "Nile", ciki har da: * Albert Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Albert zuwa Nimule<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Black Nile — wani suna na Atbarah River<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * Blue Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Kyoga Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Kyoga zuwa Lake Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Main Nile — ɓangaren Nilu bayan haɗuwar Bakin Nilu da Farin Nilu{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * Mountain Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga duwatsun Uganda zuwa filayen Sudan ta Kudu{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}} * Victoria Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Victoria zuwa Lake Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * White Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu * Yellow Nile — Wadi Howar, tsohon rassa da ya bushe shekaru dubban da suka wuce{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Asali == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka. Nilu yana bayyana a matsayin layi mai lanƙwasa mai shuɗi, yana farawa daga ƙasa a cikin daji mai kore, sannan ya tafi sama ya ƙare a Bahar Rum.|Nilu yana da cataracts guda shida da kuma asali da dama.{{efn|Wasu daga cikin cataracts sun nutse saboda madatsun ruwa da aka gina.}}]] Asalin Nilu yana daga wani rassa na Rukarara River, a cikin Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, a {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, a tsayin {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An fara gano wurin a 1969 ta masu bincike daga Waseda University.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2006, wasu masu yawon buɗe ido suka sake gano wurin, suka sanya alama a wani itace kusa ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) wanda yanzu wurin yawon buɗe ido ne.<ref name=SourceCite/> A 2009, masana suka yi amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam don ƙara daidaita wurin, suka sanya shi a wani rijiya ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) da ke nesa da wurin na 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>}} Asalin yana nufin farkon ruwan da ke gudana duk shekara a cikin kwarin Nilu.<ref name=SourceCite/> Daga wannan asali, kogin yana gudana {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} zuwa bakin Bahar Rum.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} Tsawon an auna shi a 2009 ta hanyar hotunan tauraron dan adam.<ref name=SourceCite/> Mafi tsayin asalin Nilu yana kan duwatsun Rwenzori a Uganda.<ref name=Rwenz/> Duwatsun da ake kira “Mountains of the Moon” da Ptolemy ya bayyana sun danganta da Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Asalin da ya fi kudu yana Burundi a Ruvyironza River, wanda ke shiga Kagera River.<ref name=southSource/> An gina wani abin tunawa a kusa da Rutovu a 1937 ta Burkhart Waldecker.<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Abin tunawa yana a {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} Lake Victoria — wanda Tanzaniya, Uganda da Kenya ke rabawa — wani lokaci ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin Nilu, saboda yana ciyar da Farin Nilu daga Jinja, Uganda.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|Nilu yana fita daga Lake Victoria a Jinja, inda ake da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ake kira "source of the Nile".{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Wasu kuma suna ganin asalin gaskiya shi ne gajimare na ruwan sama da ke sama da Lake Victoria, saboda su ne ke kawo mafi yawan ruwan tafkin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. }}</ref> Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusa da Gish Abay, kudu da Lake Tana.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusan km 75 kudu da Lake Tana, a {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}}} == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Ruwan Kogin Nilu yana samo asali ne daga ruwan sama da ke sauka a tsaunukan yankunan kudu da gabashin Kwarin Nilu.|alt=Taswirar arewa maso gabashin Afirka, tana nuna wuraren wasu birane da wuraren yawon buɗe ido da ke kan kogin.]] Kogin Nilu babban kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin Afirka wanda ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum. Kwarin Nilu shi ne dukkan yankin ƙasa da ruwansa ke gangarowa zuwa Kogin Nilu, kuma yana da faɗin kilomita murabba'i 2,927,843{{snd}}kimanin kashi 10% na nahiyar Afirka (duba taswirar da ke kusa).<ref name=basinSize/> Kasashe goma sha ɗaya ne gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangarensu ke cikin wannan kwari: Burundi, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan, Tanzaniya da Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn|A shekara ta 2011, Sudan ta Kudu ta balle daga Sudan, ta zama ƙasa ta goma sha ɗaya a Kwarin Nilu.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Wannan kwari ya ƙunshi nau'o'in yanayi, tsarin muhalli da siffofin ƙasa iri-iri{{snd}}daga hamada masu yashi da fari a arewa, zuwa filayen fadama masu laushi a tsakiyar yankin, zuwa tsaunuka masu dazuzzuka da yawan ruwan sama a kudu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Ana iya raba Kwarin Nilu zuwa yankuna bakwai; biyar daga cikinsu suna ɗauke da mafi tsawon hanyar da Kogin Nilu yake bi. Idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan yankuna biyar su ne: Tafkunan Manyan Afirka, Nilu na Tsaunuka, Farin Nilu, Babban Nilu, da Delta ta Nilu. Yankuna biyu na ƙari suna ɗauke da manyan rafukan da ke shiga Nilu: Shuɗin Nilu da Kogin Atbarah.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} === Tafkunan Manyan Afirka === Yankin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka yana ɗauke da asalin Kogin Nilu tare da wasu manyan tafkuna da suke cikin tsarin Kogin Nilu: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Albert, Tafkin George da Tafkin Edward.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Bayanin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka. }}</ref> Asalin Kogin Nilu shi ne Kogin Rukarara da ke cikin Gandun Dajin Ƙasa na Nyungwe a Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> kuma yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera wanda ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|Asalin Kogin Nilu yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Rukarara, sannan zuwa Kogin Mwogo, wanda ke haɗuwa da Kogin Mbirurume ya zama Kogin Nyabarongo, wanda ke kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera, wanda kuma ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. }}</ref> }} Ko da yake babban tafki ne{{snd}}na biyu mafi girman tafkin ruwa mai ɗanɗano a duniya idan aka auna faɗi{{efn|An auna ne ta fuskar faɗin ƙasa, ba girman ruwa ba.}}{{snd}} Tafkin Victoria ba shi da zurfi sosai, domin matsakaicin zurfinsa kusan mita 40 ne.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Kogin yana fara ɗaukar sunan “Nilu” ne a inda Tafkin Victoria ke zubar da ruwa daga arewacinsa: sashen daga nan zuwa Tafkin Albert ana kiransa Victoria Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ruwan faɗuwa guda biyu{{snd}}Ripon Falls da Owen Falls{{snd}}sun kasance a wurin da Nilu ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria, amma an nutsar da su bayan gina Dam ɗin Nalubaale. Bayan Bujagali Falls da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali, Victoria Nile yana zubowa cikin Tafkin Kyoga. Bayan ya fita daga Tafkin Kyoga, Kogin Kafu yana shiga cikinsa, sannan ya ratsa Murchison Falls ya shiga Tafkin Albert. Ba kamar Tafkin Victoria ba, Tafkin Albert tafki ne mai zurfi wanda tsaunuka suka kewaye shi. Kogin yana fita daga tafkin a gefen arewarsa, inda ake kiransa Albert Nile; wannan sashe na kogin yana da shimfiɗa kuma faffaɗa, kuma ya dace da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa masu tururi.<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> === Nilu na Tsaunuka === Yanki na biyu na Kwarin Nilu idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa shi ne Nilu na Tsaunuka ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. }}</ref> Wannan yanki yana farawa kusa da garin Nimule, yana kaiwa zuwa Tafkin No, kuma gaba ɗayansa yana cikin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan ya ratsa Nimule, kogin yana wucewa ta Fula Rapids sannan ya isa Juba{{snd}}babban birnin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan Juba, Nilu yana ratsa garin Bor sannan ya shiga Sudd, wata babbar fadama da ke kan shimfiɗaɗɗen fili.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}.</ref> Gangarar ƙasar a yankin Sudd kusan 1:13,000 ce kawai, saboda haka kogin yana tafiya a hankali kuma yana faɗaɗa. Tsire-tsire masu yalwa ciki har da sedges, papyrus da water hyacinth na gama gari (wani nau'in tsiro mai mamaye muhalli) suna toshe hanyoyin ruwa kuma suna wahalar da zirga-zirga. A gefen arewa na fadamar Sudd, Nilu yana wucewa ta Tafkin No, ƙaramin tafki inda Kogin Bahr el Ghazal (wato “kogin barewa” a Larabci) ke shiga cikinsa daga yamma.<ref name=phys/> ===Yankin Farar Nilu=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Hoton sama na Khartoum, yana nuna haduwar koguna biyu, kowanne da launin ruwansa daban|Launuka daban-daban na Farar Nilu (hagu) da Bakar Nilu (dama) suna bayyana inda suka hade suka zama babban Nilu (hagu sama).]] Yayin da ake ci gaba da tafiya ƙasa, yankin na uku na kwarin Nilu shi ne yankin Farar Nilu{{efn|Yankin Farar Nilu, kamar yadda aka bayyana nan, yana dauke da karamin bangare na babban Kogin Farar Nilu.}} wanda ya hada da tsawon {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} daga kusa da Malakal zuwa Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. A nan ne Bakar Nilu ya hade da shi. Wannan bangaren kogin yana da faɗi, kwanciyar hankali, tare da ciyayi da fadamomi a bakin koguna. Kogin nan ba shi da zurfi kuma yana rasa ruwa sosai ta hanyar ƙura.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Inda Farar Nilu ya hade da Bakar Nilu, launukansu suna bambanta sosai. Farar Nilu ya fi haske saboda yashi da yake dauke da [[quartz]] da [[feldspar]]. Wannan ya bambanta da Bakar Nilu wanda ke dauke da laka mai duhu daga duwatsun [[basaltic rock]] na Habasha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} Kogin Sobat shi ne rafi wanda ke hade da Farar Nilu kusa da garin Malakal (bayan haduwar Bahr el Ghazal, kafin Bakar Nilu). Yankinsa{{snd}}wanda ya hada da [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}yana dauke da kusan kilomita murabba’i 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Sobat yana ambaliya tsakanin Yuli da Disamba.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Babban Nilu=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|Babban Dam na Aswan yana kan babban Nilu kusa da iyakar Misira da Sudan. Injinan lantarki na dam din suna da karfin samar da 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=Ginin kankare mai girma kusa da tafkin shiru. Manyan hasumiyoyin wutar lantarki suna kusa da ginin.]] Yankin na hudu na kwarin Nilu{{snd}}babban Nilu{{efn|Bangaren Nilu tsakanin haduwar Bakar/Farar Nilu da Bahar Rum ana kiransa Babban Nilu ko Saharan Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}yana daga Khartoum zuwa Cairo, babban birnin Misira.<ref name=phys/> Wannan bangaren yana da faɗi da zurfi mai daidaito: kusan {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} faɗi da {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} zurfi a wurin da ya fi zurfi (idan ba ambaliya ba).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Da zarar ya bar Khartoum, kogin ya shiga Sabaloka Game Reserve kuma ya ratsa manyan rafuka masu ƙarfi da ba a iya ketarewa da jirgin ruwa. Wannan shi ne na shida (kuma mafi kusa da sama) daga cikin rafuka shida na Nilu. Kogin Atbarah{{snd}}babban rafi{{snd}}yana hade da Nilu, wanda daga nan ya bi babban lankwasawa S zuwa yamma. Ana samun sauran rafuka hudu (lamba 5, 4, 3, da 2) a cikin wannan lankwasawa S, wanda ya sa kogin ba ya iya ketarewa; duk da haka jiragen ruwa na iya tafiya a wasu wuraren da ba su da rafuka. Kogin daga nan ya shiga tafkin Nasser. Wannan tafki{{snd}}tafki na biyu mafi girma da mutum ya yi a duniya{{snd}}an kafa shi ne lokacin da aka gina Babban Dam na Aswan a Misira, kuma ya mamaye fiye da {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} na Nilu. Dam na Aswan Low{{snd}}wanda ya fi tsoho kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta{{snd}}yana ƙasa da Babban Dam na Aswan, kusa da wurin rafin farko na Nilu (wanda yanzu ya nutse). Daga wadannan dam-dam, Nilu yana gudana kusan {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} ta cikin dutsen limestone, tare da gonaki masu ban ruwa, har sai ya isa Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta na Nilu=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|Delta na Nilu shi ne babban yanki mai siffar alwatika da ciyayi a saman wannan hoto, inda kogin ya zuba cikin Bahar Rum.|alt=Hoton arewacin Misira, wanda aka dauka daga sararin samaniya. Nilu ya kare ta hanyar shiga Bahar Rum, yana samar da babban yanki mai siffar alwatika.]] Yankin na biyar, kuma na ƙarshe, wanda ya kunshi Kogin Nilu shi ne Delta na Nilu, babban [[delta]] mai siffar alwatika (kimanin 22,000&nbsp;km{{super|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} wanda ya fara daga Cairo zuwa Bahar Rum.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Kogin ya rabu zuwa manyan hanyoyi biyu a cikin delta: reshen Rosetta da reshen Damietta. Jimillar girman delta (ciki har da bangaren da ya nutse) kusan 150,000&nbsp;km{{super|3}}. Delta an gina shi tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, daga yashi da kogin ya kawo daga sama.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Tun bayan kammala Babban Dam na Aswan a 1970, delta ya fara raguwa saboda lalacewar ruwan Bahar Rum. A da, lalacewar tana daidaita da sabbin ƙasa daga yashi da kogin ya kawo; amma dam yana rike yashi a tafkin sa, yana hana sabuwar ƙasa isa delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref> ===Rafin Bakar Nilu=== [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Asalin Bakar Nilu yana daga Gish Abay a ƙasan layin haske. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa daga nan zuwa Tafkin Tana.|alt=Taswirar Habasha, tana nuna wani bangare na Bakar Nilu da Tafkin Tana.]] Tsawon hanyar Nilu{{snd}}wanda ya hada da rafi Farar Nilu{{snd}}yana da wasu rafuka. Yankunan kwaruruwan Bakar Nilu da Atbarah su ne yankuna na ƙarshe na kwarin Nilu.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Bakar Nilu yana fitowa daga tsaunuka a Habasha inda yake farawa a matsayin rafin da ake kira ''Abay'' kusa da garin Gish Abay: {{lang|am|Gish}} kalma ce ta Amharic wadda ke nufin 'tushen', kuma Abay shi ne sunan rafin.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay yana shiga Tafkin Tana, tafki mai faɗi kuma ba shi da zurfi, wanda ke da hanya guda ta fita inda ya karɓi sunan "Bakar Nilu". Kogin daga nan yana yin babban lankwasawa: da farko zuwa kudu, sannan yamma ta cikin kwarin mai ban mamaki mai zurfin {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}}, sannan arewa yana shiga Kudancin Sudan zuwa Sudan, inda ya hade da Farar Nilu a Khartoum ya zama Babban Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> A hanyarsa, Bakar Nilu yana samar da wutar lantarki a wurare da dama, ciki har da Tis Abay hydropower project a Bakar Nilu Falls, Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam kusa da iyakar Habasha da Kudancin Sudan, Roseires Dam kusa da garin Ad Damazin, da Sennar Dam.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Girman kwaruruwan Bakar Nilu ya fi kilomita murabba’i 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} ===Rafin Atbarah=== Kogin Atbarah rafi ne na Nilu wanda yake fitowa daga arewacin Habasha, kuma yana hade da Nilu kusan {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} arewa da Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Yankin kwaruruwansa ya fi kilomita murabba’i 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah yana da gudu mai yawa a lokacin da bayan damina a Habasha (lokacin bazara da kaka), amma yana iya bushewa a lokacin hunturu da bazara. Duk da kasancewar rafin yana yawan yankewa, yana bayar da fiye da kashi 10% na jimillar ruwan shekara na Nilu.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dam-dam da ke kan Atbarah sun hada da Khashm el-Girba Dam, Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex, da Tekezé Dam (a kan rafin Tekezé).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> ==Ruwan Kogin== {{Nile River routemap}} [[File:Monthly variations of the flow of the Nile River.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Zane yana nuna sauyin ruwan Nilu a kowace shekara cikin mita kubik a sakan. Darajoji (Janairu zuwa Disamba) su ne 1285.7, 1006.0, 831.3, 881.7, 828.7, 845.2, 1930.3, 6984.0, 7866.5, 4895.2, 2510.8, 1596.9.|Gudun ruwan Nilu yana bambanta sosai a duk shekara. An auna darajoji (m³/s) a Dongola a kan babban Nilu.{{sfn|"Nile Basin Dongola", ''Global Runoff Data Center''}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} ]] ===Gudun ruwa da ambaliya=== {{further|Flooding of the Nile}} Ko da yake Nilu shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, ba shi da mafi girman gudun ruwa. Gudunsa{{snd}}kimanin 87 km³ a shekara{{efn| name=discharge}}{{snd}}ya yi ƙanƙanta idan aka kwatanta da manyan koguna. Gudun Nilu kusan kashi 1% ne na Amazon, 6% na Congo, da 12% na Yangtze.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=11}}. }}</ref>{{efn|An yi kwatancen ne da gudun Nilu da aka auna a Aswan. Gudun Nilu zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum ya fi ƙanƙanta.{{efn| name=discharge}} }} Gudun shekara-shekara daga manyan rassan uku na Nilu: 54% daga Blue Nile, 32% daga White Nile (ciki har da gudun Bahr el Ghazal da Sobat), da 14% daga Atbarah.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km³; White Nile 28 km³; Atbarah 12 km³ }} Dutsen White Nile da Blue Nile suna samun ruwan sama na yanayi, amma gudun White Nile ya fi daidaito fiye da Blue Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Wannan saboda tafkuna da fadamomi da yawa a White Nile suna rage tasirin yanayin ruwan sama.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=357}} Yayin da White Nile ke wucewa ta cikin fadamar Sudd, kusan rabin ruwan yana ɓacewa ta hanyar ƙura.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=346}} A gefe guda, gudun Blue Nile yana bambanta sosai: yana ambaliya daga Yuli zuwa Oktoba saboda ruwan sama na damina.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ruwan Blue Nile ya yi yawa a lokacin damina har White Nile ke ja baya a wurin haɗuwar koguna.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503–504}}. }}</ref> A lokacin ambaliya, gudun ruwa zuwa babban Nilu kusan 70% daga Blue Nile, 20% daga Atbarah, da 10% daga White Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} A kololuwar ambaliya, gudun yau da kullum zuwa Lake Nasser kusan 0.71 km³, sau uku fiye da matsakaicin gudun yau da kullum na shekara 0.23 km³.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. Summer flood: 25.1 billion ft³ per day, or 0.71 km³ per day. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 4}}. Annual mean measured at Dongola station: 83 km³ per year, or 0.23 km³ per day. }}</ref>{{efn|name=exclGERD}}{{ efn| Yayin da gudun Blue Nile ke raguwa a lokacin sanyi, ruwan White Nile da aka tara yana ƙaruwa a Khartoum. A Afrilu da Mayu, White Nile yana bayar da kusan 80% na ruwan Nilu. Wannan ya ba da damar yin ban ruwa a duk shekara.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} }} Kafin a gina madatsun ruwa a Nilu, gudun ruwan Nilu a Masar yana bambanta da yanayi: ya fi yawa a lokacin bazara/damina; ya fi ƙanƙanta a lokacin sanyi/bazara.{{efn| Ƙarfin ambaliyar Nilu na shekara-shekara yana iya bambanta sosai daga shekara zuwa shekara. Lokutan ƙarancin ambaliya na iya ɗaukar shekaru da dama ko ƙarni.{{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=20-26}} }} Amma bayan gina Aswan High Dam{{snd}}wanda ya ƙirƙiri tafkin da zai iya riƙe kusan shekaru biyu na gudun ruwa{{snd}} gudun ruwan da ke ƙasa ya fi daidaito a duk shekara.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=45}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Gudun shekara-shekara na kogin a Aswan kusan 84 km³; kuma tafkin Aswan High Dam yana iya riƙe kusan 160 km³.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p= 8644 |loc=section 3.5.4}}. }}</ref> }} === Jigilar laka === Nilu yana ɗaukar laka zuwa ƙasa. Motsin laka ana rarrabe shi zuwa laka mai shawagi (wanda ke shawagi a cikin ruwa) ko laka mai nauyi (wanda ke kan ƙasan kogi).{{sfn|Lemma |2019|p=1}} Kashi 97% na laka da Nilu ke ɗauka daga Atbarah da Blue Nile ne, dukkansu daga Habasha.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=38}} Ƙasa a Delta ta Nilu ta samo asali daga duwatsu a Habasha. Jimillar duwatsun da aka nika cikin shekaru miliyan 30 daga asalin Nilu a Habasha kusan 102,000 km³, wanda ya yi daidai da ƙasar Delta ta Nilu kusan 150,000 km³.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=37}} == Muhalli == === Dabbobi === Jimillar nau’in kifaye da aka samu a kwarin Nilu an kiyasta fiye da 800. A cikin kogin kaɗai, nau’in kifaye 128 ne aka samu, daga iyalai 27.<ref name=fish/> Yawancin nau’in kifaye suna cikin iyalai huɗu: Cichlidae (cichlids), Cyprinidae (carp), Mormyridae (elephantfish), da Mochokidae (catfish).{{sfn|Witte|2009|p=647 }} Wasu nau’in Cichlid suna cikin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka.<ref name=fish>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009|pp=647, 651–652 }}. |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. }}</ref> Baya ga kifaye, dabbobin da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwan Nilu a wasu lokuta sun haɗa da hipopotamus, kada na Nilu, da buffalo na Afirka. Wasu halittun ruwa sun haɗa da molluscs, crab, da shrimp. <ref name=animals/> Dabbobi da yawa suna rayuwa a cikin muhallin bakin kogi, ciki har da giwaye, antelope, da giraffe.<ref name=animals/> Ƙwaryar da aka samu a tafkunan Nilu suna ɗauke da ƙwari masu cutarwa (blood flukes) waɗanda ke haifar da schistosomiasis ga dabbobi da mutane.{{sfn| Green|2009|p=205}} Tsuntsaye da ke rayuwa a bakin Nilu sun haɗa da herons, kingfishers, ospreys, da nau’o’in storks ciki har da shoebills.<ref name=animals>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=189}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer |2009|pp=585}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont |2009|pp=10–11}}. |{{harvnb|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=193,196–197,201–202}}. }}</ref> Wasu nau’in tsuntsaye suna da alaƙa da kwarin Nilu kaɗai (misali blue-winged goose), yayin da wasu suna da yaduwar duniya (misali moorhen da osprey).{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} Wasu nau’in heron, ducks, geese, da egrets suna rayuwa a kwarin duk shekara, kuma nau’in ducks da geese 14 suna zuwa ne kawai a lokacin sanyi.{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} Yawancin gulls da terns a kwarin suna yin hijira. A cikin shekaru dubu da suka gabata, wasu nau’in tsuntsaye sun ragu saboda mamayar ɗan adam a muhallinsu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=705}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}}. }}</ref> === Tsirrai === [[File:Nymphaea lotus1XMATT.jpg|thumb|alt= Furen fari da ganyaye masu kore suna shawagi a saman ruwa.|Nymphaea lotus (furen lotus na Masar) yana asali daga ruwan kwanciyar hankali na kwarin Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|pp=205,207}}. |{{harvnb| Vijverberg|2009|p=166}}. }}</ref>]] Yankin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka na kwarin Nilu ya ƙunshi tsirrai kamar water lily, papyrus, da water hyacinth. Water hyacinth tsiro ne mai mamaya, kuma ya shafi tsirrai na asali a Lake Kyoga.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. |{{harvnb| Dumont|2009|p=13}}. }}</ref> Tsirrai da aka saba a fadamar Sudd sun haɗa da Vossia, hippo grass, reed mace, ambatch, da papyrus. Sudd kuma tana ɗauke da tsirrai da ke rayuwa a cikin ƙaramin ambaliya, misali Oryza, antelope grass, da Phragmites.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=350}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> === Gurbatar muhalli === A tarihi, ruwan Nilu ya kasance mai kyau don sha, amma a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, ya zama ba shi da lafiya a wasu wurare.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009a|p=368}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Jack Talling ya rubuta "Abubuwa biyu na ruwan Nilu na ƙasa sun jawo hankali{{snd}} cewa yana da inganci don sha da ban ruwa, kuma cewa yana ɗauke da yawan laka a yanayi."{{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=368}} }} Gurɓatawa ya fi yawa a Lake Tana, kusa da manyan birane, da Delta ta Nilu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|pp=395–396}}. }}</ref> Asalin gurɓatawa a Nilu sun haɗa da aikin gona, masana’antu, da shara na gida. Akwai masana’antu 36 da ke zubar da gurɓataccen ruwa kai tsaye cikin Nilu, da 41 cikin tashoshin ban ruwa. Waɗannan masana’antu sun haɗa da: sinadarai, lantarki, injiniya, takin zamani, abinci, ƙarfe, hakar ma’adinai, mai da sabulu, takarda, masana’antar zane da itace. Akwai fiye da magudanan aikin gona 90 da ke zubar da gurɓataccen ruwa cikin Nilu.{{sfn|"Nile Basin National Water Quality", ''Nile Basin Initiative''|pp=12-22}} Gurbatar kogi ya fi yawa tsakanin Aswan da Tekun Bahar Rum. Gurɓatar nan ya fito daga ayyukan ɗan adam, zubar aikin gona, da shara na masana’antu. Gurɓataccen abu yana ƙaruwa yayin da kogi ke tafiya ƙasa saboda taruwar gurɓatawa.<ref name=delta>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hegab|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=75}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,59,69}}. }}</ref> Delta tana da sauƙin taruwar gurɓatawa saboda rashin motsin ruwa mai kyau, ƙasa mai laushi, da yawan laka a ƙasan kogi.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} === Kariya da tasirin ɗan adam === [[File:Murchison Falls, Uganda (23475021234).jpg|thumb|Murchison Falls a White Nile|alt=Babban rafin ruwa, da dazuzzuka a bangarorin biyu.]] Kwarin Nilu ya kasance mai ɗanɗano da danshi daga shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata zuwa 5,000, wanda ya ba da damar fara aikin gona mai girma a kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata.<ref name=Humid/> Ci gaban aikin gona ya ƙara tasiri ga muhalli tun daga lokacin, yana haifar da sare dazuzzuka da lalacewar ƙasa.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Tasirin ya ƙara muni saboda yanayin ƙanƙara da ya fara kusan shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata. Wannan ya haifar da yunwa, rikice-rikicen zamantakewa, da lalacewar muhalli.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Wasu nau’in dabbobi sun bace a kwarin Nilu saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Sacred ibis ya kasance mai muh == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} 6a5qpa5i4agyxqcc1eki1j4x85wcgep 0 8456 841836 707546 2026-05-28T20:09:16Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352591068|Monrovia]]" 841836 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Monrovia''' {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|m|ə|n|ˈ|r|oʊ|v|i|ə|audio=en-us-Monrovia.oga}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Monrovia |title=Definition of Monrovia |publisher=The Free Dictionary |access-date=2014-01-05 }} {{IPAc-en|m|ə|n|ˈ|r|oʊ|v|i|ə|,_|m|ɒ|n|ˈ|r|oʊ|v|i|ə}})</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Monrovia |title=Define Monrovia|dictionary=Dictionary.com |access-date=2014-01-05}} {{IPAc-en|m|ə|n|ˈ|r|oʊ|v|i|ə}}</ref>}} ita ce [[Babban birni|babban]] birni kuma birni mafi girma a [[Laberiya]], wacce ke bakin tekun Atlantika a Cape Mesurado a gundumar Montserrado . Tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar siyasa, gudanarwa, tattalin arziki, da al'adu ta ƙasar. A cewar ƙidayar jama'a ta 2022, birnin yana da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 1.76, yayin da babban yankin birni ya wuce mutane miliyan 2.2, wanda ya kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimillar yawan jama'ar Laberiya kuma yana wakiltar yankin da ya fi yawan jama'a a ƙasar. An kafa birnin a shekarar 1822 ta [[Ƙungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka|ƙungiyar Turawan Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka]] a matsayin matsuguni ga 'yan Afirka 'yan asalin ƙasar da suka riga suka zama bayi kuma aka sanya musu suna bayan [[James Monroe]], shugaban ƙasar Amurka na biyar. Monrovia ta zama babban birnin [[Laberiya|Jamhuriyar Laberiya]] bayan ayyana 'yancin kai na ƙasar a shekarar 1847. Matsugunin farko ya ta'allaka ne a Tsibirin Providence kafin faɗaɗa zuwa babban yankin ƙasar, kuma birnin ya ci gaba da zama babban cibiyar ikon siyasa da gudanarwa a ƙarni na 19 da 20. Monrovia tana karɓar bakuncin gwamnatin ƙasa ta Laberiya, manyan cibiyoyin gwamnati, ofisoshin diflomasiyya na ƙasashen waje, da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Freeport ta Monrovia ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta ƙasar kuma muhimmin ɓangare na tattalin arzikinta. Ayyukan tattalin arziki sun haɗa da ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa, masana'antu, ayyuka, da kuma babban ɓangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba. Birnin kuma yana aiki a matsayin babban cibiyar ilimi, kafofin watsa labarai, da rayuwar al'adu ta Laberiya. Monrovia ta sami ƙaruwar yawan jama'a cikin sauri a lokacin yaƙin basasar Liberia (1989-2003), wanda galibi ya samo asali ne daga ƙaura daga yankunan karkara. Rikicin ya haifar da barna mai yawa ga kayayyakin more rayuwa da ayyukan jama'a. Tun bayan ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe, birnin ya fuskanci sake ginawa a hankali da kuma ci gaba da faɗaɗa birane, yayin da yake fuskantar ƙalubale da suka shafi gidaje, tsafta, sufuri, da rashin daidaito a fannin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. == Asalin Ma'anar == An sanya wa Monrovia suna ne don girmama Shugaban Amurka [[James Monroe]], fitaccen mai goyon bayan mulkin mallaka na Laberiya da kuma [[Ƙungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka]] (ACS). Tare da [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], tana ɗaya daga cikin [[Babban birni|manyan biranen]] duniya guda biyu da aka sanya wa suna bayan shugaban Amurka. Sunan Monrovia na asali shine ''Christopolis'' har zuwa 1824, shekaru biyu kacal bayan kafa birnin. Karin kalmar "-via" ta fito ne daga allahn [[Harsunan Edoid|Edoidi-]] [[Mutanen Edo|Benin]] na Yammacin Afirka Ovia wanda ke jagorantar zaman lafiya da wadata, ko kuma wata mace ta tatsuniyar Ovia ta kabilar Uhen, wacce ta shahara da kyawunta mai girma, ƙa'idodi marasa canzawa, da kuma auren Sarkin [[Masarautar Oyo|Daular Oyo]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Monrovia01.jpg|thumb|Monrovia a ƙarni na 19.]] Kafin shekarar 1816, yankin da ke kewaye da Cape Mesurado da bakin [[Kogin Mesurado]] ana kiransa Ducor. An daɗe ana kafa shi a matsayin mahadar hanya da kuma wurin kasuwanci wanda al'ummomin kamun kifi, ciniki da noma na ƙabilu daban-daban ke zaune, ciki har da [[Harshen Dewoin|Dey]], Kru, [[Mutanen Bassa(Laberiya)|Bassa]], Gola, da Vai . Mai zane-zanen zane-zane na Faransa kuma mai cinikin bayi Chevalier des Marchais ya ziyarci Ducor da Cape a shekarar 1723, ya gudanar da kasuwanci a can kuma daga baya ya buga taswirar yankin. A shekarar 1821, da nufin kafa wani yanki mai wadatar kai ga mutanen da ba su da launin fata daga Amurka, wani abu da aka riga aka cimma tare da Baƙar fata 'Yan Burtaniya a [[Freetown]], rukunin farko na 'yan [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] sun isa Yammacin Afirka daga Amurka a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Ƙungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka]] tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin Amurka. <ref name="WDL">{{Cite web |year=1830 |title=Map of Liberia, West Africa |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/446/ |access-date=2 June 2013 |website=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> Sun sauka a Tsibirin Sherbro, wani ɓangare na [[Saliyo]] ta zamani. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1822, wani jirgin ruwa ya kai waɗannan mazauna zuwa Tsibirin Dazoe (wanda yanzu ake kira Tsibirin Providence) a bakin Kogin Mesurado. Daga baya suka sauka a gabar tekun Cape Mesurado, suka kafa wani matsuguni da suka kira ''Christopolis'' . Kafin kafa matsugunin, wakilan Ƙungiyar Turawan Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka sun yi shawarwari kan sayen fili a Cape Mesurado a watan Disamba na 1821 daga shugabannin yankin. Yarjejeniyar, wadda ta shafi ƙaramin yanki na bakin teku kuma aka kimanta ta a kan kusan dala $300 a cikin kayayyakin kasuwanci, ta kasance batun muhawara ta tarihi, inda masana kimiyya na zamani suka sake duba ikirarin da aka yi a baya game da yanayi da yanayin cinikin. A shekarar 1824, an sake wa birnin suna ''Monrovia'' bayan [[James Monroe]], shugaban ƙasar Amurka a wancan lokacin. Monroe ya kasance fitaccen mai goyon bayan shirye-shiryen ƙirƙirar wani yanki na musamman a matsayin wurin ƙaura da 'yan Afirka daga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da kuma yaƙi da [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|Cinikin Bayi na Atlantika]] . Haka kuma ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Ciniki ta Haramta Bauta ta 1819, wadda ta ba da kuɗaɗen aikin ACS na ƙirƙirar irin wannan yanki a Yammacin Afirka. A shekarar 1845 an yi wani taron kundin tsarin mulki a Monrovia. A wannan taron an tsara wani takarda da za a amince da ita shekaru biyu bayan haka a matsayin kundin tsarin mulkin sabuwar [[Laberiya|Jamhuriyar Laberiya]] mai cin gashin kanta. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya,]] birnin ya fuskanci harin bam na Jamus a Monrovia . A farkon ƙarni na 20, mazauna Monrovia 2,500 mazauna Amurka 4,000 ' yan Americo-Liberia ne. A wancan lokacin Monrovia ta ƙunshi sassa biyu: Monrovia da kuma Krutown. Al'ummar birnin Americo-Liberia sun zauna a tsohon ɓangaren. Saboda tasirin mazauna Amurka, salon gine-ginen gine-ginensa ya yi kama da na kudancin Amurka . Krutown galibi yana zaune ne da 'yan ƙabilar Kru, amma kuma [[Mutanen Bassa(Laberiya)|Bassas]], Grebos da sauran ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu. A shekarar 1926, ƙabilu daga cikin ƙasar Liberia suka fara ƙaura zuwa Monrovia don neman ayyukan yi. <ref name="google1" /> A shekarar 1937, yawan jama'ar Monrovia ya kai 10,000. A wannan lokacin, garin yana da jami'an 'yan sanda 30. <ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=87–88}}</ref> A shekarar 1979, [[Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Afirka|ƙungiyar haɗin kan Afirka]], wacce shugaban ƙasar Liberia na wancan lokacin, William Tolbert, ya jagoranta, ta gudanar da taronta kusa da Monrovia. A lokacin mulkinsa, Tolbert ya inganta gidajen jama'a a Monrovia kuma ya rage kuɗin makaranta a [[Jami'ar Laberiya|Jami'ar Liberia]] rabi. A shekarar 1980, wani juyin mulki na soja a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Samuel Doe]] ya hambarar da gwamnatin Tolbert tare da kashe membobinta da yawa. An binne Tolbert, da sauran waɗanda aka kashe a juyin mulkin, a cikin wani kabari na gama gari a Makabartar Palm Grove. Yaƙin Basasa na Farko na Liberia (1989 zuwa 1997) da Yaƙin Basasa na Biyu na Liberia (1999 zuwa 2003) sun lalata kayayyakin more rayuwa na birnin sosai. Yawancin lalacewar ta faru ne a lokacin da aka yi wa Monrovia kawanya . Manyan yaƙe-yaƙe sun haɗa da faɗa tsakanin sojojin gwamnatin Samuel Doe da sojojin Prince Johnson a 1990 da kuma harin da [[National Patriotic Front of Liberia|ƙungiyar National Patriotic Front of Liberia]] ta kai wa birnin a 1992. A lokacin waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe, an tilasta wa yara ƙanana da matasa, waɗanda ba su da albarkatu da makaranta, shiga cikin yaƙin. Bayan haka, da yawa daga cikinsu sun rasa matsuguni. A shekara ta 2002, [[Leymah Gbowee]] ta shirya ƙungiyar Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace, wata ƙungiya da ta ƙunshi mata 'yan asalin Monrov, waɗanda suka taru a kasuwar kifi don yin addu'a da waƙa. Wannan ƙungiya ta taimaka wajen kawo ƙarshen yaƙin a shekara mai zuwa da kuma zaɓen [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] a matsayin shugabar Liberia, wanda ya sanya ta zama ƙasa ta farko a Afirka da ta sami shugabar mata . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2010 |title=African women look within for change |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/30/africa.women/ |access-date=25 August 2019 |website=CNN.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jhjezmkb6qhzsqar8zjy2hwjppvzpjk 841838 841836 2026-05-28T20:13:05Z Engineer014 44591 841838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Monrovia''' {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|m|ə|n|ˈ|r|oʊ|v|i|ə|audio=en-us-Monrovia.oga}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Monrovia |title=Definition of Monrovia |publisher=The Free Dictionary |access-date=2014-01-05 }} {{IPAc-en|m|ə|n|ˈ|r|oʊ|v|i|ə|,_|m|ɒ|n|ˈ|r|oʊ|v|i|ə}})</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Monrovia |title=Define Monrovia|dictionary=Dictionary.com |access-date=2014-01-05}} {{IPAc-en|m|ə|n|ˈ|r|oʊ|v|i|ə}}</ref>}} ita ce [[Babban birni|babban]] birni kuma birni mafi girma a [[Laberiya]], wacce ke bakin tekun Atlantika a Cape Mesurado a gundumar Montserrado . Tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar siyasa, gudanarwa, tattalin arziki, da al'adu ta ƙasar. A cewar ƙidayar jama'a ta 2022, birnin yana da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 1.76, yayin da babban yankin birni ya wuce mutane miliyan 2.2, wanda ya kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimillar yawan jama'ar Laberiya kuma yana wakiltar yankin da ya fi yawan jama'a a ƙasar. An kafa birnin a shekarar 1822 ta [[Ƙungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka|ƙungiyar Turawan Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka]] a matsayin matsuguni ga 'yan Afirka 'yan asalin ƙasar da suka riga suka zama bayi kuma aka sanya musu suna bayan [[James Monroe]], shugaban ƙasar Amurka na biyar. Monrovia ta zama babban birnin [[Laberiya|Jamhuriyar Laberiya]] bayan ayyana 'yancin kai na ƙasar a shekarar 1847. Matsugunin farko ya ta'allaka ne a Tsibirin Providence kafin faɗaɗa zuwa babban yankin ƙasar, kuma birnin ya ci gaba da zama babban cibiyar ikon siyasa da gudanarwa a ƙarni na 19 da 20. Monrovia tana karɓar bakuncin gwamnatin ƙasa ta Laberiya, manyan cibiyoyin gwamnati, ofisoshin diflomasiyya na ƙasashen waje, da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Freeport ta Monrovia ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta ƙasar kuma muhimmin ɓangare na tattalin arzikinta. Ayyukan tattalin arziki sun haɗa da ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa, masana'antu, ayyuka, da kuma babban ɓangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba. Birnin kuma yana aiki a matsayin babban cibiyar ilimi, kafofin watsa labarai, da rayuwar al'adu ta Laberiya. Monrovia ta sami ƙaruwar yawan jama'a cikin sauri a lokacin yaƙin basasar Liberia (1989-2003), wanda galibi ya samo asali ne daga ƙaura daga yankunan karkara. Rikicin ya haifar da barna mai yawa ga kayayyakin more rayuwa da ayyukan jama'a. Tun bayan ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe, birnin ya fuskanci sake ginawa a hankali da kuma ci gaba da faɗaɗa birane, yayin da yake fuskantar ƙalubale da suka shafi gidaje, tsafta, sufuri, da rashin daidaito a fannin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. == Asalin Ma'anar == An sanya wa Monrovia suna ne don girmama Shugaban Amurka [[James Monroe]], fitaccen mai goyon bayan mulkin mallaka na Laberiya da kuma [[Ƙungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka]] (ACS). Tare da [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], tana ɗaya daga cikin [[Babban birni|manyan biranen]] duniya guda biyu da aka sanya wa suna bayan shugaban Amurka. Sunan Monrovia na asali shine ''Christopolis'' har zuwa 1824, shekaru biyu kacal bayan kafa birnin. Karin kalmar "-via" ta fito ne daga allahn [[Harsunan Edoid|Edoidi-]] [[Mutanen Edo|Benin]] na Yammacin Afirka Ovia wanda ke jagorantar zaman lafiya da wadata, ko kuma wata mace ta tatsuniyar Ovia ta kabilar Uhen, wacce ta shahara da kyawunta mai girma, ƙa'idodi marasa canzawa, da kuma auren Sarkin [[Masarautar Oyo|Daular Oyo]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Monrovia01.jpg|thumb|Monrovia a ƙarni na 19.]] Kafin shekarar 1816, yankin da ke kewaye da Cape Mesurado da bakin [[Kogin Mesurado]] ana kiransa Ducor. An daɗe ana kafa shi a matsayin mahadar hanya da kuma wurin kasuwanci wanda al'ummomin kamun kifi, ciniki da noma na ƙabilu daban-daban ke zaune, ciki har da [[Harshen Dewoin|Dey]], Kru, [[Mutanen Bassa(Laberiya)|Bassa]], Gola, da Vai . Mai zane-zanen zane-zane na Faransa kuma mai cinikin bayi Chevalier des Marchais ya ziyarci Ducor da Cape a shekarar 1723, ya gudanar da kasuwanci a can kuma daga baya ya buga taswirar yankin. A shekarar 1821, da nufin kafa wani yanki mai wadatar kai ga mutanen da ba su da launin fata daga Amurka, wani abu da aka riga aka cimma tare da Baƙar fata 'Yan Burtaniya a [[Freetown]], rukunin farko na 'yan [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] sun isa Yammacin Afirka daga Amurka a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Ƙungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka]] tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin Amurka. <ref name="WDL">{{Cite web |year=1830 |title=Map of Liberia, West Africa |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/446/ |access-date=2 June 2013 |website=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> Sun sauka a Tsibirin Sherbro, wani ɓangare na [[Saliyo]] ta zamani. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1822, wani jirgin ruwa ya kai waɗannan mazauna zuwa Tsibirin Dazoe (wanda yanzu ake kira Tsibirin Providence) a bakin Kogin Mesurado. Daga baya suka sauka a gabar tekun Cape Mesurado, suka kafa wani matsuguni da suka kira ''Christopolis'' . Kafin kafa matsugunin, wakilan Ƙungiyar Turawan Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka sun yi shawarwari kan sayen fili a Cape Mesurado a watan Disamba na 1821 daga shugabannin yankin. Yarjejeniyar, wadda ta shafi ƙaramin yanki na bakin teku kuma aka kimanta ta a kan kusan dala $300 a cikin kayayyakin kasuwanci, ta kasance batun muhawara ta tarihi, inda masana kimiyya na zamani suka sake duba ikirarin da aka yi a baya game da yanayi da yanayin cinikin. A shekarar 1824, an sake wa birnin suna ''Monrovia'' bayan [[James Monroe]], shugaban ƙasar Amurka a wancan lokacin. Monroe ya kasance fitaccen mai goyon bayan shirye-shiryen ƙirƙirar wani yanki na musamman a matsayin wurin ƙaura da 'yan Afirka daga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da kuma yaƙi da [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|Cinikin Bayi na Atlantika]] . Haka kuma ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Ciniki ta Haramta Bauta ta 1819, wadda ta ba da kuɗaɗen aikin ACS na ƙirƙirar irin wannan yanki a Yammacin Afirka. A shekarar 1845 an yi wani taron kundin tsarin mulki a Monrovia. A wannan taron an tsara wani takarda da za a amince da ita shekaru biyu bayan haka a matsayin kundin tsarin mulkin sabuwar [[Laberiya|Jamhuriyar Laberiya]] mai cin gashin kanta. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya,]] birnin ya fuskanci harin bam na Jamus a Monrovia . A farkon ƙarni na 20, mazauna Monrovia 2,500 mazauna Amurka 4,000 ' yan Americo-Liberia ne. A wancan lokacin Monrovia ta ƙunshi sassa biyu: Monrovia da kuma Krutown. Al'ummar birnin Americo-Liberia sun zauna a tsohon ɓangaren. Saboda tasirin mazauna Amurka, salon gine-ginen gine-ginensa ya yi kama da na kudancin Amurka . Krutown galibi yana zaune ne da 'yan ƙabilar Kru, amma kuma [[Mutanen Bassa(Laberiya)|Bassas]], Grebos da sauran ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu. A shekarar 1926, ƙabilu daga cikin ƙasar Liberia suka fara ƙaura zuwa Monrovia don neman ayyukan yi. <ref name="google1" /> A shekarar 1937, yawan jama'ar Monrovia ya kai 10,000. A wannan lokacin, garin yana da jami'an 'yan sanda 30. <ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=87–88}}</ref> A shekarar 1979, [[Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Afirka|ƙungiyar haɗin kan Afirka]], wacce shugaban ƙasar Liberia na wancan lokacin, William Tolbert, ya jagoranta, ta gudanar da taronta kusa da Monrovia. A lokacin mulkinsa, Tolbert ya inganta gidajen jama'a a Monrovia kuma ya rage kuɗin makaranta a [[Jami'ar Laberiya|Jami'ar Liberia]] rabi. A shekarar 1980, wani juyin mulki na soja a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Samuel Doe]] ya hambarar da gwamnatin Tolbert tare da kashe membobinta da yawa. An binne Tolbert, da sauran waɗanda aka kashe a juyin mulkin, a cikin wani kabari na gama gari a Makabartar Palm Grove. Yaƙin Basasa na Farko na Liberia (1989 zuwa 1997) da Yaƙin Basasa na Biyu na Liberia (1999 zuwa 2003) sun lalata kayayyakin more rayuwa na birnin sosai. Yawancin lalacewar ta faru ne a lokacin da aka yi wa Monrovia kawanya . Manyan yaƙe-yaƙe sun haɗa da faɗa tsakanin sojojin gwamnatin Samuel Doe da sojojin Prince Johnson a 1990 da kuma harin da [[National Patriotic Front of Liberia|ƙungiyar National Patriotic Front of Liberia]] ta kai wa birnin a 1992. A lokacin waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe, an tilasta wa yara ƙanana da matasa, waɗanda ba su da albarkatu da makaranta, shiga cikin yaƙin. Bayan haka, da yawa daga cikinsu sun rasa matsuguni. A shekara ta 2002, [[Leymah Gbowee]] ta shirya ƙungiyar Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace, wata ƙungiya da ta ƙunshi mata 'yan asalin Monrov, waɗanda suka taru a kasuwar kifi don yin addu'a da waƙa. Wannan ƙungiya ta taimaka wajen kawo ƙarshen yaƙin a shekara mai zuwa da kuma zaɓen [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] a matsayin shugabar Liberia, wanda ya sanya ta zama ƙasa ta farko a Afirka da ta sami shugabar mata . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2010 |title=African women look within for change |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/30/africa.women/ |access-date=25 August 2019 |website=CNN.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ax4k4ov869ivkrr4whuxoe3ytw0rb6c 841844 841838 2026-05-28T20:34:55Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352591068|Monrovia]]" 841844 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Monrovia''' {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|m|ə|n|ˈ|r|oʊ|v|i|ə|audio=en-us-Monrovia.oga}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Monrovia |title=Definition of Monrovia |publisher=The Free Dictionary |access-date=2014-01-05 }} {{IPAc-en|m|ə|n|ˈ|r|oʊ|v|i|ə|,_|m|ɒ|n|ˈ|r|oʊ|v|i|ə}})</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Monrovia |title=Define Monrovia|dictionary=Dictionary.com |access-date=2014-01-05}} {{IPAc-en|m|ə|n|ˈ|r|oʊ|v|i|ə}}</ref>}} ita ce [[Babban birni|babban]] birni kuma birni mafi girma a [[Laberiya]], wacce ke bakin tekun Atlantika a Cape Mesurado a gundumar Montserrado . Tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar siyasa, gudanarwa, tattalin arziki, da al'adu ta ƙasar. A cewar ƙidayar jama'a ta 2022, birnin yana da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 1.76, yayin da babban yankin birni ya wuce mutane miliyan 2.2, wanda ya kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimillar yawan jama'ar Laberiya kuma yana wakiltar yankin da ya fi yawan jama'a a ƙasar. An kafa birnin a shekarar 1822 ta [[Ƙungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka|ƙungiyar Turawan Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka]] a matsayin matsuguni ga 'yan Afirka 'yan asalin ƙasar da suka riga suka zama bayi kuma aka sanya musu suna bayan [[James Monroe]], shugaban ƙasar Amurka na biyar. Monrovia ta zama babban birnin [[Laberiya|Jamhuriyar Laberiya]] bayan ayyana 'yancin kai na ƙasar a shekarar 1847. Matsugunin farko ya ta'allaka ne a Tsibirin Providence kafin faɗaɗa zuwa babban yankin ƙasar, kuma birnin ya ci gaba da zama babban cibiyar ikon siyasa da gudanarwa a ƙarni na 19 da 20. Monrovia tana karɓar bakuncin gwamnatin ƙasa ta Laberiya, manyan cibiyoyin gwamnati, ofisoshin diflomasiyya na ƙasashen waje, da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Freeport ta Monrovia ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta ƙasar kuma muhimmin ɓangare na tattalin arzikinta. Ayyukan tattalin arziki sun haɗa da ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa, masana'antu, ayyuka, da kuma babban ɓangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba. Birnin kuma yana aiki a matsayin babban cibiyar ilimi, kafofin watsa labarai, da rayuwar al'adu ta Laberiya. Monrovia ta fuskanci ƙaruwar yawan jama'a cikin sauri a lokacin yaƙin basasar Liberia (1989-2003), wanda galibi ya samo asali ne daga ƙaura daga yankunan karkara. Rikicin ya haifar da lalacewar kayayyakin more rayuwa da ayyukan jama'a. Tun bayan ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe, birnin ya fuskanci sake ginawa a hankali da kuma ci gaba da faɗaɗa birane, yayin da yake fuskantar ƙalubale da suka shafi gidaje, tsafta, sufuri, da rashin daidaito a fannin tattalin arziki. == Asalin Ma'anar == An sanya wa Monrovia suna ne don girmama Shugaban Amurka [[James Monroe]], fitaccen mai goyon bayan mulkin mallaka na Laberiya da kuma [[Ƙungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka]] (ACS). Tare da [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], tana ɗaya daga cikin [[Babban birni|manyan biranen]] duniya guda biyu da aka sanya wa suna bayan shugaban Amurka. Sunan Monrovia na asali shine ''Christopolis'' har zuwa 1824, shekaru biyu kacal bayan kafa birnin. Karin kalmar "-via" ta fito ne daga allahn [[Harsunan Edoid|Edoidi-]] [[Mutanen Edo|Benin]] na Yammacin Afirka Ovia wanda ke jagorantar zaman lafiya da wadata, ko kuma wata mace ta tatsuniyar Ovia ta kabilar Uhen, wacce ta shahara da kyawunta mai girma, ƙa'idodi marasa canzawa, da kuma auren Sarkin [[Masarautar Oyo|Daular Oyo]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Monrovia01.jpg|thumb|Monrovia a ƙarni na 19.]] Kafin shekarar 1816, yankin da ke kewaye da Cape Mesurado da bakin [[Kogin Mesurado]] ana kiransa Ducor. An daɗe ana kafa shi a matsayin mahadar hanya da kuma wurin kasuwanci wanda al'ummomin kamun kifi, ciniki da noma na ƙabilu daban-daban ke zaune, ciki har da [[Harshen Dewoin|Dey]], Kru, [[Mutanen Bassa(Laberiya)|Bassa]], Gola, da Vai . Mai zane-zanen zane-zane na Faransa kuma mai cinikin bayi Chevalier des Marchais ya ziyarci Ducor da Cape a shekarar 1723, ya gudanar da kasuwanci a can kuma daga baya ya buga taswirar yankin. A shekarar 1821, da nufin kafa wani yanki mai wadatar kai ga mutanen da ba su da launin fata daga Amurka, wani abu da aka riga aka cimma tare da Baƙar fata 'Yan Burtaniya a [[Freetown]], rukunin farko na 'yan [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] sun isa Yammacin Afirka daga Amurka a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Ƙungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka]] tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin Amurka. <ref name="WDL">{{Cite web |year=1830 |title=Map of Liberia, West Africa |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/446/ |access-date=2 June 2013 |website=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> Sun sauka a Tsibirin Sherbro, wani ɓangare na [[Saliyo]] ta zamani. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1822, wani jirgin ruwa ya kai waɗannan mazauna zuwa Tsibirin Dazoe (wanda yanzu ake kira Tsibirin Providence) a bakin Kogin Mesurado. Daga baya suka sauka a gabar tekun Cape Mesurado, suka kafa wani matsuguni da suka kira ''Christopolis'' . [[Fayil:Monrovia_Bay.jpg|thumb|Tekun Atlantika kamar yadda aka gani daga Monrovia.]] Monrovia tana kan yankin Cape Mesurado, tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da [[Kogin Mesurado]], wanda bakinsa ya samar da babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta halitta. Sojojin Amurka sun faɗaɗa tashar jiragen ruwan sosai a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Kogin Saint Paul yana arewacin birnin kai tsaye kuma yana da iyaka ta arewa ta Tsibirin Bushrod, wanda ake isa ta hanyar ketare "Sabuwar Gada" daga tsakiyar birnin Monrovia. Monrovia tana cikin gundumar Montserrado kuma ita ce birni mafi girma a Laberiya a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa, kasuwanci da kuɗi. <ref name="housing">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Liberia Housing Profile |url=http://www.iut.nu/Facts%20and%20figures/Africa/Liberia_HousingSectorProfile.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017042216/http://www.iut.nu/Facts%20and%20figures/Africa/Liberia_HousingSectorProfile.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2017 |access-date=16 October 2017 |publisher=[[United Nations Human Settlements Programme]] |pages=14–15, 23}}</ref> === Yanayi === An rarraba yanayin Monrovia a matsayin yanayi mai zafi na damina ( ''Am'' ) a cikin [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|rarrabuwar yanayi ta Köppen]] . <ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{Cite web |title=Climate: Monrovia - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/506/ |access-date=5 January 2014 |publisher=Climate-Data.org}}</ref> Ita ce babban birnin da ya fi danshi a duniya, inda ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ke kaiwa matsakaicin {{Convert|182|in}} . Yana da lokacin damina da lokacin bushewa amma yana samun ruwan sama ko da a lokacin rani. Yanayin zafi yana da daidaito a duk shekara, matsakaicinsa kusan {{Convert|79.5|F}} . Ƙananan bambance-bambancen kawai suna cikin yanayin zafi mai yawa, wanda yake kusa da {{Convert|81|F}} a lokacin hunturu kuma kusan {{Convert|90|F}} a lokacin rani. Yawancin lokaci, zafi yana tsakanin {{Convert|72|and|75|F}} duk shekara. == Mutane masu shahara == * Mary Antoinette Brown-Sherman (1926–2004), malamar Liberia kuma mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar Jami'ar Liberia * Prince Johnson, ɗan siyasan Liberia * Clarence Kparghai, ɗan wasan hockey na kankara na ƙasar Switzerland * Janjay Lowe, wanda aka fi sani da Mon Rovîa, mawaki kuma mawaƙiya 'yar Afro-Appalachian daga Liberia * Sio Moore, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka * Darlington Nagbe, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka * Aloysius Wleh Penie, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Liberia * Massimo Pigliucci (an haife shi a shekarar 1964), masanin ilimin halittu da juyin halitta * [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], tsohuwar shugabar Liberia * Takun J, mawakin Liberia * Charles Taylor, tsohon shugaban Liberia * Benoni Urey, ɗan kasuwan Liberia * [[Gorge weah|George Weah]], tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Liberia * Ashton Youboty, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka * Gus Edwards, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka == Tattalin Arziki == [[Fayil:Market_stall_@_Monrovia,_Liberia_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Shagon sayar da kaya a tsakiyar Monrovia]] Tattalin arzikin Monrovia ya mamaye ta hanyar faɗaɗa tashar jiragen ruwanta - Freeport of Monrovia - kuma a matsayin wurin da ofisoshin gwamnatin Laberiya ke. Manyan kayayyakin da birnin ke fitarwa sun haɗa da latex da ma'adinan ƙarfe, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States: Agreement between the United States and Liberia regarding the construction of a port and port works, signed at Monrovia, December 31, 1943 |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v04/ch42 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State}}</ref> kuma kamun kifi yana ba da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga tattalin arziki, kodayake kamun kifi ba shi da aminci kuma kiyasin gida ya nuna cewa har zuwa kwanan nan mutane biyar suna mutuwa a kowane wata a bakin teku. == Sufuri == [[Fayil:Robert_International_Airport,_Margibi_County,_Liberia.jpg|thumb|Tashar Filin [[Filin jirgin saman Monrovia|Jirgin Sama ta Duniya ta Roberts]]]] Jiragen ruwa suna haɗa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Freeport ta Monrovia da ke birnin, tashar jiragen ruwa mafi cunkoso a ƙasar, da Greenville da Harper . Filin jirgin sama mafi kusa shine Filin jirgin saman Spriggs Payne, wanda ke ƙasa da mil huɗu ( {{Convert|4|mi}} ) daga tsakiyar birnin. [[Filin jirgin saman Monrovia|Filin jirgin saman Roberts International]], babban filin jirgin saman duniya a Laberiya, yana da {{Convert|37|mi|0}} nesa da [[Harbel]] . <ref name="wapost" /> Monrovia tana da alaƙa da sauran ƙasar ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta hanyoyi da layin dogo. An lissafa Monrovia a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa ta gida tsakanin kashi goma zuwa goma sha biyar na jigilar kayayyaki na 'yan kasuwa a duniya, waɗanda aka yi rijista a Laberiya a ƙarƙashin shirin Tutar Sauƙi . Tasi da ƙananan motoci masu zaman kansu suna aiki a cikin birnin, kuma ana ƙara musu manyan motocin bas waɗanda Hukumar Sufuri ta Monrovia ke gudanarwa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qgjgv51zp2cvqycg58w4tu3z5qfa5bj 841845 841844 2026-05-28T20:35:37Z Engineer014 44591 841845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Monrovia''' {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|m|ə|n|ˈ|r|oʊ|v|i|ə|audio=en-us-Monrovia.oga}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Monrovia |title=Definition of Monrovia |publisher=The Free Dictionary |access-date=2014-01-05 }} {{IPAc-en|m|ə|n|ˈ|r|oʊ|v|i|ə|,_|m|ɒ|n|ˈ|r|oʊ|v|i|ə}})</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Monrovia |title=Define Monrovia|dictionary=Dictionary.com |access-date=2014-01-05}} {{IPAc-en|m|ə|n|ˈ|r|oʊ|v|i|ə}}</ref>}} ita ce [[Babban birni|babban]] birni kuma birni mafi girma a [[Laberiya]], wacce ke bakin tekun Atlantika a Cape Mesurado a gundumar Montserrado . Tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar siyasa, gudanarwa, tattalin arziki, da al'adu ta ƙasar. A cewar ƙidayar jama'a ta 2022, birnin yana da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 1.76, yayin da babban yankin birni ya wuce mutane miliyan 2.2, wanda ya kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimillar yawan jama'ar Laberiya kuma yana wakiltar yankin da ya fi yawan jama'a a ƙasar. An kafa birnin a shekarar 1822 ta [[Ƙungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka|ƙungiyar Turawan Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka]] a matsayin matsuguni ga 'yan Afirka 'yan asalin ƙasar da suka riga suka zama bayi kuma aka sanya musu suna bayan [[James Monroe]], shugaban ƙasar Amurka na biyar. Monrovia ta zama babban birnin [[Laberiya|Jamhuriyar Laberiya]] bayan ayyana 'yancin kai na ƙasar a shekarar 1847. Matsugunin farko ya ta'allaka ne a Tsibirin Providence kafin faɗaɗa zuwa babban yankin ƙasar, kuma birnin ya ci gaba da zama babban cibiyar ikon siyasa da gudanarwa a ƙarni na 19 da 20. Monrovia tana karɓar bakuncin gwamnatin ƙasa ta Laberiya, manyan cibiyoyin gwamnati, ofisoshin diflomasiyya na ƙasashen waje, da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Freeport ta Monrovia ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta ƙasar kuma muhimmin ɓangare na tattalin arzikinta. Ayyukan tattalin arziki sun haɗa da ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa, masana'antu, ayyuka, da kuma babban ɓangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba. Birnin kuma yana aiki a matsayin babban cibiyar ilimi, kafofin watsa labarai, da rayuwar al'adu ta Laberiya. Monrovia ta fuskanci ƙaruwar yawan jama'a cikin sauri a lokacin yaƙin basasar Liberia (1989-2003), wanda galibi ya samo asali ne daga ƙaura daga yankunan karkara. Rikicin ya haifar da lalacewar kayayyakin more rayuwa da ayyukan jama'a. Tun bayan ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe, birnin ya fuskanci sake ginawa a hankali da kuma ci gaba da faɗaɗa birane, yayin da yake fuskantar ƙalubale da suka shafi gidaje, tsafta, sufuri, da rashin daidaito a fannin tattalin arziki. == Asalin Ma'anar == An sanya wa Monrovia suna ne don girmama Shugaban Amurka [[James Monroe]], fitaccen mai goyon bayan mulkin mallaka na Laberiya da kuma [[Ƙungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka]] (ACS). Tare da [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], tana ɗaya daga cikin [[Babban birni|manyan biranen]] duniya guda biyu da aka sanya wa suna bayan shugaban Amurka. Sunan Monrovia na asali shine ''Christopolis'' har zuwa 1824, shekaru biyu kacal bayan kafa birnin. Karin kalmar "-via" ta fito ne daga allahn [[Harsunan Edoid|Edoidi-]] [[Mutanen Edo|Benin]] na Yammacin Afirka Ovia wanda ke jagorantar zaman lafiya da wadata, ko kuma wata mace ta tatsuniyar Ovia ta kabilar Uhen, wacce ta shahara da kyawunta mai girma, ƙa'idodi marasa canzawa, da kuma auren Sarkin [[Masarautar Oyo|Daular Oyo]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Monrovia01.jpg|thumb|Monrovia a ƙarni na 19.]] Kafin shekarar 1816, yankin da ke kewaye da Cape Mesurado da bakin [[Kogin Mesurado]] ana kiransa Ducor. An daɗe ana kafa shi a matsayin mahadar hanya da kuma wurin kasuwanci wanda al'ummomin kamun kifi, ciniki da noma na ƙabilu daban-daban ke zaune, ciki har da [[Harshen Dewoin|Dey]], Kru, [[Mutanen Bassa(Laberiya)|Bassa]], Gola, da Vai . Mai zane-zanen zane-zane na Faransa kuma mai cinikin bayi Chevalier des Marchais ya ziyarci Ducor da Cape a shekarar 1723, ya gudanar da kasuwanci a can kuma daga baya ya buga taswirar yankin. A shekarar 1821, da nufin kafa wani yanki mai wadatar kai ga mutanen da ba su da launin fata daga Amurka, wani abu da aka riga aka cimma tare da Baƙar fata 'Yan Burtaniya a [[Freetown]], rukunin farko na 'yan [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] sun isa Yammacin Afirka daga Amurka a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Ƙungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka]] tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin Amurka. <ref name="WDL">{{Cite web |year=1830 |title=Map of Liberia, West Africa |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/446/ |access-date=2 June 2013 |website=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> Sun sauka a Tsibirin Sherbro, wani ɓangare na [[Saliyo]] ta zamani. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 1822, wani jirgin ruwa ya kai waɗannan mazauna zuwa Tsibirin Dazoe (wanda yanzu ake kira Tsibirin Providence) a bakin Kogin Mesurado. Daga baya suka sauka a gabar tekun Cape Mesurado, suka kafa wani matsuguni da suka kira ''Christopolis'' . [[Fayil:Monrovia_Bay.jpg|thumb|Tekun Atlantika kamar yadda aka gani daga Monrovia.]] Monrovia tana kan yankin Cape Mesurado, tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da [[Kogin Mesurado]], wanda bakinsa ya samar da babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta halitta. Sojojin Amurka sun faɗaɗa tashar jiragen ruwan sosai a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Kogin Saint Paul yana arewacin birnin kai tsaye kuma yana da iyaka ta arewa ta Tsibirin Bushrod, wanda ake isa ta hanyar ketare "Sabuwar Gada" daga tsakiyar birnin Monrovia. Monrovia tana cikin gundumar Montserrado kuma ita ce birni mafi girma a Laberiya a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa, kasuwanci da kuɗi. <ref name="housing">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Liberia Housing Profile |url=http://www.iut.nu/Facts%20and%20figures/Africa/Liberia_HousingSectorProfile.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017042216/http://www.iut.nu/Facts%20and%20figures/Africa/Liberia_HousingSectorProfile.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2017 |access-date=16 October 2017 |publisher=[[United Nations Human Settlements Programme]] |pages=14–15, 23}}</ref> === Yanayi === An rarraba yanayin Monrovia a matsayin yanayi mai zafi na damina ( ''Am'' ) a cikin [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|rarrabuwar yanayi ta Köppen]] . <ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{Cite web |title=Climate: Monrovia - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/506/ |access-date=5 January 2014 |publisher=Climate-Data.org}}</ref> Ita ce babban birnin da ya fi danshi a duniya, inda ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ke kaiwa matsakaicin {{Convert|182|in}} . Yana da lokacin damina da lokacin bushewa amma yana samun ruwan sama ko da a lokacin rani. Yanayin zafi yana da daidaito a duk shekara, matsakaicinsa kusan {{Convert|79.5|F}} . Ƙananan bambance-bambancen kawai suna cikin yanayin zafi mai yawa, wanda yake kusa da {{Convert|81|F}} a lokacin hunturu kuma kusan {{Convert|90|F}} a lokacin rani. Yawancin lokaci, zafi yana tsakanin {{Convert|72|and|75|F}} duk shekara. == Mutane masu shahara == * Mary Antoinette Brown-Sherman (1926–2004), malamar Liberia kuma mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar Jami'ar Liberia * Prince Johnson, ɗan siyasan Liberia * Clarence Kparghai, ɗan wasan hockey na kankara na ƙasar Switzerland * Janjay Lowe, wanda aka fi sani da Mon Rovîa, mawaki kuma mawaƙiya 'yar Afro-Appalachian daga Liberia * Sio Moore, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka * Darlington Nagbe, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka * Aloysius Wleh Penie, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Liberia * Massimo Pigliucci (an haife shi a shekarar 1964), masanin ilimin halittu da juyin halitta * [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], tsohuwar shugabar Liberia * Takun J, mawakin Liberia * Charles Taylor, tsohon shugaban Liberia * Benoni Urey, ɗan kasuwan Liberia * [[Gorge weah|George Weah]], tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Liberia * Ashton Youboty, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka * Gus Edwards, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka == Tattalin Arziki == [[Fayil:Market_stall_@_Monrovia,_Liberia_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Shagon sayar da kaya a tsakiyar Monrovia]] Tattalin arzikin Monrovia ya mamaye ta hanyar faɗaɗa tashar jiragen ruwanta - Freeport of Monrovia - kuma a matsayin wurin da ofisoshin gwamnatin Laberiya ke. Manyan kayayyakin da birnin ke fitarwa sun haɗa da latex da ma'adinan ƙarfe, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States: Agreement between the United States and Liberia regarding the construction of a port and port works, signed at Monrovia, December 31, 1943 |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v04/ch42 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State}}</ref> kuma kamun kifi yana ba da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga tattalin arziki, kodayake kamun kifi ba shi da aminci kuma kiyasin gida ya nuna cewa har zuwa kwanan nan mutane biyar suna mutuwa a kowane wata a bakin teku. == Sufuri == [[Fayil:Robert_International_Airport,_Margibi_County,_Liberia.jpg|thumb|Tashar Filin [[Filin jirgin saman Monrovia|Jirgin Sama ta Duniya ta Roberts]]]] Jiragen ruwa suna haɗa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Freeport ta Monrovia da ke birnin, tashar jiragen ruwa mafi cunkoso a ƙasar, da Greenville da Harper . Filin jirgin sama mafi kusa shine Filin jirgin saman Spriggs Payne, wanda ke ƙasa da mil huɗu ( {{Convert|4|mi}} ) daga tsakiyar birnin. [[Filin jirgin saman Monrovia|Filin jirgin saman Roberts International]], babban filin jirgin saman duniya a Laberiya, yana da {{Convert|37|mi|0}} nesa da [[Harbel]] . <ref name="wapost" /> Monrovia tana da alaƙa da sauran ƙasar ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta hanyoyi da layin dogo. An lissafa Monrovia a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa ta gida tsakanin kashi goma zuwa goma sha biyar na jigilar kayayyaki na 'yan kasuwa a duniya, waɗanda aka yi rijista a Laberiya a ƙarƙashin shirin Tutar Sauƙi . Tasi da ƙananan motoci masu zaman kansu suna aiki a cikin birnin, kuma ana ƙara musu manyan motocin bas waɗanda Hukumar Sufuri ta Monrovia ke gudanarwa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3y0ctugdan2zru8sdbbwzbz6bbvfk2j 0 9588 841630 830561 2026-05-28T13:09:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Kylian Mbappé | full_name = Kylian Mbappé Lottin | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|12|20}} | birth_place = Paris, France | position = Forward | currentclub = Real Madrid | clubnumber = 9 | youthyears1 = 2004–2013 | youthclubs1 = AS Bondy | youthyears2 = 2013–2015 | youthclubs2 = Monaco | years1 = 2015–2018 | clubs1 = Monaco | caps1 = 41 | goals1 = 16 | years2 = 2017–2024 | clubs2 = Paris Saint-Germain | caps2 = 178 | goals2 = 162 | years3 = 2024– | clubs3 = Real Madrid | caps3 = | goals3 = | nationalyears1 = 2017– | nationalteam1 = France | nationalcaps1 = | nationalgoals1 = }} [[File:Kylian Mbappe celebrating - March 2018 (cropped).jpg|thumb|mbappe a shekarar 2018 ]] '''Kylian Mbappé Lottin''' (an haife shi 20 Disamba 1998) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Faransa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba (forward) ga ƙungiyar [[Real Madrid CF]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Faransa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylian Mbappé Profile|url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en/football/squad/kylian-mbappe|publisher=Real Madrid}}</ref> Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasa a duniya saboda saurin gudunsa, ƙwarewarsa da kuma iya zura ƙwallaye.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mbappé among world's best players|url=https://www.fifa.com}}</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Mbappé a birnin [[Faris|Paris]], [[Faransa]], kuma ya taso a Bondy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mbappé early life|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kylian-Mbappe}}</ref> Mahaifinsa Wilfried Mbappé mai horas da 'yan wasa ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa Fayza Lamari tsohuwar 'yar wasan ƙwallon hannu ce.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mbappé Biography|url=https://www.biography.com/athlete/kylian-mbappe}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya fara taka leda tun yana ƙarami a ƙungiyar AS Bondy kafin ya koma makarantar horaswa ta Monaco.<ref>{{cite web|title=AS Monaco profile|url=https://www.asmonaco.com}}</ref> == Aikin Ƙungiya == === Monaco === Mbappé ya fara taka leda a babbar ƙungiyar [[AS Monaco FC]] a shekarar 2015 yana da shekara 16 kacal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mbappé makes Monaco debut|url=https://www.ligue1.com}}</ref> A kakar 2016–17 ya taimaka wa Monaco ta lashe gasar [[Ligue 1]] kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a gasar [[UEFA Champions League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Monaco win Ligue 1 2017|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football}}</ref> === Paris Saint-Germain === A shekarar 2017 ya koma [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.]] a yarjejeniyar aro kafin daga bisani a saye shi kan kuɗi mai yawa wanda ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsadar 'yan wasa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|title=PSG sign Mbappé|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/41054956}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A PSG ya lashe kofunan Ligue 1 da dama tare da zama mafi yawan zura ƙwallaye a tarihin ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mbappé becomes PSG top scorer|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football}}</ref> === Real Madrid === A watan Yuni 2024, Mbappé ya koma [[Real Madrid CF]] bayan kammala kwantiraginsa da PSG.<ref>{{cite web|title=Real Madrid sign Mbappé|url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en/news}}</ref> Wannan canjin ya kawo ƙarshen shekaru bakwai da ya shafe yana taka leda a PSG.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mbappé joins Real Madrid|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football}}</ref> == Aikin Ƙasa == Mbappé ya fara bugawa tawagar Faransa wasa a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=France national team profile|url=https://www.fff.fr}}</ref> Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa Faransa ta lashe gasar [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] inda ya zura ƙwallaye huɗu ciki har da ɗaya a wasan ƙarshe da aka buga da Croatia.<ref>{{cite web|title=France win World Cup 2018|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/2018russia}}</ref> Haka kuma ya lashe kyautar matashin ɗan wasa mafi fice a gasar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Young Player Award 2018|url=https://www.fifa.com}}</ref> A gasar [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] ya zama wanda ya fi kowa zura ƙwallaye (Golden Boot) bayan ya ci ƙwallaye takwas ciki har da hat-trick a wasan ƙarshe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mbappé wins Golden Boot 2022|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022}}</ref> == Salon Wasansa == Mbappé sananne ne da saurin gudu, ƙwarewa wajen wuce abokan hamayya, da kuma iya kammala hare-hare cikin nasara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mbappé style of play analysis|url=https://www.uefa.com}}</ref> Yana taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba ko kuma winger.<ref>{{cite web|title=Player position details|url=https://www.ligue1.com}}</ref> == Lambobin Yabo == * [[Ligue 1 Player of the Year]] * [[FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Award]] * [[FIFA World Cup Golden Boot]] * [[UNFP Player of the Year]] == Manazarta == [[File:Kylian Mbappe 2017.jpg|thumb|mbappe a cikin wasa]] [[File:Kylian Mbappe - March 2018.jpg|thumb|mbappe da kayan faransa ]] [[File:Kylian Mbappé.jpg|thumb|mbappe in action ]] r5ekakjn2r2myxjrj0wnkie714mr5q4 2 17266 842304 840297 2026-05-29T09:50:18Z Umar-askira 12577 /* */ 842304 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Animated-Flag-Nigeria.gif|90px|200px Nigerian]] '''ZAMAN LAIFIYA da HADIN KAI __NOTOC__ <!--BEGINNING OF HEADER SECTION --> {|style="width:100%; margin-top:+.7em; background-color:#fcfcfc; border: 1px solid #ccc" | {| width="100%" style="border:solid 0px;background:none;text-align:center" |- | style="width="100%";text-align:center; white-space: nowrap" | <div style="font-size: 162%; border: none; margin: 0; align:center; padding:.1em;"> Barka da shigowa shafin <br>'''Umar-askira'''</div> <div style="top: +0.2em; font-size: 95%">"'''Kawai a baka yafi kaza a akurki!!!'''"</div> |} [[File:2025 Award01.jpg|thumb|'''Mai bada gudunmawa a Wikipedia kuma mai koyarwa/faɗakar da al'umma don cigaban harshen Hausa.]] Suna na Umar Ibrahim Askira. Ni kwararene game da sarrafa Na'ura (Computer Engineer) da gyaran ta. Na fara bada gudunmawa a Wikipedia ne domin na kara samun ƙarin ilimin fannoni daban-daban. Na kasance shugaban bayar da horo na ilimin na ita makarantar wato '''(Head of Training)''' sannan kuma na zamo shugaba a bangaren kirkiran software development ('''programming Department'''). Na fara sanin Wikipedia daga Abokin karatu na kuma ɗan uwa an wato [[User:M-Mustapha|Muhammad Mustapha Aliyu]] wanda hakan yayi sanadiyar ƙulla wata dangantaka mai karfi da yarda da juna. Inaso na bada katafaren gudummuwa a wikipedia musamman abin da ya shafi ilimin na'ura ta hanyar fassara bangare da harshen hausa. Ina fatan Allah ya taimake mu baki daya. Amin <br> [[File:2025 Award02.jpg|thumb|Karramawa ta musamman daga Hausa Wikimedians User Group 2025]] [[File:Award2025.jpg|thumb|Karramawa daga Hausa Wikipedia]] [[File:UmarAskira05.jpg|thumb|Ranar Hausa na Duniya 2025.]] [[File:UmarAskira02.jpg|thumb|Domin gudanar da ayyukan Wikipedia]] [[File:UmarAskira01.jpg|thumb|Wiki Projects.]] [[File: UmarAskira06.jpg|thumb|Wiki Projects.]] [[File:Askira001.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Wikidada001.jpg|thumb|WIkidata project.]] [[File:UmarAskira08.jpg|thumb|Wiki Conference 2024 tare da Gwanki da Mr. Snatcher]] [[File:UmarAskira07.jpg|thumb|Wiki Conference 2024.]] [[File:Askira003.jpg|thumb|Askira a DARU]] [[File:Kad002.jpg|thumb|Wikipedia Workshop in Kaduna Polytechnic]] Na samu damar halartan taron kara wa juna sani na Hausa Wikipedia: * Hausa Wikipedia Awareness in KAD ICT Hub 2019 (participant). * Hausa Wiktionary at Silver Sand Hotel (Facilitator). * Wiki edit-a-thon in Kano State (Facilitator). * Wikipedia Campaign at Notion Computer Technology (organizer). * Edit-a-thon at Gusau Institute (organizer). * Wikipedia Campaign In Kaduna Polytechnic (organizer) * * Wikipedia @ 20 Celebration (Facilitator) * Wikipedia Campaign In Funtua (Katsina State) (Facilitator) * Tyap Wikimedians User Group outreach in Zaria (Facilitator) * Wikimedia Kaduna Network Workshop (Facilitator) * Wiki for Librarians in ABU Zaria 2022 (Facilitator)<br> {{#babel:ha-N|en-5}} {{userbox | border-c = #008080 | id = [[File:Hausa Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|38px]] | id-c = #FFFFFF | id-fc = #FFFFFF | id-s = 9 | info = This user is a member of '''[[:Hausa Wikimedians User Group]]''' | info-c = #FFFFFF | nocat = {{{nocat|}}} }} {{User loves Wikidata}} [[Category:Wikipedians who contribute to the English Wikipedia]] [[Category:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development]] {{User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development}} {{userbox | border-c = #000000 | id = [[Image:Wikimedia Sustainability Initiative Logo.svg|60px]] | id-c = white | info = {{LangSwitch |en = This user '''[[Sustainability Initiative/List of supporters|<span style="color:white;">supports</span>]]''' the Wikimedia '''[[Sustainability Initiative|<span style="color:white;">Sustainability Initiative</span>]]''' |fi = Tämä käyttäjä '''[[Sustainability Initiative/List of supporters|<span style="color:white;">tukee</span>]]''' Wikimedian '''[[Sustainability Initiative|<span style="color:white;">Kestävyysaloitetta</span>]]''' }} | info-c = #8aae48 | info-fc = white | info-op = text-align:center; | usercategory = Wikimedia Sustainability Initiative supporters | nocat = {{{nocat|}}} }}<noinclude> [[Category:Wikipedians who contribute to the Hausa Wikipedia]] </noinclude> {{User Nigeria}} i2u0lfykqxacjqhoht8a0i17mdq5ld8 0 17967 841689 840916 2026-05-28T15:43:13Z Sirjat 20447 841689 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fari''' lokaci ne na bushewa fiye da yadda aka saba. {{Rp|1157}}Fari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki, watanni ko shekaru. Fari yakan yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin halittu da [[noma]] na yankunan da abin ya shafa, kuma yana haifar da illa ga [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arzikin]] yankin. Lokacin rani na shekara-shekara a [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yankunan zafi]] yana ƙara yiwuwar fari ya bunƙasa sosai, tare da ƙaruwar haɗarin gobarar daji daga baya. <ref name="Brando">{{Cite journal |last=Brando |first=Paulo M. |last2=Paolucci |first2=Lucas |last3=Ummenhofer |first3=Caroline C. |last4=Ordway |first4=Elsa M. |last5=Hartmann |first5=Henrik |last6=Cattau |first6=Megan E. |last7=Rattis |first7=Ludmila |last8=Medjibe |first8=Vincent |last9=Coe |first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer |date=30 May 2019 |title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=555–581 |bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 |issn=0084-6597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Guguwar zafi|Raƙuman zafi]] na iya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin fari sosai ta hanyar ƙara yawan fitar da hayaki . Wannan yana busar da dazuzzuka da sauran ciyayi, kuma yana ƙara yawan mai ga gobarar daji. <ref name="Brando" /> <ref name="Hartmann">{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author-link8=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> fari alama ce ta sauyawa a mafi yawan sassan duniya, ya zama mafi tsananin gaske kuma ba za a iya hango shi ba saboda [[Canjin yanayi]], wanda binciken dendrochronological ya samo asali ne daga 1900. Akwai nau'ikan tasirin fari guda uku, muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tasirin muhalli sun haɗa da bushewar wuraren da ke da ruwa, ƙarin gobarar daji, [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]]. Tasirin tattalin arziki na fari ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin [[noma]] da kiwon dabbobi (wanda ke haifar da [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]), gandun daji, samar da ruwa na jama'a, kewayawar kogi (saboda misali: ƙananan matakan ruwa), samar da wutar lantarki (ta hanyar shafar tsarin wutar lantarki) da kuma tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming-Muñoz |first=David A. |last2=Whitten |first2=Stuart |last3=Bonnett |first3=Graham D. |date=28 June 2023 |title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs |journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=501–523 |doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527 |issn=1364-985X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kudin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan abu kai tsaye (rashin zafi mai yawa), tsadar abinci mai yawa, damuwa da girbi ya haifar, karancin ruwa, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=Carla |last2=Kerac |first2=Marko |last3=Prudhomme |first3=Christel |last4=Medlock |first4=Jolyon |last5=Murray |first5=Virginia |date=2013-06-05 |title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsawon fari ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa da Rikicin jin kai.<ref name="Stanke">{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=C |last2=Kerac |first2=M |last3=Prudhomme |first3=C |last4=Medlock |first4=J |last5=Murray |first5=V |date=5 June 2013 |title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence. |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellizzi |first=Saverio |last2=Lane |first2=Chris |last3=Elhakim |first3=Mohamed |last4=Nabeth |first4=Pierre |date=12 November 2020 |title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions |journal=Environmental Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=114 |bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B |doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z |issn=1476-069X |pmc=7659048 |pmid=33183302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan yankuna da ke da haɗarin fari sune Yankin Amazon, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], yankin [[Sahel]] da [[Indiya]]. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2005, sassan Yankin Amazon sun fuskanci fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref> Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani kuma za su iya zama masu yawa a nan gaba, rahoton da gwamnati ta bayar ya ce a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2008. Tsawon fari na Australiya na Millennial ya ɓarke a cikin 2010. Rashin fari na Horn of Africa na 2020-2022 ya wuce mummunan fari a cikin 2010-2011 a duka tsawon lokaci da tsananin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Daisy |date=2022-10-26 |title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022 |access-date=2022-10-29 |publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, mutane galibi suna kallon fari a matsayin bala'o'i saboda tasirin da ke tattare da wadatar abinci da sauran al'umma. Mutane sun kalli fari a matsayin bala'i na halitta ko kuma wani abu da aikin ɗan adam ya rinjayi, ko kuma sakamakon ikon allahntaka. == Ma'ana == [[Fayil:Fields_outside_benambra.jpg|right|thumb|Filin da ke waje da Benambra, Ostiraliya da ke fama da fari a shekara ta 2006.]] Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana fari kawai a matsayin "mai tsanani fiye da yanayin al'ada". :{{Rp|1157}} Wannan yana nufin cewa fari shine "rashin danshi dangane da matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a wani wuri da kuma lokacin da aka ba shi".<ref name=":2" /> : 1157 {{Rp|1157}} Dangane da National Integrated Drought Information System, haɗin gwiwar hukumomi da yawa, ana bayyana fari gabaɗaya a matsayin "rashin hazo a tsawon lokaci (yawanci lokaci ɗaya ko fiye), wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa". Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Kasa na [[Gudanar da Tsarin Ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa|NOAA]] ya bayyana fari a matsayin "rashin danshi wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutane, dabbobi, ko ciyayi a kan yanki mai girma".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought Basics |url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Drought.gov |publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}</ref> fari abu ne mai rikitarwa − wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa − wanda ke leken sa ido da bayyanawa. A farkon shekarun 1980, an riga an buga ma'anoni sama da 150 na "bishi". Yanayin ma'anar yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna, buƙatu, da hanyoyin horo. == Manazarta == 7sisgypbohgl2mdj5bxvvtp5qmkt8pd 841934 841689 2026-05-28T22:37:14Z Gwanki 3834 841934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fari''' lokaci ne na bushewa fiye da yadda aka saba. {{Rp|1157}}Fari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki, watanni ko shekaru. Fari yakan yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin halittu da [[noma]] na yankunan da abin ya shafa, kuma yana haifar da illa ga [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arzikin]] yankin. Lokacin rani na shekara-shekara a [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yankunan zafi]] yana ƙara yiwuwar fari ya bunƙasa sosai, tare da ƙaruwar haɗarin gobarar daji daga baya. <ref name="Brando">{{Cite journal |last=Brando |first=Paulo M. |last2=Paolucci |first2=Lucas |last3=Ummenhofer |first3=Caroline C. |last4=Ordway |first4=Elsa M. |last5=Hartmann |first5=Henrik |last6=Cattau |first6=Megan E. |last7=Rattis |first7=Ludmila |last8=Medjibe |first8=Vincent |last9=Coe |first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer |date=30 May 2019 |title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=555–581 |bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 |issn=0084-6597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Guguwar zafi|Raƙuman zafi]] na iya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin fari sosai ta hanyar ƙara yawan fitar da hayaki . Wannan yana busar da dazuzzuka da sauran ciyayi, kuma yana ƙara yawan mai ga gobarar daji. <ref name="Brando" /> <ref name="Hartmann">{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author-link8=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> fari alama ce ta sauyawa a mafi yawan sassan duniya, ya zama mafi tsananin gaske kuma ba za a iya hango shi ba saboda [[Canjin yanayi]], wanda binciken dendrochronological ya samo asali ne daga 1900. Akwai nau'ikan tasirin fari guda uku, muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tasirin muhalli sun haɗa da bushewar wuraren da ke da ruwa, ƙarin gobarar daji, [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]]. Tasirin tattalin arziki na fari ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin [[noma]] da kiwon dabbobi (wanda ke haifar da [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]), gandun daji, samar da ruwa na jama'a, kewayawar kogi (saboda misali: ƙananan matakan ruwa), samar da wutar lantarki (ta hanyar shafar tsarin wutar lantarki) da kuma tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming-Muñoz |first=David A. |last2=Whitten |first2=Stuart |last3=Bonnett |first3=Graham D. |date=28 June 2023 |title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs |journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=501–523 |doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527 |issn=1364-985X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kudin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan abu kai tsaye (rashin zafi mai yawa), tsadar abinci mai yawa, damuwa da girbi ya haifar, karancin ruwa, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=Carla |last2=Kerac |first2=Marko |last3=Prudhomme |first3=Christel |last4=Medlock |first4=Jolyon |last5=Murray |first5=Virginia |date=2013-06-05 |title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsawon fari ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa da Rikicin jin kai.<ref name="Stanke">{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=C |last2=Kerac |first2=M |last3=Prudhomme |first3=C |last4=Medlock |first4=J |last5=Murray |first5=V |date=5 June 2013 |title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence. |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellizzi |first=Saverio |last2=Lane |first2=Chris |last3=Elhakim |first3=Mohamed |last4=Nabeth |first4=Pierre |date=12 November 2020 |title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions |journal=Environmental Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=114 |bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B |doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z |issn=1476-069X |pmc=7659048 |pmid=33183302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan yankuna da ke da haɗarin fari sune Yankin Amazon, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], yankin [[Sahel]] da [[Indiya]]. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2005, sassan Yankin Amazon sun fuskanci fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref> Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani kuma za su iya zama masu yawa a nan gaba, rahoton da gwamnati ta bayar ya ce a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2008. Tsawon fari na Australiya na Millennial ya ɓarke a cikin 2010. Rashin fari na Horn of Africa na 2020-2022 ya wuce mummunan fari a cikin 2010-2011 a duka tsawon lokaci da tsananin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Daisy |date=2022-10-26 |title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022 |access-date=2022-10-29 |publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, mutane galibi suna kallon fari a matsayin bala'o'i saboda tasirin da ke tattare da wadatar abinci da sauran al'umma. Mutane sun kalli fari a matsayin bala'i na halitta ko kuma wani abu da aikin ɗan adam ya rinjayi, ko kuma sakamakon ikon allahntaka. == Ma'ana == [[Fayil:Fields_outside_benambra.jpg|right|thumb|Filin da ke waje da Benambra, Ostiraliya da ke fama da fari a shekara ta 2006.]] Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana fari kawai a matsayin "mai tsanani fiye da yanayin al'ada". :{{Rp|1157}} Wannan yana nufin cewa fari shine "rashin danshi dangane da matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a wani wuri da kuma lokacin da aka ba shi".<ref name=":2" /> : 1157 {{Rp|1157}} Dangane da National Integrated Drought Information System, haɗin gwiwar hukumomi da yawa, ana bayyana fari gabaɗaya a matsayin "rashin hazo a tsawon lokaci (yawanci lokaci ɗaya ko fiye), wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa". Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Kasa na [[Gudanar da Tsarin Ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa|NOAA]] ya bayyana fari a matsayin "rashin danshi wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutane, dabbobi, ko ciyayi a kan yanki mai girma".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought Basics |url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Drought.gov |publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}</ref> fari abu ne mai rikitarwa − wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa − wanda ke leken sa ido da bayyanawa. A farkon shekarun 1980, an riga an buga ma'anoni sama da 150 na "bishi". Yanayin ma'anar yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna, buƙatu, da hanyoyin horo. == Manazarta == tcasan7iocizeyxj5pqnvh4c3g3jtc6 841936 841934 2026-05-28T22:40:16Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ma'ana */ 841936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fari''' lokaci ne na bushewa fiye da yadda aka saba. {{Rp|1157}}Fari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki, watanni ko shekaru. Fari yakan yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin halittu da [[noma]] na yankunan da abin ya shafa, kuma yana haifar da illa ga [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arzikin]] yankin. Lokacin rani na shekara-shekara a [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yankunan zafi]] yana ƙara yiwuwar fari ya bunƙasa sosai, tare da ƙaruwar haɗarin gobarar daji daga baya. <ref name="Brando">{{Cite journal |last=Brando |first=Paulo M. |last2=Paolucci |first2=Lucas |last3=Ummenhofer |first3=Caroline C. |last4=Ordway |first4=Elsa M. |last5=Hartmann |first5=Henrik |last6=Cattau |first6=Megan E. |last7=Rattis |first7=Ludmila |last8=Medjibe |first8=Vincent |last9=Coe |first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer |date=30 May 2019 |title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=555–581 |bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 |issn=0084-6597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Guguwar zafi|Raƙuman zafi]] na iya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin fari sosai ta hanyar ƙara yawan fitar da hayaki . Wannan yana busar da dazuzzuka da sauran ciyayi, kuma yana ƙara yawan mai ga gobarar daji. <ref name="Brando" /> <ref name="Hartmann">{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author-link8=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> fari alama ce ta sauyawa a mafi yawan sassan duniya, ya zama mafi tsananin gaske kuma ba za a iya hango shi ba saboda [[Canjin yanayi]], wanda binciken dendrochronological ya samo asali ne daga 1900. Akwai nau'ikan tasirin fari guda uku, muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tasirin muhalli sun haɗa da bushewar wuraren da ke da ruwa, ƙarin gobarar daji, [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]]. Tasirin tattalin arziki na fari ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin [[noma]] da kiwon dabbobi (wanda ke haifar da [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]), gandun daji, samar da ruwa na jama'a, kewayawar kogi (saboda misali: ƙananan matakan ruwa), samar da wutar lantarki (ta hanyar shafar tsarin wutar lantarki) da kuma tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming-Muñoz |first=David A. |last2=Whitten |first2=Stuart |last3=Bonnett |first3=Graham D. |date=28 June 2023 |title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs |journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=501–523 |doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527 |issn=1364-985X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kudin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan abu kai tsaye (rashin zafi mai yawa), tsadar abinci mai yawa, damuwa da girbi ya haifar, karancin ruwa, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=Carla |last2=Kerac |first2=Marko |last3=Prudhomme |first3=Christel |last4=Medlock |first4=Jolyon |last5=Murray |first5=Virginia |date=2013-06-05 |title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsawon fari ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa da Rikicin jin kai.<ref name="Stanke">{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=C |last2=Kerac |first2=M |last3=Prudhomme |first3=C |last4=Medlock |first4=J |last5=Murray |first5=V |date=5 June 2013 |title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence. |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellizzi |first=Saverio |last2=Lane |first2=Chris |last3=Elhakim |first3=Mohamed |last4=Nabeth |first4=Pierre |date=12 November 2020 |title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions |journal=Environmental Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=114 |bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B |doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z |issn=1476-069X |pmc=7659048 |pmid=33183302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan yankuna da ke da haɗarin fari sune Yankin Amazon, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], yankin [[Sahel]] da [[Indiya]]. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2005, sassan Yankin Amazon sun fuskanci fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref> Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani kuma za su iya zama masu yawa a nan gaba, rahoton da gwamnati ta bayar ya ce a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2008. Tsawon fari na Australiya na Millennial ya ɓarke a cikin 2010. Rashin fari na Horn of Africa na 2020-2022 ya wuce mummunan fari a cikin 2010-2011 a duka tsawon lokaci da tsananin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Daisy |date=2022-10-26 |title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022 |access-date=2022-10-29 |publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, mutane galibi suna kallon fari a matsayin bala'o'i saboda tasirin da ke tattare da wadatar abinci da sauran al'umma. Mutane sun kalli fari a matsayin bala'i na halitta ko kuma wani abu da aikin ɗan adam ya rinjayi, ko kuma sakamakon ikon allahntaka. == Ma'ana == [[Fayil:Fields_outside_benambra.jpg|right|thumb|Filin da ke waje da Benambra, Ostiraliya da ke fama da fari a shekara ta 2006.]] Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana fari kawai a matsayin "mai tsanani fiye da yanayin al'ada". :{{Rp|1157}} Wannan yana nufin cewa fari shine "rashin danshi dangane da matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a wani wuri da kuma lokacin da aka ba shi".<ref name=":2" /> : 1157 {{Rp|1157}} Dangane da National Integrated Drought Information System, haɗin gwiwar hukumomi da yawa, ana bayyana fari gabaɗaya a matsayin "rashin hazo a tsawon lokaci (yawanci lokaci ɗaya ko fiye), wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa". Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Kasa na [[Gudanar da Tsarin Ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa|NOAA]] ya bayyana fari a matsayin "rashin danshi wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutane, dabbobi, ko ciyayi a kan yanki mai girma".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought Basics |url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Drought.gov |publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}</ref> fari abu ne mai rikitarwa − wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa − wanda ke leken sa ido da bayyanawa. A farkon shekarun 1980, an riga an buga ma'anoni sama da 150 na "bishi". Yanayin ma'anar yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna, buƙatu, da hanyoyin horo. == Rukuni == Akwai manyan rukuni uku na fari bisa ga inda ƙarancin danshi ya faru a cikin zagayowar ruwa: fari na yanayi, fari na ruwa, da fari na noma ko muhalli.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Fari na yanayi yana faruwa saboda rashin ruwan sama. Fari na ruwa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin gudu, kwarara, da ajiyar ruwa a tafkuna da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=14 April 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained|journal=WIREs Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V|issn=2049-1948|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fari na noma ko muhalli yana jawo damuwa ga tsirrai ta hanyar haɗin bushewar ruwa da ƙarancin danshi a ƙasa.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna ƙara wani rukuni: fari na tattalin arziki yana faruwa idan buƙatar wani kayan tattalin arziki ta wuce abin da ake da shi sakamakon ƙarancin ruwa da ya shafi yanayi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32" /> Fari na tattalin arziki yana kama da ra'ayin ƙarancin ruwa. Rukunan fari suna da dalilai daban-daban amma suna haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya: # Fari na yanayi yana faruwa idan lokaci ya yi tsawo ba tare da ruwan sama da ya kai matsakaici ba.<ref name="IGARSS2017">{{cite book|last1=Swain|display-authors=etal|first1=S|title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)|chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India|volume=2017|pages=5505–5507|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6|s2cid=26920225}}</ref> Fari na yanayi yawanci yana gabatar da sauran nau'ikan fari.<ref name="NOAAsurprise">{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=What is a Drought?|date=August 2006|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=2007-04-10}}</ref> Idan fari ya ci gaba, yanayin da ke kewaye da shi yana ƙara muni kuma tasirinsa ga al'umma yana ƙaruwa. # Fari na ruwa yana faruwa idan ajiyar ruwa da ake da shi a wurare kamar rijiyoyi, tafkuna da madatsun ruwa ya ragu ƙasa da matsakaici ko wani matakin da aka ɗauka muhimmanci a yankin. Fari na ruwa yana bayyana a hankali saboda yana shafar ruwan da aka adana wanda ake amfani da shi amma ba a sabunta shi ba. Saboda kusancin hulɗa da amfani da ruwa, wannan nau'in fari yana iya samun tasirin sarrafa ruwa. An gano tasirin ɗan adam mai kyau da mara kyau, kuma dabarun sarrafa ruwa suna da muhimmanci wajen rage tasirin fari.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van Loon|first1=Anne F.|last2=Stahl|first2=Kerstin|last3=Di Baldassarre|first3=Giuliano|last4=Clark|first4=Julian|last5=Rangecroft|first5=Sally|last6=Wanders|first6=Niko|last7=Gleeson|first7=Tom|last8=Van Dijk|first8=Albert I. J. M.|last9=Tallaksen|first9=Lena M. |last10=Hannaford |first10=Jamie|last11=Uijlenhoet|first11=Remko|last12=Teuling|first12=Adriaan J.|last13=Hannah|first13=David M.|last14=Sheffield|first14=Justin|last15=Svoboda|first15=Mark|date=2016-09-08|title=Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/3631/2016/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=20|issue=9|pages=3631–3650|doi=10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016HESS...20.3631V|issn=1027-5606|hdl=1885/152821|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wendt|first1=Doris E.|last2=Van Loon|first2=Anne F.|last3=Bloomfield|first3=John P.|last4=Hannah|first4=David M.|date=2020-10-13|title=Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/4853/2020/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=24|issue=10|pages=4853–4868|doi=10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020HESS...24.4853W|issn=1027-5606}}</ref> Kamar fari na noma, fari na ruwa na iya faruwa ba wai kawai saboda rashin ruwan sama ba. Misali, a kusa da shekarar 2007 Kazakhstan ta samu kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya don dawo da ruwa da aka karkatar zuwa wasu ƙasashe daga Tafkin Aral a ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet.<ref>{{cite news|date=2007-04-09|title=Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm}}</ref> Irin wannan yanayi yana sa babban tafkinsu, Balkhash, cikin haɗarin bushewa gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news|date=2004-01-15|title=Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm}}</ref> # Fari na noma ko muhalli yana shafar samar da amfanin gona ko tsarin halittu gaba ɗaya. Wannan yanayi na iya faruwa ba tare da wani canji a matakin ruwan sama ba idan ƙaruwa a ban ruwa ko yanayin ƙasa da lalacewa sakamakon ayyukan noma da ba a tsara su da kyau ba suka jawo ƙarancin ruwa ga amfanin gona. == Manazarta == b7el4ugpivxojnk4cpm7agp2r74h0zl 841940 841936 2026-05-28T22:43:50Z Sirjat 20447 /* Rukuni */ 841940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fari''' lokaci ne na bushewa fiye da yadda aka saba. {{Rp|1157}}Fari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki, watanni ko shekaru. Fari yakan yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin halittu da [[noma]] na yankunan da abin ya shafa, kuma yana haifar da illa ga [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arzikin]] yankin. Lokacin rani na shekara-shekara a [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yankunan zafi]] yana ƙara yiwuwar fari ya bunƙasa sosai, tare da ƙaruwar haɗarin gobarar daji daga baya. <ref name="Brando">{{Cite journal |last=Brando |first=Paulo M. |last2=Paolucci |first2=Lucas |last3=Ummenhofer |first3=Caroline C. |last4=Ordway |first4=Elsa M. |last5=Hartmann |first5=Henrik |last6=Cattau |first6=Megan E. |last7=Rattis |first7=Ludmila |last8=Medjibe |first8=Vincent |last9=Coe |first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer |date=30 May 2019 |title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=555–581 |bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 |issn=0084-6597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Guguwar zafi|Raƙuman zafi]] na iya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin fari sosai ta hanyar ƙara yawan fitar da hayaki . Wannan yana busar da dazuzzuka da sauran ciyayi, kuma yana ƙara yawan mai ga gobarar daji. <ref name="Brando" /> <ref name="Hartmann">{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author-link8=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> fari alama ce ta sauyawa a mafi yawan sassan duniya, ya zama mafi tsananin gaske kuma ba za a iya hango shi ba saboda [[Canjin yanayi]], wanda binciken dendrochronological ya samo asali ne daga 1900. Akwai nau'ikan tasirin fari guda uku, muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tasirin muhalli sun haɗa da bushewar wuraren da ke da ruwa, ƙarin gobarar daji, [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]]. Tasirin tattalin arziki na fari ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin [[noma]] da kiwon dabbobi (wanda ke haifar da [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]), gandun daji, samar da ruwa na jama'a, kewayawar kogi (saboda misali: ƙananan matakan ruwa), samar da wutar lantarki (ta hanyar shafar tsarin wutar lantarki) da kuma tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming-Muñoz |first=David A. |last2=Whitten |first2=Stuart |last3=Bonnett |first3=Graham D. |date=28 June 2023 |title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs |journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=501–523 |doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527 |issn=1364-985X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kudin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan abu kai tsaye (rashin zafi mai yawa), tsadar abinci mai yawa, damuwa da girbi ya haifar, karancin ruwa, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=Carla |last2=Kerac |first2=Marko |last3=Prudhomme |first3=Christel |last4=Medlock |first4=Jolyon |last5=Murray |first5=Virginia |date=2013-06-05 |title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsawon fari ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa da Rikicin jin kai.<ref name="Stanke">{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=C |last2=Kerac |first2=M |last3=Prudhomme |first3=C |last4=Medlock |first4=J |last5=Murray |first5=V |date=5 June 2013 |title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence. |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellizzi |first=Saverio |last2=Lane |first2=Chris |last3=Elhakim |first3=Mohamed |last4=Nabeth |first4=Pierre |date=12 November 2020 |title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions |journal=Environmental Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=114 |bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B |doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z |issn=1476-069X |pmc=7659048 |pmid=33183302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan yankuna da ke da haɗarin fari sune Yankin Amazon, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], yankin [[Sahel]] da [[Indiya]]. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2005, sassan Yankin Amazon sun fuskanci fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref> Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani kuma za su iya zama masu yawa a nan gaba, rahoton da gwamnati ta bayar ya ce a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2008. Tsawon fari na Australiya na Millennial ya ɓarke a cikin 2010. Rashin fari na Horn of Africa na 2020-2022 ya wuce mummunan fari a cikin 2010-2011 a duka tsawon lokaci da tsananin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Daisy |date=2022-10-26 |title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022 |access-date=2022-10-29 |publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, mutane galibi suna kallon fari a matsayin bala'o'i saboda tasirin da ke tattare da wadatar abinci da sauran al'umma. Mutane sun kalli fari a matsayin bala'i na halitta ko kuma wani abu da aikin ɗan adam ya rinjayi, ko kuma sakamakon ikon allahntaka. == Ma'ana == [[Fayil:Fields_outside_benambra.jpg|right|thumb|Filin da ke waje da Benambra, Ostiraliya da ke fama da fari a shekara ta 2006.]] Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana fari kawai a matsayin "mai tsanani fiye da yanayin al'ada". :{{Rp|1157}} Wannan yana nufin cewa fari shine "rashin danshi dangane da matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a wani wuri da kuma lokacin da aka ba shi".<ref name=":2" /> : 1157 {{Rp|1157}} Dangane da National Integrated Drought Information System, haɗin gwiwar hukumomi da yawa, ana bayyana fari gabaɗaya a matsayin "rashin hazo a tsawon lokaci (yawanci lokaci ɗaya ko fiye), wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa". Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Kasa na [[Gudanar da Tsarin Ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa|NOAA]] ya bayyana fari a matsayin "rashin danshi wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutane, dabbobi, ko ciyayi a kan yanki mai girma".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought Basics |url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Drought.gov |publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}</ref> fari abu ne mai rikitarwa − wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa − wanda ke leken sa ido da bayyanawa. A farkon shekarun 1980, an riga an buga ma'anoni sama da 150 na "bishi". Yanayin ma'anar yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna, buƙatu, da hanyoyin horo. == Rukuni == Akwai manyan rukuni uku na fari bisa ga inda ƙarancin danshi ya faru a cikin zagayowar ruwa: fari na yanayi, fari na ruwa, da fari na noma ko muhalli.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Fari na yanayi yana faruwa saboda rashin ruwan sama. Fari na ruwa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin gudu, kwarara, da ajiyar ruwa a tafkuna da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=14 April 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained|journal=WIREs Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V|issn=2049-1948|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fari na noma ko muhalli yana jawo damuwa ga tsirrai ta hanyar haɗin bushewar ruwa da ƙarancin danshi a ƙasa.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna ƙara wani rukuni: fari na tattalin arziki yana faruwa idan buƙatar wani kayan tattalin arziki ta wuce abin da ake da shi sakamakon ƙarancin ruwa da ya shafi yanayi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32" /> Fari na tattalin arziki yana kama da ra'ayin ƙarancin ruwa. Rukunan fari suna da dalilai daban-daban amma suna haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya: # Fari na yanayi yana faruwa idan lokaci ya yi tsawo ba tare da ruwan sama da ya kai matsakaici ba.<ref name="IGARSS2017">{{cite book|last1=Swain|display-authors=etal|first1=S|title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)|chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India|volume=2017|pages=5505–5507|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6|s2cid=26920225}}</ref> Fari na yanayi yawanci yana gabatar da sauran nau'ikan fari.<ref name="NOAAsurprise">{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=What is a Drought?|date=August 2006|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=2007-04-10}}</ref> Idan fari ya ci gaba, yanayin da ke kewaye da shi yana ƙara muni kuma tasirinsa ga al'umma yana ƙaruwa. # Fari na ruwa yana faruwa idan ajiyar ruwa da ake da shi a wurare kamar rijiyoyi, tafkuna da madatsun ruwa ya ragu ƙasa da matsakaici ko wani matakin da aka ɗauka muhimmanci a yankin. Fari na ruwa yana bayyana a hankali saboda yana shafar ruwan da aka adana wanda ake amfani da shi amma ba a sabunta shi ba. Saboda kusancin hulɗa da amfani da ruwa, wannan nau'in fari yana iya samun tasirin sarrafa ruwa. An gano tasirin ɗan adam mai kyau da mara kyau, kuma dabarun sarrafa ruwa suna da muhimmanci wajen rage tasirin fari.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van Loon|first1=Anne F.|last2=Stahl|first2=Kerstin|last3=Di Baldassarre|first3=Giuliano|last4=Clark|first4=Julian|last5=Rangecroft|first5=Sally|last6=Wanders|first6=Niko|last7=Gleeson|first7=Tom|last8=Van Dijk|first8=Albert I. J. M.|last9=Tallaksen|first9=Lena M. |last10=Hannaford |first10=Jamie|last11=Uijlenhoet|first11=Remko|last12=Teuling|first12=Adriaan J.|last13=Hannah|first13=David M.|last14=Sheffield|first14=Justin|last15=Svoboda|first15=Mark|date=2016-09-08|title=Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/3631/2016/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=20|issue=9|pages=3631–3650|doi=10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016HESS...20.3631V|issn=1027-5606|hdl=1885/152821|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wendt|first1=Doris E.|last2=Van Loon|first2=Anne F.|last3=Bloomfield|first3=John P.|last4=Hannah|first4=David M.|date=2020-10-13|title=Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/4853/2020/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=24|issue=10|pages=4853–4868|doi=10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020HESS...24.4853W|issn=1027-5606}}</ref> Kamar fari na noma, fari na ruwa na iya faruwa ba wai kawai saboda rashin ruwan sama ba. Misali, a kusa da shekarar 2007 Kazakhstan ta samu kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya don dawo da ruwa da aka karkatar zuwa wasu ƙasashe daga Tafkin Aral a ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet.<ref>{{cite news|date=2007-04-09|title=Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm}}</ref> Irin wannan yanayi yana sa babban tafkinsu, Balkhash, cikin haɗarin bushewa gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news|date=2004-01-15|title=Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm}}</ref> # Fari na noma ko muhalli yana shafar samar da amfanin gona ko tsarin halittu gaba ɗaya. Wannan yanayi na iya faruwa ba tare da wani canji a matakin ruwan sama ba idan ƙaruwa a ban ruwa ko yanayin ƙasa da lalacewa sakamakon ayyukan noma da ba a tsara su da kyau ba suka jawo ƙarancin ruwa ga amfanin gona. == Dalilai == File:Drought.jpg|thumb|upright| Fashewa da bushewar ƙasa a hamadar Sonora, arewa maso yammacin Mexico === Rashin ruwan sama gaba ɗaya === Hanyoyin samar da ruwan sama sun haɗa da convective, stratiform,<ref>{{cite journal|title=A convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm for volume scanning weather radar observations|author=Emmanouil N. Anagnostou|journal=Meteorological Applications|year=2004|volume=11|pages=291–300|doi=10.1017/S1350482704001409|issue=4|bibcode=2004MeApp..11..291A|doi-access=free}}</ref> da orographic rainfall.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia|author1=A.J. Dore|author2=M. Mousavi-Baygi|author3=R.I. Smith|author4=J. Hall|author5=D. Fowler|author6=T.W. Choularton|journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=40|date=June 2006|pages=3316–3326|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043|issue=18|bibcode=2006AtmEn..40.3316D}}</ref> Convective yana nufin motsi mai ƙarfi a tsaye wanda zai iya jawo ruwan sama mai yawa,<ref name="convection">{{cite book|author=Robert Penrose Pearce|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66|title=Meteorology at the Millennium|publisher=Academic Press|page=66|isbn=978-0-12-548035-2|access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref> yayin da stratiform ke nufin motsi mai rauni da ruwan sama mai sauƙi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cloud dynamics|last=Houze|first=Robert A. Jr.|date=1993|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-050210-6|location=San Diego|oclc=427392836}}</ref> Ruwan sama ana rarrabe shi zuwa rukuni uku: ruwa mai laushi, ruwa da ke daskarewa a lokacin da ya taɓa ƙasa, ko kankara. Fari yana faruwa a wuraren da ruwan sama na al’ada ya ragu. Idan waɗannan abubuwa ba su tallafa isasshen ruwan sama ba, sakamakon shi ne fari. Fari na iya faruwa saboda hasken rana mai ƙarfi, yawaitar tsarin matsin lamba mai ƙarfi, iska daga ƙasa maimakon teku, da ridges na matsin lamba a sama wanda ke hana hadari da ruwan sama. Da zarar yankin ya shiga fari, abubuwan kamar iska mai bushewa,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lbixDAw5DwC&pg=PA22|page=22|title=Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought|author1=Roland Paepe|author2=Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge|author3=Saskia Jelgersma|date=1990|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-7923-1017-4}}</ref> yanayi mai zafi,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvJyVtw53Y4C&pg=PA48|pages=48–49|title=The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña|author1=Joseph S. D'Aleo|author2=Pamela G. Grube|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-378-9}}</ref> da ƙarancin evapotranspiration na iya ƙara tsananta fari. ==== Lokacin bushewa ==== A cikin yankunan zafi, akwai lokacin damina da lokacin bushewa saboda motsin Intertropical Convergence Zone ko Monsoon trough.<ref name="Wang">{{cite book|author=Bin Wang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRT57TENzT8C&pg=PT206|title=The Asian Monsoon|date=2006-01-13|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-40610-5|page=206}}</ref> Lokacin bushewa yana ƙara yawan faruwar fari,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6r9jUTzJiYC&pg=PA349|page=349|title=Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought: A Global Study: A Global Study|author1=Vijendra K. Boken|author2=Arthur P. Cracknell|author3=Ronald L. Heathcote|date=2005-03-24|isbn=978-0-19-803678-4|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> kuma ana gane shi da ƙarancin danshi, tafkuna da koguna suna bushewa. Saboda haka dabbobin kiwo kamar zakaru, giwaye, da wildebeest suna yin hijira. Rashin ruwa a tsirrai yana jawo gobarar daji.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|title=Wet & Dry Seasons|access-date=2018-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320141721/http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|archive-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> Yanayi mai zafi yana hanzarta girma na kayan lambu,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|page=19|title=Home Vegetable Gardening in Kentucky|author=Cooperative Extension Service|publisher=University of Kentucky|date=January 2014|access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> yana ƙara evaporation da transpiration daga tsirrai,<ref>{{cite web|author=North Carolina State University|title=Evapotranspiration|url=https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|date=2013-08-09|access-date=2015-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219045714/https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|archive-date=2015-02-19|author-link=North Carolina State University}}</ref> kuma yana tsananta fari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|date=2002-05-16|access-date=2015-02-18|title=Warm Temperatures and Severe Drought Continued in April Throughout Parts of the United States; Global Temperature For April Second Warmest on Record|author=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219055008/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|archive-date=Feb 19, 2015}}</ref> == Manazarta == q0r6a1h7o1zdy1d4ntp5tdvlc2owc6v 841941 841940 2026-05-28T22:44:13Z Sirjat 20447 /* Dalilai */ 841941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fari''' lokaci ne na bushewa fiye da yadda aka saba. {{Rp|1157}}Fari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki, watanni ko shekaru. Fari yakan yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin halittu da [[noma]] na yankunan da abin ya shafa, kuma yana haifar da illa ga [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arzikin]] yankin. Lokacin rani na shekara-shekara a [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yankunan zafi]] yana ƙara yiwuwar fari ya bunƙasa sosai, tare da ƙaruwar haɗarin gobarar daji daga baya. <ref name="Brando">{{Cite journal |last=Brando |first=Paulo M. |last2=Paolucci |first2=Lucas |last3=Ummenhofer |first3=Caroline C. |last4=Ordway |first4=Elsa M. |last5=Hartmann |first5=Henrik |last6=Cattau |first6=Megan E. |last7=Rattis |first7=Ludmila |last8=Medjibe |first8=Vincent |last9=Coe |first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer |date=30 May 2019 |title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=555–581 |bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 |issn=0084-6597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Guguwar zafi|Raƙuman zafi]] na iya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin fari sosai ta hanyar ƙara yawan fitar da hayaki . Wannan yana busar da dazuzzuka da sauran ciyayi, kuma yana ƙara yawan mai ga gobarar daji. <ref name="Brando" /> <ref name="Hartmann">{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author-link8=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> fari alama ce ta sauyawa a mafi yawan sassan duniya, ya zama mafi tsananin gaske kuma ba za a iya hango shi ba saboda [[Canjin yanayi]], wanda binciken dendrochronological ya samo asali ne daga 1900. Akwai nau'ikan tasirin fari guda uku, muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tasirin muhalli sun haɗa da bushewar wuraren da ke da ruwa, ƙarin gobarar daji, [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]]. Tasirin tattalin arziki na fari ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin [[noma]] da kiwon dabbobi (wanda ke haifar da [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]), gandun daji, samar da ruwa na jama'a, kewayawar kogi (saboda misali: ƙananan matakan ruwa), samar da wutar lantarki (ta hanyar shafar tsarin wutar lantarki) da kuma tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming-Muñoz |first=David A. |last2=Whitten |first2=Stuart |last3=Bonnett |first3=Graham D. |date=28 June 2023 |title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs |journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=501–523 |doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527 |issn=1364-985X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kudin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan abu kai tsaye (rashin zafi mai yawa), tsadar abinci mai yawa, damuwa da girbi ya haifar, karancin ruwa, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=Carla |last2=Kerac |first2=Marko |last3=Prudhomme |first3=Christel |last4=Medlock |first4=Jolyon |last5=Murray |first5=Virginia |date=2013-06-05 |title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsawon fari ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa da Rikicin jin kai.<ref name="Stanke">{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=C |last2=Kerac |first2=M |last3=Prudhomme |first3=C |last4=Medlock |first4=J |last5=Murray |first5=V |date=5 June 2013 |title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence. |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellizzi |first=Saverio |last2=Lane |first2=Chris |last3=Elhakim |first3=Mohamed |last4=Nabeth |first4=Pierre |date=12 November 2020 |title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions |journal=Environmental Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=114 |bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B |doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z |issn=1476-069X |pmc=7659048 |pmid=33183302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan yankuna da ke da haɗarin fari sune Yankin Amazon, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], yankin [[Sahel]] da [[Indiya]]. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2005, sassan Yankin Amazon sun fuskanci fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref> Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani kuma za su iya zama masu yawa a nan gaba, rahoton da gwamnati ta bayar ya ce a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2008. Tsawon fari na Australiya na Millennial ya ɓarke a cikin 2010. Rashin fari na Horn of Africa na 2020-2022 ya wuce mummunan fari a cikin 2010-2011 a duka tsawon lokaci da tsananin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Daisy |date=2022-10-26 |title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022 |access-date=2022-10-29 |publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, mutane galibi suna kallon fari a matsayin bala'o'i saboda tasirin da ke tattare da wadatar abinci da sauran al'umma. Mutane sun kalli fari a matsayin bala'i na halitta ko kuma wani abu da aikin ɗan adam ya rinjayi, ko kuma sakamakon ikon allahntaka. == Ma'ana == [[Fayil:Fields_outside_benambra.jpg|right|thumb|Filin da ke waje da Benambra, Ostiraliya da ke fama da fari a shekara ta 2006.]] Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana fari kawai a matsayin "mai tsanani fiye da yanayin al'ada". :{{Rp|1157}} Wannan yana nufin cewa fari shine "rashin danshi dangane da matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a wani wuri da kuma lokacin da aka ba shi".<ref name=":2" /> : 1157 {{Rp|1157}} Dangane da National Integrated Drought Information System, haɗin gwiwar hukumomi da yawa, ana bayyana fari gabaɗaya a matsayin "rashin hazo a tsawon lokaci (yawanci lokaci ɗaya ko fiye), wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa". Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Kasa na [[Gudanar da Tsarin Ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa|NOAA]] ya bayyana fari a matsayin "rashin danshi wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutane, dabbobi, ko ciyayi a kan yanki mai girma".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought Basics |url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Drought.gov |publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}</ref> fari abu ne mai rikitarwa − wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa − wanda ke leken sa ido da bayyanawa. A farkon shekarun 1980, an riga an buga ma'anoni sama da 150 na "bishi". Yanayin ma'anar yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna, buƙatu, da hanyoyin horo. == Rukuni == Akwai manyan rukuni uku na fari bisa ga inda ƙarancin danshi ya faru a cikin zagayowar ruwa: fari na yanayi, fari na ruwa, da fari na noma ko muhalli.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Fari na yanayi yana faruwa saboda rashin ruwan sama. Fari na ruwa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin gudu, kwarara, da ajiyar ruwa a tafkuna da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=14 April 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained|journal=WIREs Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V|issn=2049-1948|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fari na noma ko muhalli yana jawo damuwa ga tsirrai ta hanyar haɗin bushewar ruwa da ƙarancin danshi a ƙasa.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna ƙara wani rukuni: fari na tattalin arziki yana faruwa idan buƙatar wani kayan tattalin arziki ta wuce abin da ake da shi sakamakon ƙarancin ruwa da ya shafi yanayi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32" /> Fari na tattalin arziki yana kama da ra'ayin ƙarancin ruwa. Rukunan fari suna da dalilai daban-daban amma suna haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya: # Fari na yanayi yana faruwa idan lokaci ya yi tsawo ba tare da ruwan sama da ya kai matsakaici ba.<ref name="IGARSS2017">{{cite book|last1=Swain|display-authors=etal|first1=S|title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)|chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India|volume=2017|pages=5505–5507|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6|s2cid=26920225}}</ref> Fari na yanayi yawanci yana gabatar da sauran nau'ikan fari.<ref name="NOAAsurprise">{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=What is a Drought?|date=August 2006|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=2007-04-10}}</ref> Idan fari ya ci gaba, yanayin da ke kewaye da shi yana ƙara muni kuma tasirinsa ga al'umma yana ƙaruwa. # Fari na ruwa yana faruwa idan ajiyar ruwa da ake da shi a wurare kamar rijiyoyi, tafkuna da madatsun ruwa ya ragu ƙasa da matsakaici ko wani matakin da aka ɗauka muhimmanci a yankin. Fari na ruwa yana bayyana a hankali saboda yana shafar ruwan da aka adana wanda ake amfani da shi amma ba a sabunta shi ba. Saboda kusancin hulɗa da amfani da ruwa, wannan nau'in fari yana iya samun tasirin sarrafa ruwa. An gano tasirin ɗan adam mai kyau da mara kyau, kuma dabarun sarrafa ruwa suna da muhimmanci wajen rage tasirin fari.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van Loon|first1=Anne F.|last2=Stahl|first2=Kerstin|last3=Di Baldassarre|first3=Giuliano|last4=Clark|first4=Julian|last5=Rangecroft|first5=Sally|last6=Wanders|first6=Niko|last7=Gleeson|first7=Tom|last8=Van Dijk|first8=Albert I. J. M.|last9=Tallaksen|first9=Lena M. |last10=Hannaford |first10=Jamie|last11=Uijlenhoet|first11=Remko|last12=Teuling|first12=Adriaan J.|last13=Hannah|first13=David M.|last14=Sheffield|first14=Justin|last15=Svoboda|first15=Mark|date=2016-09-08|title=Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/3631/2016/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=20|issue=9|pages=3631–3650|doi=10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016HESS...20.3631V|issn=1027-5606|hdl=1885/152821|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wendt|first1=Doris E.|last2=Van Loon|first2=Anne F.|last3=Bloomfield|first3=John P.|last4=Hannah|first4=David M.|date=2020-10-13|title=Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/4853/2020/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=24|issue=10|pages=4853–4868|doi=10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020HESS...24.4853W|issn=1027-5606}}</ref> Kamar fari na noma, fari na ruwa na iya faruwa ba wai kawai saboda rashin ruwan sama ba. Misali, a kusa da shekarar 2007 Kazakhstan ta samu kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya don dawo da ruwa da aka karkatar zuwa wasu ƙasashe daga Tafkin Aral a ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet.<ref>{{cite news|date=2007-04-09|title=Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm}}</ref> Irin wannan yanayi yana sa babban tafkinsu, Balkhash, cikin haɗarin bushewa gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news|date=2004-01-15|title=Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm}}</ref> # Fari na noma ko muhalli yana shafar samar da amfanin gona ko tsarin halittu gaba ɗaya. Wannan yanayi na iya faruwa ba tare da wani canji a matakin ruwan sama ba idan ƙaruwa a ban ruwa ko yanayin ƙasa da lalacewa sakamakon ayyukan noma da ba a tsara su da kyau ba suka jawo ƙarancin ruwa ga amfanin gona. == Dalilai == [[File:Drought.jpg|thumb|upright| Fashewa da bushewar ƙasa a hamadar Sonora, arewa maso yammacin Mexico]] === Rashin ruwan sama gaba ɗaya === Hanyoyin samar da ruwan sama sun haɗa da convective, stratiform,<ref>{{cite journal|title=A convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm for volume scanning weather radar observations|author=Emmanouil N. Anagnostou|journal=Meteorological Applications|year=2004|volume=11|pages=291–300|doi=10.1017/S1350482704001409|issue=4|bibcode=2004MeApp..11..291A|doi-access=free}}</ref> da orographic rainfall.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia|author1=A.J. Dore|author2=M. Mousavi-Baygi|author3=R.I. Smith|author4=J. Hall|author5=D. Fowler|author6=T.W. Choularton|journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=40|date=June 2006|pages=3316–3326|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043|issue=18|bibcode=2006AtmEn..40.3316D}}</ref> Convective yana nufin motsi mai ƙarfi a tsaye wanda zai iya jawo ruwan sama mai yawa,<ref name="convection">{{cite book|author=Robert Penrose Pearce|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66|title=Meteorology at the Millennium|publisher=Academic Press|page=66|isbn=978-0-12-548035-2|access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref> yayin da stratiform ke nufin motsi mai rauni da ruwan sama mai sauƙi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cloud dynamics|last=Houze|first=Robert A. Jr.|date=1993|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-050210-6|location=San Diego|oclc=427392836}}</ref> Ruwan sama ana rarrabe shi zuwa rukuni uku: ruwa mai laushi, ruwa da ke daskarewa a lokacin da ya taɓa ƙasa, ko kankara. Fari yana faruwa a wuraren da ruwan sama na al’ada ya ragu. Idan waɗannan abubuwa ba su tallafa isasshen ruwan sama ba, sakamakon shi ne fari. Fari na iya faruwa saboda hasken rana mai ƙarfi, yawaitar tsarin matsin lamba mai ƙarfi, iska daga ƙasa maimakon teku, da ridges na matsin lamba a sama wanda ke hana hadari da ruwan sama. Da zarar yankin ya shiga fari, abubuwan kamar iska mai bushewa,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lbixDAw5DwC&pg=PA22|page=22|title=Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought|author1=Roland Paepe|author2=Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge|author3=Saskia Jelgersma|date=1990|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-7923-1017-4}}</ref> yanayi mai zafi,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvJyVtw53Y4C&pg=PA48|pages=48–49|title=The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña|author1=Joseph S. D'Aleo|author2=Pamela G. Grube|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-378-9}}</ref> da ƙarancin evapotranspiration na iya ƙara tsananta fari. ==== Lokacin bushewa ==== A cikin yankunan zafi, akwai lokacin damina da lokacin bushewa saboda motsin Intertropical Convergence Zone ko Monsoon trough.<ref name="Wang">{{cite book|author=Bin Wang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRT57TENzT8C&pg=PT206|title=The Asian Monsoon|date=2006-01-13|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-40610-5|page=206}}</ref> Lokacin bushewa yana ƙara yawan faruwar fari,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6r9jUTzJiYC&pg=PA349|page=349|title=Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought: A Global Study: A Global Study|author1=Vijendra K. Boken|author2=Arthur P. Cracknell|author3=Ronald L. Heathcote|date=2005-03-24|isbn=978-0-19-803678-4|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> kuma ana gane shi da ƙarancin danshi, tafkuna da koguna suna bushewa. Saboda haka dabbobin kiwo kamar zakaru, giwaye, da wildebeest suna yin hijira. Rashin ruwa a tsirrai yana jawo gobarar daji.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|title=Wet & Dry Seasons|access-date=2018-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320141721/http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|archive-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> Yanayi mai zafi yana hanzarta girma na kayan lambu,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|page=19|title=Home Vegetable Gardening in Kentucky|author=Cooperative Extension Service|publisher=University of Kentucky|date=January 2014|access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> yana ƙara evaporation da transpiration daga tsirrai,<ref>{{cite web|author=North Carolina State University|title=Evapotranspiration|url=https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|date=2013-08-09|access-date=2015-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219045714/https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|archive-date=2015-02-19|author-link=North Carolina State University}}</ref> kuma yana tsananta fari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|date=2002-05-16|access-date=2015-02-18|title=Warm Temperatures and Severe Drought Continued in April Throughout Parts of the United States; Global Temperature For April Second Warmest on Record|author=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219055008/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|archive-date=Feb 19, 2015}}</ref> == Manazarta == essfj2cp0w83asf995v1gtx3gs2lsvv 841943 841941 2026-05-28T22:44:28Z Sirjat 20447 /* Lokacin bushewa */ 841943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fari''' lokaci ne na bushewa fiye da yadda aka saba. {{Rp|1157}}Fari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki, watanni ko shekaru. Fari yakan yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin halittu da [[noma]] na yankunan da abin ya shafa, kuma yana haifar da illa ga [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arzikin]] yankin. Lokacin rani na shekara-shekara a [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yankunan zafi]] yana ƙara yiwuwar fari ya bunƙasa sosai, tare da ƙaruwar haɗarin gobarar daji daga baya. <ref name="Brando">{{Cite journal |last=Brando |first=Paulo M. |last2=Paolucci |first2=Lucas |last3=Ummenhofer |first3=Caroline C. |last4=Ordway |first4=Elsa M. |last5=Hartmann |first5=Henrik |last6=Cattau |first6=Megan E. |last7=Rattis |first7=Ludmila |last8=Medjibe |first8=Vincent |last9=Coe |first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer |date=30 May 2019 |title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=555–581 |bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 |issn=0084-6597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Guguwar zafi|Raƙuman zafi]] na iya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin fari sosai ta hanyar ƙara yawan fitar da hayaki . Wannan yana busar da dazuzzuka da sauran ciyayi, kuma yana ƙara yawan mai ga gobarar daji. <ref name="Brando" /> <ref name="Hartmann">{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author-link8=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> fari alama ce ta sauyawa a mafi yawan sassan duniya, ya zama mafi tsananin gaske kuma ba za a iya hango shi ba saboda [[Canjin yanayi]], wanda binciken dendrochronological ya samo asali ne daga 1900. Akwai nau'ikan tasirin fari guda uku, muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tasirin muhalli sun haɗa da bushewar wuraren da ke da ruwa, ƙarin gobarar daji, [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]]. Tasirin tattalin arziki na fari ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin [[noma]] da kiwon dabbobi (wanda ke haifar da [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]), gandun daji, samar da ruwa na jama'a, kewayawar kogi (saboda misali: ƙananan matakan ruwa), samar da wutar lantarki (ta hanyar shafar tsarin wutar lantarki) da kuma tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming-Muñoz |first=David A. |last2=Whitten |first2=Stuart |last3=Bonnett |first3=Graham D. |date=28 June 2023 |title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs |journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=501–523 |doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527 |issn=1364-985X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kudin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan abu kai tsaye (rashin zafi mai yawa), tsadar abinci mai yawa, damuwa da girbi ya haifar, karancin ruwa, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=Carla |last2=Kerac |first2=Marko |last3=Prudhomme |first3=Christel |last4=Medlock |first4=Jolyon |last5=Murray |first5=Virginia |date=2013-06-05 |title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsawon fari ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa da Rikicin jin kai.<ref name="Stanke">{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=C |last2=Kerac |first2=M |last3=Prudhomme |first3=C |last4=Medlock |first4=J |last5=Murray |first5=V |date=5 June 2013 |title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence. |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellizzi |first=Saverio |last2=Lane |first2=Chris |last3=Elhakim |first3=Mohamed |last4=Nabeth |first4=Pierre |date=12 November 2020 |title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions |journal=Environmental Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=114 |bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B |doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z |issn=1476-069X |pmc=7659048 |pmid=33183302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan yankuna da ke da haɗarin fari sune Yankin Amazon, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], yankin [[Sahel]] da [[Indiya]]. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2005, sassan Yankin Amazon sun fuskanci fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref> Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani kuma za su iya zama masu yawa a nan gaba, rahoton da gwamnati ta bayar ya ce a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2008. Tsawon fari na Australiya na Millennial ya ɓarke a cikin 2010. Rashin fari na Horn of Africa na 2020-2022 ya wuce mummunan fari a cikin 2010-2011 a duka tsawon lokaci da tsananin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Daisy |date=2022-10-26 |title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022 |access-date=2022-10-29 |publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, mutane galibi suna kallon fari a matsayin bala'o'i saboda tasirin da ke tattare da wadatar abinci da sauran al'umma. Mutane sun kalli fari a matsayin bala'i na halitta ko kuma wani abu da aikin ɗan adam ya rinjayi, ko kuma sakamakon ikon allahntaka. == Ma'ana == [[Fayil:Fields_outside_benambra.jpg|right|thumb|Filin da ke waje da Benambra, Ostiraliya da ke fama da fari a shekara ta 2006.]] Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana fari kawai a matsayin "mai tsanani fiye da yanayin al'ada". :{{Rp|1157}} Wannan yana nufin cewa fari shine "rashin danshi dangane da matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a wani wuri da kuma lokacin da aka ba shi".<ref name=":2" /> : 1157 {{Rp|1157}} Dangane da National Integrated Drought Information System, haɗin gwiwar hukumomi da yawa, ana bayyana fari gabaɗaya a matsayin "rashin hazo a tsawon lokaci (yawanci lokaci ɗaya ko fiye), wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa". Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Kasa na [[Gudanar da Tsarin Ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa|NOAA]] ya bayyana fari a matsayin "rashin danshi wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutane, dabbobi, ko ciyayi a kan yanki mai girma".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought Basics |url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Drought.gov |publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}</ref> fari abu ne mai rikitarwa − wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa − wanda ke leken sa ido da bayyanawa. A farkon shekarun 1980, an riga an buga ma'anoni sama da 150 na "bishi". Yanayin ma'anar yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna, buƙatu, da hanyoyin horo. == Rukuni == Akwai manyan rukuni uku na fari bisa ga inda ƙarancin danshi ya faru a cikin zagayowar ruwa: fari na yanayi, fari na ruwa, da fari na noma ko muhalli.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Fari na yanayi yana faruwa saboda rashin ruwan sama. Fari na ruwa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin gudu, kwarara, da ajiyar ruwa a tafkuna da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=14 April 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained|journal=WIREs Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V|issn=2049-1948|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fari na noma ko muhalli yana jawo damuwa ga tsirrai ta hanyar haɗin bushewar ruwa da ƙarancin danshi a ƙasa.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna ƙara wani rukuni: fari na tattalin arziki yana faruwa idan buƙatar wani kayan tattalin arziki ta wuce abin da ake da shi sakamakon ƙarancin ruwa da ya shafi yanayi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32" /> Fari na tattalin arziki yana kama da ra'ayin ƙarancin ruwa. Rukunan fari suna da dalilai daban-daban amma suna haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya: # Fari na yanayi yana faruwa idan lokaci ya yi tsawo ba tare da ruwan sama da ya kai matsakaici ba.<ref name="IGARSS2017">{{cite book|last1=Swain|display-authors=etal|first1=S|title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)|chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India|volume=2017|pages=5505–5507|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6|s2cid=26920225}}</ref> Fari na yanayi yawanci yana gabatar da sauran nau'ikan fari.<ref name="NOAAsurprise">{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=What is a Drought?|date=August 2006|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=2007-04-10}}</ref> Idan fari ya ci gaba, yanayin da ke kewaye da shi yana ƙara muni kuma tasirinsa ga al'umma yana ƙaruwa. # Fari na ruwa yana faruwa idan ajiyar ruwa da ake da shi a wurare kamar rijiyoyi, tafkuna da madatsun ruwa ya ragu ƙasa da matsakaici ko wani matakin da aka ɗauka muhimmanci a yankin. Fari na ruwa yana bayyana a hankali saboda yana shafar ruwan da aka adana wanda ake amfani da shi amma ba a sabunta shi ba. Saboda kusancin hulɗa da amfani da ruwa, wannan nau'in fari yana iya samun tasirin sarrafa ruwa. An gano tasirin ɗan adam mai kyau da mara kyau, kuma dabarun sarrafa ruwa suna da muhimmanci wajen rage tasirin fari.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van Loon|first1=Anne F.|last2=Stahl|first2=Kerstin|last3=Di Baldassarre|first3=Giuliano|last4=Clark|first4=Julian|last5=Rangecroft|first5=Sally|last6=Wanders|first6=Niko|last7=Gleeson|first7=Tom|last8=Van Dijk|first8=Albert I. J. M.|last9=Tallaksen|first9=Lena M. |last10=Hannaford |first10=Jamie|last11=Uijlenhoet|first11=Remko|last12=Teuling|first12=Adriaan J.|last13=Hannah|first13=David M.|last14=Sheffield|first14=Justin|last15=Svoboda|first15=Mark|date=2016-09-08|title=Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/3631/2016/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=20|issue=9|pages=3631–3650|doi=10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016HESS...20.3631V|issn=1027-5606|hdl=1885/152821|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wendt|first1=Doris E.|last2=Van Loon|first2=Anne F.|last3=Bloomfield|first3=John P.|last4=Hannah|first4=David M.|date=2020-10-13|title=Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/4853/2020/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=24|issue=10|pages=4853–4868|doi=10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020HESS...24.4853W|issn=1027-5606}}</ref> Kamar fari na noma, fari na ruwa na iya faruwa ba wai kawai saboda rashin ruwan sama ba. Misali, a kusa da shekarar 2007 Kazakhstan ta samu kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya don dawo da ruwa da aka karkatar zuwa wasu ƙasashe daga Tafkin Aral a ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet.<ref>{{cite news|date=2007-04-09|title=Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm}}</ref> Irin wannan yanayi yana sa babban tafkinsu, Balkhash, cikin haɗarin bushewa gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news|date=2004-01-15|title=Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm}}</ref> # Fari na noma ko muhalli yana shafar samar da amfanin gona ko tsarin halittu gaba ɗaya. Wannan yanayi na iya faruwa ba tare da wani canji a matakin ruwan sama ba idan ƙaruwa a ban ruwa ko yanayin ƙasa da lalacewa sakamakon ayyukan noma da ba a tsara su da kyau ba suka jawo ƙarancin ruwa ga amfanin gona. == Dalilai == [[File:Drought.jpg|thumb|upright| Fashewa da bushewar ƙasa a hamadar Sonora, arewa maso yammacin Mexico]] === Rashin ruwan sama gaba ɗaya === Hanyoyin samar da ruwan sama sun haɗa da convective, stratiform,<ref>{{cite journal|title=A convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm for volume scanning weather radar observations|author=Emmanouil N. Anagnostou|journal=Meteorological Applications|year=2004|volume=11|pages=291–300|doi=10.1017/S1350482704001409|issue=4|bibcode=2004MeApp..11..291A|doi-access=free}}</ref> da orographic rainfall.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia|author1=A.J. Dore|author2=M. Mousavi-Baygi|author3=R.I. Smith|author4=J. Hall|author5=D. Fowler|author6=T.W. Choularton|journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=40|date=June 2006|pages=3316–3326|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043|issue=18|bibcode=2006AtmEn..40.3316D}}</ref> Convective yana nufin motsi mai ƙarfi a tsaye wanda zai iya jawo ruwan sama mai yawa,<ref name="convection">{{cite book|author=Robert Penrose Pearce|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66|title=Meteorology at the Millennium|publisher=Academic Press|page=66|isbn=978-0-12-548035-2|access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref> yayin da stratiform ke nufin motsi mai rauni da ruwan sama mai sauƙi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cloud dynamics|last=Houze|first=Robert A. Jr.|date=1993|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-050210-6|location=San Diego|oclc=427392836}}</ref> Ruwan sama ana rarrabe shi zuwa rukuni uku: ruwa mai laushi, ruwa da ke daskarewa a lokacin da ya taɓa ƙasa, ko kankara. Fari yana faruwa a wuraren da ruwan sama na al’ada ya ragu. Idan waɗannan abubuwa ba su tallafa isasshen ruwan sama ba, sakamakon shi ne fari. Fari na iya faruwa saboda hasken rana mai ƙarfi, yawaitar tsarin matsin lamba mai ƙarfi, iska daga ƙasa maimakon teku, da ridges na matsin lamba a sama wanda ke hana hadari da ruwan sama. Da zarar yankin ya shiga fari, abubuwan kamar iska mai bushewa,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lbixDAw5DwC&pg=PA22|page=22|title=Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought|author1=Roland Paepe|author2=Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge|author3=Saskia Jelgersma|date=1990|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-7923-1017-4}}</ref> yanayi mai zafi,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvJyVtw53Y4C&pg=PA48|pages=48–49|title=The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña|author1=Joseph S. D'Aleo|author2=Pamela G. Grube|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-378-9}}</ref> da ƙarancin evapotranspiration na iya ƙara tsananta fari. ==== Lokacin bushewa ==== A cikin yankunan zafi, akwai lokacin damina da lokacin bushewa saboda motsin Intertropical Convergence Zone ko Monsoon trough.<ref name="Wang">{{cite book|author=Bin Wang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRT57TENzT8C&pg=PT206|title=The Asian Monsoon|date=2006-01-13|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-40610-5|page=206}}</ref> Lokacin bushewa yana ƙara yawan faruwar fari,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6r9jUTzJiYC&pg=PA349|page=349|title=Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought: A Global Study: A Global Study|author1=Vijendra K. Boken|author2=Arthur P. Cracknell|author3=Ronald L. Heathcote|date=2005-03-24|isbn=978-0-19-803678-4|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> kuma ana gane shi da ƙarancin danshi, tafkuna da koguna suna bushewa. Saboda haka dabbobin kiwo kamar zakaru, giwaye, da wildebeest suna yin hijira. Rashin ruwa a tsirrai yana jawo gobarar daji.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|title=Wet & Dry Seasons|access-date=2018-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320141721/http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|archive-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> Yanayi mai zafi yana hanzarta girma na kayan lambu,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|page=19|title=Home Vegetable Gardening in Kentucky|author=Cooperative Extension Service|publisher=University of Kentucky|date=January 2014|access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> yana ƙara evaporation da transpiration daga tsirrai,<ref>{{cite web|author=North Carolina State University|title=Evapotranspiration|url=https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|date=2013-08-09|access-date=2015-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219045714/https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|archive-date=2015-02-19|author-link=North Carolina State University}}</ref> kuma yana tsananta fari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|date=2002-05-16|access-date=2015-02-18|title=Warm Temperatures and Severe Drought Continued in April Throughout Parts of the United States; Global Temperature For April Second Warmest on Record|author=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219055008/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|archive-date=Feb 19, 2015}}</ref> ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da fari. ENSO yana ƙunshe da yanayin zafin ruwa a tsakiyar Tekun Pasifik, wanda ake kira La Niña da El Niño. La Niña yawanci yana da alaƙa da yanayi mai bushewa da zafi, yana tsananta fari a California da yankin kudu maso yammacin Amurka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/nation-world/la-nina-west-coast-climate/507-f792ab4a-bc35-4e45-9de1-08d8379dfc9b|title=Weather's unwanted guest: Nasty La Niña keeps popping up|author=Seth Borenstein|publisher=9news.com.au.com|date=May 28, 2022|access-date=June 4, 2022|quote=Scientists are noticing that in the past 25 years the world seems to be getting more La Niñas than it used to...|url-status=live}}</ref> A lokacin El Niño, yanayi mai bushewa da zafi yana faruwa a yankin kogin Amazon, Colombia, da Amurka ta Tsakiya. A lokacin hunturu, yankin arewacin Amurka yana samun ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara. Haka kuma, yanayi mai bushewa yana faruwa daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu a Afirka ta Kudu, musamman a Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, da Botswana. Tasirin El Niño yana haifar da gobarar daji, hazo, da ƙarancin ingancin. == Manazarta == cyp3rqku84nli716s2u8tqpx638po7i 841944 841943 2026-05-28T22:46:08Z Sirjat 20447 /* El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) */ 841944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fari''' lokaci ne na bushewa fiye da yadda aka saba. {{Rp|1157}}Fari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki, watanni ko shekaru. Fari yakan yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin halittu da [[noma]] na yankunan da abin ya shafa, kuma yana haifar da illa ga [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arzikin]] yankin. Lokacin rani na shekara-shekara a [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yankunan zafi]] yana ƙara yiwuwar fari ya bunƙasa sosai, tare da ƙaruwar haɗarin gobarar daji daga baya. <ref name="Brando">{{Cite journal |last=Brando |first=Paulo M. |last2=Paolucci |first2=Lucas |last3=Ummenhofer |first3=Caroline C. |last4=Ordway |first4=Elsa M. |last5=Hartmann |first5=Henrik |last6=Cattau |first6=Megan E. |last7=Rattis |first7=Ludmila |last8=Medjibe |first8=Vincent |last9=Coe |first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer |date=30 May 2019 |title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=555–581 |bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 |issn=0084-6597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Guguwar zafi|Raƙuman zafi]] na iya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin fari sosai ta hanyar ƙara yawan fitar da hayaki . Wannan yana busar da dazuzzuka da sauran ciyayi, kuma yana ƙara yawan mai ga gobarar daji. <ref name="Brando" /> <ref name="Hartmann">{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author-link8=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> fari alama ce ta sauyawa a mafi yawan sassan duniya, ya zama mafi tsananin gaske kuma ba za a iya hango shi ba saboda [[Canjin yanayi]], wanda binciken dendrochronological ya samo asali ne daga 1900. Akwai nau'ikan tasirin fari guda uku, muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tasirin muhalli sun haɗa da bushewar wuraren da ke da ruwa, ƙarin gobarar daji, [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]]. Tasirin tattalin arziki na fari ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin [[noma]] da kiwon dabbobi (wanda ke haifar da [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]), gandun daji, samar da ruwa na jama'a, kewayawar kogi (saboda misali: ƙananan matakan ruwa), samar da wutar lantarki (ta hanyar shafar tsarin wutar lantarki) da kuma tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming-Muñoz |first=David A. |last2=Whitten |first2=Stuart |last3=Bonnett |first3=Graham D. |date=28 June 2023 |title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs |journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=501–523 |doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527 |issn=1364-985X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kudin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan abu kai tsaye (rashin zafi mai yawa), tsadar abinci mai yawa, damuwa da girbi ya haifar, karancin ruwa, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=Carla |last2=Kerac |first2=Marko |last3=Prudhomme |first3=Christel |last4=Medlock |first4=Jolyon |last5=Murray |first5=Virginia |date=2013-06-05 |title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsawon fari ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa da Rikicin jin kai.<ref name="Stanke">{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=C |last2=Kerac |first2=M |last3=Prudhomme |first3=C |last4=Medlock |first4=J |last5=Murray |first5=V |date=5 June 2013 |title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence. |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellizzi |first=Saverio |last2=Lane |first2=Chris |last3=Elhakim |first3=Mohamed |last4=Nabeth |first4=Pierre |date=12 November 2020 |title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions |journal=Environmental Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=114 |bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B |doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z |issn=1476-069X |pmc=7659048 |pmid=33183302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan yankuna da ke da haɗarin fari sune Yankin Amazon, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], yankin [[Sahel]] da [[Indiya]]. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2005, sassan Yankin Amazon sun fuskanci fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref> Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani kuma za su iya zama masu yawa a nan gaba, rahoton da gwamnati ta bayar ya ce a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2008. Tsawon fari na Australiya na Millennial ya ɓarke a cikin 2010. Rashin fari na Horn of Africa na 2020-2022 ya wuce mummunan fari a cikin 2010-2011 a duka tsawon lokaci da tsananin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Daisy |date=2022-10-26 |title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022 |access-date=2022-10-29 |publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, mutane galibi suna kallon fari a matsayin bala'o'i saboda tasirin da ke tattare da wadatar abinci da sauran al'umma. Mutane sun kalli fari a matsayin bala'i na halitta ko kuma wani abu da aikin ɗan adam ya rinjayi, ko kuma sakamakon ikon allahntaka. == Ma'ana == [[Fayil:Fields_outside_benambra.jpg|right|thumb|Filin da ke waje da Benambra, Ostiraliya da ke fama da fari a shekara ta 2006.]] Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana fari kawai a matsayin "mai tsanani fiye da yanayin al'ada". :{{Rp|1157}} Wannan yana nufin cewa fari shine "rashin danshi dangane da matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a wani wuri da kuma lokacin da aka ba shi".<ref name=":2" /> : 1157 {{Rp|1157}} Dangane da National Integrated Drought Information System, haɗin gwiwar hukumomi da yawa, ana bayyana fari gabaɗaya a matsayin "rashin hazo a tsawon lokaci (yawanci lokaci ɗaya ko fiye), wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa". Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Kasa na [[Gudanar da Tsarin Ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa|NOAA]] ya bayyana fari a matsayin "rashin danshi wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutane, dabbobi, ko ciyayi a kan yanki mai girma".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought Basics |url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Drought.gov |publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}</ref> fari abu ne mai rikitarwa − wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa − wanda ke leken sa ido da bayyanawa. A farkon shekarun 1980, an riga an buga ma'anoni sama da 150 na "bishi". Yanayin ma'anar yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna, buƙatu, da hanyoyin horo. == Rukuni == Akwai manyan rukuni uku na fari bisa ga inda ƙarancin danshi ya faru a cikin zagayowar ruwa: fari na yanayi, fari na ruwa, da fari na noma ko muhalli.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Fari na yanayi yana faruwa saboda rashin ruwan sama. Fari na ruwa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin gudu, kwarara, da ajiyar ruwa a tafkuna da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=14 April 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained|journal=WIREs Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V|issn=2049-1948|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fari na noma ko muhalli yana jawo damuwa ga tsirrai ta hanyar haɗin bushewar ruwa da ƙarancin danshi a ƙasa.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna ƙara wani rukuni: fari na tattalin arziki yana faruwa idan buƙatar wani kayan tattalin arziki ta wuce abin da ake da shi sakamakon ƙarancin ruwa da ya shafi yanayi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32" /> Fari na tattalin arziki yana kama da ra'ayin ƙarancin ruwa. Rukunan fari suna da dalilai daban-daban amma suna haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya: # Fari na yanayi yana faruwa idan lokaci ya yi tsawo ba tare da ruwan sama da ya kai matsakaici ba.<ref name="IGARSS2017">{{cite book|last1=Swain|display-authors=etal|first1=S|title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)|chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India|volume=2017|pages=5505–5507|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6|s2cid=26920225}}</ref> Fari na yanayi yawanci yana gabatar da sauran nau'ikan fari.<ref name="NOAAsurprise">{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=What is a Drought?|date=August 2006|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=2007-04-10}}</ref> Idan fari ya ci gaba, yanayin da ke kewaye da shi yana ƙara muni kuma tasirinsa ga al'umma yana ƙaruwa. # Fari na ruwa yana faruwa idan ajiyar ruwa da ake da shi a wurare kamar rijiyoyi, tafkuna da madatsun ruwa ya ragu ƙasa da matsakaici ko wani matakin da aka ɗauka muhimmanci a yankin. Fari na ruwa yana bayyana a hankali saboda yana shafar ruwan da aka adana wanda ake amfani da shi amma ba a sabunta shi ba. Saboda kusancin hulɗa da amfani da ruwa, wannan nau'in fari yana iya samun tasirin sarrafa ruwa. An gano tasirin ɗan adam mai kyau da mara kyau, kuma dabarun sarrafa ruwa suna da muhimmanci wajen rage tasirin fari.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van Loon|first1=Anne F.|last2=Stahl|first2=Kerstin|last3=Di Baldassarre|first3=Giuliano|last4=Clark|first4=Julian|last5=Rangecroft|first5=Sally|last6=Wanders|first6=Niko|last7=Gleeson|first7=Tom|last8=Van Dijk|first8=Albert I. J. M.|last9=Tallaksen|first9=Lena M. |last10=Hannaford |first10=Jamie|last11=Uijlenhoet|first11=Remko|last12=Teuling|first12=Adriaan J.|last13=Hannah|first13=David M.|last14=Sheffield|first14=Justin|last15=Svoboda|first15=Mark|date=2016-09-08|title=Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/3631/2016/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=20|issue=9|pages=3631–3650|doi=10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016HESS...20.3631V|issn=1027-5606|hdl=1885/152821|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wendt|first1=Doris E.|last2=Van Loon|first2=Anne F.|last3=Bloomfield|first3=John P.|last4=Hannah|first4=David M.|date=2020-10-13|title=Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/4853/2020/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=24|issue=10|pages=4853–4868|doi=10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020HESS...24.4853W|issn=1027-5606}}</ref> Kamar fari na noma, fari na ruwa na iya faruwa ba wai kawai saboda rashin ruwan sama ba. Misali, a kusa da shekarar 2007 Kazakhstan ta samu kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya don dawo da ruwa da aka karkatar zuwa wasu ƙasashe daga Tafkin Aral a ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet.<ref>{{cite news|date=2007-04-09|title=Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm}}</ref> Irin wannan yanayi yana sa babban tafkinsu, Balkhash, cikin haɗarin bushewa gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news|date=2004-01-15|title=Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm}}</ref> # Fari na noma ko muhalli yana shafar samar da amfanin gona ko tsarin halittu gaba ɗaya. Wannan yanayi na iya faruwa ba tare da wani canji a matakin ruwan sama ba idan ƙaruwa a ban ruwa ko yanayin ƙasa da lalacewa sakamakon ayyukan noma da ba a tsara su da kyau ba suka jawo ƙarancin ruwa ga amfanin gona. == Dalilai == [[File:Drought.jpg|thumb|upright| Fashewa da bushewar ƙasa a hamadar Sonora, arewa maso yammacin Mexico]] === Rashin ruwan sama gaba ɗaya === Hanyoyin samar da ruwan sama sun haɗa da convective, stratiform,<ref>{{cite journal|title=A convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm for volume scanning weather radar observations|author=Emmanouil N. Anagnostou|journal=Meteorological Applications|year=2004|volume=11|pages=291–300|doi=10.1017/S1350482704001409|issue=4|bibcode=2004MeApp..11..291A|doi-access=free}}</ref> da orographic rainfall.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia|author1=A.J. Dore|author2=M. Mousavi-Baygi|author3=R.I. Smith|author4=J. Hall|author5=D. Fowler|author6=T.W. Choularton|journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=40|date=June 2006|pages=3316–3326|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043|issue=18|bibcode=2006AtmEn..40.3316D}}</ref> Convective yana nufin motsi mai ƙarfi a tsaye wanda zai iya jawo ruwan sama mai yawa,<ref name="convection">{{cite book|author=Robert Penrose Pearce|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66|title=Meteorology at the Millennium|publisher=Academic Press|page=66|isbn=978-0-12-548035-2|access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref> yayin da stratiform ke nufin motsi mai rauni da ruwan sama mai sauƙi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cloud dynamics|last=Houze|first=Robert A. Jr.|date=1993|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-050210-6|location=San Diego|oclc=427392836}}</ref> Ruwan sama ana rarrabe shi zuwa rukuni uku: ruwa mai laushi, ruwa da ke daskarewa a lokacin da ya taɓa ƙasa, ko kankara. Fari yana faruwa a wuraren da ruwan sama na al’ada ya ragu. Idan waɗannan abubuwa ba su tallafa isasshen ruwan sama ba, sakamakon shi ne fari. Fari na iya faruwa saboda hasken rana mai ƙarfi, yawaitar tsarin matsin lamba mai ƙarfi, iska daga ƙasa maimakon teku, da ridges na matsin lamba a sama wanda ke hana hadari da ruwan sama. Da zarar yankin ya shiga fari, abubuwan kamar iska mai bushewa,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lbixDAw5DwC&pg=PA22|page=22|title=Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought|author1=Roland Paepe|author2=Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge|author3=Saskia Jelgersma|date=1990|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-7923-1017-4}}</ref> yanayi mai zafi,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvJyVtw53Y4C&pg=PA48|pages=48–49|title=The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña|author1=Joseph S. D'Aleo|author2=Pamela G. Grube|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-378-9}}</ref> da ƙarancin evapotranspiration na iya ƙara tsananta fari. ==== Lokacin bushewa ==== A cikin yankunan zafi, akwai lokacin damina da lokacin bushewa saboda motsin Intertropical Convergence Zone ko Monsoon trough.<ref name="Wang">{{cite book|author=Bin Wang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRT57TENzT8C&pg=PT206|title=The Asian Monsoon|date=2006-01-13|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-40610-5|page=206}}</ref> Lokacin bushewa yana ƙara yawan faruwar fari,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6r9jUTzJiYC&pg=PA349|page=349|title=Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought: A Global Study: A Global Study|author1=Vijendra K. Boken|author2=Arthur P. Cracknell|author3=Ronald L. Heathcote|date=2005-03-24|isbn=978-0-19-803678-4|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> kuma ana gane shi da ƙarancin danshi, tafkuna da koguna suna bushewa. Saboda haka dabbobin kiwo kamar zakaru, giwaye, da wildebeest suna yin hijira. Rashin ruwa a tsirrai yana jawo gobarar daji.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|title=Wet & Dry Seasons|access-date=2018-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320141721/http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|archive-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> Yanayi mai zafi yana hanzarta girma na kayan lambu,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|page=19|title=Home Vegetable Gardening in Kentucky|author=Cooperative Extension Service|publisher=University of Kentucky|date=January 2014|access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> yana ƙara evaporation da transpiration daga tsirrai,<ref>{{cite web|author=North Carolina State University|title=Evapotranspiration|url=https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|date=2013-08-09|access-date=2015-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219045714/https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|archive-date=2015-02-19|author-link=North Carolina State University}}</ref> kuma yana tsananta fari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|date=2002-05-16|access-date=2015-02-18|title=Warm Temperatures and Severe Drought Continued in April Throughout Parts of the United States; Global Temperature For April Second Warmest on Record|author=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219055008/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|archive-date=Feb 19, 2015}}</ref> ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da fari. ENSO yana ƙunshe da yanayin zafin ruwa a tsakiyar Tekun Pasifik, wanda ake kira La Niña da El Niño. La Niña yawanci yana da alaƙa da yanayi mai bushewa da zafi, yana tsananta fari a California da yankin kudu maso yammacin Amurka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/nation-world/la-nina-west-coast-climate/507-f792ab4a-bc35-4e45-9de1-08d8379dfc9b|title=Weather's unwanted guest: Nasty La Niña keeps popping up|author=Seth Borenstein|publisher=9news.com.au.com|date=May 28, 2022|access-date=June 4, 2022|quote=Scientists are noticing that in the past 25 years the world seems to be getting more La Niñas than it used to...|url-status=live}}</ref> A lokacin El Niño, yanayi mai bushewa da zafi yana faruwa a yankin kogin Amazon, Colombia, da Amurka ta Tsakiya. A lokacin hunturu, yankin arewacin Amurka yana samun ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara. Haka kuma, yanayi mai bushewa yana faruwa daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu a Afirka ta Kudu, musamman a Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, da Botswana. Tasirin El Niño yana haifar da gobarar daji, hazo, da ƙarancin ingancin. == Tasiri == File:Global Drought Total Economic Loss Risk Deciles (5457316295).jpg|thumb|Hadarin asarar tattalin arziki na fari a duniya File:DroughtinNamibia.jpg|thumb|right| Oryx biyu da suka mutu a Namibia a lokacin farin 2018–19 a Kudancin Afirka. File:Ruins_at_Farina.JPG|thumb|Bayan shekaru na fari da guguwa, garin Farina a Kudancin Ostiraliya ya zama kango. Fari yana daga cikin manyan bala’o’in halitta, kuma yana da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli, tattalin arziki, albarkatun ruwa, noma, da al’umma a duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Gebrechorkos|first1=Solomon H.|last2=Peng|first2=Jian|last3=Dyer|first3=Ellen|last4=Miralles|first4=Diego G.|last5=Vicente-Serrano|first5=Sergio M.|last6=Funk|first6=Chris|last7=Beck|first7=Hylke E.|last8=Asfaw|first8=Dagmawi T.|last9=Singer|first9=Michael B. |last10=Dadson |first10=Simon J.|year=2023|title=Global high-resolution drought indices for 1981–2022|url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/5449/2023/|journal=Earth System Science Data|volume=15|issue=12|pages=5449–5466|doi=10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023|issn=1866-3516|doi-access=free|bibcode=2023ESSD...15.5449G|hdl=10754/693396|hdl-access=free}} File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px Rubutu an kwafa daga wannan tushe, wanda yake ƙarƙashin lasisin Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International</ref> Ana iya rarrabe tasirin fari zuwa rukuni uku: muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (ciki har da lafiya). === Tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziki === File:Mixed Douglas-fir - Western Redcedar forest, with some Western Redcedar dying from drought; Arlington, Washington, 2018 (29721380337).jpg| thumb|right | Itacen red cedar a Amurka yana mutuwa saboda fari, 2018 Tasirin muhalli na fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a matakin ruwa a saman ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙarancin kwarara (wanda ke haifar da haɗari ga rayuwar dabbobin ruwa), ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, bushewar fadama, yawaitar gobarar daji, asarar nau’o’in halittu, rashin lafiyar itatuwa da yaduwar kwari da cututtukan itace.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite journal|last1=Zimmer|first1=Katarina|title=Dead trees around the world are shocking scientists|journal=Knowable Magazine|date=17 August 2023|doi=10.1146/knowable-081723-2|doi-access=free|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2023/dead-trees-shocking-scientists|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Hartmann">{{cite journal|last1=Hartmann|first1=Henrik|last2=Bastos|first2=Ana|last3=Das|first3=Adrian J.|last4=Esquivel-Muelbert|first4=Adriane|last5=Hammond|first5=William M.|last6=Martínez-Vilalta|first6=Jordi|last7=McDowell|first7=Nate G.|last8=Powers|first8=Jennifer S.|author8-link=Jennifer Sarah Powers|last9=Pugh|first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X.|last11=Allen|first11=Craig D.|title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide|journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology|date=20 May 2022|volume=73|issue=1|pages=673–702|doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804|doi-access=free|pmid=35231182|bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H|issn=1543-5008}}</ref> Asarar tattalin arziki sakamakon fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a samar da amfanin gona, gandun daji, kiwo da kamun kifi, ƙaruwa a farashin abinci, ƙarancin samar da wutar lantarki daga madatsun ruwa, asarar kudaden yawon shakatawa da sufuri, matsaloli a samar da ruwa ga masana’antu da birane. An kiyasta cewa fari ya jawo asarar dala biliyan 278 daga 1991 zuwa 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en |title=The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140180-4 |language=English |doi=10.4060/cd7185en}}</ref> == Manazarta == 1cuzj3uvve8djdk0hqmkggciklqcvw1 841945 841944 2026-05-28T22:46:44Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tasiri */ 841945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fari''' lokaci ne na bushewa fiye da yadda aka saba. {{Rp|1157}}Fari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki, watanni ko shekaru. Fari yakan yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin halittu da [[noma]] na yankunan da abin ya shafa, kuma yana haifar da illa ga [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arzikin]] yankin. Lokacin rani na shekara-shekara a [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yankunan zafi]] yana ƙara yiwuwar fari ya bunƙasa sosai, tare da ƙaruwar haɗarin gobarar daji daga baya. <ref name="Brando">{{Cite journal |last=Brando |first=Paulo M. |last2=Paolucci |first2=Lucas |last3=Ummenhofer |first3=Caroline C. |last4=Ordway |first4=Elsa M. |last5=Hartmann |first5=Henrik |last6=Cattau |first6=Megan E. |last7=Rattis |first7=Ludmila |last8=Medjibe |first8=Vincent |last9=Coe |first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer |date=30 May 2019 |title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=555–581 |bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 |issn=0084-6597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Guguwar zafi|Raƙuman zafi]] na iya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin fari sosai ta hanyar ƙara yawan fitar da hayaki . Wannan yana busar da dazuzzuka da sauran ciyayi, kuma yana ƙara yawan mai ga gobarar daji. <ref name="Brando" /> <ref name="Hartmann">{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author-link8=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> fari alama ce ta sauyawa a mafi yawan sassan duniya, ya zama mafi tsananin gaske kuma ba za a iya hango shi ba saboda [[Canjin yanayi]], wanda binciken dendrochronological ya samo asali ne daga 1900. Akwai nau'ikan tasirin fari guda uku, muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tasirin muhalli sun haɗa da bushewar wuraren da ke da ruwa, ƙarin gobarar daji, [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]]. Tasirin tattalin arziki na fari ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin [[noma]] da kiwon dabbobi (wanda ke haifar da [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]), gandun daji, samar da ruwa na jama'a, kewayawar kogi (saboda misali: ƙananan matakan ruwa), samar da wutar lantarki (ta hanyar shafar tsarin wutar lantarki) da kuma tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming-Muñoz |first=David A. |last2=Whitten |first2=Stuart |last3=Bonnett |first3=Graham D. |date=28 June 2023 |title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs |journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=501–523 |doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527 |issn=1364-985X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kudin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan abu kai tsaye (rashin zafi mai yawa), tsadar abinci mai yawa, damuwa da girbi ya haifar, karancin ruwa, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=Carla |last2=Kerac |first2=Marko |last3=Prudhomme |first3=Christel |last4=Medlock |first4=Jolyon |last5=Murray |first5=Virginia |date=2013-06-05 |title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsawon fari ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa da Rikicin jin kai.<ref name="Stanke">{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=C |last2=Kerac |first2=M |last3=Prudhomme |first3=C |last4=Medlock |first4=J |last5=Murray |first5=V |date=5 June 2013 |title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence. |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellizzi |first=Saverio |last2=Lane |first2=Chris |last3=Elhakim |first3=Mohamed |last4=Nabeth |first4=Pierre |date=12 November 2020 |title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions |journal=Environmental Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=114 |bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B |doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z |issn=1476-069X |pmc=7659048 |pmid=33183302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan yankuna da ke da haɗarin fari sune Yankin Amazon, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], yankin [[Sahel]] da [[Indiya]]. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2005, sassan Yankin Amazon sun fuskanci fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref> Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani kuma za su iya zama masu yawa a nan gaba, rahoton da gwamnati ta bayar ya ce a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2008. Tsawon fari na Australiya na Millennial ya ɓarke a cikin 2010. Rashin fari na Horn of Africa na 2020-2022 ya wuce mummunan fari a cikin 2010-2011 a duka tsawon lokaci da tsananin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Daisy |date=2022-10-26 |title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022 |access-date=2022-10-29 |publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, mutane galibi suna kallon fari a matsayin bala'o'i saboda tasirin da ke tattare da wadatar abinci da sauran al'umma. Mutane sun kalli fari a matsayin bala'i na halitta ko kuma wani abu da aikin ɗan adam ya rinjayi, ko kuma sakamakon ikon allahntaka. == Ma'ana == [[Fayil:Fields_outside_benambra.jpg|right|thumb|Filin da ke waje da Benambra, Ostiraliya da ke fama da fari a shekara ta 2006.]] Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana fari kawai a matsayin "mai tsanani fiye da yanayin al'ada". :{{Rp|1157}} Wannan yana nufin cewa fari shine "rashin danshi dangane da matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a wani wuri da kuma lokacin da aka ba shi".<ref name=":2" /> : 1157 {{Rp|1157}} Dangane da National Integrated Drought Information System, haɗin gwiwar hukumomi da yawa, ana bayyana fari gabaɗaya a matsayin "rashin hazo a tsawon lokaci (yawanci lokaci ɗaya ko fiye), wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa". Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Kasa na [[Gudanar da Tsarin Ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa|NOAA]] ya bayyana fari a matsayin "rashin danshi wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutane, dabbobi, ko ciyayi a kan yanki mai girma".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought Basics |url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Drought.gov |publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}</ref> fari abu ne mai rikitarwa − wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa − wanda ke leken sa ido da bayyanawa. A farkon shekarun 1980, an riga an buga ma'anoni sama da 150 na "bishi". Yanayin ma'anar yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna, buƙatu, da hanyoyin horo. == Rukuni == Akwai manyan rukuni uku na fari bisa ga inda ƙarancin danshi ya faru a cikin zagayowar ruwa: fari na yanayi, fari na ruwa, da fari na noma ko muhalli.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Fari na yanayi yana faruwa saboda rashin ruwan sama. Fari na ruwa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin gudu, kwarara, da ajiyar ruwa a tafkuna da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=14 April 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained|journal=WIREs Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V|issn=2049-1948|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fari na noma ko muhalli yana jawo damuwa ga tsirrai ta hanyar haɗin bushewar ruwa da ƙarancin danshi a ƙasa.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna ƙara wani rukuni: fari na tattalin arziki yana faruwa idan buƙatar wani kayan tattalin arziki ta wuce abin da ake da shi sakamakon ƙarancin ruwa da ya shafi yanayi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32" /> Fari na tattalin arziki yana kama da ra'ayin ƙarancin ruwa. Rukunan fari suna da dalilai daban-daban amma suna haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya: # Fari na yanayi yana faruwa idan lokaci ya yi tsawo ba tare da ruwan sama da ya kai matsakaici ba.<ref name="IGARSS2017">{{cite book|last1=Swain|display-authors=etal|first1=S|title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)|chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India|volume=2017|pages=5505–5507|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6|s2cid=26920225}}</ref> Fari na yanayi yawanci yana gabatar da sauran nau'ikan fari.<ref name="NOAAsurprise">{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=What is a Drought?|date=August 2006|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=2007-04-10}}</ref> Idan fari ya ci gaba, yanayin da ke kewaye da shi yana ƙara muni kuma tasirinsa ga al'umma yana ƙaruwa. # Fari na ruwa yana faruwa idan ajiyar ruwa da ake da shi a wurare kamar rijiyoyi, tafkuna da madatsun ruwa ya ragu ƙasa da matsakaici ko wani matakin da aka ɗauka muhimmanci a yankin. Fari na ruwa yana bayyana a hankali saboda yana shafar ruwan da aka adana wanda ake amfani da shi amma ba a sabunta shi ba. Saboda kusancin hulɗa da amfani da ruwa, wannan nau'in fari yana iya samun tasirin sarrafa ruwa. An gano tasirin ɗan adam mai kyau da mara kyau, kuma dabarun sarrafa ruwa suna da muhimmanci wajen rage tasirin fari.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van Loon|first1=Anne F.|last2=Stahl|first2=Kerstin|last3=Di Baldassarre|first3=Giuliano|last4=Clark|first4=Julian|last5=Rangecroft|first5=Sally|last6=Wanders|first6=Niko|last7=Gleeson|first7=Tom|last8=Van Dijk|first8=Albert I. J. M.|last9=Tallaksen|first9=Lena M. |last10=Hannaford |first10=Jamie|last11=Uijlenhoet|first11=Remko|last12=Teuling|first12=Adriaan J.|last13=Hannah|first13=David M.|last14=Sheffield|first14=Justin|last15=Svoboda|first15=Mark|date=2016-09-08|title=Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/3631/2016/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=20|issue=9|pages=3631–3650|doi=10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016HESS...20.3631V|issn=1027-5606|hdl=1885/152821|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wendt|first1=Doris E.|last2=Van Loon|first2=Anne F.|last3=Bloomfield|first3=John P.|last4=Hannah|first4=David M.|date=2020-10-13|title=Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/4853/2020/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=24|issue=10|pages=4853–4868|doi=10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020HESS...24.4853W|issn=1027-5606}}</ref> Kamar fari na noma, fari na ruwa na iya faruwa ba wai kawai saboda rashin ruwan sama ba. Misali, a kusa da shekarar 2007 Kazakhstan ta samu kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya don dawo da ruwa da aka karkatar zuwa wasu ƙasashe daga Tafkin Aral a ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet.<ref>{{cite news|date=2007-04-09|title=Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm}}</ref> Irin wannan yanayi yana sa babban tafkinsu, Balkhash, cikin haɗarin bushewa gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news|date=2004-01-15|title=Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm}}</ref> # Fari na noma ko muhalli yana shafar samar da amfanin gona ko tsarin halittu gaba ɗaya. Wannan yanayi na iya faruwa ba tare da wani canji a matakin ruwan sama ba idan ƙaruwa a ban ruwa ko yanayin ƙasa da lalacewa sakamakon ayyukan noma da ba a tsara su da kyau ba suka jawo ƙarancin ruwa ga amfanin gona. == Dalilai == [[File:Drought.jpg|thumb|upright| Fashewa da bushewar ƙasa a hamadar Sonora, arewa maso yammacin Mexico]] === Rashin ruwan sama gaba ɗaya === Hanyoyin samar da ruwan sama sun haɗa da convective, stratiform,<ref>{{cite journal|title=A convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm for volume scanning weather radar observations|author=Emmanouil N. Anagnostou|journal=Meteorological Applications|year=2004|volume=11|pages=291–300|doi=10.1017/S1350482704001409|issue=4|bibcode=2004MeApp..11..291A|doi-access=free}}</ref> da orographic rainfall.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia|author1=A.J. Dore|author2=M. Mousavi-Baygi|author3=R.I. Smith|author4=J. Hall|author5=D. Fowler|author6=T.W. Choularton|journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=40|date=June 2006|pages=3316–3326|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043|issue=18|bibcode=2006AtmEn..40.3316D}}</ref> Convective yana nufin motsi mai ƙarfi a tsaye wanda zai iya jawo ruwan sama mai yawa,<ref name="convection">{{cite book|author=Robert Penrose Pearce|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66|title=Meteorology at the Millennium|publisher=Academic Press|page=66|isbn=978-0-12-548035-2|access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref> yayin da stratiform ke nufin motsi mai rauni da ruwan sama mai sauƙi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cloud dynamics|last=Houze|first=Robert A. Jr.|date=1993|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-050210-6|location=San Diego|oclc=427392836}}</ref> Ruwan sama ana rarrabe shi zuwa rukuni uku: ruwa mai laushi, ruwa da ke daskarewa a lokacin da ya taɓa ƙasa, ko kankara. Fari yana faruwa a wuraren da ruwan sama na al’ada ya ragu. Idan waɗannan abubuwa ba su tallafa isasshen ruwan sama ba, sakamakon shi ne fari. Fari na iya faruwa saboda hasken rana mai ƙarfi, yawaitar tsarin matsin lamba mai ƙarfi, iska daga ƙasa maimakon teku, da ridges na matsin lamba a sama wanda ke hana hadari da ruwan sama. Da zarar yankin ya shiga fari, abubuwan kamar iska mai bushewa,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lbixDAw5DwC&pg=PA22|page=22|title=Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought|author1=Roland Paepe|author2=Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge|author3=Saskia Jelgersma|date=1990|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-7923-1017-4}}</ref> yanayi mai zafi,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvJyVtw53Y4C&pg=PA48|pages=48–49|title=The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña|author1=Joseph S. D'Aleo|author2=Pamela G. Grube|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-378-9}}</ref> da ƙarancin evapotranspiration na iya ƙara tsananta fari. ==== Lokacin bushewa ==== A cikin yankunan zafi, akwai lokacin damina da lokacin bushewa saboda motsin Intertropical Convergence Zone ko Monsoon trough.<ref name="Wang">{{cite book|author=Bin Wang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRT57TENzT8C&pg=PT206|title=The Asian Monsoon|date=2006-01-13|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-40610-5|page=206}}</ref> Lokacin bushewa yana ƙara yawan faruwar fari,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6r9jUTzJiYC&pg=PA349|page=349|title=Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought: A Global Study: A Global Study|author1=Vijendra K. Boken|author2=Arthur P. Cracknell|author3=Ronald L. Heathcote|date=2005-03-24|isbn=978-0-19-803678-4|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> kuma ana gane shi da ƙarancin danshi, tafkuna da koguna suna bushewa. Saboda haka dabbobin kiwo kamar zakaru, giwaye, da wildebeest suna yin hijira. Rashin ruwa a tsirrai yana jawo gobarar daji.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|title=Wet & Dry Seasons|access-date=2018-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320141721/http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|archive-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> Yanayi mai zafi yana hanzarta girma na kayan lambu,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|page=19|title=Home Vegetable Gardening in Kentucky|author=Cooperative Extension Service|publisher=University of Kentucky|date=January 2014|access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> yana ƙara evaporation da transpiration daga tsirrai,<ref>{{cite web|author=North Carolina State University|title=Evapotranspiration|url=https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|date=2013-08-09|access-date=2015-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219045714/https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|archive-date=2015-02-19|author-link=North Carolina State University}}</ref> kuma yana tsananta fari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|date=2002-05-16|access-date=2015-02-18|title=Warm Temperatures and Severe Drought Continued in April Throughout Parts of the United States; Global Temperature For April Second Warmest on Record|author=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219055008/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|archive-date=Feb 19, 2015}}</ref> ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da fari. ENSO yana ƙunshe da yanayin zafin ruwa a tsakiyar Tekun Pasifik, wanda ake kira La Niña da El Niño. La Niña yawanci yana da alaƙa da yanayi mai bushewa da zafi, yana tsananta fari a California da yankin kudu maso yammacin Amurka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/nation-world/la-nina-west-coast-climate/507-f792ab4a-bc35-4e45-9de1-08d8379dfc9b|title=Weather's unwanted guest: Nasty La Niña keeps popping up|author=Seth Borenstein|publisher=9news.com.au.com|date=May 28, 2022|access-date=June 4, 2022|quote=Scientists are noticing that in the past 25 years the world seems to be getting more La Niñas than it used to...|url-status=live}}</ref> A lokacin El Niño, yanayi mai bushewa da zafi yana faruwa a yankin kogin Amazon, Colombia, da Amurka ta Tsakiya. A lokacin hunturu, yankin arewacin Amurka yana samun ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara. Haka kuma, yanayi mai bushewa yana faruwa daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu a Afirka ta Kudu, musamman a Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, da Botswana. Tasirin El Niño yana haifar da gobarar daji, hazo, da ƙarancin ingancin. == Tasiri == [[File:Global Drought Total Economic Loss Risk Deciles (5457316295).jpg|thumb|Hadarin asarar tattalin arziki na fari a duniya]] [[File:DroughtinNamibia.jpg|thumb|right| Oryx biyu da suka mutu a Namibia a lokacin farin 2018–19 a Kudancin Afirka.]] [[File:Ruins_at_Farina.JPG|thumb|Bayan shekaru na fari da guguwa, garin Farina a Kudancin Ostiraliya ya zama kango.]] Fari yana daga cikin manyan bala’o’in halitta, kuma yana da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli, tattalin arziki, albarkatun ruwa, noma, da al’umma a duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Gebrechorkos|first1=Solomon H.|last2=Peng|first2=Jian|last3=Dyer|first3=Ellen|last4=Miralles|first4=Diego G.|last5=Vicente-Serrano|first5=Sergio M.|last6=Funk|first6=Chris|last7=Beck|first7=Hylke E.|last8=Asfaw|first8=Dagmawi T.|last9=Singer|first9=Michael B. |last10=Dadson |first10=Simon J.|year=2023|title=Global high-resolution drought indices for 1981–2022|url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/5449/2023/|journal=Earth System Science Data|volume=15|issue=12|pages=5449–5466|doi=10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023|issn=1866-3516|doi-access=free|bibcode=2023ESSD...15.5449G|hdl=10754/693396|hdl-access=free}} File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px Rubutu an kwafa daga wannan tushe, wanda yake ƙarƙashin lasisin Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International</ref> Ana iya rarrabe tasirin fari zuwa rukuni uku: muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (ciki har da lafiya). === Tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziki === File:Mixed Douglas-fir - Western Redcedar forest, with some Western Redcedar dying from drought; Arlington, Washington, 2018 (29721380337).jpg| thumb|right | Itacen red cedar a Amurka yana mutuwa saboda fari, 2018 Tasirin muhalli na fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a matakin ruwa a saman ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙarancin kwarara (wanda ke haifar da haɗari ga rayuwar dabbobin ruwa), ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, bushewar fadama, yawaitar gobarar daji, asarar nau’o’in halittu, rashin lafiyar itatuwa da yaduwar kwari da cututtukan itace.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite journal|last1=Zimmer|first1=Katarina|title=Dead trees around the world are shocking scientists|journal=Knowable Magazine|date=17 August 2023|doi=10.1146/knowable-081723-2|doi-access=free|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2023/dead-trees-shocking-scientists|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Hartmann">{{cite journal|last1=Hartmann|first1=Henrik|last2=Bastos|first2=Ana|last3=Das|first3=Adrian J.|last4=Esquivel-Muelbert|first4=Adriane|last5=Hammond|first5=William M.|last6=Martínez-Vilalta|first6=Jordi|last7=McDowell|first7=Nate G.|last8=Powers|first8=Jennifer S.|author8-link=Jennifer Sarah Powers|last9=Pugh|first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X.|last11=Allen|first11=Craig D.|title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide|journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology|date=20 May 2022|volume=73|issue=1|pages=673–702|doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804|doi-access=free|pmid=35231182|bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H|issn=1543-5008}}</ref> Asarar tattalin arziki sakamakon fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a samar da amfanin gona, gandun daji, kiwo da kamun kifi, ƙaruwa a farashin abinci, ƙarancin samar da wutar lantarki daga madatsun ruwa, asarar kudaden yawon shakatawa da sufuri, matsaloli a samar da ruwa ga masana’antu da birane. An kiyasta cewa fari ya jawo asarar dala biliyan 278 daga 1991 zuwa 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en |title=The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140180-4 |language=English |doi=10.4060/cd7185en}}</ref> == Manazarta == pgqhoytkl38spqnaj0y51i76j4y7rb1 841946 841945 2026-05-28T22:47:07Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziki */ 841946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fari''' lokaci ne na bushewa fiye da yadda aka saba. {{Rp|1157}}Fari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki, watanni ko shekaru. Fari yakan yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin halittu da [[noma]] na yankunan da abin ya shafa, kuma yana haifar da illa ga [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arzikin]] yankin. Lokacin rani na shekara-shekara a [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yankunan zafi]] yana ƙara yiwuwar fari ya bunƙasa sosai, tare da ƙaruwar haɗarin gobarar daji daga baya. <ref name="Brando">{{Cite journal |last=Brando |first=Paulo M. |last2=Paolucci |first2=Lucas |last3=Ummenhofer |first3=Caroline C. |last4=Ordway |first4=Elsa M. |last5=Hartmann |first5=Henrik |last6=Cattau |first6=Megan E. |last7=Rattis |first7=Ludmila |last8=Medjibe |first8=Vincent |last9=Coe |first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer |date=30 May 2019 |title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=555–581 |bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 |issn=0084-6597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Guguwar zafi|Raƙuman zafi]] na iya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin fari sosai ta hanyar ƙara yawan fitar da hayaki . Wannan yana busar da dazuzzuka da sauran ciyayi, kuma yana ƙara yawan mai ga gobarar daji. <ref name="Brando" /> <ref name="Hartmann">{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author-link8=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> fari alama ce ta sauyawa a mafi yawan sassan duniya, ya zama mafi tsananin gaske kuma ba za a iya hango shi ba saboda [[Canjin yanayi]], wanda binciken dendrochronological ya samo asali ne daga 1900. Akwai nau'ikan tasirin fari guda uku, muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tasirin muhalli sun haɗa da bushewar wuraren da ke da ruwa, ƙarin gobarar daji, [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]]. Tasirin tattalin arziki na fari ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin [[noma]] da kiwon dabbobi (wanda ke haifar da [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]), gandun daji, samar da ruwa na jama'a, kewayawar kogi (saboda misali: ƙananan matakan ruwa), samar da wutar lantarki (ta hanyar shafar tsarin wutar lantarki) da kuma tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming-Muñoz |first=David A. |last2=Whitten |first2=Stuart |last3=Bonnett |first3=Graham D. |date=28 June 2023 |title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs |journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=501–523 |doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527 |issn=1364-985X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kudin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan abu kai tsaye (rashin zafi mai yawa), tsadar abinci mai yawa, damuwa da girbi ya haifar, karancin ruwa, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=Carla |last2=Kerac |first2=Marko |last3=Prudhomme |first3=Christel |last4=Medlock |first4=Jolyon |last5=Murray |first5=Virginia |date=2013-06-05 |title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsawon fari ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa da Rikicin jin kai.<ref name="Stanke">{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=C |last2=Kerac |first2=M |last3=Prudhomme |first3=C |last4=Medlock |first4=J |last5=Murray |first5=V |date=5 June 2013 |title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence. |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellizzi |first=Saverio |last2=Lane |first2=Chris |last3=Elhakim |first3=Mohamed |last4=Nabeth |first4=Pierre |date=12 November 2020 |title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions |journal=Environmental Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=114 |bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B |doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z |issn=1476-069X |pmc=7659048 |pmid=33183302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan yankuna da ke da haɗarin fari sune Yankin Amazon, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], yankin [[Sahel]] da [[Indiya]]. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2005, sassan Yankin Amazon sun fuskanci fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref> Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani kuma za su iya zama masu yawa a nan gaba, rahoton da gwamnati ta bayar ya ce a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2008. Tsawon fari na Australiya na Millennial ya ɓarke a cikin 2010. Rashin fari na Horn of Africa na 2020-2022 ya wuce mummunan fari a cikin 2010-2011 a duka tsawon lokaci da tsananin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Daisy |date=2022-10-26 |title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022 |access-date=2022-10-29 |publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, mutane galibi suna kallon fari a matsayin bala'o'i saboda tasirin da ke tattare da wadatar abinci da sauran al'umma. Mutane sun kalli fari a matsayin bala'i na halitta ko kuma wani abu da aikin ɗan adam ya rinjayi, ko kuma sakamakon ikon allahntaka. == Ma'ana == [[Fayil:Fields_outside_benambra.jpg|right|thumb|Filin da ke waje da Benambra, Ostiraliya da ke fama da fari a shekara ta 2006.]] Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana fari kawai a matsayin "mai tsanani fiye da yanayin al'ada". :{{Rp|1157}} Wannan yana nufin cewa fari shine "rashin danshi dangane da matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a wani wuri da kuma lokacin da aka ba shi".<ref name=":2" /> : 1157 {{Rp|1157}} Dangane da National Integrated Drought Information System, haɗin gwiwar hukumomi da yawa, ana bayyana fari gabaɗaya a matsayin "rashin hazo a tsawon lokaci (yawanci lokaci ɗaya ko fiye), wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa". Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Kasa na [[Gudanar da Tsarin Ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa|NOAA]] ya bayyana fari a matsayin "rashin danshi wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutane, dabbobi, ko ciyayi a kan yanki mai girma".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought Basics |url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Drought.gov |publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}</ref> fari abu ne mai rikitarwa − wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa − wanda ke leken sa ido da bayyanawa. A farkon shekarun 1980, an riga an buga ma'anoni sama da 150 na "bishi". Yanayin ma'anar yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna, buƙatu, da hanyoyin horo. == Rukuni == Akwai manyan rukuni uku na fari bisa ga inda ƙarancin danshi ya faru a cikin zagayowar ruwa: fari na yanayi, fari na ruwa, da fari na noma ko muhalli.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Fari na yanayi yana faruwa saboda rashin ruwan sama. Fari na ruwa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin gudu, kwarara, da ajiyar ruwa a tafkuna da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=14 April 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained|journal=WIREs Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V|issn=2049-1948|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fari na noma ko muhalli yana jawo damuwa ga tsirrai ta hanyar haɗin bushewar ruwa da ƙarancin danshi a ƙasa.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna ƙara wani rukuni: fari na tattalin arziki yana faruwa idan buƙatar wani kayan tattalin arziki ta wuce abin da ake da shi sakamakon ƙarancin ruwa da ya shafi yanayi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32" /> Fari na tattalin arziki yana kama da ra'ayin ƙarancin ruwa. Rukunan fari suna da dalilai daban-daban amma suna haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya: # Fari na yanayi yana faruwa idan lokaci ya yi tsawo ba tare da ruwan sama da ya kai matsakaici ba.<ref name="IGARSS2017">{{cite book|last1=Swain|display-authors=etal|first1=S|title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)|chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India|volume=2017|pages=5505–5507|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6|s2cid=26920225}}</ref> Fari na yanayi yawanci yana gabatar da sauran nau'ikan fari.<ref name="NOAAsurprise">{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=What is a Drought?|date=August 2006|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=2007-04-10}}</ref> Idan fari ya ci gaba, yanayin da ke kewaye da shi yana ƙara muni kuma tasirinsa ga al'umma yana ƙaruwa. # Fari na ruwa yana faruwa idan ajiyar ruwa da ake da shi a wurare kamar rijiyoyi, tafkuna da madatsun ruwa ya ragu ƙasa da matsakaici ko wani matakin da aka ɗauka muhimmanci a yankin. Fari na ruwa yana bayyana a hankali saboda yana shafar ruwan da aka adana wanda ake amfani da shi amma ba a sabunta shi ba. Saboda kusancin hulɗa da amfani da ruwa, wannan nau'in fari yana iya samun tasirin sarrafa ruwa. An gano tasirin ɗan adam mai kyau da mara kyau, kuma dabarun sarrafa ruwa suna da muhimmanci wajen rage tasirin fari.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van Loon|first1=Anne F.|last2=Stahl|first2=Kerstin|last3=Di Baldassarre|first3=Giuliano|last4=Clark|first4=Julian|last5=Rangecroft|first5=Sally|last6=Wanders|first6=Niko|last7=Gleeson|first7=Tom|last8=Van Dijk|first8=Albert I. J. M.|last9=Tallaksen|first9=Lena M. |last10=Hannaford |first10=Jamie|last11=Uijlenhoet|first11=Remko|last12=Teuling|first12=Adriaan J.|last13=Hannah|first13=David M.|last14=Sheffield|first14=Justin|last15=Svoboda|first15=Mark|date=2016-09-08|title=Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/3631/2016/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=20|issue=9|pages=3631–3650|doi=10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016HESS...20.3631V|issn=1027-5606|hdl=1885/152821|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wendt|first1=Doris E.|last2=Van Loon|first2=Anne F.|last3=Bloomfield|first3=John P.|last4=Hannah|first4=David M.|date=2020-10-13|title=Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/4853/2020/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=24|issue=10|pages=4853–4868|doi=10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020HESS...24.4853W|issn=1027-5606}}</ref> Kamar fari na noma, fari na ruwa na iya faruwa ba wai kawai saboda rashin ruwan sama ba. Misali, a kusa da shekarar 2007 Kazakhstan ta samu kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya don dawo da ruwa da aka karkatar zuwa wasu ƙasashe daga Tafkin Aral a ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet.<ref>{{cite news|date=2007-04-09|title=Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm}}</ref> Irin wannan yanayi yana sa babban tafkinsu, Balkhash, cikin haɗarin bushewa gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news|date=2004-01-15|title=Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm}}</ref> # Fari na noma ko muhalli yana shafar samar da amfanin gona ko tsarin halittu gaba ɗaya. Wannan yanayi na iya faruwa ba tare da wani canji a matakin ruwan sama ba idan ƙaruwa a ban ruwa ko yanayin ƙasa da lalacewa sakamakon ayyukan noma da ba a tsara su da kyau ba suka jawo ƙarancin ruwa ga amfanin gona. == Dalilai == [[File:Drought.jpg|thumb|upright| Fashewa da bushewar ƙasa a hamadar Sonora, arewa maso yammacin Mexico]] === Rashin ruwan sama gaba ɗaya === Hanyoyin samar da ruwan sama sun haɗa da convective, stratiform,<ref>{{cite journal|title=A convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm for volume scanning weather radar observations|author=Emmanouil N. Anagnostou|journal=Meteorological Applications|year=2004|volume=11|pages=291–300|doi=10.1017/S1350482704001409|issue=4|bibcode=2004MeApp..11..291A|doi-access=free}}</ref> da orographic rainfall.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia|author1=A.J. Dore|author2=M. Mousavi-Baygi|author3=R.I. Smith|author4=J. Hall|author5=D. Fowler|author6=T.W. Choularton|journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=40|date=June 2006|pages=3316–3326|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043|issue=18|bibcode=2006AtmEn..40.3316D}}</ref> Convective yana nufin motsi mai ƙarfi a tsaye wanda zai iya jawo ruwan sama mai yawa,<ref name="convection">{{cite book|author=Robert Penrose Pearce|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66|title=Meteorology at the Millennium|publisher=Academic Press|page=66|isbn=978-0-12-548035-2|access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref> yayin da stratiform ke nufin motsi mai rauni da ruwan sama mai sauƙi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cloud dynamics|last=Houze|first=Robert A. Jr.|date=1993|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-050210-6|location=San Diego|oclc=427392836}}</ref> Ruwan sama ana rarrabe shi zuwa rukuni uku: ruwa mai laushi, ruwa da ke daskarewa a lokacin da ya taɓa ƙasa, ko kankara. Fari yana faruwa a wuraren da ruwan sama na al’ada ya ragu. Idan waɗannan abubuwa ba su tallafa isasshen ruwan sama ba, sakamakon shi ne fari. Fari na iya faruwa saboda hasken rana mai ƙarfi, yawaitar tsarin matsin lamba mai ƙarfi, iska daga ƙasa maimakon teku, da ridges na matsin lamba a sama wanda ke hana hadari da ruwan sama. Da zarar yankin ya shiga fari, abubuwan kamar iska mai bushewa,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lbixDAw5DwC&pg=PA22|page=22|title=Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought|author1=Roland Paepe|author2=Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge|author3=Saskia Jelgersma|date=1990|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-7923-1017-4}}</ref> yanayi mai zafi,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvJyVtw53Y4C&pg=PA48|pages=48–49|title=The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña|author1=Joseph S. D'Aleo|author2=Pamela G. Grube|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-378-9}}</ref> da ƙarancin evapotranspiration na iya ƙara tsananta fari. ==== Lokacin bushewa ==== A cikin yankunan zafi, akwai lokacin damina da lokacin bushewa saboda motsin Intertropical Convergence Zone ko Monsoon trough.<ref name="Wang">{{cite book|author=Bin Wang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRT57TENzT8C&pg=PT206|title=The Asian Monsoon|date=2006-01-13|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-40610-5|page=206}}</ref> Lokacin bushewa yana ƙara yawan faruwar fari,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6r9jUTzJiYC&pg=PA349|page=349|title=Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought: A Global Study: A Global Study|author1=Vijendra K. Boken|author2=Arthur P. Cracknell|author3=Ronald L. Heathcote|date=2005-03-24|isbn=978-0-19-803678-4|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> kuma ana gane shi da ƙarancin danshi, tafkuna da koguna suna bushewa. Saboda haka dabbobin kiwo kamar zakaru, giwaye, da wildebeest suna yin hijira. Rashin ruwa a tsirrai yana jawo gobarar daji.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|title=Wet & Dry Seasons|access-date=2018-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320141721/http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|archive-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> Yanayi mai zafi yana hanzarta girma na kayan lambu,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|page=19|title=Home Vegetable Gardening in Kentucky|author=Cooperative Extension Service|publisher=University of Kentucky|date=January 2014|access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> yana ƙara evaporation da transpiration daga tsirrai,<ref>{{cite web|author=North Carolina State University|title=Evapotranspiration|url=https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|date=2013-08-09|access-date=2015-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219045714/https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|archive-date=2015-02-19|author-link=North Carolina State University}}</ref> kuma yana tsananta fari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|date=2002-05-16|access-date=2015-02-18|title=Warm Temperatures and Severe Drought Continued in April Throughout Parts of the United States; Global Temperature For April Second Warmest on Record|author=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219055008/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|archive-date=Feb 19, 2015}}</ref> ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da fari. ENSO yana ƙunshe da yanayin zafin ruwa a tsakiyar Tekun Pasifik, wanda ake kira La Niña da El Niño. La Niña yawanci yana da alaƙa da yanayi mai bushewa da zafi, yana tsananta fari a California da yankin kudu maso yammacin Amurka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/nation-world/la-nina-west-coast-climate/507-f792ab4a-bc35-4e45-9de1-08d8379dfc9b|title=Weather's unwanted guest: Nasty La Niña keeps popping up|author=Seth Borenstein|publisher=9news.com.au.com|date=May 28, 2022|access-date=June 4, 2022|quote=Scientists are noticing that in the past 25 years the world seems to be getting more La Niñas than it used to...|url-status=live}}</ref> A lokacin El Niño, yanayi mai bushewa da zafi yana faruwa a yankin kogin Amazon, Colombia, da Amurka ta Tsakiya. A lokacin hunturu, yankin arewacin Amurka yana samun ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara. Haka kuma, yanayi mai bushewa yana faruwa daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu a Afirka ta Kudu, musamman a Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, da Botswana. Tasirin El Niño yana haifar da gobarar daji, hazo, da ƙarancin ingancin. == Tasiri == [[File:Global Drought Total Economic Loss Risk Deciles (5457316295).jpg|thumb|Hadarin asarar tattalin arziki na fari a duniya]] [[File:DroughtinNamibia.jpg|thumb|right| Oryx biyu da suka mutu a Namibia a lokacin farin 2018–19 a Kudancin Afirka.]] [[File:Ruins_at_Farina.JPG|thumb|Bayan shekaru na fari da guguwa, garin Farina a Kudancin Ostiraliya ya zama kango.]] Fari yana daga cikin manyan bala’o’in halitta, kuma yana da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli, tattalin arziki, albarkatun ruwa, noma, da al’umma a duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Gebrechorkos|first1=Solomon H.|last2=Peng|first2=Jian|last3=Dyer|first3=Ellen|last4=Miralles|first4=Diego G.|last5=Vicente-Serrano|first5=Sergio M.|last6=Funk|first6=Chris|last7=Beck|first7=Hylke E.|last8=Asfaw|first8=Dagmawi T.|last9=Singer|first9=Michael B. |last10=Dadson |first10=Simon J.|year=2023|title=Global high-resolution drought indices for 1981–2022|url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/5449/2023/|journal=Earth System Science Data|volume=15|issue=12|pages=5449–5466|doi=10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023|issn=1866-3516|doi-access=free|bibcode=2023ESSD...15.5449G|hdl=10754/693396|hdl-access=free}} File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px Rubutu an kwafa daga wannan tushe, wanda yake ƙarƙashin lasisin Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International</ref> Ana iya rarrabe tasirin fari zuwa rukuni uku: muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (ciki har da lafiya). === Tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziki === File:Mixed Douglas-fir - Western Redcedar forest, with some Western Redcedar dying from drought; Arlington, Washington, 2018 (29721380337).jpg| thumb|right | Itacen red cedar a Amurka yana mutuwa saboda fari, 2018 Tasirin muhalli na fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a matakin ruwa a saman ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙarancin kwarara (wanda ke haifar da haɗari ga rayuwar dabbobin ruwa), ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, bushewar fadama, yawaitar gobarar daji, asarar nau’o’in halittu, rashin lafiyar itatuwa da yaduwar kwari da cututtukan itace.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite journal|last1=Zimmer|first1=Katarina|title=Dead trees around the world are shocking scientists|journal=Knowable Magazine|date=17 August 2023|doi=10.1146/knowable-081723-2|doi-access=free|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2023/dead-trees-shocking-scientists|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Hartmann">{{cite journal|last1=Hartmann|first1=Henrik|last2=Bastos|first2=Ana|last3=Das|first3=Adrian J.|last4=Esquivel-Muelbert|first4=Adriane|last5=Hammond|first5=William M.|last6=Martínez-Vilalta|first6=Jordi|last7=McDowell|first7=Nate G.|last8=Powers|first8=Jennifer S.|author8-link=Jennifer Sarah Powers|last9=Pugh|first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X.|last11=Allen|first11=Craig D.|title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide|journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology|date=20 May 2022|volume=73|issue=1|pages=673–702|doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804|doi-access=free|pmid=35231182|bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H|issn=1543-5008}}</ref> Asarar tattalin arziki sakamakon fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a samar da amfanin gona, gandun daji, kiwo da kamun kifi, ƙaruwa a farashin abinci, ƙarancin samar da wutar lantarki daga madatsun ruwa, asarar kudaden yawon shakatawa da sufuri, matsaloli a samar da ruwa ga masana’antu da birane. An kiyasta cewa fari ya jawo asarar dala biliyan 278 daga 1991 zuwa 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en |title=The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140180-4 |language=English |doi=10.4060/cd7185en}}</ref> === Tasirin noma === File:Soil moisture and climate change.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Tasirin sauyin yanayi ga danshin ƙasa a lokacin dumamar duniya 2 °C. File:Economic loss in agriculture and non-agricultural sectors by hazard type (share).svg|thumb|Asarar tattalin arziki a noma da sauran fannoni sakamakon fari. Fari na iya jawo lalacewar ƙasa da asarar danshi, wanda ke rage yawan amfanin gona.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Seka|first1=Ayalkibet Mekonnen|last2=Zhang|first2=Jiahua|last3=Prodhan|first3=Foyez Ahmed|last4=Ayele|first4=Gebiaw Teshome|last5=Finsa|first5=Mekuanenet Mulunhie|last6=Sharma|first6=Til Prasad Pangali|last7=Melesse|first7=Assefa Mekonnen|year=2022|title=Hydrological drought impacts on water storage variations: a focus on the role of vegetation changes in the East Africa region. A systematic review|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research|volume=29|issue=53|pages=80237–80256|doi=10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0|issn=0944-1344|pmid=36197619|bibcode=2022ESPR...2980237S|s2cid=252713722|url-access=subscription|hdl=10072/420991|hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Tasirin zamantakewa da lafiya === Mummunan tasirin fari ga mutane sun haɗa da gazawar amfanin gona, matsalar abinci, yunwa, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da talauci, wanda ke jawo mutuwa da hijirar jama’a.<ref name=":3" /> Fari na iya jawo ƙarancin ruwa, ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, tsadar abinci, da matsalolin lafiya. Rashin ingancin ruwa yana faruwa saboda ƙarancin kwarara yana rage narkewar gurbatattun abubuwa.<ref>Mosley LM (2014). Drought impacts on the water quality of freshwater systems; review and integration. Earth-Science Reviews. {{doi|10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.010}}.</ref> === Asarar ƙasa mai albarka === File:Loess.jpg|thumb|Loess – wani nau’in ƙasa mai laushi da iska ke ɗauka. Erosion ta iska tana tsananta a yankunan hamada da lokacin fari. Misali, a Great Plains, an kiyasta cewa asarar ƙasa ta iska na iya ninka sau 6100 a shekarun fari fiye da lokacin damina.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wiggs, Giles F.S.|title=Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=978-0-470-71076-0|editor=Thomas, David S.G.|page=588|chapter=Geomorphological hazards in drylands|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swz4rh4KaLYC&pg=PA588}}</ref> == Manazarta == qb889bem8ly4b3ijrwmlx544ylo0z6g 841948 841946 2026-05-28T22:48:01Z Sirjat 20447 /* Asarar ƙasa mai albarka */ 841948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fari''' lokaci ne na bushewa fiye da yadda aka saba. {{Rp|1157}}Fari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki, watanni ko shekaru. Fari yakan yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin halittu da [[noma]] na yankunan da abin ya shafa, kuma yana haifar da illa ga [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arzikin]] yankin. Lokacin rani na shekara-shekara a [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yankunan zafi]] yana ƙara yiwuwar fari ya bunƙasa sosai, tare da ƙaruwar haɗarin gobarar daji daga baya. <ref name="Brando">{{Cite journal |last=Brando |first=Paulo M. |last2=Paolucci |first2=Lucas |last3=Ummenhofer |first3=Caroline C. |last4=Ordway |first4=Elsa M. |last5=Hartmann |first5=Henrik |last6=Cattau |first6=Megan E. |last7=Rattis |first7=Ludmila |last8=Medjibe |first8=Vincent |last9=Coe |first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer |date=30 May 2019 |title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=555–581 |bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 |issn=0084-6597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Guguwar zafi|Raƙuman zafi]] na iya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin fari sosai ta hanyar ƙara yawan fitar da hayaki . Wannan yana busar da dazuzzuka da sauran ciyayi, kuma yana ƙara yawan mai ga gobarar daji. <ref name="Brando" /> <ref name="Hartmann">{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author-link8=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> fari alama ce ta sauyawa a mafi yawan sassan duniya, ya zama mafi tsananin gaske kuma ba za a iya hango shi ba saboda [[Canjin yanayi]], wanda binciken dendrochronological ya samo asali ne daga 1900. Akwai nau'ikan tasirin fari guda uku, muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tasirin muhalli sun haɗa da bushewar wuraren da ke da ruwa, ƙarin gobarar daji, [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]]. Tasirin tattalin arziki na fari ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin [[noma]] da kiwon dabbobi (wanda ke haifar da [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]), gandun daji, samar da ruwa na jama'a, kewayawar kogi (saboda misali: ƙananan matakan ruwa), samar da wutar lantarki (ta hanyar shafar tsarin wutar lantarki) da kuma tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming-Muñoz |first=David A. |last2=Whitten |first2=Stuart |last3=Bonnett |first3=Graham D. |date=28 June 2023 |title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs |journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=501–523 |doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527 |issn=1364-985X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kudin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan abu kai tsaye (rashin zafi mai yawa), tsadar abinci mai yawa, damuwa da girbi ya haifar, karancin ruwa, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=Carla |last2=Kerac |first2=Marko |last3=Prudhomme |first3=Christel |last4=Medlock |first4=Jolyon |last5=Murray |first5=Virginia |date=2013-06-05 |title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsawon fari ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa da Rikicin jin kai.<ref name="Stanke">{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=C |last2=Kerac |first2=M |last3=Prudhomme |first3=C |last4=Medlock |first4=J |last5=Murray |first5=V |date=5 June 2013 |title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence. |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellizzi |first=Saverio |last2=Lane |first2=Chris |last3=Elhakim |first3=Mohamed |last4=Nabeth |first4=Pierre |date=12 November 2020 |title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions |journal=Environmental Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=114 |bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B |doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z |issn=1476-069X |pmc=7659048 |pmid=33183302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan yankuna da ke da haɗarin fari sune Yankin Amazon, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], yankin [[Sahel]] da [[Indiya]]. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2005, sassan Yankin Amazon sun fuskanci fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref> Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani kuma za su iya zama masu yawa a nan gaba, rahoton da gwamnati ta bayar ya ce a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2008. Tsawon fari na Australiya na Millennial ya ɓarke a cikin 2010. Rashin fari na Horn of Africa na 2020-2022 ya wuce mummunan fari a cikin 2010-2011 a duka tsawon lokaci da tsananin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Daisy |date=2022-10-26 |title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022 |access-date=2022-10-29 |publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, mutane galibi suna kallon fari a matsayin bala'o'i saboda tasirin da ke tattare da wadatar abinci da sauran al'umma. Mutane sun kalli fari a matsayin bala'i na halitta ko kuma wani abu da aikin ɗan adam ya rinjayi, ko kuma sakamakon ikon allahntaka. == Ma'ana == [[Fayil:Fields_outside_benambra.jpg|right|thumb|Filin da ke waje da Benambra, Ostiraliya da ke fama da fari a shekara ta 2006.]] Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana fari kawai a matsayin "mai tsanani fiye da yanayin al'ada". :{{Rp|1157}} Wannan yana nufin cewa fari shine "rashin danshi dangane da matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a wani wuri da kuma lokacin da aka ba shi".<ref name=":2" /> : 1157 {{Rp|1157}} Dangane da National Integrated Drought Information System, haɗin gwiwar hukumomi da yawa, ana bayyana fari gabaɗaya a matsayin "rashin hazo a tsawon lokaci (yawanci lokaci ɗaya ko fiye), wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa". Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Kasa na [[Gudanar da Tsarin Ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa|NOAA]] ya bayyana fari a matsayin "rashin danshi wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutane, dabbobi, ko ciyayi a kan yanki mai girma".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought Basics |url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Drought.gov |publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}</ref> fari abu ne mai rikitarwa − wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa − wanda ke leken sa ido da bayyanawa. A farkon shekarun 1980, an riga an buga ma'anoni sama da 150 na "bishi". Yanayin ma'anar yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna, buƙatu, da hanyoyin horo. == Rukuni == Akwai manyan rukuni uku na fari bisa ga inda ƙarancin danshi ya faru a cikin zagayowar ruwa: fari na yanayi, fari na ruwa, da fari na noma ko muhalli.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Fari na yanayi yana faruwa saboda rashin ruwan sama. Fari na ruwa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin gudu, kwarara, da ajiyar ruwa a tafkuna da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=14 April 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained|journal=WIREs Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V|issn=2049-1948|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fari na noma ko muhalli yana jawo damuwa ga tsirrai ta hanyar haɗin bushewar ruwa da ƙarancin danshi a ƙasa.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna ƙara wani rukuni: fari na tattalin arziki yana faruwa idan buƙatar wani kayan tattalin arziki ta wuce abin da ake da shi sakamakon ƙarancin ruwa da ya shafi yanayi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32" /> Fari na tattalin arziki yana kama da ra'ayin ƙarancin ruwa. Rukunan fari suna da dalilai daban-daban amma suna haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya: # Fari na yanayi yana faruwa idan lokaci ya yi tsawo ba tare da ruwan sama da ya kai matsakaici ba.<ref name="IGARSS2017">{{cite book|last1=Swain|display-authors=etal|first1=S|title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)|chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India|volume=2017|pages=5505–5507|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6|s2cid=26920225}}</ref> Fari na yanayi yawanci yana gabatar da sauran nau'ikan fari.<ref name="NOAAsurprise">{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=What is a Drought?|date=August 2006|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=2007-04-10}}</ref> Idan fari ya ci gaba, yanayin da ke kewaye da shi yana ƙara muni kuma tasirinsa ga al'umma yana ƙaruwa. # Fari na ruwa yana faruwa idan ajiyar ruwa da ake da shi a wurare kamar rijiyoyi, tafkuna da madatsun ruwa ya ragu ƙasa da matsakaici ko wani matakin da aka ɗauka muhimmanci a yankin. Fari na ruwa yana bayyana a hankali saboda yana shafar ruwan da aka adana wanda ake amfani da shi amma ba a sabunta shi ba. Saboda kusancin hulɗa da amfani da ruwa, wannan nau'in fari yana iya samun tasirin sarrafa ruwa. An gano tasirin ɗan adam mai kyau da mara kyau, kuma dabarun sarrafa ruwa suna da muhimmanci wajen rage tasirin fari.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van Loon|first1=Anne F.|last2=Stahl|first2=Kerstin|last3=Di Baldassarre|first3=Giuliano|last4=Clark|first4=Julian|last5=Rangecroft|first5=Sally|last6=Wanders|first6=Niko|last7=Gleeson|first7=Tom|last8=Van Dijk|first8=Albert I. J. M.|last9=Tallaksen|first9=Lena M. |last10=Hannaford |first10=Jamie|last11=Uijlenhoet|first11=Remko|last12=Teuling|first12=Adriaan J.|last13=Hannah|first13=David M.|last14=Sheffield|first14=Justin|last15=Svoboda|first15=Mark|date=2016-09-08|title=Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/3631/2016/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=20|issue=9|pages=3631–3650|doi=10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016HESS...20.3631V|issn=1027-5606|hdl=1885/152821|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wendt|first1=Doris E.|last2=Van Loon|first2=Anne F.|last3=Bloomfield|first3=John P.|last4=Hannah|first4=David M.|date=2020-10-13|title=Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/4853/2020/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=24|issue=10|pages=4853–4868|doi=10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020HESS...24.4853W|issn=1027-5606}}</ref> Kamar fari na noma, fari na ruwa na iya faruwa ba wai kawai saboda rashin ruwan sama ba. Misali, a kusa da shekarar 2007 Kazakhstan ta samu kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya don dawo da ruwa da aka karkatar zuwa wasu ƙasashe daga Tafkin Aral a ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet.<ref>{{cite news|date=2007-04-09|title=Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm}}</ref> Irin wannan yanayi yana sa babban tafkinsu, Balkhash, cikin haɗarin bushewa gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news|date=2004-01-15|title=Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm}}</ref> # Fari na noma ko muhalli yana shafar samar da amfanin gona ko tsarin halittu gaba ɗaya. Wannan yanayi na iya faruwa ba tare da wani canji a matakin ruwan sama ba idan ƙaruwa a ban ruwa ko yanayin ƙasa da lalacewa sakamakon ayyukan noma da ba a tsara su da kyau ba suka jawo ƙarancin ruwa ga amfanin gona. == Dalilai == [[File:Drought.jpg|thumb|upright| Fashewa da bushewar ƙasa a hamadar Sonora, arewa maso yammacin Mexico]] === Rashin ruwan sama gaba ɗaya === Hanyoyin samar da ruwan sama sun haɗa da convective, stratiform,<ref>{{cite journal|title=A convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm for volume scanning weather radar observations|author=Emmanouil N. Anagnostou|journal=Meteorological Applications|year=2004|volume=11|pages=291–300|doi=10.1017/S1350482704001409|issue=4|bibcode=2004MeApp..11..291A|doi-access=free}}</ref> da orographic rainfall.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia|author1=A.J. Dore|author2=M. Mousavi-Baygi|author3=R.I. Smith|author4=J. Hall|author5=D. Fowler|author6=T.W. Choularton|journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=40|date=June 2006|pages=3316–3326|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043|issue=18|bibcode=2006AtmEn..40.3316D}}</ref> Convective yana nufin motsi mai ƙarfi a tsaye wanda zai iya jawo ruwan sama mai yawa,<ref name="convection">{{cite book|author=Robert Penrose Pearce|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66|title=Meteorology at the Millennium|publisher=Academic Press|page=66|isbn=978-0-12-548035-2|access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref> yayin da stratiform ke nufin motsi mai rauni da ruwan sama mai sauƙi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cloud dynamics|last=Houze|first=Robert A. Jr.|date=1993|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-050210-6|location=San Diego|oclc=427392836}}</ref> Ruwan sama ana rarrabe shi zuwa rukuni uku: ruwa mai laushi, ruwa da ke daskarewa a lokacin da ya taɓa ƙasa, ko kankara. Fari yana faruwa a wuraren da ruwan sama na al’ada ya ragu. Idan waɗannan abubuwa ba su tallafa isasshen ruwan sama ba, sakamakon shi ne fari. Fari na iya faruwa saboda hasken rana mai ƙarfi, yawaitar tsarin matsin lamba mai ƙarfi, iska daga ƙasa maimakon teku, da ridges na matsin lamba a sama wanda ke hana hadari da ruwan sama. Da zarar yankin ya shiga fari, abubuwan kamar iska mai bushewa,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lbixDAw5DwC&pg=PA22|page=22|title=Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought|author1=Roland Paepe|author2=Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge|author3=Saskia Jelgersma|date=1990|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-7923-1017-4}}</ref> yanayi mai zafi,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvJyVtw53Y4C&pg=PA48|pages=48–49|title=The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña|author1=Joseph S. D'Aleo|author2=Pamela G. Grube|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-378-9}}</ref> da ƙarancin evapotranspiration na iya ƙara tsananta fari. ==== Lokacin bushewa ==== A cikin yankunan zafi, akwai lokacin damina da lokacin bushewa saboda motsin Intertropical Convergence Zone ko Monsoon trough.<ref name="Wang">{{cite book|author=Bin Wang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRT57TENzT8C&pg=PT206|title=The Asian Monsoon|date=2006-01-13|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-40610-5|page=206}}</ref> Lokacin bushewa yana ƙara yawan faruwar fari,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6r9jUTzJiYC&pg=PA349|page=349|title=Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought: A Global Study: A Global Study|author1=Vijendra K. Boken|author2=Arthur P. Cracknell|author3=Ronald L. Heathcote|date=2005-03-24|isbn=978-0-19-803678-4|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> kuma ana gane shi da ƙarancin danshi, tafkuna da koguna suna bushewa. Saboda haka dabbobin kiwo kamar zakaru, giwaye, da wildebeest suna yin hijira. Rashin ruwa a tsirrai yana jawo gobarar daji.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|title=Wet & Dry Seasons|access-date=2018-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320141721/http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|archive-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> Yanayi mai zafi yana hanzarta girma na kayan lambu,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|page=19|title=Home Vegetable Gardening in Kentucky|author=Cooperative Extension Service|publisher=University of Kentucky|date=January 2014|access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> yana ƙara evaporation da transpiration daga tsirrai,<ref>{{cite web|author=North Carolina State University|title=Evapotranspiration|url=https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|date=2013-08-09|access-date=2015-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219045714/https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|archive-date=2015-02-19|author-link=North Carolina State University}}</ref> kuma yana tsananta fari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|date=2002-05-16|access-date=2015-02-18|title=Warm Temperatures and Severe Drought Continued in April Throughout Parts of the United States; Global Temperature For April Second Warmest on Record|author=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219055008/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|archive-date=Feb 19, 2015}}</ref> ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da fari. ENSO yana ƙunshe da yanayin zafin ruwa a tsakiyar Tekun Pasifik, wanda ake kira La Niña da El Niño. La Niña yawanci yana da alaƙa da yanayi mai bushewa da zafi, yana tsananta fari a California da yankin kudu maso yammacin Amurka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/nation-world/la-nina-west-coast-climate/507-f792ab4a-bc35-4e45-9de1-08d8379dfc9b|title=Weather's unwanted guest: Nasty La Niña keeps popping up|author=Seth Borenstein|publisher=9news.com.au.com|date=May 28, 2022|access-date=June 4, 2022|quote=Scientists are noticing that in the past 25 years the world seems to be getting more La Niñas than it used to...|url-status=live}}</ref> A lokacin El Niño, yanayi mai bushewa da zafi yana faruwa a yankin kogin Amazon, Colombia, da Amurka ta Tsakiya. A lokacin hunturu, yankin arewacin Amurka yana samun ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara. Haka kuma, yanayi mai bushewa yana faruwa daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu a Afirka ta Kudu, musamman a Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, da Botswana. Tasirin El Niño yana haifar da gobarar daji, hazo, da ƙarancin ingancin. == Tasiri == [[File:Global Drought Total Economic Loss Risk Deciles (5457316295).jpg|thumb|Hadarin asarar tattalin arziki na fari a duniya]] [[File:DroughtinNamibia.jpg|thumb|right| Oryx biyu da suka mutu a Namibia a lokacin farin 2018–19 a Kudancin Afirka.]] [[File:Ruins_at_Farina.JPG|thumb|Bayan shekaru na fari da guguwa, garin Farina a Kudancin Ostiraliya ya zama kango.]] Fari yana daga cikin manyan bala’o’in halitta, kuma yana da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli, tattalin arziki, albarkatun ruwa, noma, da al’umma a duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Gebrechorkos|first1=Solomon H.|last2=Peng|first2=Jian|last3=Dyer|first3=Ellen|last4=Miralles|first4=Diego G.|last5=Vicente-Serrano|first5=Sergio M.|last6=Funk|first6=Chris|last7=Beck|first7=Hylke E.|last8=Asfaw|first8=Dagmawi T.|last9=Singer|first9=Michael B. |last10=Dadson |first10=Simon J.|year=2023|title=Global high-resolution drought indices for 1981–2022|url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/5449/2023/|journal=Earth System Science Data|volume=15|issue=12|pages=5449–5466|doi=10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023|issn=1866-3516|doi-access=free|bibcode=2023ESSD...15.5449G|hdl=10754/693396|hdl-access=free}} File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px Rubutu an kwafa daga wannan tushe, wanda yake ƙarƙashin lasisin Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International</ref> Ana iya rarrabe tasirin fari zuwa rukuni uku: muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (ciki har da lafiya). === Tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziki === File:Mixed Douglas-fir - Western Redcedar forest, with some Western Redcedar dying from drought; Arlington, Washington, 2018 (29721380337).jpg| thumb|right | Itacen red cedar a Amurka yana mutuwa saboda fari, 2018 Tasirin muhalli na fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a matakin ruwa a saman ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙarancin kwarara (wanda ke haifar da haɗari ga rayuwar dabbobin ruwa), ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, bushewar fadama, yawaitar gobarar daji, asarar nau’o’in halittu, rashin lafiyar itatuwa da yaduwar kwari da cututtukan itace.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite journal|last1=Zimmer|first1=Katarina|title=Dead trees around the world are shocking scientists|journal=Knowable Magazine|date=17 August 2023|doi=10.1146/knowable-081723-2|doi-access=free|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2023/dead-trees-shocking-scientists|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Hartmann">{{cite journal|last1=Hartmann|first1=Henrik|last2=Bastos|first2=Ana|last3=Das|first3=Adrian J.|last4=Esquivel-Muelbert|first4=Adriane|last5=Hammond|first5=William M.|last6=Martínez-Vilalta|first6=Jordi|last7=McDowell|first7=Nate G.|last8=Powers|first8=Jennifer S.|author8-link=Jennifer Sarah Powers|last9=Pugh|first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X.|last11=Allen|first11=Craig D.|title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide|journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology|date=20 May 2022|volume=73|issue=1|pages=673–702|doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804|doi-access=free|pmid=35231182|bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H|issn=1543-5008}}</ref> Asarar tattalin arziki sakamakon fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a samar da amfanin gona, gandun daji, kiwo da kamun kifi, ƙaruwa a farashin abinci, ƙarancin samar da wutar lantarki daga madatsun ruwa, asarar kudaden yawon shakatawa da sufuri, matsaloli a samar da ruwa ga masana’antu da birane. An kiyasta cewa fari ya jawo asarar dala biliyan 278 daga 1991 zuwa 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en |title=The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140180-4 |language=English |doi=10.4060/cd7185en}}</ref> === Tasirin noma === File:Soil moisture and climate change.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Tasirin sauyin yanayi ga danshin ƙasa a lokacin dumamar duniya 2 °C. File:Economic loss in agriculture and non-agricultural sectors by hazard type (share).svg|thumb|Asarar tattalin arziki a noma da sauran fannoni sakamakon fari. Fari na iya jawo lalacewar ƙasa da asarar danshi, wanda ke rage yawan amfanin gona.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Seka|first1=Ayalkibet Mekonnen|last2=Zhang|first2=Jiahua|last3=Prodhan|first3=Foyez Ahmed|last4=Ayele|first4=Gebiaw Teshome|last5=Finsa|first5=Mekuanenet Mulunhie|last6=Sharma|first6=Til Prasad Pangali|last7=Melesse|first7=Assefa Mekonnen|year=2022|title=Hydrological drought impacts on water storage variations: a focus on the role of vegetation changes in the East Africa region. A systematic review|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research|volume=29|issue=53|pages=80237–80256|doi=10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0|issn=0944-1344|pmid=36197619|bibcode=2022ESPR...2980237S|s2cid=252713722|url-access=subscription|hdl=10072/420991|hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Tasirin zamantakewa da lafiya === Mummunan tasirin fari ga mutane sun haɗa da gazawar amfanin gona, matsalar abinci, yunwa, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da talauci, wanda ke jawo mutuwa da hijirar jama’a.<ref name=":3" /> Fari na iya jawo ƙarancin ruwa, ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, tsadar abinci, da matsalolin lafiya. Rashin ingancin ruwa yana faruwa saboda ƙarancin kwarara yana rage narkewar gurbatattun abubuwa.<ref>Mosley LM (2014). Drought impacts on the water quality of freshwater systems; review and integration. Earth-Science Reviews. {{doi|10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.010}}.</ref> === Asarar ƙasa mai albarka === [[File:Loess.jpg|thumb|Loess – wani nau’in ƙasa mai laushi da iska ke ɗauka.]] Erosion ta iska tana tsananta a yankunan hamada da lokacin fari. Misali, a Great Plains, an kiyasta cewa asarar ƙasa ta iska na iya ninka sau 6100 a shekarun fari fiye da lokacin damina.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wiggs, Giles F.S.|title=Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=978-0-470-71076-0|editor=Thomas, David S.G.|page=588|chapter=Geomorphological hazards in drylands|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swz4rh4KaLYC&pg=PA588}}</ref> == Manazarta == 9qskqpl10zlj7al194dxwr5y18qm9ew 841950 841948 2026-05-28T22:49:23Z Sirjat 20447 /* Asarar ƙasa mai albarka */ 841950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fari''' lokaci ne na bushewa fiye da yadda aka saba. {{Rp|1157}}Fari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki, watanni ko shekaru. Fari yakan yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin halittu da [[noma]] na yankunan da abin ya shafa, kuma yana haifar da illa ga [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arzikin]] yankin. Lokacin rani na shekara-shekara a [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yankunan zafi]] yana ƙara yiwuwar fari ya bunƙasa sosai, tare da ƙaruwar haɗarin gobarar daji daga baya. <ref name="Brando">{{Cite journal |last=Brando |first=Paulo M. |last2=Paolucci |first2=Lucas |last3=Ummenhofer |first3=Caroline C. |last4=Ordway |first4=Elsa M. |last5=Hartmann |first5=Henrik |last6=Cattau |first6=Megan E. |last7=Rattis |first7=Ludmila |last8=Medjibe |first8=Vincent |last9=Coe |first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer |date=30 May 2019 |title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=555–581 |bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 |issn=0084-6597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Guguwar zafi|Raƙuman zafi]] na iya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin fari sosai ta hanyar ƙara yawan fitar da hayaki . Wannan yana busar da dazuzzuka da sauran ciyayi, kuma yana ƙara yawan mai ga gobarar daji. <ref name="Brando" /> <ref name="Hartmann">{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author-link8=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> fari alama ce ta sauyawa a mafi yawan sassan duniya, ya zama mafi tsananin gaske kuma ba za a iya hango shi ba saboda [[Canjin yanayi]], wanda binciken dendrochronological ya samo asali ne daga 1900. Akwai nau'ikan tasirin fari guda uku, muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tasirin muhalli sun haɗa da bushewar wuraren da ke da ruwa, ƙarin gobarar daji, [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]]. Tasirin tattalin arziki na fari ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin [[noma]] da kiwon dabbobi (wanda ke haifar da [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]), gandun daji, samar da ruwa na jama'a, kewayawar kogi (saboda misali: ƙananan matakan ruwa), samar da wutar lantarki (ta hanyar shafar tsarin wutar lantarki) da kuma tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming-Muñoz |first=David A. |last2=Whitten |first2=Stuart |last3=Bonnett |first3=Graham D. |date=28 June 2023 |title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs |journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=501–523 |doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527 |issn=1364-985X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kudin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan abu kai tsaye (rashin zafi mai yawa), tsadar abinci mai yawa, damuwa da girbi ya haifar, karancin ruwa, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=Carla |last2=Kerac |first2=Marko |last3=Prudhomme |first3=Christel |last4=Medlock |first4=Jolyon |last5=Murray |first5=Virginia |date=2013-06-05 |title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsawon fari ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa da Rikicin jin kai.<ref name="Stanke">{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=C |last2=Kerac |first2=M |last3=Prudhomme |first3=C |last4=Medlock |first4=J |last5=Murray |first5=V |date=5 June 2013 |title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence. |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellizzi |first=Saverio |last2=Lane |first2=Chris |last3=Elhakim |first3=Mohamed |last4=Nabeth |first4=Pierre |date=12 November 2020 |title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions |journal=Environmental Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=114 |bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B |doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z |issn=1476-069X |pmc=7659048 |pmid=33183302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan yankuna da ke da haɗarin fari sune Yankin Amazon, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], yankin [[Sahel]] da [[Indiya]]. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2005, sassan Yankin Amazon sun fuskanci fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref> Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani kuma za su iya zama masu yawa a nan gaba, rahoton da gwamnati ta bayar ya ce a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2008. Tsawon fari na Australiya na Millennial ya ɓarke a cikin 2010. Rashin fari na Horn of Africa na 2020-2022 ya wuce mummunan fari a cikin 2010-2011 a duka tsawon lokaci da tsananin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Daisy |date=2022-10-26 |title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022 |access-date=2022-10-29 |publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, mutane galibi suna kallon fari a matsayin bala'o'i saboda tasirin da ke tattare da wadatar abinci da sauran al'umma. Mutane sun kalli fari a matsayin bala'i na halitta ko kuma wani abu da aikin ɗan adam ya rinjayi, ko kuma sakamakon ikon allahntaka. == Ma'ana == [[Fayil:Fields_outside_benambra.jpg|right|thumb|Filin da ke waje da Benambra, Ostiraliya da ke fama da fari a shekara ta 2006.]] Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana fari kawai a matsayin "mai tsanani fiye da yanayin al'ada". :{{Rp|1157}} Wannan yana nufin cewa fari shine "rashin danshi dangane da matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a wani wuri da kuma lokacin da aka ba shi".<ref name=":2" /> : 1157 {{Rp|1157}} Dangane da National Integrated Drought Information System, haɗin gwiwar hukumomi da yawa, ana bayyana fari gabaɗaya a matsayin "rashin hazo a tsawon lokaci (yawanci lokaci ɗaya ko fiye), wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa". Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Kasa na [[Gudanar da Tsarin Ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa|NOAA]] ya bayyana fari a matsayin "rashin danshi wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutane, dabbobi, ko ciyayi a kan yanki mai girma".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought Basics |url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Drought.gov |publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}</ref> fari abu ne mai rikitarwa − wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa − wanda ke leken sa ido da bayyanawa. A farkon shekarun 1980, an riga an buga ma'anoni sama da 150 na "bishi". Yanayin ma'anar yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna, buƙatu, da hanyoyin horo. == Rukuni == Akwai manyan rukuni uku na fari bisa ga inda ƙarancin danshi ya faru a cikin zagayowar ruwa: fari na yanayi, fari na ruwa, da fari na noma ko muhalli.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Fari na yanayi yana faruwa saboda rashin ruwan sama. Fari na ruwa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin gudu, kwarara, da ajiyar ruwa a tafkuna da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=14 April 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained|journal=WIREs Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V|issn=2049-1948|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fari na noma ko muhalli yana jawo damuwa ga tsirrai ta hanyar haɗin bushewar ruwa da ƙarancin danshi a ƙasa.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna ƙara wani rukuni: fari na tattalin arziki yana faruwa idan buƙatar wani kayan tattalin arziki ta wuce abin da ake da shi sakamakon ƙarancin ruwa da ya shafi yanayi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32" /> Fari na tattalin arziki yana kama da ra'ayin ƙarancin ruwa. Rukunan fari suna da dalilai daban-daban amma suna haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya: # Fari na yanayi yana faruwa idan lokaci ya yi tsawo ba tare da ruwan sama da ya kai matsakaici ba.<ref name="IGARSS2017">{{cite book|last1=Swain|display-authors=etal|first1=S|title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)|chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India|volume=2017|pages=5505–5507|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6|s2cid=26920225}}</ref> Fari na yanayi yawanci yana gabatar da sauran nau'ikan fari.<ref name="NOAAsurprise">{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=What is a Drought?|date=August 2006|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=2007-04-10}}</ref> Idan fari ya ci gaba, yanayin da ke kewaye da shi yana ƙara muni kuma tasirinsa ga al'umma yana ƙaruwa. # Fari na ruwa yana faruwa idan ajiyar ruwa da ake da shi a wurare kamar rijiyoyi, tafkuna da madatsun ruwa ya ragu ƙasa da matsakaici ko wani matakin da aka ɗauka muhimmanci a yankin. Fari na ruwa yana bayyana a hankali saboda yana shafar ruwan da aka adana wanda ake amfani da shi amma ba a sabunta shi ba. Saboda kusancin hulɗa da amfani da ruwa, wannan nau'in fari yana iya samun tasirin sarrafa ruwa. An gano tasirin ɗan adam mai kyau da mara kyau, kuma dabarun sarrafa ruwa suna da muhimmanci wajen rage tasirin fari.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van Loon|first1=Anne F.|last2=Stahl|first2=Kerstin|last3=Di Baldassarre|first3=Giuliano|last4=Clark|first4=Julian|last5=Rangecroft|first5=Sally|last6=Wanders|first6=Niko|last7=Gleeson|first7=Tom|last8=Van Dijk|first8=Albert I. J. M.|last9=Tallaksen|first9=Lena M. |last10=Hannaford |first10=Jamie|last11=Uijlenhoet|first11=Remko|last12=Teuling|first12=Adriaan J.|last13=Hannah|first13=David M.|last14=Sheffield|first14=Justin|last15=Svoboda|first15=Mark|date=2016-09-08|title=Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/3631/2016/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=20|issue=9|pages=3631–3650|doi=10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016HESS...20.3631V|issn=1027-5606|hdl=1885/152821|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wendt|first1=Doris E.|last2=Van Loon|first2=Anne F.|last3=Bloomfield|first3=John P.|last4=Hannah|first4=David M.|date=2020-10-13|title=Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/4853/2020/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=24|issue=10|pages=4853–4868|doi=10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020HESS...24.4853W|issn=1027-5606}}</ref> Kamar fari na noma, fari na ruwa na iya faruwa ba wai kawai saboda rashin ruwan sama ba. Misali, a kusa da shekarar 2007 Kazakhstan ta samu kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya don dawo da ruwa da aka karkatar zuwa wasu ƙasashe daga Tafkin Aral a ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet.<ref>{{cite news|date=2007-04-09|title=Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm}}</ref> Irin wannan yanayi yana sa babban tafkinsu, Balkhash, cikin haɗarin bushewa gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news|date=2004-01-15|title=Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm}}</ref> # Fari na noma ko muhalli yana shafar samar da amfanin gona ko tsarin halittu gaba ɗaya. Wannan yanayi na iya faruwa ba tare da wani canji a matakin ruwan sama ba idan ƙaruwa a ban ruwa ko yanayin ƙasa da lalacewa sakamakon ayyukan noma da ba a tsara su da kyau ba suka jawo ƙarancin ruwa ga amfanin gona. == Dalilai == [[File:Drought.jpg|thumb|upright| Fashewa da bushewar ƙasa a hamadar Sonora, arewa maso yammacin Mexico]] === Rashin ruwan sama gaba ɗaya === Hanyoyin samar da ruwan sama sun haɗa da convective, stratiform,<ref>{{cite journal|title=A convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm for volume scanning weather radar observations|author=Emmanouil N. Anagnostou|journal=Meteorological Applications|year=2004|volume=11|pages=291–300|doi=10.1017/S1350482704001409|issue=4|bibcode=2004MeApp..11..291A|doi-access=free}}</ref> da orographic rainfall.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia|author1=A.J. Dore|author2=M. Mousavi-Baygi|author3=R.I. Smith|author4=J. Hall|author5=D. Fowler|author6=T.W. Choularton|journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=40|date=June 2006|pages=3316–3326|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043|issue=18|bibcode=2006AtmEn..40.3316D}}</ref> Convective yana nufin motsi mai ƙarfi a tsaye wanda zai iya jawo ruwan sama mai yawa,<ref name="convection">{{cite book|author=Robert Penrose Pearce|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66|title=Meteorology at the Millennium|publisher=Academic Press|page=66|isbn=978-0-12-548035-2|access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref> yayin da stratiform ke nufin motsi mai rauni da ruwan sama mai sauƙi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cloud dynamics|last=Houze|first=Robert A. Jr.|date=1993|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-050210-6|location=San Diego|oclc=427392836}}</ref> Ruwan sama ana rarrabe shi zuwa rukuni uku: ruwa mai laushi, ruwa da ke daskarewa a lokacin da ya taɓa ƙasa, ko kankara. Fari yana faruwa a wuraren da ruwan sama na al’ada ya ragu. Idan waɗannan abubuwa ba su tallafa isasshen ruwan sama ba, sakamakon shi ne fari. Fari na iya faruwa saboda hasken rana mai ƙarfi, yawaitar tsarin matsin lamba mai ƙarfi, iska daga ƙasa maimakon teku, da ridges na matsin lamba a sama wanda ke hana hadari da ruwan sama. Da zarar yankin ya shiga fari, abubuwan kamar iska mai bushewa,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lbixDAw5DwC&pg=PA22|page=22|title=Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought|author1=Roland Paepe|author2=Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge|author3=Saskia Jelgersma|date=1990|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-7923-1017-4}}</ref> yanayi mai zafi,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvJyVtw53Y4C&pg=PA48|pages=48–49|title=The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña|author1=Joseph S. D'Aleo|author2=Pamela G. Grube|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-378-9}}</ref> da ƙarancin evapotranspiration na iya ƙara tsananta fari. ==== Lokacin bushewa ==== A cikin yankunan zafi, akwai lokacin damina da lokacin bushewa saboda motsin Intertropical Convergence Zone ko Monsoon trough.<ref name="Wang">{{cite book|author=Bin Wang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRT57TENzT8C&pg=PT206|title=The Asian Monsoon|date=2006-01-13|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-40610-5|page=206}}</ref> Lokacin bushewa yana ƙara yawan faruwar fari,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6r9jUTzJiYC&pg=PA349|page=349|title=Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought: A Global Study: A Global Study|author1=Vijendra K. Boken|author2=Arthur P. Cracknell|author3=Ronald L. Heathcote|date=2005-03-24|isbn=978-0-19-803678-4|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> kuma ana gane shi da ƙarancin danshi, tafkuna da koguna suna bushewa. Saboda haka dabbobin kiwo kamar zakaru, giwaye, da wildebeest suna yin hijira. Rashin ruwa a tsirrai yana jawo gobarar daji.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|title=Wet & Dry Seasons|access-date=2018-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320141721/http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|archive-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> Yanayi mai zafi yana hanzarta girma na kayan lambu,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|page=19|title=Home Vegetable Gardening in Kentucky|author=Cooperative Extension Service|publisher=University of Kentucky|date=January 2014|access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> yana ƙara evaporation da transpiration daga tsirrai,<ref>{{cite web|author=North Carolina State University|title=Evapotranspiration|url=https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|date=2013-08-09|access-date=2015-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219045714/https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|archive-date=2015-02-19|author-link=North Carolina State University}}</ref> kuma yana tsananta fari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|date=2002-05-16|access-date=2015-02-18|title=Warm Temperatures and Severe Drought Continued in April Throughout Parts of the United States; Global Temperature For April Second Warmest on Record|author=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219055008/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|archive-date=Feb 19, 2015}}</ref> ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da fari. ENSO yana ƙunshe da yanayin zafin ruwa a tsakiyar Tekun Pasifik, wanda ake kira La Niña da El Niño. La Niña yawanci yana da alaƙa da yanayi mai bushewa da zafi, yana tsananta fari a California da yankin kudu maso yammacin Amurka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/nation-world/la-nina-west-coast-climate/507-f792ab4a-bc35-4e45-9de1-08d8379dfc9b|title=Weather's unwanted guest: Nasty La Niña keeps popping up|author=Seth Borenstein|publisher=9news.com.au.com|date=May 28, 2022|access-date=June 4, 2022|quote=Scientists are noticing that in the past 25 years the world seems to be getting more La Niñas than it used to...|url-status=live}}</ref> A lokacin El Niño, yanayi mai bushewa da zafi yana faruwa a yankin kogin Amazon, Colombia, da Amurka ta Tsakiya. A lokacin hunturu, yankin arewacin Amurka yana samun ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara. Haka kuma, yanayi mai bushewa yana faruwa daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu a Afirka ta Kudu, musamman a Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, da Botswana. Tasirin El Niño yana haifar da gobarar daji, hazo, da ƙarancin ingancin. == Tasiri == [[File:Global Drought Total Economic Loss Risk Deciles (5457316295).jpg|thumb|Hadarin asarar tattalin arziki na fari a duniya]] [[File:DroughtinNamibia.jpg|thumb|right| Oryx biyu da suka mutu a Namibia a lokacin farin 2018–19 a Kudancin Afirka.]] [[File:Ruins_at_Farina.JPG|thumb|Bayan shekaru na fari da guguwa, garin Farina a Kudancin Ostiraliya ya zama kango.]] Fari yana daga cikin manyan bala’o’in halitta, kuma yana da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli, tattalin arziki, albarkatun ruwa, noma, da al’umma a duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Gebrechorkos|first1=Solomon H.|last2=Peng|first2=Jian|last3=Dyer|first3=Ellen|last4=Miralles|first4=Diego G.|last5=Vicente-Serrano|first5=Sergio M.|last6=Funk|first6=Chris|last7=Beck|first7=Hylke E.|last8=Asfaw|first8=Dagmawi T.|last9=Singer|first9=Michael B. |last10=Dadson |first10=Simon J.|year=2023|title=Global high-resolution drought indices for 1981–2022|url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/5449/2023/|journal=Earth System Science Data|volume=15|issue=12|pages=5449–5466|doi=10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023|issn=1866-3516|doi-access=free|bibcode=2023ESSD...15.5449G|hdl=10754/693396|hdl-access=free}} File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px Rubutu an kwafa daga wannan tushe, wanda yake ƙarƙashin lasisin Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International</ref> Ana iya rarrabe tasirin fari zuwa rukuni uku: muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (ciki har da lafiya). === Tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziki === File:Mixed Douglas-fir - Western Redcedar forest, with some Western Redcedar dying from drought; Arlington, Washington, 2018 (29721380337).jpg| thumb|right | Itacen red cedar a Amurka yana mutuwa saboda fari, 2018 Tasirin muhalli na fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a matakin ruwa a saman ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙarancin kwarara (wanda ke haifar da haɗari ga rayuwar dabbobin ruwa), ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, bushewar fadama, yawaitar gobarar daji, asarar nau’o’in halittu, rashin lafiyar itatuwa da yaduwar kwari da cututtukan itace.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite journal|last1=Zimmer|first1=Katarina|title=Dead trees around the world are shocking scientists|journal=Knowable Magazine|date=17 August 2023|doi=10.1146/knowable-081723-2|doi-access=free|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2023/dead-trees-shocking-scientists|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Hartmann">{{cite journal|last1=Hartmann|first1=Henrik|last2=Bastos|first2=Ana|last3=Das|first3=Adrian J.|last4=Esquivel-Muelbert|first4=Adriane|last5=Hammond|first5=William M.|last6=Martínez-Vilalta|first6=Jordi|last7=McDowell|first7=Nate G.|last8=Powers|first8=Jennifer S.|author8-link=Jennifer Sarah Powers|last9=Pugh|first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X.|last11=Allen|first11=Craig D.|title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide|journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology|date=20 May 2022|volume=73|issue=1|pages=673–702|doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804|doi-access=free|pmid=35231182|bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H|issn=1543-5008}}</ref> Asarar tattalin arziki sakamakon fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a samar da amfanin gona, gandun daji, kiwo da kamun kifi, ƙaruwa a farashin abinci, ƙarancin samar da wutar lantarki daga madatsun ruwa, asarar kudaden yawon shakatawa da sufuri, matsaloli a samar da ruwa ga masana’antu da birane. An kiyasta cewa fari ya jawo asarar dala biliyan 278 daga 1991 zuwa 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en |title=The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140180-4 |language=English |doi=10.4060/cd7185en}}</ref> === Tasirin noma === File:Soil moisture and climate change.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Tasirin sauyin yanayi ga danshin ƙasa a lokacin dumamar duniya 2 °C. File:Economic loss in agriculture and non-agricultural sectors by hazard type (share).svg|thumb|Asarar tattalin arziki a noma da sauran fannoni sakamakon fari. Fari na iya jawo lalacewar ƙasa da asarar danshi, wanda ke rage yawan amfanin gona.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Seka|first1=Ayalkibet Mekonnen|last2=Zhang|first2=Jiahua|last3=Prodhan|first3=Foyez Ahmed|last4=Ayele|first4=Gebiaw Teshome|last5=Finsa|first5=Mekuanenet Mulunhie|last6=Sharma|first6=Til Prasad Pangali|last7=Melesse|first7=Assefa Mekonnen|year=2022|title=Hydrological drought impacts on water storage variations: a focus on the role of vegetation changes in the East Africa region. A systematic review|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research|volume=29|issue=53|pages=80237–80256|doi=10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0|issn=0944-1344|pmid=36197619|bibcode=2022ESPR...2980237S|s2cid=252713722|url-access=subscription|hdl=10072/420991|hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Tasirin zamantakewa da lafiya === Mummunan tasirin fari ga mutane sun haɗa da gazawar amfanin gona, matsalar abinci, yunwa, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da talauci, wanda ke jawo mutuwa da hijirar jama’a.<ref name=":3" /> Fari na iya jawo ƙarancin ruwa, ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, tsadar abinci, da matsalolin lafiya. Rashin ingancin ruwa yana faruwa saboda ƙarancin kwarara yana rage narkewar gurbatattun abubuwa.<ref>Mosley LM (2014). Drought impacts on the water quality of freshwater systems; review and integration. Earth-Science Reviews. {{doi|10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.010}}.</ref> === Asarar ƙasa mai albarka === [[File:Loess.jpg|thumb|Loess – wani nau’in ƙasa mai laushi da iska ke ɗauka.]] Erosion ta iska tana tsananta a yankunan hamada da lokacin fari. Misali, a Great Plains, an kiyasta cewa asarar ƙasa ta iska na iya ninka sau 6100 a shekarun fari fiye da lokacin damina.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wiggs, Giles F.S.|title=Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=978-0-470-71076-0|editor=Thomas, David S.G.|page=588|chapter=Geomorphological hazards in drylands|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swz4rh4KaLYC&pg=PA588}}</ref> == Yankuna da fari ya fi shafa == main|List of droughts === Kogin Amazon === A shekarar 2005, wasu sassan kwarin Amazon sun fuskanci mafi munin fari cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp|archive-date=2019-11-15|access-date=5 November 2017|website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref><ref name=":5">[http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm Drought Threatens Amazon Basin – Extreme conditions felt for second year running] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527104721/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm|date=May 27, 2013}}</ref> Wani rahoto a 2006 ya nuna cewa daji na iya jure fari na tsawon shekaru uku kawai.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/law-mixed-year-begins-and-ends-wrapped-up-in-straw-1191932.html Amazon rainforest 'could become a desert'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825064419/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/law-mixed-year-begins-and-ends-wrapped-up-in-straw-1191932.html|date=2017-08-25}}, The Independent, July 23, 2006.</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/fishermen-braced-for-quota-cuts-1191880.html Dying Forest: One year to save the Amazon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825060909/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/fishermen-braced-for-quota-cuts-1191880.html|date=2017-08-25}}, The Independent, July 23, 2006.</ref> Masana a Brazil National Institute of Amazonian Research sun yi gargadin cewa haɗin tasirin fari da sare daji yana iya kai dajin ga matakin da ba zai iya dawowa ba. WWF ta ce haɗin sauyin yanayi da sare daji yana ƙara bushewar itatuwa da ke haifar da gobarar daji.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518192545/http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/index.cfm?uNewsID=64220 Climate change a threat to Amazon rainforest, warns WWF], World Wide Fund for Nature, March 9, 2996.</ref> === Ostiraliya === Farin Millennium daga 1997–2009 ya jawo matsalar samar da ruwa a Ostiraliya. Saboda haka aka gina masana’antar tace ruwan teku. Babban yanki na Ostiraliya hamada ne ko ƙasa mai bushewa da ake kira outback. Wani bincike a 2005 ya nuna cewa mutanen farko da suka zauna a cikin ƙasar sun yi yawan ƙona ƙasa wanda ya hana damina shiga ciki.<ref>[https://www.geosociety.org/news/pr/05-01.htm Sensitivity of the Australian Monsoon to insolation and vegetation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615232508/http://geosociety.org/news/pr/05-01.htm|date=2010-06-15}}, Geological Society of America</ref> A 2008, kwamitin masana ya yi gargadin cewa yankin Murray-Darling zai iya fuskantar mummunan lalacewar muhalli idan bai samu ruwa ba.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7460492.stm Australian rivers 'face disaster'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813205109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7460492.stm|date=2021-08-13}}, BBC News</ref> Rahoton gwamnati ya ce Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani a nan gaba.<ref name=":6">[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707 Australia faces worse, more frequent droughts: study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120930/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707|date=2021-02-03}}, Reuters</ref> Tim Flannery ya yi hasashen cewa Perth na iya zama birni da aka bar saboda rashin ruwa.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm Metropolis strives to meet its thirst] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906083308/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm|date=2021-09-06}}, BBC News</ref> Fari ya ƙare a 2010. === Gabashin Afirka === Gabashin Afirka (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda da sauransu) na da yanayi mai bambanci daga busassun wurare zuwa wuraren da ke da damina. A arewa, damina tana daga Yuli zuwa Satumba, yayin da sauran yankuna ke da damina mai tsawo daga Maris zuwa Mayu da gajeriyar damina daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba. Yawan faruwar fari da ambaliya na cutar da al’umma mai fama da talauci.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Taye|first1=Meron Teferi|last2=Dyer|first2=Ellen|year=2024|title=Hydrologic Extremes in a Changing Climate: a Review of Extremes in East Africa|journal=Current Climate Change Reports|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1–11|doi=10.1007/s40641-024-00193-9|issn=2198-6061|doi-access=free|bibcode=2024CCCR...10....1T }}</ref> Fari ya jawo matsalar abinci a 1984–85, 2006 da 2011. Daga 2020–2023, yankin ya fuskanci fari mafi tsawo da ya shafi tsaro na abinci. Wasu yankuna kuma sun fuskanci ambaliya kamar na 2020 da 2022.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> === Kogunan Himalaya === File:Drought affected area in Karnataka, India, 2012.jpg|thumb|Yanki da fari ya shafa a Karnataka, India 2012. Kimanin mutane biliyan 2.4 suna zaune a kwarin kogunan Himalaya.<ref>{{cite web|title=People & the Planet > climate change > newsfile > big melt threatens millions, says un|url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819200515/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024|archive-date=19 August 2007|work=peopleandplanet.net}}</ref> India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal da Myanmar na iya fuskantar ambaliya da fari a nan gaba. Fari a Ganges na da matuƙar damuwa saboda yana samar da ruwan sha da ban ruwa ga mutane fiye da miliyan 500.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ganges, Indus may not survive: climatologists|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/24indus.htm|work=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=People's Daily Online – Glaciers melting at alarming speed|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html|work=People's Daily}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2004-11-10|title=Science/Nature – Himalaya glaciers melt unnoticed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3998967.stm|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> A 2025, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa narkewar kankara na iya barazana ga abinci da ruwan sha na mutane biliyan 2.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glacier meltdown risks food and water supply of 2 billion people, says UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/mar/20/glacier-meltdown-risks-food-and-water-supply-of-2bn-people-says-un |work=The Guardian |date=21 March 2025}}</ref> === Arewacin Amurka === Yankin yammacin Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke samun ruwa daga kank == Manazarta == rs0unwiq147r12qlpmj1fuovhdrux2s 841951 841950 2026-05-28T22:49:39Z Sirjat 20447 /* Yankuna da fari ya fi shafa */ 841951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fari''' lokaci ne na bushewa fiye da yadda aka saba. {{Rp|1157}}Fari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki, watanni ko shekaru. Fari yakan yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin halittu da [[noma]] na yankunan da abin ya shafa, kuma yana haifar da illa ga [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arzikin]] yankin. Lokacin rani na shekara-shekara a [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yankunan zafi]] yana ƙara yiwuwar fari ya bunƙasa sosai, tare da ƙaruwar haɗarin gobarar daji daga baya. <ref name="Brando">{{Cite journal |last=Brando |first=Paulo M. |last2=Paolucci |first2=Lucas |last3=Ummenhofer |first3=Caroline C. |last4=Ordway |first4=Elsa M. |last5=Hartmann |first5=Henrik |last6=Cattau |first6=Megan E. |last7=Rattis |first7=Ludmila |last8=Medjibe |first8=Vincent |last9=Coe |first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer |date=30 May 2019 |title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=555–581 |bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 |issn=0084-6597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Guguwar zafi|Raƙuman zafi]] na iya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin fari sosai ta hanyar ƙara yawan fitar da hayaki . Wannan yana busar da dazuzzuka da sauran ciyayi, kuma yana ƙara yawan mai ga gobarar daji. <ref name="Brando" /> <ref name="Hartmann">{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author-link8=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> fari alama ce ta sauyawa a mafi yawan sassan duniya, ya zama mafi tsananin gaske kuma ba za a iya hango shi ba saboda [[Canjin yanayi]], wanda binciken dendrochronological ya samo asali ne daga 1900. Akwai nau'ikan tasirin fari guda uku, muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tasirin muhalli sun haɗa da bushewar wuraren da ke da ruwa, ƙarin gobarar daji, [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]]. Tasirin tattalin arziki na fari ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin [[noma]] da kiwon dabbobi (wanda ke haifar da [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]), gandun daji, samar da ruwa na jama'a, kewayawar kogi (saboda misali: ƙananan matakan ruwa), samar da wutar lantarki (ta hanyar shafar tsarin wutar lantarki) da kuma tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming-Muñoz |first=David A. |last2=Whitten |first2=Stuart |last3=Bonnett |first3=Graham D. |date=28 June 2023 |title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs |journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=501–523 |doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527 |issn=1364-985X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kudin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan abu kai tsaye (rashin zafi mai yawa), tsadar abinci mai yawa, damuwa da girbi ya haifar, karancin ruwa, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=Carla |last2=Kerac |first2=Marko |last3=Prudhomme |first3=Christel |last4=Medlock |first4=Jolyon |last5=Murray |first5=Virginia |date=2013-06-05 |title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsawon fari ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa da Rikicin jin kai.<ref name="Stanke">{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=C |last2=Kerac |first2=M |last3=Prudhomme |first3=C |last4=Medlock |first4=J |last5=Murray |first5=V |date=5 June 2013 |title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence. |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellizzi |first=Saverio |last2=Lane |first2=Chris |last3=Elhakim |first3=Mohamed |last4=Nabeth |first4=Pierre |date=12 November 2020 |title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions |journal=Environmental Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=114 |bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B |doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z |issn=1476-069X |pmc=7659048 |pmid=33183302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan yankuna da ke da haɗarin fari sune Yankin Amazon, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], yankin [[Sahel]] da [[Indiya]]. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2005, sassan Yankin Amazon sun fuskanci fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref> Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani kuma za su iya zama masu yawa a nan gaba, rahoton da gwamnati ta bayar ya ce a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2008. Tsawon fari na Australiya na Millennial ya ɓarke a cikin 2010. Rashin fari na Horn of Africa na 2020-2022 ya wuce mummunan fari a cikin 2010-2011 a duka tsawon lokaci da tsananin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Daisy |date=2022-10-26 |title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022 |access-date=2022-10-29 |publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, mutane galibi suna kallon fari a matsayin bala'o'i saboda tasirin da ke tattare da wadatar abinci da sauran al'umma. Mutane sun kalli fari a matsayin bala'i na halitta ko kuma wani abu da aikin ɗan adam ya rinjayi, ko kuma sakamakon ikon allahntaka. == Ma'ana == [[Fayil:Fields_outside_benambra.jpg|right|thumb|Filin da ke waje da Benambra, Ostiraliya da ke fama da fari a shekara ta 2006.]] Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana fari kawai a matsayin "mai tsanani fiye da yanayin al'ada". :{{Rp|1157}} Wannan yana nufin cewa fari shine "rashin danshi dangane da matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a wani wuri da kuma lokacin da aka ba shi".<ref name=":2" /> : 1157 {{Rp|1157}} Dangane da National Integrated Drought Information System, haɗin gwiwar hukumomi da yawa, ana bayyana fari gabaɗaya a matsayin "rashin hazo a tsawon lokaci (yawanci lokaci ɗaya ko fiye), wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa". Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Kasa na [[Gudanar da Tsarin Ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa|NOAA]] ya bayyana fari a matsayin "rashin danshi wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutane, dabbobi, ko ciyayi a kan yanki mai girma".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought Basics |url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Drought.gov |publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}</ref> fari abu ne mai rikitarwa − wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa − wanda ke leken sa ido da bayyanawa. A farkon shekarun 1980, an riga an buga ma'anoni sama da 150 na "bishi". Yanayin ma'anar yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna, buƙatu, da hanyoyin horo. == Rukuni == Akwai manyan rukuni uku na fari bisa ga inda ƙarancin danshi ya faru a cikin zagayowar ruwa: fari na yanayi, fari na ruwa, da fari na noma ko muhalli.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Fari na yanayi yana faruwa saboda rashin ruwan sama. Fari na ruwa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin gudu, kwarara, da ajiyar ruwa a tafkuna da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=14 April 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained|journal=WIREs Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V|issn=2049-1948|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fari na noma ko muhalli yana jawo damuwa ga tsirrai ta hanyar haɗin bushewar ruwa da ƙarancin danshi a ƙasa.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna ƙara wani rukuni: fari na tattalin arziki yana faruwa idan buƙatar wani kayan tattalin arziki ta wuce abin da ake da shi sakamakon ƙarancin ruwa da ya shafi yanayi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32" /> Fari na tattalin arziki yana kama da ra'ayin ƙarancin ruwa. Rukunan fari suna da dalilai daban-daban amma suna haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya: # Fari na yanayi yana faruwa idan lokaci ya yi tsawo ba tare da ruwan sama da ya kai matsakaici ba.<ref name="IGARSS2017">{{cite book|last1=Swain|display-authors=etal|first1=S|title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)|chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India|volume=2017|pages=5505–5507|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6|s2cid=26920225}}</ref> Fari na yanayi yawanci yana gabatar da sauran nau'ikan fari.<ref name="NOAAsurprise">{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=What is a Drought?|date=August 2006|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=2007-04-10}}</ref> Idan fari ya ci gaba, yanayin da ke kewaye da shi yana ƙara muni kuma tasirinsa ga al'umma yana ƙaruwa. # Fari na ruwa yana faruwa idan ajiyar ruwa da ake da shi a wurare kamar rijiyoyi, tafkuna da madatsun ruwa ya ragu ƙasa da matsakaici ko wani matakin da aka ɗauka muhimmanci a yankin. Fari na ruwa yana bayyana a hankali saboda yana shafar ruwan da aka adana wanda ake amfani da shi amma ba a sabunta shi ba. Saboda kusancin hulɗa da amfani da ruwa, wannan nau'in fari yana iya samun tasirin sarrafa ruwa. An gano tasirin ɗan adam mai kyau da mara kyau, kuma dabarun sarrafa ruwa suna da muhimmanci wajen rage tasirin fari.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van Loon|first1=Anne F.|last2=Stahl|first2=Kerstin|last3=Di Baldassarre|first3=Giuliano|last4=Clark|first4=Julian|last5=Rangecroft|first5=Sally|last6=Wanders|first6=Niko|last7=Gleeson|first7=Tom|last8=Van Dijk|first8=Albert I. J. M.|last9=Tallaksen|first9=Lena M. |last10=Hannaford |first10=Jamie|last11=Uijlenhoet|first11=Remko|last12=Teuling|first12=Adriaan J.|last13=Hannah|first13=David M.|last14=Sheffield|first14=Justin|last15=Svoboda|first15=Mark|date=2016-09-08|title=Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/3631/2016/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=20|issue=9|pages=3631–3650|doi=10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016HESS...20.3631V|issn=1027-5606|hdl=1885/152821|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wendt|first1=Doris E.|last2=Van Loon|first2=Anne F.|last3=Bloomfield|first3=John P.|last4=Hannah|first4=David M.|date=2020-10-13|title=Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/4853/2020/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=24|issue=10|pages=4853–4868|doi=10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020HESS...24.4853W|issn=1027-5606}}</ref> Kamar fari na noma, fari na ruwa na iya faruwa ba wai kawai saboda rashin ruwan sama ba. Misali, a kusa da shekarar 2007 Kazakhstan ta samu kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya don dawo da ruwa da aka karkatar zuwa wasu ƙasashe daga Tafkin Aral a ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet.<ref>{{cite news|date=2007-04-09|title=Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm}}</ref> Irin wannan yanayi yana sa babban tafkinsu, Balkhash, cikin haɗarin bushewa gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news|date=2004-01-15|title=Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm}}</ref> # Fari na noma ko muhalli yana shafar samar da amfanin gona ko tsarin halittu gaba ɗaya. Wannan yanayi na iya faruwa ba tare da wani canji a matakin ruwan sama ba idan ƙaruwa a ban ruwa ko yanayin ƙasa da lalacewa sakamakon ayyukan noma da ba a tsara su da kyau ba suka jawo ƙarancin ruwa ga amfanin gona. == Dalilai == [[File:Drought.jpg|thumb|upright| Fashewa da bushewar ƙasa a hamadar Sonora, arewa maso yammacin Mexico]] === Rashin ruwan sama gaba ɗaya === Hanyoyin samar da ruwan sama sun haɗa da convective, stratiform,<ref>{{cite journal|title=A convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm for volume scanning weather radar observations|author=Emmanouil N. Anagnostou|journal=Meteorological Applications|year=2004|volume=11|pages=291–300|doi=10.1017/S1350482704001409|issue=4|bibcode=2004MeApp..11..291A|doi-access=free}}</ref> da orographic rainfall.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia|author1=A.J. Dore|author2=M. Mousavi-Baygi|author3=R.I. Smith|author4=J. Hall|author5=D. Fowler|author6=T.W. Choularton|journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=40|date=June 2006|pages=3316–3326|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043|issue=18|bibcode=2006AtmEn..40.3316D}}</ref> Convective yana nufin motsi mai ƙarfi a tsaye wanda zai iya jawo ruwan sama mai yawa,<ref name="convection">{{cite book|author=Robert Penrose Pearce|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66|title=Meteorology at the Millennium|publisher=Academic Press|page=66|isbn=978-0-12-548035-2|access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref> yayin da stratiform ke nufin motsi mai rauni da ruwan sama mai sauƙi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cloud dynamics|last=Houze|first=Robert A. Jr.|date=1993|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-050210-6|location=San Diego|oclc=427392836}}</ref> Ruwan sama ana rarrabe shi zuwa rukuni uku: ruwa mai laushi, ruwa da ke daskarewa a lokacin da ya taɓa ƙasa, ko kankara. Fari yana faruwa a wuraren da ruwan sama na al’ada ya ragu. Idan waɗannan abubuwa ba su tallafa isasshen ruwan sama ba, sakamakon shi ne fari. Fari na iya faruwa saboda hasken rana mai ƙarfi, yawaitar tsarin matsin lamba mai ƙarfi, iska daga ƙasa maimakon teku, da ridges na matsin lamba a sama wanda ke hana hadari da ruwan sama. Da zarar yankin ya shiga fari, abubuwan kamar iska mai bushewa,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lbixDAw5DwC&pg=PA22|page=22|title=Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought|author1=Roland Paepe|author2=Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge|author3=Saskia Jelgersma|date=1990|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-7923-1017-4}}</ref> yanayi mai zafi,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvJyVtw53Y4C&pg=PA48|pages=48–49|title=The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña|author1=Joseph S. D'Aleo|author2=Pamela G. Grube|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-378-9}}</ref> da ƙarancin evapotranspiration na iya ƙara tsananta fari. ==== Lokacin bushewa ==== A cikin yankunan zafi, akwai lokacin damina da lokacin bushewa saboda motsin Intertropical Convergence Zone ko Monsoon trough.<ref name="Wang">{{cite book|author=Bin Wang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRT57TENzT8C&pg=PT206|title=The Asian Monsoon|date=2006-01-13|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-40610-5|page=206}}</ref> Lokacin bushewa yana ƙara yawan faruwar fari,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6r9jUTzJiYC&pg=PA349|page=349|title=Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought: A Global Study: A Global Study|author1=Vijendra K. Boken|author2=Arthur P. Cracknell|author3=Ronald L. Heathcote|date=2005-03-24|isbn=978-0-19-803678-4|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> kuma ana gane shi da ƙarancin danshi, tafkuna da koguna suna bushewa. Saboda haka dabbobin kiwo kamar zakaru, giwaye, da wildebeest suna yin hijira. Rashin ruwa a tsirrai yana jawo gobarar daji.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|title=Wet & Dry Seasons|access-date=2018-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320141721/http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|archive-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> Yanayi mai zafi yana hanzarta girma na kayan lambu,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|page=19|title=Home Vegetable Gardening in Kentucky|author=Cooperative Extension Service|publisher=University of Kentucky|date=January 2014|access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> yana ƙara evaporation da transpiration daga tsirrai,<ref>{{cite web|author=North Carolina State University|title=Evapotranspiration|url=https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|date=2013-08-09|access-date=2015-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219045714/https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|archive-date=2015-02-19|author-link=North Carolina State University}}</ref> kuma yana tsananta fari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|date=2002-05-16|access-date=2015-02-18|title=Warm Temperatures and Severe Drought Continued in April Throughout Parts of the United States; Global Temperature For April Second Warmest on Record|author=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219055008/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|archive-date=Feb 19, 2015}}</ref> ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da fari. ENSO yana ƙunshe da yanayin zafin ruwa a tsakiyar Tekun Pasifik, wanda ake kira La Niña da El Niño. La Niña yawanci yana da alaƙa da yanayi mai bushewa da zafi, yana tsananta fari a California da yankin kudu maso yammacin Amurka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/nation-world/la-nina-west-coast-climate/507-f792ab4a-bc35-4e45-9de1-08d8379dfc9b|title=Weather's unwanted guest: Nasty La Niña keeps popping up|author=Seth Borenstein|publisher=9news.com.au.com|date=May 28, 2022|access-date=June 4, 2022|quote=Scientists are noticing that in the past 25 years the world seems to be getting more La Niñas than it used to...|url-status=live}}</ref> A lokacin El Niño, yanayi mai bushewa da zafi yana faruwa a yankin kogin Amazon, Colombia, da Amurka ta Tsakiya. A lokacin hunturu, yankin arewacin Amurka yana samun ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara. Haka kuma, yanayi mai bushewa yana faruwa daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu a Afirka ta Kudu, musamman a Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, da Botswana. Tasirin El Niño yana haifar da gobarar daji, hazo, da ƙarancin ingancin. == Tasiri == [[File:Global Drought Total Economic Loss Risk Deciles (5457316295).jpg|thumb|Hadarin asarar tattalin arziki na fari a duniya]] [[File:DroughtinNamibia.jpg|thumb|right| Oryx biyu da suka mutu a Namibia a lokacin farin 2018–19 a Kudancin Afirka.]] [[File:Ruins_at_Farina.JPG|thumb|Bayan shekaru na fari da guguwa, garin Farina a Kudancin Ostiraliya ya zama kango.]] Fari yana daga cikin manyan bala’o’in halitta, kuma yana da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli, tattalin arziki, albarkatun ruwa, noma, da al’umma a duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Gebrechorkos|first1=Solomon H.|last2=Peng|first2=Jian|last3=Dyer|first3=Ellen|last4=Miralles|first4=Diego G.|last5=Vicente-Serrano|first5=Sergio M.|last6=Funk|first6=Chris|last7=Beck|first7=Hylke E.|last8=Asfaw|first8=Dagmawi T.|last9=Singer|first9=Michael B. |last10=Dadson |first10=Simon J.|year=2023|title=Global high-resolution drought indices for 1981–2022|url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/5449/2023/|journal=Earth System Science Data|volume=15|issue=12|pages=5449–5466|doi=10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023|issn=1866-3516|doi-access=free|bibcode=2023ESSD...15.5449G|hdl=10754/693396|hdl-access=free}} File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px Rubutu an kwafa daga wannan tushe, wanda yake ƙarƙashin lasisin Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International</ref> Ana iya rarrabe tasirin fari zuwa rukuni uku: muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (ciki har da lafiya). === Tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziki === File:Mixed Douglas-fir - Western Redcedar forest, with some Western Redcedar dying from drought; Arlington, Washington, 2018 (29721380337).jpg| thumb|right | Itacen red cedar a Amurka yana mutuwa saboda fari, 2018 Tasirin muhalli na fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a matakin ruwa a saman ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙarancin kwarara (wanda ke haifar da haɗari ga rayuwar dabbobin ruwa), ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, bushewar fadama, yawaitar gobarar daji, asarar nau’o’in halittu, rashin lafiyar itatuwa da yaduwar kwari da cututtukan itace.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite journal|last1=Zimmer|first1=Katarina|title=Dead trees around the world are shocking scientists|journal=Knowable Magazine|date=17 August 2023|doi=10.1146/knowable-081723-2|doi-access=free|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2023/dead-trees-shocking-scientists|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Hartmann">{{cite journal|last1=Hartmann|first1=Henrik|last2=Bastos|first2=Ana|last3=Das|first3=Adrian J.|last4=Esquivel-Muelbert|first4=Adriane|last5=Hammond|first5=William M.|last6=Martínez-Vilalta|first6=Jordi|last7=McDowell|first7=Nate G.|last8=Powers|first8=Jennifer S.|author8-link=Jennifer Sarah Powers|last9=Pugh|first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X.|last11=Allen|first11=Craig D.|title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide|journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology|date=20 May 2022|volume=73|issue=1|pages=673–702|doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804|doi-access=free|pmid=35231182|bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H|issn=1543-5008}}</ref> Asarar tattalin arziki sakamakon fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a samar da amfanin gona, gandun daji, kiwo da kamun kifi, ƙaruwa a farashin abinci, ƙarancin samar da wutar lantarki daga madatsun ruwa, asarar kudaden yawon shakatawa da sufuri, matsaloli a samar da ruwa ga masana’antu da birane. An kiyasta cewa fari ya jawo asarar dala biliyan 278 daga 1991 zuwa 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en |title=The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140180-4 |language=English |doi=10.4060/cd7185en}}</ref> === Tasirin noma === File:Soil moisture and climate change.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Tasirin sauyin yanayi ga danshin ƙasa a lokacin dumamar duniya 2 °C. File:Economic loss in agriculture and non-agricultural sectors by hazard type (share).svg|thumb|Asarar tattalin arziki a noma da sauran fannoni sakamakon fari. Fari na iya jawo lalacewar ƙasa da asarar danshi, wanda ke rage yawan amfanin gona.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Seka|first1=Ayalkibet Mekonnen|last2=Zhang|first2=Jiahua|last3=Prodhan|first3=Foyez Ahmed|last4=Ayele|first4=Gebiaw Teshome|last5=Finsa|first5=Mekuanenet Mulunhie|last6=Sharma|first6=Til Prasad Pangali|last7=Melesse|first7=Assefa Mekonnen|year=2022|title=Hydrological drought impacts on water storage variations: a focus on the role of vegetation changes in the East Africa region. A systematic review|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research|volume=29|issue=53|pages=80237–80256|doi=10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0|issn=0944-1344|pmid=36197619|bibcode=2022ESPR...2980237S|s2cid=252713722|url-access=subscription|hdl=10072/420991|hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Tasirin zamantakewa da lafiya === Mummunan tasirin fari ga mutane sun haɗa da gazawar amfanin gona, matsalar abinci, yunwa, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da talauci, wanda ke jawo mutuwa da hijirar jama’a.<ref name=":3" /> Fari na iya jawo ƙarancin ruwa, ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, tsadar abinci, da matsalolin lafiya. Rashin ingancin ruwa yana faruwa saboda ƙarancin kwarara yana rage narkewar gurbatattun abubuwa.<ref>Mosley LM (2014). Drought impacts on the water quality of freshwater systems; review and integration. Earth-Science Reviews. {{doi|10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.010}}.</ref> === Asarar ƙasa mai albarka === [[File:Loess.jpg|thumb|Loess – wani nau’in ƙasa mai laushi da iska ke ɗauka.]] Erosion ta iska tana tsananta a yankunan hamada da lokacin fari. Misali, a Great Plains, an kiyasta cewa asarar ƙasa ta iska na iya ninka sau 6100 a shekarun fari fiye da lokacin damina.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wiggs, Giles F.S.|title=Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=978-0-470-71076-0|editor=Thomas, David S.G.|page=588|chapter=Geomorphological hazards in drylands|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swz4rh4KaLYC&pg=PA588}}</ref> == Yankuna da fari ya fi shafa == === Kogin Amazon === A shekarar 2005, wasu sassan kwarin Amazon sun fuskanci mafi munin fari cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp|archive-date=2019-11-15|access-date=5 November 2017|website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref><ref name=":5">[http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm Drought Threatens Amazon Basin – Extreme conditions felt for second year running] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527104721/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm|date=May 27, 2013}}</ref> Wani rahoto a 2006 ya nuna cewa daji na iya jure fari na tsawon shekaru uku kawai.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/law-mixed-year-begins-and-ends-wrapped-up-in-straw-1191932.html Amazon rainforest 'could become a desert'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825064419/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/law-mixed-year-begins-and-ends-wrapped-up-in-straw-1191932.html|date=2017-08-25}}, The Independent, July 23, 2006.</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/fishermen-braced-for-quota-cuts-1191880.html Dying Forest: One year to save the Amazon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825060909/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/fishermen-braced-for-quota-cuts-1191880.html|date=2017-08-25}}, The Independent, July 23, 2006.</ref> Masana a Brazil National Institute of Amazonian Research sun yi gargadin cewa haɗin tasirin fari da sare daji yana iya kai dajin ga matakin da ba zai iya dawowa ba. WWF ta ce haɗin sauyin yanayi da sare daji yana ƙara bushewar itatuwa da ke haifar da gobarar daji.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518192545/http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/index.cfm?uNewsID=64220 Climate change a threat to Amazon rainforest, warns WWF], World Wide Fund for Nature, March 9, 2996.</ref> === Ostiraliya === Farin Millennium daga 1997–2009 ya jawo matsalar samar da ruwa a Ostiraliya. Saboda haka aka gina masana’antar tace ruwan teku. Babban yanki na Ostiraliya hamada ne ko ƙasa mai bushewa da ake kira outback. Wani bincike a 2005 ya nuna cewa mutanen farko da suka zauna a cikin ƙasar sun yi yawan ƙona ƙasa wanda ya hana damina shiga ciki.<ref>[https://www.geosociety.org/news/pr/05-01.htm Sensitivity of the Australian Monsoon to insolation and vegetation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615232508/http://geosociety.org/news/pr/05-01.htm|date=2010-06-15}}, Geological Society of America</ref> A 2008, kwamitin masana ya yi gargadin cewa yankin Murray-Darling zai iya fuskantar mummunan lalacewar muhalli idan bai samu ruwa ba.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7460492.stm Australian rivers 'face disaster'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813205109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7460492.stm|date=2021-08-13}}, BBC News</ref> Rahoton gwamnati ya ce Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani a nan gaba.<ref name=":6">[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707 Australia faces worse, more frequent droughts: study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120930/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707|date=2021-02-03}}, Reuters</ref> Tim Flannery ya yi hasashen cewa Perth na iya zama birni da aka bar saboda rashin ruwa.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm Metropolis strives to meet its thirst] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906083308/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm|date=2021-09-06}}, BBC News</ref> Fari ya ƙare a 2010. === Gabashin Afirka === Gabashin Afirka (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda da sauransu) na da yanayi mai bambanci daga busassun wurare zuwa wuraren da ke da damina. A arewa, damina tana daga Yuli zuwa Satumba, yayin da sauran yankuna ke da damina mai tsawo daga Maris zuwa Mayu da gajeriyar damina daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba. Yawan faruwar fari da ambaliya na cutar da al’umma mai fama da talauci.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Taye|first1=Meron Teferi|last2=Dyer|first2=Ellen|year=2024|title=Hydrologic Extremes in a Changing Climate: a Review of Extremes in East Africa|journal=Current Climate Change Reports|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1–11|doi=10.1007/s40641-024-00193-9|issn=2198-6061|doi-access=free|bibcode=2024CCCR...10....1T }}</ref> Fari ya jawo matsalar abinci a 1984–85, 2006 da 2011. Daga 2020–2023, yankin ya fuskanci fari mafi tsawo da ya shafi tsaro na abinci. Wasu yankuna kuma sun fuskanci ambaliya kamar na 2020 da 2022.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> === Kogunan Himalaya === File:Drought affected area in Karnataka, India, 2012.jpg|thumb|Yanki da fari ya shafa a Karnataka, India 2012. Kimanin mutane biliyan 2.4 suna zaune a kwarin kogunan Himalaya.<ref>{{cite web|title=People & the Planet > climate change > newsfile > big melt threatens millions, says un|url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819200515/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024|archive-date=19 August 2007|work=peopleandplanet.net}}</ref> India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal da Myanmar na iya fuskantar ambaliya da fari a nan gaba. Fari a Ganges na da matuƙar damuwa saboda yana samar da ruwan sha da ban ruwa ga mutane fiye da miliyan 500.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ganges, Indus may not survive: climatologists|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/24indus.htm|work=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=People's Daily Online – Glaciers melting at alarming speed|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html|work=People's Daily}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2004-11-10|title=Science/Nature – Himalaya glaciers melt unnoticed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3998967.stm|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> A 2025, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa narkewar kankara na iya barazana ga abinci da ruwan sha na mutane biliyan 2.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glacier meltdown risks food and water supply of 2 billion people, says UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/mar/20/glacier-meltdown-risks-food-and-water-supply-of-2bn-people-says-un |work=The Guardian |date=21 March 2025}}</ref> === Arewacin Amurka === Yankin yammacin Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke samun ruwa daga kank == Manazarta == fqrg3ox9u9xjaq4ya9mbuhvu5rgnqui 841952 841951 2026-05-28T22:50:00Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kogunan Himalaya */ 841952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fari''' lokaci ne na bushewa fiye da yadda aka saba. {{Rp|1157}}Fari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki, watanni ko shekaru. Fari yakan yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin halittu da [[noma]] na yankunan da abin ya shafa, kuma yana haifar da illa ga [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arzikin]] yankin. Lokacin rani na shekara-shekara a [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yankunan zafi]] yana ƙara yiwuwar fari ya bunƙasa sosai, tare da ƙaruwar haɗarin gobarar daji daga baya. <ref name="Brando">{{Cite journal |last=Brando |first=Paulo M. |last2=Paolucci |first2=Lucas |last3=Ummenhofer |first3=Caroline C. |last4=Ordway |first4=Elsa M. |last5=Hartmann |first5=Henrik |last6=Cattau |first6=Megan E. |last7=Rattis |first7=Ludmila |last8=Medjibe |first8=Vincent |last9=Coe |first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer |date=30 May 2019 |title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=555–581 |bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 |issn=0084-6597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Guguwar zafi|Raƙuman zafi]] na iya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin fari sosai ta hanyar ƙara yawan fitar da hayaki . Wannan yana busar da dazuzzuka da sauran ciyayi, kuma yana ƙara yawan mai ga gobarar daji. <ref name="Brando" /> <ref name="Hartmann">{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author-link8=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> fari alama ce ta sauyawa a mafi yawan sassan duniya, ya zama mafi tsananin gaske kuma ba za a iya hango shi ba saboda [[Canjin yanayi]], wanda binciken dendrochronological ya samo asali ne daga 1900. Akwai nau'ikan tasirin fari guda uku, muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tasirin muhalli sun haɗa da bushewar wuraren da ke da ruwa, ƙarin gobarar daji, [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]]. Tasirin tattalin arziki na fari ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin [[noma]] da kiwon dabbobi (wanda ke haifar da [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]), gandun daji, samar da ruwa na jama'a, kewayawar kogi (saboda misali: ƙananan matakan ruwa), samar da wutar lantarki (ta hanyar shafar tsarin wutar lantarki) da kuma tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming-Muñoz |first=David A. |last2=Whitten |first2=Stuart |last3=Bonnett |first3=Graham D. |date=28 June 2023 |title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs |journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=501–523 |doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527 |issn=1364-985X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kudin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan abu kai tsaye (rashin zafi mai yawa), tsadar abinci mai yawa, damuwa da girbi ya haifar, karancin ruwa, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=Carla |last2=Kerac |first2=Marko |last3=Prudhomme |first3=Christel |last4=Medlock |first4=Jolyon |last5=Murray |first5=Virginia |date=2013-06-05 |title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsawon fari ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa da Rikicin jin kai.<ref name="Stanke">{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=C |last2=Kerac |first2=M |last3=Prudhomme |first3=C |last4=Medlock |first4=J |last5=Murray |first5=V |date=5 June 2013 |title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence. |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellizzi |first=Saverio |last2=Lane |first2=Chris |last3=Elhakim |first3=Mohamed |last4=Nabeth |first4=Pierre |date=12 November 2020 |title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions |journal=Environmental Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=114 |bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B |doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z |issn=1476-069X |pmc=7659048 |pmid=33183302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan yankuna da ke da haɗarin fari sune Yankin Amazon, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], yankin [[Sahel]] da [[Indiya]]. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2005, sassan Yankin Amazon sun fuskanci fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref> Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani kuma za su iya zama masu yawa a nan gaba, rahoton da gwamnati ta bayar ya ce a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2008. Tsawon fari na Australiya na Millennial ya ɓarke a cikin 2010. Rashin fari na Horn of Africa na 2020-2022 ya wuce mummunan fari a cikin 2010-2011 a duka tsawon lokaci da tsananin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Daisy |date=2022-10-26 |title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022 |access-date=2022-10-29 |publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, mutane galibi suna kallon fari a matsayin bala'o'i saboda tasirin da ke tattare da wadatar abinci da sauran al'umma. Mutane sun kalli fari a matsayin bala'i na halitta ko kuma wani abu da aikin ɗan adam ya rinjayi, ko kuma sakamakon ikon allahntaka. == Ma'ana == [[Fayil:Fields_outside_benambra.jpg|right|thumb|Filin da ke waje da Benambra, Ostiraliya da ke fama da fari a shekara ta 2006.]] Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana fari kawai a matsayin "mai tsanani fiye da yanayin al'ada". :{{Rp|1157}} Wannan yana nufin cewa fari shine "rashin danshi dangane da matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a wani wuri da kuma lokacin da aka ba shi".<ref name=":2" /> : 1157 {{Rp|1157}} Dangane da National Integrated Drought Information System, haɗin gwiwar hukumomi da yawa, ana bayyana fari gabaɗaya a matsayin "rashin hazo a tsawon lokaci (yawanci lokaci ɗaya ko fiye), wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa". Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Kasa na [[Gudanar da Tsarin Ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa|NOAA]] ya bayyana fari a matsayin "rashin danshi wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutane, dabbobi, ko ciyayi a kan yanki mai girma".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought Basics |url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Drought.gov |publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}</ref> fari abu ne mai rikitarwa − wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa − wanda ke leken sa ido da bayyanawa. A farkon shekarun 1980, an riga an buga ma'anoni sama da 150 na "bishi". Yanayin ma'anar yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna, buƙatu, da hanyoyin horo. == Rukuni == Akwai manyan rukuni uku na fari bisa ga inda ƙarancin danshi ya faru a cikin zagayowar ruwa: fari na yanayi, fari na ruwa, da fari na noma ko muhalli.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Fari na yanayi yana faruwa saboda rashin ruwan sama. Fari na ruwa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin gudu, kwarara, da ajiyar ruwa a tafkuna da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=14 April 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained|journal=WIREs Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V|issn=2049-1948|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fari na noma ko muhalli yana jawo damuwa ga tsirrai ta hanyar haɗin bushewar ruwa da ƙarancin danshi a ƙasa.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna ƙara wani rukuni: fari na tattalin arziki yana faruwa idan buƙatar wani kayan tattalin arziki ta wuce abin da ake da shi sakamakon ƙarancin ruwa da ya shafi yanayi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32" /> Fari na tattalin arziki yana kama da ra'ayin ƙarancin ruwa. Rukunan fari suna da dalilai daban-daban amma suna haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya: # Fari na yanayi yana faruwa idan lokaci ya yi tsawo ba tare da ruwan sama da ya kai matsakaici ba.<ref name="IGARSS2017">{{cite book|last1=Swain|display-authors=etal|first1=S|title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)|chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India|volume=2017|pages=5505–5507|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6|s2cid=26920225}}</ref> Fari na yanayi yawanci yana gabatar da sauran nau'ikan fari.<ref name="NOAAsurprise">{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=What is a Drought?|date=August 2006|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=2007-04-10}}</ref> Idan fari ya ci gaba, yanayin da ke kewaye da shi yana ƙara muni kuma tasirinsa ga al'umma yana ƙaruwa. # Fari na ruwa yana faruwa idan ajiyar ruwa da ake da shi a wurare kamar rijiyoyi, tafkuna da madatsun ruwa ya ragu ƙasa da matsakaici ko wani matakin da aka ɗauka muhimmanci a yankin. Fari na ruwa yana bayyana a hankali saboda yana shafar ruwan da aka adana wanda ake amfani da shi amma ba a sabunta shi ba. Saboda kusancin hulɗa da amfani da ruwa, wannan nau'in fari yana iya samun tasirin sarrafa ruwa. An gano tasirin ɗan adam mai kyau da mara kyau, kuma dabarun sarrafa ruwa suna da muhimmanci wajen rage tasirin fari.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van Loon|first1=Anne F.|last2=Stahl|first2=Kerstin|last3=Di Baldassarre|first3=Giuliano|last4=Clark|first4=Julian|last5=Rangecroft|first5=Sally|last6=Wanders|first6=Niko|last7=Gleeson|first7=Tom|last8=Van Dijk|first8=Albert I. J. M.|last9=Tallaksen|first9=Lena M. |last10=Hannaford |first10=Jamie|last11=Uijlenhoet|first11=Remko|last12=Teuling|first12=Adriaan J.|last13=Hannah|first13=David M.|last14=Sheffield|first14=Justin|last15=Svoboda|first15=Mark|date=2016-09-08|title=Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/3631/2016/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=20|issue=9|pages=3631–3650|doi=10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016HESS...20.3631V|issn=1027-5606|hdl=1885/152821|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wendt|first1=Doris E.|last2=Van Loon|first2=Anne F.|last3=Bloomfield|first3=John P.|last4=Hannah|first4=David M.|date=2020-10-13|title=Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/4853/2020/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=24|issue=10|pages=4853–4868|doi=10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020HESS...24.4853W|issn=1027-5606}}</ref> Kamar fari na noma, fari na ruwa na iya faruwa ba wai kawai saboda rashin ruwan sama ba. Misali, a kusa da shekarar 2007 Kazakhstan ta samu kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya don dawo da ruwa da aka karkatar zuwa wasu ƙasashe daga Tafkin Aral a ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet.<ref>{{cite news|date=2007-04-09|title=Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm}}</ref> Irin wannan yanayi yana sa babban tafkinsu, Balkhash, cikin haɗarin bushewa gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news|date=2004-01-15|title=Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm}}</ref> # Fari na noma ko muhalli yana shafar samar da amfanin gona ko tsarin halittu gaba ɗaya. Wannan yanayi na iya faruwa ba tare da wani canji a matakin ruwan sama ba idan ƙaruwa a ban ruwa ko yanayin ƙasa da lalacewa sakamakon ayyukan noma da ba a tsara su da kyau ba suka jawo ƙarancin ruwa ga amfanin gona. == Dalilai == [[File:Drought.jpg|thumb|upright| Fashewa da bushewar ƙasa a hamadar Sonora, arewa maso yammacin Mexico]] === Rashin ruwan sama gaba ɗaya === Hanyoyin samar da ruwan sama sun haɗa da convective, stratiform,<ref>{{cite journal|title=A convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm for volume scanning weather radar observations|author=Emmanouil N. Anagnostou|journal=Meteorological Applications|year=2004|volume=11|pages=291–300|doi=10.1017/S1350482704001409|issue=4|bibcode=2004MeApp..11..291A|doi-access=free}}</ref> da orographic rainfall.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia|author1=A.J. Dore|author2=M. Mousavi-Baygi|author3=R.I. Smith|author4=J. Hall|author5=D. Fowler|author6=T.W. Choularton|journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=40|date=June 2006|pages=3316–3326|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043|issue=18|bibcode=2006AtmEn..40.3316D}}</ref> Convective yana nufin motsi mai ƙarfi a tsaye wanda zai iya jawo ruwan sama mai yawa,<ref name="convection">{{cite book|author=Robert Penrose Pearce|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66|title=Meteorology at the Millennium|publisher=Academic Press|page=66|isbn=978-0-12-548035-2|access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref> yayin da stratiform ke nufin motsi mai rauni da ruwan sama mai sauƙi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cloud dynamics|last=Houze|first=Robert A. Jr.|date=1993|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-050210-6|location=San Diego|oclc=427392836}}</ref> Ruwan sama ana rarrabe shi zuwa rukuni uku: ruwa mai laushi, ruwa da ke daskarewa a lokacin da ya taɓa ƙasa, ko kankara. Fari yana faruwa a wuraren da ruwan sama na al’ada ya ragu. Idan waɗannan abubuwa ba su tallafa isasshen ruwan sama ba, sakamakon shi ne fari. Fari na iya faruwa saboda hasken rana mai ƙarfi, yawaitar tsarin matsin lamba mai ƙarfi, iska daga ƙasa maimakon teku, da ridges na matsin lamba a sama wanda ke hana hadari da ruwan sama. Da zarar yankin ya shiga fari, abubuwan kamar iska mai bushewa,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lbixDAw5DwC&pg=PA22|page=22|title=Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought|author1=Roland Paepe|author2=Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge|author3=Saskia Jelgersma|date=1990|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-7923-1017-4}}</ref> yanayi mai zafi,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvJyVtw53Y4C&pg=PA48|pages=48–49|title=The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña|author1=Joseph S. D'Aleo|author2=Pamela G. Grube|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-378-9}}</ref> da ƙarancin evapotranspiration na iya ƙara tsananta fari. ==== Lokacin bushewa ==== A cikin yankunan zafi, akwai lokacin damina da lokacin bushewa saboda motsin Intertropical Convergence Zone ko Monsoon trough.<ref name="Wang">{{cite book|author=Bin Wang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRT57TENzT8C&pg=PT206|title=The Asian Monsoon|date=2006-01-13|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-40610-5|page=206}}</ref> Lokacin bushewa yana ƙara yawan faruwar fari,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6r9jUTzJiYC&pg=PA349|page=349|title=Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought: A Global Study: A Global Study|author1=Vijendra K. Boken|author2=Arthur P. Cracknell|author3=Ronald L. Heathcote|date=2005-03-24|isbn=978-0-19-803678-4|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> kuma ana gane shi da ƙarancin danshi, tafkuna da koguna suna bushewa. Saboda haka dabbobin kiwo kamar zakaru, giwaye, da wildebeest suna yin hijira. Rashin ruwa a tsirrai yana jawo gobarar daji.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|title=Wet & Dry Seasons|access-date=2018-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320141721/http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|archive-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> Yanayi mai zafi yana hanzarta girma na kayan lambu,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|page=19|title=Home Vegetable Gardening in Kentucky|author=Cooperative Extension Service|publisher=University of Kentucky|date=January 2014|access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> yana ƙara evaporation da transpiration daga tsirrai,<ref>{{cite web|author=North Carolina State University|title=Evapotranspiration|url=https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|date=2013-08-09|access-date=2015-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219045714/https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|archive-date=2015-02-19|author-link=North Carolina State University}}</ref> kuma yana tsananta fari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|date=2002-05-16|access-date=2015-02-18|title=Warm Temperatures and Severe Drought Continued in April Throughout Parts of the United States; Global Temperature For April Second Warmest on Record|author=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219055008/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|archive-date=Feb 19, 2015}}</ref> ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da fari. ENSO yana ƙunshe da yanayin zafin ruwa a tsakiyar Tekun Pasifik, wanda ake kira La Niña da El Niño. La Niña yawanci yana da alaƙa da yanayi mai bushewa da zafi, yana tsananta fari a California da yankin kudu maso yammacin Amurka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/nation-world/la-nina-west-coast-climate/507-f792ab4a-bc35-4e45-9de1-08d8379dfc9b|title=Weather's unwanted guest: Nasty La Niña keeps popping up|author=Seth Borenstein|publisher=9news.com.au.com|date=May 28, 2022|access-date=June 4, 2022|quote=Scientists are noticing that in the past 25 years the world seems to be getting more La Niñas than it used to...|url-status=live}}</ref> A lokacin El Niño, yanayi mai bushewa da zafi yana faruwa a yankin kogin Amazon, Colombia, da Amurka ta Tsakiya. A lokacin hunturu, yankin arewacin Amurka yana samun ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara. Haka kuma, yanayi mai bushewa yana faruwa daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu a Afirka ta Kudu, musamman a Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, da Botswana. Tasirin El Niño yana haifar da gobarar daji, hazo, da ƙarancin ingancin. == Tasiri == [[File:Global Drought Total Economic Loss Risk Deciles (5457316295).jpg|thumb|Hadarin asarar tattalin arziki na fari a duniya]] [[File:DroughtinNamibia.jpg|thumb|right| Oryx biyu da suka mutu a Namibia a lokacin farin 2018–19 a Kudancin Afirka.]] [[File:Ruins_at_Farina.JPG|thumb|Bayan shekaru na fari da guguwa, garin Farina a Kudancin Ostiraliya ya zama kango.]] Fari yana daga cikin manyan bala’o’in halitta, kuma yana da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli, tattalin arziki, albarkatun ruwa, noma, da al’umma a duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Gebrechorkos|first1=Solomon H.|last2=Peng|first2=Jian|last3=Dyer|first3=Ellen|last4=Miralles|first4=Diego G.|last5=Vicente-Serrano|first5=Sergio M.|last6=Funk|first6=Chris|last7=Beck|first7=Hylke E.|last8=Asfaw|first8=Dagmawi T.|last9=Singer|first9=Michael B. |last10=Dadson |first10=Simon J.|year=2023|title=Global high-resolution drought indices for 1981–2022|url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/5449/2023/|journal=Earth System Science Data|volume=15|issue=12|pages=5449–5466|doi=10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023|issn=1866-3516|doi-access=free|bibcode=2023ESSD...15.5449G|hdl=10754/693396|hdl-access=free}} File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px Rubutu an kwafa daga wannan tushe, wanda yake ƙarƙashin lasisin Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International</ref> Ana iya rarrabe tasirin fari zuwa rukuni uku: muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (ciki har da lafiya). === Tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziki === File:Mixed Douglas-fir - Western Redcedar forest, with some Western Redcedar dying from drought; Arlington, Washington, 2018 (29721380337).jpg| thumb|right | Itacen red cedar a Amurka yana mutuwa saboda fari, 2018 Tasirin muhalli na fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a matakin ruwa a saman ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙarancin kwarara (wanda ke haifar da haɗari ga rayuwar dabbobin ruwa), ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, bushewar fadama, yawaitar gobarar daji, asarar nau’o’in halittu, rashin lafiyar itatuwa da yaduwar kwari da cututtukan itace.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite journal|last1=Zimmer|first1=Katarina|title=Dead trees around the world are shocking scientists|journal=Knowable Magazine|date=17 August 2023|doi=10.1146/knowable-081723-2|doi-access=free|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2023/dead-trees-shocking-scientists|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Hartmann">{{cite journal|last1=Hartmann|first1=Henrik|last2=Bastos|first2=Ana|last3=Das|first3=Adrian J.|last4=Esquivel-Muelbert|first4=Adriane|last5=Hammond|first5=William M.|last6=Martínez-Vilalta|first6=Jordi|last7=McDowell|first7=Nate G.|last8=Powers|first8=Jennifer S.|author8-link=Jennifer Sarah Powers|last9=Pugh|first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X.|last11=Allen|first11=Craig D.|title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide|journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology|date=20 May 2022|volume=73|issue=1|pages=673–702|doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804|doi-access=free|pmid=35231182|bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H|issn=1543-5008}}</ref> Asarar tattalin arziki sakamakon fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a samar da amfanin gona, gandun daji, kiwo da kamun kifi, ƙaruwa a farashin abinci, ƙarancin samar da wutar lantarki daga madatsun ruwa, asarar kudaden yawon shakatawa da sufuri, matsaloli a samar da ruwa ga masana’antu da birane. An kiyasta cewa fari ya jawo asarar dala biliyan 278 daga 1991 zuwa 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en |title=The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140180-4 |language=English |doi=10.4060/cd7185en}}</ref> === Tasirin noma === File:Soil moisture and climate change.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Tasirin sauyin yanayi ga danshin ƙasa a lokacin dumamar duniya 2 °C. File:Economic loss in agriculture and non-agricultural sectors by hazard type (share).svg|thumb|Asarar tattalin arziki a noma da sauran fannoni sakamakon fari. Fari na iya jawo lalacewar ƙasa da asarar danshi, wanda ke rage yawan amfanin gona.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Seka|first1=Ayalkibet Mekonnen|last2=Zhang|first2=Jiahua|last3=Prodhan|first3=Foyez Ahmed|last4=Ayele|first4=Gebiaw Teshome|last5=Finsa|first5=Mekuanenet Mulunhie|last6=Sharma|first6=Til Prasad Pangali|last7=Melesse|first7=Assefa Mekonnen|year=2022|title=Hydrological drought impacts on water storage variations: a focus on the role of vegetation changes in the East Africa region. A systematic review|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research|volume=29|issue=53|pages=80237–80256|doi=10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0|issn=0944-1344|pmid=36197619|bibcode=2022ESPR...2980237S|s2cid=252713722|url-access=subscription|hdl=10072/420991|hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Tasirin zamantakewa da lafiya === Mummunan tasirin fari ga mutane sun haɗa da gazawar amfanin gona, matsalar abinci, yunwa, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da talauci, wanda ke jawo mutuwa da hijirar jama’a.<ref name=":3" /> Fari na iya jawo ƙarancin ruwa, ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, tsadar abinci, da matsalolin lafiya. Rashin ingancin ruwa yana faruwa saboda ƙarancin kwarara yana rage narkewar gurbatattun abubuwa.<ref>Mosley LM (2014). Drought impacts on the water quality of freshwater systems; review and integration. Earth-Science Reviews. {{doi|10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.010}}.</ref> === Asarar ƙasa mai albarka === [[File:Loess.jpg|thumb|Loess – wani nau’in ƙasa mai laushi da iska ke ɗauka.]] Erosion ta iska tana tsananta a yankunan hamada da lokacin fari. Misali, a Great Plains, an kiyasta cewa asarar ƙasa ta iska na iya ninka sau 6100 a shekarun fari fiye da lokacin damina.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wiggs, Giles F.S.|title=Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=978-0-470-71076-0|editor=Thomas, David S.G.|page=588|chapter=Geomorphological hazards in drylands|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swz4rh4KaLYC&pg=PA588}}</ref> == Yankuna da fari ya fi shafa == === Kogin Amazon === A shekarar 2005, wasu sassan kwarin Amazon sun fuskanci mafi munin fari cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp|archive-date=2019-11-15|access-date=5 November 2017|website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref><ref name=":5">[http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm Drought Threatens Amazon Basin – Extreme conditions felt for second year running] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527104721/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm|date=May 27, 2013}}</ref> Wani rahoto a 2006 ya nuna cewa daji na iya jure fari na tsawon shekaru uku kawai.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/law-mixed-year-begins-and-ends-wrapped-up-in-straw-1191932.html Amazon rainforest 'could become a desert'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825064419/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/law-mixed-year-begins-and-ends-wrapped-up-in-straw-1191932.html|date=2017-08-25}}, The Independent, July 23, 2006.</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/fishermen-braced-for-quota-cuts-1191880.html Dying Forest: One year to save the Amazon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825060909/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/fishermen-braced-for-quota-cuts-1191880.html|date=2017-08-25}}, The Independent, July 23, 2006.</ref> Masana a Brazil National Institute of Amazonian Research sun yi gargadin cewa haɗin tasirin fari da sare daji yana iya kai dajin ga matakin da ba zai iya dawowa ba. WWF ta ce haɗin sauyin yanayi da sare daji yana ƙara bushewar itatuwa da ke haifar da gobarar daji.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518192545/http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/index.cfm?uNewsID=64220 Climate change a threat to Amazon rainforest, warns WWF], World Wide Fund for Nature, March 9, 2996.</ref> === Ostiraliya === Farin Millennium daga 1997–2009 ya jawo matsalar samar da ruwa a Ostiraliya. Saboda haka aka gina masana’antar tace ruwan teku. Babban yanki na Ostiraliya hamada ne ko ƙasa mai bushewa da ake kira outback. Wani bincike a 2005 ya nuna cewa mutanen farko da suka zauna a cikin ƙasar sun yi yawan ƙona ƙasa wanda ya hana damina shiga ciki.<ref>[https://www.geosociety.org/news/pr/05-01.htm Sensitivity of the Australian Monsoon to insolation and vegetation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615232508/http://geosociety.org/news/pr/05-01.htm|date=2010-06-15}}, Geological Society of America</ref> A 2008, kwamitin masana ya yi gargadin cewa yankin Murray-Darling zai iya fuskantar mummunan lalacewar muhalli idan bai samu ruwa ba.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7460492.stm Australian rivers 'face disaster'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813205109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7460492.stm|date=2021-08-13}}, BBC News</ref> Rahoton gwamnati ya ce Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani a nan gaba.<ref name=":6">[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707 Australia faces worse, more frequent droughts: study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120930/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707|date=2021-02-03}}, Reuters</ref> Tim Flannery ya yi hasashen cewa Perth na iya zama birni da aka bar saboda rashin ruwa.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm Metropolis strives to meet its thirst] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906083308/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm|date=2021-09-06}}, BBC News</ref> Fari ya ƙare a 2010. === Gabashin Afirka === Gabashin Afirka (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda da sauransu) na da yanayi mai bambanci daga busassun wurare zuwa wuraren da ke da damina. A arewa, damina tana daga Yuli zuwa Satumba, yayin da sauran yankuna ke da damina mai tsawo daga Maris zuwa Mayu da gajeriyar damina daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba. Yawan faruwar fari da ambaliya na cutar da al’umma mai fama da talauci.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Taye|first1=Meron Teferi|last2=Dyer|first2=Ellen|year=2024|title=Hydrologic Extremes in a Changing Climate: a Review of Extremes in East Africa|journal=Current Climate Change Reports|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1–11|doi=10.1007/s40641-024-00193-9|issn=2198-6061|doi-access=free|bibcode=2024CCCR...10....1T }}</ref> Fari ya jawo matsalar abinci a 1984–85, 2006 da 2011. Daga 2020–2023, yankin ya fuskanci fari mafi tsawo da ya shafi tsaro na abinci. Wasu yankuna kuma sun fuskanci ambaliya kamar na 2020 da 2022.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> === Kogunan Himalaya === [[File:Drought affected area in Karnataka, India, 2012.jpg|thumb|Yanki da fari ya shafa a Karnataka, India 2012.]] Kimanin mutane biliyan 2.4 suna zaune a kwarin kogunan Himalaya.<ref>{{cite web|title=People & the Planet > climate change > newsfile > big melt threatens millions, says un|url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819200515/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024|archive-date=19 August 2007|work=peopleandplanet.net}}</ref> India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal da Myanmar na iya fuskantar ambaliya da fari a nan gaba. Fari a Ganges na da matuƙar damuwa saboda yana samar da ruwan sha da ban ruwa ga mutane fiye da miliyan 500.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ganges, Indus may not survive: climatologists|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/24indus.htm|work=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=People's Daily Online – Glaciers melting at alarming speed|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html|work=People's Daily}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2004-11-10|title=Science/Nature – Himalaya glaciers melt unnoticed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3998967.stm|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> A 2025, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa narkewar kankara na iya barazana ga abinci da ruwan sha na mutane biliyan 2.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glacier meltdown risks food and water supply of 2 billion people, says UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/mar/20/glacier-meltdown-risks-food-and-water-supply-of-2bn-people-says-un |work=The Guardian |date=21 March 2025}}</ref> === Arewacin Amurka === Yankin yammacin Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke samun ruwa daga kank == Manazarta == igjfquaoxv8pctugl86kktis4rmsmh1 841962 841952 2026-05-28T22:54:12Z Sirjat 20447 /* Arewacin Amurka */ 841962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fari''' lokaci ne na bushewa fiye da yadda aka saba. {{Rp|1157}}Fari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki, watanni ko shekaru. Fari yakan yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin halittu da [[noma]] na yankunan da abin ya shafa, kuma yana haifar da illa ga [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arzikin]] yankin. Lokacin rani na shekara-shekara a [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yankunan zafi]] yana ƙara yiwuwar fari ya bunƙasa sosai, tare da ƙaruwar haɗarin gobarar daji daga baya. <ref name="Brando">{{Cite journal |last=Brando |first=Paulo M. |last2=Paolucci |first2=Lucas |last3=Ummenhofer |first3=Caroline C. |last4=Ordway |first4=Elsa M. |last5=Hartmann |first5=Henrik |last6=Cattau |first6=Megan E. |last7=Rattis |first7=Ludmila |last8=Medjibe |first8=Vincent |last9=Coe |first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer |date=30 May 2019 |title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=555–581 |bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 |issn=0084-6597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Guguwar zafi|Raƙuman zafi]] na iya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin fari sosai ta hanyar ƙara yawan fitar da hayaki . Wannan yana busar da dazuzzuka da sauran ciyayi, kuma yana ƙara yawan mai ga gobarar daji. <ref name="Brando" /> <ref name="Hartmann">{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author-link8=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> fari alama ce ta sauyawa a mafi yawan sassan duniya, ya zama mafi tsananin gaske kuma ba za a iya hango shi ba saboda [[Canjin yanayi]], wanda binciken dendrochronological ya samo asali ne daga 1900. Akwai nau'ikan tasirin fari guda uku, muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tasirin muhalli sun haɗa da bushewar wuraren da ke da ruwa, ƙarin gobarar daji, [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]]. Tasirin tattalin arziki na fari ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin [[noma]] da kiwon dabbobi (wanda ke haifar da [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]), gandun daji, samar da ruwa na jama'a, kewayawar kogi (saboda misali: ƙananan matakan ruwa), samar da wutar lantarki (ta hanyar shafar tsarin wutar lantarki) da kuma tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming-Muñoz |first=David A. |last2=Whitten |first2=Stuart |last3=Bonnett |first3=Graham D. |date=28 June 2023 |title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs |journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=501–523 |doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527 |issn=1364-985X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kudin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan abu kai tsaye (rashin zafi mai yawa), tsadar abinci mai yawa, damuwa da girbi ya haifar, karancin ruwa, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=Carla |last2=Kerac |first2=Marko |last3=Prudhomme |first3=Christel |last4=Medlock |first4=Jolyon |last5=Murray |first5=Virginia |date=2013-06-05 |title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsawon fari ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa da Rikicin jin kai.<ref name="Stanke">{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=C |last2=Kerac |first2=M |last3=Prudhomme |first3=C |last4=Medlock |first4=J |last5=Murray |first5=V |date=5 June 2013 |title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence. |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellizzi |first=Saverio |last2=Lane |first2=Chris |last3=Elhakim |first3=Mohamed |last4=Nabeth |first4=Pierre |date=12 November 2020 |title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions |journal=Environmental Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=114 |bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B |doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z |issn=1476-069X |pmc=7659048 |pmid=33183302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan yankuna da ke da haɗarin fari sune Yankin Amazon, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], yankin [[Sahel]] da [[Indiya]]. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2005, sassan Yankin Amazon sun fuskanci fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref> Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani kuma za su iya zama masu yawa a nan gaba, rahoton da gwamnati ta bayar ya ce a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2008. Tsawon fari na Australiya na Millennial ya ɓarke a cikin 2010. Rashin fari na Horn of Africa na 2020-2022 ya wuce mummunan fari a cikin 2010-2011 a duka tsawon lokaci da tsananin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Daisy |date=2022-10-26 |title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022 |access-date=2022-10-29 |publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, mutane galibi suna kallon fari a matsayin bala'o'i saboda tasirin da ke tattare da wadatar abinci da sauran al'umma. Mutane sun kalli fari a matsayin bala'i na halitta ko kuma wani abu da aikin ɗan adam ya rinjayi, ko kuma sakamakon ikon allahntaka. == Ma'ana == [[Fayil:Fields_outside_benambra.jpg|right|thumb|Filin da ke waje da Benambra, Ostiraliya da ke fama da fari a shekara ta 2006.]] Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana fari kawai a matsayin "mai tsanani fiye da yanayin al'ada". :{{Rp|1157}} Wannan yana nufin cewa fari shine "rashin danshi dangane da matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a wani wuri da kuma lokacin da aka ba shi".<ref name=":2" /> : 1157 {{Rp|1157}} Dangane da National Integrated Drought Information System, haɗin gwiwar hukumomi da yawa, ana bayyana fari gabaɗaya a matsayin "rashin hazo a tsawon lokaci (yawanci lokaci ɗaya ko fiye), wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa". Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Kasa na [[Gudanar da Tsarin Ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa|NOAA]] ya bayyana fari a matsayin "rashin danshi wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutane, dabbobi, ko ciyayi a kan yanki mai girma".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought Basics |url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Drought.gov |publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}</ref> fari abu ne mai rikitarwa − wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa − wanda ke leken sa ido da bayyanawa. A farkon shekarun 1980, an riga an buga ma'anoni sama da 150 na "bishi". Yanayin ma'anar yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna, buƙatu, da hanyoyin horo. == Rukuni == Akwai manyan rukuni uku na fari bisa ga inda ƙarancin danshi ya faru a cikin zagayowar ruwa: fari na yanayi, fari na ruwa, da fari na noma ko muhalli.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Fari na yanayi yana faruwa saboda rashin ruwan sama. Fari na ruwa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin gudu, kwarara, da ajiyar ruwa a tafkuna da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=14 April 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained|journal=WIREs Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V|issn=2049-1948|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fari na noma ko muhalli yana jawo damuwa ga tsirrai ta hanyar haɗin bushewar ruwa da ƙarancin danshi a ƙasa.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna ƙara wani rukuni: fari na tattalin arziki yana faruwa idan buƙatar wani kayan tattalin arziki ta wuce abin da ake da shi sakamakon ƙarancin ruwa da ya shafi yanayi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32" /> Fari na tattalin arziki yana kama da ra'ayin ƙarancin ruwa. Rukunan fari suna da dalilai daban-daban amma suna haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya: # Fari na yanayi yana faruwa idan lokaci ya yi tsawo ba tare da ruwan sama da ya kai matsakaici ba.<ref name="IGARSS2017">{{cite book|last1=Swain|display-authors=etal|first1=S|title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)|chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India|volume=2017|pages=5505–5507|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6|s2cid=26920225}}</ref> Fari na yanayi yawanci yana gabatar da sauran nau'ikan fari.<ref name="NOAAsurprise">{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=What is a Drought?|date=August 2006|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=2007-04-10}}</ref> Idan fari ya ci gaba, yanayin da ke kewaye da shi yana ƙara muni kuma tasirinsa ga al'umma yana ƙaruwa. # Fari na ruwa yana faruwa idan ajiyar ruwa da ake da shi a wurare kamar rijiyoyi, tafkuna da madatsun ruwa ya ragu ƙasa da matsakaici ko wani matakin da aka ɗauka muhimmanci a yankin. Fari na ruwa yana bayyana a hankali saboda yana shafar ruwan da aka adana wanda ake amfani da shi amma ba a sabunta shi ba. Saboda kusancin hulɗa da amfani da ruwa, wannan nau'in fari yana iya samun tasirin sarrafa ruwa. An gano tasirin ɗan adam mai kyau da mara kyau, kuma dabarun sarrafa ruwa suna da muhimmanci wajen rage tasirin fari.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van Loon|first1=Anne F.|last2=Stahl|first2=Kerstin|last3=Di Baldassarre|first3=Giuliano|last4=Clark|first4=Julian|last5=Rangecroft|first5=Sally|last6=Wanders|first6=Niko|last7=Gleeson|first7=Tom|last8=Van Dijk|first8=Albert I. J. M.|last9=Tallaksen|first9=Lena M. |last10=Hannaford |first10=Jamie|last11=Uijlenhoet|first11=Remko|last12=Teuling|first12=Adriaan J.|last13=Hannah|first13=David M.|last14=Sheffield|first14=Justin|last15=Svoboda|first15=Mark|date=2016-09-08|title=Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/3631/2016/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=20|issue=9|pages=3631–3650|doi=10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016HESS...20.3631V|issn=1027-5606|hdl=1885/152821|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wendt|first1=Doris E.|last2=Van Loon|first2=Anne F.|last3=Bloomfield|first3=John P.|last4=Hannah|first4=David M.|date=2020-10-13|title=Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/4853/2020/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=24|issue=10|pages=4853–4868|doi=10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020HESS...24.4853W|issn=1027-5606}}</ref> Kamar fari na noma, fari na ruwa na iya faruwa ba wai kawai saboda rashin ruwan sama ba. Misali, a kusa da shekarar 2007 Kazakhstan ta samu kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya don dawo da ruwa da aka karkatar zuwa wasu ƙasashe daga Tafkin Aral a ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet.<ref>{{cite news|date=2007-04-09|title=Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm}}</ref> Irin wannan yanayi yana sa babban tafkinsu, Balkhash, cikin haɗarin bushewa gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news|date=2004-01-15|title=Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm}}</ref> # Fari na noma ko muhalli yana shafar samar da amfanin gona ko tsarin halittu gaba ɗaya. Wannan yanayi na iya faruwa ba tare da wani canji a matakin ruwan sama ba idan ƙaruwa a ban ruwa ko yanayin ƙasa da lalacewa sakamakon ayyukan noma da ba a tsara su da kyau ba suka jawo ƙarancin ruwa ga amfanin gona. == Dalilai == [[File:Drought.jpg|thumb|upright| Fashewa da bushewar ƙasa a hamadar Sonora, arewa maso yammacin Mexico]] === Rashin ruwan sama gaba ɗaya === Hanyoyin samar da ruwan sama sun haɗa da convective, stratiform,<ref>{{cite journal|title=A convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm for volume scanning weather radar observations|author=Emmanouil N. Anagnostou|journal=Meteorological Applications|year=2004|volume=11|pages=291–300|doi=10.1017/S1350482704001409|issue=4|bibcode=2004MeApp..11..291A|doi-access=free}}</ref> da orographic rainfall.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia|author1=A.J. Dore|author2=M. Mousavi-Baygi|author3=R.I. Smith|author4=J. Hall|author5=D. Fowler|author6=T.W. Choularton|journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=40|date=June 2006|pages=3316–3326|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043|issue=18|bibcode=2006AtmEn..40.3316D}}</ref> Convective yana nufin motsi mai ƙarfi a tsaye wanda zai iya jawo ruwan sama mai yawa,<ref name="convection">{{cite book|author=Robert Penrose Pearce|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66|title=Meteorology at the Millennium|publisher=Academic Press|page=66|isbn=978-0-12-548035-2|access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref> yayin da stratiform ke nufin motsi mai rauni da ruwan sama mai sauƙi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cloud dynamics|last=Houze|first=Robert A. Jr.|date=1993|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-050210-6|location=San Diego|oclc=427392836}}</ref> Ruwan sama ana rarrabe shi zuwa rukuni uku: ruwa mai laushi, ruwa da ke daskarewa a lokacin da ya taɓa ƙasa, ko kankara. Fari yana faruwa a wuraren da ruwan sama na al’ada ya ragu. Idan waɗannan abubuwa ba su tallafa isasshen ruwan sama ba, sakamakon shi ne fari. Fari na iya faruwa saboda hasken rana mai ƙarfi, yawaitar tsarin matsin lamba mai ƙarfi, iska daga ƙasa maimakon teku, da ridges na matsin lamba a sama wanda ke hana hadari da ruwan sama. Da zarar yankin ya shiga fari, abubuwan kamar iska mai bushewa,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lbixDAw5DwC&pg=PA22|page=22|title=Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought|author1=Roland Paepe|author2=Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge|author3=Saskia Jelgersma|date=1990|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-7923-1017-4}}</ref> yanayi mai zafi,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvJyVtw53Y4C&pg=PA48|pages=48–49|title=The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña|author1=Joseph S. D'Aleo|author2=Pamela G. Grube|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-378-9}}</ref> da ƙarancin evapotranspiration na iya ƙara tsananta fari. ==== Lokacin bushewa ==== A cikin yankunan zafi, akwai lokacin damina da lokacin bushewa saboda motsin Intertropical Convergence Zone ko Monsoon trough.<ref name="Wang">{{cite book|author=Bin Wang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRT57TENzT8C&pg=PT206|title=The Asian Monsoon|date=2006-01-13|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-40610-5|page=206}}</ref> Lokacin bushewa yana ƙara yawan faruwar fari,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6r9jUTzJiYC&pg=PA349|page=349|title=Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought: A Global Study: A Global Study|author1=Vijendra K. Boken|author2=Arthur P. Cracknell|author3=Ronald L. Heathcote|date=2005-03-24|isbn=978-0-19-803678-4|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> kuma ana gane shi da ƙarancin danshi, tafkuna da koguna suna bushewa. Saboda haka dabbobin kiwo kamar zakaru, giwaye, da wildebeest suna yin hijira. Rashin ruwa a tsirrai yana jawo gobarar daji.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|title=Wet & Dry Seasons|access-date=2018-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320141721/http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|archive-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> Yanayi mai zafi yana hanzarta girma na kayan lambu,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|page=19|title=Home Vegetable Gardening in Kentucky|author=Cooperative Extension Service|publisher=University of Kentucky|date=January 2014|access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> yana ƙara evaporation da transpiration daga tsirrai,<ref>{{cite web|author=North Carolina State University|title=Evapotranspiration|url=https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|date=2013-08-09|access-date=2015-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219045714/https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|archive-date=2015-02-19|author-link=North Carolina State University}}</ref> kuma yana tsananta fari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|date=2002-05-16|access-date=2015-02-18|title=Warm Temperatures and Severe Drought Continued in April Throughout Parts of the United States; Global Temperature For April Second Warmest on Record|author=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219055008/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|archive-date=Feb 19, 2015}}</ref> ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da fari. ENSO yana ƙunshe da yanayin zafin ruwa a tsakiyar Tekun Pasifik, wanda ake kira La Niña da El Niño. La Niña yawanci yana da alaƙa da yanayi mai bushewa da zafi, yana tsananta fari a California da yankin kudu maso yammacin Amurka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/nation-world/la-nina-west-coast-climate/507-f792ab4a-bc35-4e45-9de1-08d8379dfc9b|title=Weather's unwanted guest: Nasty La Niña keeps popping up|author=Seth Borenstein|publisher=9news.com.au.com|date=May 28, 2022|access-date=June 4, 2022|quote=Scientists are noticing that in the past 25 years the world seems to be getting more La Niñas than it used to...|url-status=live}}</ref> A lokacin El Niño, yanayi mai bushewa da zafi yana faruwa a yankin kogin Amazon, Colombia, da Amurka ta Tsakiya. A lokacin hunturu, yankin arewacin Amurka yana samun ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara. Haka kuma, yanayi mai bushewa yana faruwa daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu a Afirka ta Kudu, musamman a Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, da Botswana. Tasirin El Niño yana haifar da gobarar daji, hazo, da ƙarancin ingancin. == Tasiri == [[File:Global Drought Total Economic Loss Risk Deciles (5457316295).jpg|thumb|Hadarin asarar tattalin arziki na fari a duniya]] [[File:DroughtinNamibia.jpg|thumb|right| Oryx biyu da suka mutu a Namibia a lokacin farin 2018–19 a Kudancin Afirka.]] [[File:Ruins_at_Farina.JPG|thumb|Bayan shekaru na fari da guguwa, garin Farina a Kudancin Ostiraliya ya zama kango.]] Fari yana daga cikin manyan bala’o’in halitta, kuma yana da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli, tattalin arziki, albarkatun ruwa, noma, da al’umma a duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Gebrechorkos|first1=Solomon H.|last2=Peng|first2=Jian|last3=Dyer|first3=Ellen|last4=Miralles|first4=Diego G.|last5=Vicente-Serrano|first5=Sergio M.|last6=Funk|first6=Chris|last7=Beck|first7=Hylke E.|last8=Asfaw|first8=Dagmawi T.|last9=Singer|first9=Michael B. |last10=Dadson |first10=Simon J.|year=2023|title=Global high-resolution drought indices for 1981–2022|url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/5449/2023/|journal=Earth System Science Data|volume=15|issue=12|pages=5449–5466|doi=10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023|issn=1866-3516|doi-access=free|bibcode=2023ESSD...15.5449G|hdl=10754/693396|hdl-access=free}} File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px Rubutu an kwafa daga wannan tushe, wanda yake ƙarƙashin lasisin Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International</ref> Ana iya rarrabe tasirin fari zuwa rukuni uku: muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (ciki har da lafiya). === Tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziki === File:Mixed Douglas-fir - Western Redcedar forest, with some Western Redcedar dying from drought; Arlington, Washington, 2018 (29721380337).jpg| thumb|right | Itacen red cedar a Amurka yana mutuwa saboda fari, 2018 Tasirin muhalli na fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a matakin ruwa a saman ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙarancin kwarara (wanda ke haifar da haɗari ga rayuwar dabbobin ruwa), ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, bushewar fadama, yawaitar gobarar daji, asarar nau’o’in halittu, rashin lafiyar itatuwa da yaduwar kwari da cututtukan itace.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite journal|last1=Zimmer|first1=Katarina|title=Dead trees around the world are shocking scientists|journal=Knowable Magazine|date=17 August 2023|doi=10.1146/knowable-081723-2|doi-access=free|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2023/dead-trees-shocking-scientists|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Hartmann">{{cite journal|last1=Hartmann|first1=Henrik|last2=Bastos|first2=Ana|last3=Das|first3=Adrian J.|last4=Esquivel-Muelbert|first4=Adriane|last5=Hammond|first5=William M.|last6=Martínez-Vilalta|first6=Jordi|last7=McDowell|first7=Nate G.|last8=Powers|first8=Jennifer S.|author8-link=Jennifer Sarah Powers|last9=Pugh|first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X.|last11=Allen|first11=Craig D.|title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide|journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology|date=20 May 2022|volume=73|issue=1|pages=673–702|doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804|doi-access=free|pmid=35231182|bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H|issn=1543-5008}}</ref> Asarar tattalin arziki sakamakon fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a samar da amfanin gona, gandun daji, kiwo da kamun kifi, ƙaruwa a farashin abinci, ƙarancin samar da wutar lantarki daga madatsun ruwa, asarar kudaden yawon shakatawa da sufuri, matsaloli a samar da ruwa ga masana’antu da birane. An kiyasta cewa fari ya jawo asarar dala biliyan 278 daga 1991 zuwa 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en |title=The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140180-4 |language=English |doi=10.4060/cd7185en}}</ref> === Tasirin noma === File:Soil moisture and climate change.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Tasirin sauyin yanayi ga danshin ƙasa a lokacin dumamar duniya 2 °C. File:Economic loss in agriculture and non-agricultural sectors by hazard type (share).svg|thumb|Asarar tattalin arziki a noma da sauran fannoni sakamakon fari. Fari na iya jawo lalacewar ƙasa da asarar danshi, wanda ke rage yawan amfanin gona.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Seka|first1=Ayalkibet Mekonnen|last2=Zhang|first2=Jiahua|last3=Prodhan|first3=Foyez Ahmed|last4=Ayele|first4=Gebiaw Teshome|last5=Finsa|first5=Mekuanenet Mulunhie|last6=Sharma|first6=Til Prasad Pangali|last7=Melesse|first7=Assefa Mekonnen|year=2022|title=Hydrological drought impacts on water storage variations: a focus on the role of vegetation changes in the East Africa region. A systematic review|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research|volume=29|issue=53|pages=80237–80256|doi=10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0|issn=0944-1344|pmid=36197619|bibcode=2022ESPR...2980237S|s2cid=252713722|url-access=subscription|hdl=10072/420991|hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Tasirin zamantakewa da lafiya === Mummunan tasirin fari ga mutane sun haɗa da gazawar amfanin gona, matsalar abinci, yunwa, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da talauci, wanda ke jawo mutuwa da hijirar jama’a.<ref name=":3" /> Fari na iya jawo ƙarancin ruwa, ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, tsadar abinci, da matsalolin lafiya. Rashin ingancin ruwa yana faruwa saboda ƙarancin kwarara yana rage narkewar gurbatattun abubuwa.<ref>Mosley LM (2014). Drought impacts on the water quality of freshwater systems; review and integration. Earth-Science Reviews. {{doi|10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.010}}.</ref> === Asarar ƙasa mai albarka === [[File:Loess.jpg|thumb|Loess – wani nau’in ƙasa mai laushi da iska ke ɗauka.]] Erosion ta iska tana tsananta a yankunan hamada da lokacin fari. Misali, a Great Plains, an kiyasta cewa asarar ƙasa ta iska na iya ninka sau 6100 a shekarun fari fiye da lokacin damina.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wiggs, Giles F.S.|title=Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=978-0-470-71076-0|editor=Thomas, David S.G.|page=588|chapter=Geomorphological hazards in drylands|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swz4rh4KaLYC&pg=PA588}}</ref> == Yankuna da fari ya fi shafa == === Kogin Amazon === A shekarar 2005, wasu sassan kwarin Amazon sun fuskanci mafi munin fari cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp|archive-date=2019-11-15|access-date=5 November 2017|website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref><ref name=":5">[http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm Drought Threatens Amazon Basin – Extreme conditions felt for second year running] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527104721/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm|date=May 27, 2013}}</ref> Wani rahoto a 2006 ya nuna cewa daji na iya jure fari na tsawon shekaru uku kawai.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/law-mixed-year-begins-and-ends-wrapped-up-in-straw-1191932.html Amazon rainforest 'could become a desert'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825064419/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/law-mixed-year-begins-and-ends-wrapped-up-in-straw-1191932.html|date=2017-08-25}}, The Independent, July 23, 2006.</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/fishermen-braced-for-quota-cuts-1191880.html Dying Forest: One year to save the Amazon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825060909/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/fishermen-braced-for-quota-cuts-1191880.html|date=2017-08-25}}, The Independent, July 23, 2006.</ref> Masana a Brazil National Institute of Amazonian Research sun yi gargadin cewa haɗin tasirin fari da sare daji yana iya kai dajin ga matakin da ba zai iya dawowa ba. WWF ta ce haɗin sauyin yanayi da sare daji yana ƙara bushewar itatuwa da ke haifar da gobarar daji.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518192545/http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/index.cfm?uNewsID=64220 Climate change a threat to Amazon rainforest, warns WWF], World Wide Fund for Nature, March 9, 2996.</ref> === Ostiraliya === Farin Millennium daga 1997–2009 ya jawo matsalar samar da ruwa a Ostiraliya. Saboda haka aka gina masana’antar tace ruwan teku. Babban yanki na Ostiraliya hamada ne ko ƙasa mai bushewa da ake kira outback. Wani bincike a 2005 ya nuna cewa mutanen farko da suka zauna a cikin ƙasar sun yi yawan ƙona ƙasa wanda ya hana damina shiga ciki.<ref>[https://www.geosociety.org/news/pr/05-01.htm Sensitivity of the Australian Monsoon to insolation and vegetation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615232508/http://geosociety.org/news/pr/05-01.htm|date=2010-06-15}}, Geological Society of America</ref> A 2008, kwamitin masana ya yi gargadin cewa yankin Murray-Darling zai iya fuskantar mummunan lalacewar muhalli idan bai samu ruwa ba.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7460492.stm Australian rivers 'face disaster'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813205109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7460492.stm|date=2021-08-13}}, BBC News</ref> Rahoton gwamnati ya ce Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani a nan gaba.<ref name=":6">[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707 Australia faces worse, more frequent droughts: study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120930/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707|date=2021-02-03}}, Reuters</ref> Tim Flannery ya yi hasashen cewa Perth na iya zama birni da aka bar saboda rashin ruwa.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm Metropolis strives to meet its thirst] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906083308/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm|date=2021-09-06}}, BBC News</ref> Fari ya ƙare a 2010. === Gabashin Afirka === Gabashin Afirka (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda da sauransu) na da yanayi mai bambanci daga busassun wurare zuwa wuraren da ke da damina. A arewa, damina tana daga Yuli zuwa Satumba, yayin da sauran yankuna ke da damina mai tsawo daga Maris zuwa Mayu da gajeriyar damina daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba. Yawan faruwar fari da ambaliya na cutar da al’umma mai fama da talauci.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Taye|first1=Meron Teferi|last2=Dyer|first2=Ellen|year=2024|title=Hydrologic Extremes in a Changing Climate: a Review of Extremes in East Africa|journal=Current Climate Change Reports|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1–11|doi=10.1007/s40641-024-00193-9|issn=2198-6061|doi-access=free|bibcode=2024CCCR...10....1T }}</ref> Fari ya jawo matsalar abinci a 1984–85, 2006 da 2011. Daga 2020–2023, yankin ya fuskanci fari mafi tsawo da ya shafi tsaro na abinci. Wasu yankuna kuma sun fuskanci ambaliya kamar na 2020 da 2022.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> === Kogunan Himalaya === [[File:Drought affected area in Karnataka, India, 2012.jpg|thumb|Yanki da fari ya shafa a Karnataka, India 2012.]] Kimanin mutane biliyan 2.4 suna zaune a kwarin kogunan Himalaya.<ref>{{cite web|title=People & the Planet > climate change > newsfile > big melt threatens millions, says un|url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819200515/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024|archive-date=19 August 2007|work=peopleandplanet.net}}</ref> India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal da Myanmar na iya fuskantar ambaliya da fari a nan gaba. Fari a Ganges na da matuƙar damuwa saboda yana samar da ruwan sha da ban ruwa ga mutane fiye da miliyan 500.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ganges, Indus may not survive: climatologists|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/24indus.htm|work=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=People's Daily Online – Glaciers melting at alarming speed|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html|work=People's Daily}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2004-11-10|title=Science/Nature – Himalaya glaciers melt unnoticed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3998967.stm|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> A 2025, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa narkewar kankara na iya barazana ga abinci da ruwan sha na mutane biliyan 2.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glacier meltdown risks food and water supply of 2 billion people, says UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/mar/20/glacier-meltdown-risks-food-and-water-supply-of-2bn-people-says-un |work=The Guardian |date=21 March 2025}}</ref> === Arewacin Amurka === Yankin yammacin Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke samun ruwa daga kank == Kariya, rage tasiri da taimako == File:FEMA - 917 - Photograph by Angel Santiago taken on 04-03-1998 in Marshall Islands.jpg|thumb|upright|Rarraba ruwa a Marshall Islands a lokacin El Niño. A fannin noma, mutane na iya rage tasirin fari ta hanyar ban ruwa da juyin amfanin gona. Rashin tsara dabarun rage tasirin fari na iya jawo mummunan sakamako ga rayuwar ɗan adam a wannan zamani, musamman saboda yawan jama’a da ke ƙaruwa. Dabarun kariya ko rage tasirin fari sun haɗa da: * Dam – dam da madatsun ruwa suna samar da ƙarin ruwa a lokacin fari.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Matt Weiser|author2=Jeremy B. White|date=2014-06-01|title=Should California build dams, reservoirs to help with future droughts?|url=http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/06/01/3956458/should-calif-add-new-dams.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320040153/http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/06/01/3956458/should-calif-add-new-dams.html|archive-date=2015-03-20|access-date=2015-02-18|newspaper=Fresno Bee}}</ref> * Cloud seeding – wata hanya ce ta canza yanayi don haifar da ruwan sama.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cloud seeding helps alleviate drought|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-07/24/content_351196.htm|work=China Daily}}</ref> Wannan batun yana da cece-kuce, domin rahoton da National Research Council na Amurka ya fitar a 2004 ya nuna babu hujja mai ƙarfi da ke tabbatar da ingancin wannan dabarar.<ref>{{cite book|last1=NRC|title=Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research|year=2003|isbn=978-0-309-09053-7|doi=10.17226/10829 |bibcode=2003nap..book10829N }}</ref> * Amfani da ƙasa – tsara juyin amfanin gona na iya rage lalacewar ƙasa da kuma ba manoma damar shuka amfanin da ba sa buƙatar ruwa da yawa a shekarun fari. * Transvasement – gina magudanan ruwa ko karkatar da koguna don samar da ban ruwa a yankunan da fari ke yawan faruwa. Idan ruwa ya yi ƙalubale saboda fari, akwai hanyoyi da dama da mutane za su iya samun ruwa daga wasu tushe, kamar amfani da ruwan da aka sake tacewa, tara ruwan sama, tara ruwan ambaliya, ko kuma tace ruwan teku. == Manazarta == aybughmxlz9fwuir2lw0gl0kozhvtj1 841963 841962 2026-05-28T22:54:34Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kariya, rage tasiri da taimako */ 841963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fari''' lokaci ne na bushewa fiye da yadda aka saba. {{Rp|1157}}Fari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki, watanni ko shekaru. Fari yakan yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin halittu da [[noma]] na yankunan da abin ya shafa, kuma yana haifar da illa ga [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arzikin]] yankin. Lokacin rani na shekara-shekara a [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yankunan zafi]] yana ƙara yiwuwar fari ya bunƙasa sosai, tare da ƙaruwar haɗarin gobarar daji daga baya. <ref name="Brando">{{Cite journal |last=Brando |first=Paulo M. |last2=Paolucci |first2=Lucas |last3=Ummenhofer |first3=Caroline C. |last4=Ordway |first4=Elsa M. |last5=Hartmann |first5=Henrik |last6=Cattau |first6=Megan E. |last7=Rattis |first7=Ludmila |last8=Medjibe |first8=Vincent |last9=Coe |first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer |date=30 May 2019 |title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=555–581 |bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 |issn=0084-6597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Guguwar zafi|Raƙuman zafi]] na iya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin fari sosai ta hanyar ƙara yawan fitar da hayaki . Wannan yana busar da dazuzzuka da sauran ciyayi, kuma yana ƙara yawan mai ga gobarar daji. <ref name="Brando" /> <ref name="Hartmann">{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author-link8=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> fari alama ce ta sauyawa a mafi yawan sassan duniya, ya zama mafi tsananin gaske kuma ba za a iya hango shi ba saboda [[Canjin yanayi]], wanda binciken dendrochronological ya samo asali ne daga 1900. Akwai nau'ikan tasirin fari guda uku, muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tasirin muhalli sun haɗa da bushewar wuraren da ke da ruwa, ƙarin gobarar daji, [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]]. Tasirin tattalin arziki na fari ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin [[noma]] da kiwon dabbobi (wanda ke haifar da [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]), gandun daji, samar da ruwa na jama'a, kewayawar kogi (saboda misali: ƙananan matakan ruwa), samar da wutar lantarki (ta hanyar shafar tsarin wutar lantarki) da kuma tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming-Muñoz |first=David A. |last2=Whitten |first2=Stuart |last3=Bonnett |first3=Graham D. |date=28 June 2023 |title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs |journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=501–523 |doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527 |issn=1364-985X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kudin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan abu kai tsaye (rashin zafi mai yawa), tsadar abinci mai yawa, damuwa da girbi ya haifar, karancin ruwa, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=Carla |last2=Kerac |first2=Marko |last3=Prudhomme |first3=Christel |last4=Medlock |first4=Jolyon |last5=Murray |first5=Virginia |date=2013-06-05 |title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsawon fari ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa da Rikicin jin kai.<ref name="Stanke">{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=C |last2=Kerac |first2=M |last3=Prudhomme |first3=C |last4=Medlock |first4=J |last5=Murray |first5=V |date=5 June 2013 |title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence. |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellizzi |first=Saverio |last2=Lane |first2=Chris |last3=Elhakim |first3=Mohamed |last4=Nabeth |first4=Pierre |date=12 November 2020 |title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions |journal=Environmental Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=114 |bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B |doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z |issn=1476-069X |pmc=7659048 |pmid=33183302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan yankuna da ke da haɗarin fari sune Yankin Amazon, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], yankin [[Sahel]] da [[Indiya]]. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2005, sassan Yankin Amazon sun fuskanci fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref> Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani kuma za su iya zama masu yawa a nan gaba, rahoton da gwamnati ta bayar ya ce a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2008. Tsawon fari na Australiya na Millennial ya ɓarke a cikin 2010. Rashin fari na Horn of Africa na 2020-2022 ya wuce mummunan fari a cikin 2010-2011 a duka tsawon lokaci da tsananin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Daisy |date=2022-10-26 |title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022 |access-date=2022-10-29 |publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, mutane galibi suna kallon fari a matsayin bala'o'i saboda tasirin da ke tattare da wadatar abinci da sauran al'umma. Mutane sun kalli fari a matsayin bala'i na halitta ko kuma wani abu da aikin ɗan adam ya rinjayi, ko kuma sakamakon ikon allahntaka. == Ma'ana == [[Fayil:Fields_outside_benambra.jpg|right|thumb|Filin da ke waje da Benambra, Ostiraliya da ke fama da fari a shekara ta 2006.]] Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana fari kawai a matsayin "mai tsanani fiye da yanayin al'ada". :{{Rp|1157}} Wannan yana nufin cewa fari shine "rashin danshi dangane da matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a wani wuri da kuma lokacin da aka ba shi".<ref name=":2" /> : 1157 {{Rp|1157}} Dangane da National Integrated Drought Information System, haɗin gwiwar hukumomi da yawa, ana bayyana fari gabaɗaya a matsayin "rashin hazo a tsawon lokaci (yawanci lokaci ɗaya ko fiye), wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa". Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Kasa na [[Gudanar da Tsarin Ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa|NOAA]] ya bayyana fari a matsayin "rashin danshi wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutane, dabbobi, ko ciyayi a kan yanki mai girma".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought Basics |url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Drought.gov |publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}</ref> fari abu ne mai rikitarwa − wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa − wanda ke leken sa ido da bayyanawa. A farkon shekarun 1980, an riga an buga ma'anoni sama da 150 na "bishi". Yanayin ma'anar yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna, buƙatu, da hanyoyin horo. == Rukuni == Akwai manyan rukuni uku na fari bisa ga inda ƙarancin danshi ya faru a cikin zagayowar ruwa: fari na yanayi, fari na ruwa, da fari na noma ko muhalli.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Fari na yanayi yana faruwa saboda rashin ruwan sama. Fari na ruwa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin gudu, kwarara, da ajiyar ruwa a tafkuna da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=14 April 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained|journal=WIREs Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V|issn=2049-1948|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fari na noma ko muhalli yana jawo damuwa ga tsirrai ta hanyar haɗin bushewar ruwa da ƙarancin danshi a ƙasa.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna ƙara wani rukuni: fari na tattalin arziki yana faruwa idan buƙatar wani kayan tattalin arziki ta wuce abin da ake da shi sakamakon ƙarancin ruwa da ya shafi yanayi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32" /> Fari na tattalin arziki yana kama da ra'ayin ƙarancin ruwa. Rukunan fari suna da dalilai daban-daban amma suna haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya: # Fari na yanayi yana faruwa idan lokaci ya yi tsawo ba tare da ruwan sama da ya kai matsakaici ba.<ref name="IGARSS2017">{{cite book|last1=Swain|display-authors=etal|first1=S|title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)|chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India|volume=2017|pages=5505–5507|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6|s2cid=26920225}}</ref> Fari na yanayi yawanci yana gabatar da sauran nau'ikan fari.<ref name="NOAAsurprise">{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=What is a Drought?|date=August 2006|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=2007-04-10}}</ref> Idan fari ya ci gaba, yanayin da ke kewaye da shi yana ƙara muni kuma tasirinsa ga al'umma yana ƙaruwa. # Fari na ruwa yana faruwa idan ajiyar ruwa da ake da shi a wurare kamar rijiyoyi, tafkuna da madatsun ruwa ya ragu ƙasa da matsakaici ko wani matakin da aka ɗauka muhimmanci a yankin. Fari na ruwa yana bayyana a hankali saboda yana shafar ruwan da aka adana wanda ake amfani da shi amma ba a sabunta shi ba. Saboda kusancin hulɗa da amfani da ruwa, wannan nau'in fari yana iya samun tasirin sarrafa ruwa. An gano tasirin ɗan adam mai kyau da mara kyau, kuma dabarun sarrafa ruwa suna da muhimmanci wajen rage tasirin fari.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van Loon|first1=Anne F.|last2=Stahl|first2=Kerstin|last3=Di Baldassarre|first3=Giuliano|last4=Clark|first4=Julian|last5=Rangecroft|first5=Sally|last6=Wanders|first6=Niko|last7=Gleeson|first7=Tom|last8=Van Dijk|first8=Albert I. J. M.|last9=Tallaksen|first9=Lena M. |last10=Hannaford |first10=Jamie|last11=Uijlenhoet|first11=Remko|last12=Teuling|first12=Adriaan J.|last13=Hannah|first13=David M.|last14=Sheffield|first14=Justin|last15=Svoboda|first15=Mark|date=2016-09-08|title=Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/3631/2016/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=20|issue=9|pages=3631–3650|doi=10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016HESS...20.3631V|issn=1027-5606|hdl=1885/152821|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wendt|first1=Doris E.|last2=Van Loon|first2=Anne F.|last3=Bloomfield|first3=John P.|last4=Hannah|first4=David M.|date=2020-10-13|title=Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/4853/2020/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=24|issue=10|pages=4853–4868|doi=10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020HESS...24.4853W|issn=1027-5606}}</ref> Kamar fari na noma, fari na ruwa na iya faruwa ba wai kawai saboda rashin ruwan sama ba. Misali, a kusa da shekarar 2007 Kazakhstan ta samu kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya don dawo da ruwa da aka karkatar zuwa wasu ƙasashe daga Tafkin Aral a ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet.<ref>{{cite news|date=2007-04-09|title=Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm}}</ref> Irin wannan yanayi yana sa babban tafkinsu, Balkhash, cikin haɗarin bushewa gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news|date=2004-01-15|title=Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm}}</ref> # Fari na noma ko muhalli yana shafar samar da amfanin gona ko tsarin halittu gaba ɗaya. Wannan yanayi na iya faruwa ba tare da wani canji a matakin ruwan sama ba idan ƙaruwa a ban ruwa ko yanayin ƙasa da lalacewa sakamakon ayyukan noma da ba a tsara su da kyau ba suka jawo ƙarancin ruwa ga amfanin gona. == Dalilai == [[File:Drought.jpg|thumb|upright| Fashewa da bushewar ƙasa a hamadar Sonora, arewa maso yammacin Mexico]] === Rashin ruwan sama gaba ɗaya === Hanyoyin samar da ruwan sama sun haɗa da convective, stratiform,<ref>{{cite journal|title=A convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm for volume scanning weather radar observations|author=Emmanouil N. Anagnostou|journal=Meteorological Applications|year=2004|volume=11|pages=291–300|doi=10.1017/S1350482704001409|issue=4|bibcode=2004MeApp..11..291A|doi-access=free}}</ref> da orographic rainfall.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia|author1=A.J. Dore|author2=M. Mousavi-Baygi|author3=R.I. Smith|author4=J. Hall|author5=D. Fowler|author6=T.W. Choularton|journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=40|date=June 2006|pages=3316–3326|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043|issue=18|bibcode=2006AtmEn..40.3316D}}</ref> Convective yana nufin motsi mai ƙarfi a tsaye wanda zai iya jawo ruwan sama mai yawa,<ref name="convection">{{cite book|author=Robert Penrose Pearce|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66|title=Meteorology at the Millennium|publisher=Academic Press|page=66|isbn=978-0-12-548035-2|access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref> yayin da stratiform ke nufin motsi mai rauni da ruwan sama mai sauƙi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cloud dynamics|last=Houze|first=Robert A. Jr.|date=1993|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-050210-6|location=San Diego|oclc=427392836}}</ref> Ruwan sama ana rarrabe shi zuwa rukuni uku: ruwa mai laushi, ruwa da ke daskarewa a lokacin da ya taɓa ƙasa, ko kankara. Fari yana faruwa a wuraren da ruwan sama na al’ada ya ragu. Idan waɗannan abubuwa ba su tallafa isasshen ruwan sama ba, sakamakon shi ne fari. Fari na iya faruwa saboda hasken rana mai ƙarfi, yawaitar tsarin matsin lamba mai ƙarfi, iska daga ƙasa maimakon teku, da ridges na matsin lamba a sama wanda ke hana hadari da ruwan sama. Da zarar yankin ya shiga fari, abubuwan kamar iska mai bushewa,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lbixDAw5DwC&pg=PA22|page=22|title=Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought|author1=Roland Paepe|author2=Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge|author3=Saskia Jelgersma|date=1990|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-7923-1017-4}}</ref> yanayi mai zafi,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvJyVtw53Y4C&pg=PA48|pages=48–49|title=The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña|author1=Joseph S. D'Aleo|author2=Pamela G. Grube|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-378-9}}</ref> da ƙarancin evapotranspiration na iya ƙara tsananta fari. ==== Lokacin bushewa ==== A cikin yankunan zafi, akwai lokacin damina da lokacin bushewa saboda motsin Intertropical Convergence Zone ko Monsoon trough.<ref name="Wang">{{cite book|author=Bin Wang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRT57TENzT8C&pg=PT206|title=The Asian Monsoon|date=2006-01-13|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-40610-5|page=206}}</ref> Lokacin bushewa yana ƙara yawan faruwar fari,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6r9jUTzJiYC&pg=PA349|page=349|title=Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought: A Global Study: A Global Study|author1=Vijendra K. Boken|author2=Arthur P. Cracknell|author3=Ronald L. Heathcote|date=2005-03-24|isbn=978-0-19-803678-4|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> kuma ana gane shi da ƙarancin danshi, tafkuna da koguna suna bushewa. Saboda haka dabbobin kiwo kamar zakaru, giwaye, da wildebeest suna yin hijira. Rashin ruwa a tsirrai yana jawo gobarar daji.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|title=Wet & Dry Seasons|access-date=2018-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320141721/http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|archive-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> Yanayi mai zafi yana hanzarta girma na kayan lambu,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|page=19|title=Home Vegetable Gardening in Kentucky|author=Cooperative Extension Service|publisher=University of Kentucky|date=January 2014|access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> yana ƙara evaporation da transpiration daga tsirrai,<ref>{{cite web|author=North Carolina State University|title=Evapotranspiration|url=https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|date=2013-08-09|access-date=2015-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219045714/https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|archive-date=2015-02-19|author-link=North Carolina State University}}</ref> kuma yana tsananta fari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|date=2002-05-16|access-date=2015-02-18|title=Warm Temperatures and Severe Drought Continued in April Throughout Parts of the United States; Global Temperature For April Second Warmest on Record|author=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219055008/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|archive-date=Feb 19, 2015}}</ref> ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da fari. ENSO yana ƙunshe da yanayin zafin ruwa a tsakiyar Tekun Pasifik, wanda ake kira La Niña da El Niño. La Niña yawanci yana da alaƙa da yanayi mai bushewa da zafi, yana tsananta fari a California da yankin kudu maso yammacin Amurka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/nation-world/la-nina-west-coast-climate/507-f792ab4a-bc35-4e45-9de1-08d8379dfc9b|title=Weather's unwanted guest: Nasty La Niña keeps popping up|author=Seth Borenstein|publisher=9news.com.au.com|date=May 28, 2022|access-date=June 4, 2022|quote=Scientists are noticing that in the past 25 years the world seems to be getting more La Niñas than it used to...|url-status=live}}</ref> A lokacin El Niño, yanayi mai bushewa da zafi yana faruwa a yankin kogin Amazon, Colombia, da Amurka ta Tsakiya. A lokacin hunturu, yankin arewacin Amurka yana samun ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara. Haka kuma, yanayi mai bushewa yana faruwa daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu a Afirka ta Kudu, musamman a Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, da Botswana. Tasirin El Niño yana haifar da gobarar daji, hazo, da ƙarancin ingancin. == Tasiri == [[File:Global Drought Total Economic Loss Risk Deciles (5457316295).jpg|thumb|Hadarin asarar tattalin arziki na fari a duniya]] [[File:DroughtinNamibia.jpg|thumb|right| Oryx biyu da suka mutu a Namibia a lokacin farin 2018–19 a Kudancin Afirka.]] [[File:Ruins_at_Farina.JPG|thumb|Bayan shekaru na fari da guguwa, garin Farina a Kudancin Ostiraliya ya zama kango.]] Fari yana daga cikin manyan bala’o’in halitta, kuma yana da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli, tattalin arziki, albarkatun ruwa, noma, da al’umma a duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Gebrechorkos|first1=Solomon H.|last2=Peng|first2=Jian|last3=Dyer|first3=Ellen|last4=Miralles|first4=Diego G.|last5=Vicente-Serrano|first5=Sergio M.|last6=Funk|first6=Chris|last7=Beck|first7=Hylke E.|last8=Asfaw|first8=Dagmawi T.|last9=Singer|first9=Michael B. |last10=Dadson |first10=Simon J.|year=2023|title=Global high-resolution drought indices for 1981–2022|url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/5449/2023/|journal=Earth System Science Data|volume=15|issue=12|pages=5449–5466|doi=10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023|issn=1866-3516|doi-access=free|bibcode=2023ESSD...15.5449G|hdl=10754/693396|hdl-access=free}} File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px Rubutu an kwafa daga wannan tushe, wanda yake ƙarƙashin lasisin Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International</ref> Ana iya rarrabe tasirin fari zuwa rukuni uku: muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (ciki har da lafiya). === Tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziki === File:Mixed Douglas-fir - Western Redcedar forest, with some Western Redcedar dying from drought; Arlington, Washington, 2018 (29721380337).jpg| thumb|right | Itacen red cedar a Amurka yana mutuwa saboda fari, 2018 Tasirin muhalli na fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a matakin ruwa a saman ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙarancin kwarara (wanda ke haifar da haɗari ga rayuwar dabbobin ruwa), ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, bushewar fadama, yawaitar gobarar daji, asarar nau’o’in halittu, rashin lafiyar itatuwa da yaduwar kwari da cututtukan itace.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite journal|last1=Zimmer|first1=Katarina|title=Dead trees around the world are shocking scientists|journal=Knowable Magazine|date=17 August 2023|doi=10.1146/knowable-081723-2|doi-access=free|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2023/dead-trees-shocking-scientists|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Hartmann">{{cite journal|last1=Hartmann|first1=Henrik|last2=Bastos|first2=Ana|last3=Das|first3=Adrian J.|last4=Esquivel-Muelbert|first4=Adriane|last5=Hammond|first5=William M.|last6=Martínez-Vilalta|first6=Jordi|last7=McDowell|first7=Nate G.|last8=Powers|first8=Jennifer S.|author8-link=Jennifer Sarah Powers|last9=Pugh|first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X.|last11=Allen|first11=Craig D.|title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide|journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology|date=20 May 2022|volume=73|issue=1|pages=673–702|doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804|doi-access=free|pmid=35231182|bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H|issn=1543-5008}}</ref> Asarar tattalin arziki sakamakon fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a samar da amfanin gona, gandun daji, kiwo da kamun kifi, ƙaruwa a farashin abinci, ƙarancin samar da wutar lantarki daga madatsun ruwa, asarar kudaden yawon shakatawa da sufuri, matsaloli a samar da ruwa ga masana’antu da birane. An kiyasta cewa fari ya jawo asarar dala biliyan 278 daga 1991 zuwa 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en |title=The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140180-4 |language=English |doi=10.4060/cd7185en}}</ref> === Tasirin noma === File:Soil moisture and climate change.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Tasirin sauyin yanayi ga danshin ƙasa a lokacin dumamar duniya 2 °C. File:Economic loss in agriculture and non-agricultural sectors by hazard type (share).svg|thumb|Asarar tattalin arziki a noma da sauran fannoni sakamakon fari. Fari na iya jawo lalacewar ƙasa da asarar danshi, wanda ke rage yawan amfanin gona.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Seka|first1=Ayalkibet Mekonnen|last2=Zhang|first2=Jiahua|last3=Prodhan|first3=Foyez Ahmed|last4=Ayele|first4=Gebiaw Teshome|last5=Finsa|first5=Mekuanenet Mulunhie|last6=Sharma|first6=Til Prasad Pangali|last7=Melesse|first7=Assefa Mekonnen|year=2022|title=Hydrological drought impacts on water storage variations: a focus on the role of vegetation changes in the East Africa region. A systematic review|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research|volume=29|issue=53|pages=80237–80256|doi=10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0|issn=0944-1344|pmid=36197619|bibcode=2022ESPR...2980237S|s2cid=252713722|url-access=subscription|hdl=10072/420991|hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Tasirin zamantakewa da lafiya === Mummunan tasirin fari ga mutane sun haɗa da gazawar amfanin gona, matsalar abinci, yunwa, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da talauci, wanda ke jawo mutuwa da hijirar jama’a.<ref name=":3" /> Fari na iya jawo ƙarancin ruwa, ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, tsadar abinci, da matsalolin lafiya. Rashin ingancin ruwa yana faruwa saboda ƙarancin kwarara yana rage narkewar gurbatattun abubuwa.<ref>Mosley LM (2014). Drought impacts on the water quality of freshwater systems; review and integration. Earth-Science Reviews. {{doi|10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.010}}.</ref> === Asarar ƙasa mai albarka === [[File:Loess.jpg|thumb|Loess – wani nau’in ƙasa mai laushi da iska ke ɗauka.]] Erosion ta iska tana tsananta a yankunan hamada da lokacin fari. Misali, a Great Plains, an kiyasta cewa asarar ƙasa ta iska na iya ninka sau 6100 a shekarun fari fiye da lokacin damina.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wiggs, Giles F.S.|title=Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=978-0-470-71076-0|editor=Thomas, David S.G.|page=588|chapter=Geomorphological hazards in drylands|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swz4rh4KaLYC&pg=PA588}}</ref> == Yankuna da fari ya fi shafa == === Kogin Amazon === A shekarar 2005, wasu sassan kwarin Amazon sun fuskanci mafi munin fari cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp|archive-date=2019-11-15|access-date=5 November 2017|website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref><ref name=":5">[http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm Drought Threatens Amazon Basin – Extreme conditions felt for second year running] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527104721/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm|date=May 27, 2013}}</ref> Wani rahoto a 2006 ya nuna cewa daji na iya jure fari na tsawon shekaru uku kawai.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/law-mixed-year-begins-and-ends-wrapped-up-in-straw-1191932.html Amazon rainforest 'could become a desert'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825064419/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/law-mixed-year-begins-and-ends-wrapped-up-in-straw-1191932.html|date=2017-08-25}}, The Independent, July 23, 2006.</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/fishermen-braced-for-quota-cuts-1191880.html Dying Forest: One year to save the Amazon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825060909/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/fishermen-braced-for-quota-cuts-1191880.html|date=2017-08-25}}, The Independent, July 23, 2006.</ref> Masana a Brazil National Institute of Amazonian Research sun yi gargadin cewa haɗin tasirin fari da sare daji yana iya kai dajin ga matakin da ba zai iya dawowa ba. WWF ta ce haɗin sauyin yanayi da sare daji yana ƙara bushewar itatuwa da ke haifar da gobarar daji.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518192545/http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/index.cfm?uNewsID=64220 Climate change a threat to Amazon rainforest, warns WWF], World Wide Fund for Nature, March 9, 2996.</ref> === Ostiraliya === Farin Millennium daga 1997–2009 ya jawo matsalar samar da ruwa a Ostiraliya. Saboda haka aka gina masana’antar tace ruwan teku. Babban yanki na Ostiraliya hamada ne ko ƙasa mai bushewa da ake kira outback. Wani bincike a 2005 ya nuna cewa mutanen farko da suka zauna a cikin ƙasar sun yi yawan ƙona ƙasa wanda ya hana damina shiga ciki.<ref>[https://www.geosociety.org/news/pr/05-01.htm Sensitivity of the Australian Monsoon to insolation and vegetation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615232508/http://geosociety.org/news/pr/05-01.htm|date=2010-06-15}}, Geological Society of America</ref> A 2008, kwamitin masana ya yi gargadin cewa yankin Murray-Darling zai iya fuskantar mummunan lalacewar muhalli idan bai samu ruwa ba.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7460492.stm Australian rivers 'face disaster'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813205109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7460492.stm|date=2021-08-13}}, BBC News</ref> Rahoton gwamnati ya ce Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani a nan gaba.<ref name=":6">[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707 Australia faces worse, more frequent droughts: study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120930/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707|date=2021-02-03}}, Reuters</ref> Tim Flannery ya yi hasashen cewa Perth na iya zama birni da aka bar saboda rashin ruwa.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm Metropolis strives to meet its thirst] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906083308/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm|date=2021-09-06}}, BBC News</ref> Fari ya ƙare a 2010. === Gabashin Afirka === Gabashin Afirka (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda da sauransu) na da yanayi mai bambanci daga busassun wurare zuwa wuraren da ke da damina. A arewa, damina tana daga Yuli zuwa Satumba, yayin da sauran yankuna ke da damina mai tsawo daga Maris zuwa Mayu da gajeriyar damina daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba. Yawan faruwar fari da ambaliya na cutar da al’umma mai fama da talauci.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Taye|first1=Meron Teferi|last2=Dyer|first2=Ellen|year=2024|title=Hydrologic Extremes in a Changing Climate: a Review of Extremes in East Africa|journal=Current Climate Change Reports|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1–11|doi=10.1007/s40641-024-00193-9|issn=2198-6061|doi-access=free|bibcode=2024CCCR...10....1T }}</ref> Fari ya jawo matsalar abinci a 1984–85, 2006 da 2011. Daga 2020–2023, yankin ya fuskanci fari mafi tsawo da ya shafi tsaro na abinci. Wasu yankuna kuma sun fuskanci ambaliya kamar na 2020 da 2022.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> === Kogunan Himalaya === [[File:Drought affected area in Karnataka, India, 2012.jpg|thumb|Yanki da fari ya shafa a Karnataka, India 2012.]] Kimanin mutane biliyan 2.4 suna zaune a kwarin kogunan Himalaya.<ref>{{cite web|title=People & the Planet > climate change > newsfile > big melt threatens millions, says un|url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819200515/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024|archive-date=19 August 2007|work=peopleandplanet.net}}</ref> India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal da Myanmar na iya fuskantar ambaliya da fari a nan gaba. Fari a Ganges na da matuƙar damuwa saboda yana samar da ruwan sha da ban ruwa ga mutane fiye da miliyan 500.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ganges, Indus may not survive: climatologists|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/24indus.htm|work=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=People's Daily Online – Glaciers melting at alarming speed|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html|work=People's Daily}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2004-11-10|title=Science/Nature – Himalaya glaciers melt unnoticed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3998967.stm|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> A 2025, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa narkewar kankara na iya barazana ga abinci da ruwan sha na mutane biliyan 2.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glacier meltdown risks food and water supply of 2 billion people, says UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/mar/20/glacier-meltdown-risks-food-and-water-supply-of-2bn-people-says-un |work=The Guardian |date=21 March 2025}}</ref> === Arewacin Amurka === Yankin yammacin Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke samun ruwa daga kank == Kariya, rage tasiri da taimako == [[File:FEMA - 917 - Photograph by Angel Santiago taken on 04-03-1998 in Marshall Islands.jpg|thumb|upright|Rarraba ruwa a Marshall Islands a lokacin El Niño.]] A fannin noma, mutane na iya rage tasirin fari ta hanyar ban ruwa da juyin amfanin gona. Rashin tsara dabarun rage tasirin fari na iya jawo mummunan sakamako ga rayuwar ɗan adam a wannan zamani, musamman saboda yawan jama’a da ke ƙaruwa. Dabarun kariya ko rage tasirin fari sun haɗa da: * Dam – dam da madatsun ruwa suna samar da ƙarin ruwa a lokacin fari.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Matt Weiser|author2=Jeremy B. White|date=2014-06-01|title=Should California build dams, reservoirs to help with future droughts?|url=http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/06/01/3956458/should-calif-add-new-dams.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320040153/http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/06/01/3956458/should-calif-add-new-dams.html|archive-date=2015-03-20|access-date=2015-02-18|newspaper=Fresno Bee}}</ref> * Cloud seeding – wata hanya ce ta canza yanayi don haifar da ruwan sama.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cloud seeding helps alleviate drought|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-07/24/content_351196.htm|work=China Daily}}</ref> Wannan batun yana da cece-kuce, domin rahoton da National Research Council na Amurka ya fitar a 2004 ya nuna babu hujja mai ƙarfi da ke tabbatar da ingancin wannan dabarar.<ref>{{cite book|last1=NRC|title=Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research|year=2003|isbn=978-0-309-09053-7|doi=10.17226/10829 |bibcode=2003nap..book10829N }}</ref> * Amfani da ƙasa – tsara juyin amfanin gona na iya rage lalacewar ƙasa da kuma ba manoma damar shuka amfanin da ba sa buƙatar ruwa da yawa a shekarun fari. * Transvasement – gina magudanan ruwa ko karkatar da koguna don samar da ban ruwa a yankunan da fari ke yawan faruwa. Idan ruwa ya yi ƙalubale saboda fari, akwai hanyoyi da dama da mutane za su iya samun ruwa daga wasu tushe, kamar amfani da ruwan da aka sake tacewa, tara ruwan sama, tara ruwan ambaliya, ko kuma tace ruwan teku. == Manazarta == 6xcd7ijzp42ajyp5622ihw9nvodhy8t 841985 841963 2026-05-28T23:09:17Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kariya, rage tasiri da taimako */ 841985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fari''' lokaci ne na bushewa fiye da yadda aka saba. {{Rp|1157}}Fari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki, watanni ko shekaru. Fari yakan yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin halittu da [[noma]] na yankunan da abin ya shafa, kuma yana haifar da illa ga [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arzikin]] yankin. Lokacin rani na shekara-shekara a [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yankunan zafi]] yana ƙara yiwuwar fari ya bunƙasa sosai, tare da ƙaruwar haɗarin gobarar daji daga baya. <ref name="Brando">{{Cite journal |last=Brando |first=Paulo M. |last2=Paolucci |first2=Lucas |last3=Ummenhofer |first3=Caroline C. |last4=Ordway |first4=Elsa M. |last5=Hartmann |first5=Henrik |last6=Cattau |first6=Megan E. |last7=Rattis |first7=Ludmila |last8=Medjibe |first8=Vincent |last9=Coe |first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer |date=30 May 2019 |title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=555–581 |bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 |issn=0084-6597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Guguwar zafi|Raƙuman zafi]] na iya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin fari sosai ta hanyar ƙara yawan fitar da hayaki . Wannan yana busar da dazuzzuka da sauran ciyayi, kuma yana ƙara yawan mai ga gobarar daji. <ref name="Brando" /> <ref name="Hartmann">{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author-link8=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> fari alama ce ta sauyawa a mafi yawan sassan duniya, ya zama mafi tsananin gaske kuma ba za a iya hango shi ba saboda [[Canjin yanayi]], wanda binciken dendrochronological ya samo asali ne daga 1900. Akwai nau'ikan tasirin fari guda uku, muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tasirin muhalli sun haɗa da bushewar wuraren da ke da ruwa, ƙarin gobarar daji, [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]]. Tasirin tattalin arziki na fari ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin [[noma]] da kiwon dabbobi (wanda ke haifar da [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]), gandun daji, samar da ruwa na jama'a, kewayawar kogi (saboda misali: ƙananan matakan ruwa), samar da wutar lantarki (ta hanyar shafar tsarin wutar lantarki) da kuma tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming-Muñoz |first=David A. |last2=Whitten |first2=Stuart |last3=Bonnett |first3=Graham D. |date=28 June 2023 |title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs |journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=501–523 |doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527 |issn=1364-985X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kudin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan abu kai tsaye (rashin zafi mai yawa), tsadar abinci mai yawa, damuwa da girbi ya haifar, karancin ruwa, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=Carla |last2=Kerac |first2=Marko |last3=Prudhomme |first3=Christel |last4=Medlock |first4=Jolyon |last5=Murray |first5=Virginia |date=2013-06-05 |title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsawon fari ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa da Rikicin jin kai.<ref name="Stanke">{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=C |last2=Kerac |first2=M |last3=Prudhomme |first3=C |last4=Medlock |first4=J |last5=Murray |first5=V |date=5 June 2013 |title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence. |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellizzi |first=Saverio |last2=Lane |first2=Chris |last3=Elhakim |first3=Mohamed |last4=Nabeth |first4=Pierre |date=12 November 2020 |title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions |journal=Environmental Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=114 |bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B |doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z |issn=1476-069X |pmc=7659048 |pmid=33183302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan yankuna da ke da haɗarin fari sune Yankin Amazon, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], yankin [[Sahel]] da [[Indiya]]. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2005, sassan Yankin Amazon sun fuskanci fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref> Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani kuma za su iya zama masu yawa a nan gaba, rahoton da gwamnati ta bayar ya ce a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2008. Tsawon fari na Australiya na Millennial ya ɓarke a cikin 2010. Rashin fari na Horn of Africa na 2020-2022 ya wuce mummunan fari a cikin 2010-2011 a duka tsawon lokaci da tsananin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Daisy |date=2022-10-26 |title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022 |access-date=2022-10-29 |publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, mutane galibi suna kallon fari a matsayin bala'o'i saboda tasirin da ke tattare da wadatar abinci da sauran al'umma. Mutane sun kalli fari a matsayin bala'i na halitta ko kuma wani abu da aikin ɗan adam ya rinjayi, ko kuma sakamakon ikon allahntaka. == Ma'ana == [[Fayil:Fields_outside_benambra.jpg|right|thumb|Filin da ke waje da Benambra, Ostiraliya da ke fama da fari a shekara ta 2006.]] Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana fari kawai a matsayin "mai tsanani fiye da yanayin al'ada". :{{Rp|1157}} Wannan yana nufin cewa fari shine "rashin danshi dangane da matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a wani wuri da kuma lokacin da aka ba shi".<ref name=":2" /> : 1157 {{Rp|1157}} Dangane da National Integrated Drought Information System, haɗin gwiwar hukumomi da yawa, ana bayyana fari gabaɗaya a matsayin "rashin hazo a tsawon lokaci (yawanci lokaci ɗaya ko fiye), wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa". Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Kasa na [[Gudanar da Tsarin Ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa|NOAA]] ya bayyana fari a matsayin "rashin danshi wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutane, dabbobi, ko ciyayi a kan yanki mai girma".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought Basics |url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Drought.gov |publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}</ref> fari abu ne mai rikitarwa − wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa − wanda ke leken sa ido da bayyanawa. A farkon shekarun 1980, an riga an buga ma'anoni sama da 150 na "bishi". Yanayin ma'anar yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna, buƙatu, da hanyoyin horo. == Rukuni == Akwai manyan rukuni uku na fari bisa ga inda ƙarancin danshi ya faru a cikin zagayowar ruwa: fari na yanayi, fari na ruwa, da fari na noma ko muhalli.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Fari na yanayi yana faruwa saboda rashin ruwan sama. Fari na ruwa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin gudu, kwarara, da ajiyar ruwa a tafkuna da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=14 April 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained|journal=WIREs Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V|issn=2049-1948|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fari na noma ko muhalli yana jawo damuwa ga tsirrai ta hanyar haɗin bushewar ruwa da ƙarancin danshi a ƙasa.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna ƙara wani rukuni: fari na tattalin arziki yana faruwa idan buƙatar wani kayan tattalin arziki ta wuce abin da ake da shi sakamakon ƙarancin ruwa da ya shafi yanayi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32" /> Fari na tattalin arziki yana kama da ra'ayin ƙarancin ruwa. Rukunan fari suna da dalilai daban-daban amma suna haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya: # Fari na yanayi yana faruwa idan lokaci ya yi tsawo ba tare da ruwan sama da ya kai matsakaici ba.<ref name="IGARSS2017">{{cite book|last1=Swain|display-authors=etal|first1=S|title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)|chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India|volume=2017|pages=5505–5507|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6|s2cid=26920225}}</ref> Fari na yanayi yawanci yana gabatar da sauran nau'ikan fari.<ref name="NOAAsurprise">{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=What is a Drought?|date=August 2006|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=2007-04-10}}</ref> Idan fari ya ci gaba, yanayin da ke kewaye da shi yana ƙara muni kuma tasirinsa ga al'umma yana ƙaruwa. # Fari na ruwa yana faruwa idan ajiyar ruwa da ake da shi a wurare kamar rijiyoyi, tafkuna da madatsun ruwa ya ragu ƙasa da matsakaici ko wani matakin da aka ɗauka muhimmanci a yankin. Fari na ruwa yana bayyana a hankali saboda yana shafar ruwan da aka adana wanda ake amfani da shi amma ba a sabunta shi ba. Saboda kusancin hulɗa da amfani da ruwa, wannan nau'in fari yana iya samun tasirin sarrafa ruwa. An gano tasirin ɗan adam mai kyau da mara kyau, kuma dabarun sarrafa ruwa suna da muhimmanci wajen rage tasirin fari.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van Loon|first1=Anne F.|last2=Stahl|first2=Kerstin|last3=Di Baldassarre|first3=Giuliano|last4=Clark|first4=Julian|last5=Rangecroft|first5=Sally|last6=Wanders|first6=Niko|last7=Gleeson|first7=Tom|last8=Van Dijk|first8=Albert I. J. M.|last9=Tallaksen|first9=Lena M. |last10=Hannaford |first10=Jamie|last11=Uijlenhoet|first11=Remko|last12=Teuling|first12=Adriaan J.|last13=Hannah|first13=David M.|last14=Sheffield|first14=Justin|last15=Svoboda|first15=Mark|date=2016-09-08|title=Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/3631/2016/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=20|issue=9|pages=3631–3650|doi=10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016HESS...20.3631V|issn=1027-5606|hdl=1885/152821|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wendt|first1=Doris E.|last2=Van Loon|first2=Anne F.|last3=Bloomfield|first3=John P.|last4=Hannah|first4=David M.|date=2020-10-13|title=Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/4853/2020/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=24|issue=10|pages=4853–4868|doi=10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020HESS...24.4853W|issn=1027-5606}}</ref> Kamar fari na noma, fari na ruwa na iya faruwa ba wai kawai saboda rashin ruwan sama ba. Misali, a kusa da shekarar 2007 Kazakhstan ta samu kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya don dawo da ruwa da aka karkatar zuwa wasu ƙasashe daga Tafkin Aral a ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet.<ref>{{cite news|date=2007-04-09|title=Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm}}</ref> Irin wannan yanayi yana sa babban tafkinsu, Balkhash, cikin haɗarin bushewa gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news|date=2004-01-15|title=Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm}}</ref> # Fari na noma ko muhalli yana shafar samar da amfanin gona ko tsarin halittu gaba ɗaya. Wannan yanayi na iya faruwa ba tare da wani canji a matakin ruwan sama ba idan ƙaruwa a ban ruwa ko yanayin ƙasa da lalacewa sakamakon ayyukan noma da ba a tsara su da kyau ba suka jawo ƙarancin ruwa ga amfanin gona. == Dalilai == [[File:Drought.jpg|thumb|upright| Fashewa da bushewar ƙasa a hamadar Sonora, arewa maso yammacin Mexico]] === Rashin ruwan sama gaba ɗaya === Hanyoyin samar da ruwan sama sun haɗa da convective, stratiform,<ref>{{cite journal|title=A convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm for volume scanning weather radar observations|author=Emmanouil N. Anagnostou|journal=Meteorological Applications|year=2004|volume=11|pages=291–300|doi=10.1017/S1350482704001409|issue=4|bibcode=2004MeApp..11..291A|doi-access=free}}</ref> da orographic rainfall.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia|author1=A.J. Dore|author2=M. Mousavi-Baygi|author3=R.I. Smith|author4=J. Hall|author5=D. Fowler|author6=T.W. Choularton|journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=40|date=June 2006|pages=3316–3326|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043|issue=18|bibcode=2006AtmEn..40.3316D}}</ref> Convective yana nufin motsi mai ƙarfi a tsaye wanda zai iya jawo ruwan sama mai yawa,<ref name="convection">{{cite book|author=Robert Penrose Pearce|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66|title=Meteorology at the Millennium|publisher=Academic Press|page=66|isbn=978-0-12-548035-2|access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref> yayin da stratiform ke nufin motsi mai rauni da ruwan sama mai sauƙi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cloud dynamics|last=Houze|first=Robert A. Jr.|date=1993|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-050210-6|location=San Diego|oclc=427392836}}</ref> Ruwan sama ana rarrabe shi zuwa rukuni uku: ruwa mai laushi, ruwa da ke daskarewa a lokacin da ya taɓa ƙasa, ko kankara. Fari yana faruwa a wuraren da ruwan sama na al’ada ya ragu. Idan waɗannan abubuwa ba su tallafa isasshen ruwan sama ba, sakamakon shi ne fari. Fari na iya faruwa saboda hasken rana mai ƙarfi, yawaitar tsarin matsin lamba mai ƙarfi, iska daga ƙasa maimakon teku, da ridges na matsin lamba a sama wanda ke hana hadari da ruwan sama. Da zarar yankin ya shiga fari, abubuwan kamar iska mai bushewa,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lbixDAw5DwC&pg=PA22|page=22|title=Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought|author1=Roland Paepe|author2=Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge|author3=Saskia Jelgersma|date=1990|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-7923-1017-4}}</ref> yanayi mai zafi,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvJyVtw53Y4C&pg=PA48|pages=48–49|title=The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña|author1=Joseph S. D'Aleo|author2=Pamela G. Grube|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-378-9}}</ref> da ƙarancin evapotranspiration na iya ƙara tsananta fari. ==== Lokacin bushewa ==== A cikin yankunan zafi, akwai lokacin damina da lokacin bushewa saboda motsin Intertropical Convergence Zone ko Monsoon trough.<ref name="Wang">{{cite book|author=Bin Wang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRT57TENzT8C&pg=PT206|title=The Asian Monsoon|date=2006-01-13|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-40610-5|page=206}}</ref> Lokacin bushewa yana ƙara yawan faruwar fari,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6r9jUTzJiYC&pg=PA349|page=349|title=Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought: A Global Study: A Global Study|author1=Vijendra K. Boken|author2=Arthur P. Cracknell|author3=Ronald L. Heathcote|date=2005-03-24|isbn=978-0-19-803678-4|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> kuma ana gane shi da ƙarancin danshi, tafkuna da koguna suna bushewa. Saboda haka dabbobin kiwo kamar zakaru, giwaye, da wildebeest suna yin hijira. Rashin ruwa a tsirrai yana jawo gobarar daji.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|title=Wet & Dry Seasons|access-date=2018-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320141721/http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|archive-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> Yanayi mai zafi yana hanzarta girma na kayan lambu,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|page=19|title=Home Vegetable Gardening in Kentucky|author=Cooperative Extension Service|publisher=University of Kentucky|date=January 2014|access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> yana ƙara evaporation da transpiration daga tsirrai,<ref>{{cite web|author=North Carolina State University|title=Evapotranspiration|url=https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|date=2013-08-09|access-date=2015-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219045714/https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|archive-date=2015-02-19|author-link=North Carolina State University}}</ref> kuma yana tsananta fari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|date=2002-05-16|access-date=2015-02-18|title=Warm Temperatures and Severe Drought Continued in April Throughout Parts of the United States; Global Temperature For April Second Warmest on Record|author=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219055008/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|archive-date=Feb 19, 2015}}</ref> ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da fari. ENSO yana ƙunshe da yanayin zafin ruwa a tsakiyar Tekun Pasifik, wanda ake kira La Niña da El Niño. La Niña yawanci yana da alaƙa da yanayi mai bushewa da zafi, yana tsananta fari a California da yankin kudu maso yammacin Amurka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/nation-world/la-nina-west-coast-climate/507-f792ab4a-bc35-4e45-9de1-08d8379dfc9b|title=Weather's unwanted guest: Nasty La Niña keeps popping up|author=Seth Borenstein|publisher=9news.com.au.com|date=May 28, 2022|access-date=June 4, 2022|quote=Scientists are noticing that in the past 25 years the world seems to be getting more La Niñas than it used to...|url-status=live}}</ref> A lokacin El Niño, yanayi mai bushewa da zafi yana faruwa a yankin kogin Amazon, Colombia, da Amurka ta Tsakiya. A lokacin hunturu, yankin arewacin Amurka yana samun ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara. Haka kuma, yanayi mai bushewa yana faruwa daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu a Afirka ta Kudu, musamman a Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, da Botswana. Tasirin El Niño yana haifar da gobarar daji, hazo, da ƙarancin ingancin. == Tasiri == [[File:Global Drought Total Economic Loss Risk Deciles (5457316295).jpg|thumb|Hadarin asarar tattalin arziki na fari a duniya]] [[File:DroughtinNamibia.jpg|thumb|right| Oryx biyu da suka mutu a Namibia a lokacin farin 2018–19 a Kudancin Afirka.]] [[File:Ruins_at_Farina.JPG|thumb|Bayan shekaru na fari da guguwa, garin Farina a Kudancin Ostiraliya ya zama kango.]] Fari yana daga cikin manyan bala’o’in halitta, kuma yana da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli, tattalin arziki, albarkatun ruwa, noma, da al’umma a duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Gebrechorkos|first1=Solomon H.|last2=Peng|first2=Jian|last3=Dyer|first3=Ellen|last4=Miralles|first4=Diego G.|last5=Vicente-Serrano|first5=Sergio M.|last6=Funk|first6=Chris|last7=Beck|first7=Hylke E.|last8=Asfaw|first8=Dagmawi T.|last9=Singer|first9=Michael B. |last10=Dadson |first10=Simon J.|year=2023|title=Global high-resolution drought indices for 1981–2022|url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/5449/2023/|journal=Earth System Science Data|volume=15|issue=12|pages=5449–5466|doi=10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023|issn=1866-3516|doi-access=free|bibcode=2023ESSD...15.5449G|hdl=10754/693396|hdl-access=free}} File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px Rubutu an kwafa daga wannan tushe, wanda yake ƙarƙashin lasisin Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International</ref> Ana iya rarrabe tasirin fari zuwa rukuni uku: muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (ciki har da lafiya). === Tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziki === File:Mixed Douglas-fir - Western Redcedar forest, with some Western Redcedar dying from drought; Arlington, Washington, 2018 (29721380337).jpg| thumb|right | Itacen red cedar a Amurka yana mutuwa saboda fari, 2018 Tasirin muhalli na fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a matakin ruwa a saman ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙarancin kwarara (wanda ke haifar da haɗari ga rayuwar dabbobin ruwa), ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, bushewar fadama, yawaitar gobarar daji, asarar nau’o’in halittu, rashin lafiyar itatuwa da yaduwar kwari da cututtukan itace.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite journal|last1=Zimmer|first1=Katarina|title=Dead trees around the world are shocking scientists|journal=Knowable Magazine|date=17 August 2023|doi=10.1146/knowable-081723-2|doi-access=free|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2023/dead-trees-shocking-scientists|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Hartmann">{{cite journal|last1=Hartmann|first1=Henrik|last2=Bastos|first2=Ana|last3=Das|first3=Adrian J.|last4=Esquivel-Muelbert|first4=Adriane|last5=Hammond|first5=William M.|last6=Martínez-Vilalta|first6=Jordi|last7=McDowell|first7=Nate G.|last8=Powers|first8=Jennifer S.|author8-link=Jennifer Sarah Powers|last9=Pugh|first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X.|last11=Allen|first11=Craig D.|title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide|journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology|date=20 May 2022|volume=73|issue=1|pages=673–702|doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804|doi-access=free|pmid=35231182|bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H|issn=1543-5008}}</ref> Asarar tattalin arziki sakamakon fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a samar da amfanin gona, gandun daji, kiwo da kamun kifi, ƙaruwa a farashin abinci, ƙarancin samar da wutar lantarki daga madatsun ruwa, asarar kudaden yawon shakatawa da sufuri, matsaloli a samar da ruwa ga masana’antu da birane. An kiyasta cewa fari ya jawo asarar dala biliyan 278 daga 1991 zuwa 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en |title=The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140180-4 |language=English |doi=10.4060/cd7185en}}</ref> === Tasirin noma === File:Soil moisture and climate change.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Tasirin sauyin yanayi ga danshin ƙasa a lokacin dumamar duniya 2 °C. File:Economic loss in agriculture and non-agricultural sectors by hazard type (share).svg|thumb|Asarar tattalin arziki a noma da sauran fannoni sakamakon fari. Fari na iya jawo lalacewar ƙasa da asarar danshi, wanda ke rage yawan amfanin gona.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Seka|first1=Ayalkibet Mekonnen|last2=Zhang|first2=Jiahua|last3=Prodhan|first3=Foyez Ahmed|last4=Ayele|first4=Gebiaw Teshome|last5=Finsa|first5=Mekuanenet Mulunhie|last6=Sharma|first6=Til Prasad Pangali|last7=Melesse|first7=Assefa Mekonnen|year=2022|title=Hydrological drought impacts on water storage variations: a focus on the role of vegetation changes in the East Africa region. A systematic review|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research|volume=29|issue=53|pages=80237–80256|doi=10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0|issn=0944-1344|pmid=36197619|bibcode=2022ESPR...2980237S|s2cid=252713722|url-access=subscription|hdl=10072/420991|hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Tasirin zamantakewa da lafiya === Mummunan tasirin fari ga mutane sun haɗa da gazawar amfanin gona, matsalar abinci, yunwa, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da talauci, wanda ke jawo mutuwa da hijirar jama’a.<ref name=":3" /> Fari na iya jawo ƙarancin ruwa, ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, tsadar abinci, da matsalolin lafiya. Rashin ingancin ruwa yana faruwa saboda ƙarancin kwarara yana rage narkewar gurbatattun abubuwa.<ref>Mosley LM (2014). Drought impacts on the water quality of freshwater systems; review and integration. Earth-Science Reviews. {{doi|10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.010}}.</ref> === Asarar ƙasa mai albarka === [[File:Loess.jpg|thumb|Loess – wani nau’in ƙasa mai laushi da iska ke ɗauka.]] Erosion ta iska tana tsananta a yankunan hamada da lokacin fari. Misali, a Great Plains, an kiyasta cewa asarar ƙasa ta iska na iya ninka sau 6100 a shekarun fari fiye da lokacin damina.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wiggs, Giles F.S.|title=Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=978-0-470-71076-0|editor=Thomas, David S.G.|page=588|chapter=Geomorphological hazards in drylands|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swz4rh4KaLYC&pg=PA588}}</ref> == Yankuna da fari ya fi shafa == === Kogin Amazon === A shekarar 2005, wasu sassan kwarin Amazon sun fuskanci mafi munin fari cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp|archive-date=2019-11-15|access-date=5 November 2017|website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref><ref name=":5">[http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm Drought Threatens Amazon Basin – Extreme conditions felt for second year running] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527104721/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm|date=May 27, 2013}}</ref> Wani rahoto a 2006 ya nuna cewa daji na iya jure fari na tsawon shekaru uku kawai.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/law-mixed-year-begins-and-ends-wrapped-up-in-straw-1191932.html Amazon rainforest 'could become a desert'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825064419/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/law-mixed-year-begins-and-ends-wrapped-up-in-straw-1191932.html|date=2017-08-25}}, The Independent, July 23, 2006.</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/fishermen-braced-for-quota-cuts-1191880.html Dying Forest: One year to save the Amazon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825060909/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/fishermen-braced-for-quota-cuts-1191880.html|date=2017-08-25}}, The Independent, July 23, 2006.</ref> Masana a Brazil National Institute of Amazonian Research sun yi gargadin cewa haɗin tasirin fari da sare daji yana iya kai dajin ga matakin da ba zai iya dawowa ba. WWF ta ce haɗin sauyin yanayi da sare daji yana ƙara bushewar itatuwa da ke haifar da gobarar daji.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518192545/http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/index.cfm?uNewsID=64220 Climate change a threat to Amazon rainforest, warns WWF], World Wide Fund for Nature, March 9, 2996.</ref> === Ostiraliya === Farin Millennium daga 1997–2009 ya jawo matsalar samar da ruwa a Ostiraliya. Saboda haka aka gina masana’antar tace ruwan teku. Babban yanki na Ostiraliya hamada ne ko ƙasa mai bushewa da ake kira outback. Wani bincike a 2005 ya nuna cewa mutanen farko da suka zauna a cikin ƙasar sun yi yawan ƙona ƙasa wanda ya hana damina shiga ciki.<ref>[https://www.geosociety.org/news/pr/05-01.htm Sensitivity of the Australian Monsoon to insolation and vegetation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615232508/http://geosociety.org/news/pr/05-01.htm|date=2010-06-15}}, Geological Society of America</ref> A 2008, kwamitin masana ya yi gargadin cewa yankin Murray-Darling zai iya fuskantar mummunan lalacewar muhalli idan bai samu ruwa ba.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7460492.stm Australian rivers 'face disaster'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813205109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7460492.stm|date=2021-08-13}}, BBC News</ref> Rahoton gwamnati ya ce Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani a nan gaba.<ref name=":6">[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707 Australia faces worse, more frequent droughts: study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120930/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707|date=2021-02-03}}, Reuters</ref> Tim Flannery ya yi hasashen cewa Perth na iya zama birni da aka bar saboda rashin ruwa.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm Metropolis strives to meet its thirst] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906083308/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm|date=2021-09-06}}, BBC News</ref> Fari ya ƙare a 2010. === Gabashin Afirka === Gabashin Afirka (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda da sauransu) na da yanayi mai bambanci daga busassun wurare zuwa wuraren da ke da damina. A arewa, damina tana daga Yuli zuwa Satumba, yayin da sauran yankuna ke da damina mai tsawo daga Maris zuwa Mayu da gajeriyar damina daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba. Yawan faruwar fari da ambaliya na cutar da al’umma mai fama da talauci.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Taye|first1=Meron Teferi|last2=Dyer|first2=Ellen|year=2024|title=Hydrologic Extremes in a Changing Climate: a Review of Extremes in East Africa|journal=Current Climate Change Reports|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1–11|doi=10.1007/s40641-024-00193-9|issn=2198-6061|doi-access=free|bibcode=2024CCCR...10....1T }}</ref> Fari ya jawo matsalar abinci a 1984–85, 2006 da 2011. Daga 2020–2023, yankin ya fuskanci fari mafi tsawo da ya shafi tsaro na abinci. Wasu yankuna kuma sun fuskanci ambaliya kamar na 2020 da 2022.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> === Kogunan Himalaya === [[File:Drought affected area in Karnataka, India, 2012.jpg|thumb|Yanki da fari ya shafa a Karnataka, India 2012.]] Kimanin mutane biliyan 2.4 suna zaune a kwarin kogunan Himalaya.<ref>{{cite web|title=People & the Planet > climate change > newsfile > big melt threatens millions, says un|url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819200515/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024|archive-date=19 August 2007|work=peopleandplanet.net}}</ref> India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal da Myanmar na iya fuskantar ambaliya da fari a nan gaba. Fari a Ganges na da matuƙar damuwa saboda yana samar da ruwan sha da ban ruwa ga mutane fiye da miliyan 500.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ganges, Indus may not survive: climatologists|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/24indus.htm|work=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=People's Daily Online – Glaciers melting at alarming speed|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html|work=People's Daily}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2004-11-10|title=Science/Nature – Himalaya glaciers melt unnoticed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3998967.stm|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> A 2025, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa narkewar kankara na iya barazana ga abinci da ruwan sha na mutane biliyan 2.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glacier meltdown risks food and water supply of 2 billion people, says UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/mar/20/glacier-meltdown-risks-food-and-water-supply-of-2bn-people-says-un |work=The Guardian |date=21 March 2025}}</ref> === Arewacin Amurka === Yankin yammacin Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke samun ruwa daga kank == Kariya, rage tasiri da taimako == [[File:FEMA - 917 - Photograph by Angel Santiago taken on 04-03-1998 in Marshall Islands.jpg|thumb|upright|Rarraba ruwa a Marshall Islands a lokacin El Niño.]] A fannin noma, mutane na iya rage tasirin fari ta hanyar ban ruwa da juyin amfanin gona. Rashin tsara dabarun rage tasirin fari na iya jawo mummunan sakamako ga rayuwar ɗan adam a wannan zamani, musamman saboda yawan jama’a da ke ƙaruwa. Dabarun kariya ko rage tasirin fari sun haɗa da: * Dam – dam da madatsun ruwa suna samar da ƙarin ruwa a lokacin fari.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Matt Weiser|author2=Jeremy B. White|date=2014-06-01|title=Should California build dams, reservoirs to help with future droughts?|url=http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/06/01/3956458/should-calif-add-new-dams.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320040153/http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/06/01/3956458/should-calif-add-new-dams.html|archive-date=2015-03-20|access-date=2015-02-18|newspaper=Fresno Bee}}</ref> * Cloud seeding – wata hanya ce ta canza yanayi don haifar da ruwan sama.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cloud seeding helps alleviate drought|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-07/24/content_351196.htm|work=China Daily}}</ref> Wannan batun yana da cece-kuce, domin rahoton da National Research Council na Amurka ya fitar a 2004 ya nuna babu hujja mai ƙarfi da ke tabbatar da ingancin wannan dabarar.<ref>{{cite book|last1=NRC|title=Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research|year=2003|isbn=978-0-309-09053-7|doi=10.17226/10829 |bibcode=2003nap..book10829N }}</ref> * Amfani da ƙasa – tsara juyin amfanin gona na iya rage lalacewar ƙasa da kuma ba manoma damar shuka amfanin da ba sa buƙatar ruwa da yawa a shekarun fari. * Transvasement – gina magudanan ruwa ko karkatar da koguna don samar da ban ruwa a yankunan da fari ke yawan faruwa. Idan ruwa ya yi ƙalubale saboda fari, akwai hanyoyi da dama da mutane za su iya samun ruwa daga wasu tushe, kamar amfani da ruwan da aka sake tacewa, tara ruwan sama, tara ruwan ambaliya, ko kuma tace ruwan teku. == Tarihi == {{See also|List of droughts}} File:Dust Bowl - Dallas, South Dakota 1936.jpg|thumb|Gona a South Dakota lokacin Dust Bowl, 1936 A cikin tarihi, mutane kan dauki fari a matsayin masifa saboda tasirinsa ga abincin da ake samu da kuma sauran al’umma. Fari yana daga cikin abubuwan yanayi na farko da aka rubuta, yana bayyana a cikin Epic of Gilgamesh kuma yana da alaka da labarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na zuwan Joseph a Masar da kuma daga baya fitar Isra’ilawa daga Masar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Weather Centre – Features – History and Religion – Weather in the Bible – Drought and Famine|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/bible_drought.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040110002457/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/bible_drought.shtml|archive-date=10 January 2004|access-date=5 November 2017}}</ref> Hijirar masu farauta da masu tara abinci a Chile a shekara ta 9,500 BC an danganta da wannan al’amari,<ref>{{cite web|title=Ancient Chile Migration Mystery Tied to Drought|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/10/1024_021024_ChileAtacama.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021028200916/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/10/1024_021024_ChileAtacama.html|archive-date=October 28, 2002|work=National Geographic}}</ref> haka kuma fitar tsoffin mutane daga Afirka zuwa sauran duniya kimanin shekaru 135,000 da suka gabata.<ref>[http://azstarnet.com/all-headlines/205715m/ Drought pushed ancient African immigration ]{{dead link|date=December 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ana iya bayyana faruwar fari ta hanyar kimiyya dangane da tsarin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da bala’o’i na halitta kuma yana shafar muhalli ta hannun mutane.<ref name="Savelli">{{cite journal|last1=Savelli|first1=Elisa|last2=Rusca|first2=Maria|last3=Cloke|first3=Hannah|last4=Di Baldassarre|first4=Giuliano|title=Drought and society: Scientific progress, blind spots, and future prospects|journal=WIREs Climate Change|date=May 2022|volume=13|issue=3|article-number=e761|doi=10.1002/wcc.761|issn=1757-7780|doi-access=free|pmid=35864922|pmc=9286479|bibcode=2022WIRCC..13E.761S}}</ref> Akidar mutane game da fari kuma tana shafar al’adu, ilimin gargajiya, fahimta, dabi’u, imani da addini. A wasu wurare da lokuta, fari ana fassara shi a matsayin aikin karfin aljanu.<ref name="Salite"/> A duniya, mutane a cikin al’ummomi da dama sun fi bayyana abubuwan halitta kamar fari, yunwa da cuta da aljanu fiye da yadda suke bayyana abubuwan zamantakewa kamar yaki, kisa, da sata.<ref name="Wrethman">{{cite news|last1=Wrethman|first1=Emily|title=How societies use supernatural forces to explain earthly events|url=https://mdhs.unimelb.edu.au/news-and-events/how-societies-use-supernatural-forces-to-explain-earthly-events|work=Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences|date=4 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="Jackson">{{cite journal|last1=Jackson|first1=Joshua Conrad|last2=Dillion|first2=Danica|last3=Bastian|first3=Brock|last4=Watts|first4=Joseph|last5=Buckner|first5=William|last6=DiMaggio|first6=Nicholas|last7=Gray|first7=Kurt|title=Supernatural explanations across 114 societies are more common for natural than social phenomena|journal=Nature Human Behaviour|date=May 2023|volume=7|issue=5|pages=707–717|doi=10.1038/s41562-023-01558-0|issn=2397-3374|doi-access=free|pmid=37012368}}</ref> Dangantakar fari da abubuwan tarihi kamar rikice-rikice ko rushewar siyasa har yanzu tana da wahala a tantance saboda dabarun rubutu da == Manazarta == 5yupwjg1vorttxf9tghp88xyvso287v 841988 841985 2026-05-28T23:09:33Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tarihi */ 841988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fari''' lokaci ne na bushewa fiye da yadda aka saba. {{Rp|1157}}Fari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki, watanni ko shekaru. Fari yakan yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin halittu da [[noma]] na yankunan da abin ya shafa, kuma yana haifar da illa ga [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arzikin]] yankin. Lokacin rani na shekara-shekara a [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yankunan zafi]] yana ƙara yiwuwar fari ya bunƙasa sosai, tare da ƙaruwar haɗarin gobarar daji daga baya. <ref name="Brando">{{Cite journal |last=Brando |first=Paulo M. |last2=Paolucci |first2=Lucas |last3=Ummenhofer |first3=Caroline C. |last4=Ordway |first4=Elsa M. |last5=Hartmann |first5=Henrik |last6=Cattau |first6=Megan E. |last7=Rattis |first7=Ludmila |last8=Medjibe |first8=Vincent |last9=Coe |first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer |date=30 May 2019 |title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=555–581 |bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 |issn=0084-6597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Guguwar zafi|Raƙuman zafi]] na iya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin fari sosai ta hanyar ƙara yawan fitar da hayaki . Wannan yana busar da dazuzzuka da sauran ciyayi, kuma yana ƙara yawan mai ga gobarar daji. <ref name="Brando" /> <ref name="Hartmann">{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author-link8=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> fari alama ce ta sauyawa a mafi yawan sassan duniya, ya zama mafi tsananin gaske kuma ba za a iya hango shi ba saboda [[Canjin yanayi]], wanda binciken dendrochronological ya samo asali ne daga 1900. Akwai nau'ikan tasirin fari guda uku, muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tasirin muhalli sun haɗa da bushewar wuraren da ke da ruwa, ƙarin gobarar daji, [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]]. Tasirin tattalin arziki na fari ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin [[noma]] da kiwon dabbobi (wanda ke haifar da [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]), gandun daji, samar da ruwa na jama'a, kewayawar kogi (saboda misali: ƙananan matakan ruwa), samar da wutar lantarki (ta hanyar shafar tsarin wutar lantarki) da kuma tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming-Muñoz |first=David A. |last2=Whitten |first2=Stuart |last3=Bonnett |first3=Graham D. |date=28 June 2023 |title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs |journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=501–523 |doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527 |issn=1364-985X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kudin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan abu kai tsaye (rashin zafi mai yawa), tsadar abinci mai yawa, damuwa da girbi ya haifar, karancin ruwa, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=Carla |last2=Kerac |first2=Marko |last3=Prudhomme |first3=Christel |last4=Medlock |first4=Jolyon |last5=Murray |first5=Virginia |date=2013-06-05 |title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsawon fari ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa da Rikicin jin kai.<ref name="Stanke">{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=C |last2=Kerac |first2=M |last3=Prudhomme |first3=C |last4=Medlock |first4=J |last5=Murray |first5=V |date=5 June 2013 |title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence. |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellizzi |first=Saverio |last2=Lane |first2=Chris |last3=Elhakim |first3=Mohamed |last4=Nabeth |first4=Pierre |date=12 November 2020 |title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions |journal=Environmental Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=114 |bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B |doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z |issn=1476-069X |pmc=7659048 |pmid=33183302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan yankuna da ke da haɗarin fari sune Yankin Amazon, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], yankin [[Sahel]] da [[Indiya]]. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2005, sassan Yankin Amazon sun fuskanci fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref> Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani kuma za su iya zama masu yawa a nan gaba, rahoton da gwamnati ta bayar ya ce a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2008. Tsawon fari na Australiya na Millennial ya ɓarke a cikin 2010. Rashin fari na Horn of Africa na 2020-2022 ya wuce mummunan fari a cikin 2010-2011 a duka tsawon lokaci da tsananin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Daisy |date=2022-10-26 |title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022 |access-date=2022-10-29 |publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, mutane galibi suna kallon fari a matsayin bala'o'i saboda tasirin da ke tattare da wadatar abinci da sauran al'umma. Mutane sun kalli fari a matsayin bala'i na halitta ko kuma wani abu da aikin ɗan adam ya rinjayi, ko kuma sakamakon ikon allahntaka. == Ma'ana == [[Fayil:Fields_outside_benambra.jpg|right|thumb|Filin da ke waje da Benambra, Ostiraliya da ke fama da fari a shekara ta 2006.]] Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana fari kawai a matsayin "mai tsanani fiye da yanayin al'ada". :{{Rp|1157}} Wannan yana nufin cewa fari shine "rashin danshi dangane da matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a wani wuri da kuma lokacin da aka ba shi".<ref name=":2" /> : 1157 {{Rp|1157}} Dangane da National Integrated Drought Information System, haɗin gwiwar hukumomi da yawa, ana bayyana fari gabaɗaya a matsayin "rashin hazo a tsawon lokaci (yawanci lokaci ɗaya ko fiye), wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa". Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Kasa na [[Gudanar da Tsarin Ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa|NOAA]] ya bayyana fari a matsayin "rashin danshi wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutane, dabbobi, ko ciyayi a kan yanki mai girma".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought Basics |url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Drought.gov |publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}</ref> fari abu ne mai rikitarwa − wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa − wanda ke leken sa ido da bayyanawa. A farkon shekarun 1980, an riga an buga ma'anoni sama da 150 na "bishi". Yanayin ma'anar yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna, buƙatu, da hanyoyin horo. == Rukuni == Akwai manyan rukuni uku na fari bisa ga inda ƙarancin danshi ya faru a cikin zagayowar ruwa: fari na yanayi, fari na ruwa, da fari na noma ko muhalli.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Fari na yanayi yana faruwa saboda rashin ruwan sama. Fari na ruwa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin gudu, kwarara, da ajiyar ruwa a tafkuna da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=14 April 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained|journal=WIREs Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V|issn=2049-1948|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fari na noma ko muhalli yana jawo damuwa ga tsirrai ta hanyar haɗin bushewar ruwa da ƙarancin danshi a ƙasa.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna ƙara wani rukuni: fari na tattalin arziki yana faruwa idan buƙatar wani kayan tattalin arziki ta wuce abin da ake da shi sakamakon ƙarancin ruwa da ya shafi yanayi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32" /> Fari na tattalin arziki yana kama da ra'ayin ƙarancin ruwa. Rukunan fari suna da dalilai daban-daban amma suna haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya: # Fari na yanayi yana faruwa idan lokaci ya yi tsawo ba tare da ruwan sama da ya kai matsakaici ba.<ref name="IGARSS2017">{{cite book|last1=Swain|display-authors=etal|first1=S|title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)|chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India|volume=2017|pages=5505–5507|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6|s2cid=26920225}}</ref> Fari na yanayi yawanci yana gabatar da sauran nau'ikan fari.<ref name="NOAAsurprise">{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=What is a Drought?|date=August 2006|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=2007-04-10}}</ref> Idan fari ya ci gaba, yanayin da ke kewaye da shi yana ƙara muni kuma tasirinsa ga al'umma yana ƙaruwa. # Fari na ruwa yana faruwa idan ajiyar ruwa da ake da shi a wurare kamar rijiyoyi, tafkuna da madatsun ruwa ya ragu ƙasa da matsakaici ko wani matakin da aka ɗauka muhimmanci a yankin. Fari na ruwa yana bayyana a hankali saboda yana shafar ruwan da aka adana wanda ake amfani da shi amma ba a sabunta shi ba. Saboda kusancin hulɗa da amfani da ruwa, wannan nau'in fari yana iya samun tasirin sarrafa ruwa. An gano tasirin ɗan adam mai kyau da mara kyau, kuma dabarun sarrafa ruwa suna da muhimmanci wajen rage tasirin fari.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van Loon|first1=Anne F.|last2=Stahl|first2=Kerstin|last3=Di Baldassarre|first3=Giuliano|last4=Clark|first4=Julian|last5=Rangecroft|first5=Sally|last6=Wanders|first6=Niko|last7=Gleeson|first7=Tom|last8=Van Dijk|first8=Albert I. J. M.|last9=Tallaksen|first9=Lena M. |last10=Hannaford |first10=Jamie|last11=Uijlenhoet|first11=Remko|last12=Teuling|first12=Adriaan J.|last13=Hannah|first13=David M.|last14=Sheffield|first14=Justin|last15=Svoboda|first15=Mark|date=2016-09-08|title=Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/3631/2016/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=20|issue=9|pages=3631–3650|doi=10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016HESS...20.3631V|issn=1027-5606|hdl=1885/152821|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wendt|first1=Doris E.|last2=Van Loon|first2=Anne F.|last3=Bloomfield|first3=John P.|last4=Hannah|first4=David M.|date=2020-10-13|title=Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/4853/2020/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=24|issue=10|pages=4853–4868|doi=10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020HESS...24.4853W|issn=1027-5606}}</ref> Kamar fari na noma, fari na ruwa na iya faruwa ba wai kawai saboda rashin ruwan sama ba. Misali, a kusa da shekarar 2007 Kazakhstan ta samu kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya don dawo da ruwa da aka karkatar zuwa wasu ƙasashe daga Tafkin Aral a ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet.<ref>{{cite news|date=2007-04-09|title=Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm}}</ref> Irin wannan yanayi yana sa babban tafkinsu, Balkhash, cikin haɗarin bushewa gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news|date=2004-01-15|title=Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm}}</ref> # Fari na noma ko muhalli yana shafar samar da amfanin gona ko tsarin halittu gaba ɗaya. Wannan yanayi na iya faruwa ba tare da wani canji a matakin ruwan sama ba idan ƙaruwa a ban ruwa ko yanayin ƙasa da lalacewa sakamakon ayyukan noma da ba a tsara su da kyau ba suka jawo ƙarancin ruwa ga amfanin gona. == Dalilai == [[File:Drought.jpg|thumb|upright| Fashewa da bushewar ƙasa a hamadar Sonora, arewa maso yammacin Mexico]] === Rashin ruwan sama gaba ɗaya === Hanyoyin samar da ruwan sama sun haɗa da convective, stratiform,<ref>{{cite journal|title=A convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm for volume scanning weather radar observations|author=Emmanouil N. Anagnostou|journal=Meteorological Applications|year=2004|volume=11|pages=291–300|doi=10.1017/S1350482704001409|issue=4|bibcode=2004MeApp..11..291A|doi-access=free}}</ref> da orographic rainfall.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia|author1=A.J. Dore|author2=M. Mousavi-Baygi|author3=R.I. Smith|author4=J. Hall|author5=D. Fowler|author6=T.W. Choularton|journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=40|date=June 2006|pages=3316–3326|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043|issue=18|bibcode=2006AtmEn..40.3316D}}</ref> Convective yana nufin motsi mai ƙarfi a tsaye wanda zai iya jawo ruwan sama mai yawa,<ref name="convection">{{cite book|author=Robert Penrose Pearce|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66|title=Meteorology at the Millennium|publisher=Academic Press|page=66|isbn=978-0-12-548035-2|access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref> yayin da stratiform ke nufin motsi mai rauni da ruwan sama mai sauƙi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cloud dynamics|last=Houze|first=Robert A. Jr.|date=1993|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-050210-6|location=San Diego|oclc=427392836}}</ref> Ruwan sama ana rarrabe shi zuwa rukuni uku: ruwa mai laushi, ruwa da ke daskarewa a lokacin da ya taɓa ƙasa, ko kankara. Fari yana faruwa a wuraren da ruwan sama na al’ada ya ragu. Idan waɗannan abubuwa ba su tallafa isasshen ruwan sama ba, sakamakon shi ne fari. Fari na iya faruwa saboda hasken rana mai ƙarfi, yawaitar tsarin matsin lamba mai ƙarfi, iska daga ƙasa maimakon teku, da ridges na matsin lamba a sama wanda ke hana hadari da ruwan sama. Da zarar yankin ya shiga fari, abubuwan kamar iska mai bushewa,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lbixDAw5DwC&pg=PA22|page=22|title=Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought|author1=Roland Paepe|author2=Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge|author3=Saskia Jelgersma|date=1990|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-7923-1017-4}}</ref> yanayi mai zafi,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvJyVtw53Y4C&pg=PA48|pages=48–49|title=The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña|author1=Joseph S. D'Aleo|author2=Pamela G. Grube|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-378-9}}</ref> da ƙarancin evapotranspiration na iya ƙara tsananta fari. ==== Lokacin bushewa ==== A cikin yankunan zafi, akwai lokacin damina da lokacin bushewa saboda motsin Intertropical Convergence Zone ko Monsoon trough.<ref name="Wang">{{cite book|author=Bin Wang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRT57TENzT8C&pg=PT206|title=The Asian Monsoon|date=2006-01-13|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-40610-5|page=206}}</ref> Lokacin bushewa yana ƙara yawan faruwar fari,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6r9jUTzJiYC&pg=PA349|page=349|title=Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought: A Global Study: A Global Study|author1=Vijendra K. Boken|author2=Arthur P. Cracknell|author3=Ronald L. Heathcote|date=2005-03-24|isbn=978-0-19-803678-4|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> kuma ana gane shi da ƙarancin danshi, tafkuna da koguna suna bushewa. Saboda haka dabbobin kiwo kamar zakaru, giwaye, da wildebeest suna yin hijira. Rashin ruwa a tsirrai yana jawo gobarar daji.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|title=Wet & Dry Seasons|access-date=2018-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320141721/http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|archive-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> Yanayi mai zafi yana hanzarta girma na kayan lambu,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|page=19|title=Home Vegetable Gardening in Kentucky|author=Cooperative Extension Service|publisher=University of Kentucky|date=January 2014|access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> yana ƙara evaporation da transpiration daga tsirrai,<ref>{{cite web|author=North Carolina State University|title=Evapotranspiration|url=https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|date=2013-08-09|access-date=2015-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219045714/https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|archive-date=2015-02-19|author-link=North Carolina State University}}</ref> kuma yana tsananta fari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|date=2002-05-16|access-date=2015-02-18|title=Warm Temperatures and Severe Drought Continued in April Throughout Parts of the United States; Global Temperature For April Second Warmest on Record|author=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219055008/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|archive-date=Feb 19, 2015}}</ref> ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da fari. ENSO yana ƙunshe da yanayin zafin ruwa a tsakiyar Tekun Pasifik, wanda ake kira La Niña da El Niño. La Niña yawanci yana da alaƙa da yanayi mai bushewa da zafi, yana tsananta fari a California da yankin kudu maso yammacin Amurka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/nation-world/la-nina-west-coast-climate/507-f792ab4a-bc35-4e45-9de1-08d8379dfc9b|title=Weather's unwanted guest: Nasty La Niña keeps popping up|author=Seth Borenstein|publisher=9news.com.au.com|date=May 28, 2022|access-date=June 4, 2022|quote=Scientists are noticing that in the past 25 years the world seems to be getting more La Niñas than it used to...|url-status=live}}</ref> A lokacin El Niño, yanayi mai bushewa da zafi yana faruwa a yankin kogin Amazon, Colombia, da Amurka ta Tsakiya. A lokacin hunturu, yankin arewacin Amurka yana samun ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara. Haka kuma, yanayi mai bushewa yana faruwa daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu a Afirka ta Kudu, musamman a Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, da Botswana. Tasirin El Niño yana haifar da gobarar daji, hazo, da ƙarancin ingancin. == Tasiri == [[File:Global Drought Total Economic Loss Risk Deciles (5457316295).jpg|thumb|Hadarin asarar tattalin arziki na fari a duniya]] [[File:DroughtinNamibia.jpg|thumb|right| Oryx biyu da suka mutu a Namibia a lokacin farin 2018–19 a Kudancin Afirka.]] [[File:Ruins_at_Farina.JPG|thumb|Bayan shekaru na fari da guguwa, garin Farina a Kudancin Ostiraliya ya zama kango.]] Fari yana daga cikin manyan bala’o’in halitta, kuma yana da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli, tattalin arziki, albarkatun ruwa, noma, da al’umma a duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Gebrechorkos|first1=Solomon H.|last2=Peng|first2=Jian|last3=Dyer|first3=Ellen|last4=Miralles|first4=Diego G.|last5=Vicente-Serrano|first5=Sergio M.|last6=Funk|first6=Chris|last7=Beck|first7=Hylke E.|last8=Asfaw|first8=Dagmawi T.|last9=Singer|first9=Michael B. |last10=Dadson |first10=Simon J.|year=2023|title=Global high-resolution drought indices for 1981–2022|url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/5449/2023/|journal=Earth System Science Data|volume=15|issue=12|pages=5449–5466|doi=10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023|issn=1866-3516|doi-access=free|bibcode=2023ESSD...15.5449G|hdl=10754/693396|hdl-access=free}} File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px Rubutu an kwafa daga wannan tushe, wanda yake ƙarƙashin lasisin Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International</ref> Ana iya rarrabe tasirin fari zuwa rukuni uku: muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (ciki har da lafiya). === Tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziki === File:Mixed Douglas-fir - Western Redcedar forest, with some Western Redcedar dying from drought; Arlington, Washington, 2018 (29721380337).jpg| thumb|right | Itacen red cedar a Amurka yana mutuwa saboda fari, 2018 Tasirin muhalli na fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a matakin ruwa a saman ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙarancin kwarara (wanda ke haifar da haɗari ga rayuwar dabbobin ruwa), ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, bushewar fadama, yawaitar gobarar daji, asarar nau’o’in halittu, rashin lafiyar itatuwa da yaduwar kwari da cututtukan itace.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite journal|last1=Zimmer|first1=Katarina|title=Dead trees around the world are shocking scientists|journal=Knowable Magazine|date=17 August 2023|doi=10.1146/knowable-081723-2|doi-access=free|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2023/dead-trees-shocking-scientists|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Hartmann">{{cite journal|last1=Hartmann|first1=Henrik|last2=Bastos|first2=Ana|last3=Das|first3=Adrian J.|last4=Esquivel-Muelbert|first4=Adriane|last5=Hammond|first5=William M.|last6=Martínez-Vilalta|first6=Jordi|last7=McDowell|first7=Nate G.|last8=Powers|first8=Jennifer S.|author8-link=Jennifer Sarah Powers|last9=Pugh|first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X.|last11=Allen|first11=Craig D.|title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide|journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology|date=20 May 2022|volume=73|issue=1|pages=673–702|doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804|doi-access=free|pmid=35231182|bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H|issn=1543-5008}}</ref> Asarar tattalin arziki sakamakon fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a samar da amfanin gona, gandun daji, kiwo da kamun kifi, ƙaruwa a farashin abinci, ƙarancin samar da wutar lantarki daga madatsun ruwa, asarar kudaden yawon shakatawa da sufuri, matsaloli a samar da ruwa ga masana’antu da birane. An kiyasta cewa fari ya jawo asarar dala biliyan 278 daga 1991 zuwa 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en |title=The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140180-4 |language=English |doi=10.4060/cd7185en}}</ref> === Tasirin noma === File:Soil moisture and climate change.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Tasirin sauyin yanayi ga danshin ƙasa a lokacin dumamar duniya 2 °C. File:Economic loss in agriculture and non-agricultural sectors by hazard type (share).svg|thumb|Asarar tattalin arziki a noma da sauran fannoni sakamakon fari. Fari na iya jawo lalacewar ƙasa da asarar danshi, wanda ke rage yawan amfanin gona.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Seka|first1=Ayalkibet Mekonnen|last2=Zhang|first2=Jiahua|last3=Prodhan|first3=Foyez Ahmed|last4=Ayele|first4=Gebiaw Teshome|last5=Finsa|first5=Mekuanenet Mulunhie|last6=Sharma|first6=Til Prasad Pangali|last7=Melesse|first7=Assefa Mekonnen|year=2022|title=Hydrological drought impacts on water storage variations: a focus on the role of vegetation changes in the East Africa region. A systematic review|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research|volume=29|issue=53|pages=80237–80256|doi=10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0|issn=0944-1344|pmid=36197619|bibcode=2022ESPR...2980237S|s2cid=252713722|url-access=subscription|hdl=10072/420991|hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Tasirin zamantakewa da lafiya === Mummunan tasirin fari ga mutane sun haɗa da gazawar amfanin gona, matsalar abinci, yunwa, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da talauci, wanda ke jawo mutuwa da hijirar jama’a.<ref name=":3" /> Fari na iya jawo ƙarancin ruwa, ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, tsadar abinci, da matsalolin lafiya. Rashin ingancin ruwa yana faruwa saboda ƙarancin kwarara yana rage narkewar gurbatattun abubuwa.<ref>Mosley LM (2014). Drought impacts on the water quality of freshwater systems; review and integration. Earth-Science Reviews. {{doi|10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.010}}.</ref> === Asarar ƙasa mai albarka === [[File:Loess.jpg|thumb|Loess – wani nau’in ƙasa mai laushi da iska ke ɗauka.]] Erosion ta iska tana tsananta a yankunan hamada da lokacin fari. Misali, a Great Plains, an kiyasta cewa asarar ƙasa ta iska na iya ninka sau 6100 a shekarun fari fiye da lokacin damina.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wiggs, Giles F.S.|title=Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=978-0-470-71076-0|editor=Thomas, David S.G.|page=588|chapter=Geomorphological hazards in drylands|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swz4rh4KaLYC&pg=PA588}}</ref> == Yankuna da fari ya fi shafa == === Kogin Amazon === A shekarar 2005, wasu sassan kwarin Amazon sun fuskanci mafi munin fari cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp|archive-date=2019-11-15|access-date=5 November 2017|website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref><ref name=":5">[http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm Drought Threatens Amazon Basin – Extreme conditions felt for second year running] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527104721/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm|date=May 27, 2013}}</ref> Wani rahoto a 2006 ya nuna cewa daji na iya jure fari na tsawon shekaru uku kawai.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/law-mixed-year-begins-and-ends-wrapped-up-in-straw-1191932.html Amazon rainforest 'could become a desert'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825064419/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/law-mixed-year-begins-and-ends-wrapped-up-in-straw-1191932.html|date=2017-08-25}}, The Independent, July 23, 2006.</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/fishermen-braced-for-quota-cuts-1191880.html Dying Forest: One year to save the Amazon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825060909/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/fishermen-braced-for-quota-cuts-1191880.html|date=2017-08-25}}, The Independent, July 23, 2006.</ref> Masana a Brazil National Institute of Amazonian Research sun yi gargadin cewa haɗin tasirin fari da sare daji yana iya kai dajin ga matakin da ba zai iya dawowa ba. WWF ta ce haɗin sauyin yanayi da sare daji yana ƙara bushewar itatuwa da ke haifar da gobarar daji.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518192545/http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/index.cfm?uNewsID=64220 Climate change a threat to Amazon rainforest, warns WWF], World Wide Fund for Nature, March 9, 2996.</ref> === Ostiraliya === Farin Millennium daga 1997–2009 ya jawo matsalar samar da ruwa a Ostiraliya. Saboda haka aka gina masana’antar tace ruwan teku. Babban yanki na Ostiraliya hamada ne ko ƙasa mai bushewa da ake kira outback. Wani bincike a 2005 ya nuna cewa mutanen farko da suka zauna a cikin ƙasar sun yi yawan ƙona ƙasa wanda ya hana damina shiga ciki.<ref>[https://www.geosociety.org/news/pr/05-01.htm Sensitivity of the Australian Monsoon to insolation and vegetation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615232508/http://geosociety.org/news/pr/05-01.htm|date=2010-06-15}}, Geological Society of America</ref> A 2008, kwamitin masana ya yi gargadin cewa yankin Murray-Darling zai iya fuskantar mummunan lalacewar muhalli idan bai samu ruwa ba.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7460492.stm Australian rivers 'face disaster'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813205109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7460492.stm|date=2021-08-13}}, BBC News</ref> Rahoton gwamnati ya ce Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani a nan gaba.<ref name=":6">[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707 Australia faces worse, more frequent droughts: study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120930/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707|date=2021-02-03}}, Reuters</ref> Tim Flannery ya yi hasashen cewa Perth na iya zama birni da aka bar saboda rashin ruwa.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm Metropolis strives to meet its thirst] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906083308/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm|date=2021-09-06}}, BBC News</ref> Fari ya ƙare a 2010. === Gabashin Afirka === Gabashin Afirka (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda da sauransu) na da yanayi mai bambanci daga busassun wurare zuwa wuraren da ke da damina. A arewa, damina tana daga Yuli zuwa Satumba, yayin da sauran yankuna ke da damina mai tsawo daga Maris zuwa Mayu da gajeriyar damina daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba. Yawan faruwar fari da ambaliya na cutar da al’umma mai fama da talauci.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Taye|first1=Meron Teferi|last2=Dyer|first2=Ellen|year=2024|title=Hydrologic Extremes in a Changing Climate: a Review of Extremes in East Africa|journal=Current Climate Change Reports|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1–11|doi=10.1007/s40641-024-00193-9|issn=2198-6061|doi-access=free|bibcode=2024CCCR...10....1T }}</ref> Fari ya jawo matsalar abinci a 1984–85, 2006 da 2011. Daga 2020–2023, yankin ya fuskanci fari mafi tsawo da ya shafi tsaro na abinci. Wasu yankuna kuma sun fuskanci ambaliya kamar na 2020 da 2022.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> === Kogunan Himalaya === [[File:Drought affected area in Karnataka, India, 2012.jpg|thumb|Yanki da fari ya shafa a Karnataka, India 2012.]] Kimanin mutane biliyan 2.4 suna zaune a kwarin kogunan Himalaya.<ref>{{cite web|title=People & the Planet > climate change > newsfile > big melt threatens millions, says un|url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819200515/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024|archive-date=19 August 2007|work=peopleandplanet.net}}</ref> India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal da Myanmar na iya fuskantar ambaliya da fari a nan gaba. Fari a Ganges na da matuƙar damuwa saboda yana samar da ruwan sha da ban ruwa ga mutane fiye da miliyan 500.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ganges, Indus may not survive: climatologists|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/24indus.htm|work=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=People's Daily Online – Glaciers melting at alarming speed|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html|work=People's Daily}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2004-11-10|title=Science/Nature – Himalaya glaciers melt unnoticed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3998967.stm|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> A 2025, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa narkewar kankara na iya barazana ga abinci da ruwan sha na mutane biliyan 2.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glacier meltdown risks food and water supply of 2 billion people, says UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/mar/20/glacier-meltdown-risks-food-and-water-supply-of-2bn-people-says-un |work=The Guardian |date=21 March 2025}}</ref> === Arewacin Amurka === Yankin yammacin Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke samun ruwa daga kank == Kariya, rage tasiri da taimako == [[File:FEMA - 917 - Photograph by Angel Santiago taken on 04-03-1998 in Marshall Islands.jpg|thumb|upright|Rarraba ruwa a Marshall Islands a lokacin El Niño.]] A fannin noma, mutane na iya rage tasirin fari ta hanyar ban ruwa da juyin amfanin gona. Rashin tsara dabarun rage tasirin fari na iya jawo mummunan sakamako ga rayuwar ɗan adam a wannan zamani, musamman saboda yawan jama’a da ke ƙaruwa. Dabarun kariya ko rage tasirin fari sun haɗa da: * Dam – dam da madatsun ruwa suna samar da ƙarin ruwa a lokacin fari.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Matt Weiser|author2=Jeremy B. White|date=2014-06-01|title=Should California build dams, reservoirs to help with future droughts?|url=http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/06/01/3956458/should-calif-add-new-dams.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320040153/http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/06/01/3956458/should-calif-add-new-dams.html|archive-date=2015-03-20|access-date=2015-02-18|newspaper=Fresno Bee}}</ref> * Cloud seeding – wata hanya ce ta canza yanayi don haifar da ruwan sama.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cloud seeding helps alleviate drought|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-07/24/content_351196.htm|work=China Daily}}</ref> Wannan batun yana da cece-kuce, domin rahoton da National Research Council na Amurka ya fitar a 2004 ya nuna babu hujja mai ƙarfi da ke tabbatar da ingancin wannan dabarar.<ref>{{cite book|last1=NRC|title=Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research|year=2003|isbn=978-0-309-09053-7|doi=10.17226/10829 |bibcode=2003nap..book10829N }}</ref> * Amfani da ƙasa – tsara juyin amfanin gona na iya rage lalacewar ƙasa da kuma ba manoma damar shuka amfanin da ba sa buƙatar ruwa da yawa a shekarun fari. * Transvasement – gina magudanan ruwa ko karkatar da koguna don samar da ban ruwa a yankunan da fari ke yawan faruwa. Idan ruwa ya yi ƙalubale saboda fari, akwai hanyoyi da dama da mutane za su iya samun ruwa daga wasu tushe, kamar amfani da ruwan da aka sake tacewa, tara ruwan sama, tara ruwan ambaliya, ko kuma tace ruwan teku. == Tarihi == File:Dust Bowl - Dallas, South Dakota 1936.jpg|thumb|Gona a South Dakota lokacin Dust Bowl, 1936 A cikin tarihi, mutane kan dauki fari a matsayin masifa saboda tasirinsa ga abincin da ake samu da kuma sauran al’umma. Fari yana daga cikin abubuwan yanayi na farko da aka rubuta, yana bayyana a cikin Epic of Gilgamesh kuma yana da alaka da labarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na zuwan Joseph a Masar da kuma daga baya fitar Isra’ilawa daga Masar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Weather Centre – Features – History and Religion – Weather in the Bible – Drought and Famine|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/bible_drought.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040110002457/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/bible_drought.shtml|archive-date=10 January 2004|access-date=5 November 2017}}</ref> Hijirar masu farauta da masu tara abinci a Chile a shekara ta 9,500 BC an danganta da wannan al’amari,<ref>{{cite web|title=Ancient Chile Migration Mystery Tied to Drought|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/10/1024_021024_ChileAtacama.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021028200916/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/10/1024_021024_ChileAtacama.html|archive-date=October 28, 2002|work=National Geographic}}</ref> haka kuma fitar tsoffin mutane daga Afirka zuwa sauran duniya kimanin shekaru 135,000 da suka gabata.<ref>[http://azstarnet.com/all-headlines/205715m/ Drought pushed ancient African immigration ]{{dead link|date=December 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ana iya bayyana faruwar fari ta hanyar kimiyya dangane da tsarin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da bala’o’i na halitta kuma yana shafar muhalli ta hannun mutane.<ref name="Savelli">{{cite journal|last1=Savelli|first1=Elisa|last2=Rusca|first2=Maria|last3=Cloke|first3=Hannah|last4=Di Baldassarre|first4=Giuliano|title=Drought and society: Scientific progress, blind spots, and future prospects|journal=WIREs Climate Change|date=May 2022|volume=13|issue=3|article-number=e761|doi=10.1002/wcc.761|issn=1757-7780|doi-access=free|pmid=35864922|pmc=9286479|bibcode=2022WIRCC..13E.761S}}</ref> Akidar mutane game da fari kuma tana shafar al’adu, ilimin gargajiya, fahimta, dabi’u, imani da addini. A wasu wurare da lokuta, fari ana fassara shi a matsayin aikin karfin aljanu.<ref name="Salite"/> A duniya, mutane a cikin al’ummomi da dama sun fi bayyana abubuwan halitta kamar fari, yunwa da cuta da aljanu fiye da yadda suke bayyana abubuwan zamantakewa kamar yaki, kisa, da sata.<ref name="Wrethman">{{cite news|last1=Wrethman|first1=Emily|title=How societies use supernatural forces to explain earthly events|url=https://mdhs.unimelb.edu.au/news-and-events/how-societies-use-supernatural-forces-to-explain-earthly-events|work=Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences|date=4 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="Jackson">{{cite journal|last1=Jackson|first1=Joshua Conrad|last2=Dillion|first2=Danica|last3=Bastian|first3=Brock|last4=Watts|first4=Joseph|last5=Buckner|first5=William|last6=DiMaggio|first6=Nicholas|last7=Gray|first7=Kurt|title=Supernatural explanations across 114 societies are more common for natural than social phenomena|journal=Nature Human Behaviour|date=May 2023|volume=7|issue=5|pages=707–717|doi=10.1038/s41562-023-01558-0|issn=2397-3374|doi-access=free|pmid=37012368}}</ref> Dangantakar fari da abubuwan tarihi kamar rikice-rikice ko rushewar siyasa har yanzu tana da wahala a tantance saboda dabarun rubutu da == Manazarta == 83myz7mcax81eyrrhy18pvsnnrmea6t 841990 841988 2026-05-28T23:10:39Z Sirjat 20447 /* Manazarta */ 841990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fari''' lokaci ne na bushewa fiye da yadda aka saba. {{Rp|1157}}Fari na iya ɗaukar kwanaki, watanni ko shekaru. Fari yakan yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin halittu da [[noma]] na yankunan da abin ya shafa, kuma yana haifar da illa ga [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arzikin]] yankin. Lokacin rani na shekara-shekara a [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|yankunan zafi]] yana ƙara yiwuwar fari ya bunƙasa sosai, tare da ƙaruwar haɗarin gobarar daji daga baya. <ref name="Brando">{{Cite journal |last=Brando |first=Paulo M. |last2=Paolucci |first2=Lucas |last3=Ummenhofer |first3=Caroline C. |last4=Ordway |first4=Elsa M. |last5=Hartmann |first5=Henrik |last6=Cattau |first6=Megan E. |last7=Rattis |first7=Ludmila |last8=Medjibe |first8=Vincent |last9=Coe |first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer |date=30 May 2019 |title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=555–581 |bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 |issn=0084-6597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Guguwar zafi|Raƙuman zafi]] na iya ƙara ta'azzara yanayin fari sosai ta hanyar ƙara yawan fitar da hayaki . Wannan yana busar da dazuzzuka da sauran ciyayi, kuma yana ƙara yawan mai ga gobarar daji. <ref name="Brando" /> <ref name="Hartmann">{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author-link8=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> fari alama ce ta sauyawa a mafi yawan sassan duniya, ya zama mafi tsananin gaske kuma ba za a iya hango shi ba saboda [[Canjin yanayi]], wanda binciken dendrochronological ya samo asali ne daga 1900. Akwai nau'ikan tasirin fari guda uku, muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tasirin muhalli sun haɗa da bushewar wuraren da ke da ruwa, ƙarin gobarar daji, [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]]. Tasirin tattalin arziki na fari ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin [[noma]] da kiwon dabbobi (wanda ke haifar da [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]]), gandun daji, samar da ruwa na jama'a, kewayawar kogi (saboda misali: ƙananan matakan ruwa), samar da wutar lantarki (ta hanyar shafar tsarin wutar lantarki) da kuma tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming-Muñoz |first=David A. |last2=Whitten |first2=Stuart |last3=Bonnett |first3=Graham D. |date=28 June 2023 |title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs |journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=501–523 |doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527 |issn=1364-985X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kudin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar mutanen da ke fuskantar wannan abu kai tsaye (rashin zafi mai yawa), tsadar abinci mai yawa, damuwa da girbi ya haifar, karancin ruwa, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=Carla |last2=Kerac |first2=Marko |last3=Prudhomme |first3=Christel |last4=Medlock |first4=Jolyon |last5=Murray |first5=Virginia |date=2013-06-05 |title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsawon fari ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa da Rikicin jin kai.<ref name="Stanke">{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=C |last2=Kerac |first2=M |last3=Prudhomme |first3=C |last4=Medlock |first4=J |last5=Murray |first5=V |date=5 June 2013 |title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence. |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=20 April 2026 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellizzi |first=Saverio |last2=Lane |first2=Chris |last3=Elhakim |first3=Mohamed |last4=Nabeth |first4=Pierre |date=12 November 2020 |title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions |journal=Environmental Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=114 |bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B |doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z |issn=1476-069X |pmc=7659048 |pmid=33183302 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan yankuna da ke da haɗarin fari sune Yankin Amazon, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], yankin [[Sahel]] da [[Indiya]]. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2005, sassan Yankin Amazon sun fuskanci fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref> Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani kuma za su iya zama masu yawa a nan gaba, rahoton da gwamnati ta bayar ya ce a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2008. Tsawon fari na Australiya na Millennial ya ɓarke a cikin 2010. Rashin fari na Horn of Africa na 2020-2022 ya wuce mummunan fari a cikin 2010-2011 a duka tsawon lokaci da tsananin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Daisy |date=2022-10-26 |title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Carbon Brief}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022 |access-date=2022-10-29 |publisher=ReliefWeb}}</ref> A cikin tarihi, mutane galibi suna kallon fari a matsayin bala'o'i saboda tasirin da ke tattare da wadatar abinci da sauran al'umma. Mutane sun kalli fari a matsayin bala'i na halitta ko kuma wani abu da aikin ɗan adam ya rinjayi, ko kuma sakamakon ikon allahntaka. == Ma'ana == [[Fayil:Fields_outside_benambra.jpg|right|thumb|Filin da ke waje da Benambra, Ostiraliya da ke fama da fari a shekara ta 2006.]] Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana fari kawai a matsayin "mai tsanani fiye da yanayin al'ada". :{{Rp|1157}} Wannan yana nufin cewa fari shine "rashin danshi dangane da matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a wani wuri da kuma lokacin da aka ba shi".<ref name=":2" /> : 1157 {{Rp|1157}} Dangane da National Integrated Drought Information System, haɗin gwiwar hukumomi da yawa, ana bayyana fari gabaɗaya a matsayin "rashin hazo a tsawon lokaci (yawanci lokaci ɗaya ko fiye), wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa". Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Kasa na [[Gudanar da Tsarin Ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa|NOAA]] ya bayyana fari a matsayin "rashin danshi wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutane, dabbobi, ko ciyayi a kan yanki mai girma".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought Basics |url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Drought.gov |publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}</ref> fari abu ne mai rikitarwa − wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa − wanda ke leken sa ido da bayyanawa. A farkon shekarun 1980, an riga an buga ma'anoni sama da 150 na "bishi". Yanayin ma'anar yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna, buƙatu, da hanyoyin horo. == Rukuni == Akwai manyan rukuni uku na fari bisa ga inda ƙarancin danshi ya faru a cikin zagayowar ruwa: fari na yanayi, fari na ruwa, da fari na noma ko muhalli.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Fari na yanayi yana faruwa saboda rashin ruwan sama. Fari na ruwa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin gudu, kwarara, da ajiyar ruwa a tafkuna da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=14 April 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained|journal=WIREs Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V|issn=2049-1948|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fari na noma ko muhalli yana jawo damuwa ga tsirrai ta hanyar haɗin bushewar ruwa da ƙarancin danshi a ƙasa.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|1157}} Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna ƙara wani rukuni: fari na tattalin arziki yana faruwa idan buƙatar wani kayan tattalin arziki ta wuce abin da ake da shi sakamakon ƙarancin ruwa da ya shafi yanayi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32" /> Fari na tattalin arziki yana kama da ra'ayin ƙarancin ruwa. Rukunan fari suna da dalilai daban-daban amma suna haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya: # Fari na yanayi yana faruwa idan lokaci ya yi tsawo ba tare da ruwan sama da ya kai matsakaici ba.<ref name="IGARSS2017">{{cite book|last1=Swain|display-authors=etal|first1=S|title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)|chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India|volume=2017|pages=5505–5507|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6|s2cid=26920225}}</ref> Fari na yanayi yawanci yana gabatar da sauran nau'ikan fari.<ref name="NOAAsurprise">{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=What is a Drought?|date=August 2006|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=2007-04-10}}</ref> Idan fari ya ci gaba, yanayin da ke kewaye da shi yana ƙara muni kuma tasirinsa ga al'umma yana ƙaruwa. # Fari na ruwa yana faruwa idan ajiyar ruwa da ake da shi a wurare kamar rijiyoyi, tafkuna da madatsun ruwa ya ragu ƙasa da matsakaici ko wani matakin da aka ɗauka muhimmanci a yankin. Fari na ruwa yana bayyana a hankali saboda yana shafar ruwan da aka adana wanda ake amfani da shi amma ba a sabunta shi ba. Saboda kusancin hulɗa da amfani da ruwa, wannan nau'in fari yana iya samun tasirin sarrafa ruwa. An gano tasirin ɗan adam mai kyau da mara kyau, kuma dabarun sarrafa ruwa suna da muhimmanci wajen rage tasirin fari.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Van Loon|first1=Anne F.|last2=Stahl|first2=Kerstin|last3=Di Baldassarre|first3=Giuliano|last4=Clark|first4=Julian|last5=Rangecroft|first5=Sally|last6=Wanders|first6=Niko|last7=Gleeson|first7=Tom|last8=Van Dijk|first8=Albert I. J. M.|last9=Tallaksen|first9=Lena M. |last10=Hannaford |first10=Jamie|last11=Uijlenhoet|first11=Remko|last12=Teuling|first12=Adriaan J.|last13=Hannah|first13=David M.|last14=Sheffield|first14=Justin|last15=Svoboda|first15=Mark|date=2016-09-08|title=Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/3631/2016/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=20|issue=9|pages=3631–3650|doi=10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016HESS...20.3631V|issn=1027-5606|hdl=1885/152821|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wendt|first1=Doris E.|last2=Van Loon|first2=Anne F.|last3=Bloomfield|first3=John P.|last4=Hannah|first4=David M.|date=2020-10-13|title=Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/4853/2020/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=24|issue=10|pages=4853–4868|doi=10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020HESS...24.4853W|issn=1027-5606}}</ref> Kamar fari na noma, fari na ruwa na iya faruwa ba wai kawai saboda rashin ruwan sama ba. Misali, a kusa da shekarar 2007 Kazakhstan ta samu kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya don dawo da ruwa da aka karkatar zuwa wasu ƙasashe daga Tafkin Aral a ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet.<ref>{{cite news|date=2007-04-09|title=Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm}}</ref> Irin wannan yanayi yana sa babban tafkinsu, Balkhash, cikin haɗarin bushewa gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news|date=2004-01-15|title=Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm}}</ref> # Fari na noma ko muhalli yana shafar samar da amfanin gona ko tsarin halittu gaba ɗaya. Wannan yanayi na iya faruwa ba tare da wani canji a matakin ruwan sama ba idan ƙaruwa a ban ruwa ko yanayin ƙasa da lalacewa sakamakon ayyukan noma da ba a tsara su da kyau ba suka jawo ƙarancin ruwa ga amfanin gona. == Dalilai == [[File:Drought.jpg|thumb|upright| Fashewa da bushewar ƙasa a hamadar Sonora, arewa maso yammacin Mexico]] === Rashin ruwan sama gaba ɗaya === Hanyoyin samar da ruwan sama sun haɗa da convective, stratiform,<ref>{{cite journal|title=A convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm for volume scanning weather radar observations|author=Emmanouil N. Anagnostou|journal=Meteorological Applications|year=2004|volume=11|pages=291–300|doi=10.1017/S1350482704001409|issue=4|bibcode=2004MeApp..11..291A|doi-access=free}}</ref> da orographic rainfall.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia|author1=A.J. Dore|author2=M. Mousavi-Baygi|author3=R.I. Smith|author4=J. Hall|author5=D. Fowler|author6=T.W. Choularton|journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=40|date=June 2006|pages=3316–3326|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043|issue=18|bibcode=2006AtmEn..40.3316D}}</ref> Convective yana nufin motsi mai ƙarfi a tsaye wanda zai iya jawo ruwan sama mai yawa,<ref name="convection">{{cite book|author=Robert Penrose Pearce|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66|title=Meteorology at the Millennium|publisher=Academic Press|page=66|isbn=978-0-12-548035-2|access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref> yayin da stratiform ke nufin motsi mai rauni da ruwan sama mai sauƙi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cloud dynamics|last=Houze|first=Robert A. Jr.|date=1993|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-050210-6|location=San Diego|oclc=427392836}}</ref> Ruwan sama ana rarrabe shi zuwa rukuni uku: ruwa mai laushi, ruwa da ke daskarewa a lokacin da ya taɓa ƙasa, ko kankara. Fari yana faruwa a wuraren da ruwan sama na al’ada ya ragu. Idan waɗannan abubuwa ba su tallafa isasshen ruwan sama ba, sakamakon shi ne fari. Fari na iya faruwa saboda hasken rana mai ƙarfi, yawaitar tsarin matsin lamba mai ƙarfi, iska daga ƙasa maimakon teku, da ridges na matsin lamba a sama wanda ke hana hadari da ruwan sama. Da zarar yankin ya shiga fari, abubuwan kamar iska mai bushewa,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lbixDAw5DwC&pg=PA22|page=22|title=Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought|author1=Roland Paepe|author2=Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge|author3=Saskia Jelgersma|date=1990|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-7923-1017-4}}</ref> yanayi mai zafi,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvJyVtw53Y4C&pg=PA48|pages=48–49|title=The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña|author1=Joseph S. D'Aleo|author2=Pamela G. Grube|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-378-9}}</ref> da ƙarancin evapotranspiration na iya ƙara tsananta fari. ==== Lokacin bushewa ==== A cikin yankunan zafi, akwai lokacin damina da lokacin bushewa saboda motsin Intertropical Convergence Zone ko Monsoon trough.<ref name="Wang">{{cite book|author=Bin Wang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRT57TENzT8C&pg=PT206|title=The Asian Monsoon|date=2006-01-13|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-40610-5|page=206}}</ref> Lokacin bushewa yana ƙara yawan faruwar fari,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6r9jUTzJiYC&pg=PA349|page=349|title=Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought: A Global Study: A Global Study|author1=Vijendra K. Boken|author2=Arthur P. Cracknell|author3=Ronald L. Heathcote|date=2005-03-24|isbn=978-0-19-803678-4|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> kuma ana gane shi da ƙarancin danshi, tafkuna da koguna suna bushewa. Saboda haka dabbobin kiwo kamar zakaru, giwaye, da wildebeest suna yin hijira. Rashin ruwa a tsirrai yana jawo gobarar daji.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|title=Wet & Dry Seasons|access-date=2018-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320141721/http://burarra.questacon.edu.au/pages/seasons.html|archive-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> Yanayi mai zafi yana hanzarta girma na kayan lambu,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id128/id128.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|page=19|title=Home Vegetable Gardening in Kentucky|author=Cooperative Extension Service|publisher=University of Kentucky|date=January 2014|access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> yana ƙara evaporation da transpiration daga tsirrai,<ref>{{cite web|author=North Carolina State University|title=Evapotranspiration|url=https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|date=2013-08-09|access-date=2015-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219045714/https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.evapo|archive-date=2015-02-19|author-link=North Carolina State University}}</ref> kuma yana tsananta fari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|date=2002-05-16|access-date=2015-02-18|title=Warm Temperatures and Severe Drought Continued in April Throughout Parts of the United States; Global Temperature For April Second Warmest on Record|author=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219055008/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s909.htm|archive-date=Feb 19, 2015}}</ref> ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ==== El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da fari. ENSO yana ƙunshe da yanayin zafin ruwa a tsakiyar Tekun Pasifik, wanda ake kira La Niña da El Niño. La Niña yawanci yana da alaƙa da yanayi mai bushewa da zafi, yana tsananta fari a California da yankin kudu maso yammacin Amurka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/nation-world/la-nina-west-coast-climate/507-f792ab4a-bc35-4e45-9de1-08d8379dfc9b|title=Weather's unwanted guest: Nasty La Niña keeps popping up|author=Seth Borenstein|publisher=9news.com.au.com|date=May 28, 2022|access-date=June 4, 2022|quote=Scientists are noticing that in the past 25 years the world seems to be getting more La Niñas than it used to...|url-status=live}}</ref> A lokacin El Niño, yanayi mai bushewa da zafi yana faruwa a yankin kogin Amazon, Colombia, da Amurka ta Tsakiya. A lokacin hunturu, yankin arewacin Amurka yana samun ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara. Haka kuma, yanayi mai bushewa yana faruwa daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu a Afirka ta Kudu, musamman a Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, da Botswana. Tasirin El Niño yana haifar da gobarar daji, hazo, da ƙarancin ingancin. == Tasiri == [[File:Global Drought Total Economic Loss Risk Deciles (5457316295).jpg|thumb|Hadarin asarar tattalin arziki na fari a duniya]] [[File:DroughtinNamibia.jpg|thumb|right| Oryx biyu da suka mutu a Namibia a lokacin farin 2018–19 a Kudancin Afirka.]] [[File:Ruins_at_Farina.JPG|thumb|Bayan shekaru na fari da guguwa, garin Farina a Kudancin Ostiraliya ya zama kango.]] Fari yana daga cikin manyan bala’o’in halitta, kuma yana da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli, tattalin arziki, albarkatun ruwa, noma, da al’umma a duniya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Gebrechorkos|first1=Solomon H.|last2=Peng|first2=Jian|last3=Dyer|first3=Ellen|last4=Miralles|first4=Diego G.|last5=Vicente-Serrano|first5=Sergio M.|last6=Funk|first6=Chris|last7=Beck|first7=Hylke E.|last8=Asfaw|first8=Dagmawi T.|last9=Singer|first9=Michael B. |last10=Dadson |first10=Simon J.|year=2023|title=Global high-resolution drought indices for 1981–2022|url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/5449/2023/|journal=Earth System Science Data|volume=15|issue=12|pages=5449–5466|doi=10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023|issn=1866-3516|doi-access=free|bibcode=2023ESSD...15.5449G|hdl=10754/693396|hdl-access=free}} File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px Rubutu an kwafa daga wannan tushe, wanda yake ƙarƙashin lasisin Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International</ref> Ana iya rarrabe tasirin fari zuwa rukuni uku: muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (ciki har da lafiya). === Tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziki === File:Mixed Douglas-fir - Western Redcedar forest, with some Western Redcedar dying from drought; Arlington, Washington, 2018 (29721380337).jpg| thumb|right | Itacen red cedar a Amurka yana mutuwa saboda fari, 2018 Tasirin muhalli na fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a matakin ruwa a saman ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙarancin kwarara (wanda ke haifar da haɗari ga rayuwar dabbobin ruwa), ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, bushewar fadama, yawaitar gobarar daji, asarar nau’o’in halittu, rashin lafiyar itatuwa da yaduwar kwari da cututtukan itace.<ref name="Zimmer">{{cite journal|last1=Zimmer|first1=Katarina|title=Dead trees around the world are shocking scientists|journal=Knowable Magazine|date=17 August 2023|doi=10.1146/knowable-081723-2|doi-access=free|url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2023/dead-trees-shocking-scientists|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Hartmann">{{cite journal|last1=Hartmann|first1=Henrik|last2=Bastos|first2=Ana|last3=Das|first3=Adrian J.|last4=Esquivel-Muelbert|first4=Adriane|last5=Hammond|first5=William M.|last6=Martínez-Vilalta|first6=Jordi|last7=McDowell|first7=Nate G.|last8=Powers|first8=Jennifer S.|author8-link=Jennifer Sarah Powers|last9=Pugh|first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X.|last11=Allen|first11=Craig D.|title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide|journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology|date=20 May 2022|volume=73|issue=1|pages=673–702|doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804|doi-access=free|pmid=35231182|bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H|issn=1543-5008}}</ref> Asarar tattalin arziki sakamakon fari sun haɗa da: raguwa a samar da amfanin gona, gandun daji, kiwo da kamun kifi, ƙaruwa a farashin abinci, ƙarancin samar da wutar lantarki daga madatsun ruwa, asarar kudaden yawon shakatawa da sufuri, matsaloli a samar da ruwa ga masana’antu da birane. An kiyasta cewa fari ya jawo asarar dala biliyan 278 daga 1991 zuwa 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7185en |title=The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140180-4 |language=English |doi=10.4060/cd7185en}}</ref> === Tasirin noma === File:Soil moisture and climate change.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Tasirin sauyin yanayi ga danshin ƙasa a lokacin dumamar duniya 2 °C. File:Economic loss in agriculture and non-agricultural sectors by hazard type (share).svg|thumb|Asarar tattalin arziki a noma da sauran fannoni sakamakon fari. Fari na iya jawo lalacewar ƙasa da asarar danshi, wanda ke rage yawan amfanin gona.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Seka|first1=Ayalkibet Mekonnen|last2=Zhang|first2=Jiahua|last3=Prodhan|first3=Foyez Ahmed|last4=Ayele|first4=Gebiaw Teshome|last5=Finsa|first5=Mekuanenet Mulunhie|last6=Sharma|first6=Til Prasad Pangali|last7=Melesse|first7=Assefa Mekonnen|year=2022|title=Hydrological drought impacts on water storage variations: a focus on the role of vegetation changes in the East Africa region. A systematic review|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research|volume=29|issue=53|pages=80237–80256|doi=10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0|issn=0944-1344|pmid=36197619|bibcode=2022ESPR...2980237S|s2cid=252713722|url-access=subscription|hdl=10072/420991|hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Tasirin zamantakewa da lafiya === Mummunan tasirin fari ga mutane sun haɗa da gazawar amfanin gona, matsalar abinci, yunwa, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da talauci, wanda ke jawo mutuwa da hijirar jama’a.<ref name=":3" /> Fari na iya jawo ƙarancin ruwa, ƙaruwa a gurbatar ruwa, tsadar abinci, da matsalolin lafiya. Rashin ingancin ruwa yana faruwa saboda ƙarancin kwarara yana rage narkewar gurbatattun abubuwa.<ref>Mosley LM (2014). Drought impacts on the water quality of freshwater systems; review and integration. Earth-Science Reviews. {{doi|10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.010}}.</ref> === Asarar ƙasa mai albarka === [[File:Loess.jpg|thumb|Loess – wani nau’in ƙasa mai laushi da iska ke ɗauka.]] Erosion ta iska tana tsananta a yankunan hamada da lokacin fari. Misali, a Great Plains, an kiyasta cewa asarar ƙasa ta iska na iya ninka sau 6100 a shekarun fari fiye da lokacin damina.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wiggs, Giles F.S.|title=Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=978-0-470-71076-0|editor=Thomas, David S.G.|page=588|chapter=Geomorphological hazards in drylands|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swz4rh4KaLYC&pg=PA588}}</ref> == Yankuna da fari ya fi shafa == === Kogin Amazon === A shekarar 2005, wasu sassan kwarin Amazon sun fuskanci mafi munin fari cikin shekaru 100.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp|archive-date=2019-11-15|access-date=5 November 2017|website=ens-newswire.com}}</ref><ref name=":5">[http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm Drought Threatens Amazon Basin – Extreme conditions felt for second year running] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527104721/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm|date=May 27, 2013}}</ref> Wani rahoto a 2006 ya nuna cewa daji na iya jure fari na tsawon shekaru uku kawai.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/law-mixed-year-begins-and-ends-wrapped-up-in-straw-1191932.html Amazon rainforest 'could become a desert'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825064419/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/law-mixed-year-begins-and-ends-wrapped-up-in-straw-1191932.html|date=2017-08-25}}, The Independent, July 23, 2006.</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/fishermen-braced-for-quota-cuts-1191880.html Dying Forest: One year to save the Amazon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825060909/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/fishermen-braced-for-quota-cuts-1191880.html|date=2017-08-25}}, The Independent, July 23, 2006.</ref> Masana a Brazil National Institute of Amazonian Research sun yi gargadin cewa haɗin tasirin fari da sare daji yana iya kai dajin ga matakin da ba zai iya dawowa ba. WWF ta ce haɗin sauyin yanayi da sare daji yana ƙara bushewar itatuwa da ke haifar da gobarar daji.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518192545/http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/index.cfm?uNewsID=64220 Climate change a threat to Amazon rainforest, warns WWF], World Wide Fund for Nature, March 9, 2996.</ref> === Ostiraliya === Farin Millennium daga 1997–2009 ya jawo matsalar samar da ruwa a Ostiraliya. Saboda haka aka gina masana’antar tace ruwan teku. Babban yanki na Ostiraliya hamada ne ko ƙasa mai bushewa da ake kira outback. Wani bincike a 2005 ya nuna cewa mutanen farko da suka zauna a cikin ƙasar sun yi yawan ƙona ƙasa wanda ya hana damina shiga ciki.<ref>[https://www.geosociety.org/news/pr/05-01.htm Sensitivity of the Australian Monsoon to insolation and vegetation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615232508/http://geosociety.org/news/pr/05-01.htm|date=2010-06-15}}, Geological Society of America</ref> A 2008, kwamitin masana ya yi gargadin cewa yankin Murray-Darling zai iya fuskantar mummunan lalacewar muhalli idan bai samu ruwa ba.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7460492.stm Australian rivers 'face disaster'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813205109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7460492.stm|date=2021-08-13}}, BBC News</ref> Rahoton gwamnati ya ce Ostiraliya na iya fuskantar fari mai tsanani a nan gaba.<ref name=":6">[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707 Australia faces worse, more frequent droughts: study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120930/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707|date=2021-02-03}}, Reuters</ref> Tim Flannery ya yi hasashen cewa Perth na iya zama birni da aka bar saboda rashin ruwa.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm Metropolis strives to meet its thirst] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906083308/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm|date=2021-09-06}}, BBC News</ref> Fari ya ƙare a 2010. === Gabashin Afirka === Gabashin Afirka (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda da sauransu) na da yanayi mai bambanci daga busassun wurare zuwa wuraren da ke da damina. A arewa, damina tana daga Yuli zuwa Satumba, yayin da sauran yankuna ke da damina mai tsawo daga Maris zuwa Mayu da gajeriyar damina daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba. Yawan faruwar fari da ambaliya na cutar da al’umma mai fama da talauci.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Taye|first1=Meron Teferi|last2=Dyer|first2=Ellen|year=2024|title=Hydrologic Extremes in a Changing Climate: a Review of Extremes in East Africa|journal=Current Climate Change Reports|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1–11|doi=10.1007/s40641-024-00193-9|issn=2198-6061|doi-access=free|bibcode=2024CCCR...10....1T }}</ref> Fari ya jawo matsalar abinci a 1984–85, 2006 da 2011. Daga 2020–2023, yankin ya fuskanci fari mafi tsawo da ya shafi tsaro na abinci. Wasu yankuna kuma sun fuskanci ambaliya kamar na 2020 da 2022.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> === Kogunan Himalaya === [[File:Drought affected area in Karnataka, India, 2012.jpg|thumb|Yanki da fari ya shafa a Karnataka, India 2012.]] Kimanin mutane biliyan 2.4 suna zaune a kwarin kogunan Himalaya.<ref>{{cite web|title=People & the Planet > climate change > newsfile > big melt threatens millions, says un|url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819200515/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024|archive-date=19 August 2007|work=peopleandplanet.net}}</ref> India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal da Myanmar na iya fuskantar ambaliya da fari a nan gaba. Fari a Ganges na da matuƙar damuwa saboda yana samar da ruwan sha da ban ruwa ga mutane fiye da miliyan 500.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ganges, Indus may not survive: climatologists|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/24indus.htm|work=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=People's Daily Online – Glaciers melting at alarming speed|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html|work=People's Daily}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2004-11-10|title=Science/Nature – Himalaya glaciers melt unnoticed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3998967.stm|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> A 2025, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa narkewar kankara na iya barazana ga abinci da ruwan sha na mutane biliyan 2.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glacier meltdown risks food and water supply of 2 billion people, says UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/mar/20/glacier-meltdown-risks-food-and-water-supply-of-2bn-people-says-un |work=The Guardian |date=21 March 2025}}</ref> === Arewacin Amurka === Yankin yammacin Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke samun ruwa daga kank == Kariya, rage tasiri da taimako == [[File:FEMA - 917 - Photograph by Angel Santiago taken on 04-03-1998 in Marshall Islands.jpg|thumb|upright|Rarraba ruwa a Marshall Islands a lokacin El Niño.]] A fannin noma, mutane na iya rage tasirin fari ta hanyar ban ruwa da juyin amfanin gona. Rashin tsara dabarun rage tasirin fari na iya jawo mummunan sakamako ga rayuwar ɗan adam a wannan zamani, musamman saboda yawan jama’a da ke ƙaruwa. Dabarun kariya ko rage tasirin fari sun haɗa da: * Dam – dam da madatsun ruwa suna samar da ƙarin ruwa a lokacin fari.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Matt Weiser|author2=Jeremy B. White|date=2014-06-01|title=Should California build dams, reservoirs to help with future droughts?|url=http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/06/01/3956458/should-calif-add-new-dams.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320040153/http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/06/01/3956458/should-calif-add-new-dams.html|archive-date=2015-03-20|access-date=2015-02-18|newspaper=Fresno Bee}}</ref> * Cloud seeding – wata hanya ce ta canza yanayi don haifar da ruwan sama.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cloud seeding helps alleviate drought|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-07/24/content_351196.htm|work=China Daily}}</ref> Wannan batun yana da cece-kuce, domin rahoton da National Research Council na Amurka ya fitar a 2004 ya nuna babu hujja mai ƙarfi da ke tabbatar da ingancin wannan dabarar.<ref>{{cite book|last1=NRC|title=Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research|year=2003|isbn=978-0-309-09053-7|doi=10.17226/10829 |bibcode=2003nap..book10829N }}</ref> * Amfani da ƙasa – tsara juyin amfanin gona na iya rage lalacewar ƙasa da kuma ba manoma damar shuka amfanin da ba sa buƙatar ruwa da yawa a shekarun fari. * Transvasement – gina magudanan ruwa ko karkatar da koguna don samar da ban ruwa a yankunan da fari ke yawan faruwa. Idan ruwa ya yi ƙalubale saboda fari, akwai hanyoyi da dama da mutane za su iya samun ruwa daga wasu tushe, kamar amfani da ruwan da aka sake tacewa, tara ruwan sama, tara ruwan ambaliya, ko kuma tace ruwan teku. == Tarihi == File:Dust Bowl - Dallas, South Dakota 1936.jpg|thumb|Gona a South Dakota lokacin Dust Bowl, 1936 A cikin tarihi, mutane kan dauki fari a matsayin masifa saboda tasirinsa ga abincin da ake samu da kuma sauran al’umma. Fari yana daga cikin abubuwan yanayi na farko da aka rubuta, yana bayyana a cikin Epic of Gilgamesh kuma yana da alaka da labarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na zuwan Joseph a Masar da kuma daga baya fitar Isra’ilawa daga Masar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Weather Centre – Features – History and Religion – Weather in the Bible – Drought and Famine|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/bible_drought.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040110002457/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/bible_drought.shtml|archive-date=10 January 2004|access-date=5 November 2017}}</ref> Hijirar masu farauta da masu tara abinci a Chile a shekara ta 9,500 BC an danganta da wannan al’amari,<ref>{{cite web|title=Ancient Chile Migration Mystery Tied to Drought|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/10/1024_021024_ChileAtacama.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021028200916/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/10/1024_021024_ChileAtacama.html|archive-date=October 28, 2002|work=National Geographic}}</ref> haka kuma fitar tsoffin mutane daga Afirka zuwa sauran duniya kimanin shekaru 135,000 da suka gabata.<ref>[http://azstarnet.com/all-headlines/205715m/ Drought pushed ancient African immigration ]{{dead link|date=December 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ana iya bayyana faruwar fari ta hanyar kimiyya dangane da tsarin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da bala’o’i na halitta kuma yana shafar muhalli ta hannun mutane.<ref name="Savelli">{{cite journal|last1=Savelli|first1=Elisa|last2=Rusca|first2=Maria|last3=Cloke|first3=Hannah|last4=Di Baldassarre|first4=Giuliano|title=Drought and society: Scientific progress, blind spots, and future prospects|journal=WIREs Climate Change|date=May 2022|volume=13|issue=3|article-number=e761|doi=10.1002/wcc.761|issn=1757-7780|doi-access=free|pmid=35864922|pmc=9286479|bibcode=2022WIRCC..13E.761S}}</ref> Akidar mutane game da fari kuma tana shafar al’adu, ilimin gargajiya, fahimta, dabi’u, imani da addini. A wasu wurare da lokuta, fari ana fassara shi a matsayin aikin karfin aljanu.<ref name="Salite"/> A duniya, mutane a cikin al’ummomi da dama sun fi bayyana abubuwan halitta kamar fari, yunwa da cuta da aljanu fiye da yadda suke bayyana abubuwan zamantakewa kamar yaki, kisa, da sata.<ref name="Wrethman">{{cite news|last1=Wrethman|first1=Emily|title=How societies use supernatural forces to explain earthly events|url=https://mdhs.unimelb.edu.au/news-and-events/how-societies-use-supernatural-forces-to-explain-earthly-events|work=Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences|date=4 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="Jackson">{{cite journal|last1=Jackson|first1=Joshua Conrad|last2=Dillion|first2=Danica|last3=Bastian|first3=Brock|last4=Watts|first4=Joseph|last5=Buckner|first5=William|last6=DiMaggio|first6=Nicholas|last7=Gray|first7=Kurt|title=Supernatural explanations across 114 societies are more common for natural than social phenomena|journal=Nature Human Behaviour|date=May 2023|volume=7|issue=5|pages=707–717|doi=10.1038/s41562-023-01558-0|issn=2397-3374|doi-access=free|pmid=37012368}}</ref> Dangantakar fari da abubuwan tarihi kamar rikice-rikice ko rushewar siyasa har yanzu tana da wahala a tantance saboda dabarun rubutu da == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} 2quqidpjos478mqkwr50mmt5k75911s 4 21908 841896 840593 2026-05-28T21:26:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 841896 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:SupportiveAnt043|SupportiveAnt043]] |[[Special:Contributions/SupportiveAnt043|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 26 ga Mayu 2026 |- |2 |[[User:Yakubu Yakubu|Yakubu Yakubu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yakubu Yakubu|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Alisar.888|Alisar.888]] |[[Special:Contributions/Alisar.888|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Kolpaak|Kolpaak]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kolpaak|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Varivalge|Varivalge]] |[[Special:Contributions/Varivalge|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |6 |[[User:90nikos|90nikos]] |[[Special:Contributions/90nikos|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Daydream moon|Daydream moon]] |[[Special:Contributions/Daydream moon|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |8 |[[User:IcedEarthMinistries|IcedEarthMinistries]] |[[Special:Contributions/IcedEarthMinistries|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |9 |[[User:PaganTerror|PaganTerror]] |[[Special:Contributions/PaganTerror|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |10 |[[User:Sp Gamawa|Sp Gamawa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sp Gamawa|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |11 |[[User:Merriman88|Merriman88]] |[[Special:Contributions/Merriman88|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |12 |[[User:Abdulmuddalib labarahim salisu|Abdulmuddalib labarahim salisu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdulmuddalib labarahim salisu|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |13 |[[User:Mitrovica02|Mitrovica02]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mitrovica02|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |14 |[[User:Surajr7|Surajr7]] |[[Special:Contributions/Surajr7|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |15 |[[User:Vanmacdonald|Vanmacdonald]] |[[Special:Contributions/Vanmacdonald|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026 |- |16 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2026-05-29T03:34:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Cathédrale Sainte-Marie de Conakry.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cathédrale Sainte-Marie de Conakry.jpg|thumb|Majami'ar St. Mary]] '''Cathédrale Sainte-Marie''' wuri ne mai muhimmanci na bautar Kirista a Conakry, Guinea. Ginin rawaya da ja yana da matukar sha'awar gine -gine. Monseigneur Raymond René Lérouge ya aza harsashin ginin Cathedral a 1928.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://us-africa.tripod.com/consulaatguinee/tour.html|title=Tourism: Nature- Culture - Hospitality|publisher=Consulaat van de Republiek Guinee|accessdate=2011-03-16|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731035541/https://us-africa.tripod.com/consulaatguinee/tour.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> An gina Cathedral a cikin shekarun 1930, kuma yana da gine -gine masu kayatarwa, tare da abubuwan ƙira na Orthodox. Palais Presidentiel yana bayan babban cocin. Kishiyar ita ce Ma'aikatar Babban Ilimi da Binciken Kimiyya.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC&pg=PA520|page=520|title=Africa South of the Sahara 2004|author=Europa Publications|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=1-85743-183-9}}</ref> Babban cocin shine babban wurin ibada don Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Conakry, wanda aka kafa a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 1897 a matsayin Babban Jami'in Apostolic na Faransa Guinea, kuma an inganta shi zuwa matsayin sa na yanzu a ranar 14 ga Satumba 1959. Daga Mayu 2003 Akbishop shine Vincent Coulibaly. Tun da mutanen Guinea galibi Musulmai ne, babban cocin ba shi da babban taro. [[File:Raymond_lerouge.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raymond_lerouge.jpg|thumb|Sassaukar Monseigneur Raymond Lerouge.]] == Manazarta == h3wpigjx5h4v5iiywco5ev3qpipmn4x 0 23733 842064 834291 2026-05-29T05:20:43Z Nura Bello 24854 842064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:ADBC_Branch_in_BeiChuan_after_earthquake.jpg|thumb|250x250px| A cikin Beichuan an sami yarinya a cikin wannan kango 102&nbsp;awanni (kwanaki 4, 6&nbsp;sa'o'i) bayan girgizar kasa. ]] [[File:Sichuan_earthquake_wenchuan.JPG|thumb|250x250px| Ginin kofar mai hoton Shugaban Mao]] '''Girgizar ƙasa ta Sichuan ta shekarar alif dubu biyu da takwas 2008''' ( ''Chinese'' ) wata babbar girgizar kasa ce a kasar [[China]] ranar data faru a ranar goma sha biyu 12 ga watan Mayu na shekarar alif dubu biyu da takwas 2008. Girgizar ƙasar tayi sanadiyyar rasa rayukan dubbanin mutane, dubunnan mutane sun bace kuma dubbanni sun ji rauni!<ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/duniya/20230208-jerin-manyan-girgizar-kasa-da-aka-yi-a-duniya</ref>. Miliyoyin mutane sun rasa matsugunni bayan da gidajensu suka rushe. An jiyo girgizar kasar daga nisan kilomita hamsin da takwas 58.<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/15/chinaearthquake.china| title=Sichuan quake: China's earthquake reconstruction to cost $150bn| newspaper=The Guardian| date=August 14, 2008| last1=Watts| first1=Jonathan| access-date=October 8, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008130343/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/15/chinaearthquake.china| archive-date=October 8, 2017| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Armand Vervaeck and Dr. James Daniell |url=http://earthquake-report.com/2011/05/10/the-may-12-2008-deadly-sichuan-earthquake-a-recap-3-years-later |title=The May 12, 2008 deadly Sichuan Earthquake – A recap – 3 years later |publisher=SOS Earthquakes |date=October 5, 2013 |access-date=March 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306210653/http://earthquake-report.com/2011/05/10/the-may-12-2008-deadly-sichuan-earthquake-a-recap-3-years-later/ |archive-date=March 6, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Paula |last=Dunbar |url=http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=7843&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display |title=Significant Earthquake |publisher=Ngdc.noaa.gov |access-date=February 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114181213/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=7843&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display |archive-date=January 14, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2008/us2008ryan/#summary |title=Magnitude 7.9 – EASTERN SICHUAN, CHINA |publisher=Earthquake.usgs.gov |access-date=November 7, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109012454/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2008/us2008ryan/ |archive-date=January 9, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first1=Andrew |last1=Jacobs |first2=Edward |last2=Wong |first3=Huang |last3=Yuanxi |title=China Reports Student Toll for Quake |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/08/world/asia/08china.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 7, 2009 |quote=Large earthquakes are common in fold and thrust belts; a recent example is the great Wench-uan earthquake that hit Sichuan, China, on May 12, 2008, killing more than 80,000 people. |access-date=May 14, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506151300/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/08/world/asia/08china.html |archive-date=May 6, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Bayanin girgizar kasa == An kuma auna ma'aunin girgizar a 8.0 ta Ofishin Seismological na Sin. Girgizar ta afku a 2: d, a zurfin {{Convert|19|km|mi|0}}.<ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/duniya/20230208-jerin-manyan-girgizar-kasa-da-aka-yi-a-duniya</ref> An ji girgizar ƙasa a [[Beijing|birnin Beijing]] kilomita dubu daya da dari biyar {{Convert|1500|km|mi|0}} nesa da cikin [[Shanghai]] {{Convert|1700|km|mi|0}} tafi. Gine -ginen ofisoshin dogayen a cikin garuruwan sun girgiza da girgiza. An kuma ji girgizar ƙasa a ƙasashen da ke kusa. An yi imanin cewa mutane dubu sittin da tara da dari biyu da ashirin da bakwai ne 69,227 sun mutu, mutane dubu dari uku da saba'in da hudu da dari daya da saba'in da shida ne 374,176 suka ji rauni, kuma mutane dubu goma sha takwas da dari biyu da ashirin da biyu ne 18,222 aka lissafa sun ɓace. (Lambobin Yuli 2008) Girgizar kasa ta bar kusan 4.8&nbsp; mutane miliyan ba su da matsuguni, kodayake adadin zai iya kai 11&nbsp;miliyan. Kimanin mutane miliyan 15 ne ke zaune a yankin da abin ya shafa. Ita ce girgizar ƙasa mafi muni kuma mafi karfi da ta taɓa faruwa a China tun girgizar kasa ta Tangshan ta shekarar 1976, wacce ta kashe adadin aƙalla mutane 240,000. [[File:Map_of_epicenter_of_may_12_2008_earthquake_in_sichuan_province_china.gif|thumb| Taswirar cibiyar USGS]] [[File:USGS_map_at_30_deg_N_lat,_105_deg_E_long_(2008-05-18).png|thumb| Taswirar USGS da ke nuna daruruwan girgizan ƙasa.]] An yi girgiza manyan girgizar ƙasa guda 52, masu girman gaske daga 4.4 zuwa 6.0, a cikin 72&nbsp;sa'o'i na babban rawar jiki. Masana kimiyya sun yi aiki cewa ƙasa ta motsa zuwa mita tara {{Convert|9|m|ft|0}} tare da Laifin Longmen Shan. Wannan kuskuren kusan kilo mita dari biyu da arba'in {{Convert|240|km|mi|0}} tsawo da {{Convert|20|km|mi|0}} zurfi. Girgizar ƙasa ta sa ƙasa a saman ta motsa fiye da mita ukku 3 m . Masanin kimiyyar girgizar kasar Japan, Yuji Yagi, ya ce girgizar ta afku a sassa biyu. Laifin ya tsage cikin sassan biyu, na farko yana motsawa kusan yadi bakwai {{Convert|7|yd|m|0}} . A kashi na biyu na girgizar kasa laifin ya sake kai yadi hudu {{Convert|4|yd|m|0}} . Girgizar ƙasar ta ɗauki kimanin mintuna biyu. Tana da ƙarfi saboda bai faru sosai a ƙarƙashin ƙasa ba. Mutane da yawa sun mutu saboda akwai mutane da yawa da ke zaune ayankin da girgizar ƙasan ya faru. Teruyuki Kato, masanin kimiyyar girgizar kasa a Jami'ar Tokyo, ya ce girgizar tayi girgiza mai nisa. Raƙuman ruwa ba su rasa ƙarfi ba saboda taurin ƙasa a tsakiyar China. == Inda aka ji girgizar ƙasar == Jerin wuraren da suka ji girgizar ƙasa :: * {{Flag|China}}: Tremors were felt everywhere but not [[Xinjiang]], [[Jilin]] or [[Heilongjiang]]. * {{Flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Hong Kong]]: Tremors were felt about 3&nbsp;minutes after the quake, and lasted for 30&nbsp;seconds. * {{Flagicon|Macau}} [[Macau]]: Tremors were felt about 3&nbsp;minutes after the quake. * {{Flag|Vietnam}}: Tremors were felt about 5&nbsp;minutes after the earthquake in the north of [[Vietnam]]. * {{Flag|Thailand}}: In parts of Thailand tremors were felt 6&nbsp;minutes after the quake. Office buildings in [[Bangkok]] shook for several minutes. * {{Flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Jamhuriyar Sin|Taiwan]]: It took about 8&nbsp;minutes for the quake to reach Taiwan. The tremors lasted for nearly 2&nbsp;minutes. * {{Flag|Mongolia}}: Tremors were felt about 8&nbsp;minutes after the earthquake. * {{Flag|Bangladesh}}: Tremors were felt 8 and a half minutes after the quake. * {{Flag|Nepal}}: Tremors were felt about 8 and a half minutes after the quake. * {{Flag|India}}: Tremors were felt about 9&nbsp;minutes after the earthquake in parts of India. * {{Flag|Pakistan}}: In [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Northern Pakistan]] tremors were felt 10&nbsp;minutes after the quake. * {{Flag|Russia}}: Tremors were felt in [[Tuva]]. == Ƙungiyoyin duniya == Girgizar ta afku ne saboda wani sashi na doron ƙasa, da ake kira ''farantin Indiya'', a hankali yake tafiya arewa. Yana motsawa kusan milimita guda hamsin {{Convert|50|mm|in|0}} kowace shekara. Ya fadi cikin ''farantin Eurasian'' . Wannan ya ture kasa kuma ya yi tsaunukan [[Himalaya|Himalaya.]] Ana tura wasu daga cikin ɓoyayyen kasa zuwa Sichuan da kudancin China. Wannan turawa ta haifar da girgizar ƙasa da yawa a China. Girgizar ta afku a tsaunukan da ke gefen gabashin yankin Qing-Tibet. Wannan kuma yana kan iyakar arewa maso yamma na yankin Sichuan. Girgizar ta faru ne sakamakon motsi a kan laifin arewa maso gabas. Wannan shine laifin Longmen Shan, wanda ke gudana a gefen kwarin. == Halin farko ga girgizar ƙasa == [[File:May12_2008_Sichuan,_China_earthquake_shake_map.jpg|right|thumb| USGS girgiza taswira]] [[File:Sichuan_earthquake_jundao.JPG|right|thumb| Wani shago bayan girgizar ƙasa.]] An kwashe gine -ginen ofisoshi a [[Shanghai]], da suka haɗa da Jin Mao Tower da Hong Kong New World Tower, (duk an sa mutanen su fice). Ayyukan gaggawa a Chengdu ba su iya amsa duk kiran waya ba. An kwashe ma’aikatan wata [[Ford|masana'anta ta Ford]] a Sichuan kimanin mintuna goma 10&nbsp;mintuna. An rufe [[Filin jirgin sama|filin jirgin sama na Chengdu.]] An aika jirgin SilkAir guda ɗaya don sauka a Kunming kusa. An dakatar da jiragen Cathay Pacific daga Hong Kong zuwa London. An bude filin jirgin sama na Chengdu yayin da ake amfani da filin jirgin don ayyukan agaji. Masu aiko da rahotanni a [[Chengdu]] sun ce sun ga fasa a bangon wasu gine -gine. A Beijing gine-ginen ofisoshi da yawa sun rushe. Wannan ya haɗa da ginin tare da ofisoshin watsa labarai don wasannin Olympics na bazara na shekarar alif dubu biyu da takwas 2008. Babu wuraren wasannin Olympic da ya lalace. Wani jirgin ƙasa ɗauke da tankokin man fetur 13 ya fito daga hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a gundumar Huixian, lardin Gansu, kuma ya kama da wuta. Girgizar ƙasa ta murƙushe hanyoyin jirgin. Girgizar kasar ta lalata dukkan manyan hanyoyin da suka shiga Wenchuan, da sauransu a duk fadin lardin Sichuan. Wannan ya rage jinkirin zuwan dakarun ceto. A gundumar Beichuan, kashi 80% na gine -ginen sun rushe. A Shifang, masana'antun sinadarai 2 sun lalace kuma sun tono tan tamanin 80 na ruwa mai ammoniya . Tsarin ruwan ban ruwa na Dujiangyan, cibiyar [[UNESCO]] ta Duniya ta lalace. Wannan tsohon tsarin ruwa ne wanda har yanzu ana amfani dashi. Shahararren Bakin Kifi ya tsage. Kasuwancin hannayen jari na Shanghai da Kasuwancin Shenzhen sun daina kasuwanci a kamfanonin da ke kudu maso yammacin China. Farashin tagulla ya tashi saboda samar da ita ya tsaya. Mai farashin ya ragu, saboda mutane suna tsammani kasar Sin ba za buƙatar a matsayin mai yawa da man fetur. An rasa rabin hanyoyin sadarwa mara waya a lardin Sichuan. China Mobile ta yi asarar tashoshi fiye da dubu biyu da dari ukku 2,300 saboda rashin wutar lantarki da yawan kiran waya. An katse sabis din Unicom na China a Wenchuan da yankunan da ke kusa, tare da kuma hasarar hasumiyar waya sama da dari bakwai 700. Panda guda biyu a wani wurin ajiyar Giza Panda sun ji rauni. Wasu biyu kuma sun bace bayan girgizar kasar. Tashar wutar lantarki ta Zipingpu, kilomita ashirin {{Convert|20|km|mi|0}} gabas da girgizar kasa, ta lalace. Gangar madatsar ta fashe, kuma gine -ginen sun rushe. Madatsar ruwa ta Tulong na cikin hatsarin fashewa. Kimanin sojoji dubu biyu 2,000 aka tura zuwa Zipingpu, don gwadawa da sakin matsin lamba ta hanyar kwararar ruwa . Gaba daya, madatsun ruwa dari ukku da casa'in da daya 391, sun lalace sakamakon girgizar kasar. Ya zuwa ranar 18 ga Mayu, 2008, an kafa sabbin tafkuna 21 a Sichuan. Wannan saboda girgizar kasa ta toshe koguna. Dole aka kwashe kauyuka saboda [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] . == Mutuwar mutane == Gwamnatin China ta ce girgizar kasar tayi tayi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 69,181, ciki har da 68,636 a lardin Sichuan. Akwai mutane 18,498 da aka lissafa sun ɓace; Mutane 374,171 sun ji rauni. Wannan ya haɗa da ma’aikata 158 da suka mutu a zaftarewar ƙasa yayin da suke ƙoƙarin gyara hanyoyi. Wata ƙungiyar agaji ta gano mutane 2,300 da ke raye a Yingxiu . Kafin girgizar ƙasar akwai mutane kusan 9,000 a wurin. A gundumar Beichuan, mutane 3,000 zuwa 5,000 sun mutu, 10,000 sun ji rauni kuma 80% na gine -ginen sun lalace. Makarantu takwas sun faɗi a Dujiangyan .Kuma wani dan kasar Taiwan mai shekaru 56 yamutu dan yawon bude ido a Dujiangyan . Yana kokarin kubutar da masu yawon bude ido 11 da suka makale a kan Lingyanshan Ropeway. Saboda girgizar ƙasa, sun makale cikin motocin kebul . === Makarantu === Dubban yara 'yan makaranta sun mutu saboda mummunan makarantun da aka gina. akalla mutane 1,700. Akalla gine -ginen makaranta 7,000 ne suka rushe. Gini/bango ya dannenne wasu ɗalibai 700 a wata makaranta a Hanwang. Akalla dalibai da ma’aikata 600 ne suka mutu a makarantar firamare ta Juyuan. Kimanin yara da malamai 1,300 ne suka mutu a Makarantar Tsakiya ta Beichuan. [[File:Sichuanearthquake_Jiangyou_pic9.jpg|right|thumb|230x230px| Wannan makarantar yara tana ɗaya daga cikin makarantu da yawa da suka lalace sosai.]] Saboda manufar ƙasar Sin ɗaya tilo, iyalai da yawa sun rasa ɗansu daya tilo da suka mallaka. Jami'ai a lardin Sichuan sun cire iyakar yaro daya ga iyalan da suka rasa ko jikkata dansu daya tilo. Abin da ake kira "yara ba bisa ƙa'ida ba" waɗanda shekarunsu ba su kai 18 ba za a iya sanya su a matsayin maye gurbin ɗan'uwansu ko 'yar uwarsu. Wannan na iya yin latti ga wasu, saboda da yawa daga cikin iyayen sun tsufa ko kuma ba sa iya sake haihuwa. A ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2008, jami'ai sun fara duba kango na dubban makarantu da suka rushe. Suna neman alamu game da dalilin da yasa suka faɗi. Dubban iyaye sun ce gwamnati da magina ba su gina makarantu yadda ya kamata ba. Yawancin gine -ginen da ke kusa ba su lalace ba. Iyayen yaran da yayansu suka mutu a makarantun sun ce har yanzu basu samu wani rahoto ba. Jami'an yankin sun ce kada su yi zanga -zanga amma iyayen sun yi zanga -zanga kuma sun bukaci a gudanar da bincike. A gwamnati dakatar da sun tsaya labaru na mugun gina makarantu daga ana buga a cikin kafofin watsa labarai. An samu lamarin inda 'yan sanda suka kori masu zanga -zangar. An kama Liu Shaokun (刘绍坤), malamin makarantar Sichuan, ranar 25 ga Yuni, 2008. Ya kasance yana yada "jita -jita da lalata tsarin zamantakewa" game da Girgizar Ƙasa ta Sichuan. Liu ya tafi yankin Shifang (什 邡), ya ɗauki hotunan gine -ginen makaranta da suka rushe, ya sanya su a yanar gizo. Ya kuma ce yana fushi da "gine -ginen tofu" a cikin wata hira da manema labarai. An umarce shi da ya yi aiki na shekara guda na sake karatun ta hanyar aiki (劳动 教养) (RTL). Saboda koke -koke daga sauran ƙasashe, an saki Liu don ya yi wa RTL hukuncinsa a wajen sansanin kwadago. Za a gudanar da binciken lafiya a makarantu a duk faɗin China. Hukumar raya ƙasa da sake fasalin kasa na yin sabbin dokoki don inganta matsayin gini na makarantun firamare da na tsakiya a yankunan karkara. == Lalacewar gini == Kamfanonin inshora sun sa su hasarori a Amurka $ 1 biliyan daga cikin girgizar ƙasar. Jimlar kuɗin lalacewar na iya zama sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 20. [[Chengdu]], birni mai mutane miliyan 4.5, yana da darajar kusan dala biliyan 115. Kaɗan ne kawai aka ba inshora. [[File:Collapsed_Building_in_Dujiangyan_-_2008_Sichuan_earthquake.jpg|right|thumb| Ruwan sama na ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin bayan girgizar ƙasar.]] Lalacewar gine -gine a cikin girgizar ƙasa ya faru ne saboda ƙirar gine -ginen China. Ƙasar Sin ba ta da ka'idojin ginin girgizar kasa har sai bayan babbar girgizar kasa ta Tangshan a 1976. Tsofaffin gine -gine, waɗanda aka gina kafin 1976, ba a ƙera su don su tsaya a cikin girgizar ƙasa ba. Rahotannin labarai sun nuna cewa mafi talauci, ƙauyukan karkara sun fi fama da rauni. == Ƙoƙarin ceto == [[File:2008_Sinchuan_Earthquake_Rock_Slide.jpg|thumb| Ruwan sama, nunin faifai da laka a kan manyan hanyoyin, ya sa ya yi wuya a isa yankin.]] Sakataren jam'iyyar kwaminis ta Sin janar [[Hu Jintao]] ya bayyana cewa, taimakon da taimako zai zama sauri. Firaminista Wen Jiabao, nan da nan ya tashi zuwa yankin girgizar ƙasa don tsara aikin ceton. Ma'aikatar lafiya ta ƙasar Sin ta tura tawagogin likitoci 10 na gaggawa. Rundunar Yankin Soja ta Chengdu ta tura sojoji da 'yan sanda 50,000 don taimakawa a gundumar Wenchuan. Tawagar agaji ta mutane 184 sun bar Beijing: * Mutane 12 daga Ofishin Jakadancin Jihar. * 150 daga Kwamitin Yankin Soja na Beijing. * Mutane 22 daga Babban Asibitin ‘Yan Sanda. Saboda tsaunuka, sojoji sun gagara wahalar samun taimako zuwa yankunan karkara. Ƙungiyoyin ceto da dama, ciki har da sashen kashe gobara na [[Taipei]] daga Taiwan, sun ce a shirye suke su taimaka. Yana da wahala a tura mutane zuwa wuraren da aka fi samun rauni mafi kusa da girgizar ƙasa. Ba zai yiwu a isa yankin ba saboda hanyoyi sun lalace kuma sun toshe sakamakon zaftarewar kasa. Mutane sun buƙaci tantuna, kayayyakin kiwon lafiya, ruwan sha da abinci. . Ƙananan ƙauyen Sier ana iya isa ta hanyar tafiya kawai. Zaftarewar ƙasa haɗari ne ga Kungiyar bincike da ceto mutane 80. Kowane mutum ya ɗauki kimanin {{Convert|40|kg|lb|0}} na kayan agaji. {{Convert|4000|m|ft|0}} sama da matakin teku . Matsanancin yanayin tsaunin yana nufin ba za su iya amfani da jirage masu saukar ungulu ba . Fiye da mazauna ƙauyen Tibet 300 sun makale a ƙauyen da ya lalace ba tare da abinci da ruwa ba. Ƙungiyar agaji ta Kwamandan Yang Wenyao ta isa bayan tafiya na kwanaki 5, kuma ta taimaki mutanen da suka ji rauni kuma suka maƙale a kan dutsen Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da zaftarewar ƙasa sun yi wahalar aikin ceto. An yi amfani da jirage masu saukar ungulu 20 a ranar farko don isar da abinci, ruwa, agajin gaggawa da ɗaukar mutanen da suka ji rauni. Kashegari, sojoji 15,600 daga Yankin Soja ta Chengdu sun shiga aikin ceto. A cikin kwanaki 2 ana gyara wayoyi a babban garin Wenchuan. 100 sojoji, tare da taimako da kayayyaki, parachuted cikin m Maoxian County, arewa maso gabashin Wenchuan. [[File:Sichuan_earthquake_save..JPG|right|thumb| An ceto wata tsohuwa bayan ta makale sama da awanni 50.]] Kwanaki uku bayan afkuwar girgizar, Premiere Wen Jiabao na China ya ba da umarnin wasu jirage masu saukar ungulu 90. An yi amfani da jiragen sama guda 150 wajen aikin agaji. Wannan shi ne aiki mafi girma da ƙasar Sin ta taba ɗauka ba tare da yaƙi ba. Bayan girgizar ƙasa, mutane daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar Sin sun ba da gudummawa. Mutane sun ba da kuɗi a makarantu, [[Banki|bankuna]], da gidajen mai . Mutane kuma sun ba da gudummawar jini, wanda ya haifar da dogayen layuka a yawancin manyan biranen China. == Taimakon duniya == China ta ce za ta yi godiya da taimakon ƙasashen duniya don shawo kan girgizar kasar. Gidauniyar Tzu Chi ta zo daga Taiwan a ranar 13 ga Mayu. Wannan ita ce runduna ta farko daga wajen Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da kuma ta shiga aikin ceto. Tan tan 100 na kayan agaji da Gidauniyar Tzu Chi da Red Cross Society na [[Jamhuriyar Sin|Taiwan]] suka isa Chengdu zuwa ranar 15 ga Mayu Francis Marcus na ƙungiyar agaji ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta Red Cross ya yabawa aikin ceton na ƙasar Sin a matsayin "mai sauri kuma mai inganci". Ya ce girman bala'in ya yi yawa da "ba za mu iya tsammanin cewa gwamnati za ta iya yin komai tare da magance kowane bangare na bukatun ba". ''Economist ya'' ce China ta mayar da martani ga bala'in "cikin sauri kuma tare da butde baki mara kyau". Wannan ya sha bamban da martanin da [[Myanmar|Myammar]] ta bayar a asirce ga guguwar Nargis, wacce ta afkawa kasar kwanaki 10 kafin girgizar Kasar. A ranar 16 ga Mayu, ƙungiyoyin ceto daga [[Koriya ta Kudu]], [[Japan]], [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Rasha]] da [[Jamhuriyar Sin|Taiwan]] sun isa don shiga aikin ceto. [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka ta]] raba wasu daga cikin [[Tauraron dan adam|hotunan tauraron dan adam]] na yankunan da girgizar kasar ta shafa da gwamnatin China. Amurka ta aike da jiragen yaki samfurin Air Force C-17 guda biyu dauke da kayayyaki, wadanda suka haɗa da tantuna da janareto . == Taimako ta yanar gizo == An yi amfani da [[yanar gizo]] don isar da bayanai don taimakawa ceto da murmurewa a China. Misali, Xinhua na hukuma ya kafa cibiyar neman ceton kan layi don nemo matsalolin dawo da bala'i. Lokacin da jirage masu saukar ungulu suka sami matsala saukowa kusa da cibiya a Wenchuan, wani dalibi ya ba da shawarar sabon wurin sauka a kan layi. Masu ba da agaji sun kuma kafa wasu gidajen yanar gizo da yawa don taimakawa adana bayanan tuntuɓar waɗanda abin ya shafa. == Makokin ƙasa == [[File:National_mourning_for_2008_Sichuan_earthquake_victims_-_Tiananmen_Square,_Beijing,_2008-05-19_(Cropped).jpg|thumb|325x325px| A ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2008, mutane sun tuna wadanda girgizar ƙasa ta rutsa da su a dandalin Tiananmen, [[Beijing]] .]] Majalisar Jiha ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki 3 (baƙin ciki) ga wadanda girgizar kasa ta rutsa da su tun daga ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2008. An daga tutar kasar Sin zuwa rabin mast . Wannan shi ne karon farko da China ta yi kwanaki na makoki na kasa don wani abu ban da mutuwar wani shugaban kasa. Mutane da yawa sun ce ita ce mafi girman nuna baƙin ciki tun bayan mutuwar Mao A 14:28 CST a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2008, mako guda bayan girgizar ƙasa, jama'ar China sun yi shiru na ɗan lokaci. Mutane sun yi shiru don 3&nbsp;mintuna. Karewar iska, 'yan sanda da sautin wuta, da ƙahonin motoci, jiragen ruwa da jiragen ƙasa. Motoci akan hanyoyin Beijing sun tsaya. Bayan yin shuru, a dandalin Tiananmen, jama'a sun fara kiran "Tsawon China". Kwamitin shirya gasar Ningbo na mika wutar tocilan wasannin Olympic ta Beijing ya dakatar da aikin na tsawon kwanaki 3. Shafukan yanar gizo na ƙasar Sin sun canza shafukan farko zuwa baƙi da fari. Sina.com da Sohu, sun canza shafin yanar gizon su zuwa labarai kawai, kuma sun cire duk tallace -tallace . Shafukan yanar gizo na raba [[Bidiyo|bidiyo na]] kasar Sin , youku da Tudou, sun kasance baƙar fata kuma sun nuna bidiyo kawai game da girgizar ƙasa. Sauran gidajen yanar gizo na nishaɗi, gami da rukunin wasannin caca, sun yi baƙi. Sauran gidajen yanar gizon suna da alaƙa da gudummawar girgizar ƙasa. Tashoshin talabijin na China sun sanya tambarin su da launin toka. Sun nuna hotunan girgizar ƙasa mara tsayawa daga CCTV-1. Hatta tashoshin talabijin, kamar Channel V China, suma sun nuna hotunan girgizar ƙasa. Wasu gidajen talabijin sun daina nuna tallace -tallace. Ranar 18 ga Mayu, CCTV-1 tana da 4 na musamman&nbsp;shirin talabijin na awa ɗaya da ake kira ''Bayar da Soyayya'' (爱 的 奉献). Shahararrun mutane da yawa daga China, Hong Kong, Singapore da Taiwan sun kasance a cikin wasan kwaikwayon. Mutanen da ke kallo sun ba da kimanin Yuan biliyan 1.5 na China (dala miliyan 208) ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Masu nishaɗin sun rera taken "Gobe Zai Yi Kyau", sannan Faye Wong ya bi ta yana rera " Fatan Mu Ƙare Har Abada ". ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:2008%EB%85%84_%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99119%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0%EB%8B%A8_%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EC%93%B0%EC%B4%A8%EC%84%B1_%EB%8C%80%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84_%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%EC%B6%9C%EB%8F%99(%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E7%9C%81_%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87,_%EC%82%AC%EC%B2%9C%EC%84%B1_%EB%8C%80%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84)_SSL27435.JPG|Irin girman ɓarnar da lamarin ya haifar File:Roadside_shelter_in_Dujiangyan_-_2008_Sichuan_earthquake.jpg|Rufin kwanon wani gida a Rariya, biyo bayan afkuwar girgizar Kasa a ƙasar </gallery> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Sauran gidajen yanar gizo == === Bayanan labarai === * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/asia_pacific/2008/china_quake/default.stm Babban Shafi na Girgizar Kasa na BBC] ** [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7410166.stm Yawan girgizar kasa a China ya kai 40,000] ** [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7410627.stm Hanyar yawon shakatawa na Sichuan a cikin kango] ** [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7408157.stm Makoki na Gari yayin da ake Ci gaba da Bincike] ** [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7400614.stm BBC - Taswirar Yankin da abin ya shafa] ** [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7402612.stm Girgizar ƙasa ta mamaye Yanar gizo] * [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2008/news/china.earthquake/ CNN - Portal na Girgizar Kasa ta China] ** [http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/05/21/oly.torch/ An Jinkirta Mutuwar Toshin Wasannin Olympics na China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528212632/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/05/21/oly.torch/ |date=2008-05-28 }} ** [http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/05/20/china.patriots/ Hadin kai da kishin kasa sun share kasar Sin] ** [http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/05/20/china.patriots/ Filin wasa ya zama birnin alfarwa bayan girgizar kasar Sin] * [http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/earthquakes/sichuan_province_china/index.html Taken New York Times - Girgizar Kasa ta Sichuan] ** [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/22/world/asia/22china.html Ceto Yana Ƙare Wahala Daya Ga Matasan Chinesean Sinawa] ** [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/22/world/asia/22nuke.html Global Monitor ba ta gano wani mai watsa rediyo a yankin girgizar ƙasa ba] ** [https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/world/AP-China-Earthquake-Pandas.html Girgizar Kasa Pandas Takwas Zuwa Beijing] ** [https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/world/AP-ODD-China-Earthquake-Rumor.html An Daure Mutane Biyu Don Yaɗa jita -jitar girgizar ƙasa a China] * [http://www.chinaview.cn/08quake/ Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Xinhua - Girgizar Kasa Mai Karfi Ta Kashe SW China] ** [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-05/21/content_8222922.htm Gwamnati ta ware yuan biliyan 70 don sake ginawa] ** [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-05/21/content_8222922.htm Masu aikin ceto sun taimaka masu aikin sa kai 680,000] ** [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-05/22/content_8224070.htm Taimakon girgizar ƙasa Har yanzu yana kan Mahimmin Matsayi] === Taswirar kan layi === * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7400614.stm BBC - Taswirar Yankin da abin ya shafa] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7402612.stm CNN - Taswirar Yankin da abin ya shafa] * [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2008/05/12/world/05132008_CHINA_MAP.html New York Times - Taswirar Yankin da abin ya shafa] * [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/doc404?OpenForm&rc=3&emid=EQ-2008-000062-CHN Yanar Gizon Agaji - Taswirar Yankin da abin ya shafa]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2008/eq_080512_ryan/neic_ryan_l.html USGS - Map na shafa yankin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517023457/http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2008/eq_080512_ryan/neic_ryan_l.html |date=2008-05-17 }} Archived === Midiya === * [http://www.china-quake.com/ Sichuan Girgizar Kasa Pictures Amsoshi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301194909/http://www.china-quake.com/ |date=2009-03-01 }} Archived * [http://www.sichuan-earthquake.org/ Rayuwa da mutuwa, Love kuma Pain: Tilas da Sichuan Girgizar Kasa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521000559/http://www.sichuan-earthquake.org/ |date=2008-05-21 }} Archived * '''BBC''' ** [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/7397838.stm Tattara Bidiyoyin BBC da suka shafi Girgizar Kasa] ** [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/7395870.stm Bidiyon LABARIN BBC, Girgizar Kasa ta afkawa yammacin China] * '''CNN''' ** [http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/05/16/earthquake.video/index.html CNN - Rikicin Girgizar Kasa na Kasar Sin Gaba Daya] * '''Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Xinhua''' ** [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-05/21/content_8219870.htm Shugabanni sun duba aikin agaji na girgizar ƙasa] ** [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-05/21/content_8219954.htm Masu Ceto Suna Hadar Yankunan Girgizar Kasa] === Shafukan kimiyya da ilimi === * [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/080516123837.htm Gano Laifukan Girgizar Kasa A Sichuan] * [https://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2008/us2008ryan/ Shirin Hadarin Girgizar Kasa na USGS: Shafi ne na bayanai game da girgizar ƙasa ta Sichuan] * [http://quake.mit.edu/~changli/wenchuan.html Rahoton MIT: Girgizar Kasa a kusa da Wenchuan, West Sichuan, China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013080507/http://quake.mit.edu/~changli/wenchuan.html |date=2016-10-13 }} * [http://www.tectonics.caltech.edu/2008MayChinaEQ/xichuan.html Caltech Report: The kimiyya a baya da kasar Sin ta lardin Sichuan Girgizar Kasa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528050404/http://www.tectonics.caltech.edu/2008MayChinaEQ/xichuan.html |date=2008-05-28 }} Archived * [http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/20772/ Kasar Sin ba ta da Tsarin Gargaɗi da Girgizar Kasa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123124753/http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/20772/ |date=2012-01-23 }} * [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=18034&rc=3 Samar da Tafkin a Ƙarshen Girgizar Ƙasa 7.9 (hotunan da aka haɗa)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528082900/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=18034&rc=3 |date=2008-05-28 }} Archived [[Category:Annoba]] [[Category:Sin]] 8s4n8twmgfcxz57balrmujfn5adt6mh 0 24212 842386 507970 2026-05-29T11:02:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:INDECENT DRESSING (MARK ANGEL COMEDY) EPISODE 303.webm|thumb|Mark Angel (mai-barkwanci)]] [[Fayil:Mark Angel (Wikipedia - Emmanuella goes to school).png|thumb|Mark Angel]] '''Mark Angel''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 27 ga watan Mayu shekarar alif dari tara da casa'in da daya 1991), ya kasan ce dan [[dan Nijeriya|wasan]] barkwanci ne, kuma marubuci, mai shirya bidiyo. An fi san shi da gajerun wando na Mark Angel Comedy akan YouTube, galibi yana nuna dan wasan barkwanci kamar dan uwansa, Emmanuella Samuel (shekaru 11<ref name="buzz3">{{cite web|work=BuzzNigeria|last=Chidimma|first=Eze|access-date=19 February 2019|url=https://buzznigeria.com/facts-mark-angel-comedy/|title=10+ Unbelievable Facts About Mark Angel Comedy}}</ref>), kanwarsa,<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/i-once-cried-on-set-mark-angel/|title=I once cried on set – Mark Angel|date=14 February 2016|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US|access-date=20 March 2019}}</ref> da dan uwanta "Aunty" Nasarar Madubuike (shekaru 7 zuwa 2021). Tashar YouTube ta Angel ita ce tashar barkwanci ta farko ta Afirka da ta kai masu biyan kudi miliyan daya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://silverbirdtv.com/uncategorized/35625/emmanuellas-channel-is-the-first-african-comedy-channel-to-hit-1-million-subscribers-on-youtube/|title=Emmanuella’s Channel Is The First African Comedy Channel To Hit 1 Million Subscribers On YouTube|date=2 June 2017|website=SilverbirdTV|language=en-US|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328164704/http://silverbirdtv.com/uncategorized/35625/emmanuellas-channel-is-the-first-african-comedy-channel-to-hit-1-million-subscribers-on-youtube/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Mark Angel a shekarar 1991 a [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]], [[Rivers|Jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mark Angel's biography: interesting facts you should know|date=1 October 2018|access-date=19 February 2019|work=[[Legit.ng]]|last=Nenge|first=Katrine|url=https://www.legit.ng/1195391-mark-angels-biography-interesting-facts-know.html}}</ref> Ya halarci Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo don yin karatun likitanci, amma ya tafi ne saboda dalilan iyali. Bayan kwaleji, ya shafe lokaci a Najeriya yana samun gogewa a harkar fina -finai da wasan kwaikwayo, amma bai sami ingantaccen aikin biyan kudi a Nollywood ba .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}} Ya fara yin fim mai zaman kansa a cikin 2013 a karkashin sunan Mechanic Pictures.<ref name=":02" /> Shi mai goyon bayan [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea FC ne]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2021}} == Mark Angel Comedy == An fi san Angel da Mark Angel Comedy, jerin gajerun wasan barkwanci na YouTube wanda ke nuna mutane da yawa daga dangin Angel da makwabta a Fatakwal. Yawancin guntun wando sun hada da yara masu wayo, musamman Emmanuella Samuel<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://buzznigeria.com/facts-mark-angel-comedy/|title=10+ Unbelievable Facts About Mark Angel Comedy|last=Chidimma|first=Eze|date=5 June 2017|website=BuzzNigeria|language=en-US|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> da Nasara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://southerntimesafrica.com/site/news/high-profile-young-talents-set-for-teen-inspirational-summit-in-namibia|title=High-profile young talents set for Teen Inspirational Summit in Namibia|last=Kavhu|first=Sharon|date=25 January 2019|website=The Southern Times|language=en|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614225428/https://southerntimesafrica.com/site/news/high-profile-young-talents-set-for-teen-inspirational-summit-in-namibia|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gajerun sanannun sanannun mala'iku shine "Oga Landlord,"{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}} inda wani mutum ya makara kan haya (Mala'ika) yana kokarin buya ga maigidansa (Daddy Humble), kuma yana kokari a banza don samun rufin yaro (Emmanuella) (misali. “Kawu baya nan. Ya gaya min kawai. " ).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RgtSdfnZFQc|title=Landlord Charged|via=YouTube|work=Mark Angel Comedy}}</ref> Sama’ila ita ce fitacciyar jarumar da ta fi fitowa a fina-finai. Ta ci lambobin yabo na barkwanci a Najeriya da [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] saboda aikinta tare da Angel,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.legit.ng/1141756-comedian-kid-emmanuella-biography.html#1141756|title=Comedian kid Emmanuella biography|last=Ibenegbu|first=George|date=22 December 2017|work=[[Legit.ng]]|access-date=19 February 2019}}</ref> kuma ita ce mafi karancin lambar yabo ta YouTube a Afirka.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/entertainment/2016/12/09/exp-nigerian-6-year-old-comedienne.cnn|title=Meet Nigerian 6-year-old comedienne|date=9 December 2016|access-date=19 February 2019}}</ref> Ta fara aikin fim a makaranta a matsayin wani bangare na aikin bidiyo na aji, kafin Angel ta zabe ta don tsayuwar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="buzz3" /> Bidiyoyin Sama'ila na iya kaiwa ga kallo miliyan a cikin makon farko bayan aikawa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/gist/emmanuella-mark-angel-why-nigerians-think-this-comedy-duo-is-very-funny/twxqly3|title=Why Nigerians think this comedy duo is very funny|last=Akande|first=Segun|date=30 January 2018|work=Pulse.ng|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220181319/https://www.pulse.ng/gist/emmanuella-mark-angel-why-nigerians-think-this-comedy-duo-is-very-funny/twxqly3|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mark Angel Comedy ya karbi tambarin daga YouTube saboda ya kai rajista miliyan daya a cikin 2017. Ita ce tashar YouTube ta farko da ke Najeriya da ta kai wannan matakin.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/google-for-nigeria-markangel-comedy-emmanuella-gets-youtube-plaque-for-hitting-1/7zm8vwg|title=MarkAngel Comedy, Emmanuella gets YouTube plaque for hitting 1 Million subscribers|last=Okunola|first=Folarin|date=28 July 2017|work=Pulse.ng|access-date=19 February 2019}}</ref> A cikin 2018 an ba da sanarwar cewa Samuel zai kasance a hade da fim din fasalin Disney mai zuwa.<ref>{{cite news|work=Africa News|url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/02/20/nigeria-s-child-comedian-emmanuella-to-feature-in-a-disney-project//|date=20 February 2018|access-date=19 February 2019|title=Nigeria's child comedian Emmanuella to feature in a Disney project|last=Mumbere|first=Daniel|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220122743/http://www.africanews.com/2018/02/20/nigeria-s-child-comedian-emmanuella-to-feature-in-a-disney-project//|url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2020, yayin kulle-kullen COVID-19, Emmanuella, Nasara, da Regina Daniels an nuna su a cikin skit ta Ofego mai taken " Lockdown " akan tashar sa ta YouTube, ta amfani da hotunan tarihin. <ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=S46iwCmoGv0</ref> == Salon fim == Mark Angel yana aiki galibi tare da tsarin kamara da yawa kuma yana kusantar kusurwar kamara. Yin fim wani lokacin yana hada fasahohin kyamarar girgiza don ba su yanayin halitta da kasa zuwa kasa, wani abu da Angel ke kira "wasan barkwanci."<ref name="buzz3" /> Angel da farko yana yin fina-finai a cikin dangin dangin sa a Fatakwal, a matsayin wata hanya ta nuna yanayin da ya girma da kuma alaqa da sauran talakawa a Najeriya.<ref name="buzz3" /> == Duba kuma == * Jerin yan wasan barkwanci na Najeriya == Hanyoyin waje == * {{Official website|https://markangelcomedy.com}} * {{YouTube|MarkAngelComedy|MarkAngelComedy}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1991]] [[Category:Masu Barkwancin Najeriya]] [[Category:Yan Najeriya]] 7af34oq6nrpqp2amd5hhwypwbkyypka 0 26737 842075 789024 2026-05-29T05:33:45Z Nura Bello 24854 842075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:ACM-al-Buraq-03642.jpg |thumb| Gungun a Al buraq]] [[File:Aceh_buraq_and_lion_seal.jpg |thumb| Tambari]] '''Burāq''' (Larabci: الْبُرَاق ''al-Burāq'' ko /ælˈbʊrɑːk/ "walƙiya" ko kuma gabaɗaya "mai haske") wata halitta ce a cikin al'adar Musulunci da aka ce safarar wasu annabawa ce. Muhimman labaran hadisi game da Isra'i da Mi'iraji sun ba da labarin cewa Buraq ya ɗauko Annabin Musulunci Muhammad daga [[Makkah|Makka]] zuwa Kudus da sama da dawowa da dare.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJmTOQQDxiQC&pg=PA48|access-date=25 October 2015|page=48|title=Heavenly Journeys, Earthly Concerns|first=Brooke Olson|last=Vuckovic|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135885243|year=2004}}</ref> == Etymology == [[File:Logo Buraq.jpg|thumb|Buraq]] ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', yana nufin rubuce-rubucen Al-Damiri (d.1405), yana ɗaukar Buraq a matsayin asalin da kuma adabin Larabci: برق ''barq'' "walƙiya / walƙiya" ko ma'anoni daban-daban na ma'ana daga kalmar: "da katako, walƙiya, haske, haske, haske.<ref>Gruber, Christane J., "al-Burāq", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Consulted online on 14 April 2018 <https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_24366></ref> A cewar ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', "Boraq" nau'in Arabized ne na "Farisa ta Tsakiya ''*barāg'' ko ''*bārag'', 'dabbar hawa, hawa' (Sabuwar Farisa ''bāra'')".<ref>{{iranica|hadith-v|Hadith v. as Influenced by Iranian Ideas and Practices}}</ref> == Tafiya zuwa Sama ta Bakwai == Bisa al'adar Musulunci, Tafiyar Dare ta faru ne shekaru goma (10) bayan Muhammadu ya bayyana annabcinsa, a cikin karni na 7. Muhammadu ya kasance a Makka, a gidan kaninsa (gidan Fakhitah bint Abi Talib), lokacin da ya tafi al-Masjid al-Haram (Masallacin Al-Haram). Yayin da yake hutawa a dakin Ka'aba, Jibrilu ya bayyana gare shi yana kawo Buraq, wanda ya dauki Muhammad a cikin tawagar shugaban mala'iku, zuwa ''al-Masjid al-Aqsaʼ'',[Quran 17:1] wanda aka saba da shi a Urushalima. A nan ne ya sauka daga Buraq, ya yi addu'a a wurin Haikali mai tsarki (Bait Al-Maqdis), sannan ya sake dora shi yayin da halittar ta hau sama bakwai inda ya hadu da Adamu da Isa da dan uwansa Yahaya Maibaftisma, Yusufu, Anuhu, Haruna, Musa da Ibrahim daya bayan daya har ya kai ga kursiyin Allah. Allah ya yi magana da shi yana ba shi kalmomi da umarni, mafi mahimmancin umarnin da aka yi wa musulmi na yin sallah, tun farko sau hamsin a rana. Dangane da roƙon Musa, Muhammadu ya koma ga Allah sau da yawa kafin daga bisani ya rage adadin zuwa biyar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerusalem: The Three Religions of the Temple Mount|author=Sullivan, Leah|url=http://water.stanford.edu/nur/GP50/leah.pdf|access-date=13 November 2018|publisher=stanford.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712095834/http://water.stanford.edu/nur/GP50/leah.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2007}}</ref> == Ibrahim == Ibn Ishaq ya ce, Buraq ya yi jigilar Ibrahim ne a lokacin da ya ziyarci Hajara da Isma’il. Hadisi ya nuna cewa Ibrahim ya zauna tare da Saratu a Kan'ana amma Buraq sukan kai shi Makka da safe don su ga iyalansa a can su mayar da shi da yamma.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journeys in Holy Lands: The Evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael Legends in Islamic Exegesis|last=Firestone|first=Reuven|publisher=SUNY Press|date=1990|isbn=978-0-7914-0331-0|page=117|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O69zjVnjL10C&pg=PA117|access-date=25 October 2015}}</ref> == Hadisi == Duk da cewa Hadisin bai fito karara ya yi nuni da Buraq a matsayin fuskar mutum ba, kusan ko da yaushe fasahar Gabas da Farisa tana nuna hakan - hoton da ya sami hanyar shiga fasahar Musulunci ta Indiya da Farisa. Wataƙila wannan ya samo asali ne daga fassarar halittar da aka siffanta da "kyakkyawan fuska" a matsayin fuskar mutum maimakon dabba. An karbo daga fassarar Sahihul Bukhari yana siffanta Buraq cewa: {{quote|Sai aka kawo mini wata farar dabba wacce ta fi alfadara girma, wacce ta fi jaki girma ... Takun dabbar (yana da fadi har ya kai ga nesa da dabbar ta iya gani).|[[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]|Sahih al-Bukhari<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|5|58|227}}{{dead link|date=January 2019}}</ref>}} Wani guntu kuma ya yi bayanin Buraq dalla-dalla: {{quote|Sai Jibrilu ya kawo Buraq mai kyakykyawan fuska da garu, wata dabba doguwa fari ce wacce ta fi jaki girma amma ta fi alfadara karama. Yana iya sanya kofatonsa a iyakar kallonsa. Yana da dogayen kunnuwa. A duk lokacin da ya fuskanci dutse sai kafafun bayansa su kara tsayi, kuma duk lokacin da ya gangara kasa kafafunsa na gaba su kan shimfida. Yana da fukafukai biyu a cinyoyinsa waɗanda suka ba da ƙarfi ga ƙafafunsa. Ya buge lokacin da Muhammad ya zo ya hau shi. Sai Mala'ika Jibrilu ya dora hannunsa akan ma'aikinsa ya ce: "Shin ba ka jin kunya ya Buraq? Wallahi babu wanda ya hauka a cikin dukkan halitta fiye da shi." Jin haka sai ya ji kunya sai zufa take yi har sai da ya jike, ya tsaya cak har Annabi ya hau shi.<ref>Muhammad al-Alawi al-Maliki, ''al-Anwar al Bahiyya min Isra wa l-Mi'raj Khayr al-Bariyyah''</ref>}} [[File:Brooklyn Museum 2004.52.21 Al-Buraq (2).jpg|thumb|Buraq]] A cikin bayanin da suka gabata babu yarjejeniya dangane da jinsin Buraq. Yawanci namiji ne, duk da haka Ibn Sa'd yana da Jibrilu yana magana da halitta a matsayin mace, kuma masu zane-zane da kan mace sukan yi shi sau da yawa.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/books/Arnold-1965-Painting/Arnold-1965-Painting-105-119.pdf|title=Painting in Islam|author=T.W. Arnold|author-link=T.W. Arnold|year=1965|page=118|access-date=2021-11-02|archive-date=2021-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102232545/http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/books/Arnold-1965-Painting/Arnold-1965-Painting-105-119.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kuma lura da ra'ayin cewa "al-Buraq" kawai mareyin allahntaka ne a cikin littafin ''The Dome of the Rock'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grabar|first1=Oleg|title=The Dome of the Rock|date=30 October 2006|publisher=Belknap Press|isbn=978-0674023130|page=214}}</ref> a cikin babin "Kotun Bude", da kuma a cikin taken shafi na Georg Ebers's ''Palestine in Picture and Word''. === Bangon yamma === Malamai da marubuta daban-daban, irin su ibn al-Faqih, ibn Abd Rabbih, da Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi, sun ba da shawarar wuraren da aka ce an haxe Buraq a cikin tatsuniyoyi, galibi wurare a kusa da kusurwar kudu maso yammacin Harami.<ref name="Elad">{{cite book|last=Elad|first=Amikam|author-link=|title=Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship: Holy Places, Ceremonies, Pilgrimage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDz_yctbQVgC&pg=PA101|year=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10010-7|pages=101–2}}</ref> Koyaya, tsawon ƙarni da yawa wurin da aka fi so shine [[Masallacin al-Buraq]], kusa da bango a ƙarshen ƙarshen bangon Yammacin Plaza.<ref name="Elad" /> Masallacin yana zaune a saman wata tsohuwar hanyar wucewa wacce ta taɓa fitowa ta Ƙofar Barclay da aka daɗe da rufewa wanda katon lintel ɗinsa ya kasance a bayyane a ƙasan ƙofar Maghrebi.<ref name="Elad" /> Saboda kusancin katangar Yamma, yankin da ke kusa da bango yana da alaƙa da Buraq aƙalla tun a ƙarni na 19. Lokacin da wani Bayahude dan Burtaniya ya nemi izinin mahukuntan Masar a shekara ta 1840 don sake shimfida kasa a gaban katangar Yamma, gwamnan Syria ya rubuta: {{quote|Ya tabbata daga kwafin bayanin shawarwarin majalisar tuntuba a birnin Kudus cewa wurin da yahudawan suka nemi izinin shimfida katangar Haramin Shariff da kuma wurin da aka daure Buraq din, kuma a hada da shi. a cikin littafin ladabtarwa na Abu Madyan, Allah ya jikansa da rahama; cewa Yahudawa ba su taɓa yin gyare-gyare a wurin ba a da. ... Don haka dole ne a ba Yahudawa damar shimfida wurin.<ref name=Peters>{{cite book | author = F. E. Peters | title = Jerusalem | url = https://archive.org/details/jerusalemholycit00pete | url-access = registration | publisher = Princeton University Press | place = Princeton | year = 1985 |pages=541–542}}. Arabic text in {{cite book | author = A. L. Tibawi | title = The Islamic Pious Foundations in Jerusalem | publisher = The Islamic Cultural Centre | place = London | at = Appendix III | year = 1978}}</ref>}} Carl Sandreczki, wanda ake tuhuma da hada jerin sunayen wurin Charles William Wilson's Ordnance Survey na Urushalima a 1865, ya ruwaito cewa titin da ke kaiwa ga bangon Yamma, gami da bangaren bangon, mallakar ''Hosh'' (kotu / katanga) na ''al Burâk'', "ba ''Obrak'' ba, kuma ba ''Obrat''".<ref>{{cite book|author=Carl Sandrecki|year=1865|title=Account of a Survey of the City of Jerusalem made in order to ascertain the names of streets etc.|at=Day IV}} reproduced in {{cite book|author=Captain Charles W. Wilson R.E.|edition=Facsimile|year=1865|publication-date=1980|publisher=Ariel Publishing House|title=Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem|at=Appendix}}</ref> A cikin 1866, Consul na Prussian kuma masanin Gabas Georg Rosen ya rubuta cewa: “Larabawa suna kiran Obrak tsayin bangon duka a wurin makoki na Yahudawa, kudu har zuwa gidan Abu Su’ud da arewa har zuwa tsarin Mechkemeh. Obrâk ba, kamar yadda aka yi iƙirari a da, lalata kalmar Ibri (Ibraniyawa) ba ne, amma kawai lafazin sabon larabci na Borâk, ... wanda, yayin da (Muhammad) yake addu'a a dutse mai tsarki. , an ce shi ne ya hada shi a cikin bangon da aka ambata a sama."<ref>{{cite book|author=G. Rosen|title=Das Haram von Jerusalem und der Tempelplatz des Moria|publisher=Gotha|year=1866|pages=9–10|quote=Die ganze Mauerstrecke am Klageplatz der Juden bis südlich an die Wohnung des Abu Su'ud und nördlich an die Substructionen der Mechkemeh wird von den Arabern Obrâk genannt, nicht, wie früher behauptet worden, eine Corruption des Wortes Ibri (Hebräer), sondern einfach die neu-arabische Aussprache von Bōrâk, [dem Namen des geflügelten Wunderrosses,] welches [den Muhammed vor seiner Auffahrt durch die sieben Himmel nach Jerusalem trug] und von ihm während seines Gebetes am heiligen Felsen im Innern der angegebenen Mauerstelle angebunden worden sein soll.|language=de}}</ref> Sunan Hosh al Buraq ya bayyana a taswirorin binciken Wilson na 1865, bugu na 1876 da 1900, da sauran taswirori a farkon karni na 20.<ref>{{cite book|author=Captain Charles W. Wilson R.E.|edition=Facsimile|year=1865|publication-date=1980|publisher=Ariel Publishing House|title=Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem|at=maps}} [https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_MAPS_JER002368216/NLI Wilson 1876] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527170949/https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_MAPS_JER002368216/NLI |date=2022-05-27 }}; [https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_ALEPH002366990/NLI Wilson 1900] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514174055/https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_ALEPH002366990/NLI |date=2022-05-14 }}; [https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_ALEPH002368106/NLI August Kümmel 1904]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_middle_east.html Karl Baedeker 1912]; [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_middle_east.html George Adam Smith 1915].</ref> A cikin 1922, Majalisar Pro-Jerusalem na hukuma ta ayyana shi azaman sunan titi.<ref>{{cite book|author=Council of the Pro-Jerusalem Society|editor=C. R. Ashby|title=Jerusalem 1920-1922|year=1924|publisher=John Murray|place=London|page=27}}</ref> [[File:Buraq_Wall_(circled_in_orange).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buraq_Wall_(circled_in_orange).jpg|left|thumb|Katangar Buraq (mai zagaye da lemu) tana fuskantar Masallacin Al-Buraq]] Haɗin kai yankin katangar Yamma da Buraq ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tashe-tashen hankula kan wurare masu tsarki tun lokacin da Birtaniyya ta ba da izini.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/wallname.html|title="Western Wall" or "Wailing Wall"?|access-date=5 October 2008|author=Halkin, Hillel|date=12 January 2001|publisher=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]}}</ref> Ga Musulmi, Katangar Makoki (ko Katangar Yamma) ana kiranta da "''Ḥā'iṭu 'l-Burāq''" (Larabci: حَائِطُ ٱلْبُرَاق) - "Bangaren Buraq", don a gefe guda (bangaren musulmi na bangon kuka a kan. Dutsen Haikali) shi ne inda Muhammadu ya daura Buraq, dabbar da ya hau da ita a cikin daren Lailatul kadari (Larabci: ''Mi'rāj'' - مِعْرَاج). Katangar ta hade da tsarin Masallacin Al-Buraq. == Tasirin al'adu == * A Turkiyya, Burak sunan namiji ne na kowa. * An sanya wa kamfanonin jiragen sama biyu suna Buraq: Buraq Air na Libya, da kuma tsohon jirgin saman Bouraq Indonesia na Indonesia (an rufe a 2006). * "el-Borak" ɗan fashi ne a cikin littafin Rafael Sabatini mai suna ''The Sea Hawk''; "El Borak" wani hali ne a cikin gajerun labarai na Robert E. Howard. Dukansu an ba su suna saboda saurinsu da juzu'i. * An sanya wa NESCOM na Pakistan sunan Burraq. * Aceh, Indonesiya, ta ɗauki hoton Buraq ''rampant'' da ya mamaye hatimin gwamnatin lardin da aka tsara.<ref>[https://archive.is/20130628112911/http://atjehpost.com/read/2012/11/19/28307/368/31/Singa-dan-Burak-Menghiasi-Lambang-Aceh-dalam-Rancangan-Qanun Singa dan Burak menghiasi lambang Aceh dalam rancangan Qanun] (Lion and Buraq decorate the coat of arms of Aceh in the Draft Regulation) ''Atjeh Post'', 19 November 2012.</ref> * Ana kiran jam'iyyar Boragh APC ta [[Iran]]. * Wani kamfanin mai na Malaysia mai suna Buraq Oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://buraqoil.com.my/v/about-company/|title=About Company|website=Buraq Oil|access-date=22 June 2016|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815141959/http://buraqoil.com.my/v/about-company/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Ana kiran wani kamfanin sufuri na Bangladesh Boraq Paribahan (বোরাক পরিবহন). * Al-Boraq (Larabci: البُراق) babban titin jirgin kasa ne mai tsawon kilomita 323 (201 mi) tsakanin [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] da Tangier wanda ONCF ke gudanarwa a Maroko. Irinsa na farko a nahiyar Afirka, kuma mafi sauri. == Manazarta == 25jb6vzj0uvo7h0ssjcj2y883od16dt 842076 842075 2026-05-29T05:36:10Z Nura Bello 24854 842076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:ACM-al-Buraq-03642.jpg |thumb| Gungun a Al buraq]] [[File:Aceh_buraq_and_lion_seal.jpg |thumb| Tambari]] '''Burāq''' (Larabci: الْبُرَاق ''al-Burāq'' ko /ælˈbʊrɑːk/ "walƙiya" ko kuma gabaɗaya "mai haske") wata halitta ce a cikin al'adar Musulunci da aka ce safarar wasu annabawa ce. Muhimman labaran hadisi game da Isra'i da Mi'iraji sun ba da labarin cewa Buraq ya ɗauko Annabin Musulunci Muhammad daga [[Makkah|Makka]] zuwa Kudus da sama da dawowa da dare.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJmTOQQDxiQC&pg=PA48|access-date=25 October 2015|page=48|title=Heavenly Journeys, Earthly Concerns|first=Brooke Olson|last=Vuckovic|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135885243|year=2004}}</ref> == Etymology == [[File:Logo Buraq.jpg|thumb|Buraq]] ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', yana nufin rubuce-rubucen Al-Damiri (d.1405), yana ɗaukar Buraq a matsayin asalin da kuma adabin Larabci: برق ''barq'' "walƙiya / walƙiya" ko ma'anoni daban-daban na ma'ana daga kalmar: "da katako, walƙiya, haske, haske, haske.<ref>Gruber, Christane J., "al-Burāq", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Consulted online on 14 April 2018 <https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_24366></ref> A cewar ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', "Boraq" nau'in Arabized ne na "Farisa ta Tsakiya ''*barāg'' ko ''*bārag'', 'dabbar hawa, hawa' (Sabuwar Farisa ''bāra'')".<ref>{{iranica|hadith-v|Hadith v. as Influenced by Iranian Ideas and Practices}}</ref> == Tafiya zuwa Sama ta Bakwai == Bisa al'adar Musulunci, Tafiyar Dare ta faru ne shekaru goma (10) bayan Annabtar Annabi Muhammad ta bayyana a cikin karni na 7. Muhammadu ya kasance a Makka, a gidan kaninsa (gidan Fakhitah bint Abi Talib), lokacin da ya tafi al-Masjid al-Haram (Masallacin Al-Haram). Yayin da yake hutawa a dakin Ka'aba, Jibrilu ya bayyana gare shi yana kawo Buraq, wanda ya dauki Muhammad a cikin tawagar shugaban mala'iku, zuwa ''al-Masjid al-Aqsaʼ'',[Quran 17:1] wanda aka saba da shi a Urushalima. A nan ne ya sauka daga Buraq, ya yi addu'a a wurin Haikali mai tsarki (Bait Al-Maqdis), sannan ya sake dora shi yayin da halittar ta hau sama bakwai inda ya hadu da Adamu da Isa da dan uwansa Yahaya Maibaftisma, Yusufu, Anuhu, Haruna, Musa da Ibrahim daya bayan daya har ya kai ga kursiyin Allah. Allah ya yi magana da shi yana ba shi kalmomi da umarni, mafi mahimmancin umarnin da aka yi wa musulmi na yin sallah, tun farko sau hamsin a rana. Dangane da roƙon Musa, Muhammadu ya koma ga Allah sau da yawa kafin daga bisani ya rage adadin zuwa biyar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerusalem: The Three Religions of the Temple Mount|author=Sullivan, Leah|url=http://water.stanford.edu/nur/GP50/leah.pdf|access-date=13 November 2018|publisher=stanford.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712095834/http://water.stanford.edu/nur/GP50/leah.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2007}}</ref> == Ibrahim == Ibn Ishaq ya ce, Buraq ya yi jigilar Ibrahim ne a lokacin da ya ziyarci Hajara da Isma’il. Hadisi ya nuna cewa Ibrahim ya zauna tare da Saratu a Kan'ana amma Buraq sukan kai shi Makka da safe don su ga iyalansa a can su mayar da shi da yamma.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journeys in Holy Lands: The Evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael Legends in Islamic Exegesis|last=Firestone|first=Reuven|publisher=SUNY Press|date=1990|isbn=978-0-7914-0331-0|page=117|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O69zjVnjL10C&pg=PA117|access-date=25 October 2015}}</ref> == Hadisi == Duk da cewa Hadisin bai fito karara ya yi nuni da Buraq a matsayin fuskar mutum ba, kusan ko da yaushe fasahar Gabas da Farisa tana nuna hakan - hoton da ya sami hanyar shiga fasahar Musulunci ta Indiya da Farisa. Wataƙila wannan ya samo asali ne daga fassarar halittar da aka siffanta da "kyakkyawan fuska" a matsayin fuskar mutum maimakon dabba. An karbo daga fassarar Sahihul Bukhari yana siffanta Buraq cewa: {{quote|Sai aka kawo mini wata farar dabba wacce ta fi alfadara girma, wacce ta fi jaki girma ... Takun dabbar (yana da fadi har ya kai ga nesa da dabbar ta iya gani).|[[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]|Sahih al-Bukhari<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|5|58|227}}{{dead link|date=January 2019}}</ref>}} Wani guntu kuma ya yi bayanin Buraq dalla-dalla: {{quote|Sai Jibrilu ya kawo Buraq mai kyakykyawan fuska da garu, wata dabba doguwa fari ce wacce ta fi jaki girma amma ta fi alfadara karama. Yana iya sanya kofatonsa a iyakar kallonsa. Yana da dogayen kunnuwa. A duk lokacin da ya fuskanci dutse sai kafafun bayansa su kara tsayi, kuma duk lokacin da ya gangara kasa kafafunsa na gaba su kan shimfida. Yana da fukafukai biyu a cinyoyinsa waɗanda suka ba da ƙarfi ga ƙafafunsa. Ya buge lokacin da Muhammad ya zo ya hau shi. Sai Mala'ika Jibrilu ya dora hannunsa akan ma'aikinsa ya ce: "Shin ba ka jin kunya ya Buraq? Wallahi babu wanda ya hauka a cikin dukkan halitta fiye da shi." Jin haka sai ya ji kunya sai zufa take yi har sai da ya jike, ya tsaya cak har Annabi ya hau shi.<ref>Muhammad al-Alawi al-Maliki, ''al-Anwar al Bahiyya min Isra wa l-Mi'raj Khayr al-Bariyyah''</ref>}} [[File:Brooklyn Museum 2004.52.21 Al-Buraq (2).jpg|thumb|Buraq]] A cikin bayanin da suka gabata babu yarjejeniya dangane da jinsin Buraq. Yawanci namiji ne, duk da haka Ibn Sa'd yana da Jibrilu yana magana da halitta a matsayin mace, kuma masu zane-zane da kan mace sukan yi shi sau da yawa.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/books/Arnold-1965-Painting/Arnold-1965-Painting-105-119.pdf|title=Painting in Islam|author=T.W. Arnold|author-link=T.W. Arnold|year=1965|page=118|access-date=2021-11-02|archive-date=2021-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102232545/http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/books/Arnold-1965-Painting/Arnold-1965-Painting-105-119.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kuma lura da ra'ayin cewa "al-Buraq" kawai mareyin allahntaka ne a cikin littafin ''The Dome of the Rock'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grabar|first1=Oleg|title=The Dome of the Rock|date=30 October 2006|publisher=Belknap Press|isbn=978-0674023130|page=214}}</ref> a cikin babin "Kotun Bude", da kuma a cikin taken shafi na Georg Ebers's ''Palestine in Picture and Word''. === Bangon yamma === Malamai da marubuta daban-daban, irin su ibn al-Faqih, ibn Abd Rabbih, da Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi, sun ba da shawarar wuraren da aka ce an haxe Buraq a cikin tatsuniyoyi, galibi wurare a kusa da kusurwar kudu maso yammacin Harami.<ref name="Elad">{{cite book|last=Elad|first=Amikam|author-link=|title=Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship: Holy Places, Ceremonies, Pilgrimage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDz_yctbQVgC&pg=PA101|year=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10010-7|pages=101–2}}</ref> Koyaya, tsawon ƙarni da yawa wurin da aka fi so shine [[Masallacin al-Buraq]], kusa da bango a ƙarshen ƙarshen bangon Yammacin Plaza.<ref name="Elad" /> Masallacin yana zaune a saman wata tsohuwar hanyar wucewa wacce ta taɓa fitowa ta Ƙofar Barclay da aka daɗe da rufewa wanda katon lintel ɗinsa ya kasance a bayyane a ƙasan ƙofar Maghrebi.<ref name="Elad" /> Saboda kusancin katangar Yamma, yankin da ke kusa da bango yana da alaƙa da Buraq aƙalla tun a ƙarni na 19. Lokacin da wani Bayahude dan Burtaniya ya nemi izinin mahukuntan Masar a shekara ta 1840 don sake shimfida kasa a gaban katangar Yamma, gwamnan Syria ya rubuta: {{quote|Ya tabbata daga kwafin bayanin shawarwarin majalisar tuntuba a birnin Kudus cewa wurin da yahudawan suka nemi izinin shimfida katangar Haramin Shariff da kuma wurin da aka daure Buraq din, kuma a hada da shi. a cikin littafin ladabtarwa na Abu Madyan, Allah ya jikansa da rahama; cewa Yahudawa ba su taɓa yin gyare-gyare a wurin ba a da. ... Don haka dole ne a ba Yahudawa damar shimfida wurin.<ref name=Peters>{{cite book | author = F. E. Peters | title = Jerusalem | url = https://archive.org/details/jerusalemholycit00pete | url-access = registration | publisher = Princeton University Press | place = Princeton | year = 1985 |pages=541–542}}. Arabic text in {{cite book | author = A. L. Tibawi | title = The Islamic Pious Foundations in Jerusalem | publisher = The Islamic Cultural Centre | place = London | at = Appendix III | year = 1978}}</ref>}} Carl Sandreczki, wanda ake tuhuma da hada jerin sunayen wurin Charles William Wilson's Ordnance Survey na Urushalima a 1865, ya ruwaito cewa titin da ke kaiwa ga bangon Yamma, gami da bangaren bangon, mallakar ''Hosh'' (kotu / katanga) na ''al Burâk'', "ba ''Obrak'' ba, kuma ba ''Obrat''".<ref>{{cite book|author=Carl Sandrecki|year=1865|title=Account of a Survey of the City of Jerusalem made in order to ascertain the names of streets etc.|at=Day IV}} reproduced in {{cite book|author=Captain Charles W. Wilson R.E.|edition=Facsimile|year=1865|publication-date=1980|publisher=Ariel Publishing House|title=Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem|at=Appendix}}</ref> A cikin 1866, Consul na Prussian kuma masanin Gabas Georg Rosen ya rubuta cewa: “Larabawa suna kiran Obrak tsayin bangon duka a wurin makoki na Yahudawa, kudu har zuwa gidan Abu Su’ud da arewa har zuwa tsarin Mechkemeh. Obrâk ba, kamar yadda aka yi iƙirari a da, lalata kalmar Ibri (Ibraniyawa) ba ne, amma kawai lafazin sabon larabci na Borâk, ... wanda, yayin da (Muhammad) yake addu'a a dutse mai tsarki. , an ce shi ne ya hada shi a cikin bangon da aka ambata a sama."<ref>{{cite book|author=G. Rosen|title=Das Haram von Jerusalem und der Tempelplatz des Moria|publisher=Gotha|year=1866|pages=9–10|quote=Die ganze Mauerstrecke am Klageplatz der Juden bis südlich an die Wohnung des Abu Su'ud und nördlich an die Substructionen der Mechkemeh wird von den Arabern Obrâk genannt, nicht, wie früher behauptet worden, eine Corruption des Wortes Ibri (Hebräer), sondern einfach die neu-arabische Aussprache von Bōrâk, [dem Namen des geflügelten Wunderrosses,] welches [den Muhammed vor seiner Auffahrt durch die sieben Himmel nach Jerusalem trug] und von ihm während seines Gebetes am heiligen Felsen im Innern der angegebenen Mauerstelle angebunden worden sein soll.|language=de}}</ref> Sunan Hosh al Buraq ya bayyana a taswirorin binciken Wilson na 1865, bugu na 1876 da 1900, da sauran taswirori a farkon karni na 20.<ref>{{cite book|author=Captain Charles W. Wilson R.E.|edition=Facsimile|year=1865|publication-date=1980|publisher=Ariel Publishing House|title=Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem|at=maps}} [https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_MAPS_JER002368216/NLI Wilson 1876] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527170949/https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_MAPS_JER002368216/NLI |date=2022-05-27 }}; [https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_ALEPH002366990/NLI Wilson 1900] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514174055/https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_ALEPH002366990/NLI |date=2022-05-14 }}; [https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_ALEPH002368106/NLI August Kümmel 1904]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_middle_east.html Karl Baedeker 1912]; [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_middle_east.html George Adam Smith 1915].</ref> A cikin 1922, Majalisar Pro-Jerusalem na hukuma ta ayyana shi azaman sunan titi.<ref>{{cite book|author=Council of the Pro-Jerusalem Society|editor=C. R. Ashby|title=Jerusalem 1920-1922|year=1924|publisher=John Murray|place=London|page=27}}</ref> [[File:Buraq_Wall_(circled_in_orange).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buraq_Wall_(circled_in_orange).jpg|left|thumb|Katangar Buraq (mai zagaye da lemu) tana fuskantar Masallacin Al-Buraq]] Haɗin kai yankin katangar Yamma da Buraq ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tashe-tashen hankula kan wurare masu tsarki tun lokacin da Birtaniyya ta ba da izini.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/wallname.html|title="Western Wall" or "Wailing Wall"?|access-date=5 October 2008|author=Halkin, Hillel|date=12 January 2001|publisher=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]}}</ref> Ga Musulmi, Katangar Makoki (ko Katangar Yamma) ana kiranta da "''Ḥā'iṭu 'l-Burāq''" (Larabci: حَائِطُ ٱلْبُرَاق) - "Bangaren Buraq", don a gefe guda (bangaren musulmi na bangon kuka a kan. Dutsen Haikali) shi ne inda Muhammadu ya daura Buraq, dabbar da ya hau da ita a cikin daren Lailatul kadari (Larabci: ''Mi'rāj'' - مِعْرَاج). Katangar ta hade da tsarin Masallacin Al-Buraq. == Tasirin al'adu == * A Turkiyya, Burak sunan namiji ne na kowa. * An sanya wa kamfanonin jiragen sama biyu suna Buraq: Buraq Air na Libya, da kuma tsohon jirgin saman Bouraq Indonesia na Indonesia (an rufe a 2006). * "el-Borak" ɗan fashi ne a cikin littafin Rafael Sabatini mai suna ''The Sea Hawk''; "El Borak" wani hali ne a cikin gajerun labarai na Robert E. Howard. Dukansu an ba su suna saboda saurinsu da juzu'i. * An sanya wa NESCOM na Pakistan sunan Burraq. * Aceh, Indonesiya, ta ɗauki hoton Buraq ''rampant'' da ya mamaye hatimin gwamnatin lardin da aka tsara.<ref>[https://archive.is/20130628112911/http://atjehpost.com/read/2012/11/19/28307/368/31/Singa-dan-Burak-Menghiasi-Lambang-Aceh-dalam-Rancangan-Qanun Singa dan Burak menghiasi lambang Aceh dalam rancangan Qanun] (Lion and Buraq decorate the coat of arms of Aceh in the Draft Regulation) ''Atjeh Post'', 19 November 2012.</ref> * Ana kiran jam'iyyar Boragh APC ta [[Iran]]. * Wani kamfanin mai na Malaysia mai suna Buraq Oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://buraqoil.com.my/v/about-company/|title=About Company|website=Buraq Oil|access-date=22 June 2016|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815141959/http://buraqoil.com.my/v/about-company/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Ana kiran wani kamfanin sufuri na Bangladesh Boraq Paribahan (বোরাক পরিবহন). * Al-Boraq (Larabci: البُراق) babban titin jirgin kasa ne mai tsawon kilomita 323 (201 mi) tsakanin [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] da Tangier wanda ONCF ke gudanarwa a Maroko. Irinsa na farko a nahiyar Afirka, kuma mafi sauri. == Manazarta == r5jktrf4zzk8qcstik3dkqzx6xajh7t 842079 842076 2026-05-29T05:43:30Z Nura Bello 24854 842079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:ACM-al-Buraq-03642.jpg |thumb| Gungun a Al buraq]] [[File:Aceh_buraq_and_lion_seal.jpg |thumb| Tambari]] '''Burāq''' (Larabci: الْبُرَاق ''al-Burāq'' ko /ælˈbʊrɑːk/ "walƙiya" ko kuma gabaɗaya "mai haske") wata halitta ce a cikin al'adar Musulunci da aka ce safarar wasu annabawa ce. Muhimman labaran hadisi game da Isra'i da Mi'iraji sun ba da labarin cewa Buraq ya ɗauko Annabin Musulunci Muhammad daga [[Makkah|Makka]] zuwa Kudus da sama da dawowa da dare.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJmTOQQDxiQC&pg=PA48|access-date=25 October 2015|page=48|title=Heavenly Journeys, Earthly Concerns|first=Brooke Olson|last=Vuckovic|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135885243|year=2004}}</ref> == Etymology == [[File:Logo Buraq.jpg|thumb|Buraq]] ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', yana nufin rubuce-rubucen Al-Damiri (d.1405), yana ɗaukar Buraq a matsayin asalin da kuma adabin Larabci: برق ''barq'' "walƙiya / walƙiya" ko ma'anoni daban-daban na ma'ana daga kalmar: "da katako, walƙiya, haske, haske, haske.<ref>Gruber, Christane J., "al-Burāq", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Consulted online on 14 April 2018 <https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_24366></ref> A cewar ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', "Boraq" nau'in Arabized ne na "Farisa ta Tsakiya ''*barāg'' ko ''*bārag'', 'dabbar hawa, hawa' (Sabuwar Farisa ''bāra'')".<ref>{{iranica|hadith-v|Hadith v. as Influenced by Iranian Ideas and Practices}}</ref> == Tafiya zuwa Sama ta Bakwai == Bisa al'adar Musulunci, Tafiyar Dare ta faru ne shekaru goma (10) bayan Annabtar Annabi Muhammad ta bayyana a cikin karni na 7. Annabi Muhammad ya kasance a Makka, a gidan Anmin babansa (gidan Fakhitah bint Abi Talib), lokacin da ya tafi al-Masjid al-Haram (Masallacin Al-Haram). Yayin da yake hutawa a dakin Ka'aba, A lukacin mala'ika Jibrilu ya bayyana gare shi tare da Buraqa, wanda ya dauki Muhammad a cikin tawagar shugaban mala'iku, zuwa ''al-Masjid al-Aqsaʼ'',[Quran 17:1] wanda akafi sani da shi a jurissalam. A nan ne ya sauka daga Buraqa, ya yi addu'a a wurin Haikali mai tsarki (Bait Al-Maqdis), sannan ya sake dora shi yayin da halittar ta hau sama bakwai inda ya hadu da Adamu da Isa da dan uwansa Yahaya Maibaftisma, Yusufu, Anuhu, Haruna, Musa da Ibrahim daya bayan daya har ya kai ga kursiyin Allah. Allah ya yi magana da shi yana ba shi kalmomi da umarni, mafi mahimmancin umarnin da aka yi wa musulmi na yin sallah, tun farko sau hamsin a rana. Dangane da roƙon Musa, Muhammadu ya koma ga Allah sau da yawa kafin daga bisani ya rage adadin zuwa biyar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerusalem: The Three Religions of the Temple Mount|author=Sullivan, Leah|url=http://water.stanford.edu/nur/GP50/leah.pdf|access-date=13 November 2018|publisher=stanford.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712095834/http://water.stanford.edu/nur/GP50/leah.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2007}}</ref> == Ibrahim == Ibn Ishaq ya ce, Buraq ya yi jigilar Ibrahim ne a lokacin da ya ziyarci Hajara da Isma’il. Hadisi ya nuna cewa Ibrahim ya zauna tare da Saratu a Kan'ana amma Buraq sukan kai shi Makka da safe don su ga iyalansa a can su mayar da shi da yamma.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journeys in Holy Lands: The Evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael Legends in Islamic Exegesis|last=Firestone|first=Reuven|publisher=SUNY Press|date=1990|isbn=978-0-7914-0331-0|page=117|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O69zjVnjL10C&pg=PA117|access-date=25 October 2015}}</ref> == Hadisi == Duk da cewa Hadisin bai fito karara ya yi nuni da Buraq a matsayin fuskar mutum ba, kusan ko da yaushe fasahar Gabas da Farisa tana nuna hakan - hoton da ya sami hanyar shiga fasahar Musulunci ta Indiya da Farisa. Wataƙila wannan ya samo asali ne daga fassarar halittar da aka siffanta da "kyakkyawan fuska" a matsayin fuskar mutum maimakon dabba. An karbo daga fassarar Sahihul Bukhari yana siffanta Buraq cewa: {{quote|Sai aka kawo mini wata farar dabba wacce ta fi alfadara girma, wacce ta fi jaki girma ... Takun dabbar (yana da fadi har ya kai ga nesa da dabbar ta iya gani).|[[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]|Sahih al-Bukhari<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|5|58|227}}{{dead link|date=January 2019}}</ref>}} Wani guntu kuma ya yi bayanin Buraq dalla-dalla: {{quote|Sai Jibrilu ya kawo Buraq mai kyakykyawan fuska da garu, wata dabba doguwa fari ce wacce ta fi jaki girma amma ta fi alfadara karama. Yana iya sanya kofatonsa a iyakar kallonsa. Yana da dogayen kunnuwa. A duk lokacin da ya fuskanci dutse sai kafafun bayansa su kara tsayi, kuma duk lokacin da ya gangara kasa kafafunsa na gaba su kan shimfida. Yana da fukafukai biyu a cinyoyinsa waɗanda suka ba da ƙarfi ga ƙafafunsa. Ya buge lokacin da Muhammad ya zo ya hau shi. Sai Mala'ika Jibrilu ya dora hannunsa akan ma'aikinsa ya ce: "Shin ba ka jin kunya ya Buraq? Wallahi babu wanda ya hauka a cikin dukkan halitta fiye da shi." Jin haka sai ya ji kunya sai zufa take yi har sai da ya jike, ya tsaya cak har Annabi ya hau shi.<ref>Muhammad al-Alawi al-Maliki, ''al-Anwar al Bahiyya min Isra wa l-Mi'raj Khayr al-Bariyyah''</ref>}} [[File:Brooklyn Museum 2004.52.21 Al-Buraq (2).jpg|thumb|Buraq]] A cikin bayanin da suka gabata babu yarjejeniya dangane da jinsin Buraq. Yawanci namiji ne, duk da haka Ibn Sa'd yana da Jibrilu yana magana da halitta a matsayin mace, kuma masu zane-zane da kan mace sukan yi shi sau da yawa.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/books/Arnold-1965-Painting/Arnold-1965-Painting-105-119.pdf|title=Painting in Islam|author=T.W. Arnold|author-link=T.W. Arnold|year=1965|page=118|access-date=2021-11-02|archive-date=2021-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102232545/http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/books/Arnold-1965-Painting/Arnold-1965-Painting-105-119.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kuma lura da ra'ayin cewa "al-Buraq" kawai mareyin allahntaka ne a cikin littafin ''The Dome of the Rock'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grabar|first1=Oleg|title=The Dome of the Rock|date=30 October 2006|publisher=Belknap Press|isbn=978-0674023130|page=214}}</ref> a cikin babin "Kotun Bude", da kuma a cikin taken shafi na Georg Ebers's ''Palestine in Picture and Word''. === Bangon yamma === Malamai da marubuta daban-daban, irin su ibn al-Faqih, ibn Abd Rabbih, da Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi, sun ba da shawarar wuraren da aka ce an haxe Buraq a cikin tatsuniyoyi, galibi wurare a kusa da kusurwar kudu maso yammacin Harami.<ref name="Elad">{{cite book|last=Elad|first=Amikam|author-link=|title=Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship: Holy Places, Ceremonies, Pilgrimage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDz_yctbQVgC&pg=PA101|year=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10010-7|pages=101–2}}</ref> Koyaya, tsawon ƙarni da yawa wurin da aka fi so shine [[Masallacin al-Buraq]], kusa da bango a ƙarshen ƙarshen bangon Yammacin Plaza.<ref name="Elad" /> Masallacin yana zaune a saman wata tsohuwar hanyar wucewa wacce ta taɓa fitowa ta Ƙofar Barclay da aka daɗe da rufewa wanda katon lintel ɗinsa ya kasance a bayyane a ƙasan ƙofar Maghrebi.<ref name="Elad" /> Saboda kusancin katangar Yamma, yankin da ke kusa da bango yana da alaƙa da Buraq aƙalla tun a ƙarni na 19. Lokacin da wani Bayahude dan Burtaniya ya nemi izinin mahukuntan Masar a shekara ta 1840 don sake shimfida kasa a gaban katangar Yamma, gwamnan Syria ya rubuta: {{quote|Ya tabbata daga kwafin bayanin shawarwarin majalisar tuntuba a birnin Kudus cewa wurin da yahudawan suka nemi izinin shimfida katangar Haramin Shariff da kuma wurin da aka daure Buraq din, kuma a hada da shi. a cikin littafin ladabtarwa na Abu Madyan, Allah ya jikansa da rahama; cewa Yahudawa ba su taɓa yin gyare-gyare a wurin ba a da. ... Don haka dole ne a ba Yahudawa damar shimfida wurin.<ref name=Peters>{{cite book | author = F. E. Peters | title = Jerusalem | url = https://archive.org/details/jerusalemholycit00pete | url-access = registration | publisher = Princeton University Press | place = Princeton | year = 1985 |pages=541–542}}. Arabic text in {{cite book | author = A. L. Tibawi | title = The Islamic Pious Foundations in Jerusalem | publisher = The Islamic Cultural Centre | place = London | at = Appendix III | year = 1978}}</ref>}} Carl Sandreczki, wanda ake tuhuma da hada jerin sunayen wurin Charles William Wilson's Ordnance Survey na Urushalima a 1865, ya ruwaito cewa titin da ke kaiwa ga bangon Yamma, gami da bangaren bangon, mallakar ''Hosh'' (kotu / katanga) na ''al Burâk'', "ba ''Obrak'' ba, kuma ba ''Obrat''".<ref>{{cite book|author=Carl Sandrecki|year=1865|title=Account of a Survey of the City of Jerusalem made in order to ascertain the names of streets etc.|at=Day IV}} reproduced in {{cite book|author=Captain Charles W. Wilson R.E.|edition=Facsimile|year=1865|publication-date=1980|publisher=Ariel Publishing House|title=Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem|at=Appendix}}</ref> A cikin 1866, Consul na Prussian kuma masanin Gabas Georg Rosen ya rubuta cewa: “Larabawa suna kiran Obrak tsayin bangon duka a wurin makoki na Yahudawa, kudu har zuwa gidan Abu Su’ud da arewa har zuwa tsarin Mechkemeh. Obrâk ba, kamar yadda aka yi iƙirari a da, lalata kalmar Ibri (Ibraniyawa) ba ne, amma kawai lafazin sabon larabci na Borâk, ... wanda, yayin da (Muhammad) yake addu'a a dutse mai tsarki. , an ce shi ne ya hada shi a cikin bangon da aka ambata a sama."<ref>{{cite book|author=G. Rosen|title=Das Haram von Jerusalem und der Tempelplatz des Moria|publisher=Gotha|year=1866|pages=9–10|quote=Die ganze Mauerstrecke am Klageplatz der Juden bis südlich an die Wohnung des Abu Su'ud und nördlich an die Substructionen der Mechkemeh wird von den Arabern Obrâk genannt, nicht, wie früher behauptet worden, eine Corruption des Wortes Ibri (Hebräer), sondern einfach die neu-arabische Aussprache von Bōrâk, [dem Namen des geflügelten Wunderrosses,] welches [den Muhammed vor seiner Auffahrt durch die sieben Himmel nach Jerusalem trug] und von ihm während seines Gebetes am heiligen Felsen im Innern der angegebenen Mauerstelle angebunden worden sein soll.|language=de}}</ref> Sunan Hosh al Buraq ya bayyana a taswirorin binciken Wilson na 1865, bugu na 1876 da 1900, da sauran taswirori a farkon karni na 20.<ref>{{cite book|author=Captain Charles W. Wilson R.E.|edition=Facsimile|year=1865|publication-date=1980|publisher=Ariel Publishing House|title=Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem|at=maps}} [https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_MAPS_JER002368216/NLI Wilson 1876] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527170949/https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_MAPS_JER002368216/NLI |date=2022-05-27 }}; [https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_ALEPH002366990/NLI Wilson 1900] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514174055/https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_ALEPH002366990/NLI |date=2022-05-14 }}; [https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_ALEPH002368106/NLI August Kümmel 1904]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_middle_east.html Karl Baedeker 1912]; [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_middle_east.html George Adam Smith 1915].</ref> A cikin 1922, Majalisar Pro-Jerusalem na hukuma ta ayyana shi azaman sunan titi.<ref>{{cite book|author=Council of the Pro-Jerusalem Society|editor=C. R. Ashby|title=Jerusalem 1920-1922|year=1924|publisher=John Murray|place=London|page=27}}</ref> [[File:Buraq_Wall_(circled_in_orange).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buraq_Wall_(circled_in_orange).jpg|left|thumb|Katangar Buraq (mai zagaye da lemu) tana fuskantar Masallacin Al-Buraq]] Haɗin kai yankin katangar Yamma da Buraq ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tashe-tashen hankula kan wurare masu tsarki tun lokacin da Birtaniyya ta ba da izini.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/wallname.html|title="Western Wall" or "Wailing Wall"?|access-date=5 October 2008|author=Halkin, Hillel|date=12 January 2001|publisher=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]}}</ref> Ga Musulmi, Katangar Makoki (ko Katangar Yamma) ana kiranta da "''Ḥā'iṭu 'l-Burāq''" (Larabci: حَائِطُ ٱلْبُرَاق) - "Bangaren Buraq", don a gefe guda (bangaren musulmi na bangon kuka a kan. Dutsen Haikali) shi ne inda Muhammadu ya daura Buraq, dabbar da ya hau da ita a cikin daren Lailatul kadari (Larabci: ''Mi'rāj'' - مِعْرَاج). Katangar ta hade da tsarin Masallacin Al-Buraq. == Tasirin al'adu == * A Turkiyya, Burak sunan namiji ne na kowa. * An sanya wa kamfanonin jiragen sama biyu suna Buraq: Buraq Air na Libya, da kuma tsohon jirgin saman Bouraq Indonesia na Indonesia (an rufe a 2006). * "el-Borak" ɗan fashi ne a cikin littafin Rafael Sabatini mai suna ''The Sea Hawk''; "El Borak" wani hali ne a cikin gajerun labarai na Robert E. Howard. Dukansu an ba su suna saboda saurinsu da juzu'i. * An sanya wa NESCOM na Pakistan sunan Burraq. * Aceh, Indonesiya, ta ɗauki hoton Buraq ''rampant'' da ya mamaye hatimin gwamnatin lardin da aka tsara.<ref>[https://archive.is/20130628112911/http://atjehpost.com/read/2012/11/19/28307/368/31/Singa-dan-Burak-Menghiasi-Lambang-Aceh-dalam-Rancangan-Qanun Singa dan Burak menghiasi lambang Aceh dalam rancangan Qanun] (Lion and Buraq decorate the coat of arms of Aceh in the Draft Regulation) ''Atjeh Post'', 19 November 2012.</ref> * Ana kiran jam'iyyar Boragh APC ta [[Iran]]. * Wani kamfanin mai na Malaysia mai suna Buraq Oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://buraqoil.com.my/v/about-company/|title=About Company|website=Buraq Oil|access-date=22 June 2016|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815141959/http://buraqoil.com.my/v/about-company/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Ana kiran wani kamfanin sufuri na Bangladesh Boraq Paribahan (বোরাক পরিবহন). * Al-Boraq (Larabci: البُراق) babban titin jirgin kasa ne mai tsawon kilomita 323 (201 mi) tsakanin [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] da Tangier wanda ONCF ke gudanarwa a Maroko. Irinsa na farko a nahiyar Afirka, kuma mafi sauri. == Manazarta == cw7ki4dpffkl1xfx9lo4urmvahz71g1 842084 842079 2026-05-29T05:46:12Z Nura Bello 24854 842084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:ACM-al-Buraq-03642.jpg |thumb| Gungun a Al buraq]] [[File:Aceh_buraq_and_lion_seal.jpg |thumb| Tambari]] '''Burāq''' (Larabci: الْبُرَاق ''al-Burāq'' ko /ælˈbʊrɑːk/ "walƙiya" ko kuma gabaɗaya "mai haske") wata halitta ce a cikin al'adar Musulunci da aka ce safarar wasu annabawa ce. Muhimman labaran hadisi game da Isra'i da Mi'iraji sun ba da labarin cewa Buraq ya ɗauko Annabin Musulunci Muhammad daga [[Makkah|Makka]] zuwa Kudus da sama da dawowa da dare.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJmTOQQDxiQC&pg=PA48|access-date=25 October 2015|page=48|title=Heavenly Journeys, Earthly Concerns|first=Brooke Olson|last=Vuckovic|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135885243|year=2004}}</ref> == Etymology == [[File:Logo Buraq.jpg|thumb|Buraq]] ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', yana nufin rubuce-rubucen Al-Damiri (d.1405), yana ɗaukar Buraq a matsayin asalin da kuma adabin Larabci: برق ''barq'' "walƙiya / walƙiya" ko ma'anoni daban-daban na ma'ana daga kalmar: "da katako, walƙiya, haske, haske, haske.<ref>Gruber, Christane J., "al-Burāq", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Consulted online on 14 April 2018 <https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_24366></ref> A cewar ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', "Boraq" nau'in Arabized ne na "Farisa ta Tsakiya ''*barāg'' ko ''*bārag'', 'dabbar hawa, hawa' (Sabuwar Farisa ''bāra'')".<ref>{{iranica|hadith-v|Hadith v. as Influenced by Iranian Ideas and Practices}}</ref> == Tafiya zuwa Sama ta Bakwai == Bisa al'adar Musulunci, Tafiyar Dare ta faru ne shekaru goma (10) bayan Annabtar Annabi Muhammad ta bayyana a cikin karni na 7. Annabi Muhammad ya kasance a Makka, a gidan Anmin babansa (gidan Fakhitah bint Abi Talib), lokacin da ya tafi al-Masjid al-Haram (Masallacin Al-Haram). Yayin da yake hutawa a dakin Ka'aba, A lukacin mala'ika Jibrilu ya bayyana gare shi tare da Buraqa, wanda ya dauki Muhammad a cikin tawagar shugaban mala'iku, zuwa ''al-Masjid al-Aqsaʼ'',[Quran 17:1] wanda akafi sani da shi a jurissalam. A nan ne ya sauka daga Buraqa, ya yi addu'a a wurin Haikali mai tsarki (Bait Al-Maqdis), sannan ya sake dora shi yayin da halittar ta hau sama bakwai inda ya hadu da Annabi Adamu da Isa da dan uwansa Yahaya Maibaftisma, Yusufu, Annabi nuhu, Haruna, Musa da Ibrahim daya bayan daya har ya kai ga kursiyin Allah. Allah ya yi magana da shi yana ba shi kalmomi da umarni, mafi mahimmancin umarnin da aka yi wa musulmi na yin sallah, tun farko sau hamsin a rana. Dangane da roƙon Musa, Muhammadu ya koma ga Allah sau da yawa kafin daga bisani ya rage adadin zuwa biyar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerusalem: The Three Religions of the Temple Mount|author=Sullivan, Leah|url=http://water.stanford.edu/nur/GP50/leah.pdf|access-date=13 November 2018|publisher=stanford.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712095834/http://water.stanford.edu/nur/GP50/leah.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2007}}</ref> == Ibrahim == Ibn Ishaq ya ce, Buraq ya yi jigilar Ibrahim ne a lokacin da ya ziyarci Hajara da Isma’il. Hadisi ya nuna cewa Ibrahim ya zauna tare da Saratu a Kan'ana amma Buraq sukan kai shi Makka da safe don su ga iyalansa a can su mayar da shi da yamma.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journeys in Holy Lands: The Evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael Legends in Islamic Exegesis|last=Firestone|first=Reuven|publisher=SUNY Press|date=1990|isbn=978-0-7914-0331-0|page=117|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O69zjVnjL10C&pg=PA117|access-date=25 October 2015}}</ref> == Hadisi == Duk da cewa Hadisin bai fito karara ya yi nuni da Buraq a matsayin fuskar mutum ba, kusan ko da yaushe fasahar Gabas da Farisa tana nuna hakan - hoton da ya sami hanyar shiga fasahar Musulunci ta Indiya da Farisa. Wataƙila wannan ya samo asali ne daga fassarar halittar da aka siffanta da "kyakkyawan fuska" a matsayin fuskar mutum maimakon dabba. An karbo daga fassarar Sahihul Bukhari yana siffanta Buraq cewa: {{quote|Sai aka kawo mini wata farar dabba wacce ta fi alfadara girma, wacce ta fi jaki girma ... Takun dabbar (yana da fadi har ya kai ga nesa da dabbar ta iya gani).|[[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]|Sahih al-Bukhari<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|5|58|227}}{{dead link|date=January 2019}}</ref>}} Wani guntu kuma ya yi bayanin Buraq dalla-dalla: {{quote|Sai Jibrilu ya kawo Buraq mai kyakykyawan fuska da garu, wata dabba doguwa fari ce wacce ta fi jaki girma amma ta fi alfadara karama. Yana iya sanya kofatonsa a iyakar kallonsa. Yana da dogayen kunnuwa. A duk lokacin da ya fuskanci dutse sai kafafun bayansa su kara tsayi, kuma duk lokacin da ya gangara kasa kafafunsa na gaba su kan shimfida. Yana da fukafukai biyu a cinyoyinsa waɗanda suka ba da ƙarfi ga ƙafafunsa. Ya buge lokacin da Muhammad ya zo ya hau shi. Sai Mala'ika Jibrilu ya dora hannunsa akan ma'aikinsa ya ce: "Shin ba ka jin kunya ya Buraq? Wallahi babu wanda ya hauka a cikin dukkan halitta fiye da shi." Jin haka sai ya ji kunya sai zufa take yi har sai da ya jike, ya tsaya cak har Annabi ya hau shi.<ref>Muhammad al-Alawi al-Maliki, ''al-Anwar al Bahiyya min Isra wa l-Mi'raj Khayr al-Bariyyah''</ref>}} [[File:Brooklyn Museum 2004.52.21 Al-Buraq (2).jpg|thumb|Buraq]] A cikin bayanin da suka gabata babu yarjejeniya dangane da jinsin Buraq. Yawanci namiji ne, duk da haka Ibn Sa'd yana da Jibrilu yana magana da halitta a matsayin mace, kuma masu zane-zane da kan mace sukan yi shi sau da yawa.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/books/Arnold-1965-Painting/Arnold-1965-Painting-105-119.pdf|title=Painting in Islam|author=T.W. Arnold|author-link=T.W. Arnold|year=1965|page=118|access-date=2021-11-02|archive-date=2021-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102232545/http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/books/Arnold-1965-Painting/Arnold-1965-Painting-105-119.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kuma lura da ra'ayin cewa "al-Buraq" kawai mareyin allahntaka ne a cikin littafin ''The Dome of the Rock'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grabar|first1=Oleg|title=The Dome of the Rock|date=30 October 2006|publisher=Belknap Press|isbn=978-0674023130|page=214}}</ref> a cikin babin "Kotun Bude", da kuma a cikin taken shafi na Georg Ebers's ''Palestine in Picture and Word''. === Bangon yamma === Malamai da marubuta daban-daban, irin su ibn al-Faqih, ibn Abd Rabbih, da Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi, sun ba da shawarar wuraren da aka ce an haxe Buraq a cikin tatsuniyoyi, galibi wurare a kusa da kusurwar kudu maso yammacin Harami.<ref name="Elad">{{cite book|last=Elad|first=Amikam|author-link=|title=Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship: Holy Places, Ceremonies, Pilgrimage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDz_yctbQVgC&pg=PA101|year=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10010-7|pages=101–2}}</ref> Koyaya, tsawon ƙarni da yawa wurin da aka fi so shine [[Masallacin al-Buraq]], kusa da bango a ƙarshen ƙarshen bangon Yammacin Plaza.<ref name="Elad" /> Masallacin yana zaune a saman wata tsohuwar hanyar wucewa wacce ta taɓa fitowa ta Ƙofar Barclay da aka daɗe da rufewa wanda katon lintel ɗinsa ya kasance a bayyane a ƙasan ƙofar Maghrebi.<ref name="Elad" /> Saboda kusancin katangar Yamma, yankin da ke kusa da bango yana da alaƙa da Buraq aƙalla tun a ƙarni na 19. Lokacin da wani Bayahude dan Burtaniya ya nemi izinin mahukuntan Masar a shekara ta 1840 don sake shimfida kasa a gaban katangar Yamma, gwamnan Syria ya rubuta: {{quote|Ya tabbata daga kwafin bayanin shawarwarin majalisar tuntuba a birnin Kudus cewa wurin da yahudawan suka nemi izinin shimfida katangar Haramin Shariff da kuma wurin da aka daure Buraq din, kuma a hada da shi. a cikin littafin ladabtarwa na Abu Madyan, Allah ya jikansa da rahama; cewa Yahudawa ba su taɓa yin gyare-gyare a wurin ba a da. ... Don haka dole ne a ba Yahudawa damar shimfida wurin.<ref name=Peters>{{cite book | author = F. E. Peters | title = Jerusalem | url = https://archive.org/details/jerusalemholycit00pete | url-access = registration | publisher = Princeton University Press | place = Princeton | year = 1985 |pages=541–542}}. Arabic text in {{cite book | author = A. L. Tibawi | title = The Islamic Pious Foundations in Jerusalem | publisher = The Islamic Cultural Centre | place = London | at = Appendix III | year = 1978}}</ref>}} Carl Sandreczki, wanda ake tuhuma da hada jerin sunayen wurin Charles William Wilson's Ordnance Survey na Urushalima a 1865, ya ruwaito cewa titin da ke kaiwa ga bangon Yamma, gami da bangaren bangon, mallakar ''Hosh'' (kotu / katanga) na ''al Burâk'', "ba ''Obrak'' ba, kuma ba ''Obrat''".<ref>{{cite book|author=Carl Sandrecki|year=1865|title=Account of a Survey of the City of Jerusalem made in order to ascertain the names of streets etc.|at=Day IV}} reproduced in {{cite book|author=Captain Charles W. Wilson R.E.|edition=Facsimile|year=1865|publication-date=1980|publisher=Ariel Publishing House|title=Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem|at=Appendix}}</ref> A cikin 1866, Consul na Prussian kuma masanin Gabas Georg Rosen ya rubuta cewa: “Larabawa suna kiran Obrak tsayin bangon duka a wurin makoki na Yahudawa, kudu har zuwa gidan Abu Su’ud da arewa har zuwa tsarin Mechkemeh. Obrâk ba, kamar yadda aka yi iƙirari a da, lalata kalmar Ibri (Ibraniyawa) ba ne, amma kawai lafazin sabon larabci na Borâk, ... wanda, yayin da (Muhammad) yake addu'a a dutse mai tsarki. , an ce shi ne ya hada shi a cikin bangon da aka ambata a sama."<ref>{{cite book|author=G. Rosen|title=Das Haram von Jerusalem und der Tempelplatz des Moria|publisher=Gotha|year=1866|pages=9–10|quote=Die ganze Mauerstrecke am Klageplatz der Juden bis südlich an die Wohnung des Abu Su'ud und nördlich an die Substructionen der Mechkemeh wird von den Arabern Obrâk genannt, nicht, wie früher behauptet worden, eine Corruption des Wortes Ibri (Hebräer), sondern einfach die neu-arabische Aussprache von Bōrâk, [dem Namen des geflügelten Wunderrosses,] welches [den Muhammed vor seiner Auffahrt durch die sieben Himmel nach Jerusalem trug] und von ihm während seines Gebetes am heiligen Felsen im Innern der angegebenen Mauerstelle angebunden worden sein soll.|language=de}}</ref> Sunan Hosh al Buraq ya bayyana a taswirorin binciken Wilson na 1865, bugu na 1876 da 1900, da sauran taswirori a farkon karni na 20.<ref>{{cite book|author=Captain Charles W. Wilson R.E.|edition=Facsimile|year=1865|publication-date=1980|publisher=Ariel Publishing House|title=Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem|at=maps}} [https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_MAPS_JER002368216/NLI Wilson 1876] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527170949/https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_MAPS_JER002368216/NLI |date=2022-05-27 }}; [https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_ALEPH002366990/NLI Wilson 1900] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514174055/https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_ALEPH002366990/NLI |date=2022-05-14 }}; [https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_ALEPH002368106/NLI August Kümmel 1904]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_middle_east.html Karl Baedeker 1912]; [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_middle_east.html George Adam Smith 1915].</ref> A cikin 1922, Majalisar Pro-Jerusalem na hukuma ta ayyana shi azaman sunan titi.<ref>{{cite book|author=Council of the Pro-Jerusalem Society|editor=C. R. Ashby|title=Jerusalem 1920-1922|year=1924|publisher=John Murray|place=London|page=27}}</ref> [[File:Buraq_Wall_(circled_in_orange).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buraq_Wall_(circled_in_orange).jpg|left|thumb|Katangar Buraq (mai zagaye da lemu) tana fuskantar Masallacin Al-Buraq]] Haɗin kai yankin katangar Yamma da Buraq ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tashe-tashen hankula kan wurare masu tsarki tun lokacin da Birtaniyya ta ba da izini.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/wallname.html|title="Western Wall" or "Wailing Wall"?|access-date=5 October 2008|author=Halkin, Hillel|date=12 January 2001|publisher=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]}}</ref> Ga Musulmi, Katangar Makoki (ko Katangar Yamma) ana kiranta da "''Ḥā'iṭu 'l-Burāq''" (Larabci: حَائِطُ ٱلْبُرَاق) - "Bangaren Buraq", don a gefe guda (bangaren musulmi na bangon kuka a kan. Dutsen Haikali) shi ne inda Muhammadu ya daura Buraq, dabbar da ya hau da ita a cikin daren Lailatul kadari (Larabci: ''Mi'rāj'' - مِعْرَاج). Katangar ta hade da tsarin Masallacin Al-Buraq. == Tasirin al'adu == * A Turkiyya, Burak sunan namiji ne na kowa. * An sanya wa kamfanonin jiragen sama biyu suna Buraq: Buraq Air na Libya, da kuma tsohon jirgin saman Bouraq Indonesia na Indonesia (an rufe a 2006). * "el-Borak" ɗan fashi ne a cikin littafin Rafael Sabatini mai suna ''The Sea Hawk''; "El Borak" wani hali ne a cikin gajerun labarai na Robert E. Howard. Dukansu an ba su suna saboda saurinsu da juzu'i. * An sanya wa NESCOM na Pakistan sunan Burraq. * Aceh, Indonesiya, ta ɗauki hoton Buraq ''rampant'' da ya mamaye hatimin gwamnatin lardin da aka tsara.<ref>[https://archive.is/20130628112911/http://atjehpost.com/read/2012/11/19/28307/368/31/Singa-dan-Burak-Menghiasi-Lambang-Aceh-dalam-Rancangan-Qanun Singa dan Burak menghiasi lambang Aceh dalam rancangan Qanun] (Lion and Buraq decorate the coat of arms of Aceh in the Draft Regulation) ''Atjeh Post'', 19 November 2012.</ref> * Ana kiran jam'iyyar Boragh APC ta [[Iran]]. * Wani kamfanin mai na Malaysia mai suna Buraq Oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://buraqoil.com.my/v/about-company/|title=About Company|website=Buraq Oil|access-date=22 June 2016|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815141959/http://buraqoil.com.my/v/about-company/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Ana kiran wani kamfanin sufuri na Bangladesh Boraq Paribahan (বোরাক পরিবহন). * Al-Boraq (Larabci: البُراق) babban titin jirgin kasa ne mai tsawon kilomita 323 (201 mi) tsakanin [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] da Tangier wanda ONCF ke gudanarwa a Maroko. Irinsa na farko a nahiyar Afirka, kuma mafi sauri. == Manazarta == td5a0gfa4zcnxh8723im2j5osc7kbw0 842085 842084 2026-05-29T05:47:08Z Nura Bello 24854 842085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:ACM-al-Buraq-03642.jpg |thumb| Gungun a Al buraq]] [[File:Aceh_buraq_and_lion_seal.jpg |thumb| Tambari]] '''Burāq''' (Larabci: الْبُرَاق ''al-Burāq'' ko /ælˈbʊrɑːk/ "walƙiya" ko kuma gabaɗaya "mai haske") wata halitta ce a cikin al'adar Musulunci da aka ce safarar wasu annabawa ce. Muhimman labaran hadisi game da Isra'i da Mi'iraji sun ba da labarin cewa Buraq ya ɗauko Annabin Musulunci Muhammad daga [[Makkah|Makka]] zuwa Kudus da sama da dawowa da dare.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJmTOQQDxiQC&pg=PA48|access-date=25 October 2015|page=48|title=Heavenly Journeys, Earthly Concerns|first=Brooke Olson|last=Vuckovic|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135885243|year=2004}}</ref> == Etymology == [[File:Logo Buraq.jpg|thumb|Buraq]] ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', yana nufin rubuce-rubucen Al-Damiri (d.1405), yana ɗaukar Buraq a matsayin asalin da kuma adabin Larabci: برق ''barq'' "walƙiya / walƙiya" ko ma'anoni daban-daban na ma'ana daga kalmar: "da katako, walƙiya, haske, haske, haske.<ref>Gruber, Christane J., "al-Burāq", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Consulted online on 14 April 2018 <https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_24366></ref> A cewar ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', "Boraq" nau'in Arabized ne na "Farisa ta Tsakiya ''*barāg'' ko ''*bārag'', 'dabbar hawa, hawa' (Sabuwar Farisa ''bāra'')".<ref>{{iranica|hadith-v|Hadith v. as Influenced by Iranian Ideas and Practices}}</ref> == Tafiya zuwa Sama ta Bakwai == Bisa al'adar Musulunci, Tafiyar Dare ta faru ne shekaru goma (10) bayan Annabtar Annabi Muhammad ta bayyana a cikin karni na 7. Annabi Muhammad ya kasance a Makka, a gidan Anmin babansa (gidan Fakhitah bint Abi Talib), lokacin da ya tafi al-Masjid al-Haram (Masallacin Al-Haram). Yayin da yake hutawa a dakin Ka'aba, A lukacin mala'ika Jibrilu ya bayyana gare shi tare da Buraqa, wanda ya dauki Muhammad a cikin tawagar shugaban mala'iku, zuwa ''al-Masjid al-Aqsaʼ'',[Quran 17:1] wanda akafi sani da shi a jurissalam. A nan ne ya sauka daga Buraqa, ya yi addu'a a wurin Haikali mai tsarki (Bait Al-Maqdis), sannan ya sake dora shi yayin da halittar ta hau sama bakwai inda ya hadu da Annabi Adamu da Isa da dan uwansa Yahaya Maibaftisma, Yusufu, Annabi nuhu, Haruna, Musa da Ibrahim daya bayan daya har ya kai ga kursiyin Allah. Allah ya yi magana da shi yana ba shi kalmomi da umarni, mafi mahimmancin umarnin da aka yi wa musulmi na yin sallah, tun farko sau hamsin a rana. Dangane da roƙon Musa, Muhammadu ya koma ga Allah sau da yawa kafin daga bisani ya rage adadin zuwa biyar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerusalem: The Three Religions of the Temple Mount|author=Sullivan, Leah|url=http://water.stanford.edu/nur/GP50/leah.pdf|access-date=13 November 2018|publisher=stanford.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712095834/http://water.stanford.edu/nur/GP50/leah.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2007}}</ref> == Ibrahim == Ibn Ishaq ya ce, Buraq ya yi jigilar Ibrahim ne a lokacin da ya ziyarci Hajara da Isma’il. Hadisi ya nuna cewa Ibrahim ya zauna tare da Saratu a Kan'ana amma Buraq sukan kai shi Makka da safe don su ga iyalansa a can su mayar da shi da yamma.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journeys in Holy Lands: The Evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael Legends in Islamic Exegesis|last=Firestone|first=Reuven|publisher=SUNY Press|date=1990|isbn=978-0-7914-0331-0|page=117|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O69zjVnjL10C&pg=PA117|access-date=25 October 2015}}</ref> == Hadisi == Duk da cewa Hadisin bai fito karara ya yi nuni da Buraq a matsayin fuskar mutum ba, kusan ko da yaushe fasahar Gabas da Farisa tana nuna hakan - hoton da ya sami hanyar shiga fasahar Musulunci ta Indiya da Farisa. Wataƙila wannan ya samo asali ne daga fassarar halittar da aka siffanta da "kyakkyawan fuska" a matsayin fuskar mutum maimakon dabba. An karbo daga fassarar Sahihul Bukhari yana siffanta Buraq cewa: {{quote|Sai aka kawo mini wata farar dabba wacce ta fi alfadara girma, wacce ta fi jaki girma ... Takun dabbar (yana da fadi har ya kai ga nesa da dabbar ta iya gani).|[[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]|Sahih al-Bukhari<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|5|58|227}}{{dead link|date=January 2019}}</ref>}} Wani guntu kuma ya yi bayanin Buraq dalla-dalla: {{quote|Sai Jibrilu ya kawo Buraqa mai kyakykyawan fuska da garu, wata dabba doguwa fari ce wacce ta fi jaki girma amma ta fi alfadara karama. Yana iya sanya kofatonsa a iyakar kallonsa. Yana da dogayen kunnuwa. A duk lokacin da ya fuskanci dutse sai kafafun bayansa su kara tsayi, kuma duk lokacin da ya gangara kasa kafafunsa na gaba su kan shimfida. Yana da fukafukai biyu a cinyoyinsa waɗanda suka ba da ƙarfi ga ƙafafunsa. Ya buge lokacin da Muhammad ya zo ya hau shi. Sai Mala'ika Jibrilu ya dora hannunsa akan ma'aikinsa ya ce: "Shin ba ka jin kunya ya Buraq? Wallahi babu wanda ya hauka a cikin dukkan halitta fiye da shi." Jin haka sai ya ji kunya sai zufa take yi har sai da ya jike, ya tsaya cak har Annabi ya hau shi.<ref>Muhammad al-Alawi al-Maliki, ''al-Anwar al Bahiyya min Isra wa l-Mi'raj Khayr al-Bariyyah''</ref>}} [[File:Brooklyn Museum 2004.52.21 Al-Buraq (2).jpg|thumb|Buraq]] A cikin bayanin da suka gabata babu yarjejeniya dangane da jinsin Buraq. Yawanci namiji ne, duk da haka Ibn Sa'd yana da Jibrilu yana magana da halitta a matsayin mace, kuma masu zane-zane da kan mace sukan yi shi sau da yawa.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/books/Arnold-1965-Painting/Arnold-1965-Painting-105-119.pdf|title=Painting in Islam|author=T.W. Arnold|author-link=T.W. Arnold|year=1965|page=118|access-date=2021-11-02|archive-date=2021-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102232545/http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/books/Arnold-1965-Painting/Arnold-1965-Painting-105-119.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kuma lura da ra'ayin cewa "al-Buraq" kawai mareyin allahntaka ne a cikin littafin ''The Dome of the Rock'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grabar|first1=Oleg|title=The Dome of the Rock|date=30 October 2006|publisher=Belknap Press|isbn=978-0674023130|page=214}}</ref> a cikin babin "Kotun Bude", da kuma a cikin taken shafi na Georg Ebers's ''Palestine in Picture and Word''. === Bangon yamma === Malamai da marubuta daban-daban, irin su ibn al-Faqih, ibn Abd Rabbih, da Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi, sun ba da shawarar wuraren da aka ce an haxe Buraq a cikin tatsuniyoyi, galibi wurare a kusa da kusurwar kudu maso yammacin Harami.<ref name="Elad">{{cite book|last=Elad|first=Amikam|author-link=|title=Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship: Holy Places, Ceremonies, Pilgrimage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDz_yctbQVgC&pg=PA101|year=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10010-7|pages=101–2}}</ref> Koyaya, tsawon ƙarni da yawa wurin da aka fi so shine [[Masallacin al-Buraq]], kusa da bango a ƙarshen ƙarshen bangon Yammacin Plaza.<ref name="Elad" /> Masallacin yana zaune a saman wata tsohuwar hanyar wucewa wacce ta taɓa fitowa ta Ƙofar Barclay da aka daɗe da rufewa wanda katon lintel ɗinsa ya kasance a bayyane a ƙasan ƙofar Maghrebi.<ref name="Elad" /> Saboda kusancin katangar Yamma, yankin da ke kusa da bango yana da alaƙa da Buraq aƙalla tun a ƙarni na 19. Lokacin da wani Bayahude dan Burtaniya ya nemi izinin mahukuntan Masar a shekara ta 1840 don sake shimfida kasa a gaban katangar Yamma, gwamnan Syria ya rubuta: {{quote|Ya tabbata daga kwafin bayanin shawarwarin majalisar tuntuba a birnin Kudus cewa wurin da yahudawan suka nemi izinin shimfida katangar Haramin Shariff da kuma wurin da aka daure Buraq din, kuma a hada da shi. a cikin littafin ladabtarwa na Abu Madyan, Allah ya jikansa da rahama; cewa Yahudawa ba su taɓa yin gyare-gyare a wurin ba a da. ... Don haka dole ne a ba Yahudawa damar shimfida wurin.<ref name=Peters>{{cite book | author = F. E. Peters | title = Jerusalem | url = https://archive.org/details/jerusalemholycit00pete | url-access = registration | publisher = Princeton University Press | place = Princeton | year = 1985 |pages=541–542}}. Arabic text in {{cite book | author = A. L. Tibawi | title = The Islamic Pious Foundations in Jerusalem | publisher = The Islamic Cultural Centre | place = London | at = Appendix III | year = 1978}}</ref>}} Carl Sandreczki, wanda ake tuhuma da hada jerin sunayen wurin Charles William Wilson's Ordnance Survey na Urushalima a 1865, ya ruwaito cewa titin da ke kaiwa ga bangon Yamma, gami da bangaren bangon, mallakar ''Hosh'' (kotu / katanga) na ''al Burâk'', "ba ''Obrak'' ba, kuma ba ''Obrat''".<ref>{{cite book|author=Carl Sandrecki|year=1865|title=Account of a Survey of the City of Jerusalem made in order to ascertain the names of streets etc.|at=Day IV}} reproduced in {{cite book|author=Captain Charles W. Wilson R.E.|edition=Facsimile|year=1865|publication-date=1980|publisher=Ariel Publishing House|title=Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem|at=Appendix}}</ref> A cikin 1866, Consul na Prussian kuma masanin Gabas Georg Rosen ya rubuta cewa: “Larabawa suna kiran Obrak tsayin bangon duka a wurin makoki na Yahudawa, kudu har zuwa gidan Abu Su’ud da arewa har zuwa tsarin Mechkemeh. Obrâk ba, kamar yadda aka yi iƙirari a da, lalata kalmar Ibri (Ibraniyawa) ba ne, amma kawai lafazin sabon larabci na Borâk, ... wanda, yayin da (Muhammad) yake addu'a a dutse mai tsarki. , an ce shi ne ya hada shi a cikin bangon da aka ambata a sama."<ref>{{cite book|author=G. Rosen|title=Das Haram von Jerusalem und der Tempelplatz des Moria|publisher=Gotha|year=1866|pages=9–10|quote=Die ganze Mauerstrecke am Klageplatz der Juden bis südlich an die Wohnung des Abu Su'ud und nördlich an die Substructionen der Mechkemeh wird von den Arabern Obrâk genannt, nicht, wie früher behauptet worden, eine Corruption des Wortes Ibri (Hebräer), sondern einfach die neu-arabische Aussprache von Bōrâk, [dem Namen des geflügelten Wunderrosses,] welches [den Muhammed vor seiner Auffahrt durch die sieben Himmel nach Jerusalem trug] und von ihm während seines Gebetes am heiligen Felsen im Innern der angegebenen Mauerstelle angebunden worden sein soll.|language=de}}</ref> Sunan Hosh al Buraq ya bayyana a taswirorin binciken Wilson na 1865, bugu na 1876 da 1900, da sauran taswirori a farkon karni na 20.<ref>{{cite book|author=Captain Charles W. Wilson R.E.|edition=Facsimile|year=1865|publication-date=1980|publisher=Ariel Publishing House|title=Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem|at=maps}} [https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_MAPS_JER002368216/NLI Wilson 1876] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527170949/https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_MAPS_JER002368216/NLI |date=2022-05-27 }}; [https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_ALEPH002366990/NLI Wilson 1900] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514174055/https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_ALEPH002366990/NLI |date=2022-05-14 }}; [https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_ALEPH002368106/NLI August Kümmel 1904]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_middle_east.html Karl Baedeker 1912]; [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_middle_east.html George Adam Smith 1915].</ref> A cikin 1922, Majalisar Pro-Jerusalem na hukuma ta ayyana shi azaman sunan titi.<ref>{{cite book|author=Council of the Pro-Jerusalem Society|editor=C. R. Ashby|title=Jerusalem 1920-1922|year=1924|publisher=John Murray|place=London|page=27}}</ref> [[File:Buraq_Wall_(circled_in_orange).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buraq_Wall_(circled_in_orange).jpg|left|thumb|Katangar Buraq (mai zagaye da lemu) tana fuskantar Masallacin Al-Buraq]] Haɗin kai yankin katangar Yamma da Buraq ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tashe-tashen hankula kan wurare masu tsarki tun lokacin da Birtaniyya ta ba da izini.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/wallname.html|title="Western Wall" or "Wailing Wall"?|access-date=5 October 2008|author=Halkin, Hillel|date=12 January 2001|publisher=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]}}</ref> Ga Musulmi, Katangar Makoki (ko Katangar Yamma) ana kiranta da "''Ḥā'iṭu 'l-Burāq''" (Larabci: حَائِطُ ٱلْبُرَاق) - "Bangaren Buraq", don a gefe guda (bangaren musulmi na bangon kuka a kan. Dutsen Haikali) shi ne inda Muhammadu ya daura Buraq, dabbar da ya hau da ita a cikin daren Lailatul kadari (Larabci: ''Mi'rāj'' - مِعْرَاج). Katangar ta hade da tsarin Masallacin Al-Buraq. == Tasirin al'adu == * A Turkiyya, Burak sunan namiji ne na kowa. * An sanya wa kamfanonin jiragen sama biyu suna Buraq: Buraq Air na Libya, da kuma tsohon jirgin saman Bouraq Indonesia na Indonesia (an rufe a 2006). * "el-Borak" ɗan fashi ne a cikin littafin Rafael Sabatini mai suna ''The Sea Hawk''; "El Borak" wani hali ne a cikin gajerun labarai na Robert E. Howard. Dukansu an ba su suna saboda saurinsu da juzu'i. * An sanya wa NESCOM na Pakistan sunan Burraq. * Aceh, Indonesiya, ta ɗauki hoton Buraq ''rampant'' da ya mamaye hatimin gwamnatin lardin da aka tsara.<ref>[https://archive.is/20130628112911/http://atjehpost.com/read/2012/11/19/28307/368/31/Singa-dan-Burak-Menghiasi-Lambang-Aceh-dalam-Rancangan-Qanun Singa dan Burak menghiasi lambang Aceh dalam rancangan Qanun] (Lion and Buraq decorate the coat of arms of Aceh in the Draft Regulation) ''Atjeh Post'', 19 November 2012.</ref> * Ana kiran jam'iyyar Boragh APC ta [[Iran]]. * Wani kamfanin mai na Malaysia mai suna Buraq Oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://buraqoil.com.my/v/about-company/|title=About Company|website=Buraq Oil|access-date=22 June 2016|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815141959/http://buraqoil.com.my/v/about-company/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Ana kiran wani kamfanin sufuri na Bangladesh Boraq Paribahan (বোরাক পরিবহন). * Al-Boraq (Larabci: البُراق) babban titin jirgin kasa ne mai tsawon kilomita 323 (201 mi) tsakanin [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] da Tangier wanda ONCF ke gudanarwa a Maroko. Irinsa na farko a nahiyar Afirka, kuma mafi sauri. == Manazarta == 63b601bznpk3hg97z6uewwgot0szjn5 0 27089 842243 174857 2026-05-29T07:44:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Marcelin Bossou''' (an haife shi 3 Mayu 1984) darektan fina-finan Togo ne, mai shirya fina-finai, kuma marubucin allo. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Bossou a [[Lomé]], Togo a cikin 1984. Dan iyayen Benin ne. Mahaifin Bossou shi ne darektan wani kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo. Bossou ya karanci harkokin sadarwa a ƙasar Ivory Coast kuma ya samu takardar shedar fasaha ta Higher Technician. Ya yi aiki da gidan talabijin mai zaman kansa Radio Télévision Delta Santé a matsayin masani kuma daga baya darekta.<ref>{{cite web |title=Marcellin Bossou |url=https://www.style-evidence.com/pages/showcases/marcellin-bossou/ |website=Style Evidence |access-date=23 November 2020 |language=French |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304025855/https://www.style-evidence.com/pages/showcases/marcellin-bossou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="courrier">{{cite web |title=CinéAfriqua86 : Marcelin Bossou parle du cinéma togolais |url=https://blog.courrierinternational.com/l-afrique-en-films/2014/03/14/cineafriqua86-marcelin-bossou-parle-du-cinema-togolais/ |website=Courrier International |access-date=23 November 2020 |language=French |date=14 March 2014}}</ref> A cikin 2008, ya shiga cikin Ecole Supérieure des Arts Visuels (ESAV) a [[Marrakesh]], Maroko bayan ya sami tallafin karatu. Bossou ya jagoranci gajerun fina-finansa na farko, ''La Bourse ou la vie'' da ''L'inconnu'' a cikin 2010. Ya sami lasisin sa a cikin Nazarin Fim, zaɓin Directing, a cikin 2012. Fim din Bossou na digiri na biyu, ''Nuit de Noces'', an shiga cikin bukukuwan fina-finai da dama irin su Bahar Rum Da bikin Short Film Festival na Tangier, bikin fina-finai na Afirka na Luxor, da kuma bikin fina-finai na Afirka na Poitiers. ''Nuit de Noces ya'' sami Grand Prix a bikin Atakpamé Short Film Festival a Togo da lambar yabo ta René Monory na musamman a bikin Fim da Talabijin na Panafrica na Ouagadougou.<ref name="africine">{{cite web |title=Marcelin Bossou |url=http://africine.org/personne/marcelin-bossou/31294 |website=Africine |access-date=23 November 2020 |language=French}}</ref> Yana nazarin matsalolin da mata ke fuskanta lokacin yin aure, gami da tabbatar da budurcinsu.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Combey |first1=Sylvio |title=Togo : Marcellin Bossou et les jeunes de l’AI parlent de droits sexuels |url=https://www.africardv.com/societe/togo-marcellin-bossou-et-les-jeunes-de-lai-parlent-de-droits-sexuels/ |website=Africa RDV |access-date=23 November 2020 |date=20 May 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203223344/https://www.africardv.com/societe/togo-marcellin-bossou-et-les-jeunes-de-lai-parlent-de-droits-sexuels/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan kammala karatun, Bossou ya jagoranci ''L'anniversaire'' . Ya kafa kamfanin Marbos Productions a Lomé a cikin 2015. Babban manufarsa ita ce bayar da tallafi ga matasa ƴan fim na Togo don yin fina-finai na farko. A cikin 2015, ya jagoranci ''Les deux frères'' . Fim ɗin ya sami kyautar mafi kyawun daukar hoto a bikin Clap Ivoire. A cikin 2019, Bossou ya shirya fina-finan ''La vie de Daniel'' wanda Gilbert Bararmna ya jagoranta da ''Femme Ebène'' na Rachel Kpizing. A halin yanzu Bossou yana aiki akan fim ɗinsa na farko, ''Broken Drums'', wanda aka tsara za a fito dashi a cikin 2021. Yana koyar da nazarin fina-finai, rubuce-rubuce da fasaha a Babban Makarantar Sinimar (ESEC) a Lomé. == Filmography == * 2010 : ''La Bourse ou la vie'' * 2010 : ''L'inconnu'' * 2012 : ''Nuit de Noces'' * 2012 : ''L'anniversaire'' * 2015 : ''Les deux frères'' * 2017 : ''Brigitte'' * 2017 : ''Une famille pas comme les autres'' * 2019 : ''Broken-Drums'' * 2019 : ''La vie de Daniel'' * 2019 : ''Femme ébène'' == Manazarta == gd14bd3v0q02h7np0047bn631z889rh 0 28835 841569 503546 2026-05-28T12:42:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339956510|Lake Ichkeul]]" 841569 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lake Ichkeul''' ( Arabic ) wani [[tafki]] ne a arewacin [[Tunisiya]], wanda ke da nisan kilomita 20 (mil 12) zuwa Bizerte, birni mafi arewa a Afirka a [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] . Tafkin da wuraren dausayi na '''Ichkeul National Park''' muhimmin wuri ne na tsayawa ga ɗaruruwan dubban tsuntsaye masu ƙaura kowace shekara. Daga cikin baƙi na tafkin akwai [[Agwagwa|agwagi]], geese, shamuwa, da flamingoes masu ruwan hoda . Gina [[madatsar ruwa]] a kan kogunan ciyar da tafkin ya haifar da manyan canje-canje ga daidaiton [[Ecology|muhalli]] na tafkin da wuraren dausayi. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Ichkeul_National_Park-130277.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Tafkin Ichkeul]] A cikin mulkin Daular Hafsid, Tafkin Ichkuel ya kasance ajiya a cikin karni na 13. Daga baya ya zama mallakar yankin jama'a a farkon karni na 20 a lokacin Mulkin Faransa. Tun daga shekara ta 1980, ya kasance [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO]]. Saboda madatsun ruwa sun rage yawan ruwan sha zuwa tabkuna da marshes, an maye gurbin reedbeds, sedges, da sauran nau'ikan shuke-shuke na ruwa mai sha'awa da tsire-tsire masu son gishiri. Wadannan canje-canje sun haifar da raguwa sosai a cikin yawan tsuntsaye masu ƙaura, wanda ya dogara da cakuda tsire-tsire da suka kasance. A cewar shafin yanar gizon UNESCO, gwamnatin Tunisia ta dauki wasu matakai don riƙe Ruwa mai laushi da rage gishiri, kuma an cire tafkin daga jerin UNESCO na Tarihin Duniya da ke cikin haɗari a shekara ta 2006. Koyaya wasu rahotanni daga Ƙungiyar Kare Duniya sun nuna cewa salinity ya riga ya zama mai yawa kuma yiwuwar sake farfadowa na iya ɓacewa cikin sauri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ichkeul Lake, Tunisia : Image of the Day |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=6209 |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Gidan shakatawa na Ichkeul == [[Fayil:Ichkeul_National_Park_0001.jpg|thumb|459x459px|Gidan shakatawa na Ichkeul, [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidan Tarihin Duniya]] a Tunisia.]] Wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Ichkeul wani wuri ne na tarihi na duniya wanda ke arewacin [[Tunisiya]], 25&nbsp;kilomita kudu maso yammacin Bizerte da kuma kilomita 15&nbsp;kilomita arewa da Mateur . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ichkeul National Park 8 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/008.pdf |access-date=31 May 2015 |publisher=UNESCO: World Heritage}}</ref> Wurin shakatawa yana cikin jerin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|wuraren tarihi]] [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]] tun daga shekarar 1980, kuma tsakanin 1996 da 2006 wurin shakatawar shi ma yana cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na duniya da ke cikin haɗari na ƙungiyar. Ma'aikatar Noma ta Tunisiya ce ke kula da wurin shakatawar. An girbe shuka mai fure {{Interlanguage link|Teucrium_schoenenbergeri|fr}} Nabli da aka samo kawai a Tunisia a 1965 a cikin Park.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schoenenberger A., Nabli M.A. |first= |date=1990 |title=Isotype of Teucrium schoenenbergeri Nabli [family LAMIACEAE] |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.MPU001289 |journal=Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Lettres Botaniques |volume=137 |issue=4,5 |pages=314}}</ref> == Hotuna == <gallery class="center"> Fayil:Parcichkeul3.jpg|View of Ichkeul National Park Fayil:Ichkeul002.jpg|Lake landscape Fayil:Ichkeul003.jpg|Lakefront </gallery> == Manazarta == o30fqyb1zb1cqmk23rl1jgeo2guig1x 841570 841569 2026-05-28T12:42:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 841570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Ichkeul''' ( Arabic ) wani [[tafki]] ne a arewacin [[Tunisiya]], wanda ke da nisan kilomita 20 (mil 12) zuwa Bizerte, birni mafi arewa a Afirka a [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] . Tafkin da wuraren dausayi na '''Ichkeul National Park''' muhimmin wuri ne na tsayawa ga ɗaruruwan dubban tsuntsaye masu ƙaura kowace shekara. Daga cikin baƙi na tafkin akwai [[Agwagwa|agwagi]], geese, shamuwa, da flamingoes masu ruwan hoda . Gina [[madatsar ruwa]] a kan kogunan ciyar da tafkin ya haifar da manyan canje-canje ga daidaiton [[Ecology|muhalli]] na tafkin da wuraren dausayi. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Ichkeul_National_Park-130277.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Tafkin Ichkeul]] A cikin mulkin Daular Hafsid, Tafkin Ichkuel ya kasance ajiya a cikin karni na 13. Daga baya ya zama mallakar yankin jama'a a farkon karni na 20 a lokacin Mulkin Faransa. Tun daga shekara ta 1980, ya kasance [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO]]. Saboda madatsun ruwa sun rage yawan ruwan sha zuwa tabkuna da marshes, an maye gurbin reedbeds, sedges, da sauran nau'ikan shuke-shuke na ruwa mai sha'awa da tsire-tsire masu son gishiri. Wadannan canje-canje sun haifar da raguwa sosai a cikin yawan tsuntsaye masu ƙaura, wanda ya dogara da cakuda tsire-tsire da suka kasance. A cewar shafin yanar gizon UNESCO, gwamnatin Tunisia ta dauki wasu matakai don riƙe Ruwa mai laushi da rage gishiri, kuma an cire tafkin daga jerin UNESCO na Tarihin Duniya da ke cikin haɗari a shekara ta 2006. Koyaya wasu rahotanni daga Ƙungiyar Kare Duniya sun nuna cewa salinity ya riga ya zama mai yawa kuma yiwuwar sake farfadowa na iya ɓacewa cikin sauri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ichkeul Lake, Tunisia : Image of the Day |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=6209 |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Gidan shakatawa na Ichkeul == [[Fayil:Ichkeul_National_Park_0001.jpg|thumb|459x459px|Gidan shakatawa na Ichkeul, [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidan Tarihin Duniya]] a Tunisia.]] Wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Ichkeul wani wuri ne na tarihi na duniya wanda ke arewacin [[Tunisiya]], 25&nbsp;kilomita kudu maso yammacin Bizerte da kuma kilomita 15&nbsp;kilomita arewa da Mateur . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ichkeul National Park 8 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/008.pdf |access-date=31 May 2015 |publisher=UNESCO: World Heritage}}</ref> Wurin shakatawa yana cikin jerin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|wuraren tarihi]] [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]] tun daga shekarar 1980, kuma tsakanin 1996 da 2006 wurin shakatawar shi ma yana cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na duniya da ke cikin haɗari na ƙungiyar. Ma'aikatar Noma ta Tunisiya ce ke kula da wurin shakatawar. An girbe shuka mai fure {{Interlanguage link|Teucrium_schoenenbergeri|fr}} Nabli da aka samo kawai a Tunisia a 1965 a cikin Park.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schoenenberger A., Nabli M.A. |first= |date=1990 |title=Isotype of Teucrium schoenenbergeri Nabli [family LAMIACEAE] |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.MPU001289 |journal=Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Lettres Botaniques |volume=137 |issue=4,5 |pages=314}}</ref> == Hotuna == <gallery class="center"> Fayil:Parcichkeul3.jpg|View of Ichkeul National Park Fayil:Ichkeul002.jpg|Lake landscape Fayil:Ichkeul003.jpg|Lakefront </gallery> == Manazarta == a6aqrtgepe3itz160sybd7qef66wvm8 0 30439 841741 720168 2026-05-28T16:41:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Oly Ilunga & Leila Zerrougui (45748653851).jpg|thumb|Leila Zerrougui a gefen dama]] [[Fayil:UN Security Council in DR Congo (45150063741).jpg|thumb|Leila Zerrougui]] '''Leila Zerrougui''' (An haife ta a shekara ta alif 1956), ƙwararriyar yar shari'a ce ta Aljeriya kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da gudanar da shari'a. Ta yi aiki a matsayin wakiliya ta musamman na babban sakataren MDD kuma shugabar tawagar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta MDD a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (MONUSCO)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/12/28/rdc-l-algerienne-leila-zerrougui-nommee-cheffe-de-la-monusco_5235191_3212.html|title=RDC : l’Algérienne Leila Zerrougui nommée cheffe de la Monusco|date=2017-12-28|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2017-12-28|language=fr|issn=1950-6244}}</ref> tun watan Janairun 2018. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife Zerrougui a Souk Ahras. Ta sauke karatu daga L'Ecole Nationale d'administration (Algiers) a shekarar 1980. Tun daga shekarar 1993, ta rike mukamai daban-daban na ilimi a makarantun shari'a a Aljeriya, kuma ta kasance mataimakiyar farfesa a L'Ecole Supérieure de la Magistrature (Algiers). Ta yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa kan yadda ake gudanar da shari'a da hakkin Ɗan Adam.<ref>{{cite web|date=|title=Leila Zerrougui &#124; United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict|url=http://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/about-us/leila-zerrougui/|publisher=Childrenandarmedconflict.un.org|accessdate=2013-04-08|archive-date=2013-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625130245/http://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/about-us/leila-zerrougui/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aiki == Ta kasance wakili na musamman na babban sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan yara da rikice-rikice daga watan satumba, shekarar 2012 zuwa watan Mayu, shekarar 2017. A cikin wannan matsayi, ta kasance mai ba da shawara mai zaman kanta don haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a tare da ba da fifiko ga haƙƙin da kare yara maza da mata da rikicin makami ya shafa. . Ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar Aiki kan tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga shekara ta 2001, kuma ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar mai ba da rahoto daga shekarar 2003 zuwa watan mayu, shekarar 2008. Kafin wannan, ta dade tana aiki a fannin shari'a na Aljeriya,A shekara ta 2000, an naɗa ta a Kotun Kolin Aljeriya. Ta yi aiki a matsayin alkali matashi kuma alkali na farko daga shekarar 1980 zuwa shekarar 1986, sannan ta samu matsayin alkalin kotun ɗaukaka kara daga shekarar 1986 zuwa 1997. Daga shekarar 1998 zuwa 2000, ta kasance mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a ga majalisar ministocin ma'aikatar shari'a, daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2008 ta samu matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a ga majalisar ministocin shugaban Aljeriya. Ta kuma yi aiki a mukamai daban-daban a cikin gwamnatin Aljeriya kuma ta kasance mamba a hukumar da ke kula da harkokin shari'a ta ƙasar Aljeriya. Kafin naɗa ta a matsayin wakiliya ta musamman a shekarar 2012, ta kasance mataimakiyar wakilin babban sakataren MDD kuma mataimakiyar shugabar tawagar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta MDD a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (MONUSCO), inda tun a shekarar 2008, ta jagoranci yunkurin tawagar. karfafa bin doka da oda da kare fararen hula. A shekarar 2013 ne Abdallah Wafy ya gaje ta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sga1420.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General appoints Abdallah Wafy of Niger Deputy Special Representative for the Democratic Republic of the Congo|publisher=[[United Nations]]|work=Press release|date=26 June 2013}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 6q3c6sy3k4hxbm0d124sai3sxe4dyey 0 34432 842131 586216 2026-05-29T06:23:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:2S7 Pion at ARMY-2018.jpg|thumb|Sojojin yankin malka balo]] '''Malka Balo''' (Oromo) gundumomi ne na Habasha a Oromia, [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Daga shiyyar Hararghe ta Gabas, Malka Balo yana iyaka da yamma da shiyyar Hararghe ta Yamma, daga arewa kuma ta yi iyaka da Deder, daga arewa maso gabas da Bedeno, daga kudu maso gabas kuma Gola Odana Meyumuluke; Kogin Galetti ya ayyana wani yanki na iyaka da Yankin Yammacin Hararghe. Cibiyar Gudanarwa na wannan gundumar ita ce Jaja ; Sauran garuruwan Sun hada da Harawacha da Harew. == Dubawa == Tsayin wannan yanki ya kai mita 960 zuwa 2930 sama da matakin teku; Adem Gedi Burqa shine mafi girman matsayi. Kogunan da suke da yawa sun haɗa da Jerjertu, Jaja, Dugo da Ramis . Binciken da aka yi a wannan yanki ya nuna cewa kashi 17.3% na noma ne ko kuma ana nomawa, kashi 5.6% na kiwo ne, kashi 12.9% na gandun daji, sauran kashi 64.2% kuma ana ganin sun lalace, an gina su ko kuma ba za a iya amfani da su ba. Khat, 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari sune mahimman amfanin gona na kuɗi. <ref name="Oromia">[http://www.oromiagov.org/Socio%20Economic%20Profile/East%20Hararghe/East%20Hararghe.pdf ''Socio-economic profile of the East Hararghe Zone''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911175456/http://www.oromiagov.org/Socio%20Economic%20Profile/East%20Hararghe/East%20Hararghe.pdf |date=2025-09-11 }} Government of Oromia Region (last accessed 1 August 2006)</ref> Kofi kuma muhimmin amfanin gona ne na tsabar kuɗi; fiye da murabba'in kilomita 50 ana shuka shi da shi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160815124929/http://www.oromiacoffeeunion.org/production.htm "Coffee Production"] Oromia Coffee Cooperative Union website</ref> Masana'antu a gundumar sun haɗa da masana'antar hatsi 12 masu daukar ma'aikata 45, da kuma sana'o'i 210 da suka yi rajista da suka hada da dillalai, dillalai da masu ba da sabis. An san ajiyar tagulla da marmara, amma ba a fitar da su ba. Kungiyoyin manoma guda 23 ne ke da mambobi 25,579 sai kuma kungiyar masu yiwa manoma hidima 4 da mambobi 3210. Malka Balo yana da tsayin kilomita 6 na tsakuwa da kuma kilomita 85 na titin bushe-bushe, don matsakaicin yawan titin kilomita 61.9 a cikin murabba'in kilomita 1000. Kimanin kashi 19.4% na birane, 9.2% na karkara da kashi 9.7% na yawan jama'a suna samun ruwan sha.<ref name="Oromia"/> == Alkaluma == Kididdiga ta kasa ta shekara ta 2007 ta bayar da rahoton jimillar yawan jama'a na wannan yanki na 177,416, daga cikinsu 90,609 maza ne, 86,807 kuma mata; 9,342 ko 5.27% na yawan jama'arta mazauna birni ne. Yawancin mazaunan sun ce su musulmi ne, inda kashi 94.96% na al'ummar kasar suka bayar da rahoton cewa sun lura da wannan imani, yayin da kashi 4.78% na al'ummar kasar ke yin addinin kiristanci na Habasha. ==Alƙaluma== Bisa ƙididdigar da hukumar kididdiga ta tsakiya ta buga a shekarar 2005, wannan gundumar tana da adadin yawan jama'a 171,483, daga cikinsu 83,930 maza ne, 87,553 kuma mata; 10,320 ko kuma 6.02% na yawan jama'arta mazauna birni ne, wanda kusan daidai yake da matsakaicin yanki na 6.9%. Malka Balo yana da yawan fili kimani kilomita murabba'i 1,469.53, yana da yawan jama'a 116.7 a kowace murabba'in kilomita, wanda ya zarce matsakaicin yanki na 102.6. Ƙididdigar ƙasa ta 1994 ta ba da rahoton jimillar yawan jama'a na wannan yanki na 123,082, waɗanda 63,108 maza ne da mata 59,974; 5,763 ko kuma 4.68% na mutanenta mazauna birni ne a lokacin. (Wannan jimillar ya kuma haɗa da kiyasin mazauna ƙauyen ɗaya, wanda ba a ƙidaya shi ba; an kiyasta cewa yana da mazauna 13,111, waɗanda 6,594 maza ne da mata 6,517. Ƙabilu biyu mafi girma da aka ruwaito a Malko Balo sune Oromo (93.65%), da Amhara (6.12%); duk sauran kabilun sun kasance kashi 0.23% na yawan jama'a. An yi amfani da Oromiffa a matsayin yaren farko da kashi 94.95%, kuma kashi 4.92% na magana da Amharic ; sauran kashi 0.13% sun yi magana duk sauran yarukan farko da aka ruwaito. Mafi yawan mazaunan musulmi ne, inda kashi 93.34% na al'ummar kasar suka bayar da rahoton cewa sun yi wannan akida, yayin da kashi 6.52% na al'ummar kasar suka ce suna da'awar Kiristanci na Orthodox na Habasha. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Coord|8|50|N|41|15|E|type:adm3rd_region:ET}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|8|50|N|41|15|E|type:adm3rd_region:ET}} mwf4mtf69zup4dty8ycpasm3pzddy5z 0 39999 841786 704082 2026-05-28T17:48:07Z Nabilalady 45289 /* */ nayi gyaran shekara na kuma kara sunayen fina finan da nayi 841786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nabila Rabiu Zango''', ta kasance'yar asalin garin Zangon-Daura [[Zango (Nijeriya)|Karamar Hukumar Zango]], ce da ke a Jihar [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]] [[Najeriya|Najeria]]. An haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Agustan, a ƙaramar hukumar [[Funtua]] dake a Jihar [[Katsina]] <ref>https://www.wattpad.com/story/177505927-kundun-marubuciya</ref>. Shahararriyar marubuciyar littafan hausa ce da ta fina finan kannywood wadda ake ma lakabi da ''Marubuciyar Zamani''. Ta halarci taron ƙara sani  (workshop) akan harkar rubutu da dama, a ciki akwai wanda tayi a karkashin kungiyar MacArthur foundation (KILAF2022), Kannywood foundation na shekarar 2022, akwai taron Zuma film festival da akayi a Abuja (2025), akwai sauran taruka da dama da ta halarta. Ta fara rubutun littafin hausa a shekarar 2015. Cikin litattafan da ta rubuta sun haɗa da: # Agola. # Shatu ɗiyar Maharbi. # A maƙabarta Aka Haife ni. # Rayuwar Mata Ayau. # Kafin In Zama Lauya. # Darajar Muhalli. # Kowa ya Taka Dokar Allah. # Ƴaƴan mu Amanar Mu. # Matasan Mu. # A Wani Gida. # Almajirai Ma Ƴaƴa ne. # A Wata Makaranta. # Mai Nasara. # Mata Jigon Alumma. # Na Shiga Ban ɗauka ba. # Waye Ne. # Ba ni Ba ne. # Alƙali ne. # Daga Baya Kenan. # Halinta Ne. # Burin Ɗan Adam. # Darasi Ne. # Ajalinta Ne. A halin yanzu ta koma harkar rubutun fina-finai (screenplay). Daga cikin finafinan da ta rubuta akwai babban shirin nan mai dogon Zango wanda aka fi sani da ALAQA,  akwai , akwai SIRRIN BOYE,  KE DUNIYA, UMARNI, MIJIN YARINYA, TUMBIN GIWA, BAYA DA KURA, ZARGE, KARSHEN DUNIYA, GIDAN DUNIYA, AISHA HUMAIRA, SADDIKA, UWAR GIDA, HAKKIN MACE, RAGAYA, HANTSI, HANNUN AGOGO. Ta rubuta ƙananun finafinai irin su RANA DUBU,  MARWANATU,  LABARIN MAIMUNATU, TALATU, WASIKA, SAKACI, DARA TACI GIDA, MARYAMA, UWAR MIJI, BAYAN RAI, SHINGE, KARSHEN WATA, SON ZUCIYA, MAI IYALI, SUHANA, JUYI da sauransu. Nabila Rabiu Zango, Mace ce mai kaifin basira, hazaƙa, kyauta da fara'a, da son gyaruwar al'umma musamman Matasa. Tana da sha'awar koyarwa,  bincike da kallon fina-finai da kuma rubutu akan Matasa. ==Farkon rayuwa == Ta yi karatun Firamare a Model Primary School Funtua. Ta kuma yi Sakandare a Government Girls Secondary School Malumfashi . Ta cigaba da karatu a Isa Kaita College Of Education Dutsin-ma. ==Mukami da Aiki == A halin yanzu  tana aikin koyarwa a makarantar Firamare da ke a ƙaramar hukumar Zango ta Jihar Katsina. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1989]] nwo4aupzlozphp7rlx77i182xu0x3f9 841800 841786 2026-05-28T18:18:53Z Nabilalady 45289 /* */ na cire shekaru, na kara yawan finafinai 841800 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nabila Rabiu Zango''', ta kasance'yar asalin garin Zangon-Daura [[Zango (Nijeriya)|Karamar Hukumar Zango]], ce da ke a Jihar [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]] [[Najeriya|Najeria]]. An haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Agustan, a ƙaramar hukumar [[Funtua]] dake a Jihar [[Katsina]] <ref>https://www.wattpad.com/story/177505927-kundun-marubuciya</ref>. Shahararriyar marubuciyar littafan hausa ce da ta fina finan kannywood wadda ake ma lakabi da ''Marubuciyar Zamani''. Ta halarci taron ƙara sani  (workshop) akan harkar rubutu da dama, a ciki akwai wanda tayi a karkashin kungiyar MacArthur foundation (KILAF2022), Kannywood foundation na shekarar 2022, akwai taron Zuma film festival da akayi a Abuja (2025), akwai sauran taruka da dama da ta halarta. Ta fara rubutun littafin hausa a shekarar 2015. Cikin litattafan da ta rubuta sun haɗa da: # Agola. # Shatu ɗiyar Maharbi. # A maƙabarta Aka Haife ni. # Rayuwar Mata Ayau. # Kafin In Zama Lauya. # Darajar Muhalli. # Kowa ya Taka Dokar Allah. # Ƴaƴan mu Amanar Mu. # Matasan Mu. # A Wani Gida. # Almajirai Ma Ƴaƴa ne. # A Wata Makaranta. # Mai Nasara. # Mata Jigon Alumma. # Na Shiga Ban ɗauka ba. # Waye Ne. # Ba ni Ba ne. # Alƙali ne. # Daga Baya Kenan. # Halinta Ne. # Burin Ɗan Adam. # Darasi Ne. # Ajalinta Ne. A halin yanzu ta koma harkar rubutun fina-finai (screenplay). Daga cikin finafinan da ta rubuta akwai babban shirin nan mai dogon Zango wanda aka fi sani da ALAQA,  akwai , akwai SIRRIN BOYE,  KE DUNIYA, UMARNI, MIJIN YARINYA, TUMBIN GIWA, BAYA DA KURA, ZARGE, KARSHEN DUNIYA, GIDAN DUNIYA, AISHA HUMAIRA, SADDIKA, UWAR GIDA, HAKKIN MACE, RAGAYA, HANTSI, HANNUN AGOGO. Ta rubuta ƙananun finafinai irin su RANA DUBU,  MARWANATU,  LABARIN MAIMUNATU, TALATU, WASIKA, SAKACI, DARA TACI GIDA, MARYAMA, UWAR MIJI, BAYAN RAI, SHINGE, KARSHEN WATA, SON ZUCIYA, MAI IYALI, SUHANA, JUYI da sauransu. Nabila Rabiu Zango, Mace ce mai kaifin basira, hazaƙa, kyauta da fara'a, da son gyaruwar al'umma musamman Matasa. Tana da sha'awar koyarwa,  bincike da kallon fina-finai da kuma rubutu akan Matasa. ==Farkon rayuwa == Ta yi karatun Firamare a Model Primary School Funtua. Ta kuma yi Sakandare a Government Girls Secondary School Malumfashi . Ta cigaba da karatu a Isa Kaita College Of Education Dutsin-ma. ==Mukami da Aiki == A halin yanzu  tana aikin koyarwa a makarantar Firamare da ke a ƙaramar hukumar Zango ta Jihar Katsina. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1989]] jd0o8kjgeino14bpvciwh3ehe99165w 0 44794 841664 483729 2026-05-28T14:57:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:5. Islamic Solidarity Games 2021 Konya 7 Lamine Camara (cropped).jpg|thumb|Lamine Diatta]] '''Lamine Diatta'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/22831 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-21 |archive-date=2023-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321223311/http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/22831 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (an haife shi ranar 2 ga watan Yulin shekarata alif dari tara da saba'in da biyar miladiyya 1975) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Dan wasan kwallon]] kafa ne kuma dan kasar Senegal wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron gida]]. Yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da tawagar Senegal, wanda babban koci Aliou Cissé ya nada a cikin shekarar 2015. == Aikin kulob == An haife shi a [[Dakar]], Senegal,<ref name=":0" /> Diatta ya koma Faransa lokacin yana dan shekara daya kacal. Kafin ya koma Olympique Lyon a 2004, Diatta ya buga wasanni 142 don Stade Rennais, ya zira kwallaye tara a wannan lokacin. Kafin lokacinsa a Rennes, ya kasance a Marseille, amma bai taba buga musu wasa ba. Kulob din Diatta na farko shine Toulouse FC. Ya shafe kakar wasa daya a can kuma ya buga wasanni 25 ba tare da ya zura kwallon a raga ba. A cikin shekararsa ta farko ( 2004-05 ) tare da Lyon ya buga wasanni 19. A cikin shekara ta biyu ( 2005-06 ) a Lyon, ya damu da rauni kuma kawai ya buga wasanni 13 kuma ba tare da kwallaye ba. A cikin watan Agustan 2006, ya bar Lyon a kan canja wurin kyauta don neman kwallon kafa na yau da kullum, yana zaune a AS Saint-Étienne. A ranar 7 ga watan Maris din 2008, bayan gwaji na mako guda a Newcastle United, Diatta ya amince da yarjejeniyar dan gajeren lokaci har zuwa karshen kakar wasa bayan ya sayi kwantiraginsa a Beşiktaş JK.<ref>https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11678/3254701/magpies-seal-diatta-deal</ref> A karshe kungiyar ta tabbatar da yarjejeniyar a ranar 14 ga watan Maris bayan. satin rudewa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090326003220/http://www.nufc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10278~1265418,00.html</ref> Ya buga wasansa na farko a Newcastle a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan [[Premier League|Premier]] da Reading ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu amma an sake shi a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu. [[Fayil:5. Islamic Solidarity Games 2021 Konya 7 Landing Badji (cropped).jpg|thumb|Lamine Diatta]] Diatta ya koma Stoke City a kan gwaji a watan Janairun 2009.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/s/stoke_city/7811941.stm</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Maris, duk da haka, ya rattaɓa hannu kan Hamilton Academical akan yarjejeniyar dan gajeren lokaci har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa.<ref>https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11781/5078124/diatta-makes-accies-move</ref><ref>https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/other-sports/exclusive-hamilton-set-to-sign-senegal-1014649</ref> Bayan wata daya kacal, a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu, dan wasan bayan Senegal mai shekaru 33 ya bar Hamilton ya koma kungiyar wasanni ta Al-Ahli da ke Qatar.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/h/hamilton_academical/8025146.stm</ref> Ba shi da kulob tun lokacin da aka sako shi daga kulob din wasanni na Al-Ahli ya halarci gwaji a Singapore ba tare da wani kulob ya kwace shi ba.<ref>https://www.bolasepako.com/2011/01/missed-opportunity-again.?m=1</ref> Daga nan ya shiga Étoile Sportive du Sahel na CLP-1 a Tunisiya. [[Fayil:AS Saint-Étienne - FC Nantes (11-11-2006) 2.jpg|thumb|Lamine Diatta]] A cikin watan Disambar 2011 ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dan gajeren lokaci tare da kungiyar Championship Doncaster Rovers, inda sauran yan Kasar El Hadji Diouf da Habib Beye suma suka taka leda a kulob din.<ref>http://www.doncasterroversfc.co.uk/page/News/0,,10329~2540322,00.html</ref> == Ayyukan Kasa da Kasa == Kasancewarsa kaftin din Senegal,<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/7168624.stm</ref> ya buga wa kasarsa wasanni 71, inda ya zura kwallaye hudu.<ref>https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/lamdiatta-intl.html</ref> Ya kuma taka leda a duk wasannin Senegal a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2002.<ref>https://www.balls.ie/football/senegal-2002-world-cup-where-are-they-now-302389</ref> == Salon wasa == [[Fayil:5. Islamic Solidarity Games 2021 Konya 7 El Hadji Moutarou Baldé (cropped).jpg|thumb|Lamine Diatta]] Diatta shi ne mai rike da madafun iko a tsakiyar tsaron Senegal, kuma yana da kauri a iska, wanda ke ba da barazana wajen kai hari.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}} == Girmamawa == '''Lyon''' * Ligue 1 : 2004-05, 2005-06 * Trophée des Champions : 2005 '''Senegal''' * Gasar cin kofin Afrika ta biyu: 2002<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/football/2002/feb/11/newsstory.sport3</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * Lamine Diatta at Soccerbase [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1975]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oswfiyy54k148miol994g8xzy7cak28 0 51702 842066 680134 2026-05-29T05:23:55Z Nura Bello 24854 842066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} {{Infobox medical condition|name=Gazawar zuciya|image=Elevated JVP.JPG|caption=Mutum me cutar gazawar zicya ta ''congestive heart failure'' da alama ta [[jugular venous distension]]. [[External jugular vein]] wanda akayi da arrow|symptoms=[[daukewar numfashi]], [[Kiba (medical)|exhaustion]], [[kumburewar kafafu]]<ref>National Guideline Centre (UK) (September 2018). "2. Introduction". Chronic Heart Failure in Adults: Diagnosis and Management. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Guidelines. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). ISBN 978-1-4731-3093-7. PMID 30645061.</ref>|onset=|duration=Tsawon rayuwa|causes=[[Myocardial infarction|Heart attack]], [[high blood pressure]], [[abnormal heart rhythm]], [[excessive alcohol use]], infection, heart damage<ref>Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, et al. (May 2022). "2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 79 (17): e263–e421. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.12.012. PMID 35379503. S2CID 247882156.</ref>|risks=Smoking, sedentary lifestyle, exposure to second-hand smoke<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Skipina TM, Upadhya B, Soliman EZ | title = Secondhand Smoke Exposure is Associated with Prevalent Heart Failure: Longitudinal Examination of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey | journal = Nicotine & Tobacco Research | volume = 23 | issue = 9 | pages = 1512–1517 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34213549 | doi = 10.1093/ntr/ntab047 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] on behalf of the [[Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco]] | lccn = 00244999 | s2cid = 235707832 | eissn = 1469-994X | veditors = Munafò M | editor-link = Marcus Munafo }}</ref>|diagnosis=[[Echocardiogram]]<ref>Skipina TM, Upadhya B, Soliman EZ (July 2021). Munafò M (ed.). "Secondhand Smoke Exposure is Associated with Prevalent Heart Failure: Longitudinal Examination of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey". Nicotine & Tobacco Research. Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 23 (9): 1512–1517. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntab047. eISSN 1469-994X. LCCN 00244999. PMID 34213549. S2CID 235707832.</ref>|differential=Kidney failure, thyroid disease, liver disease, anemia, obesity<ref>Chronic Heart Failure: National Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Management in Primary and Secondary Care: Partial Update. National Clinical Guideline Centre. August 2010. pp. 38–70. PMID 22741186.</ref>|treatment=|medication=[[Diuretics]], cardiac medications|frequency=40 million (2015),<ref>GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.</ref>|deaths=35% risk of death in first year<ref>National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK) (August 2010). Chronic heart failure: National clinical guideline for diagnosis and management in primary and secondary care: Partial update. National Clinical Guideline Centre. pp. 19–24. PMID 22741186.</ref>}} '''Cutar gazawar zuciya''' ( '''HF''' ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''ciwon zuciya na ''congestive heart failure''''' ( '''CHF''' ), ciwo ne, rukuni na alamu da alamomin bayyanar cututtuka, wanda ya faruwa a dalilin illolin bubbugar jini daga zuciya. Alamomin cutar sun haɗa da ƙarancin numfashi, yawan [[Rashin karfi|gajiya]], da kumburin ƙafafu. Ƙunƙarar numfashi na iya faruwa yayin aiki ko a yanayin kwanciya, kuma yana iya hana mara lafiya baci a dare . Ciwon ƙirji, gami da angina, ba [[Ciwo|yawanci ciwon]] zuciya ne ke haifar da shi ba, amma yana iya faruwa idan ciwon zuciya ya haifar da cutar [[Ciwon zuciya|zuciya]] ''(heart attack)''.<ref>O'Connor CM (2005). ''Managing Acute Decompensated Heart Failure a Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment''. London: Informa Healthcare. p. 572. ISBN <bdi>978-0-203-42134-5</bdi>.</ref><ref>"Heart failure - Symptoms and causes". ''Mayo Clinic''. Retrieved 10 August 2022.</ref> Ana gano tsananin cutar gazawar zuciya ta hanyar gwajin ''ejection fraction'' da kuma auna ta da tsananin alamominta. Sauran yanayi waɗanda zasu iya samun alamun bayyanar [[Cututtukan jini|cututtuka]] irin su gazawar zuciya sun haɗa da [[kiba]], gazawar koda, cututtukan hanta, [[Rashin jini|anemia]], da cutar thyroid. == Manazarta == 4p28f3cuxntbvqx85af1irn0rd1qt5i 0 59861 841801 479552 2026-05-28T18:22:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Limankara''' Wani kauye ne da ke cikin garin [[Borno]]<ref name=":1">"Borno re-opens Pulka-Gwoza-Limankara road - Daily Trust". ''dailytrust.com''. Retrieved 8 October2023.</ref> a karamar hukumar [[Gwoza]] wanda yake da boda kuma wani gefe daga garin yana hade ne da karamar hukumar [[Madagali]] wacce take a Adamawa wannan gari ya kasance a akwai wurin koyan aiki na yan sandan turnuku wato (Mobile Police force) wannan gari ya shahara a wurin yan sanda saboda wurineh wanda ake shan matukar wahalar koyon horon aiki. Garin yana zagaye neh da manyan duwatsu da bishiyoyi da mutaneh daban daban. Garin yakasance gari na manoma da kadan daga cikin makiyaya. [[File:Mobile police camp 01.jpg|thumb|Dakin kwana na masu koyon horo mai gado 20.]] [[File:Mobile police camp 02.jpg|thumb|Wurin koyan harbi]] === Ta'addancin [[Boko Haram|boko haram]] a garin limankara === Boko haram<ref name=":1" /> sun kai hari a garin limankara in da suka kai harin harda cikin wurin horar da yan sandan turnuku wato (mobile police force camp) sun kai harin ne a misalin karfe 8 na dare ranar alhamis, ana tsammanin wasu daga cikin yan sandan sun bata ba'a gansu ba, hakan ya farune a lokacin da sukaci galabar yan sandan, shugaban wurin a lokacin shine Kamikudeen Sanu. Hakika Boko Haram ta sha gwagwarmaya a garin limankara, hasali ma itace kadai kauyen da ta rage tsakanin gwoza da madagali, amma ta gaza samun tsaro ta kwarai.<ref>"Boko Haram insurgents attack mobile police training college in Borno". ''TheCable''. 14 January 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</ref> Kowacce rana ana ta kashe manoma kuma an hanasu noman dawa ko masara sai gyada da wake,kuma Boko Haram suna girbewa Baki dai akasa basuci ba kuma basu barwa mutane ba. Hakika Muna kira ga gwamnatin tarayya da ta dauki mataki Mai tsauri,domin idan babu limankara,to hakika gwoza da madagali suna cikin tsaka Mai wuya.<ref name=":0">"Limankara, Nigeria - Facts and information on Limankara - Nigeria.Places-in-the-world.com". ''nigeria.places-in-the-world.com''. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</ref> === Karin bayani === [[File:Mobile police camp 04.jpg|thumb|Hanyar ciga cikin mobile police camp gwoza]] [[File:Mobile police camp 03.jpg|thumb|Wannan shine alamar ka iso bakin camp]] limankara hanyace daga garin [[Adamawa]] zuwa garin Borno wannan hanyan zai kaika har zuwa birnin Borno wato [[Maiduguri]] daga limankara zuwa Maiduguri ya kai kilomita 69 mi, daga kuma limited zuwa babban birnin tarayya abuja yakai kilomita 709 /440 mi.<ref name=":0" /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== * https://www.thecable.ng/boko-haram-insurgents-attack-mobile-police-training-college-in-borno * https://nigeria.places-in-the-world.com/2332007-place-limankara.html#:~:text=Limankara%20is%20located%20in%20the,(as%20the%20crow%20flies){{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://dailytrust.com/borno-re-opens-pulka-gwoza-limankara-road/ == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 66siu3cks58xyvjro6253x69011yjdz 0 62642 842043 421028 2026-05-29T01:07:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Magong''' birni ne, kuma mazaunin gundumar Penghu, a Taiwan. Birnin Magong yana kan babban tsibirin Penghu. Magong, na kasar Taiwan, yana da tsawon tsari na tarihi da yake cikin jihar Penghu. Penghu, wanda aka fi sani da Pescadores a lokacin jimillar Turai, shi ne daya daga cikin kasashe masu yawa na Taiwan. An kasance kasar Taiwan ne a yau, kuma Magong shine birnin tsarin jihar Penghu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mkcity.gov.tw/english/pages.aspx?v=CEBDD9807D700B40 |title=History |publisher=Magong City Office |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408223649/http://www.mkcity.gov.tw/english/pages.aspx?v=CEBDD9807D700B40 |archive-date=8 April 2014 |access-date=16 November 2023 |archivedate=8 April 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408223649/http://www.mkcity.gov.tw/english/pages.aspx?v=CEBDD9807D700B40 }}</ref> Iya samun damuwa kan tarihin Magong, za a iya binciko kiran yadda aka yi ta wani lokacin da Turawa suka zo kasar Taiwan. Wasu daga cikin hanyoyin hanyar kasashen Turai sun mayar da kasar Taiwan a tsakanin karon farko na karfe 17, kuma suna yi hakan ne a kan Karamar Hukumar Han.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mkcity.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?intpage=&id=98&qclass=&qptdate=&qdldate=&pagenum=1&pagesize=100|script-title=zh:里鄰介紹|language=zh-tw|access-date=12 November 2019|website={{lang|zh-tw|澎湖縣馬公市公所}} Magong City Office, Penghu County}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A kan kasar Taiwan, aka yi kuma zamanin wata farko a kan kwalejin kasar. Amma, kamar yadda yake gudanar da tarihin wajen Taiwan, bincike zai iya yin bayani akan cewa Magong, a kan yankin jihar Penghu, yana da damuwar tsari game da tasiri da Turai suka samu a kasashen Turai. {{stub}} ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Xingren Reservoir, Magong 01.jpg|Xingren_Reservoir,_Magong File:澎湖馬公咕咾石牆.jpg|Magong File:Magong Airport.jpg|Magong Airport File:Aerial view of Magong Airport.jpg|Aerial_view_of_Magong_Airport File:Magong CIty Hall & Penghu Marine Geopark Center side view.jpg|Magong_CIty_Hall_&_Penghu_Marine File:PXL Magong Office, Kaohsiung Customs (11).jpg|PXL_Magong_Office,_Kaohsiung_Customs File:PXL Magong Office, Kaohsiung Customs (12).jpg|PXL_Magong_Office,_Kaohsiung_Customs_ File:興仁懋靈殿 (1)立面.jpg|興仁懋靈殿 File:Graduation ceremony of the National Magong High School 2008-06-10.jpg|Graduation_ceremony_of_the_National_Magong_High_School_2008-06-10 File:Graduation ceremony of the National Magong High School 2008-06-10.jpg|Graduation_ceremony_of_the_National_Magong_High_School_2008-06-1 </gallery> ==Manazarta== br4ug05a5241n9209vpknk266oclt44 0 63570 841774 339262 2026-05-28T17:32:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Leslye Amede Obiora''' (ana wallafa sunan ta a matsayin '''L. Amede Abiora''' ) lauyar Najeriya ce kuma farfesa. Rubuce-rubucen aikinta na mayar da hankali kan al'adu, jinsi, ƴancin [[ɗan adam]], da dokokin duniya na jama'a.<ref>{{cite book |title=Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives |date=2006 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-8122-3924-9 |page=277 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/22067}}{{subscription required|via=[[Project MUSE]]}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Leslye Amede Obiora ta fito daga [[Oguta]], al'ummar [[Inyamurai|Igbo]] ne a kogin [[Najeriya]]. An haife ta ne a kan gunkin da ya haifar da [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|Yaƙin Biafra na Secessionist]] zuwa Violet Odiso (née Nwakuche) da Samson BC Obiora. Mahaifinta lauya ne kuma mahaifiyarta ta sami digiri a fannin Tattalin Arziki na Gida, kafin ta yi aure a 1951. Obiora na ɗaya daga cikin yara tara ga iyayenta kafin mahaifinta ya rasu a shekara ta 1973.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/mobile/news/25846-as-violet-odiso-%E2%80%9Csbc%E2%80%9D-obiora-goes-home.html |title=The Nation – As Violet Odiso "SBC" Obiora goes home |publisher=Thenationonlineng.net |accessdate=2013-10-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019142324/http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/mobile/news/25846-as-violet-odiso-%E2%80%9Csbc%E2%80%9D-obiora-goes-home.html |archivedate=2013-10-19 }}</ref> Obiora ta kammala karatunta ta samu digirin farko LLB daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]] a 1984, LLM daga [[Yale Law School]] a 1988, da JSD daga [[Stanford Law School]] a 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.arizona.edu/faculty/facultyprofile.cfm?facultyid=90 |title=Faculty Profile |publisher=Law.arizona.edu |accessdate=2013-10-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022000741/http://www.law.arizona.edu/faculty/facultyprofile.cfm?facultyid=90 |archivedate=2013-10-22 }}</ref> == Sana'a == Obiora ta kasance Farfesa a fannin Shari'a a [[Amurka]] tun 1992. A cikin 1999, ta sami tayin aiki daga Bankin Duniya don gudanar da wani shiri don taimakawa inganta [[daidaiton jinsi]] a [[Afirka]]. A shekara ta 2006, ta sake samun naɗin zama ministar [[Ma'aikatar Ma'adinai da Raya Karfe (Nijeriya)|ma’adinai da karafa]] na tarayyar Najeriya ba tare da ta nemi muƙamin ba. Ita ce mai tarbar wadanda za'a bawa kyaututtuka, ciki har da tayi hakan a shirin Coca-Cola World Fund Visiting Faculty a Jami'ar Yale da kuma abokan tarayya daga Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a cikin Kimiyyar Halayyar a Stanford, Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a Princeton, New Jersey, Rockefeller Foundation Cibiyar Nazarin Bellagio, da Shirin Mawaƙin Mazaunan Djerassi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ikokwu |first=Constance |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/-we-aim-to-inspire-a-new-breed-of-leaders-/81555/ |title='We Aim to Inspire a New Breed of Leaders', Articles |publisher=Thisday Live |date=2010-08-07 |accessdate=2013-10-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115328/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/-we-aim-to-inspire-a-new-breed-of-leaders-/81555/ |archivedate=2015-04-02 }}</ref> Ta kasance Genest Global Faculty a Makarantar Shari'a ta Osgoode Hall a Toronto da kuma Farfesa ta Haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta Gladstein a Jami'ar Connecticut.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fisher |first=Sherry |url=http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031014/03101405.htm |title=Speaker: Global Struggle For Women's Rights Must Address Social, Economic Issues – October 14, 2003 |publisher=Advance.uconn.edu |date=2003-10-14 |accessdate=2013-10-30 |archive-date=2013-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202708/http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031014/03101405.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Obiora ita ta kafa Cibiyar Bincike akan Mata, Yara da Al'adu na Afirka (IRAWCC wacce ake kira "I ROCK").<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uanews.org/story/eller-students-apply-business-skills-social-arena|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143218/http://uanews.org/story/eller-students-apply-business-skills-social-arena|url-status=usurped|archive-date=April 2, 2015|title=Eller Students Apply Business Skills to Social Arena|work=UANews|access-date=2018-01-02|language=en}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] jgd0y6hhud1lz1i3oyrtnkr3xvvb9si 0 66001 841652 725658 2026-05-28T14:01:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oladipo Olujimi Akinkugbe''' (1933-2020) wanda aka fi sani da '''''Baba''''' ko Prof shi ne Farfesa na farko [[Ɗan Nijeriya|a Najeriya]] a fannin likitanci da magani (medicine) a Jami'ar [[Ibadan]]. Ya kware a fannin [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]] da nephrology. Ya kasance tsohon shugaban hukumar shirya jarabawar shiga makarantun gaba da sakandire (JAMB), tsohon mataimakin shugaban [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke [[Zariya|Zaria]] kuma mataimakin shugaban gidauniyar na [[Jami'ar Ilorin|jami’ar Ilorin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akinkugbe, Nigeria’s first professor of medicine, dies at 87 |url=https://guardian.ng/features/health/akinkugbe-first-professor-of-medicine-dies-at-87/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=guardian.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221175407/https://guardian.ng/features/health/akinkugbe-first-professor-of-medicine-dies-at-87/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adebayo |first=Musliudeen |date=2020-06-16 |title=Akinkugbe's death a loss to entire academic world - UI VC, Olayinka |url=https://dailypost.ng/2020/06/16/akinkugbes-death-a-loss-to-entire-academic-world-ui-vc-olayinka/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Ladipo Akinkugbe a ranar 17 ga watan Yuli, 1933 a gidan Akinkugbe a [[Ondo (jiha)|jihar Ondo]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=OBITUARY: PROFESSOR EMERITUS OLADIPO OLUJIMI AKINKUGBE {{!}} UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN |url=https://ui.edu.ng/news/obituary-professor-emeritus-oladipo-olujimi-akinkugbe |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=ui.edu.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-15 |title=PROF OLADIPO OLUJIMI AKINKUGBE: My father, mentor, friend and confidant; time to say goodbye |url=https://dailytrust.com/prof-oladipo-olujimi-akinkugbe-my-father-mentor-friend-and-confidant-time-to-say-goodbye/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin likitanci/magani a Kwalejin Jami'ar Ibadan da Jami'ar Landan a shekarar 1958 kuma ya yi horo a Asibitin Landan da Asibitin Kolejin King da [[Landan|ke Landan]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Oladipo Akinkugbe (1933-2020) |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/oladipo-akinkugbe-1933-2020/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Oladipo Olujumi Akinkugbe, CON, MD, NNOM, HLR |url=https://hallmarksoflabour.org/dvteam/prof-oladipo-olujumi-akinkugbe-con-md-nnom-hlr/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Hallmarks of Labour Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> A cikin shekarar 1960, ya sami Diploma a fannin Magungunan Tropical daga Jami'ar Liverpool. A shekara ta 1961, ya sami Memba na Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom diploma kuma ya wuce Kwalejin Balliol a Jami'ar Oxford don yin D.Phil ɗin sa a shekarar 1962,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okonofua |first=Friday |date=2020-06-28 |title=Oladipo Olujimi Akinkugbe: a giant of medicine in Nigeria, and a great mentor |url=http://theconversation.com/oladipo-olujimi-akinkugbe-a-giant-of-medicine-in-nigeria-and-a-great-mentor-141190 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> ya karanci angiotensin a hauhawar jini kuma ya sami digiri a shekarar 1964<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Balogun |first=Rasheed A. |last2=Arogundade |first2=Fatiu A. |last3=Popoola |first3=Joyce |last4=Bamgboye |first4=Ebun L. |last5=Kadiri |first5=Solomon |date=2020 |title=In memoriam: emeritus professor Oladipo Olujimi Akinkugbe, DPhil, FRCP, CON, CFR, FAS (1933–2020) |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.07.017 |journal=Kidney International |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=800–801 |doi=10.1016/j.kint.2020.07.017 |issn=0085-2538|doi-access=free }}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1968, ya sami ƙwararriyar Digiri na Kiwon Lafiya daga Kwalejin King na Landan bisa kasidarsa mai taken “Observations on High Blood Pressure in the West Africa”.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=FOOTPRINTS & FOOTNOTES AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF LADIPO AKINKUGBE - eBook Version (pdf) Ladipo Akinkugbe at AMV Publishing Services |url=https://amvpublishingservices.com/pd-footprints-footnotesbran.cfm |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=amvpublishingservices.com}}</ref> == Sana'a == Akinkugbe ya dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1961 kuma ya yi aiki da Asibitin kwararru na Gwamnati, Adeoyo, [[Ibadan]]. Ya koma Ingila ya ci gaba da karatunsa sannan ya dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1965.<ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oladipo Akinkugbe, outstanding medical scholar, drops the stethoscope |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/06/oladipo-akinkugbe-outstanding-medical-scholar-drops-the-stethoscope/amp/}}</ref> Ya zama Farfesa a fannin likitanci/magani yana da shekaru 35 a shekarar 1968, shugaban tsangayar ilimin likitanci na jami'ar Ibadan a shekarar 1970 kuma shugaban sashen a shekarar 1972<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Faith |first=Adeoye |date=2020-06-15 |title=UPDATED: Akinkugbe, Nigeria's first professor of medicine, dies at 87 |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/akinkugbe-nigerias-first-professor-of-medicine-dies-at-87/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-16 |title=Prof Oladipo Akinkugbe: The 4th Vice-Chancellor Of ABU Zaria. {{!}} The Abusites |url=https://www.theabusites.com/prof-oladipo-akinkugbe-con/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 1975, ya kasance malami mai ziyara. na Medicine a Jami'ar Harvard, [[Jami'ar Oxford]] a shekara ta 1981 da Jami'ar Cape Town a shekara ta 1985. A cikin shekarar 1997, ya zama farfesa na farko.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> == Alƙawuran gudanarwa == Ya zama mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Ilorin]] a shekarar 1975 zuwa 1978. A wannan shekarar ne aka naɗa shi mataimakin shugaban jami’ar Ahmadu Bello ta [[Zariya]] na 4.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-14 |title=My Conversation With Prof Oladipo Akinkugbe (1933-2020), By Idowu Olayinka |url=https://thecrestng.com/2020/07/14/my-conversation-with-prof-oladipo-akinkugbe-1933-2020-by-idowu-olayinka/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=The Crest |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223200053/https://thecrestng.com/2020/07/14/my-conversation-with-prof-oladipo-akinkugbe-1933-2020-by-idowu-olayinka/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":3" /> A tsakanin shekarun 2000 zuwa 2003, ya kasance shugaban hukumar shirya jarabawar shiga jami’a ta JAMB (JAMB)<ref name=":4" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ladipo Akinkugbe ya auri marigayiya Folasade Akinkugbe (1938-2023) kuma sun samu ’ya’ya biyu masu suna Olumide da Olukayode. Jikoki uku uku masu suna Joyce Popoola, Ebun Bamgboye, Rasheed Balogun da Fatui Arogundade.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Remembering Oladipo Olujimi Akinkugbe {{!}} RCP Museum |url=https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/blog/remembering-oladipo-olujimi-akinkugbe |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=history.rcplondon.ac.uk}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == Ladipo Akinkugbe ya [[Order of the Niger|karɓi kwamandan oda na Nijar]] a shekara ta 1979, Officer de I'Ordre National de la Republique de Cote d'Ivoire a shekarar 1981, Searle Distinguished Research Award a shekarar 1989, Nigerian National Order of Merit a shekara ta 1997, Boehringer Ingelheim Award from Kungiyar International Society of Hypertension da Kwamandan Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya ya karɓe shi a shekarar 2004. Haka kuma an karrama shi da D. Sc a Jami'o'i bakwai.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Oladipo Akinkugbe: Physician of global reckoning |url=http://www.gcimuseum.org/content/prof-oladipo-akinkugbe-physician-global-reckoning }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2020, ya sami lambar yabo ta International Society of Nephrology's pioneer award.<ref name=":5" /> == Fellowships da Memberships == A cikin shekarar 1968, ya zama Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (FRCP). A cikin shekarar 1980, ya zama fellow na Kwalejin Likitoci ta [[Yammacin Afirka]] kuma fellow na [[Makarantar Kimiyya ta Najeriya|Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Najeriya]]. Ya kasance shugaban farko na kungiyar masu fama da ciwon hauka ta [[Najeriya]] (NAN) da kungiyar masu fama da hauhawar jini ta [[Najeriya]]. Ya kuma kasance majagaba na Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta [[Najeriya]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /> == Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe == * '''Akinkugbe''', O. O. (1990). Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in developing countries. Journal of hypertension. Supplement: official ''journal of the International Society of Hypertension'', 8(7), S233-8.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akinkugbe |first=O O |date=1990-12-01 |title=Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in developing countries |url=https://europepmc.org/article/med/2095392 |journal=Journal of hypertension Supplement |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=S233–8 |issn=1747-3667 |pmid=2095392}}</ref> * '''Akinkugbe''', O. O., Nicholson, G. D., & Cruickshank, J. K. (1991). Heart disease in blacks of Africa and the Caribbean. ''Cardiovascular clinics'', ''21''(3), 377-391.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akinkugbe |first=O O |last2=Nicholson |first2=G D |last3=Cruickshank |first3=J K |date=1991-01-01 |title=Heart disease in blacks of Africa and the Caribbean |url=https://europepmc.org/article/med/2044116 |journal=Cardiovascular clinics |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=377–391 |issn=0069-0384 |pmid=2044116}}</ref> * '''Akinkugbe''', O. O., & Ojo, O. A. (1969). Arterial pressures in rural and urban populations in Nigeria. ''British medical journal'', ''2''(5651), 222.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akinkugbe |first=O. O. |last2=Ojo |first2=O. A. |date=1969-04-26 |title=Arterial Pressures in Rural and Urban Populations in Nigeria |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1983138/ |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=5651 |pages=222–224 |issn=0007-1447 |pmc=1983138 |pmid=5780430}}</ref> * '''Akinkugbe''', O. O., & Ojo, A. O. (1968). The systemic blood pressure in a rural Nigerian population. ''Tropical and geographical medicine'', ''20''(4), 347-56.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akinkugbe |first=O. O. |date=1980 |title=High Blood Pressure in the African Context |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947558001000205 |journal=Tropical Doctor |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=56–58 |doi=10.1177/004947558001000205 |issn=0049-4755}}</ref> * '''Akinkugbe''', O. O., Lewis, E. A., Montefiore, D., & Okubadejo, O. A. (1968). Trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in typhoid. ''British Medical Journal'', ''3''(5620), 721.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akinkugbe |first=O. O. |last2=Lewis |first2=E. A. |last3=Montefiore |first3=D. |last4=Okubadejo |first4=O. A. |date=1968-09-21 |title=Trimethoprim and Sulphamethoxazole in Typhoid |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1989616/ |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=3 |issue=5620 |pages=721–722 |issn=0007-1447 |pmc=1989616 |pmid=5673964}}</ref> * '''Akinkugbe''', O. O. (1978). Nephrology in the tropical setting. ''Nephron'', ''22''(1-3), 249-252.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akinkugbe |first=O.O. |date=2008-12-02 |title=Nephrology in the Tropical Setting |url=https://doi.org/10.1159/000181456 |journal=Nephron |volume=22 |issue=1-3 |pages=249–252 |doi=10.1159/000181456 |issn=1660-8151}}</ref> * '''Akinkugbe''', O. O., Akinkugbe, F. M., Ayeni, O., Solomon, H., French, K., & Minear, R. (1977). Biracial study of arterial pressures in the first and second decades of life. ''British Medical Journal'', ''1''(6069), 1132.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akinkugbe |first=O O |last2=Akinkugbe |first2=F M |last3=Ayeni |first3=O |last4=Solomon |first4=H |last5=French |first5=K |last6=Minear |first6=R |date=1977-04-30 |title=Biracial study of arterial pressures in the first and second decades of life. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1606654/ |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=6069 |pages=1132–1134 |issn=0007-1447 |pmc=1606654 |pmid=861499}}</ref> * '''Akinkugbe''', O. O. (1968). The rarity of hypertensive retinopathy in the African. ''The American journal of medicine'', ''45''(3), 401-404.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akinkugbe |first=Oladipo O. |date=1968-09-01 |title=The rarity of hypertensive retinopathy in the African |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002934368900740 |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=401–404 |doi=10.1016/0002-9343(68)90074-0 |issn=0002-9343}}</ref> * '''Akinkugbe''', O. O. (1996). The Nigerian hypertension programme. ''Journal of human hypertension'', ''10'', S43-6.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akinkugbe |first=O. O. |date=1996-02-01 |title=The Nigerian hypertension programme |url=https://europepmc.org/article/med/8965287 |journal=Journal of human hypertension |volume=10 Suppl 1 |pages=S43–6 |issn=1476-5527 |pmid=8965287}}</ref> * '''Akinkugbe''', O. O. (1976). Epidemiology of hypertension and stroke in Africa. ''Hypertension and stroke control in the community. Geneva: WHO'', 28-42.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aderibigbe |first=A |last2=Arije |first2=A |last3=Akinkugbe |first3=O O |date=1994-06-01 |title=Glomerular function in sickle cell disease patients during crisis |url=https://europepmc.org/article/med/7625304 |journal=African journal of medicine and medical sciences |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=153–160 |issn=2659-143X |pmid=7625304}}</ref> == Manazarta == 9oqgcufhu1tno20uwu85jkpn4v4zx68 0 73306 841843 503269 2026-05-28T20:32:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}} [[Fayil:Loubna Abidar Césars 2016.jpg|thumb|loubna abidar]] [[Fayil:Loubna Abidar Césars 2016 2.jpg|thumb|Loubna abidar]] [[Fayil:Loubna Abidar 2016.jpg|thumb|loubna abidar]] '''Loubna Abidar''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Satumba 1985) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Morocco. == Sana'a == An haifi Abidar a [[Marrakesh]] mahaifinta [[Abzinawa|Berber]] kuma mahaifiyata [[Larabawa|Balarabe]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.liberation.fr/cinema/2015/09/15/loubna-abidar-fiere-frondeuse_1383104/ | title=Loubna Abidar, fière frondeuse |work=[[Libération]] |date=15 September 2015 }}</ref> Ta fara fitowa a fim ɗin ta a cikin Much Loved, wanda [[Nabil Ayouch]] ya bada umarni. Ma'aikatar Sadarwa ta Maroko ta dakatar da fim ɗin a cikin shekarar 2015 saboda "serious outrage" ga "dabi'u".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://variety.com/2015/film/global/directors-fortnight-topper-denounces-moroccos-ban-on-nabil-ayouchs-much-loved-1201507995/ | title=Cannes Exec ‘Stupefied’ by Morocco’s Ban on Prostitution Drama ‘Much Loved’ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] }}</ref> A watan Nuwamban 2015, an kai wa Abidar hari a [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] kuma ta bar ƙasar zuwa Faransa jim kaɗan bayan haka.<ref name="agression">{{cite web |author=Rebourg, Amandine |url=http://www.metronews.fr/culture/loubna-abidar-star-du-film-much-loved-victime-d-une-violente-agression-au-maroc/mokf!Yah0Q1XlsAYOs/ |title=Loubna Abidar, star du film "Much Loved", victime d'une violente agression au Maroc (French) |publisher=[[Metro International]] |date=November 6, 2015 |access-date=24 February 2016 |archive-date=5 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105051027/http://www.metronews.fr/culture/loubna-abidar-star-du-film-much-loved-victime-d-une-violente-agression-au-maroc/mokf!Yah0Q1XlsAYOs/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/cinema/2015/11/08/03002-20151108ARTFIG00087--much-loved-loubna-abidar-se-refugie-en-france.php Much Loved : après son agression, Loubna Abidar se réfugie en France (French)], lefigaro.fr, 8 novembre 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/cinema/2015/11/08/03002-20151108ARTFIG00087--much-loved-loubna-abidar-se-refugie-en-france.php Much Loved: après son agression, Loubna Abidar se réfugie en France (French)], lefigaro.fr, 8 novembre 2015</ref> A cikin watan Janairu 2016, ta sami lambar yabo a bada lambar yabo ta César for Best Actress saboda rawar da ta taka a fim.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/global/golden-years-marguerite-dheepan-mustang-lead-cesar-nominations-1201689761/|title='Golden Years,' 'Marguerite,' 'Dheepan,' 'Mustang' Lead Cesar Nominations |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=27 January 2016 }}</ref> == Filmography == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Bayanan kula |- | 2015 | ''[[Much Loved|Ana Soyayya Da yawa]]'' | Noha | Gijón International Film Festival - Mafi kyawun Jaruma<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Wanda aka zaba - Kyautar César don Mafi kyawun Jaruma |- | rowspan="1" | 2017 | ''Karshen Farin Ciki'' | Claire | |- | rowspan="3" | 2018 | ''Amin'' | ma'aikaciyar farko | |- | ''Sextape'' | uwar | |- | ''Alfahari'' | Farah | Miniseries na TV |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | ''Yarinya Mai Sauki'' | Domin | |- | ''Mythomaniac'' | Karima | Miniseries na TV |- | 2022 | ''<nowiki/>'Ya'yan Ramses'' | Mahaifiyar Frikket da Farel | |- | 2023 | ''Sugar da Taurari'' | Samiya | |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1985]] az1pku81a5qpafje6u3lovjtdc07x2f 0 73579 842196 390776 2026-05-29T06:52:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|suna=Man of God|image=Man of God (2022 film).jpg|Gama mulki=Bolanle Austen-Peters James Amuta Joseph Umoibom|caption=Netflix Film 111 minutes Nigeria English|birth_name=2022{{!}}04{{!}}16}} '''''Man of God''''' fim ne na 2022 na Najeriya wanda [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] ya shirya kuma ya hada da [[Akah Nnani]], [[Osas Ighodaro]], [[Dorcas Shola-Fapson]], Prince Nelson Enwerem, Atlanta Bridget Johnson, Jude Chukwuka, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Mawuli Gavor]] da dai sauransu. Dangane da labarin Littafi Mai- ''Tsarki Ɗan Prodigal'',<ref name=":02" /> An fito da ''Bawan Allah'' akan [[Netflix]] a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2022 kamar yadda [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] na farko na fim ɗin [[Netflix]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|date=2022-04-15|title=Bolanle Austen-Peters' 'Man Of God' for Netflix Release|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/04/16/bolanle-austen-peters-man-of-god-for-netflix-release/|access-date=2022-04-19|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520135534/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/04/16/bolanle-austen-peters-man-of-god-for-netflix-release/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Man of God {{!}} Netflix Official Site|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81572291|access-date=2022-04-19|website=www.netflix.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nwogu|first=Precious 'Mamazeus'|date=2022-03-21|title=Netflix debuts official trailer for Bolanle Austen Peters' 'The Man of God'|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/netflix-debuts-official-trailer-for-bolanle-austen-peters-the-man-of-god/ndjeqw5|access-date=2022-04-19|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-15|title=Bolanle Austen-Peters' Man Of God movie to be released on Netflix April 16|url=https://businessday.ng/arts-and-life/article/bolanle-austen-peters-man-of-god-movie-to-be-released-on-netflix-april-16/|access-date=2022-04-19|website=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref> == Takaitaccen bayani == Bayan ya gaji da tsattsauran tarbiyyar addininsa, Samuel Obalolu ( [[Akah Nnani]] ) ya bar gidan iyayensa zuwa jami'a inda ya kauce wa [[Kiristanci|addinin Kirista]] gaba daya kuma ya fuskanci kungiyar [[Afrobeat]] . Abokansa sun haɗa da mawaƙa Rekya ( [[Dorcas Shola-Fapson]] ) wanda yake da kullun ba tare da kirtani ba, da kuma abokin karatun Teju ( [[Osas Ighodaro]] ) wanda ya san tun yana yaro. Samuel ya fadi ga abokin Teju na kurkusa Joy (Bridget Atlanta Johnson), kuma ma'auratan sun girma kusa bayan ya halarci rukunin zumunci a kai a kai don burge ta, yana fusata Teju wanda ke soyayya da shi a asirce.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-17|title=Man of God: Bolanle Austen-Peters' new film makes Netflix debut|website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/man-of-god-bolanle-austen-peters-new-film-makes-netflix-debut/|access-date=2022-04-19|language=en-US}}</ref> Joy ta fusata da dimuwa a lokacin da Fasto BJ ( [[Nelson Enwerem|Prince Nelson Enwerem]] ) limamin cocin harabar makarantar ya bayyana cewa Samuel dan Josiah Obalolu (Jude Chukwuka) ne mai bishara a gidan talabijin, amma a hankali Samuel ya samu nasara. Ta kammala karatunsa a gabansa kuma ta fara [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|hidimar kuruciyarta]], amma ta yi alkawarin ƙaunarsu za ta dawwama a nesa. Lokacin da saƙon imel ɗin ta ya ragu sosai, Fasto BJ ya bayyana cewa Joy yanzu ta auri Zach (Mawuli Gavor), wata mai wa'azi da ke [[Abuja]] Joy ta fara haduwa a taron yaye mata. Sama’ila ya yi baƙin ciki da baƙin ciki, kuma Rekya ba ta nan (Ta daina jami’a), Teju ta tsaya masa. Shekaru tara bayan haka, Samuel - a yanzu a sake aure tare da Teju - shine jagoran ibada a sabon cocin, amma yana rikici da matar bishop ( [[Eucharia Anunobi]] ) wanda ya ƙi amincewa da addininsa . Bayan da bishop ( Patrick Doyle ) ya yi tambaya game da lalata da 'yan coci mata, Samuel ya yi murabus da zafi daga mukaminsa. Daga baya Teju ta gano cewa Josephine - uwargidan Samuel a asirce daga coci - ta zubar da cikinta, kuma bayyanar ta haifar da matsala ga aurensu. Lokacin da Rekya ta dawo Najeriya bayan ta yi zamanta a kasashen waje inda ta yi hulda da safarar miyagun kwayoyi da fataucin sassan jiki, Samuel ya sake kirkiro kansa a matsayin wazirin Kirista a karkashin moniker "Sammy King" kuma ya shiga kasuwancin Rekya; duk ayyukan biyu don samun kuɗi. Ɗan’uwan Samuel Daniel ( [[Olumide Oworu]] ) wanda ya rabu da shi ya sanar da shi cewa mahaifiyarsu, wadda ta shafe shekaru da yawa tana neman ɗanta mubazzari, ta rasu, amma ta gargaɗe shi ya tuba. Samuel kuma ya sake haɗawa da Joy lokacin da mijinta Zach ya shiga cocinsa a matsayin injiniyan sauti. Samuel ya roƙe ta ta bar masa Zach, amma ta ƙi, kuma ya yi baƙin ciki sa’ad da [[Ɗan sanda|’yan sanda]] suka sanar da shi cewa Rekya ta mutu. Bayan da Teju ta gano mijin nata na shirin tafiya [[Kanada|Canada]] ba tare da ita ba, sai ta dauki fansa ta hanyar kai rahoton shigarsa ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin ayyukan Rekya ga hukuma. A baya ‘yar uwar Josephine ta sanar da ‘yan sanda batun zubar da cikin da ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwarta, kuma daga karshe aka kama Samuel. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku, Sama’ila ya shiga cocin mahaifinsa kuma ya tarar da shi yana wa’azi. Josiah ya gane ɗansa, kuma tare da Daniyel, suka marabce shi gida da hannu biyu. == Simintin gyaran kafa == * [[Akah Nnani]] as Samuel Obalolu/Sammy King * [[Osas Ighodaro]] as Teju Williams * Jude Chukwuka as Josaiah Obalolu * [[Binta Ayo Mogaji|Ayo Mogaji]] a matsayin Mummy Samuel * [[Olumide Oworu]] as Daniel Obalolu * [[Patrick Doyle (Nigerian actor)|Patrick Doyle]] a matsayin Bishop Asuquo * [[Eucharia Anunobi]] a matsayin Mummy Bishop Asuquo * [[Mawuli Gavor]] as Pastor Zach * [[Dorcas Shola-Fapson]] as Rekya * Atlanta Bridget Johnson a matsayin Joy * [[Nelson Enwerem|Prince Nelson Enwerem]] a matsayin Fasto BJ * Bolanle Austen-Peters kamar yadda kanta. == Farko == An kaddamar da ''bawan Allah'' ne a ranar Lahadi, 10 ga Afrilu, 2022 a filin wasa na [[Terra Kulture]] Arena da ke [[Victoria Island, Lagos|Victoria Island, Legas]], taken shirin shi ne "Heavenly Glam" yayin da aka nuna ’yan wasa, abokai, fitattun jarumai sun yi ado daidai da taken da aka zaba. Taron ya kasance da tauraro yayin da mai watsa shirye-shirye, Laila Johnson-Salami, da OAP Olisa Adibua suka shirya shi tare da tsohon shugaban [[First Bank (Nijeriya)|bankin farko na Najeriya]], [[Ibukun Awosika]], tsohon kwamishinan yada labarai na yawon bude ido da al'adu na jihar Legas. Steve Ayorinde popular actresses, [[Joke Silva]], [[Hilda Dokubo]], [[Iretiola Doyle|Ireti Doyle]] . Jaruman Najeriya da ‘yan wasan kwaikwayo irin su [[Daniel Etim Effiong]], Erica Nlewedim, [[Deyemi Okanlawon]], Tade Ogidan, [[Denrele Edun]] da sauransu suma sun halarci bikin. == Kyaututtuka da zaɓe == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Kashi ! Mai karɓa (s) ! Sakamako ! Ref |- | rowspan="3" | 2023 | rowspan="3" | Kyautar Kyautar Zabin Masu Kallon Afirka | Mafi kyawun Jaruma A Wasan Wasan Wasan kwaikwayo, Fim Ko TV | Osas Ighodaro|{{Won}} | rowspan="3" | |- | Mafi Kyawun Kaya | Bolanle Austen-Peters, Clement Effanga, Juliana Dede |{{Nom}} |- | Mafi Darakta | Bolanle Austen-Peters|{{Nom}} |} == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} skof5kapflfq8fviekcboc4wzyxwq9g 0 76524 841907 425757 2026-05-28T21:51:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Luka Deborah''' (an haife ta a shekara ta dubu biyu da uku miladiyya 2003) kwararriyar 'yar wasan kwallon kafa ce ta Sudan ta Kudu wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a Kungiyar Mata ta Sudan ta Kudancin ta Yei Joint Stars FC . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogila |first=Japheth |date=2022-04-19 |title=Deborah Luka: Yei Joint Stars’ big name on mission |url=https://cityreviewss.com/deborah-luka-yei-joint-stars-big-name-on-mission/ |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=The City Review South Sudan |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Deborah a halin yanzu tana taka leda a matsayin Striker a kungiyar Yei Joint Stars FC da ke Yei [[Sudan ta Kudu]] kuma tana buga [[Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Sudan ta Kudu|gasar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Sudan ta Kudu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=cfeditoren |date=2022-04-19 |title=Deborah Luka: Yei Joint Stars’ big name on mission |url=https://www.africa-press.net/south-sudan/all-news/deborah-luka-yei-joint-stars-big-name-on-mission |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=South Sudan |language=en-US}}</ref> Tana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwallon ƙafa mafi kyau wanda ba ya rasa zira kwallaye a kowane wasa da ta buga wanda ya sa ta kasance mai gaba da ba za a iya dakatar da ita ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Review |first=The City |date=2022-03-01 |title=Deborah scores five as Yei Joint Stars hit Tiger United 8-0 |url=https://cityreviewss.com/deborah-scores-five-as-yei-joint-stars-hit-tiger-united-8-0/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=The City Review South Sudan |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110044132/https://cityreviewss.com/deborah-scores-five-as-yei-joint-stars-hit-tiger-united-8-0/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Emmalex |first=Brown |date=2022-02-26 |title=Deborah scores super hat trick to hand Yei Joint Stars their first win in South Sudan Cup |url=https://tksport-ss.tv/index.php/2022/02/26/deborah-scores-super-hat-trick-to-hand-yei-joint-stars-their-first-win-in-south-sudan-cup/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=tk SPORTS SS News {{!}} Your Home of Sports |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110044422/https://tksport-ss.tv/index.php/2022/02/26/deborah-scores-super-hat-trick-to-hand-yei-joint-stars-their-first-win-in-south-sudan-cup/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kungiya == A halin yanzu tana taka leda a Yei Joint Stars FC . == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 9kqry70d5vzfczexto11kjiox9pgiim 0 77192 841920 411821 2026-05-28T22:07:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lydia Babirye''' (an Haife shi Nuwamba 21, 2004) 'yar wasan [[Kwallon kwando|kwando]] ce 'yar Uganda wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai gadi ga wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle na Jami'ar Evangel da kungiyar kwallon kwando ta mata ta Uganda . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lydia Babirye, Basketball Player, News, Stats |url=https://www.eurobasket.com/index.aspx |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Eurobasket}}</ref> == Tarihin sana'a == Babirye ta halarci Cibiyar Nasara ta Kirista a Charlotte, North Carolina, inda ta buga kwallon kwando daga kakar 2018-2019 zuwa lokacin 2022-2023. Ta shiga Jami'ar Evangel don lokacin 2023-2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lydia Babirye - 2023-24 - Women's Basketball |url=https://evangelathletics.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/lydia-babirye/7924 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Evangel University of the Assemblies of God}}</ref> Ta kasance wani ɓangare na tawagar Jami'ar Evangel wasan kwaikwayo da Jami'ar Ottawa a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Basketball vs Evangel University (Mo.) on 2/21/2024 - Box Score |url=https://ottawabraves.com/sports/womens-basketball/stats/2023-24/evangel-university-mo-/boxscore/9179 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Ottawa University}}</ref> == tawagar kasar Uganda == Babirye ta fara wakilcin [[Uganda]] ne a shekarar 2019 yayin gasar FIBA U16 ta mata ta Afirka kuma an kira ta zuwa babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa a shekarar 2023 yayin gasar Afrobasket ta mata ta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lydia Babirye - Player Profile |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/player/270247/Lydia-Babirye |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=FIBA.basketball}}</ref> Babirye na cikin tawagar Uganda da ta doke Senegal a Kigali a gasar Afrobasket na mata na 2023 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-29 |title=2023 FIBA Women AfroBasket: Uganda stun Senegal in Kigali {{!}} The Touchline Sports |url=https://thetouchlinesports.com/2023-fiba-women-afrobasket-uganda-stuns-senegal-in-kigali/ |access-date=2024-04-14}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kawalya |first=Brian |date=2023-07-31 |title=Lydia Babirye: Gazelles Guard Oozing Confidence |url=https://sportsnation.co.ug/2023/07/31/lydia-babirye-gazelles-guard-oozing-confidence/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Live from ground |archive-date=2024-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419002821/https://sportsnation.co.ug/2023/07/31/lydia-babirye-gazelles-guard-oozing-confidence/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] bciv1xpmyk1fph30dugabg7jtnoqf7l 0 78375 842037 425007 2026-05-29T00:05:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Madala Louis David Ntombela''' ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne. Memba na African National Congress, an zaɓe shi a matsayin dan jam'iyyar ANC a majalisar dokokin Afrika ta Kudu a 2014 kuma ya sake zaɓar shi a 2019 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 elections: List of ANC MPs elected to the National Assembly - DOCUMENTS {{!}} Politicsweb |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/2014-elections-list-of-anc-mps-elected-to-the-nati |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.politicsweb.co.za |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=SEE: These are the people who will represent you in Parliament, provincial legislatures |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Elections/News/see-these-are-the-people-who-will-represent-you-in-parliament-provincial-legislatures-20190515 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> A halin yanzu Ntombela yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Hulɗa da Ƙasa da Ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ANC's Cedric Frolick elected as parliament house chair - but not without drama |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019-06-27-ancs-cedric-frolick-elected-as-parliament-house-chair-but-not-without-drama/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=TimesLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ntombela ya auri tsohon Firimiyan Jihar Free, Sisi Ntombela ; dukkansu tsoffin magajin garin Tweeling ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=Setumo |title=Magashule apparently picked Ntombela to keep his grip on Free State |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/News/magashule-apparently-picked-ntombela-to-keep-his-grip-on-free-state-20180318 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Citypress |language=en-US}}</ref> == Magana == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Mr Madala Louis David Ntombela at People's Assembly * [https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/288 Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524130232/https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/288 |date=2024-05-24 }} at Parliament of South Africa [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2e19bfjmt7tdke17ekvvdjrd7q5qxnd 0 79204 842050 786433 2026-05-29T02:41:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} An kafa '''Majalisar Koli ta Harkokin Addinin Musulunci ta Najeriya''' ('''NSCIA'''), a shekarar alif 1973 a wani taron kasa da shugabannin Musulmin ƙasar Najeriya suka gudanar a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] karkashin [[Jama'atu Nasril Islam|kungiyar Jama'atu Nasril Islam]] (JNI), kungiyar na dukkanin kungiyoyin Musulunci a Arewacin Najeriya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Abdulazeez |first=Shittu Balogun |date=June 2011 |title=The Role of the Nigerian Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs in Unifying Muslims in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316170424 |journal=International Journal for Muslim World Studies |volume=9 |pages=35–66 |access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref> A yankin Kudu-maso-Yamma, kafin wannan taro, kungiyar musulmi ta farko da aka kafa bayan samun ‘yancin kai a shekarar alif 1960, ita ce Majalisar Hadin Kan Musulmi (UMC), amma hakan ya samu karbuwa daga wasu tsirarun musulmin yankin yammacin kasar, kasancewar jam’iyyar siyasa mai mulki ce ta dauki nauyinta. jam'iyya. A cewar Adegbite, <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Abdulazeez |first=Shittu Balogun |date=October 2021 |title=The Role of the Nigerian Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs in Unifying Muslims in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316170424 |journal=International Journal for Muslim World Studies |volume=9 |pages=35–66 |via=}}</ref> bullowa tare da haduwar kungiyar hadin kan musulmi ta Yamma (WESJOMO), kungiyar hadin kan musulmi ta Najah (NAJOMO) da kuma majalisar musulman Najeriya (NMC) ta [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Legas]] sun baiwa yankin damar yin hadin gwiwa. hannu da JNI domin kafa majalisar koli ta harkokin addinin musulunci a Najeriya a shekarar alif 1973. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rufai |first=Saheed Ahmad |date=2011-08-25 |title=The Muslim Minority of Southwestern Nigeria: WESTJOMO and the Challenge of Speaking with One Voice |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13602004.2011.583523 |journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=285–291 |doi=10.1080/13602004.2011.583523 |issn=1360-2004 |s2cid=143806647}}</ref> Wannan gagarumin taro da aka yi a Kaduna ya zo ne a matsayin amsa kiran da aka yi na samar da shugabanci na gari na kowa da kowa, wanda zai zama abin hada kai da gadar kungiyoyin Musulmi daban-daban na kasar nan, kamar yadda yake a cikin Mataki na daya na Yarjejeniya Ta NSCIA “Al’ummar Musulmi, Kungiyoyin Musulunci. haka kuma an kafa kowane musulmi a matsayin babbar hukuma da za a san shi kuma a kira shi Majalisar Koli ta Harkokin Addinin Musulunci ta ƙasar Najeriya.” <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=NSCIA |first=Constitution |date=1974 |title=Constitution of the Nigerian Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs |url=https://www.nscia.com.ng/docs/CONSTITUTION_of_the_Nigerian_Supreme_Council.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=}}</ref> Har ila yau, an bayyana shi a matsayin wani sauyi a gare shi, tun daga lokacin, yana ba wa musulmin kasar damar yin mu’amala da gwamnati da murya daya kan duk wani lamari da ya shafi Musulunci, kalubalen da ba za a iya warwarewa ba har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa majalisar. . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Rufai |first=Saheed Ahmad |date=2013 |title=The Politics of Islamic Leadership and Representation in Nigeria: A Historical Analytical Study on the Nigerian Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs (NSCIA) |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/222442894.pdf |journal=Jurnal Al-Tamaddun |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |doi=10.22452/JAT.vol8no1.3 |access-date=10 January 2021 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wa'adin majalisar na zama kwamitin koli ga al'ummar musulmin Najeriya ya fara aiki ne karkashin jagorancin shugaban kasa na farko Sultan [[Siddiq Abubakar III]], Sarkin Musulmi na lokacin, tare da Sakatare Janar na farko, [[Ibrahim Dasuki]], wanda daga baya ya tashi. don daukar matsayin Sultan. An nada tsohon ministan ayyuka na Najeriya [[Isa Kaita]] ma'ajin kudi na kasa yayin da Dr [[Lateef Adegbite]], shugaban kwamitin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin kasar sannan kuma babban lauyan gwamnati a lokacin kuma kwamishinan shari'a na yankin yammacin Najeriya ya zama doka ta farko ta kasa. Mai ba da shawara. Daga baya ya zama Sakatare-Janar a 1988. == Jagoranci == [[Fayil:Muhammad_Sa’ad_Abubakar_.jpg|thumb| [[Sa'adu Abubakar|Muhammad Sa'ad Abubakar]] CFR, mni, Sultan of Sokoto and NSCIA President-General]] Jagorancin NSCIA ya hada da shugaban kasa, mataimakan shugaban kasa biyu na Arewa da Kudu (tare da Shehun Borno a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa na Arewa na dindindin), Sakatare Janar, Mataimakin Sakatare Janar (3)., Ma'ajin kasa, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a na kasa, mataimakin mashawarcin shari'a na kasa da shugabannin majalisun jihohi 36 da FCT na NSCIA. <ref name=":3"/> A halin yanzu majalisar tana karkashin jagorancin mai alfarma Sarkin Musulmi [[Sa'adu Abubakar|Muhammad Sa'ad Abubakar]] tun a shekarar 2006 tare da Farfesa [[Is-haq Oloyede|Is-haq O. Oloyede]], tsohon mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Ilorin kuma magatakarda na yanzu kuma shugaban zartarwa na Najeriya. [[Hukumar shirya jarabawar shiga makarantun gaba da sakandire ( JAMB)|Hukumar Shirya Jarrabawar Shiga Jami’a]] (JAMB), a matsayin Sakatare-Janar tun watan Mayun 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-07 |title=Oloyede replaces late Adegbite as NSCIA Secretary General |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/oloyede-replaces-late-adegbite-as-nscia-secretary-general/ |access-date=2021-01-11 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}</ref> Shehun Borno [[Abubakar Ibn Umar Garba]] shine mataimakin shugaban kasa na arewa, yayin da Rasaki Oladejo ke zama mataimakin shugaban majalisar kudu maso kudu. == Tsarin == [[Fayil:Nigerian_Supreme_Council_for_Islamic_Affairs.jpg|thumb| Sakatariyar NSCIA, Abuja]] Majalisar Koli ta Harkokin Addinin Musulunci ta Najeriya ta dogara ne akan sassa biyar masu aiki: Majalisar Dokoki, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=National Development: Sultan Of Sokoto Advocates Religious Tolerance - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71PG1n4dq0I |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Hukumar Zartaswa, Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kasa da Sakatariyar Kasa. <ref name=":3"/> === Ƙungiyar Majalisa === Babban majalisa ita ce babbar majalisar dokoki, kuma bisa tanadin kundin tsarin mulkin kasa, babban taron da ke zama a zaman majalisar yana da ikon karshe a kan dukkan al'amuran da suka shafi kundin tsarin mulkin kasar da ke jagorantar al'amuran majalisar ko kuma suka shafi Musulunci da Musulman Nigeria gaba daya. <ref name=":1"/> === Babban taro === Memba na Babban Taro yana cikin sashe na 6 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na NSCIA. <ref name=":2"/> Babban taron ya ƙunshi [[Sa'adu Abubakar|Shugaban Majalisar]], Jami’an Majalisar Dokoki na Ƙasa, da Wakilan Majalisar Jiha da Majalisun Jihohinsu suka zaɓa bisa tanadin sakin layi na (2) na Matakin. Irin wadannan mutane ne a lokaci zuwa lokaci Majalisar da kanta ta ke ba da hadin kai na wani lokaci da aka kayyade bisa matsayi ko irin gudummuwar da irin wadannan mutane ke bayarwa ga tafarkin Musulunci. === Hukumar Gudanarwa === Hukumar NSCIA tana da Majalisar Zartarwa ta kasa wacce ita ce bangaren zartaswa wanda dukkan jami’ai da kwamitocin da majalisar ta kafa ke da alhakin gudanar da ayyukansu da kuma gudanar da ayyukansu. <ref name=":1"/> === Majalisar Zartarwa ta kasa === Majalisar zartaswa ta kasa ta ƙunshi kamar haka: # Jami’an Majalisar na Kasa # Memba daya wakiltar kowace Majalisar Jiha # Membobin da aka yi haɗin gwiwa daga Majalisar ba su wuce kashi ɗaya bisa goma na adadin membobin Majalisar Zartarwa ta ƙasa ba. === Sakatariyar kasa === Sakatariyar NSCIA ta kasa, mai hedikwata a [[Abuja]], tana karkashin jagorancin Sakatare Janar. Yana ba da bayanai, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-19 |title=Coronavirus: NSCIA asks Muslims to comply with govt's directives |url=https://www.thecable.ng/coronavirus-nscia-directs-muslims-to-comply-with-govts-directives |access-date=2021-01-11 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref> rahotannin [https://twitter.com/moonsightingng ganin wata] na wata, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-19 |title=Eid-il-Fitr: Look out for new moon Friday, NSCIA urges Muslims |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/393520-eid-il-fitr-look-out-for-new-moon-friday-nscia-urges-muslims.html |access-date=2021-01-11 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jimoh |first=Abbas |date=2020-08-20 |title=Nigeria: No Moon Sighted for New Islamic Year - NSCIA |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202008200447.html |access-date=2021-01-11 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}</ref> nazari, da wuraren da sauran gabobin ke buƙata don gudanar da ayyukansu masu inganci. Har ila yau, tana aiwatar da ayyuka kamar yadda Ƙungiyar Majalisar Dokoki, Sultan - Shugaban Ƙasa - da sauran ƙungiyoyin majalisa suka umarta. Majalisar kuma tana ɗaukar ayyuka na Babban Darakta Janar na Gudanarwa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-12 |title=Ustaz Isa Friday Okonkwo |url=https://www.kaiciid.org/ustaz-isa-friday-okonkwo |access-date=2021-01-11 |website=KAICIID |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125143546/https://www.kaiciid.org/ustaz-isa-friday-okonkwo |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda aka ɗauka a kan sharuɗɗa da sharuɗɗa kamar yadda Majalisar Zartarwa ta Ƙasa ta ga ya dace. Babban Darakta yana kula da harkokin yau da kullun na Sakatariyar, yana daidaita ayyukan Daraktocin Shiyya kuma yana da alhakin Hukumar ta NEC ta hannun Babban Sakatare. == NSCIA da neman Najeriya mai yawan addinai == A shekarar 1975 lokacin da [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya]] ta kaddamar da kwamitin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, an tafka muhawara mai zafi a kan wani sashe na [[Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya|kundin tsarin mulkin]] kasar da aka gabatar kan jihar da muhimman manufofinta. Da yake nuna adawa da shawarar cewa a bayyana Najeriya a matsayin "Jamhuriya daya da ba za a iya raba kanta ba, masu zaman kansu, dimokuradiyya da zamantakewa," masana da masu ra'ayin jama'a sun fara muhawara game da dacewa ko akasin haka na kalmar "na duniya" ga kasar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - The Second Republic |url=http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/75.htm |access-date=2021-01-11 |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/> A cewar wasu majiyoyi da dama, NSCIA, ta tsaya kan hujjar cewa Najeriya kasa ce mai yawan addinai, ta ci gaba da cewa kasar ba za ta iya zama kasa mai zaman kanta ba, domin a karshe akidar ta’addanci ta samo asali ne daga koyarwar cewa ya kamata a dogara ne kawai akan kyawawan dabi’u. game da jin daɗin ɗan adam tare da keɓancewar dukkan abubuwan da aka samo daga imani ga Allah. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pfleiderer |first=Otto |year=1896 |title=Is Morality Without Religion Possible and Desirable? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2175408.pdf |journal=The Philosophical Review |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=449–472 |doi=10.2307/2175408 |jstor=2175408 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2021-01-11}}</ref> Wannan ba haka yake ba a Najeriya, bisa hujjar NSCIA cewa kasar—ko da yake ba [[Theocracy|kasa ce mai bin tsarin mulkin kasar]] irin ta [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] ko kasa mai zaman kanta kamar [[Turkiyya]] ba, kasa ce mai bin addinai da yawa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abdulazeez |first=Shittu Balogun |date=July 2013 |title=Between Secular and Multi-Religious Identities: Where Does Nigeria Really Belong? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316169909 |journal=Allawh Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies |volume=3 |pages=239–253 |via=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osita Nnamani |first=Ogbu |date=May 2014 |title=Is Nigeria a Secular State? Law, Human Rights and Religion in Context |url=https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=thr |journal=The Transnational Human Rights Review |volume=1 |pages=135–178 |doi=10.60082/2563-4631.1003 |via=}}</ref> Ba Najeriya kadai ta amince da addini ba, “Gwamnatin Najeriya kuma tana saukaka aikin hajji (zuwa kasa mai tsarki), <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-08 |title=Orosanye Report: Nigerian Government insists on sponsoring pilgrims to Mecca, Jerusalem {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/158349-orosanye-report-nigerian-government-insists-sponsoring-pilgrims-mecca-jerusalem.html |access-date=2021-01-11 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2019 |title=Governors spend billions sponsoring pilgrims null |url=https://dailytrust.com/governors-spend-billions-on-sponsoring-pilgrims |access-date=2021-01-11 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714190023/https://dailytrust.com/governors-spend-billions-on-sponsoring-pilgrims |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pam |first=James G. |date=January 2018 |title=A REVIEW OF GOVERNMENT SPONSORED PILGRIMAGES IN NIGERIA |url=https://www.academia.edu/38879558 |journal=A Review of Government-sponsored Pilgrimages in Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-23 |title=CAN wants partnership with NCPC to sponsor more Christians on pilgrimage |url=https://www.pulse.ng/communities/religion/can-wants-partnership-with-ncpc-to-sponsor-more-christians-on-pilgrimage/8f94nt6 |access-date=2021-01-11 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118113545/https://www.pulse.ng/communities/religion/can-wants-partnership-with-ncpc-to-sponsor-more-christians-on-pilgrimage/8f94nt6 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ta tanadi koyar da karatun addini a makarantu, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asue |first=and Kajo |date=2018 |title=Pedagogy of Christian Religious Education in Nigerian Schools |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234641435.pdf |journal=Journal of Education and Practice |volume=9 |pages=37–49 |via=}}</ref> da kuma ayyana ranakun hutu. domin bukukuwan addini”. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Interior |url=https://interior.gov.ng/public-holidays-to-mark-eid-el-kabir-celebration/ |access-date=2021-01-11 |website=interior.gov.ng |archive-date=2021-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127162119/https://interior.gov.ng/public-holidays-to-mark-eid-el-kabir-celebration/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Interior |url=https://interior.gov.ng/fg-declares-december-25-28-2020-january-1-2021-public-holidays/#:~:text=The%20Federal%20Government%20has%20declared,and%20New%20Year%20Celebrations%20respectively. |access-date=2021-01-11 |website=interior.gov.ng |archive-date=2020-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227155337/https://interior.gov.ng/fg-declares-december-25-28-2020-january-1-2021-public-holidays/#:~:text=The%20Federal%20Government%20has%20declared,and%20New%20Year%20Celebrations%20respectively. |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2020 |title=You are being redirected... |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/fg-declares-three-days-public-holidays-to-mark-christmas-new-year/ |access-date=2021-01-11 |website=businessday.ng}}</ref> Majalisar ta kara da cewa "'yan Najeriya na da ranar da babu aiki a ranar Lahadi saboda ana bukatar Kiristoci su yi ibada a wannan ranar saboda dagewar addininsu na cewa ranar ta kasance babu aiki kuma gwamnati ta kuma amince da [[Vatican|fadar Vatican]] ta kuma ba su damar samun jakada a Najeriya kuma a mayar da martani, ta tura jakada zuwa jihar ta Vatican.” <ref name=":0" /> Dogaro da hujjojin da suka gabata, Majalisar ta gabatar, kuma ta yi nasara, cewa zai zama munafunci a ce Najeriya kasa ce mai zaman kanta. == Gudunmawa da nasarori == Majalisar Koli ta Harkokin Addinin Musulunci ta Najeriya (NSCIA) ta dauki nauyin wasu ayyuka a Nijeriya daga harkokin addinin Musulunci <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-22 |title=Just in: No moon sighted, we'll continue to fast – NSCIA |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/05/just-in-no-moon-sighted-well-continue-to-fast-nscia/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> don inganta ilimi da bayar da gudummawa ga gudanar da harkokin mulki <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-05 |title=NSCIA urges Buhari to declare state of emergency on insecurity |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nscia-urges-buhari-to-declare-state-of-emergency-on-insecurity/48v3vqb |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-27 |title=CAN, NSCIA submit guidelines for reopening of worship places to PTF |url=https://m.guardian.ng/news/can-nscia-submit-guidelines-for-reopening-of-worship-places-to-ptf/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-26 |title=Sultan decries rising insecurity in north, calls for urgent national dialogue |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/428195-sultan-decries-rising-insecurity-in-north-calls-for-urgent-national-dialogue.html |access-date=2021-01-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> da ci gaban kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-25 |title=Nigeria@60: Sultan tasks Nigerians on positive nation building |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nigeria60-sultan-tasks-nigerians-on-positive-nation-building/thk7mx4 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamic Principles and Economic Development of Nigeria |url=https://crccreditbureau.com/news-events/islamic-principles-and-economic-development-of-nigeria |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=crccreditbureau.com |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115065855/https://crccreditbureau.com/news-events/islamic-principles-and-economic-development-of-nigeria |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sultan Tasks State Governors To Prioritise Youth Empowerment |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2017/01/30/sultan-tasks-state-governors-prioritise-youth-empowerment/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Muslims Protest Non Inclusion In National Conference |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2014/03/27/muslims-protest-non-inclusion-in-national-conference/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin gudummawar da nasarorin sun haɗa da: === Juriya na addini da zaman lafiya === Duk da kalubalen [[Musulunci a Najeriya|sassan sassan]], NSCIA ta zama babbar murya don jure wa addini <ref name=":4"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Religious Tolerance in Nigeria {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?413203-1/sultan-sokoto-discusses-religious-tolerance-nigeria |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.c-span.org |language=en-us}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2020 |title=Blacklist: NSCIA faults US, CAN over religious intolerance |url=https://punchng.com/blacklist-nscia-faults-us-can-over-religious-intolerance/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> a Najeriya ta hanyar matakai masu aiki don inganta zaman lafiya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: US Secretary of State Kerry hails Sokoto caliphate's religious tolerance - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFpF7cwnlHQ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sultan Of Sokoto Pays Visit To El Rufai - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zru3rkbxq38 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> da zaman lafiya <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-09 |title=Sultan of Sokoto, others caution politicians, preach religious tolerance |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/01/sultan-of-sokoto-others-caution-politicians-preach-religious-tolerance/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-25 |title=Sultan tackles CAN over U.S. report on religious persecution in Nigeria {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/369868-sultan-tackles-can-over-u-s-report-on-religious-persecution-in-nigeria.html |access-date=2021-01-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-12 |title=- Christians not persecuted in Nigeria, Sultan of Sokoto insists |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/christians-not-persecuted-in-nigeria-sultan-of-sokoto-insists/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> a kasar. A baya-bayan nan, Shugaban Majalisar kuma Mai Alfarma Sarkin Musulmi, Alhaji [[Sa'adu Abubakar|Muhammad Sa'd Abubakar]], ya kasance a sahun gaba <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-23 |title=Southern Kaduna: Sultan-led Council commends PREMIUM TIMES' contribution to peace |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/432757-southern-kaduna-sultan-led-council-commends-premium-times-contribution-to-peace.html |access-date=2021-01-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Boko Haram: Sultan Urges Traditional Rulers To Close Ranks |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2014/03/01/boko-haram-sultan-urges-traditional-rulers-to-close-ranks/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> na wannan kamfen, ta hanyar tsare-tsare da kuma bayyana a cikin gida da kuma manyan kungiyoyin kasa da kasa. irin su Cibiyar Wilson, <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Conversation with the Sultan of Sokoto: Peace and Development Initiatives, Challenges, and Potential Prospects in Nigeria {{!}} Wilson Center |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/conversation-the-sultan-sokoto-peace-and-development-initiatives-challenges-and-potential |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> kungiyoyin diflomasiyya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Muhammad Saad Abubakar (Sultan of Sokoto, Nigeria) - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNF8a9qQHww&feature=emb_rel_pause |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> da [https://sultanfoundationig.org/ Sultan Foundation for Peace and Development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813152255/http://sultanfoundationig.org/ |date=2022-08-13 }} (SFPD) da sauransu. Dangane da sakamako, NSCIA, alal misali, ta yi galaba a kan Musulmi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alleged Mosque Burning: Muslims Urged To Avoid Reprisal Attack |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2015/12/04/alleged-mosque-burning-muslims-urged-to-avoid-reprisal-attack/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> musamman na Arewa, wadanda suka firgita da kona masallatai <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-03 |title=Islamic groups condemn alleged burning of mosques in Igboland |url=https://guardian.ng/news/islamic-groups-condemn-alleged-burning-of-mosques-in-igboland/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115035241/https://guardian.ng/news/islamic-groups-condemn-alleged-burning-of-mosques-in-igboland/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2020 |title=Protect lives, properties of Muslims in the South-East, South-South, NSCIA tells IGP, DSS |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/protect-lives-properties-of-muslims-in-the-south-east-south-south-nscia-tells-igp-dss/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=tribuneonlineng.com}}</ref> a yankunan Kudu maso Gabas da Kudu maso Kudu bayan sace-sacen da aka yi. [[End SARS|zanga-zangar #EndSARS]] a Najeriya. Wannan mataki na musamman ya kawo karshen tashe tashen hankula a kasar . Jami'an NSCIA kuma sun halarci taron Vienna kan Zaman Lafiyar Duniya, Tattaunawar Bangaskiya akan Addini da Samar da Zaman Lafiya <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-24 |title=Nigeria Peace Conference Participants Call for End to Violence |url=https://www.kaiciid.org/news-events/news/nigeria-peace-conference-participants-call-end-violence |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=KAICIID |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114120533/https://www.kaiciid.org/news-events/news/nigeria-peace-conference-participants-call-end-violence |url-status=dead }}</ref> da sauran dandamali na gina zaman lafiya. Bayan haka, wani shiri na musamman game da zaman lafiya a Najeriya shi ne [http://www.nirec.org.ng/ Majalisar Dokokin Addini ta Najeriya] (NIREC), <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-11 |title=Nigeria's interfaith council fosters peaceful Christian-Muslim relations |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/nigerias-interfaith-council-fosters-peaceful-christian-muslim-relations |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=National Catholic Reporter |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2018 |title=NIREC sues for peaceful co-existence in Lagos |url=https://guardian.ng/features/friday-worship/nirec-sues-for-peaceful-co-existence-in-lagos/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=guardian.ng |archive-date=2021-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728022600/https://guardian.ng/features/friday-worship/nirec-sues-for-peaceful-co-existence-in-lagos/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-11 |title=CAN, NSCIA laud ratification of UN treaty against nuclear weapons {{!}} The Nation |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/can-nscia-laud-ratification-of-un-treaty-against-nuclear-weapons/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2020 |title=Muslim, Christian youths unite, demand ceasefire |url=https://punchng.com/muslim-christian-youths-unite-demand-ceasefire/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> wata kungiya ta sa kai da shugabannin NSCIA suka kafa tare. da [[Kungiyar Kiristocin Najeriya|Kungiyar Kiristoci ta Najeriya (CAN)]] a shekarar 1999. NIREC karkashin jagorancin hadin guiwar manyan addinai, ta ci gaba da kiyaye alakar juriya da zaman lafiya a kasar nan. === Haɗin kan Musulmi === A Najeriya, NSCIA tana aiwatar da umarnin Alkur'ani cewa dole ne Musulmi a duk duniya su kasance daya kuma a hade kansu ba tare da la'akari da bambancin kabila, kabilanci da zamantakewa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-09 |title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-executive-summary/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Importance of Unity in Islam |url=https://humanappeal.org.uk/news/2018/importance-of-unity-in-islam/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=humanappeal.org.uk |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109100355/https://www.humanappeal.org.uk/news/2018/importance-of-unity-in-islam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Allah yana cewa a cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur’ani]] (3:103) “Kuma ku yi dako da igiyar Allah gaba daya (wato wannan Alkur’ani), kuma kada ku rarraba a tsakaninku, kuma ku ambaci ni’imar Allah a kanku, alhali kuwa kun kasance. Sashen maƙiya amma sai Ya haɗa zukãtanku, sabõda haka, da falalarSa kuka kasance 'yan'uwa (a cikin addinin Musulunci). Haka nan a cikin Alkur’ani sura 49:10 akwai ayar da Allah Ya ce “Muminai ba komai ba ne face ‘yan’uwa (a addinin Musulunci). Don haka ku yi sulhu tsakanin ‘yan’uwanku, kuma ku bi Allah da takawa, tsammaninku a yi muku rahama.” <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-30 |title=Sultan stresses need for Muslim unity, as NSCIA raises finance, moon sighting committees {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/139885-sultan-stresses-need-for-muslim-unity-as-nscia-raises-finance-moon-sighting-committees.html |access-date=2021-01-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Hadin kan Musulmi a Najeriya === An yi imanin cewa Musulmin Najeriya an mayar da su saniyar ware a bangaren hada-hadar kudi na kasar da kuma wasu ayyukan da ke haifar da bunkasar harkokin kudi na [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|babban bankin kasar]], saboda yawan kudin ruwa da aka saba amfani da su a cikin tsare-tsaren. <ref>{{Cite web |last=IMFN |date=2020-07-17 |title=Muslims have been grossly marginalized in Nigeria's financial sector, says NSCIA |url=http://imfn.org/muslims-have-been-grossly-marginalized-in-nigerias-financial-sector-says-nscia |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Islamic Microfinance News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116164623/http://imfn.org/muslims-have-been-grossly-marginalized-in-nigerias-financial-sector-says-nscia |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ga Musulmi, waɗanda ke da fiye da rabin al'ummar ƙasar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-02 |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> batun nisantar sha'awa ba ta cikin tattaunawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Noorzoy |first=M. Siddieq |date=1982 |title=Islamic Laws on Riba (Interest) and Their Economic Implications |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/163331 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=3–17 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800026556 |issn=0020-7438 |jstor=163331 |s2cid=159665113}}</ref> Idan babu kudin ruwa ba na ruwa ba, sakamakon ya kasance mai yawan ware kudi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya kai sama da kashi 60 cikin 100 a wasu al'ummomin musulmi masu rinjaye. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Umar |first=Umar Habibu |last2=Ado |first2=Muhammad Bilyaminu |last3=Ayuba |first3=Habibu |date=2019-01-01 |title=Is religion (interest) an impediment to Nigeria's financial inclusion targets by the year 2020? : A qualitative inquiry |url=https://doi.org/10.1108/QRFM-01-2019-0010 |journal=Qualitative Research in Financial Markets |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=283–300 |doi=10.1108/QRFM-01-2019-0010 |issn=1755-4179 |s2cid=211433651}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abdu |first=Musa |date=June 2018 |title=Can Islamic Banking and Finance Spur Financial Inclusion? Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.cbn.gov.ng/out/2018/sd/pages%2077_104_a375_abdu%20et%20al.pdf |journal=CBN Journal of Applied Statistics |volume=9 |pages=77–104 |via=}}</ref> Wannan yana haifar da mummunan yanayin [[Talauci a Najeriya|talauci]] . Ma'anar ita ce, idan ba tare da wasu hanyoyin da ba na ruwa ba, CBN ba zai iya samun kashi 80 cikin 100 na hada-hadar kudi a baya da aka yi niyya a shekarar 2020 <ref name=":6" /> ba kuma ba za a iya aiwatar da wani shiri mai ma'ana na kawar da talauci da karfafa tattalin arziki nan gaba ba. Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa Majalisar ta sa Babban Bankin ya samar da tsarin da ba ruwansa da duk shirye-shiryen sa na shiga tsakani. Kamar yadda aka yi a ƙarshe, ci gaban ya shafi Shirin Anchor Borrowers Program (ABP), <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-09 |title=Anchor Borrowers Programme: CBN to fund 1.6 million farmers for 2020 farming season |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/396888-anchor-borrowers-programme-cbn-to-fund-1-6-million-farmers-for-2020-farming-season.html |access-date=2021-01-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Agri-Business, Small and Medium Enterprises Investment Scheme (AGSMEIS), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria 2021 Outlook - Navigating Unsteady Terrain |url=https://www.proshareng.com/news/Reviews---Outlooks/Nigeria-2021-Outlook---Navigating-Unsteady-Terrain/54800 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Nigeria 2021 Outlook - Navigating Unsteady Terrain |language=en}}</ref> Ƙirƙirar Tallafin Kasuwancin Masana'antu, Micro, Kananan da Matsakaicin Ci gaban Kasuwanci (MSMEDF), <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-10 |title=SPECIAL REPORT: How Nigeria's maize production has grown since 1960 |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/435678-special-rrport-how-nigerias-maize-production-has-grown-since-1960.html |access-date=2021-01-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kayan Tallafi na Gaskiya (RSSF) da Taimakon Kiredit don Sashin Kula da Lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-17 |title=How CBN's non-interest intervention credits will deepen financial inclusion in Nigeria -- NSCIA |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/financial-inclusion/403444-how-cbns-non-interest-intervention-credits-will-deepen-financial-inclusion-in-nigeria-nscia.html |access-date=2021-01-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Ganin wata === A matsayinta na babbar kungiyar Musulmi a Najeriya, NSCIA ta dauki nauyin sanar da fara da kuma kawo karshen azumin watan Ramadan na shekara. <ref name=":5"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-20 |title=Sultan directs Muslims to look out for new moon |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/sultan-directs-muslims-to-look-out-for-new-moon/dkbem8s |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Ba kamar shekarun baya ba da babu tsari a hannun ganin wata, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-27 |title=Moonsighting Controversy: Nigeria only country in the world celebrating Eid-El-Fitri today {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/165660-moonsighting-controversy-nigeria-only-country-in-the-world-celebrating-eid-el-fitri-today.html |access-date=2021-01-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-19 |title=Ramadan: Between Moonsighting controversies and youth zealousness |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/05/ramadan-moonsighting-controversies-youth-zealousness/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> tun daga shekarar 2014 majalisar ta samu sakamako mai kyau tun daga shekara ta 2014 yayin da al'ummar Musulmi a Najeriya suka fara fara azumin watan Ramadan da bukukuwan Idi. a tare, a matsayin Kwamitin ganin wata na NSCIA, wanda Farfesa Usman El-Nafaty ke jagoranta, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abubakar |first=Musa Usman |date=2020-05-29 |title=Nigeria: Moonsighting Controversies in Nigeria - Way Forward |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202005290177.html |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}</ref> yana ba da sabuntawar ganin wata a kowace shekara. === Kula da ayyukan Hajji === A wajen tallafa wa Hukumar Alhazai ta kasa <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admins |date=2015-05-28 |title=FG Inaugurates Board of National Hajj Commission {{!}} Newsdiaryonline Nigeria |url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/fg-inaugurates-board-of-national-hajj-commission/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2015 |title=Jonathan inaugurates Hajj Commission board |url=https://dailytrust.com/jonathan-inaugurates-hajj-commission-board |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115134338/https://dailytrust.com/jonathan-inaugurates-hajj-commission-board |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-01 |title=NSCIA Delegation Arrive Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/09/01/nscia-delegation-arrive-saudi-arabia/ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> da [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayya]] ta kafa don kula da ayyukan [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] na shekara-shekara a kasar, NSCIA ta kasance mai shiga tsakani tsakanin maniyyatan da ke son zuwa aikin Hajji, Hukumar Hajji ta kasa da kuma Gwamnatin Tarayya. Gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-20 |title=NSCIA speaks on Hajj fare hike, tackles NAHCON, Nigerian govt. {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/234565-nscia-speaks-hajj-fare-hike-tackles-nahcon-nigerian-govt.html |access-date=2021-01-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-20 |title=Hajj Commission responds to NSCIA over fares {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/234604-hajj-commission-responds-nscia-fares.html |access-date=2021-01-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-05 |title=Sultan urges Muslims to embrace Hajj Savings Scheme |url=https://guardian.ng/?p=1233616 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121232352/https://guardian.ng/news/sultan-urges-muslims-to-embrace-hajj-savings-scheme/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Majalisar tana ba da shawarwari da yawa ga hukumar, kuma tana ba da shawara <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-02 |title=Pilgrimage: Sultan calls for restoration of Amirul Hajj {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/235586-pilgrimage-sultan-calls-restoration-amirul-hajj.html |access-date=2021-01-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> hukumar kan yadda za a samu nasarar aikin hajji <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-08 |title=2018 Hajj: NAHCON to introduce biometric data capture for pilgrims {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/261170-2018-hajj-nahcon-introduce-biometric-data-capture-pilgrims.html |access-date=2021-01-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> zuwa [[Makkah|kasa mai tsarki]] a kowace shekara. === Manufar Ilimi, zamantakewa da Lafiya === NSCIA ta kafa wata kungiya mai suna Mission for Education, Socials and Health (MESH), wanda Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci (CAC) ta yi rajista a cikin Afrilu 2016 a matsayin wani bangare na sadaukar da bukatun zamantakewar Musulmi da kuma kawar da talauci a tsakanin 'yan Najeriya. Daya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan MESH shine hadin gwiwa da Future Assured Initiative na [[Uwargidan shugaban Najeriya|Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa]], [[Aisha Buhari]], a 2020 don shirya taron kasa kan Maido da Iyalan Musulmi don Ci gaban Kasa a dakin taro na Banquet na fadar shugaban kasa, Abuja. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-20 |title=Aisha Buhari joins NSCIA in search of solutions to marital challenges in Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/aisha-buhari-joins-nscia-in-search-of-solutions-to-marital-challenges-in-nigeria/lzm9jd0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8wi9fypmtjp18dtv2g7wc375o2f0lcf 0 79268 842389 748236 2026-05-29T11:05:11Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290705766|Vaal Barrage]]" 842389 wikitext text/x-wiki Vaal River Barrage Reservoir madatsar ruwa ce a kan Kogin Vaal kusa da Vanderbijlpark, iyakar Gauteng da Free State, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Dam din, wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar ƙofofi a fadin Kogin Vaal, Rand Water ne ya gina shi a cikin kogin Vaal Dam, a cikin 1923. Gidan tafkin yana da tsawon kilomita 64 kuma yana da jimlar damar ajiya na lita miliyan 63, yanki na murabba'in kilomita 16,835 kuma yana da matsakaicin zurfin mita 4.5. Koguna - watau, Suikerbosrand, Klip, & Rietspruit - waɗanda ke ciyarwa cikin Vaal River Barrage Reservoir suna gudana daga masana'antu da wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a kamar [[Johannesburg]], Vereeniging da Sasolburg. An yi amfani da wannan tafkin don samar da ruwa ga Witwatersrand amma ba ya yin hakan saboda ingancin ruwansa yana lalacewa saboda gurɓataccen yanayi. Wannan tafkin, wanda Rand Water ke sarrafawa, ana amfani dashi don ayyukan nishaɗi da yawa, kamar jirgin ruwa, tseren kankara, kamun kifi, da yin iyo, tare da wuraren shakatawa da yawa da aka samu a bakin kogin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Origination: The Vaal River System |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084656/http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=4 January 2013 |publisher=Rand Water}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Mqnazarta == l4if5wwc20v8chio7sldcd16wmif1wg 842390 842389 2026-05-29T11:05:53Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Vaal River Barrage Reservoir madatsar ruwa ce a kan Kogin Vaal kusa da Vanderbijlpark, iyakar Gauteng da Free State, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Dam din, wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar ƙofofi a fadin Kogin Vaal, Rand Water ne ya gina shi a cikin kogin Vaal Dam, a cikin 1923. Gidan tafkin yana da tsawon kilomita 64 kuma yana da jimlar damar ajiya na lita miliyan 63, yanki na murabba'in kilomita 16,835 kuma yana da matsakaicin zurfin mita 4.5. Koguna - watau, Suikerbosrand, Klip, & Rietspruit - waɗanda ke ciyarwa cikin Vaal River Barrage Reservoir suna gudana daga masana'antu da wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a kamar [[Johannesburg]], Vereeniging da Sasolburg. An yi amfani da wannan tafkin don samar da ruwa ga Witwatersrand amma ba ya yin hakan saboda ingancin ruwansa yana lalacewa saboda gurɓataccen yanayi. Wannan tafkin, wanda Rand Water ke sarrafawa, ana amfani dashi don ayyukan nishaɗi da yawa, kamar jirgin ruwa, tseren kankara, kamun kifi, da yin iyo, tare da wuraren shakatawa da yawa da aka samu a bakin kogin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Origination: The Vaal River System |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084656/http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=4 January 2013 |publisher=Rand Water}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Mqnazarta == r9eft6wwh7yfxljj419cxh132pa6h7r 0 79593 841926 584454 2026-05-28T22:21:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Lynn Walter Gelhar (an haife ta a shekara ta 1936), injiniya ce ta farar hula ta Amurka da ke mai da hankali kan ilimin ruwa kuma a halin yanzu Farfesa Emeritus ne a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts . An san shi da bincike na farko a cikin ilimin ruwa na ƙasa, yana jagorantar bincike a fannin gwaje-gwaje na sufuri mai gurbataccen filin, kuma yana da ƙwarewa mai yawa a kan fannonin ruwa na zubar da sharar nukiliya. == Tarihi. == An haifi Gelhar a shekara ta 1936, a tsakiyar ƙasar yashi ta [[Wisconsin]] (''[&#x3C;i&#x20;id= .]''/A_Sand_County_Almanac" id="mwFA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="A Sand County Almanac">A Sand County Almanac) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wisconsin Geological & Natural History Survey » 5. Central Sand Plains |url=https://wgnhs.uwex.edu/wisconsin-geology/major-landscape-features/central-sand-plains/ |access-date=2017-12-27 |website=wgnhs.uwex.edu |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054424/https://wgnhs.uwex.edu/wisconsin-geology/major-landscape-features/central-sand-plains/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wisconsin Geological & Natural History Survey » Mining: Frac sand |url=https://wgnhs.uwex.edu/wisconsin-geology/frac-sand-mining/ |access-date=2017-12-27 |website=wgnhs.uwex.edu |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054315/https://wgnhs.uwex.edu/wisconsin-geology/frac-sand-mining/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Ya girma a cikin ƙaramin ƙauyen noma na Oakfield, Wisconsin wanda ke ƙarƙashin Niagara Escarpment, ya kammala karatu daga Oakfield High School a shekara ta 1954. Ya yi karatun Injiniyanci a Jami'ar Wisconsin, ya ƙware a matakin digiri a cikin ilimin ruwa da injiniyan ruwa, tare da yara a cikin [[lissafi]] da yanayin yanayi; an kammala digirin digirinsa a shekarar 1964. A lokacin karatunsa na digiri ya kuma yi aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Kasa (USDA) a kan ƙirar tsarin kula da ruwa da kuma a Fairbanks-Morse & Co. a kan manyan tsarin famfo don kula da ambaliyar ruwa da ayyukan samar da ruwa. A shekara ta 1964, ya shiga bangaren koyarwa na Sashen Injiniya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa, kuma an inganta shi zuwa Mataimakin Forofesara a shekarar 1969. A shekara ta 1973, ya shiga bangaren koyarwa na Sashen Geoscience a Cibiyar Ma'adinai da Fasaha ta [[New Mexico]] (NMT); a matsayin Farfesa na Hydrology ya tsara shirin digiri a cikin hydrology. A shekara ta 1983, ya koma MIT a matsayin cikakken Farfesa, kuma ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1996, ya zama Farfesa Emeritus yayin da yake ci gaba da jagorantar binciken dalibai masu digiri. Shafuka na Sabbatical sun haɗa da ziyara a [[Jami'ar Stanford]] (1971), Cibiyar Fasaha ta Karlsruhe (1978), Ecole des Mines de Paris (1978), Cibiyar Royal ta Fasaha (KTH, Stockholm) (1986), Cibiyar Tarayyar Fasaha ta Switzerland a Zurich (1986), Jami'ar Yammacin Australia da Kungiyar Binciken Kimiyya da Masana'antu ta Commonwealth (Perth) (1987), Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (1993), da [[Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz]] (KAU), Jeddah, (2012). == Bincike. == An san Gelhar a matsayin jagora a kan ilimin ruwa na ƙasa. A shekara ta 1982, ya sami lambar yabo ta Horton ta American Geophysical Union don nuna godiya ga aikinsa na farko a cikin ilimin ruwa na ƙasa, a shekara ta 1983, an zabe shi Fellow <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Fellow |url=https://honors.agu.org/fellows/fellows-alpha-list/ |url-status= |access-date=2017-12-28}}</ref> a cikin Ƙungiyar Geophysiical ta Amurka, wanda aka ambata musamman don aiki a cikin hanyoyin stochastic, kuma a shekara ta 1987, ya kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta O. E. Meinzer <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Past winners - Hydrogeology Division |url=http://community.geosociety.org/hydrodivision/awards/meinzer/past |access-date=2017-12-27 |website=community.geosociety.org |language=en}}</ref> ta Geological Society of America don takardu uku da ke hulɗa da hanyoyin stochasic. Shi ne marubucin littafin Stochastic Subsurface Hydrology (1993), kuma ya wallafa wallafe-wallafen fasaha 160.<ref>Gelhar, Lynn W., ''Stochastic Subsurface Hydrology'', Prentice Hall, 390 pp., 1993.</ref> Yana da ƙwarewa mai zurfi a cikin bincike mai alaƙa da ruwa, amma an fi saninsa da aikinsa na ka'idoji wanda ke kwatanta jigilar gurbataccen ruwa a cikin ruwa mai ban sha'awa ta amfani da hanyoyin stochastic.<ref>Gelhar, L.W. and C.L. Axness, Three-Dimensional Stochastic Analysis of Macrodispersion in Aquifers. ''Water Resources Research, 19''(1), 161-180, 1983.</ref> Ya kuma taimaka wajen bunkasa manyan gwaje-gwaje na dogon lokaci da aka tsara don kimanta sabbin sakamakon ka'idoji, gami da wuraren shafuka a Cape Cod, kusa da Columbus, Mississippi, da kuma Yankin vadose a cikin hamadar New Mexico kusa da Las Cruces.<ref>LeBlanc, D.R., S.P. Garabedian, K.M. Hess, L.W. Gelhar, R.D. Quadri, K.G. Stollenwerk and W.W. Wood, “Large-Scale Natural-Gradient Tracer Test in Sand and Gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 1. Experimental Design and Observed Tracer Movement'',” Water Resources Research'', ''27''(5), 895-910, 1991.</ref><ref>Boggs, J.M., S.C. Young, L.M. Beard, L.W. Gelhar, K.R. Rehfeldt and E.E. Adams, Field study of dispersion in a heterogeneous aquifer, 1, Overview and site description, ''Water Resources Research'', ''28''(12), 3281-3292, 1992.</ref><ref>Wierenga, P. J., R. G. Hills, and D. B. Hudson. 1991. The Las Cruces Trench Site: Characterization, experimental results, and one-dimensional flow predictions. Water Resources Research 27:2695-2705.</ref> Binciken da ya yi game da bayanan duniya game da yaduwar filin a cikin aquifers ana yawan ambaton shi a cikin binciken da aka yi amfani da shi game da gurɓataccen ruwa.<ref>Gelhar, L.W., C. Welty and K.R. Rehfeldt, “A Critical Review of Data on Field Scale Dispersion in Aquifers”, ''Water Resources Research'', ''28''(7), 1958-1974, 1992.</ref> An ambaci wallafe-wallafen da ya wallafa a ko'ina, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar hada shi a cikin jerin sunayen masana kimiyya na ISI na 2001, a cikin Injiniya da kuma Muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Lists - HCR |url=https://clarivate.com/hcr/researchers-list/archived-lists/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526092507/https://clarivate.com/hcr/researchers-list/archived-lists/ |archive-date=2018-05-26 |access-date=2017-12-27 |website=clarivate.com}}</ref> A cikin Google Scholar an ba shi kyauta tare da fiye da 16,000, citations, kasancewar shi ne mutum mafi girma da aka ambata a fagen Hydrology na Ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profiles |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=search_authors&hl=en&mauthors=label:groundwater_hydrology |access-date=2017-12-27 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a. == Gelhar yana da gogewa a cikin sabis na jama'a da shawarwari tare da gwamnati da masana'antu kan fannoni na ilimin ruwa na ƙasa, yana magance musamman batutuwan haɗari da na nukiliya. Ya yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyin bita da yawa, gami da ƙungiyoyin da ke nazarin al'amuran muhalli na Hanford Site a Washington, da kuma WIPP Nuclear Discharge site a New Mexico. A shafin WIPP yanayin ruwan kasa na yanki na iya sa shafin ya kasance mai saukin kamuwa da rushewar gishiri <ref>“A-Waste Panel Is One-sided” ''Albuquerque Journal'', 5 Sept. 1976, page 19.</ref> <ref>“Geologists Raise Questions on Stability of WIPP Site” ''Albuquerque Journal,'' 28 April 1981, page B-2</ref> <ref>“Geologist say WIPP site may be unsuitable” ''Santa Fe New Mexican,'' 28 April 1981. page 1</ref> da kuma siffofin da suka danganci kamar bututun breccia da sinkholes, <ref>Anderson, Roger Y., Deep-Seated Salt Dissolution in the Delaware Basin, Texas and New Mexico, New Mexico Geological Society, Special Publication No. 10, 1981, pp. 133-145.</ref> wanda zai iya daidaita kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci na shafin.<ref>Chaturvedi, Lokesh and Kenneth Rehfeldt, Groundwater Occurrence and the Dissolution of Salt at the WIPP Radioactive Waste Repository Site, ''EOS Earth & Space Science News'', Vol. 85 No. 31, 1984, pp. 457-459.</ref><ref>Martinez, Joseph D., Kenneth S. Johnson and James T. Neal, Sinkholes in Evaporite Rocks, ''American Scientist'', Vol. 86, pp. 38-51, 1998.</ref> Irin waɗannan rashin tabbas suna da alaƙa da rikitarwa na siyasa na WIPP.<ref>McCutcheon, Chuck, ''Nuclear'' ''Reactions, The Politics of Opening a Radioactive Waste Disposal Site'', University of New Mexico Press, 224 pages, 2002.</ref> Ga wurin gwajin [[makaman nukiliya]] a Nevada, ya jagoranci kwamitin da ke nazarin tsarin ruwa na ƙasa don wannan yankin na kudu maso yammacin Nevada a matsayin wani ɓangare na kimanta tasirin gurɓataccen ruwa daga gwajin makamai na ƙasa.<ref>Freeze, R.A., L.W. Gelhar, D. Langmuir, S.P. Neuman, F.W. Schwartz, and D. Weber, External Peer Review Group Report on Frenchman Flat Data Analysis and Modeling Task, Underground Test Area Project, Report ITLV/13052-077 prepared under Contract No. DE-AC08-97NV13052, U.S. Department of Energy, September 1999.</ref> A shafin Hanford a Washington ya shiga cikin fannoni na ruwa na babban kayan aikin sharar nukiliya wanda aka gabatar a cikin basalt kuma ya kasance memba na kwamitin da ke nazarin kimiyya da fasaha na tsaftace muhalli na Hanford.<ref>Leonhart, L.S., R.L. Jackson, D.L. Graham, L.W. Gelhar, G.M. Thompson, B.Y. Kanehiro and C.R. Wilson, "Analysis And Interpretation Of A Recirculating Tracer Experiment Performed On A Deep Basalt Flow Top," ''Bull. Assoc. of Eng. Geol''., ''XXII''(3), 259-274, 1985.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelhar |first=L. W. |last2=Leonhart |first2=L. S. |date=1982-04-01 |title=Analysis of Two-Well Tracer Tests with a Pulse Input |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1053162/ |language=English |doi=10.2172/5083452 |osti=5083452}}</ref> A Hanford akwai barazana ta musamman ga kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci na wuraren zubar da sharar gida da ke da alaƙa da yiwuwar ambaliyar ruwa tare da ruwa mai zurfi da ke mamaye shafin, kamar yadda ya faru akai-akai a kwanan nan kamar shekaru 13,000,da suka gabata (Missoula Floods). Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar bita wanda ya kimanta yanayin ruwan ƙasa a wurin zubar da sharar nukiliya na Yucca Mountain kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga wani babi ga littafin da ke bincika rashin tabbas da ke da alaƙa da Yucca Hill. <ref>Coppersmith, K.J., R.C. Perman, R.A. Freeze, L.W. Gelhar, D. Langmuir, S.P. Neuman, and C-F. Tsang, ''Saturated Zone Flow and Transport Expert Elicitation Project, Yucca Mountain'', prepared under U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC01-91RW00134, 1998.</ref><ref>Gelhar, Lynn W., Contaminant transport in the saturated zone at Yucca Mountain, pp. 237-254 in ''Uncertainty Underground: Dealing with the Nation’s High-Level Nuclear Waste'', Allison Macfarlane and Rodney Ewing, editors, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006.</ref> Yayinda yake kan sabbatical leaves a Faransa, Switzerland da Sweden ya yi aiki tare da masana kimiyya da ke da hannu a cikin shirye-shiryen zubar da sharar gida a waɗancan ƙasashe, a Sweden yana shirya rahoto game da gudana da sufuri a cikin duwatsu masu fashewa don hukumar su da ke hulɗa da zubar da shara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Publication |url=http://www.skb.com/publication/3248/}}</ref> == Daraja da kyaututtuka. == * Kyautar Charles V. Theis, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ehlerding |first=Stephanie |title=Awards |url=http://www.aihydrology.org/awards |access-date=2017-12-27 |website=www.aihydrology.org |language=en-us}}</ref> "... gagarumin gudummawa a cikin ilimin ruwa na ƙasa. * Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa ta Amurka, 2017. * Distinguished Service Citation "...ƙwarewar bincike da koyarwa a cikin albarkatun ruwa, ilimin ruwa na ƙasa..." * Jami'ar Wisconsin, Kwalejin Injiniya, 1999. * O. E. Meinzer Award <ref name=":2"/> "...kyauta gudummawa a cikin hydrogeology... takardu uku da ke hulɗa da hanyoyin stochastic" * Ƙungiyar Geological Society of America, 1987. * AGU Fellow <ref name=":1"/> "... gudummawa ga kimiyya na ilimin ruwa na ƙasa kuma musamman don aikace-aikacen hanyoyin stochastic a wannan fagen. " * Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka, 1983. * Kyautar Robert E. Horton "Don nuna godiya ga aikinsa na farko a cikin ilimin ruwa na ƙasa" * Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka, 1982. == Manazarta. == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4133gvckxqohhie6gvkciv2packprp3 0 79650 842062 610020 2026-05-29T05:09:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Louisville Girls High School''' ('''LGHS''') wata makarantar sakandare ce ta mata masu zaman kansu a Ijebu-Itele, [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun]], Najeriya . An kafa makarantar ne a shekarar 1998 kuma 'yan uwa mata na St. Louis, Najeriya ne ke gudanar da ita.<ref>[https://louisvilleitele.edu.ng/history/ A Brief History of LGHS, Ijebu Itele] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160339/https://louisvilleitele.edu.ng/history/ |date=2024-06-14 }}. Accessed 10 January 2021.</ref> == Nasarorin dalibai == A cikin 2012, Majalisar jarrabawar Yammacin Afirka (WAEC) ta sanar da Iyeyinka Omigbodun na Louisville High a matsayin dalibi tare da sakamako na biyu mafi kyau na [[Jarabawar Kammala Makarantun Sakandare a Yammacin Afurka (WASSCE)|WASSCE]] a cikin ƙasa.<ref>[https://www.latestnigeriannews.com/news/231457/profile-of-iyeyinka-the-prodigy.html Profile Of Iyeyinka, The Prodigy], ''[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]'', 23 May 2012. Accessed 10 January 2021.</ref> A cikin 2018, WAEC ta sanar da dalibi na Louisville High Adenike Temitope Adedara a matsayin mai samun sakamako na uku mafi kyau na kasar.<ref>Bayo Wahab, [https://www.pulse.ng/communities/student/waec-awards-3-girls-as-best-students-in-nigeria/ln1ce6r WAEC awards 3 girls as best students in Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160338/https://www.pulse.ng/communities/student/waec-awards-3-girls-as-best-students-in-nigeria/ln1ce6r |date=2024-06-14 }}, pulse.ng, 23 November 2018. Accessed 10 January 2021.</ref> Wani dalibi, Ofomata Chinyere, ya lashe gasar Rising Star ta kasa a shekarar 2018. <ref>Ujunwa Atueyi, [https://guardian.ng/features/education/winners-of-greenlifes-rising-star-writing-competition-emerge/ Winners of Greenlife’s rising star writing competition emerge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160342/https://guardian.ng/features/education/winners-of-greenlifes-rising-star-writing-competition-emerge/ |date=2024-06-14 }}, ''[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]'', 18 October 2018. Accessed 10 January 2021.</ref> A cikin 2019, WAEC ta sanar da Louisville Girls a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin makarantu uku daga Babban Birnin Tarayya tare da mafi kyawun sakamako a cikin [[Jarabawar Kammala Makarantun Sakandare a Yammacin Afurka (WASSCE)|WASSCE]] . <ref>[https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/meet-peter-arotiba-18-year-old-nigerian-who-emerged-overall-best-in-wassce/53nw9fw Meet Peter Arotiba, 18-year-old Nigerian who emerged overall best in WASSCE], pulse.ng, 22 November 2019. Accessed 10 January 2021.</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2019, wata daliba ta shekara ta biyu mai suna Adzira Galadima ta lashe gasar waka ta kasa ta Rising Star tare da waka game da [[Auren dole|auren tilasta]].<ref>Kofoworola Belo-Osagie, [https://thenationonlineng.net/teenager-on-abuse-in-award-winning-poem/ Teenager on abuse in award-winning poem], ''[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]'', 17 October 2019. Accessed 10 January 2021.</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019 wani dalibi a makarantar, Jolaosho Olu negociti Otokini, ya lashe gasar UBA Foundation National Essay Competition. <ref>[https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/12/10/girls-dominate-in-uba-essay-competition/ Girls Dominate in UBA Essay Competition], ''[[This Day]]'', 10 December 2019. Accessed 10 January 2021.</ref> A cikin 2020, ɗalibar makarantar sakandaren mata ta Louisville, Agnes Maduafokwa, ta sami mafi girman ƙuri'a a cikin jarrabawar Unified Tertiary Matriculation . <ref>Iyabo Lawal, [https://guardian.ng/features/secrets-of-my-attaining-highest-utme-score-by-agnes-maduafokwa/ Secrets of my attaining highest UTME score, by Agnes Maduafokwa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160340/https://guardian.ng/features/secrets-of-my-attaining-highest-utme-score-by-agnes-maduafokwa/ |date=2024-06-14 }}, ''[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]'', 2 July 2020. Accessed 10 January 2021.</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://louisvilleitele.edu.ng/ Shafin yanar gizon makarantar] a2xthkik79ugzo20z59t43e7ixzdwst 0 80729 842072 462853 2026-05-29T05:32:00Z Nura Bello 24854 842072 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Plunketts Creek |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Plunketts_Creek_near_mouth.JPG|333x333px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Plunketts Creek looking upstream, just north of the mouth in Plunketts Creek Township</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Plunketts_Creek_Map.PNG|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Map of Plunketts Creek showing named tributaries and settlements along the creek</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px">[[Fayil:USA_Pennsylvania_relief_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage|240x240px|Plunketts Creek (Loyalsock Creek tributary) is located in Pennsylvania]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:40.668%;left:62.97%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|Plunketts Creek (Loyalsock Creek tributary)]]</div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of the mouth of Plunketts Creek in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania</div></div></div></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Location |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Country | class="infobox-data" |[[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |State | class="infobox-data" |[[Pennsylvania]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Counties | class="infobox-data" |Lycoming, Sullivan |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Physical&nbsp;characteristics |- style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Source | class="infobox-data" |Loyalsock State Forest |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;location</span> | class="infobox-data" |Near Hillsgrove, Hillsgrove Township, Sullivan County, [[Pennsylvania]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;coordinates</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Plunketts_Creek_(Loyalsock_Creek_tributary)&params=41_26_41_N_76_44_48_W_ <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°26′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°44′48″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.44472°N 76.74667°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">41.44472; -76.74667</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;elevation</span> | class="infobox-data" |1,440&nbsp;ft (440&nbsp;m) |- style="display:none" | colspan="2" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mouth | class="infobox-data" |Loyalsock Creek |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;location</div> | class="infobox-data" |Barbours, Plunketts Creek Township, Lycoming County, [[Pennsylvania]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;coordinates</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Plunketts_Creek_(Loyalsock_Creek_tributary)&params=41_23_55_N_76_47_45_W_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°23′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°47′45″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.39861°N 76.79583°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">41.39861; -76.79583</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Plunketts_Creek_(Loyalsock_Creek_tributary)&params=41_23_55_N_76_47_45_W_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°23′55″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°47′45″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.39861°N 76.79583°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">41.39861; -76.79583</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator><ref name="usgs" /> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;elevation</div> | class="infobox-data" |725&nbsp;ft (221&nbsp;m)<ref name="usgs" /> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Length | class="infobox-data" |6.2&nbsp;mi (10.0&nbsp;km)<ref name="lycoming" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Basin size | class="infobox-data" |23.6&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi (61&nbsp;km²) |} Plunketts Creek kusan kilomita 6.2 ne mai tsawon kilomita 10 na Loyalsock Creek a cikin yankunan [[Pennsylvania]]" inoming County, Pennsylvania">Lycoming da Sullivan a cikin jihar Pennsylvania ta Amurka. ƙauyuka biyu da ba a haɗa shi ba da suna kan rafin, kuma ruwan da ke kewaye da shi yana da murabba'in kilomita 23.6 (61 ) a sassa na garuruwa biyar. Kogin wani bangare ne na kwandon ruwa na Chesapeake Bay ta hanyar Loyalsock Creek da West Branch Susquehanna da Susquehana Rivers. Sunan Plunketts Creek ya fito ne daga mai mallakar ƙasar na farko ciki har da [[Delta|baki]] rafin, kuma rafin ya ba da sunansa ga garuruwa biyu (ko da yake ɗayan ya canza sunansa). Kogin yana gudana daga kudu maso yamma sannan kuma kudu ta hanyar Allegheny Plateau, ta hanyar dutse daga lokacin Mississippi da lokacin Devonian. Yawancin kwarin Plunketts Creek ya ƙunshi nau'o'in ajiya daban-daban, galibi alluvium. Kodayake ruwan Plunketts Creek ya kasance a bayyane kuma gida ne ga [[Jima|Ginin fata]], sawmills, da ma'adinin kwal a cikin karni na sha tara, a yau yana da itatuwa sosai kuma an san shi da ingancin ruwa, kamun kifi, da sauran damar nishaɗi. Rashin ruwa yanzu ya haɗa da sassa na gandun daji na Jihar Loyalsock, Pennsylvania State Game Lands, da kuma Gidan Gida na Jihar don kiwon pheasant. Yawon shakatawa, farauta, da kamun kifi sun daɗe suna da mahimmanci a yankin, kuma yawan mutanen Plunketts Creek Township na shekara-shekara yana ƙaruwa da sauri fiye da na Lycoming ko Sullivan County. == Sunan == An sanya sunan Plunketts Creek ne ga Colonel William Plunkett, likita, wanda shine [[Alkali|Alƙali]] shugaban farko na Northumberland County bayan an Kafa shi a shekarun 1772. A lokacin rikice-rikice tare da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya kula da mazauna da suka ji rauni kuma ya yi yaƙi da' yan asalin. Plunkett ya jagoranci balaguron Pennsylvania a cikin Pennamite-Yankee War don tilasta cire mazauna daga [[Connecticut]], waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin kuma suka zauna a ƙasashen da Pennsylvania ta yi. Don ayyukansa, an ba Plunkett yankuna shida na ƙasa wanda ya kai kadada 1,978 (8.00 a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1776, kodayake ba a bincika ƙasar ba har sai Satumba 1783. Ƙasar Plunkett ta haɗa da [[Delta|baki]] rafin, don haka an ba Plunketts Creek sunansa. A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, Plunkett bai goyi bayan juyin juya hali ba kuma saboda haka ana zarginsa da jin tausayi ga [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]]. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1791, yana da shekaru kimanin 100, kuma an binne shi a Northumberland, ba tare da alamar kabari ko abin tunawa ba (sai dai kogin da ke ɗauke da sunansa). An kafa yankin Lycoming daga yankin Northumberland a cikin shekara ta 1795. Lokacin da aka kafa Garin Plunketts Creek a cikin Lycoming County a cikin 1838, sunan asali da aka gabatar shine "Plunkett Township" amma zargin da ke ci gaba da nuna tausayi na Burtaniya ya haifar da kin amincewa da wannan sunan. Sunayen garin don rafin ya kasance mai karɓa. Garin Plunketts Creek da farko ya fi girma fiye da yadda yake yanzu, kuma an kafa wasu garuruwa biyu daga sassa. Lokacin da aka kafa Sullivan County daga Lycoming County a ranar 15 ga Maris, 1847, an raba garin Plunketts Creek tsakanin yankuna, kowannensu yana da garin mai suna iri ɗaya. Wannan ya haifar da rikice-rikice kuma a cikin 1856 'yan ƙasa na Sullivan County sun yi kira ga majalisar dokoki ta jihar da ta canza sunan garin Plunketts Creek zuwa [[Hillsgrove, Pennsylvania|Hillsgrove]]_Township,_Pennsylvania" id="mwUQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hillsgrove Township, Pennsylvania">Garin Hillsgrove, don Hillsgrove، babban ƙauyen da ofishin gidan waya a cikin garin. A cikin 1866, an kafa Garin Cascade daga wasu sassan Hepburn da Plunketts Creek Townships a cikin Lycoming County. A cewar Meginness (1892), Colonel Plunkett a zahiri ya rubuta sunansa na karshe "Plunket", amma an kafa rubutun yanzu "ta hanyar al'ada da kotuna". Ya zuwa 2018, ita ce kawai rafi da ake kira "Plunketts Creek" a hukumance a kan taswirar USGS na Amurka da kuma a cikin USGS Geographic Names Information System.<ref name="usgs"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="476">[https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1199321 "Feature Detail Report: Plunketts Creek"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="477">''Geographic Names Information System''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="478">[[United States Geological Survey]]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="480">August 1, 1979<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="481"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-05</span></span>.</span></cite></ref> (Akwai "Plunkett Creek" a [[Tennessee]] wanda ke da "Pluntetts Creek" a matsayin sunan bambancin hukuma). <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 18, 1980 |title=Feature Detail Report: Plunkett Creek |url={{Gnis3|1297988}} |access-date=2007-09-17 |website=Geographic Names Information System |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref> apostrophe mai mallaka ba wani ɓangare ne na sunan hukuma na rafin ba, kodayake rubuce-rubuce daga karni na 19 sau da yawa suna rubuta shi a matsayin "Plunkett's Creek".<ref name="history" /> Babu sunan 'yan asalin Amurka da aka sani don Plunketts Creek.<ref name="native names">{{Cite web |title=Native American Waterbody and Place Names |url=http://www.srbc.net/docs/IndianNamesDataChart.PDF |access-date=2006-08-23 |publisher=[[Susquehanna River Basin Commission]] |archive-date=2006-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060921133421/http://www.srbc.net/docs/IndianNamesDataChart.PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref> Koguna biyu a cikin ruwa sun ba da sunayensu ga hanyoyi a cikin garin Plunketts Creek: Engle Run Drive da Mock Run Road. == Hanyar da ake ciki == tushe Plunketts Creek yana da 1440 ft (439 m) sama da [[Sea level|matakin teku]], arewa maso yammacin ƙauyen Hillsgrove da ba a haɗa shi ba kuma kawai kudu da gandun daji na Jihar Loyalsock a Hillsgrove Township, Sullivan County . <ref name="source"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFUSGS">[[USGS]]. </cite></ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;Tushen tafki ne da ke arewacin Pennsylvania Route 4010 (hanya tsakanin ƙauyukan Proctor da Hillsgrove) da Plunketts Creek sun haye hanya sau biyu, sannan ya sami masu ba da suna a [[wiktionary:right bank|bankin dama]] yayin da yake gudana gabaɗaya kudu maso yammacin kusan kilomita 1.5 (2.4) zuwa layin Lycoming County.&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Fayil:Plunketts_Creek_Mouth.JPG|left|thumb|haɗuwa Plunketts Creek (a gaba) tare da mafi girma Loyalsock Creek a ƙauyen Barbours.]] Kogin ya ci gaba da kudu maso yamma yayin da ya shiga garin Plunketts Creek kuma ya karbi Reibsan Run a [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/left%&#x3C;sup&#x20;id= 2" id="mwfg" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="wikt:left bank">gefen hagu], kilomita 4.70 (7.56 km2) daga sama daga bakin. &nbsp;&nbsp;Daga bisani ya karbi Mock Creek a ƙauyen Hoppestown (4.24 miles (6.82 km) daga bakin), sannan Wolf Run (2.72 miles (4.38 km) daga baki), duka biyu a bakin dama. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A ƙauyen Proctor, Plunketts Creek ya karɓi King Run (1.66 miles (2.67 km)) a bakin dama, sannan ya juya kudu zuwa Loyalsock Creek. &nbsp;&nbsp;Yana gudana ta hanyar Gidan Wasanni na Arewacin Pennsylvania, sannan yana karɓar mai ba da suna a cikin Coal Mine Hollow a bakin dama da Dry Run a bakin hagu (0.82 miles (1.32 km) da 0.17 miles (0.27 km), bi da bi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Daga ƙarshe ya shiga ƙauyen Barbours, inda bakinsa yake a gefen dama na Loyalsock Creek a ƙafa 725 (221 m).<ref name="usgs"/><ref name="river miles"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation book cs1">[http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf ''Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917160158/http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf |date=2015-09-17 }} <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Lycoming County yana da kimanin mil 130 (209 km) arewa maso yammacin Philadelphia da mil 165 (266 km) gabashin arewa maso gabashin Pittsburgh. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kodayake Plunketts Creek yana da tsawon kilomita 6.2 (10.0 km), <ref name="NHD">U.S. Geological Survey. </ref> nesa kai tsaye tsakanin tushe da baki shine kawai mil 4.1 (6.6 km). <ref name="distance">{{Cite web |last=Michels |first=Chris |year=1997 |title=Latitude/Longitude Distance Calculation |url=http://www2.nau.edu/~cvm/latlongdist.html |access-date=2007-09-17 |archive-date=2008-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411174434/http://www.nau.edu/~cvm/latlongdist.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Daga bakin Plunketts Creek yana da mil 19.50 (31.38 km²) tare da Loyalsock Creek zuwa haɗuwa da West Branch Susquehanna River a Montoursville . <ref name="river miles"/> &nbsp;&nbsp;Tsayin da ke maɓuɓɓugar yana da ƙafa 1440 (439 m), yayin da bakin yake da tsawo na ƙafa 725 (221 m). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bambanci a tsawo, 715 feet (218 m), raba ta tsawon rafin na 6.2 miles (10.0 km) yana ba da matsakaicin saukowa a tsawo a kowane ɗayan tsawon rafin ko rabo na taimako na 115.3 feet / mile (21.8 m / km). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don kwatanta, rabo na taimako na Wallis Run (ƙasa ta gaba zuwa kudu maso yamma) shine 110.9 feet / mile (21.0 m / km), yayin da Loyalsock Creek kawai 28.0 feet / mile (5.33 m / km). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{Clear}} === Ambaliyar ruwa === [[Fayil:Plunketts_Creek_flood_damage.jpg|thumb|Rugujewar bankin rafi da rushewar ƙasa a arewacin Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 2, daga ambaliyar Satumba 2011]] Plunketts Creek na iya bambanta sosai a zurfin, dangane da lokacin da ruwan sama na baya-bayan nan. Matsayinta na ruwa yawanci shine mafi girma (watakila 3 feet (1 m) zurfi) a cikin bazara ko na 'yan kwanaki bayan ruwan sama mai yawa, kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a ƙarshen lokacin rani, lokacin da zai iya raguwa zuwa ruwa. &nbsp;&nbsp;Duk da yake babu ma'aunin rafi a kan Plunketts Creek, ana iya samun ƙididdigar matakin ruwa na rafi daga ma'auni na rafi a gadar Loyalsock Creek a Barbours, kawai a ƙasa da bakin. Gundumar Lycoming tana aiki da wannan ma'auni a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin gargadi na ambaliyar ruwa na gundumar. Yana auna tsawo na ruwa ne kawai (ba fitarwa ba), kuma ya auna tsaunin ma'auni na {{Convert|34|ft}} a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2011. <ref name="gauge">{{Cite web |title=County Stream Gauge Details; Watershed: Loyalsock Creek; Gauge Site: Barbours (Stream Gauge 5143) |url=http://www.lyco.org/Home/FloodReadyHome/CountyWatershedsStreamGaugeSites/LoyalsockCreek/BarboursStreamGauge/tabid/441/Default.aspx |access-date=June 7, 2013 |publisher=Lycoming County, Pennsylvania |archive-date=June 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629173210/http://www.lyco.org/Home/FloodReadyHome/CountyWatershedsStreamGaugeSites/LoyalsockCreek/BarboursStreamGauge/tabid/441/Default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ambaliyar Satumba 2011 ta haifar da ragowar Tropical Storm Lee, wanda ya zubar da ruwan sama a ƙauyen Shunk da ke kusa da shi a cikin Fox Township a cikin Sullivan County (kawai arewacin asalin rafin). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown, Daniel P. |date=December 15, 2011 |title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Lee |url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL132011_Lee}} |access-date=June 7, 2013 |publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]}}</ref> Ambaliyar 2011 ta haifar da lalacewa mai yawa a cikin Proctor da Barbours kuma ta lalata karamin gadar dutse a kan Wallis Run Road a Proctor a kan King Run, mai ba da gudummawa ga Plunketts Creek. Gidan Wutar Lantarki na Barbours ya zama "cibiyar agaji ta gaggawa da ke ba da abinci, mafaka da kayan aiki ga wadanda ambaliyar ta shafa". Ci gaba da raguwa a kan Loyalsock, ambaliyar ta lalata tarihin Hillsgrove Covered Bridge, ta wanke sassan Pennsylvania Route 87 tare da rafin, kuma ta lalata Pennsylvania Route 973 da Lycoming Valley Railroad gadoji a kan rafin kusa da kuma a Montoursville. Ruwan da ya gabata ya kai {{Convert|24.9|ft}} a kan ma'aunin ambaliyar Loyalsock a Barbours a ranar 19-20, 1996. Wannan babban ambaliyar ruwa ta samo asali ne daga ruwan sama mai yawa, dusar ƙanƙara, da madatsar ruwan kankara, wanda ya haifar da miliyoyin daloli na lalacewa a duk yankin Lycoming, da mutuwar mutum shida a Lycoming Creek a ciki da kusa da Williamsport.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statewide Floods in Pennsylvania, January 1996 |url=http://water.usgs.gov/wid/FS_103-96/FS_103-96.html#HDR2 |access-date=2007-09-18 |website=Report, figures, tables |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref> A kan Plunketts Creek, ambaliyar ta lalace sosai kuma daga baya ta haifar da rushewar Plunketts River Bridge No. 3, gadar dutse ta tsakiyar karni na 19 da aka jera a cikin National Register of Historic Places . <ref name="haer">{{Cite web |last=Scherkoske, Deborah A. |date=August 1996 |title=Plunkett's Creek Bridge No. 3, Spanning Plunkett's Creek at State Route 1005, Barbours vicinity, Lycoming County, PA |url=http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/pa/pa3500/pa3516/data/pa3516.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225122037/http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/pa/pa3500/pa3516/data/pa3516.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-25 |access-date=2008-11-24 |publisher=[[Historic American Engineering Record]] and [[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> Ruwan ambaliyar ya kasance mai zurfi 4 feet (1.2 m) a Barbours kuma an kira shi "ambaliyar da ta fi muni a tarihi" a ƙauyen a lokacin.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Ilimin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Plunketts_Creek_Relief_Map.PNG|left|thumb|Taswirar taimako na ruwa na Plunketts Creek a cikin Allegheny Plateau da aka rarraba]] Plunketts Creek yana cikin gefen kudancin Allegheny Plateau, kusa da Allegheny Front . Dutsen da ke ƙasa shine sandstone da shale, galibi daga lokacin Mississippi, tare da dutse daga zamanin Devonian a arewacin ruwa.<ref name="Geologic map">{{Cite web |last=Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey |author-link=Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources |title=Geologic Map of Pennsylvania |url=http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/maps/map7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011116135303/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/maps/map7.pdf |archive-date=November 16, 2001 |access-date=2007-08-10}}</ref><ref name="map 61">{{Cite web |last=T.M. Berg |year=1981 |title=Atlas of Preliminary Geologic Quadrangle Maps of Pennsylvania: Barbours |url=http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/map61/barbours.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030824054727/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/map61/barbours.pdf |archive-date=August 24, 2003 |access-date=2007-09-21 |publisher=[[Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources]], Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey}}</ref> Yankin arewacin tafkin Plunketts Creek ya samo asali ne daga Burnetts Ridge da Popple Ridge. Plunketts Creek yana gudana a gefen arewacin Camp Mountain kuma, a kan juyawa kudu a Proctor, yana samar da rata ta ruwa tsakanin shi da Cove Mountain (zuwa yamma). Rashin ruwa ba shi da man fetur ko filayen iskar gas na al'ada.<ref name="gas">{{Cite web |last=Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey |author-link=Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources |title=Oil and Gas Fields of Pennsylvania |url=http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/maps/map10.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000918074027/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/maps/map10.pdf |archive-date=September 18, 2000 |access-date=2007-08-10 |website=Map}}</ref> Koyaya, babban tushen iskar gas shine Marcellus shale, wanda ke da nisan mil 1.5 zuwa 2.0 (2.4 zuwa 3.2 km) a ƙasa da farfajiya a nan kuma ya shimfiɗa daga New York ta hanyar Pennsylvania zuwa [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]] da West Virginia. &nbsp;&nbsp;Kimanin jimlar iskar gas a cikin baƙar fata daga zamanin Devonian ya kasance daga 168 zuwa 516 tiriliyan cubic feet (4.76 zuwa 14.6 tiriliyan m³), tare da akalla kashi 10 cikin dari da aka dauka a matsayin mai dawowa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robert C. Milici |year=2005 |title=Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1268: Assessment of Undiscovered Natural Gas Resources in Devonian Black Shales, Appalachian Basin, Eastern U.S.A. |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1268/2005-1268.ppt#313,1,U.S. |access-date=2008-02-29 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |format=PowerPoint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alan Bailey |title=Appalachia to the rescue: Could Devonian shales deep under the Appalachians supply trillions of cubic feet of much needed natural gas for the U.S.? |url=http://www.petroleumnews.com/pntruncate/246893563.shtml |access-date=2008-02-29 |publisher=Petroleum News}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Taswirar "Rarraba Coals na Pennsylvania ta Ofishin Topographic da Geologic ba ta nuna wani babban ajiyar kwal a cikin ruwa na Plunketts Creek ba, kuma ajiya ɗaya ne kawai a kusa da shi a cikin ruwa ya Loyalsock Creek (a kudancin Plunketts Creak Township). <ref name="coal">{{Cite web |last=Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey |author-link=Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources |title=Distribution of Pennsylvania Coals |url=http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/maps/map11.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000918074050/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/maps/map11.pdf |archive-date=September 18, 2000 |access-date=2007-08-10 |website=Map}}</ref> Koyaya, Meginness (1892) yana nufin ma'adinan kwal a cikin garin Plunketts Creek, kuma akwai wani ba a san shi ba na Plunketts River a cikin "Coal Mine Hollow" a bakin dama tsakanin Dry Run da King Run, don haka yana da alama ƙaramin ma'adinin kwal da ke aiki a can a baya.<ref name="Loyalsock SF Map">{{Cite web |last=Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Forestry |author-link=Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources |title=Loyalsock State Forest |url=http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/stateforests/maps/fd20_map.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116013451/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/stateforests/maps/fd20_map.pdf |archive-date=November 16, 2006 |access-date=2007-08-12 |website=Map}}</ref> Yawancin kwarin Plunketts Creek (da waɗanda ke cikin yankunanta) sun ƙunshi ajiyar glacial daban-daban. Kusa da bakin, akwai manyan ajiyar alluvium, da kuma fan alluvial da alluvial terraces. Yawancin ajiyar glacial suna da alaƙa da glaciation na Wisconsin, tare da raguwa da har zuwa, da kuma outwash yanzu. Alluvium yana da "10 feet (3 m) ko mafi kauri a cikin ƙananan ƙauyen Plunketts Creek", amma kawai "6 feet (2 m) kauri a kwarin da ke gaba". &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;An bayyana outwash a matsayin "yashi da yashi wanda ke samar da ragowar terrace tare da gefen Loyalsock Creek da kwarin Plunketts Creek".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Braun, Duane D. |year=2006 |title=Surficial Geology of the Barbours 7.5-minute quadrangle, Lycoming and Sullivan Counties, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th Ser., Open-File Report OFSM 06-08.0 |url=http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/openfile/barbours.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713161036/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/openfile/barbours.pdf |archive-date=July 13, 2007 |access-date=2007-08-05 |publisher=Pennsylvania Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey}}</ref> == Rashin ruwa == [[Fayil:Plunketts_Creek_Hoppestown_1.JPG|thumb|Dukkanin Plunketts Creek (a nan kusa da maɓuɓɓugar a Hoppestown) "kyakkyawan kifi ne na ruwan sanyi".]] [[Ruwan ruwa|Rashin ruwa]] na Plunketts Creek yana zubar da sassa na Cascade, McNett, da Plunketts Creek a cikin Lycoming County, da Fox da Hillsgrove Townships a cikin Sullivan County (tare da mafi yawan ruwa a cikin Plunketts creek Township). Yankin tafkin ruwa yana da murabba'in kilomita .6 (61 , wanda ya kai kashi 4.78% na murabba'i kilomita 494 (1,280 km2) Loyalsock Creek watershed.<ref name="river miles"/> Bear Creek, wanda bakinsa yake cikin ƙauyen Barbours amma a gefen (hagu) bankin, shine mafi kusa da babban kogi a 0.52 miles (0.84 km) ƙasa, kamar yadda aka auna tare da Loyalsock Creek. &nbsp;&nbsp; (An kuma san shi da "Big Bear Creek" saboda shi ne ruwa ruwa ruwa a saman "Little Bear Creek".) Babban ruwa makwabta a kan wannan bankin shine Wallis Run (9.56 miles (15.39 km) a ƙasa) da Mill Creek (a ƙauyen Hillsgrove, 9.16 miles (14.74 km) a sama). <ref name="river miles" /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pleasant Stream, mai ba da gudummawa ga Lycoming Creek, shine ruwa mai ruwa zuwa arewa.<ref name="lycoming"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation map cs1">[http://www.dot7.state.pa.us/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/Lycoming_GHSN.PDF ''2007 General Highway Map Lycoming County Pennsylvania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220072639/http://www.dot7.state.pa.us/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/lycoming_GHSN.PDF |date=2016-12-20 }} <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Map). </cite></ref> Wadanda aka ba da suna tare suna da kashi 70.6% na ruwan Plunketts Creek. Mafi girman mai ba da gudummawa shine Wolf Run, tare da yanki na murabba'in kilomita 7.39 (19.1 , wanda ya kai kashi 31.3% na jimlar. Rashin ruwa na Wolf Run ya haɗa da reshen Noon (4.² murabba'in mil (11.03 km²)) da kuma reshen Brian (1.60 murabba'i mil (4.14 km2)). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Babbar hanyar da ta biyo baya ta Plunketts Creek ita ce King Run tare da murabba'in kilomita 5.56 (14.4 ko 23.6% na ruwa. Kogin King Run ya hada da Engle Run, tare da murabba'in mil .90 (7.5 . Na uku mafi girma shi ne Dry Run tare da murabba'in mil 1.79 (4.6 ko 7.6%, sannan kuma ba a san sunansa ba a Coal Mine Hollow tare da murabus mil 1.08 (2.8 km2) ko 4.6%. Duk sauran masu ba da gudummawa suna ƙasa da murabba'in mil 1.00 (.6 kuma suna da ƙididdigar ƙasa da 5% na kwandon ruwa ɗai-ɗai.<ref name="river miles"/> Plunketts Creek ba shi da ƙungiyar ruwa ta kansa, amma yana daga cikin babbar ƙungiyar Loyalsock Creek Watershed Association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Susquehanna River Basin Watershed and Lake Associations as of March 2005 |url=http://www.srbc.net/gis/image/86a_WshedOrgs.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928042239/http://www.srbc.net/gis/image/86a_WshedOrgs_list.pdf |archive-date=September 28, 2007 |website=Map}}</ref> === Ingancin ruwa === Kashe gandun daji a karni na 19 ya shafi yanayin muhalli na ruwa na Plunketts Creek da ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Natural Resources Defense Council |author-link=Natural Resources Defense Council |title=What Is Clearcutting? |url=http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/fcut.asp |access-date=2007-08-12}}</ref> Masana'antu masu gurɓata a kan rafin da masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da ma'adinin kwal da tannery (waɗanda suka daɗe sun tashi). <ref>''For a historical perspective on pollution from both mining and tanneries, see:'' {{Cite web |last=Laures |first=Robert |title=A Medieval Response to Municipal Pollution |url=http://history.eserver.org/medieval-pollution.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630150105/http://history.eserver.org/medieval-pollution.txt |archive-date=2007-06-30 |access-date=2007-08-12 |publisher=Presented to the Mid-America Conference on History, September 17–19, 1992, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.}}</ref> A cikin kaka na shekara ta 1897, maza uku da ke aiki tare da fata a gidan fata na Proctor sun kamu da anthrax, biyu sun mutu. Sauran mutuwar hudu da aka zargi da cutar huhu an yi zargin cewa saboda anthrax na huhu ne, kuma wasu shanu suna shan giya daga Plunketts Creek daga cikin tannery suma sun kamu da cutar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ravenel, M.D. |first=Maczÿk P. |date=September 1898 |title=Anthrax: The Effect of Tanneries in Spreading the Disease |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XcCAAAAYAAJ&q=proctor+tannery&pg=RA1-PA303 |journal=Public Health Papers and Reports (American Public Health Association) |publisher=American Public Health Association. |volume=33 |pages=302–306}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekara ta 1959, har yanzu ana iya ganin tarin laka daga gidan fata a cikin Proctor, amma ba a dame shi ba saboda tsoron ƙwayoyin anthrax. Ba a bayar da rahoton zubar da ma'adinai a cikin ruwa ba. Ya zuwa shekara ta 1984, matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara don ruwan Loyalsock Creek (wanda Plunketts Creek yake wani ɓangare na) ya kasance 42 zuwa 48 inci (1067 zuwa 1219 mm). &nbsp;&nbsp;Pennsylvania tana karɓar mafi yawan ruwan sama na acid na kowane jiha a Amurka. Saboda Plunketts Creek yana cikin yankin dutse da dutse, yana da ƙarancin damar kawar da ƙara acid. Wannan ya sa ya zama mai saukin kamuwa da karuwar acid daga ruwan sama mai zafi, wanda ke haifar da barazana ga lafiyar tsire-tsire da dabbobi a cikin rafin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acid Precipitation |url=http://www.fish.state.pa.us/Fish/acidrain.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060404092109/http://www.fish.state.pa.us/Fish/acidrain.htm |archive-date=April 4, 2006 |access-date=2007-08-13 |publisher=Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission}}</ref> jimlar alkalinity (TA) ma'auni ne na ƙarfin ruwa don kawar da acid, tare da TA mafi girma wanda ya dace da ƙarfin da ya fi girma. A cikin shekara ta 2007, an san TA na yankuna biyu: Engle Run, mai nisan kilomita 4.9 na King Run, yana da TA na 5, kuma reshen Noon, mai nusan kilomita 3.1 na Wolf Run, yana leken TA na 9.<ref name="class a">{{Cite web |last=[[Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission]] (PFBC) |title=2007 Class A Wild Trout Waters |url=http://www.fish.state.pa.us/classa98.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929070656/http://www.fish.state.pa.us/classa98.htm |archive-date=2007-09-29 |access-date=2007-09-18}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Rahoton Ma'aikatar Karewa da albarkatun kasa ta Pennsylvania (DCNR) na 2002 game da "Ruwa na Jiha tare da Kariya ta Musamman" ya kimanta Plunketts Creek (daga tushe zuwa baki) da biyu daga cikinsu, Wolf Run da Mock Creek (daga layin gundumar zuwa baki), a matsayin "Kayan Kifi na Ruwa mai sanyi". An kiyasta raƙuman ruwa guda biyu a matsayin raƙuman "Matsayi na Musamman" don kamun kifi: Engle Run da Noon Branch of Wolf Run . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=State Forest Waters with Special Protection |url=http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/FORESTRY/sfrmp/docs/State%20Forest%20Waters%20with%20Special%20Protection%20list.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040723094956/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/sfrmp/docs/State%20Forest%20Waters%20with%20Special%20Protection%20list.pdf |archive-date=July 23, 2004 |access-date=2007-08-05 |publisher=[[Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources]]}}</ref> === Wasanni === [[Fayil:Proctor,_Pennsylvania_Panorama.JPG|left|thumb|Proctor yana kallon yamma - tsaunuka da ke kewaye da su suna da mashahuri tare da mafarauta da masu tafiya.]] Meginness (1892) ya rubuta cewa "Garin Plunkett's Creek, saboda raƙuman tsaunuka masu tsafta, koyaushe wuri ne da aka fi so don kamun kifi. " A cikin 2007, Hukumar Kifi da Jirgin Ruwa ta Pennsylvania ta rarraba duka Engle Run da Noon Branch of Wolf Run a matsayin Class A Wild Trout Waters, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "raƙuman da ke tallafawa yawan mutanen da suka samar da trout na halitta na isasshen girman da wadata don tallafawa dogon lokaci da kuma ba da ake kira kifi". <ref name="class a"/> Barbours suna ke kewaye da 'mashi masu cin hanci da farin-ta' yan wasan da 'yan ruwa masu cin hanta' yan wasa da kuma suna neman farin' yan wasan motsa jiki a farkon "<ref name="lycoming trout">{{Cite web |title=PFBC County Guide |url=http://fishandboat.com/county.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529041749/http://fishandboat.com/county.htm |archive-date=2010-05-29 |access-date=2010-06-13 |website=Searchable map |publisher=[[Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission]] (PFBC)}}</ref> Baya ga kamun kifi, ruwan Plunketts Creek ya ƙunshi yawancin kadada 6,7 (27.20 na Pennsylvania State Game Lands No. 134, a cikin yankunan Lycoming da Sullivan.<ref name="sgl map">{{Cite web |last=Pennsylvania Game Commission |year=1993 |title=State Game Lands 134, Lycoming and Sullivan Counties |url=http://www.pgc.state.pa.us/pgc/lib/pgc/counties/maps/134.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060403231858/http://www.pgc.state.pa.us/pgc/lib/pgc/counties/maps/134.pdf |archive-date=April 3, 2006 |access-date=2007-09-21 |website=Map}}</ref> Ana samun mazaunin a can don deer, Ruffed grouse, da turkey na daji. Yin farauta, kamawa, da kamun kifi suna yiwuwa tare da lasisi masu dacewa a duka gandun daji na jihar da kuma Yankin Wasanni na Jiha.<ref name="game lands">{{Cite web |title=Game Lands: Pennsylvania State Game Lands, their general location and acreage |url=http://www.huntingpa.com/sgl.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006163841/http://www.huntingpa.com/sgl.html |archive-date=2006-10-06 |access-date=2007-08-11 |publisher=HuntingPA.com |format=Searchable Database}}</ref> Yin sansani, yawo, keken dutse da hawa doki, snowmobiling, tseren kankara, da kallon tsuntsaye duk suna yiwuwa a ƙasashen gandun daji na jihar.<ref name="state forests">{{Cite web |last=Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources |author-link=Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources |title=State Forest Recreation |url=http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/recreation.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811202952/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/recreation.aspx <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=2007-08-11 |access-date=2007-08-12}}</ref> Ƙarshen kudancin tsohuwar hanyar da ke da nisan kilomita 27.1, hanyar tafiya, tana gudana ta hanyar ruwa a arewacin Engle da Wolf Runs.<ref name="Loyalsock SF Map"/>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi == === Mazauna farko === Mazauna farko da aka rubuta a kwarin Kogin Susquehanna sune Susquehannocks masu magana da Iroquoian. Sunan su yana nufin "mutane na kogi mai laka" a cikin Algonquian. An kashe su da cututtuka da yaƙi, sun mutu, sun ƙaura, ko kuma an haɗa su da wasu kabilun a farkon karni na 18. Yankunan Yammacin Yammacin Kogin Susquehanna sun kasance a ƙarƙashin ikon Munsee phratry na Lenape (ko Delaware), kuma suna ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar Al'ummai biyar (daga baya shida) na Iroquois. A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 1768, [[Birtaniya]] ta sami "Sabon Sayayya" daga Iroquois a cikin Yarjejeniyar Fort Stanwix, ta buɗe abin da ke yanzu yankunan Lycoming da Sullivan don daidaitawa. Gidajen farko sun kasance a kan ko kusa da Kogin West Branch Susquehanna, kuma, kamar yadda aka lura, Plunkett bai sami ƙasar ba ciki har da rafin har zuwa 1776, kuma ba a bincika shi ba har zuwa 1783. Ba a bayyana ba idan Plunkett ya taɓa zama a ƙasarsa: ya zauna a Northumberland a lokacin mutuwarsa. Wani mazaunin da ake kira Paulhamus shine mazaunin farko da aka rubuta na abin da ya zama garin Plunketts Creek, yana zaune a can "wani lokaci tsakanin 1770 da 1776". An san shi da zama mai fice daga Sojojin Burtaniya kuma ya bar ne kawai lokacin da sojojin Burtaniya suka kama shi. === Itace da fata === [[Fayil:Plunketts_Creek_Bridge_No._3,_photo_1,_Crop.jpg|thumb|[[Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3]], wanda aka gina tsakanin 1840 da 1875, ya ɗauki zirga-zirga don fata a Proctor]] Kamar duk koguna a cikin Lycoming da Sullivan Counties, Plunketts Creek ya zama yanki ga mazauna don kafa gidaje, ma'adinai, da kuma karami. Barbours, ƙauyen farko a kan rafin, an kafa shi ne a 1832, lokacin da John S. Barbour, wani baƙo na Scotland, ya gina wani katako a gaban bakin Plunketts Creek a kan Loyalsock Creek. Asalin da aka sani da "Barbour's Mills", ƙauyen yana cikin wani yanki mai laushi a cikin ƙanƙanin kwarin Loyalsock kuma yana ƙunshe da bakunan Plunketts da Bear Creeks. Barbours ya zama cibiyar katako wacce ta kasance saboda "kasancewarta ga waɗancan tsaunuka masu gandun daji da koguna da ke gudana daga gare su". John Scaife ya isa a shekara ta 1856 kuma ya zama mai cin gashin kansa da manomi. Iyalinsa sun zama sanannun a Barbours, kuma a cikin 1997, jikansa mai shekaru 86, Virdie Scaife Houser Landon, ta tuna cewa a yarinta "kowane iyali da ke da cents 15 ga sunansu yana da ma'aikata don yankan katako. " <ref name="sock country" /> A shekara ta 1878 ƙauyen yana da ma-kire da yawa, otal din kwanciyar hankali, ofishinta na gidan waya, masana'antun katako da yawa, makaranta, da kuma mai yin wagon. Barbours sun bunƙasa a duk sauran ƙarni na sha tara.<ref name="sock country" /> A cikin 1868, an gina Proctor a matsayin garin kamfanin a tsakiyar katako da ake buƙata don fata (an fara la'akari da Barbours don shafin). Garin na biyu a kan Plunketts Creek an fara kiransa "Proctorville" ga Thomas E. Proctor na [[Boston]], wanda ya samar da fata don takalma a can. William Stone na Standing Stone Township a cikin Bradford County ne ya kawo Proctor zuwa yankin, wanda ya san yankin "babban yanki ne na katako". Kamfanin fata na Proctor ya yi amfani da "dumi da yawa" a albashin tsakanin cents 50 da $ 1.75 a rana, ma'aikatan da ke zaune a gidaje ɗari da ashirin na kamfanoni, kowannensu yana hayar $ 2 a wata.<ref name="proctor history" /> Hemlock bark, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin tanning, an kai shi zuwa gidan tannery daga har zuwa kilomita 8 (13 km) a lokacin rani da hunturu, ta amfani da wagons da sleds. &nbsp;&nbsp;Fatsunan da aka yi da fata don yin fata sun fito ne daga Amurka, kuma har zuwa nesa kamar [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], [[Argentina]], da China. A shekara ta 1892, Proctor yana da shagon aski, ma'aikata biyu, wurin sayar da sigari, zauren I.O.F, shagon fata, wurin sayarwar labarai, ofishin gidan waya (wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1885), makarantar ɗakuna biyu, shagunan biyu, da shagon wagon.<ref name="history" /><ref name="now and then" /> An gama fata kawai ta hanyar doki da aka ja zuwa kudu kimanin kilomita 8 (13 km) zuwa Little Bear Creek, inda aka musayar shi don "ɓoye" fata da sauran kayayyaki da aka kawo arewa daga Montoursville.<ref name="now and then" />&nbsp;&nbsp; Plunketts Creek ya kasance tushen iko a cikin karni na sha tara kuma "masu amfani da ruwa, masu amfani da ulu, da masu amfani da hatsi sun haɗa da 'Sock da Plunketts da Big Bear Creeks". Kodayake an bar katako na hemlock da farko don ruɓewa bayan an cire gashin su don fata, tare da lokaci an yi amfani da katako, a tsakanin sauran wurare a cikin sawmill a Engle Run arewacin Proctor. A shekara ta 1892 akwai matattarar matattarar ruwa guda biyu a kan Plunketts Creek: daya 0.5 mil (0.8 km) sama da bakin, kuma sauran 4.0 mil (6.4 km) sama le rafin, kusa da Hoppestown. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tsawon hanyar jirgin kasa ta Susquehanna da Eagles Mere ya haye wani ba a san sunansa ba na Plunketts Creek kusa da asalinsa a cikin Sullivan County a cikin 1906, yana gudana daga ƙauyen Hillsgrove arewa maso yamma zuwa garin katako na Masten a cikin Cascade da McNett Townships a cikin Lycoming County. Kamfanin Central Pennsylvania Lumber Company (CPL) ne ya gina hanyar jirgin kasa a arewacin yankin ruwa a cikin shekarun 1920. Ya haye Engle Run sau biyu kuma ya gudana daidai da Wolf Run, kusa da maɓuɓɓugarsu. Babu sauran hanyoyin jirgin kasa da suka haye ko suka gudana tare da Plunketts Creek. === Ragewa da sabuntawa === [[Fayil:Northcentral_State_Game_Farm_2.JPG|left|thumb|Kwarin Plunketts Creek yana kallon kudu maso yamma, tare da wuraren da ke cikin Arewacin Jihar Game Farm. Coal Mine Hollow a Cove Mountain yana hagu.]] Girman katako a kan Plunketts Creek ya ƙare lokacin da budurwa itace ta ƙare. A shekara ta 1898, tsohuwar ƙwanƙwasa ta ƙare kuma an rufe gidan fata na Proctor, wanda kamfanin Elk Tanning ya mallaka, kuma an rushe shi. An ci gaba da yin katako a cikin ruwa, amma an kwashe katako na ƙarshe zuwa Plunketts Creek zuwa Loyalsock a cikin 1905. An watsar da hanyar jirgin kasa ta Susquehanna da Eagles Mere a sassan tsakanin 1922 da 1930, yayin da katako da aka gina don sufuri ya ƙare. An watsar da hanyar jirgin kasa ta CPL da Masten sawmills a cikin 1930. Ba tare da katako ba, yawan mutanen Proctor da Barbours sun ragu. Ofishin gidan waya na Barbours ya rufe a cikin shekarun 1930 kuma ofishin gidan waya ya rufe a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1953. Dukkanin ƙauyuka biyu sun rasa makarantun su da kusan dukkanin kasuwancin su.<ref name="proctor history" /> Proctor ya yi bikin cika shekaru ɗari a shekara ta 1968, kuma wani labarin jarida na 1970 a kan taron shekara-shekara na talatin da tara na "Proctor Homecoming" ya kira shi "kusan tsohuwar garin fata". <ref name="proctor history" /> A cikin shekarun 1980s, shagon karshe a Barbours ya rufe, kuma tsohon otal ɗin (wanda ya zama kulob din farauta) an rushe shi don buɗe hanyar sabuwar gada a fadin Loyalsock Creek. Gidajen daji na biyu sun rufe mafi yawan ƙasar da aka yanke. An kafa farkon wuraren da aka kare a yau a ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara da farkon ƙarni na ashirin: Majalisar dokokin jihar Pennsylvania ta ba da izinin sayen ƙasar da aka watsar a cikin 1897, ta haifar da tsarin gandun daji na jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the William Penn State Forest |url=http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/stateforests/valleyforgehistory.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823033728/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/stateforests/valleyforgehistory.aspx |archive-date=2007-08-23 |access-date=2007-08-29 |publisher=[[Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources]]}}</ref> Hukumar Wasan ta fara samun dukiya ga Yankin Wasanni na Jiha a cikin 1920, kuma ta kafa Gidan Wasanni ya Arewacin Jiha a Plunketts Creek a cikin 1945 don tayar da turkey na daji. An canza shi zuwa samar da pheasant na Ringneck a cikin 1981, kuma, tun daga shekara ta 2007, yana ɗaya daga cikin gonakin wasanni na jihar Pennsylvania guda huɗu da ke samar da kimanin pheasants 200,000 a kowace shekara don saki a ƙasar da aka buɗe don farautar jama'a.<ref name="pheasant">{{Cite web |title=Pheasant Program – A guide to pheasant releases and more |url=http://www.pgc.state.pa.us/pgc/cwp/view.asp?a=460&q=158301 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603180723/http://www.pgc.state.pa.us/pgc/cwp/view.asp?a=460&q=158301 |archive-date=June 3, 2008 |access-date=2007-09-21 |publisher=[[Pennsylvania Game Commission]]}}</ref> Gidan Gidan Gida na Arewacin Jihar yana cikin kwarin Plunketts Creek a kudancin Proctor, kuma wani ɓangare na shi yana kan gefen dama na Loyalsock Creek a cikin haɗuwa. Gidan wasan Loyalsock State yana da mil 13 (21 km) a kan Loyalsocks Creek, a ƙauyen Loyalsockerville . &nbsp;&nbsp;Lokacin da gobarar Mayu 2007 ta lalata wani gida mai girma a can kwanaki kadan kafin 18,000 pheasant chicks za su hatch, an tura qwai zuwa kusa da Northcentral State Game Farm ba tare da rage burin samarwa ba. [[Fayil:Big_Plunketts_Creek_Winter_Panorama_crop.jpg|thumb|Plunketts Creek yana ratsa ta hanyar Camp Mountain a ƙauyen Proctor: yanayin halittu na rafin ya farfado tun lokacin da tsarin zubar da sharar gida ne, daga 1868 zuwa 1898.]] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007, Proctor yana da kasuwanci daban-daban guda biyu: babban kantin sayar da man fetur da gado da karin kumallo. Cocin da ya kasance yana karbar bakuncin taron shekara-shekara na "Proctor Homecoming" har yanzu yana tsaye, amma an rufe shi. Barbours ba shi da kantin sayar da kayayyaki ko tashar gas, amma yana da coci ɗaya. Barbours gida ne ga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Plunketts Creek Township da kuma ginin gari (wanda ke da karamin ɗakin karatu na reshe). Tun daga shekara ta 1967, Barbours ya kasance gida ga Pneu-Dart, wanda ke yin darts da bindigogi don dabbobi da kuma kama da kuma kula da namun daji. A cikin 1997, Pneu-Dart yana da ma'aikata takwas.<ref name="sock country" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pneu-Dart tranquilizer projectors and remote drug delivery systems |url=http://www.pneudart.com/ |access-date=2010-06-13 |publisher=Pneu-Dart, Inc.}}</ref> A yau yawancin ruwan Plunketts Creek yana da itace kuma an kiyaye shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na gandun daji na Jihar Loyalsock ko Pennsylvania State Game Lands No. 134. <ref name="game lands"/> Ana sarrafa gandun daji da filayen wasanni na jihar Pennsylvania, kuma ƙananan ayyukan katako suna ci gaba a cikin ruwa a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, State Bureau of Forestry |author-link=Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources |title=State Forest Management |url=http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/sfmanagement.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040118030242/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/sfmanagement.aspx |archive-date=January 18, 2004 |access-date=2007-08-12}}</ref> Barbours yana da ma'aikata guda ɗaya, a cikin 1997 yana da masu katako na kwangila talatin da ma'aikatan goma sha biyar, tare da dala miliyan 1.2 a cikin tallace-tallace na shekara-shekara.<ref name="sock country" /> Plunketts Creek ya kasance wuri ne na katako da yawon bude ido tun lokacin da aka kafa ƙauyukanta. Kafin zuwan motoci, yankin ya kasance a ware kuma tafiyar kilomita 16 (kilomita 26) zuwa Montoursville ya ɗauki akalla sa'o'i uku (a yau yana ɗaukar ƙasa da rabin awa). &nbsp;&nbsp;Mazauna da suka yi aiki a cikin gida yanzu suna tafiya zuwa Williamsport. "Mutanen da ke cikin gida" sun kara yawan jama'a na tsawon shekaru, amma yawan jama'ar yanzu suna zaune a can duk shekara. Daga 1950 zuwa 2000, yawan mutanen Plunketts Creek Township ya karu da kashi 80.6 daga 427 zuwa 771 (don kwatanta, a wannan lokacin yawan mutanen Lycoming County ya karu da kawai kashi 18.6, yayin da Sullivan County ya ragu da kashi 2.9). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Plunketts Creek township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=&geo_id=06000US4208161640&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US42%7C05000US42081%7C06000US4208161640&_street=&_county=plunketts+Creek&_cityTown=plunketts+Creek&_state=04000US42&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=050&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=DEC_2000_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212043736/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=&geo_id=06000US4208161640&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US42%7C05000US42081%7C06000US4208161640&_street=&_county=plunketts+Creek&_cityTown=plunketts+Creek&_state=04000US42&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=050&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=DEC_2000_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null:null&_keyword=&_industry= |archive-date=2020-02-12 |access-date=2007-09-23 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Richard L. Forstall |date=March 27, 1995 |title=Pennsylvania, Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990 |url=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/pa190090.txt |access-date=2007-09-30 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Sullivan County, Pennsylvania |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=sullivan+county&_cityTown=sullivan+county&_state=04000US42&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&show_2003_tab=&redirect=Y |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212052114/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=sullivan+county&_cityTown=sullivan+county&_state=04000US42&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&show_2003_tab=&redirect=Y |archive-date=2020-02-12 |access-date=2007-09-30 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Masu yawon bude ido har yanzu suna zuwa: farkon karshen mako na lokacin trout yana kawo mutane da yawa zuwa ƙauyen a bakin Plunketts Creek fiye da kowane lokaci na shekara.<ref name="sock country" />{{Clear}} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin koguna na Pennsylvania == manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |title=Watersheds of Lycoming County |url=http://www.lyco.org/lccd/lib/lccd/lycoming-watersheds-lg.gif |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004220750/http://www.lyco.org/lccd/lib/lccd/lycoming-watersheds-lg.gif |archive-date=October 4, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-20 |website=Map |publisher=[[Lycoming County, Pennsylvania|County of Lycoming, Pennsylvania]]}} * Ayyukan Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki da Shirye-shiryen Lycoming County, GIS Division (2005). "Lycoming County, Pennsylvania" (PDF). Taswirar. An samo shi daga asali (PDF) a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2007. An samo shi a shekara ta 2008-02-20. ''Lura:'' Taswirar Lycoming County ta hukuma da ke nuna birane, yankuna, garuruwa, ƙauyuka, hanyoyi na gundumar, koguna, da wasu rafi  * {{Cite web |title=Susquehanna River Basin Commission: A water management agency serving the Susquehanna River Watershed |url=http://www.srbc.net |access-date=2008-02-20 |publisher=Susquehanna River Basin Commission}} ''Lura: Plunketts Creek yana cikin ruwa na Loyalsock Creek a cikin West Branch Susquehanna River subbasin.''{{Susquehanna River System}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tvaou4n1t486f2fhkwylnpi3d88zcjj 0 80744 842068 599854 2026-05-29T05:27:08Z Nura Bello 24854 842068 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Bull run dam descent.jpg|thumb|dam in bull run ]] [[Fayil:Bull run river near headwaters.jpg|thumb|kogin run bull]] [[Fayil:Bull Run River forest trail.jpg|thumb|dajin zuwa kogin]]   {{databox}} '''Kogin Bull Run''' yana da nisan kilomita 35.2 na [[Oregon]])""Sandy River (Oregon)">Kogin Sandy a jihar Oregon ta kasar Amurka. Farawa a ƙananan ƙarshen Tafkin Bull Run a cikin Cascade Range, yana gudana gabaɗaya zuwa yamma ta hanyar Bull Run Watershed Management Unit (BRWMU), wani yanki mai ƙuntata don kare kogin da masu goyon bayansa daga gurɓataccen. Kogin, wanda ke da tafkunan ajiya guda biyu na wucin gadi da tafkin, shine tushen ruwan sha na birnin Portland, Oregon. Wataƙila 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amurka da ke zaune a gefen Kogin Columbia tun farkon shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata sun ziyarci tafkin ruwa na Bull Run don neman abinci. &nbsp;A cikin 'yan dubban shekaru da suka gabata sun kirkiro hanyoyi a kan Cascade Range da kewayen Dutsen Hood, kusa da saman ɓangaren ruwa na Bull Run. A tsakiyar karni na 19, majagaba sun yi amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin don ƙetare duwatsu daga gabas zuwa yamma don isa ga Kwarin Willamette mai kyau. A cikin shekarun 1890, Birnin Portland, na neman tushen ruwan sha mai tsabta, ya zaɓi Kogin Bull Run. Gina madatsar ruwa, gina hanya, da kuma shari'a don kare ruwa ya fara ba da daɗewa ba, kuma ruwan Bull Run ya fara gudana ta hanyar babban bututu zuwa birnin a cikin 1895. basalt mai tsayayya da rushewa ya kasance a ƙarƙashin yawancin ruwa, kuma koguna da ke wucewa a kansa ba su da wani abu. Koyaya, turbidity yana ƙaruwa lokacin da ƙasa marar daidaituwa da ke tsakanin yadudduka na basalt da sauran duwatsun dutsen wuta suka damu kuma suka wanke cikin kogi a lokacin ruwan sama. Duk da kariya ta shari'a, kusan kashi 22 cikin 100 na yankin da aka kare an yi rajista a lokacin rabi na biyu na karni na 20, kuma [[Zaizayar Kasa|rushewa]] ya karu. &nbsp;&nbsp;A wani lokaci a cikin 1996, Portland ya rufe samar da Bull Run saboda turbidity kuma ya sauya zuwa ruwa daga rijiyoyi. Dokar da aka zartar daga baya a wannan shekarar ta haramta yawancin katako a cikin ko kusa da ruwa, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin Ofishin Ruwa na Portland da Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Amurka sun rufe yawancin hanyoyin katako kuma sun cire culverts da sauran ababen more rayuwa da ke taimakawa ga rushewa. Bishiyoyi masu girma, mafi yawansu sun wuce shekaru 500 kuma sun fi {{Convert|21|in|cm}} a diamita, sun rufe kusan rabin ruwa, kuma sauran ruwa ma suna da gandun daji sosai. &nbsp;Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga inci 80 (2,000 kusa da ruwan da ake amfani da shi zuwa inci 170 (4,300 kusa le headwaters. Fiye da nau'ikan namun daji 250, gami da kwayar cuta ta arewa, suna zaune a wannan gandun daji. A ƙasa da BRWMU, ruwan da ke cikin ruwa ba shi da ƙuntatawa. A ƙarshen karni na 19, an kafa wata al'umma da ba a kafa ta ba, Bull Run, kusa da kogi tare da aikin hydroelectric da layin dogo mai alaƙa. &nbsp;Kimanin kilomita 6 (10 na ƙananan kogi yana buɗewa don kamun kifi da jirgin ruwa, kuma ƙasar da ke haɗuwa da kogin Bull Run da Sandy sun kasance wurin shakatawa na jama'a tun farkon karni na 20.&nbsp; == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Bull_run_lake_and_mount_hood.jpg|alt=A snow-capped conical mountain rises in the distance beyond heavily forested hills at the far end of a lake.|left|thumb| Kogin Bull Run ya fara ne a tafkin Bull Run . Dutsen Hood, bayan ruwa na Bull Run, ya tashi a nesa, kimanin kilomita 8 (13 zuwa kudu maso gabas.]] Kogin Bull Run ya fara ne a Tafkin Bull Run, wani ruwa na halitta wanda Ofishin Ruwa na Portland ya gyara dan kadan, kusa da Dutsen Hilo a Dutsen Hood Wilderness.{{Refn|The river begins at the dam at the southwest end of the lake near the water-stage recorder at RM&nbsp;29.1 (RK&nbsp;46.8). Surface flow from the lake occurs only when the Portland Water Bureau deliberately releases water.{{sfn|Snyder|Brownell|1996|p=31}} Even when water is not flowing on the surface, it constantly seeps through [[Compaction (geology)|unconsolidated]] rock near and under the dam and emerges in [[Spring (hydrosphere)|springs]] further down the drainage.{{sfn|Snyder|Brownell|1996|p=14}}}} Ya samo asali ne a yankin Clackamas County a arewacin Forest Road 18 (Lolo Pass Road), hanyoyin da ba a san sunansa ba sun shiga tafkin. Yana gudana a arewa maso yamma daga tafkin, kogin nan da nan ya shiga Multnomah County ya ci gaba gaba gaba da arewa maso yammacin kusan kilomita 5. Tare da wannan shimfiɗa, kogin yana gudana ta hanyar ma'aunin rafi na Amurka (USGS) a kilomita na kogi (RM) 20.9 ko kilomita na kudancin (RK) 30.6, yana wucewa a ƙarƙashin Forest Road 1025 da Forest Road 10 kuma yana karɓar Blazed Alder Creek daga [[wiktionary:left bank|hagu]] da Log Creek da Falls Creek, duka daga [[wiktionary:right bank|dama]]. &nbsp;&nbsp;Sa'an nan kogin ya juya kudu maso yamma kuma ya wuce wani ma'auni na rafi kafin ya shiga Bull Run River Reservoir 1 a RM 15 (RK 24). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Har ila yau shiga tafkin shine Fir Creek daga hagu, North Fork Bull Run River daga dama, sannan Deer, Cougar, da Bear creeks, duk daga dama. Kogin Bull Run ya fita daga tafkin ta hanyar hanyar ruwa mai nisan kilomita 11 (18 daga bakin kogin. Hanyar Forest 10 tana gudana kusan daidai da gefen dama na kogi daga kusa da ruwa zuwa Hanyar Kudu maso Yammacin Bull Run, kusa da bakin.<ref name="topoquest multiple quads">{{Cite web |last=United States Geological Survey (USGS) |title=United States Geological Survey Topographic Map |url=http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=45.50103&lon=-122.00588&datum=nad83&zoom=4&map=auto&coord=d&mode=zoomin&size=m |access-date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=TopoQuest}}</ref> Shigar da Bull Run River Reservoir 2, kogin ya karɓi Camp Creek daga hagu, ya sake shiga Clackamas County, kuma ya karɓi Kogin South Fork Bull Run daga hagu. &nbsp;Kogin ya fita daga tafkin ta hanyar zubar da ruwa a kusan RM 6 (RK 10). &nbsp;&nbsp;Da ke ƙasa da Reservoir 2, Forest Road 10 (Waterworks Road) yana kan gefen dama na kogi, kuma Forest Road 14 yana kan hagu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kogin yana gudana ta hanyar ma'auni a RM 4.7 (RK 7.6) kuma yana wucewa a ƙarƙashin Forest Road 14 kafin ya karɓi Little Sandy River daga hagu a kusan RM 2 (RK 3). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kogin ya juya arewa maso yamma, ya wuce a ƙarƙashin hanyar da ba a san sunanta ba sannan kuma a ƙarƙashin Hanyar Kudu maso Gabashin Bull Run kusa da al'ummar da ba a haɗa shi ba na Bull Run, wanda ke hannun dama na kogin, da kuma Gidan wutar lantarki na Bull Run Hydroelectric Project, wanda ke hagu. Hanyar Kudu maso Gabashin sansanin Namanu tana gudana kusan daidai da kogin tare da gefen dama daga nan zuwa bakin. Tare da wannan shimfiɗa, kogin yana karɓar Laughing Water Creek daga dama ya shiga Kogin Sandy a Dodge Park, kimanin kilomita 18.5 (29.8) daga haɗuwar kogin da Kogin Columbia.<ref name="topoquest multiple quads"/> === Rashin fitarwa === [[Fayil:Bull_run_river_near_headwaters.jpg|alt=A clear small steam flows through a densely wooded forest.|right|thumb|Kogin Bull Run kusa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a Dutsen Hood National Forest]] The USGS and the water bureau operate a stream gauge at RM&nbsp;4.7 (RK&nbsp;7.6), which is {{Convert|1.8|mi|km}} downstream from Bull Run Reservoir 2 and the water system intake. Measurements are for the river only and do not include water diverted upstream of the gauge to the city water supply or to a former power plant. The maximum flow at this station was {{Convert|24800|cuft/s|m3/s}} on December 22, 1964, and the minimum flow was {{Convert|1.1|cuft/s|m3/s}} on October 4, 1974. The drainage area above this gauge is {{Convert|107|sqmi|km2}}, about 77&nbsp;percent of the whole watershed.<ref name="Bull Run gauge">{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=USGS 14140000 Bull Run River near Bull Run (River Only), OR |url=http://waterdata.usgs.gov/usa/nwis/uv?14140000 |access-date=October 22, 2009 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> The maximum flow occurred during the floods of December 1964 and January 1965, rated by the National Weather Service as one of Oregon's top 10 weather events of the 20th&nbsp;century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oregon's Top 10 Weather Events of 1900s |url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/pqr/paststorms/index.php#top5 |access-date=March 9, 2010 |publisher=National Weather Service}}</ref> Since 1966, the USGS has monitored the flow of the Bull Run River at a stream gauge {{Convert|14.8|mi|km}} from the mouth. The average flow between then and 2008 was {{Convert|404|cuft/s|m3/s}}. This is from a drainage area of {{Convert|47.90|sqmi|km2|2}}, about 34&nbsp;percent of the entire watershed. The maximum flow recorded during this period was {{Convert|15800|cuft/s|m3/s}} on November 5, 1999. The minimum was {{Convert|30|cuft/s|m3/s}} on October 28–31, 1987. The uppermost stream gauge on the main stem is at RM&nbsp;20.9 (RK&nbsp;30.6), {{Convert|1|mi|km}} downstream from the outlet structure at Bull Run Lake. In operation since 1992, the gauge recorded an average flow of {{Convert|26.1|cuft/s|m3/s}} between then and 2009. This was from a drainage area of {{Convert|5.08|sqmi|km2}}, about 4&nbsp;percent of the total watershed. The maximum flow recorded during this period was {{Convert|148|cuft/s|m3/s}} on February 7, 1996. The minimum was {{Convert|8.2|cuft/s|m3/s}} on October 28, 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water-Data Report 2009: USGS 14138720 Bull Run River at Lower Flume near Brightwood, OR |url=http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2009/pdfs/14138720.2009.pdf |access-date=March 14, 2010 |publisher=United States Geological Survey |archive-date=February 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220150500/http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2009/pdfs/14138720.2009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga ma'aunin ma'auni guda uku, USGS tana aiki da wasu ma'aunonin rafi guda biyar a cikin ruwa na Bull Run. Kowane ɗayan masu zuwa yana da ma'auni ɗaya: Fir Creek, Blazed Alder Creek, North Fork, South Fork, da Little Sandy . <ref name="rain snow">{{Cite web |title=Rain, Snow and Streamflow |url=http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=29923&a=119905 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609081715/http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=29923&a=119905 |archive-date=June 9, 2011 |access-date=March 14, 2010 |publisher=Portland Water Bureau}}</ref> Kusa da tsarin fitarwa na Bull Run Lake, mai rikodin ruwa na USGS a RM 21.9 (RK 46.8) ya tattara bayanai akan matakan tafkin tun 1992. &nbsp;&nbsp; abun ciki na tafkin tsakanin lokacin da 2009 ya kasance acre-feet m3 a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 1996, kuma mafi ƙarancin ya kasance 31,080 acre-foot (38,340,000 m3) ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1992. <ref name="lake gauge">{{Cite web |title=Water-Data Report 2009: USGS 14138560 Bull Run Lake near Brightwood, OR |url=http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2009/pdfs/14138560.2009.pdf |access-date=June 7, 2010 |publisher=United States Geological Survey |archive-date=March 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305070423/http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2009/pdfs/14138560.2009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakanan tafkunan Bull Run guda biyu suna sanye take da masu rikodin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oregon Water Data Report, Water Year 2005 – Bull Run Basin |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-or-05/pdf/bullrun2.pdf |access-date=March 16, 2010 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> == Ilimin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Fir_Creek_on_the_Bull_Run.jpg|alt=A small stream rushes over rocks through a forest.|left|thumb|Fir Creek, wani kogi na Kogin Bull Run]] Kogin Columbia, mai shekaru goma 10 zuwa ashirin 20, wanda ke haifar da yawancin ruwan Bull Run an fallasa shi kusa da kasan kwari masu tsawo a gefen kogin da kewaye da shi. &nbsp;A cikin rabin yammacin ruwa, tsarin Rhododendron, mai wadata a cikin turɓaya, ya rufe basalt, kuma daga baya kwararar dutsen basalt da andesite ya rufe duka tsofaffin tsari. Yankunan tsaunuka masu kauri suna faruwa a gabashin ɓangaren ruwa a tsaunuka sama da {{Convert|2500|ft|m}} sama da matakin teku, kuma gangaren da ke fuskantar arewa sama da {{Convert|2600|ft|m}} suna nuna shaidar glaciation. Fiye da ƙarni da yawa, rafi a cikin ruwa sun zana canyons ta hanyar Rhododendron zuwa matakin basalt. Tun da yake basalt yana tsayayya da rushewa, ruwan da ke tafiya a kansa ya kasance ba shi da wani abu. Kasa da kashi 2 cikin dari na ruwa yana cikin haɗari mai yawa don rushewar ƙasa.<ref name="source water">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Source Water Assessment Report |url=https://www.portlandoregon.gov/water/article/327673 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811140450/https://www.portlandoregon.gov/water/article/327673 |archive-date=August 11, 2015 |access-date=August 29, 2009 |publisher=Portland Water Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Landscape and Geology |url=http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=44913& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811140848/http://www.portlandoregon.gov/water/article/399934 |archive-date=August 11, 2015 |access-date=August 30, 2009 |publisher=Portland Water Bureau}}</ref>&nbsp; [[Fayil:2023_bull_run_camp_fire_-_oregon_01.jpg|thumb|Ruwa na Bull Run da Wutar Camp Creek ta 2023]] Rashin ruwa guda uku na Kogin Bull Run - Bull Run Lake, Bull Run Reservoir 1, da Bull Run Resèrvoir 2 - suna da oligotrophic kuma ba sa riƙe siffofin rayuwa da yawa.{{Sfn|Johnson|Petersen|Lycan|Sweet|1985}}{{Sfn|Johnson|Petersen|Lycan|Sweet|1985}} &nbsp;&nbsp;Tafkin Bull Run yana cikin wani circus mai tsayi wanda aka toshe shi a ƙarshen sa ta hanyar jerin kwararar dutse da aka ɗora shi da tarkace daga moraine mai dusar ƙanƙara. Ƙananan rafi suna gudana cikin tafkin daga tuddai da ke sama da shi, ruwa yana fita daga tafkin galibi ta hanyar shiga cikin dutse mai laushi don shiga Kogin Bull Run kimanin kilomita 0.5 (0.80) a ƙasa.{{Sfn|Johnson|Petersen|Lycan|Sweet|1985}} Shaida ta nuna cewa a cikin dubban shekaru da suka gabata, kodayake gobarar daji a yankin da ayyukan dutsen wuta a Dutsen Hood ko Dutsen St. Helens sun haifar da canje-canje na wucin gadi a yanayin limnological na tafkin, "ko da yaushe ya koma yanayin da ya yi kama da waɗanda aka gani a yanzu. " Turbidity wani lokaci matsala ce a cikin Reservoirs 1 da 2 lokacin da ƙasa mara daidaituwa da ke tsakanin yadudduka na lava ya lalace cikin masu ba da gudana, musamman Arewa da Kudu. {{Sfn|Johnson|Petersen|Lycan|Sweet|1985}}{{Sfn|Johnson|Petersen|Lycan|Sweet|1985}}&nbsp; == Tarihi == === Mutanen farko === Shaidar archaeological ta nuna cewa 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun zauna a gefen ƙananan Kogin Columbia tun farkon shekaru dubu goma 10,000 da suka gabata.{{Sfn|Taylor|1998}} &nbsp;Yankin da ke kusa da abin da daga baya ya zama The Dalles, a gabashin Columbia na bakin Kogin Sandy, daga ƙarshe ya zama muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci. Indiyawa sun kafa ƙauyuka a kan ambaliyar ruwa kuma sun yi tafiya a wasu lokutan don tattara huckleberries da sauran abinci a kan filayen tsaunuka, don kamun kifi don salmon, da kuma farautar elk da deer. Kodayake babu wata hujja kai tsaye da ta wanzu cewa waɗannan Indiyawa na ƙananan Columbia sun yi tafiya zuwa Sandy, mai yiwuwa sun yi.{{Sfn|Taylor|1998}} Alamar waɗannan mutane sun haɗa da petroglyphs da aka sassaƙa a cikin duwatsu na Kogin Columbia. A cikin 'yan dubban shekaru da suka gabata, Indiyawa sun kirkiro hanyoyi a fadin Cascade Range a kusa da Dutsen Hood. A cikin karni na 19, wannan hanyar sadarwa ta haɗa Wascopam Mission kusa da Dalles zuwa ƙauyuka a cikin Willamette Valley. &nbsp;Wata sananniyar hanyar ta haye Lolo Pass, kusa da kogin Bull Run, kuma wani, wanda daga baya ya zama Barlow Road, ya sadu da hanyar Lolo Pass kusan inda kogin Zigzag da Salmon suka shiga Sandy.{{Sfn|Taylor|1998}} Indiyawa daga ƙauyuka da ke kusa da Columbia, Clackamas, da sauran koguna suma sun yi tafiya ta ruwa zuwa yankin Kogin Sandy don kamun kifi don salmon da tattara 'ya'yan itace, kwayoyi da tushen.{{Sfn|Taylor|1998}} Ƙabilar Klickitat tana kiran tafkin Bull Run a matsayin ''Gohabedikt'', ma'ana "Loon Lake".{{Sfn|Snyder|Brownell|1996}} === Masu bincike, mazauna, da ayyukan ruwa === [[Fayil:Bull_Run_exploration,_1891.jpg|thumb|Binciken Kogin Bull Run a cikin 1891]] Kafin Lewis da Clark Expedition na 1805, 'yan Turai kaɗan ko' yan Turai-Amurka sun ziyarci tafkin Kogin Sandy. Ɗaya daga cikin ziyarar farko da aka rubuta zuwa saman Sandy ya faru ne a 1838, lokacin da Daniel Lee ya kori shanu daga kwarin Willamette zuwa Wascopam ta hanyar hanyar Indiya a kan Lolo Pass. A shekara ta 1840, majagaba suna amfani da hanyar don haye Cascades, kuma hanyar Barlow, ta bi wata tsohuwar hanyar, ta buɗe a 1846. Ɗaya daga cikin rassansa ya gudana tare da Devil's Backbone, wani tudu da ke raba Sandy da Little Sandy basins. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sababbin sun zauna a gefen Kogin Sandy.{{Sfn|Taylor|1998}} [[Fayil:Bull_Run_construction.png|left|thumb|Gina hanyar farko ta Bull Run.]] A cikin 1886, Kwamitin Ruwa na Portland, wanda ya riga ya kasance Ofishin Ruwa na Portland, ya fara neman mafi kyawun tushen ruwan sha. Kwamitin, wanda Henry Failing ya jagoranta, ya ba da izini ga Isaac W. Smith, injiniya da mai binciken ƙasa, don bincika duk wani ruwa mai inganci a yankin. Smith ya zaɓi Kogin Bull Run, kuma tafiyar bincike ta watanni biyar ta kai shi ga kammala cewa tsarin jan hankali na iya isar da ruwa mai tsabta daga Bull Run zuwa Portland.{{Sfn|Short|1983}} A shekara ta 1892, Shugaban Amurka Benjamin Harrison ya sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa da ta kirkiro wani yanki mai kariya, Bull Run Reserve, a cikin ruwa. A shekara ta 1895 Portland ta gina madatsar ruwa a kan Kogin Bull Run, kuma ta kammala hanyar farko (Conduit 1) don ɗaukar ruwan Bull Run zuwa birni.{{Sfn|Taylor|1998}} A kusan lokaci guda kamar binciken Smith, wani karamin al'umma na noma, da farko ana kiranta Unavilla amma an sake masa suna Bull Run a shekara ta 1895, ya girma kusa da haɗuwar kogin Bull Run da Sandy.{{Sfn|Taylor|1998}} A halin yanzu, ci gaba ga Hanyar Barlow ya karfafa karuwar yawan jama'a tare da ƙananan Sandy da kafa biranen kamar Gresham da Sandy. Duk da haka, a shekara ta 1900 yawancin tafkin Sandy na sama har yanzu yana da nisa, daji, kuma ana iya isa shi ta hanyoyi.{{Sfn|Taylor|1998}} fadada tsarin ajiya da isar da shi a matakai, birnin ya gina Conduit 2 daga Bull Run zuwa Portland a 1911, kuma a 1917 ya gina karamin madatsar ruwa a babban tashar ruwa na Bull Run Lake.{{Sfn|Short|1983}}{{Sfn|Short|1983}} &nbsp;A cikin 1921, birni ya maye gurbin madatsar ruwa da sabon, kimanin 40 feet (12 tsawo, kuma ya kara Conduit 3.{{Sfn|Short|1983}} &nbsp;A cikin 1929, Portland ta gina Dam 1 (Ben Morrow Da, wanda ke da kimanin mita 200 (61 m) tsawo.{{Sfn|Taylor|1998}} &nbsp;Don ci gaba da ci gaban yawan jama'a da karuwar buƙatun ruwa, birnin ya kirkiro Reservoir 2 a bayan Dam 2.{{Sfn|Short|1983}} Sabuwar madatsar ruwan, wadda aka kammala a 1962 a shafin madatsar ruwa, tsari ne na dutse, {{Convert|110|ft|m}} tsawo.{{Sfn|Short|1983}} A wannan lokacin, birnin ya riga ya maye gurbin tsohuwar Conduit 1 da Conduit 4.{{Sfn|Short|1983}}&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Fayil:Bull_Run_River_at_power_house.jpg|alt=A small river flows by a two-story masonry building with many windows.|right|thumb| Tashar wutar lantarki da ba ta wanzu a gefen kogi]] The lower Bull Run River changed dramatically in 1906, when the Mount Hood Railway and Power Company (MHR&P) began work on the Bull Run Hydroelectric Project. The project included a powerhouse on the Bull Run River at RM&nbsp;1.5 (RK&nbsp;2.4), and a diversion dam on one of its largest tributaries, the Little Sandy River, {{Convert|1.7|mi|km}} from its confluence with the Bull Run River. Water from the Little Sandy Dam diverted much of the Little Sandy's flow through a wooden flume about {{Convert|3.2|mi|km}} long to a {{Convert|140|acre|km2}} reservoir called Roslyn Lake and from there to the powerhouse.{{Sfn|Taylor|1998}} Don fara aikin, MHR & P suna buƙatar samun dama ga shafin wutar lantarki. A lokacin, ya ɗauki sa'o'i uku ta hanyar motsa jiki don isa Bull Run daga tashar jirgin sama ta lantarki a Boring. Dole ne a shimfiɗa hanyoyi a yankin don a yi amfani da su a lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa. Samun damar ya inganta a tsakiyar shekara ta 1911, lokacin da kamfanin ya gama gini a kan layin dogo mai nisan kilomita 35 tsakanin unguwar Montavilla a gabashin Portland da Bull Run. <ref name="Dodge Park">{{Cite web |title=Dodge Park History |url=http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=47496&a=196685 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811141139/http://www.portlandoregon.gov/water/article/196685 |archive-date=August 11, 2015 |access-date=January 17, 2010 |publisher=Portland Water Bureau}}</ref>{{Sfn|Taylor|1998}} A cikin 1912, shekarar da wutar lantarki ta fara samar da wutar lantarki, MHR&P ta haɗu da Portland Railway, Light and Power Company, (PRL&P), wanda daga baya ya canza layin don amfani da trolleys na lantarki.<ref name="Dodge Park" /> In 1913, the PRL&P, the predecessor of the electric utility company known as Portland General Electric (PGE), expanded the hydroelectric project by building Marmot Dam at RM&nbsp;30 (RK&nbsp;48) on the Sandy River, from which it diverted water through canals and tunnels, the longest of which was {{Convert|4690|ft|m}}, to the Little Sandy River upstream of the Little Sandy Dam.{{Sfn|Taylor|1998}} This increased the maximum flow along the flume to Roslyn Lake from about {{Convert|200|cuft/s|m3/s}} to about {{Convert|800|cuft/s|m3/s}}. Since the combined flow entered the lower Bull Run River after leaving the powerhouse, the system altered the flows of three rivers.{{Sfn|Taylor|1998}} In 1999, close to a century after the start of the project, PGE announced that it would remove the Marmot and Little Sandy dams and related equipment and close the 22-megawatt powerhouse because of costs associated with maintenance and fish protection.<ref name="dam removal">{{Cite web |title=Sandy River |url=http://www.portlandgeneral.com/community_environment/initiatives/protecting_fish/sandy_river/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213181211/https://www.portlandgeneral.com/community_environment/initiatives/protecting_fish/sandy_river/default.aspx |archive-date=February 13, 2015 |access-date=January 17, 2010 |publisher=Portland General Electric}}</ref> Marmot Dam was demolished in 2007 and the Little Sandy Dam in 2008, restoring natural flows to the Sandy and Little Sandy.<ref name="dam removal" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 21, 2008 |title=Oregon Field Guide: Marmot Dam Removed |url=http://www.opb.org/television/programs/ofg/segment/marmot-dam-removed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213150033/http://www.opb.org/television/programs/ofg/segment/marmot-dam-removed/ |archive-date=February 13, 2015 |access-date=February 13, 2015 |publisher=Oregon Public Broadcasting}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta alif 1982, aiki a kan Portland Hydroelectric Project, wanda ba shi da alaƙa da Bull Run Hydroele Electric Project, ya fara samar da wutar lantarki a gidajen wutar lantarki a ƙarƙashin madatsun ruwa a Reservoirs 1 da 2 a kan Kogin Bull Run . <ref name="Hydroelectric Bureau">{{Cite web |title=Bureau of Hydroelectric Power |url=http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.CFM?&c=39294 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213053245/http://www.portlandoregon.gov/water/39294 |archive-date=February 13, 2015 |access-date=January 21, 2010 |publisher=City of Portland}}</ref> Portland tana sayar da wutar lantarki daga tashar 24-megawatt a Dam 1 da kuma tashar 12-megawatt zuwa Dam 2 zuwa PGE, wanda ke aiki da kuma kula da kayan aikin.{{Sfn|Short|1983}}<ref name="Hydroelectric Bureau" /> &nbsp;&nbsp;PGE, kamfani ne tare da ofisoshin gida a Portland, yana da wasu hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki da yawa, wanda yake siyarwa ga abokan ciniki a cikin yanki mai nisan kilomita dubu goma 10,000 a arewacin Willamette Valley.[]<ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Our Company: Quick Facts |url=http://www.portlandgeneral.com/our_company/pge_glance/quick_facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820112357/http://www.portlandgeneral.com/our_company/pge_glance/quick_facts.aspx |archive-date=August 20, 2010 |access-date=August 15, 2010 |publisher=Portland General Electric}}</ref> === Kashewa === [[Fayil:Bull_Run_River_forest_trail.jpg|alt=A woman, dressed in dark clothing contrasting with fuchsia hair ribbons and a fuchsia sweatshirt wrapped around her waist, hikes through a dark forest with the aid of metal walking sticks.|left|thumb|Wani baƙo a kan yawon shakatawa na Ofishin Ruwa na Portland na ruwa yana tafiya tare da hanyar gandun daji kusa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa.]] A shekara ta 1973, Joseph Miller, Jr., likitan Portland da ya yi ritaya, ya kai karar Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka, yana mai cewa katako ta keta dokar Bull Run Trespass Act. A shekara ta 1976, Alkalin Gundumar Amurka James M. Burns ya amince, kuma an dakatar da katako. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Majalisa ta soke Dokar Cin zarafin Bull Run kuma ta maye gurbin ta da Dokar Gudanar da Ruwa ta Bull Run ta 1977, wanda ya haifar da Sashin Gudanar da Ruwan Bull Run (BRWMU) (ya maye gurbin Bull Run Reserve) kuma ya halatta ci gaba da yin katako na Bull Run sai dai idan za a iya nuna shi don rage ingancin ruwa.<ref name="new agreement">{{Cite web |last=U.S. Forest Service and Portland Water Bureau |date=July 2007 |title=Report to the Community Regarding a New Bull Run Watershed Management Unit Agreement |url=http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=44112&a=312137 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608235425/http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=44112&a=312137 |archive-date=June 8, 2011 |access-date=August 8, 2010 |publisher=Portland Water Bureau |format=PDF}}</ref> Kashe katako da muhawara game da katako sun ci gaba. A cikin 1994 kimanin kashi 75 cikin dari na BRWMU an sanya shi a cikin ajiya don kare kwayar arewa da sauran nau'o'in da suka dogara da gandun daji masu tsufa.<ref name="new agreement" /> &nbsp;A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1996, ruwan sama mai yawa daga ruwan sama mai tsanani a cikin ruwa ya wanke ƙasa mai yawa a cikin tafkunan ajiyar Bull Run cewa birni ya rufe samar da Bull Run kuma ya sauya a lokacin rikicin zuwa samar da gaggawa daga filin rijiyar tare da Kogin Columbia.<ref name="Larson">{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=Douglas |date=May–June 2009 |title=The Battle of Bull Run |url=http://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-battle-of-bull-run |journal=American Scientist |volume=97 |issue=3 |page=182 |doi=10.1511/2009.78.182 |access-date=March 30, 2022}}</ref> Daga baya a cikin 1996, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Kare albarkatun Oregon, wanda ya haramta katako a duk ƙasashen Forest Service a cikin ruwan da ke cikin Bull Run da kuma wasu kadada 3,500 (14 na ƙasar da ta kwarara zuwa ƙananan Kogin Bull Run.<ref name="new agreement" /> A shekara ta 2001, Dokar Little Sandy ta tsawaita haramcin ga dukan BRWMU da ƙasashen jama'a tare da Little Sandy River . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 20, 2011 |title=Public Law 107–30: Little Sandy River Watershed Protection |url=https://www.congress.gov/107/plaws/publ30/PLAW-107publ30.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811152054/https://www.congress.gov/107/plaws/publ30/PLAW-107publ30.pdf |archive-date=August 11, 2015 |access-date=August 11, 2015 |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Tsakanin 1958 da 1993, lokacin da aka yanke katako na ƙarshe a cikin BRWMU, kimanin kadada 14,500 (59 , kusan kashi cikin dari na ruwan da ke cikin ruwa, an katako.<ref name="new agreement"/> &nbsp;Tun daga wannan lokacin, don rage lalacewa daga kayan aikin katako, Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka da ofishin ruwa suna dakatar da sassan hanyar hanyar gandun daji ta Bull Run, wanda ya girma zuwa mil 346 (kilomita 557). <ref name="Milstein" /> A lokacin kaka na shekara ta 2008, sun rufe hanyoyi masu nisan kilomita 78 (kilomita 126) rushe wasu mil 63 (kilomitara 101), kuma suna cire rami 245.&nbsp; == Rashin ruwa == [[Fayil:Bull_run_locked_gate.jpg|alt=A gate and fence block a forest road. Lettering on a warning sign on the gate says in part, "No Trespassing: Bull Run Watershed"|right|thumb|Ƙofar da aka kulle da shinge a kan Hanyar Ruwa ta Kudu maso Gabas (Hanyar daji 10) ta ƙuntata shigarwa zuwa ƙarshen yammacin Yankin Gudanar da Bull Run.&nbsp;]] The Bull Run watershed drains {{Convert|139|sqmi|km2}}, most of which is in the Mount Hood National Forest in Multnomah and Clackamas counties in northwest Oregon. The confluence of the Bull Run and Sandy rivers at Dodge Park, about {{Convert|20|mi|km}} east of downtown Portland,<ref name="source water"/> marks the watershed's western (downstream) end, while on the east it borders Hood River County, and at Hiyo Mountain it is about {{Convert|6|mi|km}} northwest of Mount Hood in the Cascade Range. It is a sub-watershed of the Lower Columbia–Sandy Watershed. Elevations within the watershed range from {{Convert|4750|ft|m}} at Buck Peak on the watershed's northeastern boundary to {{Convert|243|ft|m}} at the mouth of the Bull Run River.<ref name="source water" /> A matsayin babban tushen ruwan sha na Portland, <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Bull Run Watershed |url=http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=29784 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213044039/http://www.portlandoregon.gov/water/29784 |archive-date=February 13, 2015 |access-date=November 26, 2011 |publisher=Portland Water Bureau}}</ref> an ƙuntata ruwa ga amfani da ke da alaƙa da tattara ruwa, ajiya, da magani, da kuma kula da gandun daji. Yankin kariya na ruwan sha na birnin ya kunshi murabba'in mil 10 (260 na kwandon da ke sama da ruwa a RM 6.2 (RK 10). &nbsp;&nbsp;Yankin kariya yana daga cikin yanki mafi girma, BRWMU, wanda ke rufe murabba'in mil 143 (370 . [] Ya kasance mafi yawa a cikin yankunan Multnomah da Clackamas amma ya shimfiɗa a wurare a gefen gabashin zuwa Hood River County.{{Sfn|Short|1983}} {{As of|2010}}, Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka tana kula da kashi shasa'in da biyar 95 cikin 100 na BRWMU a ƙasar mallakar gwamnatin tarayya; Ofishin Ruwa na Portland yana kula da kashi 4 cikin 100 wanda Birnin Portland ke mallakar, kuma Ofishin Gudanar da Kasa yana kula da sauran kashi 1, wanda ke kan ƙasar tarayya.<ref name="variance request">{{Cite web |title=Treatment Variance Request, Section 2: Portland's Bull Run Watershed |url=https://www.portlandoregon.gov/water/article/350651 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811190832/https://www.portlandoregon.gov/water/article/350651 |archive-date=August 11, 2015 |access-date=August 11, 2015 |publisher=Portland Water Bureau |page=10 |format=PDF}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ƙananan ɓangarorin ruwa waɗanda ke tare da ƙananan tushe ko tare da masu ba da gudummawa suna cikin ɓangaren waje da BRWMU kuma suna ƙarƙashin wasu iko.<ref name="variance request" /> Rashin ruwa da ke kan iyaka da kogin Bull Run shine na Kogin West Fork Hood zuwa gabas da arewa maso gabas, Kogin Sandy zuwa kudu da yamma, da Kogin Columbia zuwa arewa. Ƙananan kogin Columbia, kowannensu yana da ruwa mai zurfi da ke kan iyakar ruwan Bull Run, yana gudana daga arewa daga tudu tsakanin kogin Bull Run da Columbia. Wadannan sun hada da [[Multnomah Falls|Multnomah]]_County,_Oregon)" id="mwAdg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Eagle Creek (Multnomah County, Oregon)">Eagle, Tanner, Moffett, McCord, Horsetail, Oneonta, Multnomah, da Bridle Veil creeks, wanda ke nutsewa a kan daya ko fiye da ruwa yayin da suka shiga Columbia Gorge . === Yanayi === [[Fayil:Blazed_alder_snotel.jpg|alt=A latticed metal tower has been placed inside a metal fence in a snow-covered forest clearing.|right|thumb|Tashar SNOTEL ta Blazed Alder a cikin hunturu]] Yanayin da ke gefen Kogin Bull Run ya dace da yammacin Oregon Cascades. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga inci 80 (2,000 kusa da abin sha don samar da ruwa na Portland zuwa kusan inci 170 (4,300 kusa na ruwa.<ref name="source water"/> Lokacin rani ya bushe, kuma hunturu, musamman Nuwamba zuwa Janairu, yana da rigar. A ƙananan tsaunuka, yawancin hazo yana zuwa a cikin ruwan sama, amma a mafi girman tsaunuka kashi 25 zuwa 30 cikin dari na danshi yana zuwa a matsayin dusar ƙanƙara.<ref name="decom" /> &nbsp;Ruwan hazo na iya ƙarawa sosai ga jimlar ruwan sama a kusa da Tafkin Bull Run . {{Sfn|Snyder|Brownell|1996}} Wani binciken da aka buga a shekarar 1982 ya ba da shawarar cewa ma'aunin ruwan sama da aka sanya a wuraren budewa na iya rage gudummawar hazo zuwa yankunan da ke da gandun daji sosai har zuwa kashi 30 cikin dari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ham |first=R. Dennis |date=October 1982 |title=Fog Drip in the Bull Run Municipal Watershed, Oregon |journal=Journal of the American Water Resources Association |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=785–789 |bibcode=1982JAWRA..18..785H |doi=10.1111/j.1752-1688.1982.tb00073.x}}</ref> &nbsp;dusar ƙanƙara da aka tara ba ta da yawa a tsaunuka har zuwa {{Convert|2000|ft|m}} sama da [[Sea level|matakin teku]] amma wani lokacin yakan kai {{Convert|6|to|10|ft|m}} sama le 4,000 feet (1,200 . <ref name="decom">United States Forest Service, "Environmental Assessment", p. III-6</ref> Rage dusar ƙanƙara yana ƙarawa ga rafi a watan Afrilu da Mayu, kuma busassun ƙasa yana hana rafi a cikin Agusta.{{Sfn|VanRheenen|Palmer|Hahn|2011}} Gabaɗaya, yanayin zafi yana da sauƙi. Rashin raguwa a watan Janairu ya kasance daga ƙasa da daskarewa zuwa kusan {{Convert|25|F|C}} ° F (-4 ° C), yayin da Yuli ya fi girma yawanci kusan {{Convert|80|F|C}} ° F (27 ° C). <ref name="decom" /> Ofishin Kula da albarkatun kasa (NRCS) na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka tana aiki da tashoshin telemetry na dusar ƙanƙara (SNOTEL) a wurare uku a cikin ruwa na Bull Run don taimakawa wajen hango yadda za a sami ruwa daga narkewar dusar ƙara. Gudun dusar ƙanƙara da yawa sun bambanta da lokaci da wuri. A tashar Blazed Alder Creek, mafi girma daga cikin uku a 3,650 feet (1,110 sama da matakin teku, matsakaicin ruwan dusar ƙanƙara (SWE) (yawan ruwa a cikin dusar ƙara da aka tara) ya kasance a cikin 2009 daga 0 a cikin Yuli-Oktoba zuwa kusan inci 50 (1,300 a cikin Afrilu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blazed Alder Snotel Data |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/or/snow/?cid=nrcs142p2_046294 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907224827/http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/or/snow/?cid=nrcs142p2_046294 |archive-date=September 7, 2015 |access-date=August 11, 2015 |publisher=Natural Resources Conservation Service}}</ref> Wata tashar a kan Arewacin Fork a tsawo na {{Convert|3060|ft|m}} ta ba da rahoton mafi ƙarancin matsakaicin SWE na 0 a watan Yuli-Oktoba 2009 kuma matsakaicin kusan {{Convert|37|in|mm}} a watan Afrilu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North Fork Snotel Data |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/or/snow/?cid=nrcs142p2_046314 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907222318/http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/or/snow/?cid=nrcs142p2_046314 |archive-date=September 7, 2015 |access-date=August 11, 2015 |publisher=Natural Resources Conservation Service}}</ref> A cikin wannan shekarar a tashar Kudancin Fork, tsawo {{Convert|2690|ft|m}} , matsakaicin SWE ya bambanta daga 0 a watan Yuni-Satumba zuwa kimanin inci 10 (250 a watan Maris.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Fork Bull Run Snotel Data |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/or/snow/?cid=nrcs142p2_046315 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907182740/http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/or/snow/?cid=nrcs142p2_046315 |archive-date=September 7, 2015 |access-date=August 11, 2015 |publisher=Natural Resources Conservation Service}}</ref> === Infrastructure === [[Fayil:Bull_Run_Reservoir_1.jpg|alt=A large concrete dam impounds a lake surrounded by tree-covered hills.|left|thumb|Bull Run Reservoir 1 yana bayan madatsar ruwa mai nauyi da aka gina a 1929.&nbsp;]] Although most of the watershed is generally closed to the public, the protected area includes forest roads, buildings, three dams and reservoirs, two hydroelectric power stations, and other infrastructure used by government employees who manage the forest and the water supply system. The system includes a concrete dam and spillway, added to the natural outlet of Bull Run Lake. The dam, completed in about 1960, was preceded in 1915 by a timber-and-rockfill structure and later by other measures to increase the lake's storage capacity and to prevent seepage. These measures raised the lake's usable storage from about {{Convert|2.8|e9USgal|m3}} to about {{Convert|4.3|e9USgal|m3}}, an increase of about 55&nbsp;percent.{{Sfn|Snyder|Brownell|1996}} Dam&nbsp;1, which impounds Reservoir&nbsp;1, is a concrete arch-gravity dam about {{Convert|200|ft|m}} high,{{Sfn|Taylor|1998}} and Dam&nbsp;2, a rockfill structure about {{Convert|110|ft|m}} high, impounds Reservoir&nbsp;2.{{Sfn|Short|1983}} Although the two reservoirs combined can hold up to about {{Convert|17|e9USgal|m3}}, their total usable storage is only about {{Convert|10|e9USgal|m3}}.<ref name="storage and treatment">{{Cite web |title=Treatment Variance Request, Section 2: Portland's Bull Run Watershed |url=https://www.portlandoregon.gov/water/article/350651 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811190832/https://www.portlandoregon.gov/water/article/350651 |archive-date=August 11, 2015 |access-date=August 11, 2015 |publisher=Portland Water Bureau |page=6 |format=PDF}}</ref> Rashin ruwa mai laushi (headworks) a Bull Run yana ƙasa da Dam 2.<ref name="source water"/> Wannan shi ne inda ake karkatar da ruwa daga kogi don chlorination sannan a tura shi cikin hanyoyin rarraba guda uku don isar da shi zuwa Portland.<ref name="storage and treatment"/> Kimanin kashi 23 cikin dari na ruwan da ke gudana a shekara-shekara ana karkatar da shi zuwa samar da ruwa na birnin.<ref name="rain snow"/>&nbsp; Manyan hanyoyi a cikin BRWMU sun haɗa da Forest Road 10, wanda ke gudana don yawancin tsawonsa tare da gefen arewacin kogi. &nbsp;Ya haɗa al'ummar Bull Run kusa da bakin kogi da Forest Road 18 (Lolo Pass Road) a gabashin Bull Run Lake. &nbsp;Rashin da ke kan hanyar Forest 10 a cikin ruwa na Reservoir 2, hanyoyin Forest 12 da 14 sun samar da madauki a kudancin kogi. &nbsp;&nbsp;Hanyoyin sun kai gabas kamar Goodfellow Lakes, kusa da asalin Little Sandy River. A ƙasa da BRWMU, Bull Run Road, bude ga jama'a, ya haye kogi tsakanin al'ummar Bull Run da Dodge Park. Bull Run River Bridge, {{Convert|240|ft|m}} Pennsylvania-petit truss span wanda ke ɗauke da Bull Run Road, asalinsa shine yammacin truss na Burnside Bridge a kan Willamette River a cikin garin Portland. Ya haɗa da ɓangarorin da aka yi da ƙarfe da ƙarfe, kuma ƙofofinsa sun haɗa da abubuwan ƙirar jirgin ruwa da ake nufi da Portland, tashar jiragen ruwa ta ciki. An gina shi a shekara ta 1894, an tura gadar zuwa Bull Run a 1926, lokacin da sabon gadar Burnside ya maye gurbin tsohuwar. Ginin Kogin Sandy a kan Kogin Sandy da ke Dodge Park, kawai a kan kogi daga bakin Kogin Bull Run, shine {{Convert|300|ft|m}} gabas na Burnside Bridge.{{Sfn|Smith|Norman|Dykman|1989}}{{Sfn|Wortman|Wortman|2006}} === Tsire-tsire da dabbobi === [[Fayil:Northern_Spotted_Owl.USFWS.jpg|alt=An owl on a tree branch gazes with wide eyes toward an unseen camera.|right|thumb|Kwando mai tabo na arewa]] Kyakkyawan gandun daji sun rufe kusan kashi shasa'in da biyar 95 cikin dari na ruwa.<ref name="thick forests">{{Cite web |last=Portland Water Bureau |title=Forests and Vegetation |url=http://www.portlandoregon.gov/water/article/399649 |access-date=August 13, 2015 |publisher=City of Portland}}</ref> &nbsp;Douglas-fir shine nau'in bishiyoyi mafi rinjaye a cikin kwandon da ke ƙasa da ƙafa 3,400 (1,000 sama da matakin teku, inda yammacin redcedar ke bunƙasa a yankuna masu laushi kuma yammacin hemlock yana girma. Douglas-fir da noble fir sune nau'ikan da suka fi dacewa a tsaunuka masu tsawo, kuma Pacific silver fir shine nau'ikan mafi girma. Bishiyoyi masu girma, waɗanda ke rufe kusan kashi 54 cikin dari na ruwa, galibi sun wuce shekaru 500 kuma suna da diamita sama da {{Convert|21|in|cm}} . &nbsp;&nbsp;Itace tsakanin {{Convert|9|and|21|in|cm}} a diamita sun rufe kusan kashi 34 cikin dari na kwandon, yayin da ƙananan itatuwa suka mamaye sauran kashi 12.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mansperger, Harold |year=2006 |title=The Bull Run River Watershed: Our Treasured Water Supply |url=http://www.pcc.edu/library/wp-content/uploads/bull-run-watershed.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813164158/http://www.pcc.edu/library/wp-content/uploads/bull-run-watershed.pdf |archive-date=August 13, 2015 |access-date=August 13, 2015 |publisher=Portland Community College |page=5}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;Gidan gandun daji yana tallafawa ƙananan tsire-tsire kamar salal da fern.<ref name="thick forests" /> Kimanin kashi 5 cikin dari na ruwa ya kunshi ruwa marasa tsire-tsire ko dutse mara tsire-shire da kuma karamin yanki na ciyawa.<ref name="thick forests" />&nbsp; Fiye da nau'ikan namun daji 250, gami da falcon peregrine, bald eagle da northern spotted owl ana zaton suna yawan zuwa cikin ruwa.<ref name="PWB wildlife" /> Tsuntsaye masu ƙaura kamar loons suna amfani da kwandon don ciyarwa da gida yayin da suke tafiya tare da Pacific Flyway. Nau'in kifaye na asali sun haɗa da Chinook da coho salmon, steelhead, bakin teku cutthroat trout, Pacific lamprey, da rainbow trout, <ref name="PWB wildlife" /> amma tun daga 1922 madatsar ruwan ko magajinsa, Dam 2, sun toshe hanyar kifi mai suna anadromous zuwa kogin sama da masu goyon bayanta.{{Sfn|Taylor|1998}} Yawancin nau'o'in amphibian da dabbobi masu rarrafe suna bunƙasa kusa da rafi da tafkuna. Roosevelt elk, Baƙar fata ta Amurka, Coyote, Cougar, baƙar rawaya, kogin kogin kogon Arewacin Amurka, Mink na Amurka, da Beaver na Arewacin Amurka suna daga cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka samu a cikin ruwa.<ref name="PWB wildlife">{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Fish and Wildlife |url=http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=29923&a=119584 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609081224/http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=29923&a=119584 |archive-date=June 9, 2011 |access-date=September 26, 2009 |publisher=Portland Water Bureau}}</ref> == Wasanni == [[Fayil:Dodge_Park_(Oregon).jpg|alt=About 10 people are gathered along a rocky shore or swimming in a river in a forest.|thumb|Ramin yin iyo a Dodge Park a kan Kogin Sandy, dan kadan sama da haɗuwa da Kogin Bull Run]] Kusa da haɗuwar kogin Bull Run da Sandy, {{Convert|14|acre|ha}} Dodge Park yana ba da wuraren shakatawa masu inuwa, rami na yin iyo, rairayin bakin teku, da tashar jirgin ruwa don ƙaddamar da rafts, kayak, da Jiragen ruwa a kan Kogin Sandy. Ofishin Ruwa na Portland ya mallaki kuma yana kula da wurin shakatawa, wanda aka kafa a farkon karni na 20. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Dodge Park |url=http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=47496 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213042935/http://www.portlandoregon.gov/water/47496 |archive-date=February 13, 2015 |access-date=August 28, 2009 |publisher=City of Portland}}</ref> Da farko ana kiranta Bull Run Park, an sake masa suna don Frank Dodge, mai kula da ofishin ruwa daga 1897 zuwa 1914.{{Refn|Dodge Island, a small island in Bull Run Lake, was also named for him.<ref>{{cite web|title = Frank Dodge: Naming Dodge Park |url = http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?a=108628&c=41924 |publisher = Portland Water Bureau| date = March 6, 2006 | access-date = July 18, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708215938/http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?a=108628&c=41924|archive-date=July 8, 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} Har sai da manyan motoci suka maye gurbinsa, motar lantarki zuwa Bull Run ta ɗauki fasinjoji zuwa da kuma daga wurin shakatawa har zuwa shekara ta alif 1930. Ofishin ruwa ya kiyasta cewa akalla mutane 30,000 sun ziyarci wurin shakatawa a 1926.<ref name="Dodge Park"/> &nbsp;{{As of|2015}}, ofishin yana da shirye-shiryen dawowa da inganta wurin shakatawa yayin da lokaci da kuɗi suka ba da izini.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Dodge Park Master Plan |url=http://www.portlandoregon.gov/water/article/196643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213063738/http://www.portlandoregon.gov/water/article/196643 |archive-date=February 13, 2015 |access-date=February 13, 2015 |publisher=City of Portland}}</ref> Kodayake yawancin ruwan Kogin Bull Run an rufe shi ga jama'a, masu sha'awar ruwan farin wani lokacin suna gudana a ƙasa mai nisan kilomita 4.5 (kilomita 4.0) daga gadar Bull Run Road zuwa Kogin Sandy. Wurin da aka sanya don gudu yana ƙasa da gidan wutar lantarki, kuma fitarwa yana a Dodge Park. Gudun yana nuna hanyar slalom ta dindindin kusa da shigarwa, shida aji 3 rapids a cikin mil 2 na farko (kilomita 3), da ɗan gajeren lokaci na aji 2 ruwa a ƙarshen gudu.{{Sfn|Giordano|2004}} [[Fayil:Bull_run_tour_bus.jpg|alt=A small bus painted with a mural is parked in front of a house near a lake. Lettering on the bus door says, "Portland Water Bureau: From Forest to Faucet".|left|thumb| Basar yawon shakatawa ta Bull Run]] Kifi yana iyakance ga ƙananan kogin. Hatchery Chinook salmon da rani da hunturu steelhead wani lokacin ana kama su kusa da haɗuwa da Kogin Sandy, kuma ana ba da izinin kamawa da saki kifi don trout na daji daga bakin kogin zuwa gefen tafkin ruwa na Bull Run.{{Sfn|Sheehan|2005}} Samun damar zuwa sashin Gudanar da Ruwa na Bull Run gabaɗaya yana iyakance ga ma'aikatan gwamnati da baƙi a kan kasuwancin hukuma, kuma masu tsaro suna sa ido a ƙofofin ƙofofi uku. Koyaya, ofishin ruwa yana ba da yawon shakatawa na jama'a a lokacin rani da faduwa, kuma masu tafiya na iya amfani da Pacific Crest Trail, wanda ke gudana tare da gefen gabas na ruwa kusa da Dutsen Hood.<ref name="tours">{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Bull Run Watershed Tours and Field Trips |url=http://www.portlandoregon.gov/water/article/384640 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213192159/http://www.portlandoregon.gov/water/article/384640 |archive-date=February 13, 2015 |access-date=February 13, 2015 |publisher=Portland Water Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Portland Utility Review Board |display-authors=etal |date=June 16, 2006 |title=Bull Run Management Unit Fire Plan |url=https://www.portlandoregon.gov/cbo/article/467589 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812171213/https://www.portlandoregon.gov/cbo/article/467589 |archive-date=August 12, 2015 |access-date=October 16, 2009 |publisher=Portland Water Bureau}}</ref> Ofishin yana da matsakaicin kusan yawon shakatawa na rukuni tamanin da biyar 85 a shekara.<ref name="Examiner" />{{Clear}} == Dubi kuma == * Garin daji na Bull Run * Jerin koguna na Oregon * Hanyar tunawa da Mark O. Hatfield == manazarta== .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} '''Bayanan da aka ambata'''{{Reflist|30em}} === Ayyukan da aka ambata ===   == Haɗin waje == * Bull Run Documentary da Oregon Public Broadcasting ta samar''Rediyon Jama'a na Oregon'' * [http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/mthood/ Ofishin gandun daji, Dutsen Hood National Forest] * [http://www.sandyriver.org/ Majalisar Ruwa ta Kogin Sandy] {{Portland, Oregon, watersheds}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jhobqzeq8olzyvkc9ozqx1sb8m11vru 0 80912 842051 667856 2026-05-29T02:44:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization|image=AMCOW Office Headquarter.jpg}} '''Majalisar Ministocin Afirka kan [[ruwa]] (AMCOW) ''' (: Conseil des Ministres Africains Chargés de L'eau), [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] ta dauka a matsayin hanyar tallafawa ga Kwamitin Fasaha na Musamman (STC) don fitar da nasarori a bangarorin ruwa da tsabta. Cibiyar ci gaban yanki ce ta kasashe 55 na Afirka waɗanda ke inganta Ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma kawar da [[talauci]] ta hanyar ingantaccen hadin kai, gudanar da ayyukan samar da Ruwa, da kuma samar da albarkatun ruwa na nahiyar ga membobinta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=AFRICAN UNION |date=2019 |title=Third Ordinary Session of the Specialized Technical Committee (STC) on Agriculture, Rural Development, Water and Environment 21-25 October 2019, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. |url=http://www.acmad.net/new/NEWSITEACMAD/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/infoReport-of-the-Ministers-of-the-2019-STC-on-ARDWE-Final-Nov-20-2010.pdf |journal=African Union |pages=40 |via=au.int |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006130524/https://www.acmad.net/new/NEWSITEACMAD/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/infoReport-of-the-Ministers-of-the-2019-STC-on-ARDWE-Final-Nov-20-2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AMCOW - African Ministers' Council on Water |url=https://www.infontd.org/organization/amcow-african-ministers-council-water |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027054705/https://www.infontd.org/organization/amcow-african-ministers-council-water |archive-date=2020-10-27 |access-date=October 9, 2021 |website=infontd}}</ref> == Tarihi == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2002, Ministocin Afirka da ke da alhakin taron ruwa a [[Abuja]], [[Najeriya]], sun kafa Taron Ministocin Afrika kan Ruwa (AMCOW) biyo bayan amincewa da "Abuja Ministocin Sanarwar Ruwa - mabuɗin Ci Gaban Ci gaba". An kafa kungiyar ne don hanzarta cimma burin ruwa da tsabta a [[Afirka]]. A shekara ta 2008, a taron 11 na Tarayyar Afirka (AU) a Sharm el-Sheikh Masar, Shugabannin Kasashe da Gwamnatocin Afirka, sun ba da umarnin AMCOW da ta kafa da kuma saka idanu kan dabarun aiwatar da alkawuransu kan hanzarta tsabtace jiki da tsabtace jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=AFRICAN |first=UNION |date=2008 |title=ASSEMBLY OF THE AFRICAN UNION Eleventh Ordinary Session 30 June to 1 July 2008 Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt: Decisions, Declaration, Tribute and Resolution. |url=https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/9558-assembly_en_30_june_1_july_2008_auc_eleventh_ordinary_session_decisions_declarations_tribute_resolution.pdf |journal=African Union |pages=40 |via=African Union Int |access-date=7 July 2024 |archive-date=7 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707120645/https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/9558-assembly_en_30_june_1_july_2008_auc_eleventh_ordinary_session_decisions_declarations_tribute_resolution.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coombes |first=Yolande |last2=Hickling |first2=Sophie |last3=Radin |first3=Mark |date=2015 |title=Investment in Sanitation to Support Economic Growth in Africa: Recommendations to the African Ministers' Council on Water (AMCOW) and Ministers of Finance. |url=https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp/files/publications/WSP-Investment-in-Sanitation-to-Support-Growth-Africa.pdf |journal=Water and Sanitation Program:Report |pages=32 |via=Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) |access-date=2024-07-07 |archive-date=2022-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707040958/https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp/files/publications/WSP-Investment-in-Sanitation-to-Support-Growth-Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yolande Coombes, Sophie Hickling and Mark Radin - PDF Free Download |url=https://docplayer.net/8667420-Yolande-coombes-sophie-hickling-and-mark-radin.html |access-date=2021-12-28 |website=docplayer.net |archive-date=2021-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228092927/https://docplayer.net/8667420-Yolande-coombes-sophie-hickling-and-mark-radin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tsarin mulki == Tsarin ma'aikata na AMCOW ya ƙunshi Majalisar Ministoci (Ministocin da ke da alhakin ruwa a kowace Kasar memba), kwamitin zartarwa (EXCO) tare da Shugaban / Shugaban, da Kwamitin Daraktoci (a halin yanzu [[Namibiya|Namibia]]). Kowace daga cikin yankuna biyar suna da wakilci a kwamitin zartarwa ta wakilai uku / Ministocin ruwa (kasashen membobin AMCOW sun kasu kashi biyar: [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], [[Gabashin Afirka]], [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]], [[Arewacin Afirka]], da [[Kudancin Afirka]]) don daidaita ayyukan yankuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Ministers' Council on Water {{!}} UIA Yearbook Profile {{!}} Union of International Associations |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100041436 |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=uia.org}}</ref> mataimakin shugaban kasa yana kula da kowane yanki. Sakatariyar AMCOW tana zaune ne a Abuja, Najeriya, kuma Babban Sakataren wucin gadi da ƙungiyar ƙwararru da ma'aikatan tallafi ne ke jagoranta. Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Fasaha (TAC) yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Kwamitin Zartarwa. Kwamitin zartarwa yana da alhakin tabbatar da cewa ana aiwatar da yanke shawara na majalisa, da kuma haɓaka shirye-shiryen aiki / kasafin kuɗi don amincewa da majalisa, tattara kudade da ake buƙata, da kuma kula da ayyukan Sakatariyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Special Technical Committee of the African Union |date=2018 |title=Decisions of the 11th ordinary session of the governing council of AMCOW 29 – 30 October 2018, Libreville, GABON and 13 February 2019, Kigali, RWANDA. |url=https://aquaknow.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/Final_11th_AMCOW_GC_Kigali_0.pdf |journal=AMCOW |pages=8}}</ref> Ayyukan farko na AMCOW shine don sauƙaƙe hadin gwiwar yanki da na duniya ta hanyar daidaita manufofi da ayyuka tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka kan batutuwan albarkatun ruwa, don sake dubawa da tattara ƙarin kuɗi ga ɓangaren ruwa na Afirka, samar da hanyar saka idanu kan ci gaban manyan albarkatun ruwan yanki da na Duniya, samar da ruwa, da shirye-shiryen tsabtace muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-22 |title=AMCOW launches the African Sanitation Policy Guidelines |url=https://guardian.ng/ama-press-releases/amcow-launches-the-african-sanitation-policy-guidelines/ |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> AMCOW kuma tana aiki a matsayin dandalin tattaunawa kan Batutuwan ruwa tare da Hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran abokan tarayya. Yana ƙarfafa shiga cikin nazarin yanki game da [[Canjin yanayi]], ci gaban cibiyoyin lura, musayar bayanai, da ci gaban manufofi da dabarun magance matsalolin ruwa a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IISD Reporting Services - African Regional Coverage - AFRICAN MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE ON WATER |url=https://enb.iisd.org/africa/water/amcow/amcow.html |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=enb.iisd.org}}</ref> == Manufa da hangen nesa == '''Manufar:''' Don samar da jagorancin siyasa, jagorar manufofi da shawarwari a cikin samarwa, amfani da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa don ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa da kuma kula da yanayin halittu na Afirka. hangen nesa: Don cimma burin ruwa na Afirka na 2025 ta hanyar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na Afirka da kuma samar da ayyukan samar da ruwa. Don inganta hadin kai, tsaro, ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da kuma kawar da talauci tsakanin kasashe membobin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMCOW - African Ministers' Council on Water {{!}} InfoNTD |url=https://www.infontd.org/organization/amcow-african-ministers-council-water |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=www.infontd.org |language=en}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen == * Shirin Ruwa na Ruwa na Afirka * Shirin Ruwa na Ƙasa na AMCOW (APAGroP) <ref>{{Cite web |last=sandaruwan |date=2020-03-19 |title=African Ministers' Council on Water reaches out to co-develop and consolidate its Pan-African groundwater program - GRIPP |url=https://gripp.iwmi.org/2020/03/19/african-ministers-council-on-water-reaches-out-to-co-develop-and-consolidate-its-pan-african-groundwater-program/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Groundwater Solutions Initiative for Policy and Practice (GRIPP) |language=en-US}}</ref> * Tsarin Kula da Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa na Afirka (WASSMO) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Improving water and sanitation monitoring in Africa: AMCOW trains WASSMO focal points in Central Africa |url=https://www.gwp.org/en/GWP-Central-Africa/WE-ACT/news/improving-water-and-sanitation-monitoring-in-africa/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Global Water Partnership}}</ref> * Ƙalubalen Gudanar da Ilimi na Afirka da Tsabtace-tsabtace <ref>{{Cite web |last=afrique-news |title=African Ministers Council on Water launches Africa's Water and Sanitation Knowledge Management Challenge on the sidelines of the Stockholm World Water Week 2022 {{!}} Afrique News |url=https://afrique-news.info/african-ministers-council-on-water-launches-africas-water-and-sanitation-knowledge-management-challenge-on-the-sidelines-of-the-stockholm-world-water-week-2022/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=afrique-news.info |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2022-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124134445/https://afrique-news.info/african-ministers-council-on-water-launches-africas-water-and-sanitation-knowledge-management-challenge-on-the-sidelines-of-the-stockholm-world-water-week-2022/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Jagororin Manufofin Kiwon Lafiya na Afirka (ASPG) <ref>{{Cite web |last=MBAYE |first=Bara |date=2022-03-21 |title=Achieving Universal Coverage through Africa Sanitation Policy Guidelines ⋆ Speak Up Africa |url=https://www.speakupafrica.org/achieving-universal-coverage-through-africa-sanitation-policy-guidelines/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Speak Up Africa |language=fr}}</ref> * Shirin hada matasa da jinsi <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-21 |title=Development of AMCOW Youth, Gender and Social Inclusion Strategy |url=https://www.joshswaterjobs.com/jobs/28231/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Josh's Water Jobs |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124140909/https://www.joshswaterjobs.com/jobs/28231/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Cibiyar Ilimi ta Intanet * Cibiyar Kula da Ayyuka ta Mukhtari Shehu Shagari <ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2020-11-23 |title=Shagari tasks African countries on information sharing as AMCOW names resource centre after him |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/shagari-tasks-african-countries-on-information-sharing-as-amcow-names-resource-centre-after-him/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == * Ranar Fuskar Afirka <ref>{{Cite web |title=AFRICA Focus - High Level Ministerial Panel: Waste to benefits |url=https://www.worldwaterweek.org/event/7000-africa-focus---high-level-ministerial-panel-waste-to-benefits |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=World Water Week}}</ref> * Makon Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa na Afirka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Water and Sanitation Week 2021 |url=https://africa.harvard.edu/event/africa-water-and-sanitation-week-2021 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=africa.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> * Gidan Ruwa na Afirka (AWF) <ref>{{Cite web |title=The African Water Facility (AWF) |url=https://www.unccd.int/cbm/african-water-facility-awf |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> * AfricaSan <ref>{{Cite web |title=AfricaSan 5 / FSM5 |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/events/2019/01/25/africasan-5-fsm5 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Manyan nasarorin AMCOW sun hada da: * Ya haɓaka shirin dabarun ruwa na shekaru 10 don aiwatarwa tsakanin 2018 da 2030. * Ya kafa tsarin ma'aikatar da ke tallafawa cibiyar sadarwa ta manyan jami'an ruwa don la'akari da kalubalen Manufofin ruwa a Afirka. * Ya ba da tallafi ga Haɗin kai na yanki. * An karɓi shirin aiki na shekaru uku wanda ke ba da jagorar dabarun ga hadin gwiwar ƙasa, yanki, da na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership: AMCOW engage in the preparatory phase and the organization of the Dakar Forum {{!}} 9th World Water Forum |url=https://www.worldwaterforum.org/en/latest-news/partnership-amcow-engage-in-the-preparatory-phase-and-the-organization-of-the-dakar |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=www.worldwaterforum.org |archive-date=2021-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009182819/https://www.worldwaterforum.org/en/latest-news/partnership-amcow-engage-in-the-preparatory-phase-and-the-organization-of-the-dakar |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Ya ba da tallafin ƙungiyoyi, siyasa, da kuma ma'aikata don aiwatar da manyan shirye-shiryen ruwa. * An tattara mahimman fayilolin ruwa don yankuna biyar na Afirka, kafa Cibiyar Ruwa ta Afirka (AWF) wanda Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka ke shirya da sarrafawa, da kuma kafa Asusun Amincewa a karkashin Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP). * Rahotanni masu tasowa game da Kula da Kwamitin Afirka San Ngor na Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnati don hanzarta tsabtace muhalli da ci gaban tsabta a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laying the Foundation for Sanitation Revolution in Africa: WALIS Technical Brief |url=https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/walis/laying-foundation-sanitation-revolution-africa-walis-technical-brief |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Laying the Foundation for Sanitation Revolution in Africa: WALIS Technical Brief {{!}} Globalwaters.org |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Ya haɓaka Shirin Ruwa na Ruwa na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-08 |title=AMCOW launches its Pan-African Groundwater Program |url=https://gripp.iwmi.org/2019/10/08/amcow-launches-its-pan-african-groundwater-program/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Groundwater Solutions Initiative for Policy and Practice (GRIPP) |language=en-US}}</ref> * A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2020 an kaddamar da cibiyar ilimin yanar gizo don tattara da raba bayanan ruwa da tsabtace Afirka da ilimi. * A cikin 2021 an haɓaka Jagoran Manufofin Kiwon Lafiya na Afirka tare da goyon bayan Gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates (BMGF). * An yi bikin cika shekaru 15 a watan Nuwamba, 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Simire |first=Michael |date=2017-09-21 |title=AMCOW set to celebrate 15th anniversary |url=https://www.environewsnigeria.com/amcow-set-celebrate-15th-anniversary/ |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=EnviroNews Nigeria - |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-25 |title=AMCOW 15th anniversary holds in Abuja |url=https://guardian.ng/property/amcow-15th-anniversary-holds-in-abuja/ |access-date=2021-12-28 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> Zai kasance yana tunawa da cika shekaru 20 a lokacin Taron Ruwa na Duniya a [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]], a watan Maris na shekara ta 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dakar 2022 |url=https://www.worldwatercouncil.org/ |access-date=2021-12-28 |website=World Water Council |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership: AMCOW engage in the preparatory phase and the organization of the Dakar Forum {{!}} 9th World Water Forum |url=https://www.worldwaterforum.org/en/latest-news/partnership-amcow-engage-in-the-preparatory-phase-and-the-organization-of-the-dakar |access-date=2021-12-28 |website=www.worldwaterforum.org |archive-date=2021-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009182819/https://www.worldwaterforum.org/en/latest-news/partnership-amcow-engage-in-the-preparatory-phase-and-the-organization-of-the-dakar |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kasashen membobin ==   == Dubi kuma ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 1jlewyze4de0hcygrhi6vji1bpy0roy 0 81502 842369 465540 2026-05-29T10:47:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mariri''' gari ne, da ke a garin Garu Mariri, [[Lere|a ƙaramar hukumar Lere]], a kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], a yankin [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Middle Belt]], [[Najeriya|a Nijeriya]]. Garin na da nisan kilomita 131 daga babban birnin jihar [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mariri, Garu Mariri, Lere, Kaduna State, Nigeria |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-2330760.html |access-date=January 24, 2024 |website=mindat.org}}</ref> <ref name="PPW">{{Cite web |title=Mariri, Nigeria |url=https://nigeria.places-in-the-world.com/2330760-place-mariri.html |access-date=January 24, 2024 |website=Places in the World }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 811. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Post Offices - with map of LGA |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archive-date=2009-10-07 |access-date=2024-01-24 |publisher=NIPOST}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mariri, Lere - Postcode - 811105 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/kaduna-lere-garu-mariri.html |access-date=January 24, 2024 |website=NigeriaPostcode}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin ƙauyuka a jihar Kaduna|Jerin kauyukan jihar Kaduna]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Garuruwa a Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Jihar Kaduna]] oloya08akl9xle5uadas3ti5f6zlqd2 0 81840 841647 679096 2026-05-28T13:28:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841647 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Moiben_and_Abera_2012_Ottawa_Marathon.jpg|right|thumb|Laban Moiben a lokacin Marathon na Ottawa na 2012]] '''Laban Kipkemoi Moiben''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Oktoba shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da uku 1983) dan wasan tsere ne na Kenya wanda ke yin gasa a cikin tseren Marathon. Yana da mafi kyawun sa'o'i 2:09:12.9 don nesa kuma ya lashe tseren marathon a Montreal, Los Angeles, Sacramento, Ottawa da Mumbai. == Takaitaccen Bayani game da Ayyuka == Ya girma a Eldama Ravine a Lardin Rift Valley na Kenya, ya fara gudu yayin da yake karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Timboroa (wani ma'aikata da dan wasan Kenya Daniel Kipchir Komen ya halarta). Moiben ya fara shiga cikin tseren marathon yayin da yake zaune a Arewacin Amurka. Ya fara wasan marathon a shekara ta 2006, ya zo na hudu a Grandma's Marathon a Duluth, sannan ya kafa mafi kyawun lokaci na 2:16:45 don matsayi na biyar a Toronto Waterfront Marathon daga baya a wannan shekarar. A wannan shekarar ya kasance na uku a Shamrock Half Marathon, na hudu a Fifth Third River Bank Run A cikin 2007 ya sami nasara a baya-baya a kan nesa, ya dauki lakabi a Montreal Marathon da California International Marathon a Sakramento (sanya mafi kyawun sa'o'i 2:14:31 a tseren na karshe). <ref name="MI">[http://marathoninfo.free.fr/athletes/kenya/moiben_laban.htm Moiben Laban]. MarathonInfo. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.</ref> Ya kuma lashe Georgia Half Marathon a watan Maris kuma ya kasance na biyu a Marathon na Kasa a Nashville, Tennessee a watan Afrilu.<ref>[http://results.active.com/pages/searchform.jsp?rsID=43873 Country Music Marathon & 1/2 Marathon - Marathon April 28, 2007]. Active. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.</ref><ref>[http://www.runningusa.org/node/53474 Chirlee, Levushinka Beat the Heat to Win Inaugural ING Georgia Marathon]{{Dead link|date=December 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}. Running USA. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.</ref> Ya fara 2008 tare da nasarar marathon ta uku a jere a Los Angeles Marathon, yana inganta mafi kyawun lokacinsa zuwa 2:13:50 hours.<ref>Elliott, Helene (2008-03-03). [http://articles.latimes.com/2008/mar/03/sports/sp-maramen3 Moiben of Kenya gets win]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.</ref> Kodayake ya kasance na takwas a Rock 'n' Roll San Diego Marathon a watan Yuni, ya yi rikodin sa'o'i 2:13:31 .<ref>[http://results.active.com/pages/searchform.jsp?rsID=64204 2008 San Diego Marathon]. Active. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.</ref> Ya dawo don kare matsayinsa a Marathon na Montreal, amma [[Lamech Mosoti Mokono]] ya doke shi zuwa matsayi na biyu.<ref name="MI"/> A tafiyarsa ta karshe ta shekara a Honolulu Marathon ya kasa kammala nisan a karo na farko, ya fita daga tsakiyar tseren.<ref>Monti, David (2008-12-15). [https://archive.today/20120708081507/http://berlin.iaaf.org/news/kind=100/newsid=48727.html Ivuti & Shimahara battle heavy rains to take Honolulu titles]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.</ref> Ya gama duka tseren biyu a shekara ta 2009, ya kammala na hudu a Ottawa Marathon kuma ya dauki matsayi na biyu a San Antonio Marathon.<ref>Gains, paul (2009-05-24). [http://www.iaaf.org/LRR09/news/newsid=50692.html Champions successfully defend Ottawa Marathon titles]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.</ref> Ya kuma saita 10K mafi kyau na minti 29:30 a kan hanyar zuwa nasara a Vulcan Run . <ref>Melanson, Rick (2011-11-10). [https://www.arrs.run/HP_Vul10.htm Vulcan Run 10 km] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125145911/https://www.arrs.run/HP_Vul10.htm |date=2025-01-25 }}. [[Association of Road Racing Statisticians]]. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.</ref> Moiben ya zira kwallaye mafi kyau a Ottawa Marathon a shekara mai zuwa, ya nutse a karkashin sa'o'i biyu da minti goma tare da lokacinsa na 2:09:43, ya zama na biyu a bayan Arata Fujiwara . <ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/LRR10/news/newsid=56902.html Men's course record falls in Ottawa]. IAAF (2010-05-31). Retrieved on 2012-01-15.</ref> Wani aiki mai karfi ya zo a 2010 Chicago Marathon, inda ya zo na bakwai a tseren maza tare da sa'o'i 2:10:48.<ref name="Results">{{Cite web |date=October 10, 2010 |title=Bank of America Chicago Marathon 2010 Results |url=http://results.public.chicagomarathon.com/2010/?&lang=EN&num_results=25&pid=leaderboard&search_sort_order=ASC&top_results=3 |access-date=October 11, 2010 |website=Bank of America Chicago Marathon }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya ci gaba da yin kyau a shekara ta 2011, ya zama na uku a Marathon na Los Angeles sannan ya doke Dereje Abera a cikin tseren tsere don lashe Marathon na Ottawa a cikin mafi kyawun lokacin kakar na 2:10:18 hours.<ref>Reavis, Tony (2011-03-21). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/kind=100/newsid=59593.html Geneti debuts with 2:06 in LA]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.</ref><ref>Gains, Paul (2011-05-29). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/newsid=60141.html Moiben just holds off Abera to take Ottawa marathon victory]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.</ref> Lokacin gudu na 2012 ya fara ne a cikin irin wannan salon kamar yadda 2011 ya Kare: ya sauka zuwa tseren tsere a kan Habashawa, Raji Assefa a wannan lokacin, kuma Moiben ya fito a saman. A wannan lokacin ya kasance a Marathon na Mumbai, tseren marathon na farko da nasara a waje da Arewacin Amurka. <ref>Krishnan, Ram. Murali (2012-01-15). [http://www.iaaf.org/Mini/LRR12/News/NewsDetail.aspx?id=63344 Abeyo notches course record, while Moiben edges Assefa in Mumbai]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.</ref> A watan Mayu ya kafa sabon rikodin hanya da mafi kyawun kansa na 2:09:12.9 a Marathon na Ottawa . A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2018, Laban Moiben ya kafa sabon rikodin kansa don tseren 10K, inda ya lashe tseren Buriram Marathon na kilomita 10 a Buriram, Thailand tare da lokaci na 28:59.5. <ref>[https://sport.sanook.com/672081/ "ปอดเหล็กเคนย่า" กวาดแชมป์ชาย-หญิง "บุรีรัมย์ มาราธอน 2018" "บุญถึง-ณัฐธยาน์" เข้าวินฝั่งไทย]</ref>&nbsp; == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hadin waje == * {{World Athletics}} * [https://more.arrs.run/runner/26927 Labanan Moiben ARRS profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006192253/https://more.arrs.run/runner/26927 |date=2024-10-06 }} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Moiben, Laban}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5c5yowsn26s3q06wu6qoj9ty9a85tx2 0 81952 842009 727466 2026-05-28T23:26:27Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ma'auni */ 842009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mwamongu_water_source.jpg|thumb|Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta ƙauyen Mwamanogu, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. A cikin Gundumar Meatu, Yankin Shinyanga, ruwa galibi yana fitowa ne daga ramuka da aka haƙa a cikin yashi na busassun koguna, kuma koyaushe yana gurɓata.]] Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da karancin ruwa a Afirka shine karancin ruwa na zahiri da na tattalin arziki, saurin karuwar yawan jama'a, da Tasirin canjin yanayi akan sake zagayowar ruwa. Rashin ruwa shine rashin albarkatun Ruwa mai kyau don biyan [[Jari-hujja|Bukatar ruwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> Ruwan sama a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka]] yana da yanayi sosai kuma ba a rarraba shi daidai ba, yana haifar da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da fari akai-akai.<ref name="WFL">{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml |access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> [[Fayil:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_The_Congo_River_is_a_lifeline,_but_also_a_huge_threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Ƙalubalen ruwa a Afirka]] A shekarar 2012, Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa ƙarancin ruwa yana zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kalubale ga ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne saboda yawancin koguna sun kai matakin ƙarancin ruwa sakamakon buƙatun noma da sauran fannoni daban-daban. A Afirka, ƙarancin ruwa yana da tasiri da yawa yana shafar lafiya, musamman mata da yara, ilimi, yawan amfanin gona, da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Haka kuma, yana iya haifar da ƙarin rikice-rikice kan albarkatun [[ruwa]].<ref><nowiki>https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/water-scarcity-in-africa-explainer-what-to-know/#:~:text=What%20Is%20Water%20Scarcity%20and,access%20liveable%20amounts%20of%20water</nowiki>.</ref> Don magance matsalar ƙarancin ruwa a Afirka yadda ya kamata, Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka ta jaddada muhimmancin zuba jari wajen bunƙasa albarkatun ruwa da nahiyar ke da su. Wannan zai taimaka wajen inganta wadatar abinci da ruwa, da kuma kare ci gaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar kula da fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da yadda hamada ke yaɗuwa.<ref><nowiki>https://sapa-usa.org/water-scarcity-in-africa/#:~:text=Water%20scarcity%20in%20Africa%20is,development%2C%20fueling%20conflicts%20and%20poverty</nowiki>.</ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/world-water-day-2023-accelerating-change-solving-africas-water-and-sanitation-crises-59935#:~:text=22%2DMar%2D2023,associations%2C%20and%20global%20development%20partners</nowiki>.</ref> == Ma'auni == Ƙasashen da ke ƙasan Sahara a Afirka suna da mafi yawan ƙasashe da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa fiye da kowanne yanki a duniya. Daga cikin kimanin mutane miliyan 800 da ke rayuwa a Afirka, kusan miliyan 300 na zaune ne a wuraren da ruwa ke da wahalar samu. A shekara ta 2012, an kiyasta cewa daga yanzu zuwa shekara ta 2030, tsakanin mutane miliyan 75 zuwa miliyan 250 a Afirka za su kasance a yankunan da ke da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa. Wannan na iya sa mutane tsakanin miliyan 24 zuwa miliyan 700 su bar muhallansu sakamakon tsananin rashin yanayin da ya dace da rayuwa.<ref><nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D</nowiki></ref> == Ma’auni == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|’Yan mata daga Babile (Habasha) suna cika kwantena na filastik da ruwa daga babban tushen ruwan yankin.]] Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da mafi yawan ƙasashen da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa fiye da kowanne yanki a duniya. Daga cikin kimanin mutane miliyan 800 da ke zaune a Afirka, miliyan 300 suna rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an kiyasta cewa zuwa 2030, mutane miliyan 75 zuwa miliyan 250 a Afirka za su rayu a wuraren da ake fama da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC"/> Wannan na iya tilasta mutane miliyan 24 zuwa miliyan 700 su bar wuraren su saboda yanayi ya zama ba zai yiwu a rayu ba.<ref name="IaC"/> Afirka ita ce nahiyar ta biyu mafi bushewa a duniya, inda miliyoyin Afirka ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa a duk shekara.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne daga rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa, yawan jama’a da kuma rashin kyakkyawan sarrafa albarkatun da ake da su. Wani lokaci akwai ƙarancin mutane a wuraren da ake da ruwa mai yawa. Misali, kashi 30% na ruwan nahiyar yana cikin Congo Basin wanda mutane kashi 10% ne kawai ke zaune a wurin.<ref name=":72"/><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> Akwai bambance-bambancen yanayin ruwan sama a wurare da lokuta daban-daban. Haka kuma akwai yawan shanye ruwan sama a wasu wurare wanda ke rage yawan ruwan da ake samu.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82"/> Sai dai akwai bambance-bambancen shekara da shekara na yanayi da albarkatun ruwa, don haka wasu yankuna suna da isasshen ruwa,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license.</ref> amma Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana fuskantar ƙalubale da dama da suka shafi ruwa wanda ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma barazana ga rayuwar jama’a.<ref name=":04"/> Noman Afirka yawanci yana dogara da ruwan sama, kuma ƙasa da kashi 10% na ƙasar da ake noma a nahiyar ana ban ruwa.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04"/> Tasirin sauyin yanayi da bambance-bambancen yanayi ya fi bayyana sosai.<ref name=":04"/> {{excerpt|Water scarcity|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} === Bambancin yankuna === Arewacin Afirka da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara suna ci gaba da cimma burin Millennium Development Goal kan ruwa a matakai daban-daban.<ref name="WFL"/> Arewacin Afirka tana da kashi 92% na ruwan lafiya, yayin da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara ke da kashi 60% kawai—wanda ya bar kashi 40% na mutane miliyan 783 a yankin ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ba.<ref name="WFL"/> Wasu daga cikin bambance-bambancen samun ruwan tsabta sun samo asali ne daga yanayin matsanancin yanayi na Afirka. Duk da cewa Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da isasshen ruwan sama, yana zuwa ne a yanayi na lokaci-lokaci kuma ba daidai ba, wanda ke haifar da ambaliya da fari.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma matsalolin tattalin arziki da talauci, tare da yawan jama’a da hijirar karkara zuwa birane sun sa yankin ya zama mafi talauci da rashin ci gaba a duniya.<ref name="WFL"/> Wannan talauci yana hana birane da dama samar da ruwan tsabta da tsaftar muhalli, kuma yana hana inganta ingancin ruwa duk da damar da ake da ita.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma yawan jama’a yana sa ƙauyuka da birane su ƙaru a wuraren da ke da haɗarin ambaliya.<ref name="WFL"/> Rahoton SDG goal 6 na baya-bayan nan ya nuna gaskiya game da yanayin ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, ciki har da rashin tsafta da tasirin sa ga lafiyar abinci musamman ga yara saboda yawan cututtuka. Har ila yau, kusan kashi 1/3 na jama’ar yankin suna cikin haɗarin yunwa saboda rashin samun abinci. Bugu da ƙari, Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da kashi 76% ba su da ruwan sha mai tsabta yayin da Turai da Arewacin Amurka ke da kashi 6% kawai da ba su da ruwan tsabta.<ref name="SDG"/> == Manazarta == qfumi425kir227afehqrn10wo41vssl 842010 842009 2026-05-28T23:26:41Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ma'auni */ 842010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mwamongu_water_source.jpg|thumb|Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta ƙauyen Mwamanogu, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. A cikin Gundumar Meatu, Yankin Shinyanga, ruwa galibi yana fitowa ne daga ramuka da aka haƙa a cikin yashi na busassun koguna, kuma koyaushe yana gurɓata.]] Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da karancin ruwa a Afirka shine karancin ruwa na zahiri da na tattalin arziki, saurin karuwar yawan jama'a, da Tasirin canjin yanayi akan sake zagayowar ruwa. Rashin ruwa shine rashin albarkatun Ruwa mai kyau don biyan [[Jari-hujja|Bukatar ruwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> Ruwan sama a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka]] yana da yanayi sosai kuma ba a rarraba shi daidai ba, yana haifar da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da fari akai-akai.<ref name="WFL">{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml |access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> [[Fayil:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_The_Congo_River_is_a_lifeline,_but_also_a_huge_threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Ƙalubalen ruwa a Afirka]] A shekarar 2012, Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa ƙarancin ruwa yana zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kalubale ga ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne saboda yawancin koguna sun kai matakin ƙarancin ruwa sakamakon buƙatun noma da sauran fannoni daban-daban. A Afirka, ƙarancin ruwa yana da tasiri da yawa yana shafar lafiya, musamman mata da yara, ilimi, yawan amfanin gona, da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Haka kuma, yana iya haifar da ƙarin rikice-rikice kan albarkatun [[ruwa]].<ref><nowiki>https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/water-scarcity-in-africa-explainer-what-to-know/#:~:text=What%20Is%20Water%20Scarcity%20and,access%20liveable%20amounts%20of%20water</nowiki>.</ref> Don magance matsalar ƙarancin ruwa a Afirka yadda ya kamata, Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka ta jaddada muhimmancin zuba jari wajen bunƙasa albarkatun ruwa da nahiyar ke da su. Wannan zai taimaka wajen inganta wadatar abinci da ruwa, da kuma kare ci gaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar kula da fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da yadda hamada ke yaɗuwa.<ref><nowiki>https://sapa-usa.org/water-scarcity-in-africa/#:~:text=Water%20scarcity%20in%20Africa%20is,development%2C%20fueling%20conflicts%20and%20poverty</nowiki>.</ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/world-water-day-2023-accelerating-change-solving-africas-water-and-sanitation-crises-59935#:~:text=22%2DMar%2D2023,associations%2C%20and%20global%20development%20partners</nowiki>.</ref> == Ma’auni == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|’Yan mata daga Babile (Habasha) suna cika kwantena na filastik da ruwa daga babban tushen ruwan yankin.]] Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da mafi yawan ƙasashen da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa fiye da kowanne yanki a duniya. Daga cikin kimanin mutane miliyan 800 da ke zaune a Afirka, miliyan 300 suna rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an kiyasta cewa zuwa 2030, mutane miliyan 75 zuwa miliyan 250 a Afirka za su rayu a wuraren da ake fama da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC"/> Wannan na iya tilasta mutane miliyan 24 zuwa miliyan 700 su bar wuraren su saboda yanayi ya zama ba zai yiwu a rayu ba.<ref name="IaC"/> Afirka ita ce nahiyar ta biyu mafi bushewa a duniya, inda miliyoyin Afirka ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa a duk shekara.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne daga rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa, yawan jama’a da kuma rashin kyakkyawan sarrafa albarkatun da ake da su. Wani lokaci akwai ƙarancin mutane a wuraren da ake da ruwa mai yawa. Misali, kashi 30% na ruwan nahiyar yana cikin Congo Basin wanda mutane kashi 10% ne kawai ke zaune a wurin.<ref name=":72"/><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> Akwai bambance-bambancen yanayin ruwan sama a wurare da lokuta daban-daban. Haka kuma akwai yawan shanye ruwan sama a wasu wurare wanda ke rage yawan ruwan da ake samu.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82"/> Sai dai akwai bambance-bambancen shekara da shekara na yanayi da albarkatun ruwa, don haka wasu yankuna suna da isasshen ruwa,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license.</ref> amma Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana fuskantar ƙalubale da dama da suka shafi ruwa wanda ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma barazana ga rayuwar jama’a.<ref name=":04"/> Noman Afirka yawanci yana dogara da ruwan sama, kuma ƙasa da kashi 10% na ƙasar da ake noma a nahiyar ana ban ruwa.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04"/> Tasirin sauyin yanayi da bambance-bambancen yanayi ya fi bayyana sosai.<ref name=":04"/> {{excerpt|Water scarcity|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} === Bambancin yankuna === Arewacin Afirka da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara suna ci gaba da cimma burin Millennium Development Goal kan ruwa a matakai daban-daban.<ref name="WFL"/> Arewacin Afirka tana da kashi 92% na ruwan lafiya, yayin da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara ke da kashi 60% kawai—wanda ya bar kashi 40% na mutane miliyan 783 a yankin ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ba.<ref name="WFL"/> Wasu daga cikin bambance-bambancen samun ruwan tsabta sun samo asali ne daga yanayin matsanancin yanayi na Afirka. Duk da cewa Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da isasshen ruwan sama, yana zuwa ne a yanayi na lokaci-lokaci kuma ba daidai ba, wanda ke haifar da ambaliya da fari.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma matsalolin tattalin arziki da talauci, tare da yawan jama’a da hijirar karkara zuwa birane sun sa yankin ya zama mafi talauci da rashin ci gaba a duniya.<ref name="WFL"/> Wannan talauci yana hana birane da dama samar da ruwan tsabta da tsaftar muhalli, kuma yana hana inganta ingancin ruwa duk da damar da ake da ita.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma yawan jama’a yana sa ƙauyuka da birane su ƙaru a wuraren da ke da haɗarin ambaliya.<ref name="WFL"/> Rahoton SDG goal 6 na baya-bayan nan ya nuna gaskiya game da yanayin ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, ciki har da rashin tsafta da tasirin sa ga lafiyar abinci musamman ga yara saboda yawan cututtuka. Har ila yau, kusan kashi 1/3 na jama’ar yankin suna cikin haɗarin yunwa saboda rashin samun abinci. Bugu da ƙari, Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da kashi 76% ba su da ruwan sha mai tsabta yayin da Turai da Arewacin Amurka ke da kashi 6% kawai da ba su da ruwan tsabta.<ref name="SDG"/> == Manazarta == 987uwqkpqupo0t7niip72xy263hizdc 842011 842010 2026-05-28T23:26:58Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ma’auni */ 842011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mwamongu_water_source.jpg|thumb|Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta ƙauyen Mwamanogu, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. A cikin Gundumar Meatu, Yankin Shinyanga, ruwa galibi yana fitowa ne daga ramuka da aka haƙa a cikin yashi na busassun koguna, kuma koyaushe yana gurɓata.]] Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da karancin ruwa a Afirka shine karancin ruwa na zahiri da na tattalin arziki, saurin karuwar yawan jama'a, da Tasirin canjin yanayi akan sake zagayowar ruwa. Rashin ruwa shine rashin albarkatun Ruwa mai kyau don biyan [[Jari-hujja|Bukatar ruwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> Ruwan sama a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka]] yana da yanayi sosai kuma ba a rarraba shi daidai ba, yana haifar da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da fari akai-akai.<ref name="WFL">{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml |access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> [[Fayil:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_The_Congo_River_is_a_lifeline,_but_also_a_huge_threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Ƙalubalen ruwa a Afirka]] A shekarar 2012, Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa ƙarancin ruwa yana zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kalubale ga ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne saboda yawancin koguna sun kai matakin ƙarancin ruwa sakamakon buƙatun noma da sauran fannoni daban-daban. A Afirka, ƙarancin ruwa yana da tasiri da yawa yana shafar lafiya, musamman mata da yara, ilimi, yawan amfanin gona, da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Haka kuma, yana iya haifar da ƙarin rikice-rikice kan albarkatun [[ruwa]].<ref><nowiki>https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/water-scarcity-in-africa-explainer-what-to-know/#:~:text=What%20Is%20Water%20Scarcity%20and,access%20liveable%20amounts%20of%20water</nowiki>.</ref> Don magance matsalar ƙarancin ruwa a Afirka yadda ya kamata, Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka ta jaddada muhimmancin zuba jari wajen bunƙasa albarkatun ruwa da nahiyar ke da su. Wannan zai taimaka wajen inganta wadatar abinci da ruwa, da kuma kare ci gaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar kula da fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da yadda hamada ke yaɗuwa.<ref><nowiki>https://sapa-usa.org/water-scarcity-in-africa/#:~:text=Water%20scarcity%20in%20Africa%20is,development%2C%20fueling%20conflicts%20and%20poverty</nowiki>.</ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/world-water-day-2023-accelerating-change-solving-africas-water-and-sanitation-crises-59935#:~:text=22%2DMar%2D2023,associations%2C%20and%20global%20development%20partners</nowiki>.</ref> == Ma’auni == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|’Yan mata daga Babile (Habasha) suna cika kwantena na filastik da ruwa daga babban tushen ruwan yankin.]] Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da mafi yawan ƙasashen da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa fiye da kowanne yanki a duniya. Daga cikin kimanin mutane miliyan 800 da ke zaune a Afirka, miliyan 300 suna rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an kiyasta cewa zuwa 2030, mutane miliyan 75 zuwa miliyan 250 a Afirka za su rayu a wuraren da ake fama da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC"/> Wannan na iya tilasta mutane miliyan 24 zuwa miliyan 700 su bar wuraren su saboda yanayi ya zama ba zai yiwu a rayu ba.<ref name="IaC"/> Afirka ita ce nahiyar ta biyu mafi bushewa a duniya, inda miliyoyin Afirka ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa a duk shekara.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne daga rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa, yawan jama’a da kuma rashin kyakkyawan sarrafa albarkatun da ake da su. Wani lokaci akwai ƙarancin mutane a wuraren da ake da ruwa mai yawa. Misali, kashi 30% na ruwan nahiyar yana cikin Congo Basin wanda mutane kashi 10% ne kawai ke zaune a wurin.<ref name=":72"/><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> Akwai bambance-bambancen yanayin ruwan sama a wurare da lokuta daban-daban. Haka kuma akwai yawan shanye ruwan sama a wasu wurare wanda ke rage yawan ruwan da ake samu.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82"/> Sai dai akwai bambance-bambancen shekara da shekara na yanayi da albarkatun ruwa, don haka wasu yankuna suna da isasshen ruwa,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license.</ref> amma Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana fuskantar ƙalubale da dama da suka shafi ruwa wanda ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma barazana ga rayuwar jama’a.<ref name=":04"/> Noman Afirka yawanci yana dogara da ruwan sama, kuma ƙasa da kashi 10% na ƙasar da ake noma a nahiyar ana ban ruwa.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04"/> Tasirin sauyin yanayi da bambance-bambancen yanayi ya fi bayyana sosai.<ref name=":04"/> === Bambancin yankuna === Arewacin Afirka da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara suna ci gaba da cimma burin Millennium Development Goal kan ruwa a matakai daban-daban.<ref name="WFL"/> Arewacin Afirka tana da kashi 92% na ruwan lafiya, yayin da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara ke da kashi 60% kawai—wanda ya bar kashi 40% na mutane miliyan 783 a yankin ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ba.<ref name="WFL"/> Wasu daga cikin bambance-bambancen samun ruwan tsabta sun samo asali ne daga yanayin matsanancin yanayi na Afirka. Duk da cewa Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da isasshen ruwan sama, yana zuwa ne a yanayi na lokaci-lokaci kuma ba daidai ba, wanda ke haifar da ambaliya da fari.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma matsalolin tattalin arziki da talauci, tare da yawan jama’a da hijirar karkara zuwa birane sun sa yankin ya zama mafi talauci da rashin ci gaba a duniya.<ref name="WFL"/> Wannan talauci yana hana birane da dama samar da ruwan tsabta da tsaftar muhalli, kuma yana hana inganta ingancin ruwa duk da damar da ake da ita.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma yawan jama’a yana sa ƙauyuka da birane su ƙaru a wuraren da ke da haɗarin ambaliya.<ref name="WFL"/> Rahoton SDG goal 6 na baya-bayan nan ya nuna gaskiya game da yanayin ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, ciki har da rashin tsafta da tasirin sa ga lafiyar abinci musamman ga yara saboda yawan cututtuka. Har ila yau, kusan kashi 1/3 na jama’ar yankin suna cikin haɗarin yunwa saboda rashin samun abinci. Bugu da ƙari, Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da kashi 76% ba su da ruwan sha mai tsabta yayin da Turai da Arewacin Amurka ke da kashi 6% kawai da ba su da ruwan tsabta.<ref name="SDG"/> == Manazarta == gp5a4mmbe70prg9deu6wldcl1cyo8t4 842013 842011 2026-05-28T23:28:28Z Sirjat 20447 /* Bambancin yankuna */ 842013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mwamongu_water_source.jpg|thumb|Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta ƙauyen Mwamanogu, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. A cikin Gundumar Meatu, Yankin Shinyanga, ruwa galibi yana fitowa ne daga ramuka da aka haƙa a cikin yashi na busassun koguna, kuma koyaushe yana gurɓata.]] Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da karancin ruwa a Afirka shine karancin ruwa na zahiri da na tattalin arziki, saurin karuwar yawan jama'a, da Tasirin canjin yanayi akan sake zagayowar ruwa. Rashin ruwa shine rashin albarkatun Ruwa mai kyau don biyan [[Jari-hujja|Bukatar ruwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> Ruwan sama a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka]] yana da yanayi sosai kuma ba a rarraba shi daidai ba, yana haifar da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da fari akai-akai.<ref name="WFL">{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml |access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> [[Fayil:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_The_Congo_River_is_a_lifeline,_but_also_a_huge_threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Ƙalubalen ruwa a Afirka]] A shekarar 2012, Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa ƙarancin ruwa yana zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kalubale ga ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne saboda yawancin koguna sun kai matakin ƙarancin ruwa sakamakon buƙatun noma da sauran fannoni daban-daban. A Afirka, ƙarancin ruwa yana da tasiri da yawa yana shafar lafiya, musamman mata da yara, ilimi, yawan amfanin gona, da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Haka kuma, yana iya haifar da ƙarin rikice-rikice kan albarkatun [[ruwa]].<ref><nowiki>https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/water-scarcity-in-africa-explainer-what-to-know/#:~:text=What%20Is%20Water%20Scarcity%20and,access%20liveable%20amounts%20of%20water</nowiki>.</ref> Don magance matsalar ƙarancin ruwa a Afirka yadda ya kamata, Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka ta jaddada muhimmancin zuba jari wajen bunƙasa albarkatun ruwa da nahiyar ke da su. Wannan zai taimaka wajen inganta wadatar abinci da ruwa, da kuma kare ci gaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar kula da fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da yadda hamada ke yaɗuwa.<ref><nowiki>https://sapa-usa.org/water-scarcity-in-africa/#:~:text=Water%20scarcity%20in%20Africa%20is,development%2C%20fueling%20conflicts%20and%20poverty</nowiki>.</ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/world-water-day-2023-accelerating-change-solving-africas-water-and-sanitation-crises-59935#:~:text=22%2DMar%2D2023,associations%2C%20and%20global%20development%20partners</nowiki>.</ref> == Ma’auni == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|’Yan mata daga Babile (Habasha) suna cika kwantena na filastik da ruwa daga babban tushen ruwan yankin.]] Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da mafi yawan ƙasashen da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa fiye da kowanne yanki a duniya. Daga cikin kimanin mutane miliyan 800 da ke zaune a Afirka, miliyan 300 suna rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an kiyasta cewa zuwa 2030, mutane miliyan 75 zuwa miliyan 250 a Afirka za su rayu a wuraren da ake fama da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC"/> Wannan na iya tilasta mutane miliyan 24 zuwa miliyan 700 su bar wuraren su saboda yanayi ya zama ba zai yiwu a rayu ba.<ref name="IaC"/> Afirka ita ce nahiyar ta biyu mafi bushewa a duniya, inda miliyoyin Afirka ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa a duk shekara.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne daga rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa, yawan jama’a da kuma rashin kyakkyawan sarrafa albarkatun da ake da su. Wani lokaci akwai ƙarancin mutane a wuraren da ake da ruwa mai yawa. Misali, kashi 30% na ruwan nahiyar yana cikin Congo Basin wanda mutane kashi 10% ne kawai ke zaune a wurin.<ref name=":72"/><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> Akwai bambance-bambancen yanayin ruwan sama a wurare da lokuta daban-daban. Haka kuma akwai yawan shanye ruwan sama a wasu wurare wanda ke rage yawan ruwan da ake samu.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82"/> Sai dai akwai bambance-bambancen shekara da shekara na yanayi da albarkatun ruwa, don haka wasu yankuna suna da isasshen ruwa,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license.</ref> amma Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana fuskantar ƙalubale da dama da suka shafi ruwa wanda ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma barazana ga rayuwar jama’a.<ref name=":04"/> Noman Afirka yawanci yana dogara da ruwan sama, kuma ƙasa da kashi 10% na ƙasar da ake noma a nahiyar ana ban ruwa.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04"/> Tasirin sauyin yanayi da bambance-bambancen yanayi ya fi bayyana sosai.<ref name=":04"/> === Bambancin yankuna === Arewacin Afirka da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara suna ci gaba da cimma burin Millennium Development Goal kan ruwa a matakai daban-daban.<ref name="WFL"/> Arewacin Afirka tana da kashi 92% na ruwan lafiya, yayin da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara ke da kashi 60% kawai—wanda ya bar kashi 40% na mutane miliyan 783 a yankin ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ba.<ref name="WFL"/> Wasu daga cikin bambance-bambancen samun ruwan tsabta sun samo asali ne daga yanayin matsanancin yanayi na Afirka. Duk da cewa Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da isasshen ruwan sama, yana zuwa ne a yanayi na lokaci-lokaci kuma ba daidai ba, wanda ke haifar da ambaliya da fari.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma matsalolin tattalin arziki da talauci, tare da yawan jama’a da hijirar karkara zuwa birane sun sa yankin ya zama mafi talauci da rashin ci gaba a duniya.<ref name="WFL"/> Wannan talauci yana hana birane da dama samar da ruwan tsabta da tsaftar muhalli, kuma yana hana inganta ingancin ruwa duk da damar da ake da ita.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma yawan jama’a yana sa ƙauyuka da birane su ƙaru a wuraren da ke da haɗarin ambaliya.<ref name="WFL"/> Rahoton SDG goal 6 na baya-bayan nan ya nuna gaskiya game da yanayin ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, ciki har da rashin tsafta da tasirin sa ga lafiyar abinci musamman ga yara saboda yawan cututtuka. Har ila yau, kusan kashi 1/3 na jama’ar yankin suna cikin haɗarin yunwa saboda rashin samun abinci. Bugu da ƙari, Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da kashi 76% ba su da ruwan sha mai tsabta yayin da Turai da Arewacin Amurka ke da kashi 6% kawai da ba su da ruwan tsabta.<ref name="SDG"/> == Dalilai == === Karancin ruwa na zahiri da tattalin arziki === Karancin ruwa yana da asali daga dabi’a da kuma aikin ɗan adam, kuma ana iya raba shi zuwa rukuni biyu: karancin tattalin arziki da karancin zahiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Karancin tattalin arziki yana nufin cewa samun ingantaccen ruwan sha yana da tsada kuma yana ɗaukar lokaci; karancin zahiri kuma yana nufin rashin wadataccen ruwa a wani yanki dangane da bukatun jama’a.<ref name="WS"/> A shekarar 2006, Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 300 daga cikin miliyan 800 da ke zaune a Afirka suna rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="uneca"/> Musamman a arewa da kudu na Afirka, hauhawar yanayin zafi da sauyin yanayi sun ƙara tsananta yanayin hydrological cycle wanda ke haifar da bushewar lokutan fari, yana ƙara haɗarin fari mai tsanani da yawan faruwa. Wannan yana shafar samuwa, inganci da yawan ruwa saboda raguwar kwararan koguna da tafkunan ruwa, saukar matakin ruwan ƙasa da bushewar aquifers.<ref name="HDR"/> Karancin zahiri ya haɗa da matsalar overexploitation, wanda ke rage girman manyan tafkunan Afirka, ciki har da Nakivale, Nakuru da Lake Chad wanda ya ragu zuwa kashi 10% na girman sa na da.<ref name="HDR"/> Manufofin da ke ƙarfafa amfani da ruwa fiye da kima suna daga cikin mafi haɗari, musamman wajen hako ruwan ƙasa. Sau da yawa ana tallafawa farashin wutar lantarki don aikin gona, wanda ke rage ƙarfafa adana albarkatun.<ref name="HDR"/> Haka kuma, ƙasashe da dama a Afirka suna sa farashin ruwa ƙasa da farashin da ake buƙata don kula da shi, wanda ke rage ingantaccen amfani da barazana ga dorewar albarkatun.<ref name="HDR"/> === Yawan jama’a === A cikin ƙarni ɗaya da ya gabata, yawan jama’ar duniya ya ninka sau biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Water scarcity |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=un.org |language=en}}</ref> Afirka ce ke da mafi saurin ƙaruwa na yawan jama’a a duniya. Ana sa ran zai ƙaru da kusan kashi 50% cikin shekaru 18 masu zuwa, daga mutane biliyan 1.2 zuwa fiye da biliyan 1.8 a shekarar 2035.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ISSAfrica.org|date=2017-05-15|title=Africa's population boom: burden or opportunity?|url=https://issafrica.org/amp/iss-today/africas-population-boom-burden-or-opportunity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=ISS Africa|language=en}}</ref> Yawan jama’a yana ƙara buƙatar ruwa, yayin da albarkatun ruwa a yankin ke raguwa. Wannan yana ƙara matsin lamba kan lafiyar jama’a, abinci da ci gaban masana’antu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Falkenmark|first=Malin|date=1990|title=Rapid Population Growth and Water Scarcity: The Predicament of Tomorrow's Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2808065|journal=Population and Development Review|volume=16|pages=81–94|doi=10.2307/2808065|jstor=2808065|issn=0098-7921|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yawan jama’a yana ƙara tsananta matsalar ƙarancin ruwa yayin da ake ƙara matsin lamba kan samuwa da samun damar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> Birane kamar Lagos, Kinshasa da Nairobi sun ninka yawan jama’a cikin shekaru 15.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Chitonge|first=Horman|date=2020-04-02|title=Urbanisation and the water challenge in Africa: Mapping out orders of water scarcity|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|journal=African Studies|volume=79|issue=2|pages=192–211|doi=10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|s2cid=221361042|issn=0002-0184|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Duk da haka, ruwan sha bai ƙaru ba, a wasu lokuta ma ya ragu. Hakan yana haifar da rashin daidaito tsakanin buƙata da samuwa.<ref name=":0"/> Ƙaruwa na birane yana ƙara gurɓatar ruwa saboda yawan shara da najasa da ake zubarwa cikin ruwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Yuan-Xu|date=2020-08-27|title=Runoff pollution control of a sewage discharge project based on green concept – a sewage runoff pollution control system|journal=Water Supply|volume=20 | issue=8| doi=10.2166/ws.2020.183|pages=3676–3686|bibcode=2020WatSu..20.3676W |issn=1606-9749|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sama da kashi 90% na najasa a ƙasashe masu tasowa ana zubar da su cikin ruwa ba tare da an tace ba.<ref name=":1"/> === Sauyin yanayi === {{Further|Effects of climate change|Water security#Climate change}} Kamar yadda Africa Partnership Forum ta bayyana, "Ko da yake Afirka ba ta da alhakin sauyin yanayi, tana da rauni sosai ga tasirin sa," wanda ya haɗa da sauyin yanayin ruwan sama, ƙarancin abinci, ƙarancin ruwa, raguwar kifaye, hauhawar matakin teku da ƙara matsalar ruwa.<ref name="cca">{{cite web|title=Climate Change and Africa|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/57/7/38897900.pdf|access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> Wannan yana shafar yawan da ingancin ruwan da yara ke buƙata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water and the global climate crisis: 10 things you should know |url=https://www.unicef.org/stories/water-and-climate-change-10-things-you-should-know |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Ana hasashen cewa zuwa shekarar 2050, ruwan sama a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara zai ragu da kashi 10%, wanda zai haifar da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stocker|first=Thomas|title=Climate change 2013: the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-05799-9|language=en|oclc=879855060}}</ref> Rahoton Human Development Report ya yi hasashen cewa hauhawar yanayi tare da raguwar ruwan sama zai ƙara tsananta matsalar fari da ambaliya.<ref name="HDR"/> Sauyin yanayi ya haifar da tsawon lokutan fari da ambaliya a Afirka.<ref name="cca"/> WHO ta bayyana sauyin yanayi a matsayin babbar barazana ga lafiyar duniya a ƙarni na 21.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Kumaresan|first1=Jacob|last2=Sathiakumar|first2=Nalini|date=2010-03-01|title=Climate change and its potential impact on health: a call for integrated action|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=88|issue=3|pages=163|doi=10.2471/blt.10.076034|issn=0042-9686|pmc=2828801|pmid=20428377}}</ref> Saboda dogaro da noman ruwan sama da talauci, sauyin yanayi yana shafar Afirka fiye da ƙ == Manazarta == ny1s68osgmg599ke7brdz44sqasdn7r 842014 842013 2026-05-28T23:28:44Z Sirjat 20447 /* Sauyin yanayi */ 842014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mwamongu_water_source.jpg|thumb|Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta ƙauyen Mwamanogu, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. A cikin Gundumar Meatu, Yankin Shinyanga, ruwa galibi yana fitowa ne daga ramuka da aka haƙa a cikin yashi na busassun koguna, kuma koyaushe yana gurɓata.]] Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da karancin ruwa a Afirka shine karancin ruwa na zahiri da na tattalin arziki, saurin karuwar yawan jama'a, da Tasirin canjin yanayi akan sake zagayowar ruwa. Rashin ruwa shine rashin albarkatun Ruwa mai kyau don biyan [[Jari-hujja|Bukatar ruwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> Ruwan sama a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka]] yana da yanayi sosai kuma ba a rarraba shi daidai ba, yana haifar da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da fari akai-akai.<ref name="WFL">{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml |access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> [[Fayil:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_The_Congo_River_is_a_lifeline,_but_also_a_huge_threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Ƙalubalen ruwa a Afirka]] A shekarar 2012, Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa ƙarancin ruwa yana zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kalubale ga ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne saboda yawancin koguna sun kai matakin ƙarancin ruwa sakamakon buƙatun noma da sauran fannoni daban-daban. A Afirka, ƙarancin ruwa yana da tasiri da yawa yana shafar lafiya, musamman mata da yara, ilimi, yawan amfanin gona, da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Haka kuma, yana iya haifar da ƙarin rikice-rikice kan albarkatun [[ruwa]].<ref><nowiki>https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/water-scarcity-in-africa-explainer-what-to-know/#:~:text=What%20Is%20Water%20Scarcity%20and,access%20liveable%20amounts%20of%20water</nowiki>.</ref> Don magance matsalar ƙarancin ruwa a Afirka yadda ya kamata, Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka ta jaddada muhimmancin zuba jari wajen bunƙasa albarkatun ruwa da nahiyar ke da su. Wannan zai taimaka wajen inganta wadatar abinci da ruwa, da kuma kare ci gaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar kula da fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da yadda hamada ke yaɗuwa.<ref><nowiki>https://sapa-usa.org/water-scarcity-in-africa/#:~:text=Water%20scarcity%20in%20Africa%20is,development%2C%20fueling%20conflicts%20and%20poverty</nowiki>.</ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/world-water-day-2023-accelerating-change-solving-africas-water-and-sanitation-crises-59935#:~:text=22%2DMar%2D2023,associations%2C%20and%20global%20development%20partners</nowiki>.</ref> == Ma’auni == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|’Yan mata daga Babile (Habasha) suna cika kwantena na filastik da ruwa daga babban tushen ruwan yankin.]] Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da mafi yawan ƙasashen da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa fiye da kowanne yanki a duniya. Daga cikin kimanin mutane miliyan 800 da ke zaune a Afirka, miliyan 300 suna rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an kiyasta cewa zuwa 2030, mutane miliyan 75 zuwa miliyan 250 a Afirka za su rayu a wuraren da ake fama da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC"/> Wannan na iya tilasta mutane miliyan 24 zuwa miliyan 700 su bar wuraren su saboda yanayi ya zama ba zai yiwu a rayu ba.<ref name="IaC"/> Afirka ita ce nahiyar ta biyu mafi bushewa a duniya, inda miliyoyin Afirka ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa a duk shekara.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne daga rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa, yawan jama’a da kuma rashin kyakkyawan sarrafa albarkatun da ake da su. Wani lokaci akwai ƙarancin mutane a wuraren da ake da ruwa mai yawa. Misali, kashi 30% na ruwan nahiyar yana cikin Congo Basin wanda mutane kashi 10% ne kawai ke zaune a wurin.<ref name=":72"/><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> Akwai bambance-bambancen yanayin ruwan sama a wurare da lokuta daban-daban. Haka kuma akwai yawan shanye ruwan sama a wasu wurare wanda ke rage yawan ruwan da ake samu.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82"/> Sai dai akwai bambance-bambancen shekara da shekara na yanayi da albarkatun ruwa, don haka wasu yankuna suna da isasshen ruwa,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license.</ref> amma Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana fuskantar ƙalubale da dama da suka shafi ruwa wanda ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma barazana ga rayuwar jama’a.<ref name=":04"/> Noman Afirka yawanci yana dogara da ruwan sama, kuma ƙasa da kashi 10% na ƙasar da ake noma a nahiyar ana ban ruwa.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04"/> Tasirin sauyin yanayi da bambance-bambancen yanayi ya fi bayyana sosai.<ref name=":04"/> === Bambancin yankuna === Arewacin Afirka da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara suna ci gaba da cimma burin Millennium Development Goal kan ruwa a matakai daban-daban.<ref name="WFL"/> Arewacin Afirka tana da kashi 92% na ruwan lafiya, yayin da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara ke da kashi 60% kawai—wanda ya bar kashi 40% na mutane miliyan 783 a yankin ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ba.<ref name="WFL"/> Wasu daga cikin bambance-bambancen samun ruwan tsabta sun samo asali ne daga yanayin matsanancin yanayi na Afirka. Duk da cewa Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da isasshen ruwan sama, yana zuwa ne a yanayi na lokaci-lokaci kuma ba daidai ba, wanda ke haifar da ambaliya da fari.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma matsalolin tattalin arziki da talauci, tare da yawan jama’a da hijirar karkara zuwa birane sun sa yankin ya zama mafi talauci da rashin ci gaba a duniya.<ref name="WFL"/> Wannan talauci yana hana birane da dama samar da ruwan tsabta da tsaftar muhalli, kuma yana hana inganta ingancin ruwa duk da damar da ake da ita.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma yawan jama’a yana sa ƙauyuka da birane su ƙaru a wuraren da ke da haɗarin ambaliya.<ref name="WFL"/> Rahoton SDG goal 6 na baya-bayan nan ya nuna gaskiya game da yanayin ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, ciki har da rashin tsafta da tasirin sa ga lafiyar abinci musamman ga yara saboda yawan cututtuka. Har ila yau, kusan kashi 1/3 na jama’ar yankin suna cikin haɗarin yunwa saboda rashin samun abinci. Bugu da ƙari, Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da kashi 76% ba su da ruwan sha mai tsabta yayin da Turai da Arewacin Amurka ke da kashi 6% kawai da ba su da ruwan tsabta.<ref name="SDG"/> == Dalilai == === Karancin ruwa na zahiri da tattalin arziki === Karancin ruwa yana da asali daga dabi’a da kuma aikin ɗan adam, kuma ana iya raba shi zuwa rukuni biyu: karancin tattalin arziki da karancin zahiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Karancin tattalin arziki yana nufin cewa samun ingantaccen ruwan sha yana da tsada kuma yana ɗaukar lokaci; karancin zahiri kuma yana nufin rashin wadataccen ruwa a wani yanki dangane da bukatun jama’a.<ref name="WS"/> A shekarar 2006, Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 300 daga cikin miliyan 800 da ke zaune a Afirka suna rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="uneca"/> Musamman a arewa da kudu na Afirka, hauhawar yanayin zafi da sauyin yanayi sun ƙara tsananta yanayin hydrological cycle wanda ke haifar da bushewar lokutan fari, yana ƙara haɗarin fari mai tsanani da yawan faruwa. Wannan yana shafar samuwa, inganci da yawan ruwa saboda raguwar kwararan koguna da tafkunan ruwa, saukar matakin ruwan ƙasa da bushewar aquifers.<ref name="HDR"/> Karancin zahiri ya haɗa da matsalar overexploitation, wanda ke rage girman manyan tafkunan Afirka, ciki har da Nakivale, Nakuru da Lake Chad wanda ya ragu zuwa kashi 10% na girman sa na da.<ref name="HDR"/> Manufofin da ke ƙarfafa amfani da ruwa fiye da kima suna daga cikin mafi haɗari, musamman wajen hako ruwan ƙasa. Sau da yawa ana tallafawa farashin wutar lantarki don aikin gona, wanda ke rage ƙarfafa adana albarkatun.<ref name="HDR"/> Haka kuma, ƙasashe da dama a Afirka suna sa farashin ruwa ƙasa da farashin da ake buƙata don kula da shi, wanda ke rage ingantaccen amfani da barazana ga dorewar albarkatun.<ref name="HDR"/> === Yawan jama’a === A cikin ƙarni ɗaya da ya gabata, yawan jama’ar duniya ya ninka sau biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Water scarcity |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=un.org |language=en}}</ref> Afirka ce ke da mafi saurin ƙaruwa na yawan jama’a a duniya. Ana sa ran zai ƙaru da kusan kashi 50% cikin shekaru 18 masu zuwa, daga mutane biliyan 1.2 zuwa fiye da biliyan 1.8 a shekarar 2035.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ISSAfrica.org|date=2017-05-15|title=Africa's population boom: burden or opportunity?|url=https://issafrica.org/amp/iss-today/africas-population-boom-burden-or-opportunity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=ISS Africa|language=en}}</ref> Yawan jama’a yana ƙara buƙatar ruwa, yayin da albarkatun ruwa a yankin ke raguwa. Wannan yana ƙara matsin lamba kan lafiyar jama’a, abinci da ci gaban masana’antu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Falkenmark|first=Malin|date=1990|title=Rapid Population Growth and Water Scarcity: The Predicament of Tomorrow's Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2808065|journal=Population and Development Review|volume=16|pages=81–94|doi=10.2307/2808065|jstor=2808065|issn=0098-7921|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yawan jama’a yana ƙara tsananta matsalar ƙarancin ruwa yayin da ake ƙara matsin lamba kan samuwa da samun damar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> Birane kamar Lagos, Kinshasa da Nairobi sun ninka yawan jama’a cikin shekaru 15.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Chitonge|first=Horman|date=2020-04-02|title=Urbanisation and the water challenge in Africa: Mapping out orders of water scarcity|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|journal=African Studies|volume=79|issue=2|pages=192–211|doi=10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|s2cid=221361042|issn=0002-0184|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Duk da haka, ruwan sha bai ƙaru ba, a wasu lokuta ma ya ragu. Hakan yana haifar da rashin daidaito tsakanin buƙata da samuwa.<ref name=":0"/> Ƙaruwa na birane yana ƙara gurɓatar ruwa saboda yawan shara da najasa da ake zubarwa cikin ruwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Yuan-Xu|date=2020-08-27|title=Runoff pollution control of a sewage discharge project based on green concept – a sewage runoff pollution control system|journal=Water Supply|volume=20 | issue=8| doi=10.2166/ws.2020.183|pages=3676–3686|bibcode=2020WatSu..20.3676W |issn=1606-9749|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sama da kashi 90% na najasa a ƙasashe masu tasowa ana zubar da su cikin ruwa ba tare da an tace ba.<ref name=":1"/> === Sauyin yanayi === Kamar yadda Africa Partnership Forum ta bayyana, "Ko da yake Afirka ba ta da alhakin sauyin yanayi, tana da rauni sosai ga tasirin sa," wanda ya haɗa da sauyin yanayin ruwan sama, ƙarancin abinci, ƙarancin ruwa, raguwar kifaye, hauhawar matakin teku da ƙara matsalar ruwa.<ref name="cca">{{cite web|title=Climate Change and Africa|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/57/7/38897900.pdf|access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> Wannan yana shafar yawan da ingancin ruwan da yara ke buƙata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water and the global climate crisis: 10 things you should know |url=https://www.unicef.org/stories/water-and-climate-change-10-things-you-should-know |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Ana hasashen cewa zuwa shekarar 2050, ruwan sama a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara zai ragu da kashi 10%, wanda zai haifar da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stocker|first=Thomas|title=Climate change 2013: the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-05799-9|language=en|oclc=879855060}}</ref> Rahoton Human Development Report ya yi hasashen cewa hauhawar yanayi tare da raguwar ruwan sama zai ƙara tsananta matsalar fari da ambaliya.<ref name="HDR"/> Sauyin yanayi ya haifar da tsawon lokutan fari da ambaliya a Afirka.<ref name="cca"/> WHO ta bayyana sauyin yanayi a matsayin babbar barazana ga lafiyar duniya a ƙarni na 21.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Kumaresan|first1=Jacob|last2=Sathiakumar|first2=Nalini|date=2010-03-01|title=Climate change and its potential impact on health: a call for integrated action|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=88|issue=3|pages=163|doi=10.2471/blt.10.076034|issn=0042-9686|pmc=2828801|pmid=20428377}}</ref> Saboda dogaro da noman ruwan sama da talauci, sauyin yanayi yana shafar Afirka fiye da ƙ == Manazarta == abx30e7p9gmj668hxedx2rpyrxxrp2e 842016 842014 2026-05-28T23:30:32Z Sirjat 20447 /* Sauyin yanayi */ 842016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mwamongu_water_source.jpg|thumb|Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta ƙauyen Mwamanogu, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. A cikin Gundumar Meatu, Yankin Shinyanga, ruwa galibi yana fitowa ne daga ramuka da aka haƙa a cikin yashi na busassun koguna, kuma koyaushe yana gurɓata.]] Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da karancin ruwa a Afirka shine karancin ruwa na zahiri da na tattalin arziki, saurin karuwar yawan jama'a, da Tasirin canjin yanayi akan sake zagayowar ruwa. Rashin ruwa shine rashin albarkatun Ruwa mai kyau don biyan [[Jari-hujja|Bukatar ruwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> Ruwan sama a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka]] yana da yanayi sosai kuma ba a rarraba shi daidai ba, yana haifar da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da fari akai-akai.<ref name="WFL">{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml |access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> [[Fayil:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_The_Congo_River_is_a_lifeline,_but_also_a_huge_threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Ƙalubalen ruwa a Afirka]] A shekarar 2012, Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa ƙarancin ruwa yana zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kalubale ga ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne saboda yawancin koguna sun kai matakin ƙarancin ruwa sakamakon buƙatun noma da sauran fannoni daban-daban. A Afirka, ƙarancin ruwa yana da tasiri da yawa yana shafar lafiya, musamman mata da yara, ilimi, yawan amfanin gona, da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Haka kuma, yana iya haifar da ƙarin rikice-rikice kan albarkatun [[ruwa]].<ref><nowiki>https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/water-scarcity-in-africa-explainer-what-to-know/#:~:text=What%20Is%20Water%20Scarcity%20and,access%20liveable%20amounts%20of%20water</nowiki>.</ref> Don magance matsalar ƙarancin ruwa a Afirka yadda ya kamata, Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka ta jaddada muhimmancin zuba jari wajen bunƙasa albarkatun ruwa da nahiyar ke da su. Wannan zai taimaka wajen inganta wadatar abinci da ruwa, da kuma kare ci gaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar kula da fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da yadda hamada ke yaɗuwa.<ref><nowiki>https://sapa-usa.org/water-scarcity-in-africa/#:~:text=Water%20scarcity%20in%20Africa%20is,development%2C%20fueling%20conflicts%20and%20poverty</nowiki>.</ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/world-water-day-2023-accelerating-change-solving-africas-water-and-sanitation-crises-59935#:~:text=22%2DMar%2D2023,associations%2C%20and%20global%20development%20partners</nowiki>.</ref> == Ma’auni == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|’Yan mata daga Babile (Habasha) suna cika kwantena na filastik da ruwa daga babban tushen ruwan yankin.]] Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da mafi yawan ƙasashen da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa fiye da kowanne yanki a duniya. Daga cikin kimanin mutane miliyan 800 da ke zaune a Afirka, miliyan 300 suna rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an kiyasta cewa zuwa 2030, mutane miliyan 75 zuwa miliyan 250 a Afirka za su rayu a wuraren da ake fama da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC"/> Wannan na iya tilasta mutane miliyan 24 zuwa miliyan 700 su bar wuraren su saboda yanayi ya zama ba zai yiwu a rayu ba.<ref name="IaC"/> Afirka ita ce nahiyar ta biyu mafi bushewa a duniya, inda miliyoyin Afirka ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa a duk shekara.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne daga rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa, yawan jama’a da kuma rashin kyakkyawan sarrafa albarkatun da ake da su. Wani lokaci akwai ƙarancin mutane a wuraren da ake da ruwa mai yawa. Misali, kashi 30% na ruwan nahiyar yana cikin Congo Basin wanda mutane kashi 10% ne kawai ke zaune a wurin.<ref name=":72"/><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> Akwai bambance-bambancen yanayin ruwan sama a wurare da lokuta daban-daban. Haka kuma akwai yawan shanye ruwan sama a wasu wurare wanda ke rage yawan ruwan da ake samu.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82"/> Sai dai akwai bambance-bambancen shekara da shekara na yanayi da albarkatun ruwa, don haka wasu yankuna suna da isasshen ruwa,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license.</ref> amma Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana fuskantar ƙalubale da dama da suka shafi ruwa wanda ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma barazana ga rayuwar jama’a.<ref name=":04"/> Noman Afirka yawanci yana dogara da ruwan sama, kuma ƙasa da kashi 10% na ƙasar da ake noma a nahiyar ana ban ruwa.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04"/> Tasirin sauyin yanayi da bambance-bambancen yanayi ya fi bayyana sosai.<ref name=":04"/> === Bambancin yankuna === Arewacin Afirka da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara suna ci gaba da cimma burin Millennium Development Goal kan ruwa a matakai daban-daban.<ref name="WFL"/> Arewacin Afirka tana da kashi 92% na ruwan lafiya, yayin da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara ke da kashi 60% kawai—wanda ya bar kashi 40% na mutane miliyan 783 a yankin ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ba.<ref name="WFL"/> Wasu daga cikin bambance-bambancen samun ruwan tsabta sun samo asali ne daga yanayin matsanancin yanayi na Afirka. Duk da cewa Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da isasshen ruwan sama, yana zuwa ne a yanayi na lokaci-lokaci kuma ba daidai ba, wanda ke haifar da ambaliya da fari.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma matsalolin tattalin arziki da talauci, tare da yawan jama’a da hijirar karkara zuwa birane sun sa yankin ya zama mafi talauci da rashin ci gaba a duniya.<ref name="WFL"/> Wannan talauci yana hana birane da dama samar da ruwan tsabta da tsaftar muhalli, kuma yana hana inganta ingancin ruwa duk da damar da ake da ita.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma yawan jama’a yana sa ƙauyuka da birane su ƙaru a wuraren da ke da haɗarin ambaliya.<ref name="WFL"/> Rahoton SDG goal 6 na baya-bayan nan ya nuna gaskiya game da yanayin ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, ciki har da rashin tsafta da tasirin sa ga lafiyar abinci musamman ga yara saboda yawan cututtuka. Har ila yau, kusan kashi 1/3 na jama’ar yankin suna cikin haɗarin yunwa saboda rashin samun abinci. Bugu da ƙari, Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da kashi 76% ba su da ruwan sha mai tsabta yayin da Turai da Arewacin Amurka ke da kashi 6% kawai da ba su da ruwan tsabta.<ref name="SDG"/> == Dalilai == === Karancin ruwa na zahiri da tattalin arziki === Karancin ruwa yana da asali daga dabi’a da kuma aikin ɗan adam, kuma ana iya raba shi zuwa rukuni biyu: karancin tattalin arziki da karancin zahiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Karancin tattalin arziki yana nufin cewa samun ingantaccen ruwan sha yana da tsada kuma yana ɗaukar lokaci; karancin zahiri kuma yana nufin rashin wadataccen ruwa a wani yanki dangane da bukatun jama’a.<ref name="WS"/> A shekarar 2006, Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 300 daga cikin miliyan 800 da ke zaune a Afirka suna rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="uneca"/> Musamman a arewa da kudu na Afirka, hauhawar yanayin zafi da sauyin yanayi sun ƙara tsananta yanayin hydrological cycle wanda ke haifar da bushewar lokutan fari, yana ƙara haɗarin fari mai tsanani da yawan faruwa. Wannan yana shafar samuwa, inganci da yawan ruwa saboda raguwar kwararan koguna da tafkunan ruwa, saukar matakin ruwan ƙasa da bushewar aquifers.<ref name="HDR"/> Karancin zahiri ya haɗa da matsalar overexploitation, wanda ke rage girman manyan tafkunan Afirka, ciki har da Nakivale, Nakuru da Lake Chad wanda ya ragu zuwa kashi 10% na girman sa na da.<ref name="HDR"/> Manufofin da ke ƙarfafa amfani da ruwa fiye da kima suna daga cikin mafi haɗari, musamman wajen hako ruwan ƙasa. Sau da yawa ana tallafawa farashin wutar lantarki don aikin gona, wanda ke rage ƙarfafa adana albarkatun.<ref name="HDR"/> Haka kuma, ƙasashe da dama a Afirka suna sa farashin ruwa ƙasa da farashin da ake buƙata don kula da shi, wanda ke rage ingantaccen amfani da barazana ga dorewar albarkatun.<ref name="HDR"/> === Yawan jama’a === A cikin ƙarni ɗaya da ya gabata, yawan jama’ar duniya ya ninka sau biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Water scarcity |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=un.org |language=en}}</ref> Afirka ce ke da mafi saurin ƙaruwa na yawan jama’a a duniya. Ana sa ran zai ƙaru da kusan kashi 50% cikin shekaru 18 masu zuwa, daga mutane biliyan 1.2 zuwa fiye da biliyan 1.8 a shekarar 2035.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ISSAfrica.org|date=2017-05-15|title=Africa's population boom: burden or opportunity?|url=https://issafrica.org/amp/iss-today/africas-population-boom-burden-or-opportunity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=ISS Africa|language=en}}</ref> Yawan jama’a yana ƙara buƙatar ruwa, yayin da albarkatun ruwa a yankin ke raguwa. Wannan yana ƙara matsin lamba kan lafiyar jama’a, abinci da ci gaban masana’antu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Falkenmark|first=Malin|date=1990|title=Rapid Population Growth and Water Scarcity: The Predicament of Tomorrow's Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2808065|journal=Population and Development Review|volume=16|pages=81–94|doi=10.2307/2808065|jstor=2808065|issn=0098-7921|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yawan jama’a yana ƙara tsananta matsalar ƙarancin ruwa yayin da ake ƙara matsin lamba kan samuwa da samun damar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> Birane kamar Lagos, Kinshasa da Nairobi sun ninka yawan jama’a cikin shekaru 15.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Chitonge|first=Horman|date=2020-04-02|title=Urbanisation and the water challenge in Africa: Mapping out orders of water scarcity|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|journal=African Studies|volume=79|issue=2|pages=192–211|doi=10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|s2cid=221361042|issn=0002-0184|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Duk da haka, ruwan sha bai ƙaru ba, a wasu lokuta ma ya ragu. Hakan yana haifar da rashin daidaito tsakanin buƙata da samuwa.<ref name=":0"/> Ƙaruwa na birane yana ƙara gurɓatar ruwa saboda yawan shara da najasa da ake zubarwa cikin ruwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Yuan-Xu|date=2020-08-27|title=Runoff pollution control of a sewage discharge project based on green concept – a sewage runoff pollution control system|journal=Water Supply|volume=20 | issue=8| doi=10.2166/ws.2020.183|pages=3676–3686|bibcode=2020WatSu..20.3676W |issn=1606-9749|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sama da kashi 90% na najasa a ƙasashe masu tasowa ana zubar da su cikin ruwa ba tare da an tace ba.<ref name=":1"/> === Sauyin yanayi === Kamar yadda Africa Partnership Forum ta bayyana, "Ko da yake Afirka ba ta da alhakin sauyin yanayi, tana da rauni sosai ga tasirin sa," wanda ya haɗa da sauyin yanayin ruwan sama, ƙarancin abinci, ƙarancin ruwa, raguwar kifaye, hauhawar matakin teku da ƙara matsalar ruwa.<ref name="cca">{{cite web|title=Climate Change and Africa|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/57/7/38897900.pdf|access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> Wannan yana shafar yawan da ingancin ruwan da yara ke buƙata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water and the global climate crisis: 10 things you should know |url=https://www.unicef.org/stories/water-and-climate-change-10-things-you-should-know |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Ana hasashen cewa zuwa shekarar 2050, ruwan sama a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara zai ragu da kashi 10%, wanda zai haifar da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stocker|first=Thomas|title=Climate change 2013: the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-05799-9|language=en|oclc=879855060}}</ref> Rahoton Human Development Report ya yi hasashen cewa hauhawar yanayi tare da raguwar ruwan sama zai ƙara tsananta matsalar fari da ambaliya.<ref name="HDR"/> Sauyin yanayi ya haifar da tsawon lokutan fari da ambaliya a Afirka.<ref name="cca"/> WHO ta bayyana sauyin yanayi a matsayin babbar barazana ga lafiyar duniya a ƙarni na 21.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Kumaresan|first1=Jacob|last2=Sathiakumar|first2=Nalini|date=2010-03-01|title=Climate change and its potential impact on health: a call for integrated action|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=88|issue=3|pages=163|doi=10.2471/blt.10.076034|issn=0042-9686|pmc=2828801|pmid=20428377}}</ref> Saboda dogaro da noman ruwan sama da talauci, sauyin yanayi yana shafar Afirka fiye da ƙ == Tasiri == {{Further|Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa}} === Lafiya === {{main|WASH#Health aspects}} Mutanen da ke rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa suna dogara da ruwan da ba ya da tsabta, wanda ke haifar da yaduwar cututtukan da ruwa ke ɗauka kamar typhoid, cholera, dysentery da gudawa.<ref name=WHO>{{cite web|title=10 Facts About Water Scarcity|url=https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/water/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116002842/http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/water/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 16, 2008|access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> Karancin ruwa yana sa mutane da dama su adana ruwa a cikin gida, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin gurɓatar ruwa da kuma yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro da dengue.<ref name=WHO/> A ƙasashe masu ci gaba, ana tace da tsabtace ruwa, amma a ƙasashe masu tasowa, ruwan da ba a tace ba yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwari.<ref name=WS>{{cite web|title=Water Scarcity: The Importance of Water & Access|url=https://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity.asp|access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Duk da cewa yawancin waɗannan cututtuka ana iya magance su, suna daga cikin manyan dalilan mutuwa a duniya. Fiye da mutane miliyan 2.2 suna mutuwa duk shekara daga cututtukan da suka shafi gudawa.<ref name="bpn">{{cite web |year=2010 |title=The Facts About The Global Drinking Water Crisis |url=http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/facts |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=5 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905053406/http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/facts |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yara ƙanana suna da rauni sosai ga waɗannan cututtuka.<ref name=WS/> Mutanen da suka kamu da cututtukan ruwa ba sa iya yin aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma kuɗin magani yana rage albarkatun da za a iya amfani da su wajen abinci ko ilimi.<ref name=WS/> Wasu manoma suna amfani da ruwan da ya gurɓata wajen ban ruwa, wanda ke haifar da cututtuka kamar ƙwari na ciki, hepatitis A da E, da dysentery.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Qadir | first1=M. | last2=Wichelns | first2=D. | last3=Raschid-Sally | first3=L. | last4=McCornick | first4=P.G. | last5=Drechsel | first5=P. | last6=Bahri | first6=A. | last7=Minhas | first7=P.S. | title=The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries | journal=Agricultural Water Management | date=2010 | volume=97 | issue=4 | pages=561–568 | doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2008.11.004 }}</ref> === Mata da ’yan mata === {{Main|WASH#Gender}} Mata a Afirka suna ɗaukar nauyin tara da kula da ruwa fiye da maza.<ref name="GRAW">{{cite web |last1=Crow |first1=Ben |last2=Roy |first2=Jessica |date=2004-03-26 |title=Gender Relations and Access to Water |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0m5033gv#page-1 |publisher=UC Santa Cruz |access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> A yawancin al’ummomi, mata ne ke tara ruwa don girki, wanke-wanke da kula da yara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Impacts of Water Scarcity on Women's Life|url=http://www.worldpulse.com/node/20165|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> Saboda haka, mata da dama suna kashe fiye da rabin yini suna tara ruwa, wanda ke rage lokacin da za su iya zuwa makaranta.<ref name="wac">{{cite web |title=Women Affected by the Crisis |url=http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/women |access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Rashin kayan tsafta ga ’yan mata masu al’ada yana sa da dama su daina zuwa makaranta.<ref name=":3">{{cite web | url=https://thewaterproject.org/why-water/education | title=The Water Crisis: Education in Africa }}</ref> Mata suna ɗaukar jerrycan mai nauyin fiye da kilo 18 kowace rana tsawon kilomita 6.<ref name="WS"/><ref name="bpn"/> Wannan yana haifar da matsalolin lafiya kamar lalacewar ƙashi da gajiya.<ref name="WWD">{{cite web|title=Coping With Water Scarcity: Challenge of the 21st Century|url=https://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/escarcity.pdf|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> === Noma === [[File:Crop limit, Nile Valley-2.jpg|thumb|Matakin cika madatsar ruwan Habasha na Renaissance Dam na iya rage kwarara na Nilu da kashi 25%]] Yawancin Afirka na dogaro da noma, inda kashi 80 zuwa 90% na iyalai a karkara ke dogaro da abincin da suka noma.<ref name=WWD/> Karancin ruwa yana haifar da rashin wadataccen abinci. Fiye da kashi 70% na noman Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara yana dogaro da ruwan sama. Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haifar da fari da ambaliya. == Manazarta == j7d1y1uxovaqla0hxt56etthkkcmhgm 842017 842016 2026-05-28T23:30:44Z Sirjat 20447 /* Noma */ 842017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mwamongu_water_source.jpg|thumb|Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta ƙauyen Mwamanogu, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. A cikin Gundumar Meatu, Yankin Shinyanga, ruwa galibi yana fitowa ne daga ramuka da aka haƙa a cikin yashi na busassun koguna, kuma koyaushe yana gurɓata.]] Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da karancin ruwa a Afirka shine karancin ruwa na zahiri da na tattalin arziki, saurin karuwar yawan jama'a, da Tasirin canjin yanayi akan sake zagayowar ruwa. Rashin ruwa shine rashin albarkatun Ruwa mai kyau don biyan [[Jari-hujja|Bukatar ruwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> Ruwan sama a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka]] yana da yanayi sosai kuma ba a rarraba shi daidai ba, yana haifar da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da fari akai-akai.<ref name="WFL">{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml |access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> [[Fayil:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_The_Congo_River_is_a_lifeline,_but_also_a_huge_threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Ƙalubalen ruwa a Afirka]] A shekarar 2012, Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa ƙarancin ruwa yana zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kalubale ga ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne saboda yawancin koguna sun kai matakin ƙarancin ruwa sakamakon buƙatun noma da sauran fannoni daban-daban. A Afirka, ƙarancin ruwa yana da tasiri da yawa yana shafar lafiya, musamman mata da yara, ilimi, yawan amfanin gona, da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Haka kuma, yana iya haifar da ƙarin rikice-rikice kan albarkatun [[ruwa]].<ref><nowiki>https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/water-scarcity-in-africa-explainer-what-to-know/#:~:text=What%20Is%20Water%20Scarcity%20and,access%20liveable%20amounts%20of%20water</nowiki>.</ref> Don magance matsalar ƙarancin ruwa a Afirka yadda ya kamata, Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka ta jaddada muhimmancin zuba jari wajen bunƙasa albarkatun ruwa da nahiyar ke da su. Wannan zai taimaka wajen inganta wadatar abinci da ruwa, da kuma kare ci gaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar kula da fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da yadda hamada ke yaɗuwa.<ref><nowiki>https://sapa-usa.org/water-scarcity-in-africa/#:~:text=Water%20scarcity%20in%20Africa%20is,development%2C%20fueling%20conflicts%20and%20poverty</nowiki>.</ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/world-water-day-2023-accelerating-change-solving-africas-water-and-sanitation-crises-59935#:~:text=22%2DMar%2D2023,associations%2C%20and%20global%20development%20partners</nowiki>.</ref> == Ma’auni == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|’Yan mata daga Babile (Habasha) suna cika kwantena na filastik da ruwa daga babban tushen ruwan yankin.]] Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da mafi yawan ƙasashen da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa fiye da kowanne yanki a duniya. Daga cikin kimanin mutane miliyan 800 da ke zaune a Afirka, miliyan 300 suna rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an kiyasta cewa zuwa 2030, mutane miliyan 75 zuwa miliyan 250 a Afirka za su rayu a wuraren da ake fama da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC"/> Wannan na iya tilasta mutane miliyan 24 zuwa miliyan 700 su bar wuraren su saboda yanayi ya zama ba zai yiwu a rayu ba.<ref name="IaC"/> Afirka ita ce nahiyar ta biyu mafi bushewa a duniya, inda miliyoyin Afirka ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa a duk shekara.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne daga rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa, yawan jama’a da kuma rashin kyakkyawan sarrafa albarkatun da ake da su. Wani lokaci akwai ƙarancin mutane a wuraren da ake da ruwa mai yawa. Misali, kashi 30% na ruwan nahiyar yana cikin Congo Basin wanda mutane kashi 10% ne kawai ke zaune a wurin.<ref name=":72"/><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> Akwai bambance-bambancen yanayin ruwan sama a wurare da lokuta daban-daban. Haka kuma akwai yawan shanye ruwan sama a wasu wurare wanda ke rage yawan ruwan da ake samu.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82"/> Sai dai akwai bambance-bambancen shekara da shekara na yanayi da albarkatun ruwa, don haka wasu yankuna suna da isasshen ruwa,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license.</ref> amma Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana fuskantar ƙalubale da dama da suka shafi ruwa wanda ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma barazana ga rayuwar jama’a.<ref name=":04"/> Noman Afirka yawanci yana dogara da ruwan sama, kuma ƙasa da kashi 10% na ƙasar da ake noma a nahiyar ana ban ruwa.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04"/> Tasirin sauyin yanayi da bambance-bambancen yanayi ya fi bayyana sosai.<ref name=":04"/> === Bambancin yankuna === Arewacin Afirka da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara suna ci gaba da cimma burin Millennium Development Goal kan ruwa a matakai daban-daban.<ref name="WFL"/> Arewacin Afirka tana da kashi 92% na ruwan lafiya, yayin da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara ke da kashi 60% kawai—wanda ya bar kashi 40% na mutane miliyan 783 a yankin ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ba.<ref name="WFL"/> Wasu daga cikin bambance-bambancen samun ruwan tsabta sun samo asali ne daga yanayin matsanancin yanayi na Afirka. Duk da cewa Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da isasshen ruwan sama, yana zuwa ne a yanayi na lokaci-lokaci kuma ba daidai ba, wanda ke haifar da ambaliya da fari.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma matsalolin tattalin arziki da talauci, tare da yawan jama’a da hijirar karkara zuwa birane sun sa yankin ya zama mafi talauci da rashin ci gaba a duniya.<ref name="WFL"/> Wannan talauci yana hana birane da dama samar da ruwan tsabta da tsaftar muhalli, kuma yana hana inganta ingancin ruwa duk da damar da ake da ita.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma yawan jama’a yana sa ƙauyuka da birane su ƙaru a wuraren da ke da haɗarin ambaliya.<ref name="WFL"/> Rahoton SDG goal 6 na baya-bayan nan ya nuna gaskiya game da yanayin ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, ciki har da rashin tsafta da tasirin sa ga lafiyar abinci musamman ga yara saboda yawan cututtuka. Har ila yau, kusan kashi 1/3 na jama’ar yankin suna cikin haɗarin yunwa saboda rashin samun abinci. Bugu da ƙari, Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da kashi 76% ba su da ruwan sha mai tsabta yayin da Turai da Arewacin Amurka ke da kashi 6% kawai da ba su da ruwan tsabta.<ref name="SDG"/> == Dalilai == === Karancin ruwa na zahiri da tattalin arziki === Karancin ruwa yana da asali daga dabi’a da kuma aikin ɗan adam, kuma ana iya raba shi zuwa rukuni biyu: karancin tattalin arziki da karancin zahiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Karancin tattalin arziki yana nufin cewa samun ingantaccen ruwan sha yana da tsada kuma yana ɗaukar lokaci; karancin zahiri kuma yana nufin rashin wadataccen ruwa a wani yanki dangane da bukatun jama’a.<ref name="WS"/> A shekarar 2006, Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 300 daga cikin miliyan 800 da ke zaune a Afirka suna rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="uneca"/> Musamman a arewa da kudu na Afirka, hauhawar yanayin zafi da sauyin yanayi sun ƙara tsananta yanayin hydrological cycle wanda ke haifar da bushewar lokutan fari, yana ƙara haɗarin fari mai tsanani da yawan faruwa. Wannan yana shafar samuwa, inganci da yawan ruwa saboda raguwar kwararan koguna da tafkunan ruwa, saukar matakin ruwan ƙasa da bushewar aquifers.<ref name="HDR"/> Karancin zahiri ya haɗa da matsalar overexploitation, wanda ke rage girman manyan tafkunan Afirka, ciki har da Nakivale, Nakuru da Lake Chad wanda ya ragu zuwa kashi 10% na girman sa na da.<ref name="HDR"/> Manufofin da ke ƙarfafa amfani da ruwa fiye da kima suna daga cikin mafi haɗari, musamman wajen hako ruwan ƙasa. Sau da yawa ana tallafawa farashin wutar lantarki don aikin gona, wanda ke rage ƙarfafa adana albarkatun.<ref name="HDR"/> Haka kuma, ƙasashe da dama a Afirka suna sa farashin ruwa ƙasa da farashin da ake buƙata don kula da shi, wanda ke rage ingantaccen amfani da barazana ga dorewar albarkatun.<ref name="HDR"/> === Yawan jama’a === A cikin ƙarni ɗaya da ya gabata, yawan jama’ar duniya ya ninka sau biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Water scarcity |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=un.org |language=en}}</ref> Afirka ce ke da mafi saurin ƙaruwa na yawan jama’a a duniya. Ana sa ran zai ƙaru da kusan kashi 50% cikin shekaru 18 masu zuwa, daga mutane biliyan 1.2 zuwa fiye da biliyan 1.8 a shekarar 2035.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ISSAfrica.org|date=2017-05-15|title=Africa's population boom: burden or opportunity?|url=https://issafrica.org/amp/iss-today/africas-population-boom-burden-or-opportunity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=ISS Africa|language=en}}</ref> Yawan jama’a yana ƙara buƙatar ruwa, yayin da albarkatun ruwa a yankin ke raguwa. Wannan yana ƙara matsin lamba kan lafiyar jama’a, abinci da ci gaban masana’antu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Falkenmark|first=Malin|date=1990|title=Rapid Population Growth and Water Scarcity: The Predicament of Tomorrow's Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2808065|journal=Population and Development Review|volume=16|pages=81–94|doi=10.2307/2808065|jstor=2808065|issn=0098-7921|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yawan jama’a yana ƙara tsananta matsalar ƙarancin ruwa yayin da ake ƙara matsin lamba kan samuwa da samun damar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> Birane kamar Lagos, Kinshasa da Nairobi sun ninka yawan jama’a cikin shekaru 15.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Chitonge|first=Horman|date=2020-04-02|title=Urbanisation and the water challenge in Africa: Mapping out orders of water scarcity|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|journal=African Studies|volume=79|issue=2|pages=192–211|doi=10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|s2cid=221361042|issn=0002-0184|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Duk da haka, ruwan sha bai ƙaru ba, a wasu lokuta ma ya ragu. Hakan yana haifar da rashin daidaito tsakanin buƙata da samuwa.<ref name=":0"/> Ƙaruwa na birane yana ƙara gurɓatar ruwa saboda yawan shara da najasa da ake zubarwa cikin ruwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Yuan-Xu|date=2020-08-27|title=Runoff pollution control of a sewage discharge project based on green concept – a sewage runoff pollution control system|journal=Water Supply|volume=20 | issue=8| doi=10.2166/ws.2020.183|pages=3676–3686|bibcode=2020WatSu..20.3676W |issn=1606-9749|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sama da kashi 90% na najasa a ƙasashe masu tasowa ana zubar da su cikin ruwa ba tare da an tace ba.<ref name=":1"/> === Sauyin yanayi === Kamar yadda Africa Partnership Forum ta bayyana, "Ko da yake Afirka ba ta da alhakin sauyin yanayi, tana da rauni sosai ga tasirin sa," wanda ya haɗa da sauyin yanayin ruwan sama, ƙarancin abinci, ƙarancin ruwa, raguwar kifaye, hauhawar matakin teku da ƙara matsalar ruwa.<ref name="cca">{{cite web|title=Climate Change and Africa|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/57/7/38897900.pdf|access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> Wannan yana shafar yawan da ingancin ruwan da yara ke buƙata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water and the global climate crisis: 10 things you should know |url=https://www.unicef.org/stories/water-and-climate-change-10-things-you-should-know |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Ana hasashen cewa zuwa shekarar 2050, ruwan sama a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara zai ragu da kashi 10%, wanda zai haifar da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stocker|first=Thomas|title=Climate change 2013: the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-05799-9|language=en|oclc=879855060}}</ref> Rahoton Human Development Report ya yi hasashen cewa hauhawar yanayi tare da raguwar ruwan sama zai ƙara tsananta matsalar fari da ambaliya.<ref name="HDR"/> Sauyin yanayi ya haifar da tsawon lokutan fari da ambaliya a Afirka.<ref name="cca"/> WHO ta bayyana sauyin yanayi a matsayin babbar barazana ga lafiyar duniya a ƙarni na 21.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Kumaresan|first1=Jacob|last2=Sathiakumar|first2=Nalini|date=2010-03-01|title=Climate change and its potential impact on health: a call for integrated action|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=88|issue=3|pages=163|doi=10.2471/blt.10.076034|issn=0042-9686|pmc=2828801|pmid=20428377}}</ref> Saboda dogaro da noman ruwan sama da talauci, sauyin yanayi yana shafar Afirka fiye da ƙ == Tasiri == {{Further|Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa}} === Lafiya === {{main|WASH#Health aspects}} Mutanen da ke rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa suna dogara da ruwan da ba ya da tsabta, wanda ke haifar da yaduwar cututtukan da ruwa ke ɗauka kamar typhoid, cholera, dysentery da gudawa.<ref name=WHO>{{cite web|title=10 Facts About Water Scarcity|url=https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/water/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116002842/http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/water/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 16, 2008|access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> Karancin ruwa yana sa mutane da dama su adana ruwa a cikin gida, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin gurɓatar ruwa da kuma yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro da dengue.<ref name=WHO/> A ƙasashe masu ci gaba, ana tace da tsabtace ruwa, amma a ƙasashe masu tasowa, ruwan da ba a tace ba yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwari.<ref name=WS>{{cite web|title=Water Scarcity: The Importance of Water & Access|url=https://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity.asp|access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Duk da cewa yawancin waɗannan cututtuka ana iya magance su, suna daga cikin manyan dalilan mutuwa a duniya. Fiye da mutane miliyan 2.2 suna mutuwa duk shekara daga cututtukan da suka shafi gudawa.<ref name="bpn">{{cite web |year=2010 |title=The Facts About The Global Drinking Water Crisis |url=http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/facts |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=5 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905053406/http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/facts |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yara ƙanana suna da rauni sosai ga waɗannan cututtuka.<ref name=WS/> Mutanen da suka kamu da cututtukan ruwa ba sa iya yin aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma kuɗin magani yana rage albarkatun da za a iya amfani da su wajen abinci ko ilimi.<ref name=WS/> Wasu manoma suna amfani da ruwan da ya gurɓata wajen ban ruwa, wanda ke haifar da cututtuka kamar ƙwari na ciki, hepatitis A da E, da dysentery.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Qadir | first1=M. | last2=Wichelns | first2=D. | last3=Raschid-Sally | first3=L. | last4=McCornick | first4=P.G. | last5=Drechsel | first5=P. | last6=Bahri | first6=A. | last7=Minhas | first7=P.S. | title=The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries | journal=Agricultural Water Management | date=2010 | volume=97 | issue=4 | pages=561–568 | doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2008.11.004 }}</ref> === Mata da ’yan mata === {{Main|WASH#Gender}} Mata a Afirka suna ɗaukar nauyin tara da kula da ruwa fiye da maza.<ref name="GRAW">{{cite web |last1=Crow |first1=Ben |last2=Roy |first2=Jessica |date=2004-03-26 |title=Gender Relations and Access to Water |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0m5033gv#page-1 |publisher=UC Santa Cruz |access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> A yawancin al’ummomi, mata ne ke tara ruwa don girki, wanke-wanke da kula da yara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Impacts of Water Scarcity on Women's Life|url=http://www.worldpulse.com/node/20165|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> Saboda haka, mata da dama suna kashe fiye da rabin yini suna tara ruwa, wanda ke rage lokacin da za su iya zuwa makaranta.<ref name="wac">{{cite web |title=Women Affected by the Crisis |url=http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/women |access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Rashin kayan tsafta ga ’yan mata masu al’ada yana sa da dama su daina zuwa makaranta.<ref name=":3">{{cite web | url=https://thewaterproject.org/why-water/education | title=The Water Crisis: Education in Africa }}</ref> Mata suna ɗaukar jerrycan mai nauyin fiye da kilo 18 kowace rana tsawon kilomita 6.<ref name="WS"/><ref name="bpn"/> Wannan yana haifar da matsalolin lafiya kamar lalacewar ƙashi da gajiya.<ref name="WWD">{{cite web|title=Coping With Water Scarcity: Challenge of the 21st Century|url=https://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/escarcity.pdf|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> === Noma === [[File:Crop limit, Nile Valley-2.jpg|thumb|Matakin cika madatsar ruwan Habasha na Renaissance Dam na iya rage kwarara na Nilu da kashi 25%]] Yawancin Afirka na dogaro da noma, inda kashi 80 zuwa 90% na iyalai a karkara ke dogaro da abincin da suka noma.<ref name=WWD/> Karancin ruwa yana haifar da rashin wadataccen abinci. Fiye da kashi 70% na noman Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara yana dogaro da ruwan sama. Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haifar da fari da ambaliya. Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta bayyana cewa ban ruwa shi ne mabuɗin ƙara samar da abinci.<ref name="WWD"/> Amma noman ban ruwa a Afirka bai kai tsammanin amfanin gona ba.<ref name="green">Kauffman, J., Mantel, S., Ringersma, J., Dijkshoorn, J., Van Lynden, G., Dent, D. Making Better Use of Green Water in Sub-Saharan Africa.</ref> Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa samar da abinci a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara zai iya ninka sau uku zuwa 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bjornlund |first1=Vibeke |last2=Bjornlund |first2=Henning |last3=Van Rooyen |first3=Andre F. |date=2020-10-01 |title=Why agricultural production in sub-Saharan Africa remains low compared to the rest of the world |journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development |volume=36 |issue=sup1 |pages=S20–S53 |doi=10.1080/07900627.2020.1739512}}</ref> SDG 2 yana nufin kawo ƙarshen yunwa da inganta noma mai dorewa.<ref name="SDG">United Nations. Goal 6: Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation for All. Sustainable Development Goals.</ref> Amma yawancin yankuna ba su da isassun albarkatu don tallafawa ban ruwa. Rashin ruwa yana sa mutane su yi amfani da ruwan da ya gurɓata wajen noma, wanda ke haifar da cututtuka.<ref name=WHO/> An ba da shawarar hanyoyin tace ruwan da ya gurɓata kamar greywater wetlands da modified sand filters.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.015| title=Greywater reuse: A strategy for water demand management in Harare?| journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth | volume=32| issue=15–18| pages=1231–1236| year=2007}}</ref> Don haka, don tabbatar da tsaron abinci, dole ne a fadada ban ruwa da kuma sarrafa tasirin sauyin yanayi.<ref name=uneca/><ref name=SDG/> == Manazarta == nfovd685f2zg0qslxap6w5a8hy4idr6 842018 842017 2026-05-28T23:31:05Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tasiri */ 842018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mwamongu_water_source.jpg|thumb|Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta ƙauyen Mwamanogu, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. A cikin Gundumar Meatu, Yankin Shinyanga, ruwa galibi yana fitowa ne daga ramuka da aka haƙa a cikin yashi na busassun koguna, kuma koyaushe yana gurɓata.]] Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da karancin ruwa a Afirka shine karancin ruwa na zahiri da na tattalin arziki, saurin karuwar yawan jama'a, da Tasirin canjin yanayi akan sake zagayowar ruwa. Rashin ruwa shine rashin albarkatun Ruwa mai kyau don biyan [[Jari-hujja|Bukatar ruwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> Ruwan sama a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka]] yana da yanayi sosai kuma ba a rarraba shi daidai ba, yana haifar da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da fari akai-akai.<ref name="WFL">{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml |access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> [[Fayil:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_The_Congo_River_is_a_lifeline,_but_also_a_huge_threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Ƙalubalen ruwa a Afirka]] A shekarar 2012, Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa ƙarancin ruwa yana zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kalubale ga ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne saboda yawancin koguna sun kai matakin ƙarancin ruwa sakamakon buƙatun noma da sauran fannoni daban-daban. A Afirka, ƙarancin ruwa yana da tasiri da yawa yana shafar lafiya, musamman mata da yara, ilimi, yawan amfanin gona, da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Haka kuma, yana iya haifar da ƙarin rikice-rikice kan albarkatun [[ruwa]].<ref><nowiki>https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/water-scarcity-in-africa-explainer-what-to-know/#:~:text=What%20Is%20Water%20Scarcity%20and,access%20liveable%20amounts%20of%20water</nowiki>.</ref> Don magance matsalar ƙarancin ruwa a Afirka yadda ya kamata, Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka ta jaddada muhimmancin zuba jari wajen bunƙasa albarkatun ruwa da nahiyar ke da su. Wannan zai taimaka wajen inganta wadatar abinci da ruwa, da kuma kare ci gaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar kula da fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da yadda hamada ke yaɗuwa.<ref><nowiki>https://sapa-usa.org/water-scarcity-in-africa/#:~:text=Water%20scarcity%20in%20Africa%20is,development%2C%20fueling%20conflicts%20and%20poverty</nowiki>.</ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/world-water-day-2023-accelerating-change-solving-africas-water-and-sanitation-crises-59935#:~:text=22%2DMar%2D2023,associations%2C%20and%20global%20development%20partners</nowiki>.</ref> == Ma’auni == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|’Yan mata daga Babile (Habasha) suna cika kwantena na filastik da ruwa daga babban tushen ruwan yankin.]] Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da mafi yawan ƙasashen da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa fiye da kowanne yanki a duniya. Daga cikin kimanin mutane miliyan 800 da ke zaune a Afirka, miliyan 300 suna rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an kiyasta cewa zuwa 2030, mutane miliyan 75 zuwa miliyan 250 a Afirka za su rayu a wuraren da ake fama da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC"/> Wannan na iya tilasta mutane miliyan 24 zuwa miliyan 700 su bar wuraren su saboda yanayi ya zama ba zai yiwu a rayu ba.<ref name="IaC"/> Afirka ita ce nahiyar ta biyu mafi bushewa a duniya, inda miliyoyin Afirka ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa a duk shekara.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne daga rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa, yawan jama’a da kuma rashin kyakkyawan sarrafa albarkatun da ake da su. Wani lokaci akwai ƙarancin mutane a wuraren da ake da ruwa mai yawa. Misali, kashi 30% na ruwan nahiyar yana cikin Congo Basin wanda mutane kashi 10% ne kawai ke zaune a wurin.<ref name=":72"/><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> Akwai bambance-bambancen yanayin ruwan sama a wurare da lokuta daban-daban. Haka kuma akwai yawan shanye ruwan sama a wasu wurare wanda ke rage yawan ruwan da ake samu.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82"/> Sai dai akwai bambance-bambancen shekara da shekara na yanayi da albarkatun ruwa, don haka wasu yankuna suna da isasshen ruwa,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license.</ref> amma Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana fuskantar ƙalubale da dama da suka shafi ruwa wanda ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma barazana ga rayuwar jama’a.<ref name=":04"/> Noman Afirka yawanci yana dogara da ruwan sama, kuma ƙasa da kashi 10% na ƙasar da ake noma a nahiyar ana ban ruwa.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04"/> Tasirin sauyin yanayi da bambance-bambancen yanayi ya fi bayyana sosai.<ref name=":04"/> === Bambancin yankuna === Arewacin Afirka da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara suna ci gaba da cimma burin Millennium Development Goal kan ruwa a matakai daban-daban.<ref name="WFL"/> Arewacin Afirka tana da kashi 92% na ruwan lafiya, yayin da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara ke da kashi 60% kawai—wanda ya bar kashi 40% na mutane miliyan 783 a yankin ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ba.<ref name="WFL"/> Wasu daga cikin bambance-bambancen samun ruwan tsabta sun samo asali ne daga yanayin matsanancin yanayi na Afirka. Duk da cewa Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da isasshen ruwan sama, yana zuwa ne a yanayi na lokaci-lokaci kuma ba daidai ba, wanda ke haifar da ambaliya da fari.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma matsalolin tattalin arziki da talauci, tare da yawan jama’a da hijirar karkara zuwa birane sun sa yankin ya zama mafi talauci da rashin ci gaba a duniya.<ref name="WFL"/> Wannan talauci yana hana birane da dama samar da ruwan tsabta da tsaftar muhalli, kuma yana hana inganta ingancin ruwa duk da damar da ake da ita.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma yawan jama’a yana sa ƙauyuka da birane su ƙaru a wuraren da ke da haɗarin ambaliya.<ref name="WFL"/> Rahoton SDG goal 6 na baya-bayan nan ya nuna gaskiya game da yanayin ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, ciki har da rashin tsafta da tasirin sa ga lafiyar abinci musamman ga yara saboda yawan cututtuka. Har ila yau, kusan kashi 1/3 na jama’ar yankin suna cikin haɗarin yunwa saboda rashin samun abinci. Bugu da ƙari, Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da kashi 76% ba su da ruwan sha mai tsabta yayin da Turai da Arewacin Amurka ke da kashi 6% kawai da ba su da ruwan tsabta.<ref name="SDG"/> == Dalilai == === Karancin ruwa na zahiri da tattalin arziki === Karancin ruwa yana da asali daga dabi’a da kuma aikin ɗan adam, kuma ana iya raba shi zuwa rukuni biyu: karancin tattalin arziki da karancin zahiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Karancin tattalin arziki yana nufin cewa samun ingantaccen ruwan sha yana da tsada kuma yana ɗaukar lokaci; karancin zahiri kuma yana nufin rashin wadataccen ruwa a wani yanki dangane da bukatun jama’a.<ref name="WS"/> A shekarar 2006, Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 300 daga cikin miliyan 800 da ke zaune a Afirka suna rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="uneca"/> Musamman a arewa da kudu na Afirka, hauhawar yanayin zafi da sauyin yanayi sun ƙara tsananta yanayin hydrological cycle wanda ke haifar da bushewar lokutan fari, yana ƙara haɗarin fari mai tsanani da yawan faruwa. Wannan yana shafar samuwa, inganci da yawan ruwa saboda raguwar kwararan koguna da tafkunan ruwa, saukar matakin ruwan ƙasa da bushewar aquifers.<ref name="HDR"/> Karancin zahiri ya haɗa da matsalar overexploitation, wanda ke rage girman manyan tafkunan Afirka, ciki har da Nakivale, Nakuru da Lake Chad wanda ya ragu zuwa kashi 10% na girman sa na da.<ref name="HDR"/> Manufofin da ke ƙarfafa amfani da ruwa fiye da kima suna daga cikin mafi haɗari, musamman wajen hako ruwan ƙasa. Sau da yawa ana tallafawa farashin wutar lantarki don aikin gona, wanda ke rage ƙarfafa adana albarkatun.<ref name="HDR"/> Haka kuma, ƙasashe da dama a Afirka suna sa farashin ruwa ƙasa da farashin da ake buƙata don kula da shi, wanda ke rage ingantaccen amfani da barazana ga dorewar albarkatun.<ref name="HDR"/> === Yawan jama’a === A cikin ƙarni ɗaya da ya gabata, yawan jama’ar duniya ya ninka sau biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Water scarcity |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=un.org |language=en}}</ref> Afirka ce ke da mafi saurin ƙaruwa na yawan jama’a a duniya. Ana sa ran zai ƙaru da kusan kashi 50% cikin shekaru 18 masu zuwa, daga mutane biliyan 1.2 zuwa fiye da biliyan 1.8 a shekarar 2035.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ISSAfrica.org|date=2017-05-15|title=Africa's population boom: burden or opportunity?|url=https://issafrica.org/amp/iss-today/africas-population-boom-burden-or-opportunity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=ISS Africa|language=en}}</ref> Yawan jama’a yana ƙara buƙatar ruwa, yayin da albarkatun ruwa a yankin ke raguwa. Wannan yana ƙara matsin lamba kan lafiyar jama’a, abinci da ci gaban masana’antu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Falkenmark|first=Malin|date=1990|title=Rapid Population Growth and Water Scarcity: The Predicament of Tomorrow's Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2808065|journal=Population and Development Review|volume=16|pages=81–94|doi=10.2307/2808065|jstor=2808065|issn=0098-7921|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yawan jama’a yana ƙara tsananta matsalar ƙarancin ruwa yayin da ake ƙara matsin lamba kan samuwa da samun damar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> Birane kamar Lagos, Kinshasa da Nairobi sun ninka yawan jama’a cikin shekaru 15.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Chitonge|first=Horman|date=2020-04-02|title=Urbanisation and the water challenge in Africa: Mapping out orders of water scarcity|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|journal=African Studies|volume=79|issue=2|pages=192–211|doi=10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|s2cid=221361042|issn=0002-0184|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Duk da haka, ruwan sha bai ƙaru ba, a wasu lokuta ma ya ragu. Hakan yana haifar da rashin daidaito tsakanin buƙata da samuwa.<ref name=":0"/> Ƙaruwa na birane yana ƙara gurɓatar ruwa saboda yawan shara da najasa da ake zubarwa cikin ruwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Yuan-Xu|date=2020-08-27|title=Runoff pollution control of a sewage discharge project based on green concept – a sewage runoff pollution control system|journal=Water Supply|volume=20 | issue=8| doi=10.2166/ws.2020.183|pages=3676–3686|bibcode=2020WatSu..20.3676W |issn=1606-9749|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sama da kashi 90% na najasa a ƙasashe masu tasowa ana zubar da su cikin ruwa ba tare da an tace ba.<ref name=":1"/> === Sauyin yanayi === Kamar yadda Africa Partnership Forum ta bayyana, "Ko da yake Afirka ba ta da alhakin sauyin yanayi, tana da rauni sosai ga tasirin sa," wanda ya haɗa da sauyin yanayin ruwan sama, ƙarancin abinci, ƙarancin ruwa, raguwar kifaye, hauhawar matakin teku da ƙara matsalar ruwa.<ref name="cca">{{cite web|title=Climate Change and Africa|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/57/7/38897900.pdf|access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> Wannan yana shafar yawan da ingancin ruwan da yara ke buƙata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water and the global climate crisis: 10 things you should know |url=https://www.unicef.org/stories/water-and-climate-change-10-things-you-should-know |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Ana hasashen cewa zuwa shekarar 2050, ruwan sama a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara zai ragu da kashi 10%, wanda zai haifar da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stocker|first=Thomas|title=Climate change 2013: the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-05799-9|language=en|oclc=879855060}}</ref> Rahoton Human Development Report ya yi hasashen cewa hauhawar yanayi tare da raguwar ruwan sama zai ƙara tsananta matsalar fari da ambaliya.<ref name="HDR"/> Sauyin yanayi ya haifar da tsawon lokutan fari da ambaliya a Afirka.<ref name="cca"/> WHO ta bayyana sauyin yanayi a matsayin babbar barazana ga lafiyar duniya a ƙarni na 21.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Kumaresan|first1=Jacob|last2=Sathiakumar|first2=Nalini|date=2010-03-01|title=Climate change and its potential impact on health: a call for integrated action|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=88|issue=3|pages=163|doi=10.2471/blt.10.076034|issn=0042-9686|pmc=2828801|pmid=20428377}}</ref> Saboda dogaro da noman ruwan sama da talauci, sauyin yanayi yana shafar Afirka fiye da ƙ == Tasiri == === Lafiya === Mutanen da ke rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa suna dogara da ruwan da ba ya da tsabta, wanda ke haifar da yaduwar cututtukan da ruwa ke ɗauka kamar typhoid, cholera, dysentery da gudawa.<ref name=WHO>{{cite web|title=10 Facts About Water Scarcity|url=https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/water/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116002842/http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/water/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 16, 2008|access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> Karancin ruwa yana sa mutane da dama su adana ruwa a cikin gida, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin gurɓatar ruwa da kuma yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro da dengue.<ref name=WHO/> A ƙasashe masu ci gaba, ana tace da tsabtace ruwa, amma a ƙasashe masu tasowa, ruwan da ba a tace ba yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwari.<ref name=WS>{{cite web|title=Water Scarcity: The Importance of Water & Access|url=https://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity.asp|access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Duk da cewa yawancin waɗannan cututtuka ana iya magance su, suna daga cikin manyan dalilan mutuwa a duniya. Fiye da mutane miliyan 2.2 suna mutuwa duk shekara daga cututtukan da suka shafi gudawa.<ref name="bpn">{{cite web |year=2010 |title=The Facts About The Global Drinking Water Crisis |url=http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/facts |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=5 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905053406/http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/facts |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yara ƙanana suna da rauni sosai ga waɗannan cututtuka.<ref name=WS/> Mutanen da suka kamu da cututtukan ruwa ba sa iya yin aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma kuɗin magani yana rage albarkatun da za a iya amfani da su wajen abinci ko ilimi.<ref name=WS/> Wasu manoma suna amfani da ruwan da ya gurɓata wajen ban ruwa, wanda ke haifar da cututtuka kamar ƙwari na ciki, hepatitis A da E, da dysentery.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Qadir | first1=M. | last2=Wichelns | first2=D. | last3=Raschid-Sally | first3=L. | last4=McCornick | first4=P.G. | last5=Drechsel | first5=P. | last6=Bahri | first6=A. | last7=Minhas | first7=P.S. | title=The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries | journal=Agricultural Water Management | date=2010 | volume=97 | issue=4 | pages=561–568 | doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2008.11.004 }}</ref> === Mata da ’yan mata === {{Main|WASH#Gender}} Mata a Afirka suna ɗaukar nauyin tara da kula da ruwa fiye da maza.<ref name="GRAW">{{cite web |last1=Crow |first1=Ben |last2=Roy |first2=Jessica |date=2004-03-26 |title=Gender Relations and Access to Water |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0m5033gv#page-1 |publisher=UC Santa Cruz |access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> A yawancin al’ummomi, mata ne ke tara ruwa don girki, wanke-wanke da kula da yara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Impacts of Water Scarcity on Women's Life|url=http://www.worldpulse.com/node/20165|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> Saboda haka, mata da dama suna kashe fiye da rabin yini suna tara ruwa, wanda ke rage lokacin da za su iya zuwa makaranta.<ref name="wac">{{cite web |title=Women Affected by the Crisis |url=http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/women |access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Rashin kayan tsafta ga ’yan mata masu al’ada yana sa da dama su daina zuwa makaranta.<ref name=":3">{{cite web | url=https://thewaterproject.org/why-water/education | title=The Water Crisis: Education in Africa }}</ref> Mata suna ɗaukar jerrycan mai nauyin fiye da kilo 18 kowace rana tsawon kilomita 6.<ref name="WS"/><ref name="bpn"/> Wannan yana haifar da matsalolin lafiya kamar lalacewar ƙashi da gajiya.<ref name="WWD">{{cite web|title=Coping With Water Scarcity: Challenge of the 21st Century|url=https://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/escarcity.pdf|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> === Noma === [[File:Crop limit, Nile Valley-2.jpg|thumb|Matakin cika madatsar ruwan Habasha na Renaissance Dam na iya rage kwarara na Nilu da kashi 25%]] Yawancin Afirka na dogaro da noma, inda kashi 80 zuwa 90% na iyalai a karkara ke dogaro da abincin da suka noma.<ref name=WWD/> Karancin ruwa yana haifar da rashin wadataccen abinci. Fiye da kashi 70% na noman Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara yana dogaro da ruwan sama. Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haifar da fari da ambaliya. Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta bayyana cewa ban ruwa shi ne mabuɗin ƙara samar da abinci.<ref name="WWD"/> Amma noman ban ruwa a Afirka bai kai tsammanin amfanin gona ba.<ref name="green">Kauffman, J., Mantel, S., Ringersma, J., Dijkshoorn, J., Van Lynden, G., Dent, D. Making Better Use of Green Water in Sub-Saharan Africa.</ref> Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa samar da abinci a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara zai iya ninka sau uku zuwa 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bjornlund |first1=Vibeke |last2=Bjornlund |first2=Henning |last3=Van Rooyen |first3=Andre F. |date=2020-10-01 |title=Why agricultural production in sub-Saharan Africa remains low compared to the rest of the world |journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development |volume=36 |issue=sup1 |pages=S20–S53 |doi=10.1080/07900627.2020.1739512}}</ref> SDG 2 yana nufin kawo ƙarshen yunwa da inganta noma mai dorewa.<ref name="SDG">United Nations. Goal 6: Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation for All. Sustainable Development Goals.</ref> Amma yawancin yankuna ba su da isassun albarkatu don tallafawa ban ruwa. Rashin ruwa yana sa mutane su yi amfani da ruwan da ya gurɓata wajen noma, wanda ke haifar da cututtuka.<ref name=WHO/> An ba da shawarar hanyoyin tace ruwan da ya gurɓata kamar greywater wetlands da modified sand filters.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.015| title=Greywater reuse: A strategy for water demand management in Harare?| journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth | volume=32| issue=15–18| pages=1231–1236| year=2007}}</ref> Don haka, don tabbatar da tsaron abinci, dole ne a fadada ban ruwa da kuma sarrafa tasirin sauyin yanayi.<ref name=uneca/><ref name=SDG/> == Manazarta == 0ib62rl78e3pa10t451y0k1t206qn3q 842030 842018 2026-05-28T23:44:36Z Sirjat 20447 /* Noma */ 842030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mwamongu_water_source.jpg|thumb|Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta ƙauyen Mwamanogu, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. A cikin Gundumar Meatu, Yankin Shinyanga, ruwa galibi yana fitowa ne daga ramuka da aka haƙa a cikin yashi na busassun koguna, kuma koyaushe yana gurɓata.]] Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da karancin ruwa a Afirka shine karancin ruwa na zahiri da na tattalin arziki, saurin karuwar yawan jama'a, da Tasirin canjin yanayi akan sake zagayowar ruwa. Rashin ruwa shine rashin albarkatun Ruwa mai kyau don biyan [[Jari-hujja|Bukatar ruwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> Ruwan sama a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka]] yana da yanayi sosai kuma ba a rarraba shi daidai ba, yana haifar da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da fari akai-akai.<ref name="WFL">{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml |access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> [[Fayil:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_The_Congo_River_is_a_lifeline,_but_also_a_huge_threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Ƙalubalen ruwa a Afirka]] A shekarar 2012, Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa ƙarancin ruwa yana zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kalubale ga ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne saboda yawancin koguna sun kai matakin ƙarancin ruwa sakamakon buƙatun noma da sauran fannoni daban-daban. A Afirka, ƙarancin ruwa yana da tasiri da yawa yana shafar lafiya, musamman mata da yara, ilimi, yawan amfanin gona, da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Haka kuma, yana iya haifar da ƙarin rikice-rikice kan albarkatun [[ruwa]].<ref><nowiki>https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/water-scarcity-in-africa-explainer-what-to-know/#:~:text=What%20Is%20Water%20Scarcity%20and,access%20liveable%20amounts%20of%20water</nowiki>.</ref> Don magance matsalar ƙarancin ruwa a Afirka yadda ya kamata, Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka ta jaddada muhimmancin zuba jari wajen bunƙasa albarkatun ruwa da nahiyar ke da su. Wannan zai taimaka wajen inganta wadatar abinci da ruwa, da kuma kare ci gaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar kula da fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da yadda hamada ke yaɗuwa.<ref><nowiki>https://sapa-usa.org/water-scarcity-in-africa/#:~:text=Water%20scarcity%20in%20Africa%20is,development%2C%20fueling%20conflicts%20and%20poverty</nowiki>.</ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/world-water-day-2023-accelerating-change-solving-africas-water-and-sanitation-crises-59935#:~:text=22%2DMar%2D2023,associations%2C%20and%20global%20development%20partners</nowiki>.</ref> == Ma’auni == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|’Yan mata daga Babile (Habasha) suna cika kwantena na filastik da ruwa daga babban tushen ruwan yankin.]] Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da mafi yawan ƙasashen da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa fiye da kowanne yanki a duniya. Daga cikin kimanin mutane miliyan 800 da ke zaune a Afirka, miliyan 300 suna rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an kiyasta cewa zuwa 2030, mutane miliyan 75 zuwa miliyan 250 a Afirka za su rayu a wuraren da ake fama da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC"/> Wannan na iya tilasta mutane miliyan 24 zuwa miliyan 700 su bar wuraren su saboda yanayi ya zama ba zai yiwu a rayu ba.<ref name="IaC"/> Afirka ita ce nahiyar ta biyu mafi bushewa a duniya, inda miliyoyin Afirka ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa a duk shekara.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne daga rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa, yawan jama’a da kuma rashin kyakkyawan sarrafa albarkatun da ake da su. Wani lokaci akwai ƙarancin mutane a wuraren da ake da ruwa mai yawa. Misali, kashi 30% na ruwan nahiyar yana cikin Congo Basin wanda mutane kashi 10% ne kawai ke zaune a wurin.<ref name=":72"/><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> Akwai bambance-bambancen yanayin ruwan sama a wurare da lokuta daban-daban. Haka kuma akwai yawan shanye ruwan sama a wasu wurare wanda ke rage yawan ruwan da ake samu.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82"/> Sai dai akwai bambance-bambancen shekara da shekara na yanayi da albarkatun ruwa, don haka wasu yankuna suna da isasshen ruwa,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license.</ref> amma Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana fuskantar ƙalubale da dama da suka shafi ruwa wanda ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma barazana ga rayuwar jama’a.<ref name=":04"/> Noman Afirka yawanci yana dogara da ruwan sama, kuma ƙasa da kashi 10% na ƙasar da ake noma a nahiyar ana ban ruwa.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04"/> Tasirin sauyin yanayi da bambance-bambancen yanayi ya fi bayyana sosai.<ref name=":04"/> === Bambancin yankuna === Arewacin Afirka da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara suna ci gaba da cimma burin Millennium Development Goal kan ruwa a matakai daban-daban.<ref name="WFL"/> Arewacin Afirka tana da kashi 92% na ruwan lafiya, yayin da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara ke da kashi 60% kawai—wanda ya bar kashi 40% na mutane miliyan 783 a yankin ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ba.<ref name="WFL"/> Wasu daga cikin bambance-bambancen samun ruwan tsabta sun samo asali ne daga yanayin matsanancin yanayi na Afirka. Duk da cewa Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da isasshen ruwan sama, yana zuwa ne a yanayi na lokaci-lokaci kuma ba daidai ba, wanda ke haifar da ambaliya da fari.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma matsalolin tattalin arziki da talauci, tare da yawan jama’a da hijirar karkara zuwa birane sun sa yankin ya zama mafi talauci da rashin ci gaba a duniya.<ref name="WFL"/> Wannan talauci yana hana birane da dama samar da ruwan tsabta da tsaftar muhalli, kuma yana hana inganta ingancin ruwa duk da damar da ake da ita.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma yawan jama’a yana sa ƙauyuka da birane su ƙaru a wuraren da ke da haɗarin ambaliya.<ref name="WFL"/> Rahoton SDG goal 6 na baya-bayan nan ya nuna gaskiya game da yanayin ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, ciki har da rashin tsafta da tasirin sa ga lafiyar abinci musamman ga yara saboda yawan cututtuka. Har ila yau, kusan kashi 1/3 na jama’ar yankin suna cikin haɗarin yunwa saboda rashin samun abinci. Bugu da ƙari, Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da kashi 76% ba su da ruwan sha mai tsabta yayin da Turai da Arewacin Amurka ke da kashi 6% kawai da ba su da ruwan tsabta.<ref name="SDG"/> == Dalilai == === Karancin ruwa na zahiri da tattalin arziki === Karancin ruwa yana da asali daga dabi’a da kuma aikin ɗan adam, kuma ana iya raba shi zuwa rukuni biyu: karancin tattalin arziki da karancin zahiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Karancin tattalin arziki yana nufin cewa samun ingantaccen ruwan sha yana da tsada kuma yana ɗaukar lokaci; karancin zahiri kuma yana nufin rashin wadataccen ruwa a wani yanki dangane da bukatun jama’a.<ref name="WS"/> A shekarar 2006, Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 300 daga cikin miliyan 800 da ke zaune a Afirka suna rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="uneca"/> Musamman a arewa da kudu na Afirka, hauhawar yanayin zafi da sauyin yanayi sun ƙara tsananta yanayin hydrological cycle wanda ke haifar da bushewar lokutan fari, yana ƙara haɗarin fari mai tsanani da yawan faruwa. Wannan yana shafar samuwa, inganci da yawan ruwa saboda raguwar kwararan koguna da tafkunan ruwa, saukar matakin ruwan ƙasa da bushewar aquifers.<ref name="HDR"/> Karancin zahiri ya haɗa da matsalar overexploitation, wanda ke rage girman manyan tafkunan Afirka, ciki har da Nakivale, Nakuru da Lake Chad wanda ya ragu zuwa kashi 10% na girman sa na da.<ref name="HDR"/> Manufofin da ke ƙarfafa amfani da ruwa fiye da kima suna daga cikin mafi haɗari, musamman wajen hako ruwan ƙasa. Sau da yawa ana tallafawa farashin wutar lantarki don aikin gona, wanda ke rage ƙarfafa adana albarkatun.<ref name="HDR"/> Haka kuma, ƙasashe da dama a Afirka suna sa farashin ruwa ƙasa da farashin da ake buƙata don kula da shi, wanda ke rage ingantaccen amfani da barazana ga dorewar albarkatun.<ref name="HDR"/> === Yawan jama’a === A cikin ƙarni ɗaya da ya gabata, yawan jama’ar duniya ya ninka sau biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Water scarcity |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=un.org |language=en}}</ref> Afirka ce ke da mafi saurin ƙaruwa na yawan jama’a a duniya. Ana sa ran zai ƙaru da kusan kashi 50% cikin shekaru 18 masu zuwa, daga mutane biliyan 1.2 zuwa fiye da biliyan 1.8 a shekarar 2035.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ISSAfrica.org|date=2017-05-15|title=Africa's population boom: burden or opportunity?|url=https://issafrica.org/amp/iss-today/africas-population-boom-burden-or-opportunity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=ISS Africa|language=en}}</ref> Yawan jama’a yana ƙara buƙatar ruwa, yayin da albarkatun ruwa a yankin ke raguwa. Wannan yana ƙara matsin lamba kan lafiyar jama’a, abinci da ci gaban masana’antu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Falkenmark|first=Malin|date=1990|title=Rapid Population Growth and Water Scarcity: The Predicament of Tomorrow's Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2808065|journal=Population and Development Review|volume=16|pages=81–94|doi=10.2307/2808065|jstor=2808065|issn=0098-7921|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yawan jama’a yana ƙara tsananta matsalar ƙarancin ruwa yayin da ake ƙara matsin lamba kan samuwa da samun damar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> Birane kamar Lagos, Kinshasa da Nairobi sun ninka yawan jama’a cikin shekaru 15.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Chitonge|first=Horman|date=2020-04-02|title=Urbanisation and the water challenge in Africa: Mapping out orders of water scarcity|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|journal=African Studies|volume=79|issue=2|pages=192–211|doi=10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|s2cid=221361042|issn=0002-0184|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Duk da haka, ruwan sha bai ƙaru ba, a wasu lokuta ma ya ragu. Hakan yana haifar da rashin daidaito tsakanin buƙata da samuwa.<ref name=":0"/> Ƙaruwa na birane yana ƙara gurɓatar ruwa saboda yawan shara da najasa da ake zubarwa cikin ruwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Yuan-Xu|date=2020-08-27|title=Runoff pollution control of a sewage discharge project based on green concept – a sewage runoff pollution control system|journal=Water Supply|volume=20 | issue=8| doi=10.2166/ws.2020.183|pages=3676–3686|bibcode=2020WatSu..20.3676W |issn=1606-9749|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sama da kashi 90% na najasa a ƙasashe masu tasowa ana zubar da su cikin ruwa ba tare da an tace ba.<ref name=":1"/> === Sauyin yanayi === Kamar yadda Africa Partnership Forum ta bayyana, "Ko da yake Afirka ba ta da alhakin sauyin yanayi, tana da rauni sosai ga tasirin sa," wanda ya haɗa da sauyin yanayin ruwan sama, ƙarancin abinci, ƙarancin ruwa, raguwar kifaye, hauhawar matakin teku da ƙara matsalar ruwa.<ref name="cca">{{cite web|title=Climate Change and Africa|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/57/7/38897900.pdf|access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> Wannan yana shafar yawan da ingancin ruwan da yara ke buƙata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water and the global climate crisis: 10 things you should know |url=https://www.unicef.org/stories/water-and-climate-change-10-things-you-should-know |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Ana hasashen cewa zuwa shekarar 2050, ruwan sama a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara zai ragu da kashi 10%, wanda zai haifar da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stocker|first=Thomas|title=Climate change 2013: the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-05799-9|language=en|oclc=879855060}}</ref> Rahoton Human Development Report ya yi hasashen cewa hauhawar yanayi tare da raguwar ruwan sama zai ƙara tsananta matsalar fari da ambaliya.<ref name="HDR"/> Sauyin yanayi ya haifar da tsawon lokutan fari da ambaliya a Afirka.<ref name="cca"/> WHO ta bayyana sauyin yanayi a matsayin babbar barazana ga lafiyar duniya a ƙarni na 21.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Kumaresan|first1=Jacob|last2=Sathiakumar|first2=Nalini|date=2010-03-01|title=Climate change and its potential impact on health: a call for integrated action|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=88|issue=3|pages=163|doi=10.2471/blt.10.076034|issn=0042-9686|pmc=2828801|pmid=20428377}}</ref> Saboda dogaro da noman ruwan sama da talauci, sauyin yanayi yana shafar Afirka fiye da ƙ == Tasiri == === Lafiya === Mutanen da ke rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa suna dogara da ruwan da ba ya da tsabta, wanda ke haifar da yaduwar cututtukan da ruwa ke ɗauka kamar typhoid, cholera, dysentery da gudawa.<ref name=WHO>{{cite web|title=10 Facts About Water Scarcity|url=https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/water/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116002842/http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/water/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 16, 2008|access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> Karancin ruwa yana sa mutane da dama su adana ruwa a cikin gida, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin gurɓatar ruwa da kuma yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro da dengue.<ref name=WHO/> A ƙasashe masu ci gaba, ana tace da tsabtace ruwa, amma a ƙasashe masu tasowa, ruwan da ba a tace ba yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwari.<ref name=WS>{{cite web|title=Water Scarcity: The Importance of Water & Access|url=https://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity.asp|access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Duk da cewa yawancin waɗannan cututtuka ana iya magance su, suna daga cikin manyan dalilan mutuwa a duniya. Fiye da mutane miliyan 2.2 suna mutuwa duk shekara daga cututtukan da suka shafi gudawa.<ref name="bpn">{{cite web |year=2010 |title=The Facts About The Global Drinking Water Crisis |url=http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/facts |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=5 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905053406/http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/facts |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yara ƙanana suna da rauni sosai ga waɗannan cututtuka.<ref name=WS/> Mutanen da suka kamu da cututtukan ruwa ba sa iya yin aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma kuɗin magani yana rage albarkatun da za a iya amfani da su wajen abinci ko ilimi.<ref name=WS/> Wasu manoma suna amfani da ruwan da ya gurɓata wajen ban ruwa, wanda ke haifar da cututtuka kamar ƙwari na ciki, hepatitis A da E, da dysentery.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Qadir | first1=M. | last2=Wichelns | first2=D. | last3=Raschid-Sally | first3=L. | last4=McCornick | first4=P.G. | last5=Drechsel | first5=P. | last6=Bahri | first6=A. | last7=Minhas | first7=P.S. | title=The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries | journal=Agricultural Water Management | date=2010 | volume=97 | issue=4 | pages=561–568 | doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2008.11.004 }}</ref> === Mata da ’yan mata === {{Main|WASH#Gender}} Mata a Afirka suna ɗaukar nauyin tara da kula da ruwa fiye da maza.<ref name="GRAW">{{cite web |last1=Crow |first1=Ben |last2=Roy |first2=Jessica |date=2004-03-26 |title=Gender Relations and Access to Water |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0m5033gv#page-1 |publisher=UC Santa Cruz |access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> A yawancin al’ummomi, mata ne ke tara ruwa don girki, wanke-wanke da kula da yara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Impacts of Water Scarcity on Women's Life|url=http://www.worldpulse.com/node/20165|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> Saboda haka, mata da dama suna kashe fiye da rabin yini suna tara ruwa, wanda ke rage lokacin da za su iya zuwa makaranta.<ref name="wac">{{cite web |title=Women Affected by the Crisis |url=http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/women |access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Rashin kayan tsafta ga ’yan mata masu al’ada yana sa da dama su daina zuwa makaranta.<ref name=":3">{{cite web | url=https://thewaterproject.org/why-water/education | title=The Water Crisis: Education in Africa }}</ref> Mata suna ɗaukar jerrycan mai nauyin fiye da kilo 18 kowace rana tsawon kilomita 6.<ref name="WS"/><ref name="bpn"/> Wannan yana haifar da matsalolin lafiya kamar lalacewar ƙashi da gajiya.<ref name="WWD">{{cite web|title=Coping With Water Scarcity: Challenge of the 21st Century|url=https://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/escarcity.pdf|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> === Noma === [[File:Crop limit, Nile Valley-2.jpg|thumb|Matakin cika madatsar ruwan Habasha na Renaissance Dam na iya rage kwarara na Nilu da kashi 25%]] Yawancin Afirka na dogaro da noma, inda kashi 80 zuwa 90% na iyalai a karkara ke dogaro da abincin da suka noma.<ref name=WWD/> Karancin ruwa yana haifar da rashin wadataccen abinci. Fiye da kashi 70% na noman Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara yana dogaro da ruwan sama. Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haifar da fari da ambaliya. Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta bayyana cewa ban ruwa shi ne mabuɗin ƙara samar da abinci.<ref name="WWD"/> Amma noman ban ruwa a Afirka bai kai tsammanin amfanin gona ba.<ref name="green">Kauffman, J., Mantel, S., Ringersma, J., Dijkshoorn, J., Van Lynden, G., Dent, D. Making Better Use of Green Water in Sub-Saharan Africa.</ref> Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa samar da abinci a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara zai iya ninka sau uku zuwa 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bjornlund |first1=Vibeke |last2=Bjornlund |first2=Henning |last3=Van Rooyen |first3=Andre F. |date=2020-10-01 |title=Why agricultural production in sub-Saharan Africa remains low compared to the rest of the world |journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development |volume=36 |issue=sup1 |pages=S20–S53 |doi=10.1080/07900627.2020.1739512}}</ref> SDG 2 yana nufin kawo ƙarshen yunwa da inganta noma mai dorewa.<ref name="SDG">United Nations. Goal 6: Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation for All. Sustainable Development Goals.</ref> Amma yawancin yankuna ba su da isassun albarkatu don tallafawa ban ruwa. Rashin ruwa yana sa mutane su yi amfani da ruwan da ya gurɓata wajen noma, wanda ke haifar da cututtuka.<ref name=WHO/> An ba da shawarar hanyoyin tace ruwan da ya gurɓata kamar greywater wetlands da modified sand filters.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.015| title=Greywater reuse: A strategy for water demand management in Harare?| journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth | volume=32| issue=15–18| pages=1231–1236| year=2007}}</ref> Don haka, don tabbatar da tsaron abinci, dole ne a fadada ban ruwa da kuma sarrafa tasirin sauyin yanayi.<ref name=uneca/><ref name=SDG/> == Samar da aiki da ci gaba == Talauci yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da samun ruwan sha mai tsabta—ba tare da shi ba, damar fita daga tarkon talauci suna da matuƙar ƙanƙanta. Wannan ra’ayin "tarkon talauci na ruwa" an haɓaka shi ne ta masana tattalin arziki da suka yi nazari musamman a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, kuma yana nufin zagayen talauci na kuɗi, ƙarancin samar da amfanin gona, da ƙara lalacewar muhalli.<ref name=GRAW/> A cikin wannan mummunan zagaye, ana haɗa rashin albarkatun ruwa da rashin albarkatun kuɗi wanda ke shafar dukkan matakan al’umma ciki har da mutum, iyali, da al’umma.<ref name=GRAW/> A cikin wannan tarkon talauci, mutane suna fuskantar ƙarancin kuɗi, tsadar wuraren samar da ruwa, da rashin samun rance don saka hannun jari a harkar ruwa, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin saka hannun jari a albarkatun ruwa da ƙasa, rashin saka hannun jari a ayyukan da ke samar da riba, lalacewar albarkatu da kuma talauci mai tsawo.<ref name=GRAW/> Haka kuma, a cikin unguwanni marasa ci gaba, talakawa yawanci suna biyan sau biyar zuwa sau goma fiye da masu samun ruwan bututu a kowace raka’a ta ruwa saboda matsaloli—ciki har da rashin kayan aiki da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati—wanda ake kiyasta yana ƙara farashin sabis na ruwa da kashi 10% zuwa 30%.<ref name=WWD/><ref name=21st>{{cite web|title=Africa Rising 21st Century|access-date=18 March 2013|date=2010-02-26}}</ref> Illolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na rashin ruwan sha mai tsabta suna shiga cikin fannoni na ilimi, damar samun aikin yi mai fa’ida, ƙarfi da lafiya, ci gaban noma da masana’antu, kuma saboda haka suna rage ƙarfin samarwa na al’umma, ƙasa, ko yanki.<ref name=WS/> Saboda haka, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kaɗai tana rasa awanni biliyan 40 na yiwuwar aiki a kowace shekara wajen tara ruwa.<ref name=WS/> == Manazarta == 5dsam88ik134kqabi919rb3iciavc9i 842065 842030 2026-05-29T05:23:33Z Sirjat 20447 /* Samar da aiki da ci gaba */ 842065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mwamongu_water_source.jpg|thumb|Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta ƙauyen Mwamanogu, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. A cikin Gundumar Meatu, Yankin Shinyanga, ruwa galibi yana fitowa ne daga ramuka da aka haƙa a cikin yashi na busassun koguna, kuma koyaushe yana gurɓata.]] Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da karancin ruwa a Afirka shine karancin ruwa na zahiri da na tattalin arziki, saurin karuwar yawan jama'a, da Tasirin canjin yanayi akan sake zagayowar ruwa. Rashin ruwa shine rashin albarkatun Ruwa mai kyau don biyan [[Jari-hujja|Bukatar ruwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> Ruwan sama a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka]] yana da yanayi sosai kuma ba a rarraba shi daidai ba, yana haifar da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da fari akai-akai.<ref name="WFL">{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml |access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> [[Fayil:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_The_Congo_River_is_a_lifeline,_but_also_a_huge_threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Ƙalubalen ruwa a Afirka]] A shekarar 2012, Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa ƙarancin ruwa yana zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kalubale ga ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne saboda yawancin koguna sun kai matakin ƙarancin ruwa sakamakon buƙatun noma da sauran fannoni daban-daban. A Afirka, ƙarancin ruwa yana da tasiri da yawa yana shafar lafiya, musamman mata da yara, ilimi, yawan amfanin gona, da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Haka kuma, yana iya haifar da ƙarin rikice-rikice kan albarkatun [[ruwa]].<ref><nowiki>https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/water-scarcity-in-africa-explainer-what-to-know/#:~:text=What%20Is%20Water%20Scarcity%20and,access%20liveable%20amounts%20of%20water</nowiki>.</ref> Don magance matsalar ƙarancin ruwa a Afirka yadda ya kamata, Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka ta jaddada muhimmancin zuba jari wajen bunƙasa albarkatun ruwa da nahiyar ke da su. Wannan zai taimaka wajen inganta wadatar abinci da ruwa, da kuma kare ci gaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar kula da fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da yadda hamada ke yaɗuwa.<ref><nowiki>https://sapa-usa.org/water-scarcity-in-africa/#:~:text=Water%20scarcity%20in%20Africa%20is,development%2C%20fueling%20conflicts%20and%20poverty</nowiki>.</ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/world-water-day-2023-accelerating-change-solving-africas-water-and-sanitation-crises-59935#:~:text=22%2DMar%2D2023,associations%2C%20and%20global%20development%20partners</nowiki>.</ref> == Ma’auni == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|’Yan mata daga Babile (Habasha) suna cika kwantena na filastik da ruwa daga babban tushen ruwan yankin.]] Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da mafi yawan ƙasashen da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa fiye da kowanne yanki a duniya. Daga cikin kimanin mutane miliyan 800 da ke zaune a Afirka, miliyan 300 suna rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an kiyasta cewa zuwa 2030, mutane miliyan 75 zuwa miliyan 250 a Afirka za su rayu a wuraren da ake fama da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC"/> Wannan na iya tilasta mutane miliyan 24 zuwa miliyan 700 su bar wuraren su saboda yanayi ya zama ba zai yiwu a rayu ba.<ref name="IaC"/> Afirka ita ce nahiyar ta biyu mafi bushewa a duniya, inda miliyoyin Afirka ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa a duk shekara.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne daga rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa, yawan jama’a da kuma rashin kyakkyawan sarrafa albarkatun da ake da su. Wani lokaci akwai ƙarancin mutane a wuraren da ake da ruwa mai yawa. Misali, kashi 30% na ruwan nahiyar yana cikin Congo Basin wanda mutane kashi 10% ne kawai ke zaune a wurin.<ref name=":72"/><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> Akwai bambance-bambancen yanayin ruwan sama a wurare da lokuta daban-daban. Haka kuma akwai yawan shanye ruwan sama a wasu wurare wanda ke rage yawan ruwan da ake samu.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82"/> Sai dai akwai bambance-bambancen shekara da shekara na yanayi da albarkatun ruwa, don haka wasu yankuna suna da isasshen ruwa,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license.</ref> amma Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana fuskantar ƙalubale da dama da suka shafi ruwa wanda ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma barazana ga rayuwar jama’a.<ref name=":04"/> Noman Afirka yawanci yana dogara da ruwan sama, kuma ƙasa da kashi 10% na ƙasar da ake noma a nahiyar ana ban ruwa.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04"/> Tasirin sauyin yanayi da bambance-bambancen yanayi ya fi bayyana sosai.<ref name=":04"/> === Bambancin yankuna === Arewacin Afirka da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara suna ci gaba da cimma burin Millennium Development Goal kan ruwa a matakai daban-daban.<ref name="WFL"/> Arewacin Afirka tana da kashi 92% na ruwan lafiya, yayin da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara ke da kashi 60% kawai—wanda ya bar kashi 40% na mutane miliyan 783 a yankin ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ba.<ref name="WFL"/> Wasu daga cikin bambance-bambancen samun ruwan tsabta sun samo asali ne daga yanayin matsanancin yanayi na Afirka. Duk da cewa Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da isasshen ruwan sama, yana zuwa ne a yanayi na lokaci-lokaci kuma ba daidai ba, wanda ke haifar da ambaliya da fari.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma matsalolin tattalin arziki da talauci, tare da yawan jama’a da hijirar karkara zuwa birane sun sa yankin ya zama mafi talauci da rashin ci gaba a duniya.<ref name="WFL"/> Wannan talauci yana hana birane da dama samar da ruwan tsabta da tsaftar muhalli, kuma yana hana inganta ingancin ruwa duk da damar da ake da ita.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma yawan jama’a yana sa ƙauyuka da birane su ƙaru a wuraren da ke da haɗarin ambaliya.<ref name="WFL"/> Rahoton SDG goal 6 na baya-bayan nan ya nuna gaskiya game da yanayin ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, ciki har da rashin tsafta da tasirin sa ga lafiyar abinci musamman ga yara saboda yawan cututtuka. Har ila yau, kusan kashi 1/3 na jama’ar yankin suna cikin haɗarin yunwa saboda rashin samun abinci. Bugu da ƙari, Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da kashi 76% ba su da ruwan sha mai tsabta yayin da Turai da Arewacin Amurka ke da kashi 6% kawai da ba su da ruwan tsabta.<ref name="SDG"/> == Dalilai == === Karancin ruwa na zahiri da tattalin arziki === Karancin ruwa yana da asali daga dabi’a da kuma aikin ɗan adam, kuma ana iya raba shi zuwa rukuni biyu: karancin tattalin arziki da karancin zahiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Karancin tattalin arziki yana nufin cewa samun ingantaccen ruwan sha yana da tsada kuma yana ɗaukar lokaci; karancin zahiri kuma yana nufin rashin wadataccen ruwa a wani yanki dangane da bukatun jama’a.<ref name="WS"/> A shekarar 2006, Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 300 daga cikin miliyan 800 da ke zaune a Afirka suna rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="uneca"/> Musamman a arewa da kudu na Afirka, hauhawar yanayin zafi da sauyin yanayi sun ƙara tsananta yanayin hydrological cycle wanda ke haifar da bushewar lokutan fari, yana ƙara haɗarin fari mai tsanani da yawan faruwa. Wannan yana shafar samuwa, inganci da yawan ruwa saboda raguwar kwararan koguna da tafkunan ruwa, saukar matakin ruwan ƙasa da bushewar aquifers.<ref name="HDR"/> Karancin zahiri ya haɗa da matsalar overexploitation, wanda ke rage girman manyan tafkunan Afirka, ciki har da Nakivale, Nakuru da Lake Chad wanda ya ragu zuwa kashi 10% na girman sa na da.<ref name="HDR"/> Manufofin da ke ƙarfafa amfani da ruwa fiye da kima suna daga cikin mafi haɗari, musamman wajen hako ruwan ƙasa. Sau da yawa ana tallafawa farashin wutar lantarki don aikin gona, wanda ke rage ƙarfafa adana albarkatun.<ref name="HDR"/> Haka kuma, ƙasashe da dama a Afirka suna sa farashin ruwa ƙasa da farashin da ake buƙata don kula da shi, wanda ke rage ingantaccen amfani da barazana ga dorewar albarkatun.<ref name="HDR"/> === Yawan jama’a === A cikin ƙarni ɗaya da ya gabata, yawan jama’ar duniya ya ninka sau biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Water scarcity |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=un.org |language=en}}</ref> Afirka ce ke da mafi saurin ƙaruwa na yawan jama’a a duniya. Ana sa ran zai ƙaru da kusan kashi 50% cikin shekaru 18 masu zuwa, daga mutane biliyan 1.2 zuwa fiye da biliyan 1.8 a shekarar 2035.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ISSAfrica.org|date=2017-05-15|title=Africa's population boom: burden or opportunity?|url=https://issafrica.org/amp/iss-today/africas-population-boom-burden-or-opportunity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=ISS Africa|language=en}}</ref> Yawan jama’a yana ƙara buƙatar ruwa, yayin da albarkatun ruwa a yankin ke raguwa. Wannan yana ƙara matsin lamba kan lafiyar jama’a, abinci da ci gaban masana’antu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Falkenmark|first=Malin|date=1990|title=Rapid Population Growth and Water Scarcity: The Predicament of Tomorrow's Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2808065|journal=Population and Development Review|volume=16|pages=81–94|doi=10.2307/2808065|jstor=2808065|issn=0098-7921|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yawan jama’a yana ƙara tsananta matsalar ƙarancin ruwa yayin da ake ƙara matsin lamba kan samuwa da samun damar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> Birane kamar Lagos, Kinshasa da Nairobi sun ninka yawan jama’a cikin shekaru 15.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Chitonge|first=Horman|date=2020-04-02|title=Urbanisation and the water challenge in Africa: Mapping out orders of water scarcity|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|journal=African Studies|volume=79|issue=2|pages=192–211|doi=10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|s2cid=221361042|issn=0002-0184|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Duk da haka, ruwan sha bai ƙaru ba, a wasu lokuta ma ya ragu. Hakan yana haifar da rashin daidaito tsakanin buƙata da samuwa.<ref name=":0"/> Ƙaruwa na birane yana ƙara gurɓatar ruwa saboda yawan shara da najasa da ake zubarwa cikin ruwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Yuan-Xu|date=2020-08-27|title=Runoff pollution control of a sewage discharge project based on green concept – a sewage runoff pollution control system|journal=Water Supply|volume=20 | issue=8| doi=10.2166/ws.2020.183|pages=3676–3686|bibcode=2020WatSu..20.3676W |issn=1606-9749|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sama da kashi 90% na najasa a ƙasashe masu tasowa ana zubar da su cikin ruwa ba tare da an tace ba.<ref name=":1"/> === Sauyin yanayi === Kamar yadda Africa Partnership Forum ta bayyana, "Ko da yake Afirka ba ta da alhakin sauyin yanayi, tana da rauni sosai ga tasirin sa," wanda ya haɗa da sauyin yanayin ruwan sama, ƙarancin abinci, ƙarancin ruwa, raguwar kifaye, hauhawar matakin teku da ƙara matsalar ruwa.<ref name="cca">{{cite web|title=Climate Change and Africa|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/57/7/38897900.pdf|access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> Wannan yana shafar yawan da ingancin ruwan da yara ke buƙata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water and the global climate crisis: 10 things you should know |url=https://www.unicef.org/stories/water-and-climate-change-10-things-you-should-know |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Ana hasashen cewa zuwa shekarar 2050, ruwan sama a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara zai ragu da kashi 10%, wanda zai haifar da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stocker|first=Thomas|title=Climate change 2013: the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-05799-9|language=en|oclc=879855060}}</ref> Rahoton Human Development Report ya yi hasashen cewa hauhawar yanayi tare da raguwar ruwan sama zai ƙara tsananta matsalar fari da ambaliya.<ref name="HDR"/> Sauyin yanayi ya haifar da tsawon lokutan fari da ambaliya a Afirka.<ref name="cca"/> WHO ta bayyana sauyin yanayi a matsayin babbar barazana ga lafiyar duniya a ƙarni na 21.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Kumaresan|first1=Jacob|last2=Sathiakumar|first2=Nalini|date=2010-03-01|title=Climate change and its potential impact on health: a call for integrated action|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=88|issue=3|pages=163|doi=10.2471/blt.10.076034|issn=0042-9686|pmc=2828801|pmid=20428377}}</ref> Saboda dogaro da noman ruwan sama da talauci, sauyin yanayi yana shafar Afirka fiye da ƙ == Tasiri == === Lafiya === Mutanen da ke rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa suna dogara da ruwan da ba ya da tsabta, wanda ke haifar da yaduwar cututtukan da ruwa ke ɗauka kamar typhoid, cholera, dysentery da gudawa.<ref name=WHO>{{cite web|title=10 Facts About Water Scarcity|url=https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/water/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116002842/http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/water/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 16, 2008|access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> Karancin ruwa yana sa mutane da dama su adana ruwa a cikin gida, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin gurɓatar ruwa da kuma yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro da dengue.<ref name=WHO/> A ƙasashe masu ci gaba, ana tace da tsabtace ruwa, amma a ƙasashe masu tasowa, ruwan da ba a tace ba yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwari.<ref name=WS>{{cite web|title=Water Scarcity: The Importance of Water & Access|url=https://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity.asp|access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Duk da cewa yawancin waɗannan cututtuka ana iya magance su, suna daga cikin manyan dalilan mutuwa a duniya. Fiye da mutane miliyan 2.2 suna mutuwa duk shekara daga cututtukan da suka shafi gudawa.<ref name="bpn">{{cite web |year=2010 |title=The Facts About The Global Drinking Water Crisis |url=http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/facts |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=5 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905053406/http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/facts |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yara ƙanana suna da rauni sosai ga waɗannan cututtuka.<ref name=WS/> Mutanen da suka kamu da cututtukan ruwa ba sa iya yin aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma kuɗin magani yana rage albarkatun da za a iya amfani da su wajen abinci ko ilimi.<ref name=WS/> Wasu manoma suna amfani da ruwan da ya gurɓata wajen ban ruwa, wanda ke haifar da cututtuka kamar ƙwari na ciki, hepatitis A da E, da dysentery.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Qadir | first1=M. | last2=Wichelns | first2=D. | last3=Raschid-Sally | first3=L. | last4=McCornick | first4=P.G. | last5=Drechsel | first5=P. | last6=Bahri | first6=A. | last7=Minhas | first7=P.S. | title=The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries | journal=Agricultural Water Management | date=2010 | volume=97 | issue=4 | pages=561–568 | doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2008.11.004 }}</ref> === Mata da ’yan mata === {{Main|WASH#Gender}} Mata a Afirka suna ɗaukar nauyin tara da kula da ruwa fiye da maza.<ref name="GRAW">{{cite web |last1=Crow |first1=Ben |last2=Roy |first2=Jessica |date=2004-03-26 |title=Gender Relations and Access to Water |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0m5033gv#page-1 |publisher=UC Santa Cruz |access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> A yawancin al’ummomi, mata ne ke tara ruwa don girki, wanke-wanke da kula da yara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Impacts of Water Scarcity on Women's Life|url=http://www.worldpulse.com/node/20165|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> Saboda haka, mata da dama suna kashe fiye da rabin yini suna tara ruwa, wanda ke rage lokacin da za su iya zuwa makaranta.<ref name="wac">{{cite web |title=Women Affected by the Crisis |url=http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/women |access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Rashin kayan tsafta ga ’yan mata masu al’ada yana sa da dama su daina zuwa makaranta.<ref name=":3">{{cite web | url=https://thewaterproject.org/why-water/education | title=The Water Crisis: Education in Africa }}</ref> Mata suna ɗaukar jerrycan mai nauyin fiye da kilo 18 kowace rana tsawon kilomita 6.<ref name="WS"/><ref name="bpn"/> Wannan yana haifar da matsalolin lafiya kamar lalacewar ƙashi da gajiya.<ref name="WWD">{{cite web|title=Coping With Water Scarcity: Challenge of the 21st Century|url=https://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/escarcity.pdf|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> === Noma === [[File:Crop limit, Nile Valley-2.jpg|thumb|Matakin cika madatsar ruwan Habasha na Renaissance Dam na iya rage kwarara na Nilu da kashi 25%]] Yawancin Afirka na dogaro da noma, inda kashi 80 zuwa 90% na iyalai a karkara ke dogaro da abincin da suka noma.<ref name=WWD/> Karancin ruwa yana haifar da rashin wadataccen abinci. Fiye da kashi 70% na noman Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara yana dogaro da ruwan sama. Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haifar da fari da ambaliya. Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta bayyana cewa ban ruwa shi ne mabuɗin ƙara samar da abinci.<ref name="WWD"/> Amma noman ban ruwa a Afirka bai kai tsammanin amfanin gona ba.<ref name="green">Kauffman, J., Mantel, S., Ringersma, J., Dijkshoorn, J., Van Lynden, G., Dent, D. Making Better Use of Green Water in Sub-Saharan Africa.</ref> Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa samar da abinci a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara zai iya ninka sau uku zuwa 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bjornlund |first1=Vibeke |last2=Bjornlund |first2=Henning |last3=Van Rooyen |first3=Andre F. |date=2020-10-01 |title=Why agricultural production in sub-Saharan Africa remains low compared to the rest of the world |journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development |volume=36 |issue=sup1 |pages=S20–S53 |doi=10.1080/07900627.2020.1739512}}</ref> SDG 2 yana nufin kawo ƙarshen yunwa da inganta noma mai dorewa.<ref name="SDG">United Nations. Goal 6: Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation for All. Sustainable Development Goals.</ref> Amma yawancin yankuna ba su da isassun albarkatu don tallafawa ban ruwa. Rashin ruwa yana sa mutane su yi amfani da ruwan da ya gurɓata wajen noma, wanda ke haifar da cututtuka.<ref name=WHO/> An ba da shawarar hanyoyin tace ruwan da ya gurɓata kamar greywater wetlands da modified sand filters.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.015| title=Greywater reuse: A strategy for water demand management in Harare?| journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth | volume=32| issue=15–18| pages=1231–1236| year=2007}}</ref> Don haka, don tabbatar da tsaron abinci, dole ne a fadada ban ruwa da kuma sarrafa tasirin sauyin yanayi.<ref name=uneca/><ref name=SDG/> == Samar da aiki da ci gaba == Talauci yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da samun ruwan sha mai tsabta—ba tare da shi ba, damar fita daga tarkon talauci suna da matuƙar ƙanƙanta. Wannan ra’ayin "tarkon talauci na ruwa" an haɓaka shi ne ta masana tattalin arziki da suka yi nazari musamman a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, kuma yana nufin zagayen talauci na kuɗi, ƙarancin samar da amfanin gona, da ƙara lalacewar muhalli.<ref name=GRAW/> A cikin wannan mummunan zagaye, ana haɗa rashin albarkatun ruwa da rashin albarkatun kuɗi wanda ke shafar dukkan matakan al’umma ciki har da mutum, iyali, da al’umma.<ref name=GRAW/> A cikin wannan tarkon talauci, mutane suna fuskantar ƙarancin kuɗi, tsadar wuraren samar da ruwa, da rashin samun rance don saka hannun jari a harkar ruwa, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin saka hannun jari a albarkatun ruwa da ƙasa, rashin saka hannun jari a ayyukan da ke samar da riba, lalacewar albarkatu da kuma talauci mai tsawo.<ref name=GRAW/> Haka kuma, a cikin unguwanni marasa ci gaba, talakawa yawanci suna biyan sau biyar zuwa sau goma fiye da masu samun ruwan bututu a kowace raka’a ta ruwa saboda matsaloli—ciki har da rashin kayan aiki da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati—wanda ake kiyasta yana ƙara farashin sabis na ruwa da kashi 10% zuwa 30%.<ref name=WWD/><ref name=21st>{{cite web|title=Africa Rising 21st Century|access-date=18 March 2013|date=2010-02-26}}</ref> Illolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na rashin ruwan sha mai tsabta suna shiga cikin fannoni na ilimi, damar samun aikin yi mai fa’ida, ƙarfi da lafiya, ci gaban noma da masana’antu, kuma saboda haka suna rage ƙarfin samarwa na al’umma, ƙasa, ko yanki.<ref name=WS/> Saboda haka, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kaɗai tana rasa awanni biliyan 40 na yiwuwar aiki a kowace shekara wajen tara ruwa.<ref name=WS/> == Rikici == Baya ga rawar da Ƙasar Amurka, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da sauran hukumomin gwamnati na ƙasa da ƙasa ke takawa, akwai kungiyoyin agaji da dama da ke aiki don samar da ruwan sha mai tsabta a Afirka da sauran sassan duniya. Wadannan kungiyoyi suna dogara ne da gudummawar mutane da kungiyoyi, wanda ake saka su a hanyoyi da fasahohi daban-daban don samar da ruwan sha mai tsabta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Charities:A Comprehensive List|access-date=11 April 2012|archive-date=3 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Misali, Water to Thrive wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wadda ke aiki don kawo ruwan sha mai tsabta zuwa Gabashin Afirka. An kafa ta a shekarar 2008, Water to Thrive ta gina fiye da rijiyoyi 2,000 a ƙasashen Habasha, Tanzaniya da Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Nonprofit |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Water To Thrive |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, an samar da ruwan sha mai tsabta da wuraren tsafta ga kashi 90% na mazauna duniya saboda ƙoƙarin da aka yi wajen cimma manufofin MDGs. A ci gaba da wannan nasara, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya<ref name="SDG"/> ta haɗa "Ruwan Sha da Tsabtace Muhalli" a matsayin manufa ta shida don "Tabbatar da samun ruwa da tsafta ga kowa da kowa". Wannan manufa tana dogara ne da wadatar ruwan sha a duniya don cimma damar samun ruwa da tsafta ga kowa, amma rashin tsari da ƙarancin saka hannun jari shi ne abin da duniya ke buƙatar mai da hankali a kai. Babban burin SDG na shida shi ne cewa nan da shekarar 2030, duniya za ta tabbatar da samun ruwa ga kowa, samar da albarkatun tsafta musamman ga mutanen da ke cikin haɗari, ƙara maganin sharar ruwa da rage gurbatar ruwa. Haka kuma, kafa sabbin haɗin gwiwa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa da na cikin gida don inganta tsarin kula da ruwa.<ref name="SDG"/> == Iyakoki == Afirka ce ke da mafi yawan ƙasashen da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa fiye da kowace yanki, kuma tana da ƙasashen da suka fi wahalar samun taimakon ruwa. Yawaitar ƙauyuka na sa yankuna da dama su makale a abin da UN Economic Commission for Africa ta kira "Matakin Girbi",<ref name="uneca"/> wanda ke sa yankunan da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa su zama masu wahalar samun taimako saboda rashin fasahar masana’antu da za ta sa mafita ta dore. Baya ga ƙalubalen yanayi da ci gaba, akwai dalilai na siyasa da tattalin arziki da ke hana samun isasshen taimako ga Afirka. A siyasa, rikici tsakanin gwamnatocin cikin gida da kungiyoyin agaji na ƙasashen waje yana shafar ikon kawo kuɗi da ma’aikatan agaji. A tattalin arziki, birane suna fama da babbar gibin arziki inda talakawa ke biyan sau huɗu zuwa sau goma fiye da masu arziki don samun ruwan tsafta, wanda ke hana talakawa samun damar amfani da fasahohin ruwan sha.<ref name="uneca"/> Sakamakon waɗannan dalilai, ana kiyasta cewa kashi 50% na dukkan ayyukan ruwa suna faduwa, ƙasa da kashi 5% ake ziyarta, kuma ƙasa da kashi 1% ke da wani tsari na dogon lokaci na sa ido.<ref name="wac"/> == Tara ruwan sama == Tara ruwan sama (RWH) shi ne tsarin tattarawa da adana ruwan sama maimakon barinsa ya zube. Ruwan sama yana sauka a saman kamar rufi sannan a karkatar da shi don ya cika rijiyar ƙasa ta hanyar shiga cikin tanki, rijiya, rami mai zurfi, ko tafki ta hanyar shigar ruwa. Ana adana shi kuma daga baya a yi amfani da shi don dalilai masu amfani.<ref>{{Cite book |title=managing urban stormwater; harvest and reuse}}</ref> A matsayin wani bangare na Manufofin Ci gaban Mileniyom, an sa burin rage yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta zuwa rabin adadin nan da shekarar 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=united nations millennium declaration}}</ref> Wannan ya kai ga karɓa da amfani da tara ruwan sama don ƙara samar da ruwan sha. RWH wani zaɓi ne da aka saba amfani da shi a yankunan da tsarin samar da ruwa na gargajiya ya kasa biyan bukatun jama’a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mapping the Potential of Rainwater Harvesting Technologies in Africa}}</ref> == Misalai == === Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu === Wata birni da ke fuskantar matsalar ruwa ita ce Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu. Gwamnati da masana a yankin suna shirin "day zero", ma’ana yankin kusan ya ƙare da ruwa.{{Cn|date=September 2024}} Gwamnati ta yi fatan cewa ƙoƙarin kiyaye ruwa da yanayin muhalli zai ƙara yawan ruwa a tafkuna, amma hakan bai faru ba wanda ya ƙara yiwuwar birnin ya ƙare da ruwan sha. Masana a Jami’ar Cape Town suna cikin damuwa saboda ba tare da tushen ruwa ba ba za su iya gudanar da binciken likitanci ko nazarin asibiti ba.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=As Cape Town water crisis deepens, scientists prepare for 'Day Zero'|journal=Nature|year=2018}}</ref> An guje wa Day Zero kuma an sassauta ƙuntatawa ga mazauna, amma ƙoƙarin kiyaye ruwa har yanzu yana nan saboda rashin tabbas a yawan ruwan sama.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cape Town delayed Day Zero but South Africa's water woes aren't over|date=16 January 2019 }}</ref> === Madagascar === A kan tudu mai tsawo na Madagascar, an samu babbar sauyi daga shekarar 1970 zuwa 2000 wanda ya kawar da kusan dukkan dazuzzukan ƙasar. Noman kona dazuzzuka ya kawar da kusan kashi 10% na jimillar tsirrai na ƙasar ya mayar da shi hamada. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan jama’a da buƙatar ciyar da talakawan mutanen asali, amma sakamakon ya haɗa da yawaitar hawan ƙasa wanda ya haifar da koguna masu yawan laka da suka ci gaba da gudana ja bayan shekaru da lalacewar dazuzzuka. Wannan ya kawar da babban adadin ruwan sha mai amfani kuma ya lalata yawancin tsarin koguna na manyan kogunan da ke tafiya yamma. Wasu nau’in kifi sun kusa bacewa, wasu kuma kamar reef na coral da ke cikin Tekun Indiya sun lalace gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Conservation and environmental management in Madagascar}}</ref> [[File:Two_children_drinking_sachet_water.jpg|thumb|229x229px|Yara biyu suna shan ruwan sachet]] == Manazarta == kxa58vqjiusrwrinr8nhkjzxc4qc7k4 842067 842065 2026-05-29T05:26:56Z Sirjat 20447 /* Madagascar */ 842067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mwamongu_water_source.jpg|thumb|Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta ƙauyen Mwamanogu, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. A cikin Gundumar Meatu, Yankin Shinyanga, ruwa galibi yana fitowa ne daga ramuka da aka haƙa a cikin yashi na busassun koguna, kuma koyaushe yana gurɓata.]] Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da karancin ruwa a Afirka shine karancin ruwa na zahiri da na tattalin arziki, saurin karuwar yawan jama'a, da Tasirin canjin yanayi akan sake zagayowar ruwa. Rashin ruwa shine rashin albarkatun Ruwa mai kyau don biyan [[Jari-hujja|Bukatar ruwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> Ruwan sama a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka]] yana da yanayi sosai kuma ba a rarraba shi daidai ba, yana haifar da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da fari akai-akai.<ref name="WFL">{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml |access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> [[Fayil:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_The_Congo_River_is_a_lifeline,_but_also_a_huge_threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Ƙalubalen ruwa a Afirka]] A shekarar 2012, Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa ƙarancin ruwa yana zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kalubale ga ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne saboda yawancin koguna sun kai matakin ƙarancin ruwa sakamakon buƙatun noma da sauran fannoni daban-daban. A Afirka, ƙarancin ruwa yana da tasiri da yawa yana shafar lafiya, musamman mata da yara, ilimi, yawan amfanin gona, da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Haka kuma, yana iya haifar da ƙarin rikice-rikice kan albarkatun [[ruwa]].<ref><nowiki>https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/water-scarcity-in-africa-explainer-what-to-know/#:~:text=What%20Is%20Water%20Scarcity%20and,access%20liveable%20amounts%20of%20water</nowiki>.</ref> Don magance matsalar ƙarancin ruwa a Afirka yadda ya kamata, Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka ta jaddada muhimmancin zuba jari wajen bunƙasa albarkatun ruwa da nahiyar ke da su. Wannan zai taimaka wajen inganta wadatar abinci da ruwa, da kuma kare ci gaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar kula da fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da yadda hamada ke yaɗuwa.<ref><nowiki>https://sapa-usa.org/water-scarcity-in-africa/#:~:text=Water%20scarcity%20in%20Africa%20is,development%2C%20fueling%20conflicts%20and%20poverty</nowiki>.</ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/world-water-day-2023-accelerating-change-solving-africas-water-and-sanitation-crises-59935#:~:text=22%2DMar%2D2023,associations%2C%20and%20global%20development%20partners</nowiki>.</ref> == Ma’auni == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|’Yan mata daga Babile (Habasha) suna cika kwantena na filastik da ruwa daga babban tushen ruwan yankin.]] Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da mafi yawan ƙasashen da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa fiye da kowanne yanki a duniya. Daga cikin kimanin mutane miliyan 800 da ke zaune a Afirka, miliyan 300 suna rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an kiyasta cewa zuwa 2030, mutane miliyan 75 zuwa miliyan 250 a Afirka za su rayu a wuraren da ake fama da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="IaC"/> Wannan na iya tilasta mutane miliyan 24 zuwa miliyan 700 su bar wuraren su saboda yanayi ya zama ba zai yiwu a rayu ba.<ref name="IaC"/> Afirka ita ce nahiyar ta biyu mafi bushewa a duniya, inda miliyoyin Afirka ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa a duk shekara.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> Wannan matsalar ta samo asali ne daga rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa, yawan jama’a da kuma rashin kyakkyawan sarrafa albarkatun da ake da su. Wani lokaci akwai ƙarancin mutane a wuraren da ake da ruwa mai yawa. Misali, kashi 30% na ruwan nahiyar yana cikin Congo Basin wanda mutane kashi 10% ne kawai ke zaune a wurin.<ref name=":72"/><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> Akwai bambance-bambancen yanayin ruwan sama a wurare da lokuta daban-daban. Haka kuma akwai yawan shanye ruwan sama a wasu wurare wanda ke rage yawan ruwan da ake samu.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82"/> Sai dai akwai bambance-bambancen shekara da shekara na yanayi da albarkatun ruwa, don haka wasu yankuna suna da isasshen ruwa,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license.</ref> amma Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana fuskantar ƙalubale da dama da suka shafi ruwa wanda ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma barazana ga rayuwar jama’a.<ref name=":04"/> Noman Afirka yawanci yana dogara da ruwan sama, kuma ƙasa da kashi 10% na ƙasar da ake noma a nahiyar ana ban ruwa.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04"/> Tasirin sauyin yanayi da bambance-bambancen yanayi ya fi bayyana sosai.<ref name=":04"/> === Bambancin yankuna === Arewacin Afirka da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara suna ci gaba da cimma burin Millennium Development Goal kan ruwa a matakai daban-daban.<ref name="WFL"/> Arewacin Afirka tana da kashi 92% na ruwan lafiya, yayin da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara ke da kashi 60% kawai—wanda ya bar kashi 40% na mutane miliyan 783 a yankin ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai tsabta ba.<ref name="WFL"/> Wasu daga cikin bambance-bambancen samun ruwan tsabta sun samo asali ne daga yanayin matsanancin yanayi na Afirka. Duk da cewa Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da isasshen ruwan sama, yana zuwa ne a yanayi na lokaci-lokaci kuma ba daidai ba, wanda ke haifar da ambaliya da fari.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma matsalolin tattalin arziki da talauci, tare da yawan jama’a da hijirar karkara zuwa birane sun sa yankin ya zama mafi talauci da rashin ci gaba a duniya.<ref name="WFL"/> Wannan talauci yana hana birane da dama samar da ruwan tsabta da tsaftar muhalli, kuma yana hana inganta ingancin ruwa duk da damar da ake da ita.<ref name="WFL"/> Haka kuma yawan jama’a yana sa ƙauyuka da birane su ƙaru a wuraren da ke da haɗarin ambaliya.<ref name="WFL"/> Rahoton SDG goal 6 na baya-bayan nan ya nuna gaskiya game da yanayin ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, ciki har da rashin tsafta da tasirin sa ga lafiyar abinci musamman ga yara saboda yawan cututtuka. Har ila yau, kusan kashi 1/3 na jama’ar yankin suna cikin haɗarin yunwa saboda rashin samun abinci. Bugu da ƙari, Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara tana da kashi 76% ba su da ruwan sha mai tsabta yayin da Turai da Arewacin Amurka ke da kashi 6% kawai da ba su da ruwan tsabta.<ref name="SDG"/> == Dalilai == === Karancin ruwa na zahiri da tattalin arziki === Karancin ruwa yana da asali daga dabi’a da kuma aikin ɗan adam, kuma ana iya raba shi zuwa rukuni biyu: karancin tattalin arziki da karancin zahiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Karancin tattalin arziki yana nufin cewa samun ingantaccen ruwan sha yana da tsada kuma yana ɗaukar lokaci; karancin zahiri kuma yana nufin rashin wadataccen ruwa a wani yanki dangane da bukatun jama’a.<ref name="WS"/> A shekarar 2006, Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 300 daga cikin miliyan 800 da ke zaune a Afirka suna rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="uneca"/> Musamman a arewa da kudu na Afirka, hauhawar yanayin zafi da sauyin yanayi sun ƙara tsananta yanayin hydrological cycle wanda ke haifar da bushewar lokutan fari, yana ƙara haɗarin fari mai tsanani da yawan faruwa. Wannan yana shafar samuwa, inganci da yawan ruwa saboda raguwar kwararan koguna da tafkunan ruwa, saukar matakin ruwan ƙasa da bushewar aquifers.<ref name="HDR"/> Karancin zahiri ya haɗa da matsalar overexploitation, wanda ke rage girman manyan tafkunan Afirka, ciki har da Nakivale, Nakuru da Lake Chad wanda ya ragu zuwa kashi 10% na girman sa na da.<ref name="HDR"/> Manufofin da ke ƙarfafa amfani da ruwa fiye da kima suna daga cikin mafi haɗari, musamman wajen hako ruwan ƙasa. Sau da yawa ana tallafawa farashin wutar lantarki don aikin gona, wanda ke rage ƙarfafa adana albarkatun.<ref name="HDR"/> Haka kuma, ƙasashe da dama a Afirka suna sa farashin ruwa ƙasa da farashin da ake buƙata don kula da shi, wanda ke rage ingantaccen amfani da barazana ga dorewar albarkatun.<ref name="HDR"/> === Yawan jama’a === A cikin ƙarni ɗaya da ya gabata, yawan jama’ar duniya ya ninka sau biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Water scarcity |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=un.org |language=en}}</ref> Afirka ce ke da mafi saurin ƙaruwa na yawan jama’a a duniya. Ana sa ran zai ƙaru da kusan kashi 50% cikin shekaru 18 masu zuwa, daga mutane biliyan 1.2 zuwa fiye da biliyan 1.8 a shekarar 2035.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ISSAfrica.org|date=2017-05-15|title=Africa's population boom: burden or opportunity?|url=https://issafrica.org/amp/iss-today/africas-population-boom-burden-or-opportunity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=ISS Africa|language=en}}</ref> Yawan jama’a yana ƙara buƙatar ruwa, yayin da albarkatun ruwa a yankin ke raguwa. Wannan yana ƙara matsin lamba kan lafiyar jama’a, abinci da ci gaban masana’antu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Falkenmark|first=Malin|date=1990|title=Rapid Population Growth and Water Scarcity: The Predicament of Tomorrow's Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2808065|journal=Population and Development Review|volume=16|pages=81–94|doi=10.2307/2808065|jstor=2808065|issn=0098-7921|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yawan jama’a yana ƙara tsananta matsalar ƙarancin ruwa yayin da ake ƙara matsin lamba kan samuwa da samun damar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> Birane kamar Lagos, Kinshasa da Nairobi sun ninka yawan jama’a cikin shekaru 15.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Chitonge|first=Horman|date=2020-04-02|title=Urbanisation and the water challenge in Africa: Mapping out orders of water scarcity|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|journal=African Studies|volume=79|issue=2|pages=192–211|doi=10.1080/00020184.2020.1793662|s2cid=221361042|issn=0002-0184|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Duk da haka, ruwan sha bai ƙaru ba, a wasu lokuta ma ya ragu. Hakan yana haifar da rashin daidaito tsakanin buƙata da samuwa.<ref name=":0"/> Ƙaruwa na birane yana ƙara gurɓatar ruwa saboda yawan shara da najasa da ake zubarwa cikin ruwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Yuan-Xu|date=2020-08-27|title=Runoff pollution control of a sewage discharge project based on green concept – a sewage runoff pollution control system|journal=Water Supply|volume=20 | issue=8| doi=10.2166/ws.2020.183|pages=3676–3686|bibcode=2020WatSu..20.3676W |issn=1606-9749|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sama da kashi 90% na najasa a ƙasashe masu tasowa ana zubar da su cikin ruwa ba tare da an tace ba.<ref name=":1"/> === Sauyin yanayi === Kamar yadda Africa Partnership Forum ta bayyana, "Ko da yake Afirka ba ta da alhakin sauyin yanayi, tana da rauni sosai ga tasirin sa," wanda ya haɗa da sauyin yanayin ruwan sama, ƙarancin abinci, ƙarancin ruwa, raguwar kifaye, hauhawar matakin teku da ƙara matsalar ruwa.<ref name="cca">{{cite web|title=Climate Change and Africa|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/57/7/38897900.pdf|access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> Wannan yana shafar yawan da ingancin ruwan da yara ke buƙata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water and the global climate crisis: 10 things you should know |url=https://www.unicef.org/stories/water-and-climate-change-10-things-you-should-know |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Ana hasashen cewa zuwa shekarar 2050, ruwan sama a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara zai ragu da kashi 10%, wanda zai haifar da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stocker|first=Thomas|title=Climate change 2013: the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-05799-9|language=en|oclc=879855060}}</ref> Rahoton Human Development Report ya yi hasashen cewa hauhawar yanayi tare da raguwar ruwan sama zai ƙara tsananta matsalar fari da ambaliya.<ref name="HDR"/> Sauyin yanayi ya haifar da tsawon lokutan fari da ambaliya a Afirka.<ref name="cca"/> WHO ta bayyana sauyin yanayi a matsayin babbar barazana ga lafiyar duniya a ƙarni na 21.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Kumaresan|first1=Jacob|last2=Sathiakumar|first2=Nalini|date=2010-03-01|title=Climate change and its potential impact on health: a call for integrated action|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=88|issue=3|pages=163|doi=10.2471/blt.10.076034|issn=0042-9686|pmc=2828801|pmid=20428377}}</ref> Saboda dogaro da noman ruwan sama da talauci, sauyin yanayi yana shafar Afirka fiye da ƙ == Tasiri == === Lafiya === Mutanen da ke rayuwa a wuraren da ake fama da ƙarancin ruwa suna dogara da ruwan da ba ya da tsabta, wanda ke haifar da yaduwar cututtukan da ruwa ke ɗauka kamar typhoid, cholera, dysentery da gudawa.<ref name=WHO>{{cite web|title=10 Facts About Water Scarcity|url=https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/water/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116002842/http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/water/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 16, 2008|access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> Karancin ruwa yana sa mutane da dama su adana ruwa a cikin gida, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin gurɓatar ruwa da kuma yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro da dengue.<ref name=WHO/> A ƙasashe masu ci gaba, ana tace da tsabtace ruwa, amma a ƙasashe masu tasowa, ruwan da ba a tace ba yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwari.<ref name=WS>{{cite web|title=Water Scarcity: The Importance of Water & Access|url=https://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity.asp|access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Duk da cewa yawancin waɗannan cututtuka ana iya magance su, suna daga cikin manyan dalilan mutuwa a duniya. Fiye da mutane miliyan 2.2 suna mutuwa duk shekara daga cututtukan da suka shafi gudawa.<ref name="bpn">{{cite web |year=2010 |title=The Facts About The Global Drinking Water Crisis |url=http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/facts |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=5 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905053406/http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/facts |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yara ƙanana suna da rauni sosai ga waɗannan cututtuka.<ref name=WS/> Mutanen da suka kamu da cututtukan ruwa ba sa iya yin aiki yadda ya kamata, kuma kuɗin magani yana rage albarkatun da za a iya amfani da su wajen abinci ko ilimi.<ref name=WS/> Wasu manoma suna amfani da ruwan da ya gurɓata wajen ban ruwa, wanda ke haifar da cututtuka kamar ƙwari na ciki, hepatitis A da E, da dysentery.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Qadir | first1=M. | last2=Wichelns | first2=D. | last3=Raschid-Sally | first3=L. | last4=McCornick | first4=P.G. | last5=Drechsel | first5=P. | last6=Bahri | first6=A. | last7=Minhas | first7=P.S. | title=The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries | journal=Agricultural Water Management | date=2010 | volume=97 | issue=4 | pages=561–568 | doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2008.11.004 }}</ref> === Mata da ’yan mata === {{Main|WASH#Gender}} Mata a Afirka suna ɗaukar nauyin tara da kula da ruwa fiye da maza.<ref name="GRAW">{{cite web |last1=Crow |first1=Ben |last2=Roy |first2=Jessica |date=2004-03-26 |title=Gender Relations and Access to Water |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0m5033gv#page-1 |publisher=UC Santa Cruz |access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> A yawancin al’ummomi, mata ne ke tara ruwa don girki, wanke-wanke da kula da yara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Impacts of Water Scarcity on Women's Life|url=http://www.worldpulse.com/node/20165|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> Saboda haka, mata da dama suna kashe fiye da rabin yini suna tara ruwa, wanda ke rage lokacin da za su iya zuwa makaranta.<ref name="wac">{{cite web |title=Women Affected by the Crisis |url=http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/women |access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Rashin kayan tsafta ga ’yan mata masu al’ada yana sa da dama su daina zuwa makaranta.<ref name=":3">{{cite web | url=https://thewaterproject.org/why-water/education | title=The Water Crisis: Education in Africa }}</ref> Mata suna ɗaukar jerrycan mai nauyin fiye da kilo 18 kowace rana tsawon kilomita 6.<ref name="WS"/><ref name="bpn"/> Wannan yana haifar da matsalolin lafiya kamar lalacewar ƙashi da gajiya.<ref name="WWD">{{cite web|title=Coping With Water Scarcity: Challenge of the 21st Century|url=https://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/escarcity.pdf|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> === Noma === [[File:Crop limit, Nile Valley-2.jpg|thumb|Matakin cika madatsar ruwan Habasha na Renaissance Dam na iya rage kwarara na Nilu da kashi 25%]] Yawancin Afirka na dogaro da noma, inda kashi 80 zuwa 90% na iyalai a karkara ke dogaro da abincin da suka noma.<ref name=WWD/> Karancin ruwa yana haifar da rashin wadataccen abinci. Fiye da kashi 70% na noman Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara yana dogaro da ruwan sama. Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haifar da fari da ambaliya. Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta bayyana cewa ban ruwa shi ne mabuɗin ƙara samar da abinci.<ref name="WWD"/> Amma noman ban ruwa a Afirka bai kai tsammanin amfanin gona ba.<ref name="green">Kauffman, J., Mantel, S., Ringersma, J., Dijkshoorn, J., Van Lynden, G., Dent, D. Making Better Use of Green Water in Sub-Saharan Africa.</ref> Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa samar da abinci a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara zai iya ninka sau uku zuwa 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bjornlund |first1=Vibeke |last2=Bjornlund |first2=Henning |last3=Van Rooyen |first3=Andre F. |date=2020-10-01 |title=Why agricultural production in sub-Saharan Africa remains low compared to the rest of the world |journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development |volume=36 |issue=sup1 |pages=S20–S53 |doi=10.1080/07900627.2020.1739512}}</ref> SDG 2 yana nufin kawo ƙarshen yunwa da inganta noma mai dorewa.<ref name="SDG">United Nations. Goal 6: Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation for All. Sustainable Development Goals.</ref> Amma yawancin yankuna ba su da isassun albarkatu don tallafawa ban ruwa. Rashin ruwa yana sa mutane su yi amfani da ruwan da ya gurɓata wajen noma, wanda ke haifar da cututtuka.<ref name=WHO/> An ba da shawarar hanyoyin tace ruwan da ya gurɓata kamar greywater wetlands da modified sand filters.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.015| title=Greywater reuse: A strategy for water demand management in Harare?| journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth | volume=32| issue=15–18| pages=1231–1236| year=2007}}</ref> Don haka, don tabbatar da tsaron abinci, dole ne a fadada ban ruwa da kuma sarrafa tasirin sauyin yanayi.<ref name=uneca/><ref name=SDG/> == Samar da aiki da ci gaba == Talauci yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da samun ruwan sha mai tsabta—ba tare da shi ba, damar fita daga tarkon talauci suna da matuƙar ƙanƙanta. Wannan ra’ayin "tarkon talauci na ruwa" an haɓaka shi ne ta masana tattalin arziki da suka yi nazari musamman a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, kuma yana nufin zagayen talauci na kuɗi, ƙarancin samar da amfanin gona, da ƙara lalacewar muhalli.<ref name=GRAW/> A cikin wannan mummunan zagaye, ana haɗa rashin albarkatun ruwa da rashin albarkatun kuɗi wanda ke shafar dukkan matakan al’umma ciki har da mutum, iyali, da al’umma.<ref name=GRAW/> A cikin wannan tarkon talauci, mutane suna fuskantar ƙarancin kuɗi, tsadar wuraren samar da ruwa, da rashin samun rance don saka hannun jari a harkar ruwa, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin saka hannun jari a albarkatun ruwa da ƙasa, rashin saka hannun jari a ayyukan da ke samar da riba, lalacewar albarkatu da kuma talauci mai tsawo.<ref name=GRAW/> Haka kuma, a cikin unguwanni marasa ci gaba, talakawa yawanci suna biyan sau biyar zuwa sau goma fiye da masu samun ruwan bututu a kowace raka’a ta ruwa saboda matsaloli—ciki har da rashin kayan aiki da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati—wanda ake kiyasta yana ƙara farashin sabis na ruwa da kashi 10% zuwa 30%.<ref name=WWD/><ref name=21st>{{cite web|title=Africa Rising 21st Century|access-date=18 March 2013|date=2010-02-26}}</ref> Illolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na rashin ruwan sha mai tsabta suna shiga cikin fannoni na ilimi, damar samun aikin yi mai fa’ida, ƙarfi da lafiya, ci gaban noma da masana’antu, kuma saboda haka suna rage ƙarfin samarwa na al’umma, ƙasa, ko yanki.<ref name=WS/> Saboda haka, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kaɗai tana rasa awanni biliyan 40 na yiwuwar aiki a kowace shekara wajen tara ruwa.<ref name=WS/> == Rikici == Baya ga rawar da Ƙasar Amurka, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da sauran hukumomin gwamnati na ƙasa da ƙasa ke takawa, akwai kungiyoyin agaji da dama da ke aiki don samar da ruwan sha mai tsabta a Afirka da sauran sassan duniya. Wadannan kungiyoyi suna dogara ne da gudummawar mutane da kungiyoyi, wanda ake saka su a hanyoyi da fasahohi daban-daban don samar da ruwan sha mai tsabta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Charities:A Comprehensive List|access-date=11 April 2012|archive-date=3 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Misali, Water to Thrive wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wadda ke aiki don kawo ruwan sha mai tsabta zuwa Gabashin Afirka. An kafa ta a shekarar 2008, Water to Thrive ta gina fiye da rijiyoyi 2,000 a ƙasashen Habasha, Tanzaniya da Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Nonprofit |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Water To Thrive |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, an samar da ruwan sha mai tsabta da wuraren tsafta ga kashi 90% na mazauna duniya saboda ƙoƙarin da aka yi wajen cimma manufofin MDGs. A ci gaba da wannan nasara, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya<ref name="SDG"/> ta haɗa "Ruwan Sha da Tsabtace Muhalli" a matsayin manufa ta shida don "Tabbatar da samun ruwa da tsafta ga kowa da kowa". Wannan manufa tana dogara ne da wadatar ruwan sha a duniya don cimma damar samun ruwa da tsafta ga kowa, amma rashin tsari da ƙarancin saka hannun jari shi ne abin da duniya ke buƙatar mai da hankali a kai. Babban burin SDG na shida shi ne cewa nan da shekarar 2030, duniya za ta tabbatar da samun ruwa ga kowa, samar da albarkatun tsafta musamman ga mutanen da ke cikin haɗari, ƙara maganin sharar ruwa da rage gurbatar ruwa. Haka kuma, kafa sabbin haɗin gwiwa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa da na cikin gida don inganta tsarin kula da ruwa.<ref name="SDG"/> == Iyakoki == Afirka ce ke da mafi yawan ƙasashen da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa fiye da kowace yanki, kuma tana da ƙasashen da suka fi wahalar samun taimakon ruwa. Yawaitar ƙauyuka na sa yankuna da dama su makale a abin da UN Economic Commission for Africa ta kira "Matakin Girbi",<ref name="uneca"/> wanda ke sa yankunan da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa su zama masu wahalar samun taimako saboda rashin fasahar masana’antu da za ta sa mafita ta dore. Baya ga ƙalubalen yanayi da ci gaba, akwai dalilai na siyasa da tattalin arziki da ke hana samun isasshen taimako ga Afirka. A siyasa, rikici tsakanin gwamnatocin cikin gida da kungiyoyin agaji na ƙasashen waje yana shafar ikon kawo kuɗi da ma’aikatan agaji. A tattalin arziki, birane suna fama da babbar gibin arziki inda talakawa ke biyan sau huɗu zuwa sau goma fiye da masu arziki don samun ruwan tsafta, wanda ke hana talakawa samun damar amfani da fasahohin ruwan sha.<ref name="uneca"/> Sakamakon waɗannan dalilai, ana kiyasta cewa kashi 50% na dukkan ayyukan ruwa suna faduwa, ƙasa da kashi 5% ake ziyarta, kuma ƙasa da kashi 1% ke da wani tsari na dogon lokaci na sa ido.<ref name="wac"/> == Tara ruwan sama == Tara ruwan sama (RWH) shi ne tsarin tattarawa da adana ruwan sama maimakon barinsa ya zube. Ruwan sama yana sauka a saman kamar rufi sannan a karkatar da shi don ya cika rijiyar ƙasa ta hanyar shiga cikin tanki, rijiya, rami mai zurfi, ko tafki ta hanyar shigar ruwa. Ana adana shi kuma daga baya a yi amfani da shi don dalilai masu amfani.<ref>{{Cite book |title=managing urban stormwater; harvest and reuse}}</ref> A matsayin wani bangare na Manufofin Ci gaban Mileniyom, an sa burin rage yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta zuwa rabin adadin nan da shekarar 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=united nations millennium declaration}}</ref> Wannan ya kai ga karɓa da amfani da tara ruwan sama don ƙara samar da ruwan sha. RWH wani zaɓi ne da aka saba amfani da shi a yankunan da tsarin samar da ruwa na gargajiya ya kasa biyan bukatun jama’a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mapping the Potential of Rainwater Harvesting Technologies in Africa}}</ref> == Misalai == === Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu === Wata birni da ke fuskantar matsalar ruwa ita ce Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu. Gwamnati da masana a yankin suna shirin "day zero", ma’ana yankin kusan ya ƙare da ruwa.{{Cn|date=September 2024}} Gwamnati ta yi fatan cewa ƙoƙarin kiyaye ruwa da yanayin muhalli zai ƙara yawan ruwa a tafkuna, amma hakan bai faru ba wanda ya ƙara yiwuwar birnin ya ƙare da ruwan sha. Masana a Jami’ar Cape Town suna cikin damuwa saboda ba tare da tushen ruwa ba ba za su iya gudanar da binciken likitanci ko nazarin asibiti ba.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=As Cape Town water crisis deepens, scientists prepare for 'Day Zero'|journal=Nature|year=2018}}</ref> An guje wa Day Zero kuma an sassauta ƙuntatawa ga mazauna, amma ƙoƙarin kiyaye ruwa har yanzu yana nan saboda rashin tabbas a yawan ruwan sama.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cape Town delayed Day Zero but South Africa's water woes aren't over|date=16 January 2019 }}</ref> === Madagascar === A kan tudu mai tsawo na Madagascar, an samu babbar sauyi daga shekarar 1970 zuwa 2000 wanda ya kawar da kusan dukkan dazuzzukan ƙasar. Noman kona dazuzzuka ya kawar da kusan kashi 10% na jimillar tsirrai na ƙasar ya mayar da shi hamada. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan jama’a da buƙatar ciyar da talakawan mutanen asali, amma sakamakon ya haɗa da yawaitar hawan ƙasa wanda ya haifar da koguna masu yawan laka da suka ci gaba da gudana ja bayan shekaru da lalacewar dazuzzuka. Wannan ya kawar da babban adadin ruwan sha mai amfani kuma ya lalata yawancin tsarin koguna na manyan kogunan da ke tafiya yamma. Wasu nau’in kifi sun kusa bacewa, wasu kuma kamar reef na coral da ke cikin Tekun Indiya sun lalace gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Conservation and environmental management in Madagascar}}</ref> [[File:Two_children_drinking_sachet_water.jpg|thumb|229x229px|Yara biyu suna shan ruwan sachet]] === Najeriya === Tare da kusan mutane miliyan 199, kashi 33% na ’yan Najeriya ba su da damar samun tushen ruwan sha mai tsabta.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last1=Ighalo|first1=Joshua O.|last2=Adeniyi|first2=Adewale George|date=2020-12-01|title=A comprehensive review of water quality monitoring and assessment in Nigeria|journal=Chemosphere|language=en|volume=260|article-number=127569|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127569|pmid=32688315 |bibcode=2020Chmsp.26027569I |s2cid=220669885 |issn=0045-6535|url-access=subscription}}</ref> UNICEF ta ruwaito cewa fiye da rabin sabis na ruwan asali ga kashi 70% na ’yan Najeriya suna da gurbatawa.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Nearly one third of Nigerian children do not have enough water to meet their daily needs - UNICEF|access-date=2021-09-28|website=unicef.org|language=en}}</ref> Rashin kayan aikin samar da ruwa a fadin Najeriya yana hana yawancin al’umma samun ruwan tsabta; talaka na Najeriya yana samun lita 9 na ruwa a matsakaici a kowace rana.<ref name=":22">Federal Ministry of Water Resources (FMWR), Government of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and UNICEF. 2020. ''Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: National Outcome Routine Mapping (WASH NORM) 2019: A Report of Findings''. FCT Abuja. Nigeria</ref> Saboda haka, da yawa daga cikin ’yan Najeriya suna dogara da ruwan kasuwanci kamar ruwan sachet ko ruwan kwalba.<ref name=":03"/> Gurɓataccen ruwan karkashin ƙasa yana ƙara matsalar ƙarancin ruwa a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-15|title=Water Stress: A Triple Threat in Nigeria|access-date=2021-10-06|website=Pacific Council on International Policy|language=en}}</ref> Wasu manyan nau’ikan gurɓatattun abubuwa sun haɗa da zubar da taki da ruwa daga gonaki, rashin ingantaccen tsarin magudanar najasa, sharar masana’antu, gurɓatar mai da iskar gas, ragowar hakar ma’adinai da kuma najasar wuraren yanka.<ref name=":22"/> === Misira === Yawan jama’ar Misira da ƙaruwa a buƙatar ruwa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da talaucin ruwa a ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite news |title='No other alternative': Egypt worries as climate change, dam project threaten Nile water supply |access-date=2024-09-21 |work=ABC News}}</ref> Kogin Nilu yana samar da kusan kashi 95% na ruwan Misira, ci gaba da ayyukan noma a gefen kogin yana ƙara tsananta matsalar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity and its Impact on the Socio-Economic Aspects of the National Projects in Egypt |access-date=2024-09-18}}</ref> UNICEF tana mai da hankali kan tsarin WASH (Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta) da burin rage ɓarnar ruwa da rage hayakin iskar gas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Scarcity in Egypt |access-date=2024-09-20}}</ref> Gwamnatin Misira kuma ta gabatar da Tsarin Albarkatun Ruwa na Ƙasa don haɗa ka’idojin kula da albarkatu.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Progress in water resources management: Egypt | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021171607/http://www.ukm.my/muwarec/ProceedingMuwarec08/1-Wagdy-Egypt%2011%20nov08.pdf | archive-date=2021-10-21}}</ref> === Maroko === Maroko tana fuskantar matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa saboda sauyin yanayi, yawan jama’a, da ƙaruwa a buƙatun noma. A cikin ’yan shekarun da suka gabata, ruwan sama ya ragu da kusan kashi 20%, wanda ya haifar da ƙalubale musamman a yankunan karkara inda kusan mutane miliyan 2.2 ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The State of the World's Children 2023 |access-date=12 August 2025 |website=unicef.org |date=20 April 2023 }}</ref> A matsayin martani, gwamnatin Maroko tana gina madatsun ruwa, inganta hanyoyin ban ruwa, da saka hannun jari a wuraren tace ruwan teku don ƙara hanyoyin samun ruwa. Duk da haka, sauyin yanayi da matsalolin kula da albarkatu suna ci gaba da zama manyan ƙalubale wajen tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai dorewa ga kowa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> === Aljeriya === Kashi 95% na jama’ar Aljeriya suna da damar samun ruwan sha, tare da kashi 71% suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta da aka sarrafa yadda ya kamata,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country (or area) {{!}} SDG 6 Data |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=sdg6data.org}}</ref> yayin da a ƙasashen Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, kamar Habasha, lamarin ya bambanta inda kashi 13.24% na jama’a ne kawai ke da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta, da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya inda wannan adadi yake kashi 6.13%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, Aljeriya tana da madatsun ruwa 80, wuraren tace ruwan teku 11, wuraren tace ruwa 100 da fiye da wuraren ajiya na ruwa 14,000 a fadin ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Water and Sanitation, Energy and Food-related Logistics Services | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227073722/https://unctad.org/system/files/non-official-document/c1mem2018_S2_Djelouah.pdf | archive-date=2021-02-27}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, ƙasar tana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman yawan samun ruwan sha mai tsabta a Afirka, tare da mafi girman kashi na maganin ruwan sharar gida da aka sarrafa yadda ya kamata a Afirka (76%). Duk da haka, yayin da yawan jama’ar ƙasar ke ƙaruwa, Aljeriya ta gabatar da wasu ayyuka don tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwa ba zai ƙaru ba a nan gaba. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan shi ne gina sabbin wuraren tace ruwan teku guda bakwai tsakanin 2025 da 2030. Fara amfani da waɗannan wuraren zai ba da damar ƙara amfani da ruwan teku da aka tace zuwa kashi 42% na jimillar ruwan sha idan aka kwatanta da kashi 18% na yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria to build 7 new desalination plants between 2025 and 2030 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Global Flow Control |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == fq20136klowsl5kwv1k43qd0txlzjd1 0 82893 841485 711773 2026-05-28T12:00:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841485 wikitext text/x-wiki   {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" |Kwamitin Masana'antar Roboya na Turai ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Takaitaccen bayani | class="infobox-data nickname" |CEIR |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Kafawa | class="infobox-data note" |1959 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Irin wannan | class="infobox-data" |[[Trade association|Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Matsayi na Shari'a | class="infobox-data" |Kamfanin da ba na riba ba |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Manufar | class="infobox-data" |Masana'antar Taps da bawul a Turai |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Hedikwatar | class="infobox-data" |Ginin lu'u-lu'u |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data label" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Boulevard Auguste Reyers 80, B-1030 Brussels </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Yankin da aka yi amfani da shi</div> | class="infobox-data" |Turai |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kasancewa memba</div> | class="infobox-data" |Kungiyoyin kasuwanci na kasa 14 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Shugaban kasa</div> | class="infobox-data" |Klaus Schneider |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Babban kwayar halitta</div> | class="infobox-data" |Babban Taron CEIR |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Haɗin kai | class="infobox-data" |Mataimakin memba na Orgalime |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |[http://www.ceir.eu CEIR] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Magana | class="infobox-data" |Sakatare janar ita ce Stéphanie Uny |} {{Databox}} Kwamitin [[Turai]] na Industria de la Robinetterie, wanda aka fi sani da CEIR ko Ƙungiyar Turai don Masana'antar Taps da Valves, ita ce [[ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Turai]] don masana'antar taps da valves. == Tarihi == An kafa shi a shekarar 1959. Masana'antar bututun ruwa da bawul a halin yanzu tana da darajar Yuro biliyan 19.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Tsarinsa == A cikin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci na ƙasa 13 yana da kamfanoni 340 - 95 don bawul ɗin tsabta, 60 don gina bawul ɗin (gas, ruwa da bawul ɗin kashe wuta), da 185 a cikin bawul ɗin masana'antu (gami da Masu aiki na bawul). Tana cikin wannan gini kamar PNeurop.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai don masana'antar Valves da Taps ta kasance mai mulkin demokraɗiyya da gaske, babu wata ƙungiya ta ƙasa da za ta iya veto yanke shawara. Kamar dimokuradiyya ta gaskiya kuma a hanyar da ta nuna tasirin Tarayyar Turai, ana yanke shawara a matakin Kwamitin cikin yarjejeniya. Wadannan masana'antu sun rufe kayayyaki kamar bawul ɗin masana'antu, bawul ɗin malam buɗe ido, bawul masu aiki, bawul ɗin taimako, bawul na rage matsin lamba, bawulolin dumama na tsakiya, bututun ruwa da zakuna. Kungiyoyin da suka kafa sun hada da: * Tarayyar Masana'antar Fasaha ta Finland{{Flagicon|Finland}} * Profluid - Ƙungiyar Faransanci na famfo da masu tayar da hankali, na compressors da na famfo{{Flagicon|France}} * AVR - Associazione italiana construttori valvole da rubinetteria{{Flagicon|Italy}} * AIMMAP - Abokin hulɗa na Masana'antu, Metalomecãnicos da Afins na Portugal{{Flagicon|Portugal}}[[Associãcao dos Industrias Metalúrgicos, Metalomecãnicos e Afins de Portugal|Abokan Masana'antu na Metalúrgicos, Metalomecãnicos da Afins na Portugal]] * Kungiyar Masana'antu ta Kimiyya (NPAA) - Kungiyar Masanan Valve ta Kimiyya da Masana'antar Masana'adinai{{Flagicon|Russia}} * AGRIVAL - [[Asociación Nacional de Fabricantes de Griferia y Valvuleria|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Masu Yin Griferia da Valvuleria]]{{Flagicon|Spain}} * [[Svensk Armaturindustri]]{{Flagicon|Sweden}} * URS - [[Verband Schweizerischer Armaturenfabriken]] (Union de Fabriques Suisses de Robinetterie) {{Flagicon|Switzerland}} * POMSAD - Türk Pompa ve Vana Sanayicileri Derneği (Turkish Pump & Valve Manufacturers' Association) {{Flagicon|Turkey}} * Kungiyar Ukrainian don Masana'antar Valves{{Flagicon|Ukraine}} * Kungiyar Masu Masana'antar Wutar Wutar Wuta{{Flagicon|UK}}[[Bathroom Manufacturers Association|Kungiyar Masu Yin Wutar Wutar Waya]] Baya ga Babban Taron da Kwamitin, akwai kwamitoci uku: * Kwamitin Kasuwanci da Sadarwa * Kwamitin Fasaha na Lafiya * Kwamitin Fasaha na Gine-gine da Masana'antu == Ayyuka == Tana gudanar da taron shekara-shekara a watan Afrilu ko Mayu. An gudanar da taron 2012 a watan Mayu kusa da Paris, a Chantilly . <ref>{{Cite web |title=CEIR congress 2012 |url=http://www.valveindustrycongress2012.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716004945/http://valveindustrycongress2012.com/ |archive-date=2013-07-16 |access-date=2012-02-16 |website=Annual Assembly}}</ref> Profluid, ƙungiyar Faransa ce ta shirya shi Taron shekara-shekara na 2013 zai gudana a Belgium a Ghent .<ref>{{Cite web |title=PROFLUID |url=http://www.profluid.org/fr/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203204204/http://www.profluid.org/fr/index.html |archive-date=2011-12-03 |access-date=2011-12-22 |website=PROFLUID CEIR Annual Assembly}}</ref> Za a gudanar da taron a ranar 24 da 25 ga Mayu. An shirya shi a sabuwar hanya don taron 24 ya kasance a buɗe ga duk wani mutum da ke da sha'awar taps da valves kuma ba kawai mambobi ba. Wannan taron zai kasance a ƙarƙashin taken kirkire-kirkire, manyan masu magana daga makarantar kasuwanci ta Ghent Vlerick, daga Solvay, daga Cefic, ƙungiyar kasuwanci don masana'antar sinadarai kuma daga FECS za su yi magana da masu sauraro.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CEIR annual congress 2013 |title=let us innovate |url=http://tapsandvalvesindustrycongress2013.wordpress.com |website=Innovation}}</ref> == Ƙarfin hali == Kungiyar Turai don masana'antar Taps da Valves ta kasance mai aiki sosai tun 2011. Ya canza hotonsa tare da sabon shafin yanar gizon, takardar labarai, hoton kamfanoni da sabbin zane-zane da aka tsara. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta canza tsarin ƙungiya don yin tasiri da makamai mafi kyau don isar da sakamako. == Ayyukan fasaha == Kwamitin Fasaha na Sanitary na CEIR ya kunshi masana daga manyan masana'antun taps & showerheads a Turai. Babban ayyukanta sune bin diddigin tsari a matakin Turai, bin diddigar daidaitawa da ayyukan da suka gabata. Har ila yau, yana wakiltar ra'ayoyin masu sana'a da sha'awa kamar yadda CEIR mai rijista ne a Hukumar Tarayyar Turai.CEIR tana da hannu a cikin batutuwa masu zuwa: * Tsarin Kayayyakin Gine-gine * Kayan da ke hulɗa da ruwan sha * Dokar REACH * Shirin adana ruwa kuma musamman ci gaban alamar muhalli ta Turai don bututun ruwa & showerheads Kwamitin Fasaha na Gine-gine da Masana'antu na CEIR yana hulɗa da batutuwa iri-iri. Dokokin da za a iya amfani da su suna da yawa kuma sun haɗa da: * Jagoran ATEX * Tsarin Kayayyakin Gine-gine * Umurnin Kayan Matsi Ana amfani da bawul ɗin gini da masana'antu a cikin tsari mai rikitarwa, wanda Kwamitin Fasaha ke kula da bin, wanda ya haɗa da CEN TC69 da ISO TC153 don bawul ɗin masana'antu, CEN Tc236 don bawul din gas da CEN tC164 don gina bawul. == Alamar ruwa == CEIR tana da hannu sosai a cikin lakabin ruwa na Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Company |first=The Water Label |title=The Water Label |url=http://www.europeanwaterlabel.eu/ |website=www.europeanwaterlabel.eu |access-date=2024-08-11 |archive-date=2024-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717052030/http://www.europeanwaterlabel.eu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ƙaddamar da wannan shirin lakabi na son rai a lokacin Green Week na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai na 2012. Yana bawa masu amfani damar yin zabi mai kyau lokacin da suka sayi bututun ruwa, wanka ko sarrafa na'urorin kwarara. Masu amfani na iya fahimtar kwararar ruwa cikin sauƙi kuma da sauri don haka amfani da na'urar. CEIR za ta inganta lakabin ruwa a lokacin baje kolin kasuwanci na ISH 2013. * Cibiyar Fitar da Ruwa - Amurka == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4a60u1vlmccd9we0mfplw2mp5s2n7g7 0 83772 841663 798614 2026-05-28T14:52:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yinka Lawanson''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Lamboginny''' [[mawaƙi]] ne na [[Afrobeat|Afro]]-Dancehall a [[Najeriya]], sannan kuma mai amfani da manhajar youtube, kuma mai ba da agaji. Lamboginny shi ne mai ba da shawara ga ƙungiyar Say No To Crime kuma mai ba da shawarar S.A.L.T (Saving All Lives Together), shirin sake fasalin kurkuku a layi tare da 2030 Agenda of the Sustainable Development Goals by United Nation a watan Satumbar shekarar dubu biyu da sha biyar (2015). <ref name="WMPR">{{Cite web |last=Hardman |first=Ray |title=Nigerian Singer And Youth Prison Reformer Lamboginny Brings Crusade to the US |url=https://www.wnpr.org/post/nigerian-singer-and-youth-prison-reformer-lamboginny-brings-crusade-us |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=www.wnpr.org |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta dubu biyu da biyu (2002), ya samu damar zamowa gwarzo na hudu a StarQuest, gasar gaskiya ta ƙasar Najeriya wadda kamfanin Nigerian Breweries <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2014 |title=LAMBOGINNY: Why I introduced music as a therapy in Nigerian prisons |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/lamboginny-introduced-music-therapy-nigerian-prisons/ |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=The Nation}}</ref> ta shirya. Yana daya daga cikin rabin biyu na manhajar tiktok Ling da Lamb tare da matarsa Taccara Rae (aka Ling). <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2021 |title=Ling and Lamb, Nigerian-American couple thrilling with funny videos |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/04/ling-and-lamb-nigerian-american-couple-thrilling-with-funny-videos/ |access-date=14 August 2021 |website=Vanguard News}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Yulin 2021, sun fara fitowa na farko na Keep it Reel tare da Ling da Lamb a kan Apple Podcasts, tare da Taccara Rae . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Keep it Reel with Ling and Lamb: Keep it Reel with Ling and Lamb Premier! on Apple Podcasts |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/keep-it-reel-with-ling-and-lamb-premier/id1578789650?i=1000530345749 |access-date=14 August 2021 |website=Apple Podcasts |archive-date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910200514/https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/keep-it-reel-with-ling-and-lamb-premier/id1578789650?i=1000530345749 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2021 |title=Keep It Real with Ling and Lamb - TikTok/YouTube duo set to premiere own show |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/keep-it-real-with-ling-and-lamb-tiktok-youtube-duo-set-to-premiere-own-show/ |access-date=10 September 2021 |website=Vanguard News}}</ref> A watan Mayun shekarar 2021, duo sun karbi allon YouTube na farko, don masu biyan kuɗi 100k. == Ayyukan kiɗa == A cikin shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai (2017), ya fitar da kundinsa na farko mai taken SALT (Saving All Lives Together) a ranar 27 ga Oktobar shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai (2017).<ref name="The Tribune">{{Cite web |title=Lamboginny Hosts 'Salt' Album Launch in Kirikiri Prisons |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/lamboginny-hosts-salt-album-launch-kirikiri-prisons-2/ |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=Nigerian Tribune}}</ref> SALT ta nuna bayyanar baƙi daga DJ Jimmy Jatt, Korede Bello, Olamide, [[Munachi Abii|Muna]], [[P-Square]], Mike Aremu, da Small Doctor. A ranar 12 ga Oktobar 2017, bayan sakin kundinSALT, ya ƙaddamar da kundin tare da kide-kide a gidan yarin Kirikiri Maximum Security Prison a Legas. An gabatar da shi a kan mataki ta hanyar Do2tun tare da wasan kwaikwayo na baƙi daga DJ Jimmy Jatt, Small Doctor, Mz Kiss, Ozzybosco, da [[Munachi Abii|Muna]].<ref name="The Tribune" /> A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, ya bayyana a halarta kuma ya yi a LoudNProud 6th Anniversary Party, tare da [[Shina Peller]], Dammy Krane, [[P-Square|PSquare]], da MAKA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2017 |title=Shina Pellar, Dammy Krane, Lamboginny, Lessi Vigboro Peters & more Turn up at the LoudNProud Live 6th Anniversary Party {{!}} See Photos |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/02/shina-pellar-dammy-krane-lamboginny-lessi-vigboro-peters-more-turn-up-at-the-loudnproud-live-6th-anniversary-party-see-photos/ |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> A cikin dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu (2014), an saki waƙa mai taken COPA Legas kuma Lamboginny ya yi ta a gasar kwallon rairayin bakin teku ta COPA Legasa ta shekarar 2014, wanda ya gudana tsakanin 12 zuwa 14 Disambar shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha hudu 2014 a Eko Atlantic City. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2014 |title=New Music: COPA Lagos Theme Song by Lamboginny – Listen |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/new-music-copa-lagos-theme-song-by-lamboginny-listen/ |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ya bayyana a cikin jerin waƙoƙin "Hip Hop 4 Peace", watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye wanda Gidan Tarihin Hip Hop na Duniya ya tsara don bikin cika shekaru 75 na Ranar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya a YouTube, a ranar 21 ga Satumba 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=September 14 |first=a HatfieldPublished |title=Chuck D, Rakim, KRS One & more to appear on Hip Hop 4 Peace livestream |url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/chuck-d-rakim-krs-one-more-to-appear-on-hip-hop-4-peace-livestream/ |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=BrooklynVegan |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Maris ɗin shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da ɗaya (2021), ya fitar da "Move", rikodin da Benie Macaulay ya samar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title=Lamboginny releases new single, 'Move' |url=https://notjustok.com/song/lamboginny-move/ |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=Notjustok |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309203533/https://notjustok.com/song/lamboginny-move/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Maris din shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da daya (2021), Kaykay Sublime ne ya saki bidiyon kiɗa kuma ya ba da umarni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2021 |title=Lamboginny unveils the visuals for 'Move' |url=https://notjustok.com/videos/lamboginny-move-video/ |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=Notjustok |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319222641/https://notjustok.com/videos/lamboginny-move-video/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Yuni 2021, ya fitar da "Sak Pase", rikodin da Benie Macaulay ya samar. A ranar 2 ga Yulin 2021, ya fitar da "Sak Pase remix", tare da Tony Mix. A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin 2021, Darakta Ray ne ya saki bidiyon kiɗa kuma ya ba da umarni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2021 |title=Watch the Video for Lamboginny's 'Sak Pase' Remix Featuring Haiti's Tonymix |url=https://notjustok.com/mp3-songs/lamboginny-sak-pase-remix-feat-tonymix/ |access-date=14 August 2021 |website=NotjustOk}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Satumbar shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da ɗaya (2021), ya fitar da kundi na biyu na farko "Food Is Ready", ta hanyar Lamboginny Music, tare da DAP The Contract, Ling, da Tony Mix.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian artist Lamboginny shares new album 'Food Is Ready': Stream |url=https://grungecake.com/lamboginny-food-is-ready/articles/82115 |access-date=10 September 2021 |website=GRUNGECAKE}}</ref> Kundin ya jagoranci waƙoƙin "Move", "Highest Vibration", da "Sak Pase (Remix) " tare da TonyMix.A watan Agustan shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu (2022), ya fitar da "Mama" a duk dandamali masu gudana a fadin kasar, waƙar da ta kasance an keɓe ta ga mahaifiyarsa da dukan uwaye a duniya. === Yarjejeniyar rikodin === A shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu (2012), ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodi tare da Sax Records, kamfanin nishaɗi wanda Yemi Sax ya kafa.<ref name="BellaNaija">{{Cite web |last=Adeyemo |first=Adeola |date=30 August 2012 |title=Providing Help in the Midst of Despair! Nigerian Artiste, Lamboginny takes his "Say No To Crime" Project to Prisons |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2012/08/fighting-crime-with-the-power-of-music-nigerian-artiste-lamboginny-takes-his-say-no-to-crime-project-to-prisons/ |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> == Ayyukan jin kai == {{Quote box|quoted=true|bgcolor=#bbccff|salign=center|quote=Reforming prisons is about leaving no one behind|source=-Lambo speaking to the [[United Nations]]<ref name="UN News" />|width=25%|align=right}} A shekara ta dubu biyu da tara (2009), ya kafa shirin Say No To Crime Project kuma ya fara yakin neman zabe na farko a gidan yarin Kirikiri Maximum Security Prison a Legas, wanda ya ja hankalin tsohonshugaba wato Janar Controller of Nigerian Prisons Service, Olushola Ogundipe.<ref name="BellaNaija"/> wadda bayan ganawarsa da shi a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma (2010), an sanya Lamboginny a matsayin jakadan yaki da aikata laifuka na Hukumar Kula da Kurkuku ta Najeriyawato nigerian correctional service. A ranar shida ga watan Disamba na shekara ta dubu biyu da goma (2010), an nada shi a matsayin Jami'in Sashin Kurkuku na Najeriya.<ref name="BellaNaija" /> A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta dubu biyu da sha daya (2011), ya fara aikin kide-kide na mata a kurkuku, wanda ya kira da sunar Season in Prison . Tare da wasan kwaikwayon daga [[Onyeka Onwenu]], [[Shan George]], [[Stella Damasus]], [[Chidinma]], Aydotcom, Sexy Steel, Dekunle Fuji, Jedi, DJ Rowland da Jafextra. A ranar sha hudu ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta dubu biyu da sha daya (2011), yana da VIP "Valentine in Prison" Concert.<ref name="BellaNaija" /> Tare da bayyanar zato daga Midnight Crew, [[Denrele Edun]], Tim Godfrey, AK1, [[Dele Momodu]], [[Stella Damasus]] da [[Shan George]]. A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012, an nada shi jakadun Hukumar Kula da Dokar Magunguna ta Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeyemo |first=Adeola |date=11 December 2012 |title=Nollywood Actress, Stella Damasus & Music Act, Lamboginny Appointed as NDLEA Ambassadors |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2012/12/nollywood-actress-stella-damasus-music-act-lamboginny-appointed-as-ndlea-ambassadors/ |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha shida (2016), shugaban kasar Amurka na arba'in da hudu, wato [[Barack Obama]] ya gayyace shi ya yi magana a kungiyar Young African Leaders Initiative . <ref>{{Cite web |title=nigerian singer lamboginny to speak at the young african leadership initiative |url=http://www.mtvbase.com/news/nigerian-singer-lamboginny-to-speak-at-the-young-african-leadership-initiative/o85zit |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=MTV Base }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai (2017), an gayyace shi ya yi magana a gidan yarin Leicester, dake kasar Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Munachim Amah, for |title=This passionate singer takes songs of hope to Nigerian prisoners |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/20/africa/passionate-singer-hope-nigerian-prisoners/index.html |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=CNN}}</ref> A cikin 2019, ya yi magana game da fursunonin kurkuku dubu 40, suna jiran shari'a a [[Kirikiri Babban Gidan Kurkuku da Tsaro|Kurkukun Tsaro na Kirikiri]] a Taron Jama'a na 68 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref name="UN News">{{Cite web |date=29 August 2019 |title=Reforming prisons is about leaving no one behind, says Nigerian musician Lambo |url=https://news.un.org/en/audio/2019/08/1045231 |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=UN News |language=en |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209041323/https://news.un.org/en/audio/2019/08/1045231 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2020, ya ziyarci Cibiyar Matasa ta Cheltenham, Cibiyar Yara ta Alfred D. Noyes, da Cibiyar Kula da Yanki ta Montgomery County, inda ya yi kuma ya yi magana da fursunoni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lamboginny in forgiveness, healing session with inmates of Montgomery County Correctional Facility |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/lamboginny-in-forgiveness-healing-session-with-inmates-of-montgomery-county-correctional-facility/ |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=The Guardian Nigeria}}</ref> A cikin shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha takwas (2018), ya kafa SALT, ƙungiyar ba da riba don tara kuɗi, dakuma wani shiri na musamman domin sake fasalin kurkuku da shirin maganin kiɗa a Najeriya. A cikin 2019, an sanya shi, wakilin Gidauniyar Ariel ta Duniya a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2019 |title=Nigerian Afro-dancehall Singer Lamboginny Appointed AFI Rep At The United Nations |url=https://smooth981.fm/nigerian-afro-dancehall-singer-lamboginny-appointed-afi-rep-at-the-united-nations/ |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=SMOOTH 98.1FM}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, ya raba ra'ayoyinsa game da yaki da rikicin yanayi tare da Insider Inc., tare da [[Greta Thunberg]], da [[Helena Gualinga]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brueck |first=Hilary |title=Greta Thunberg isn't the only trailblazing young climate leader. Activists from the Amazon to Nigeria share their ideas for battling the climate crisis. |url=https://www.insider.com/greta-thunberg-activists-climate-change-who-are-they-2019-9 |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=Insider}}</ref> == Daraja == A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da daya (2021), matarsa Taccara Rae ta zabe shi a kan ''Good Morning America'' don jerin wahayi kan wanda ke yin tarihin baki a cikin shekarar dubu biyu da ashoirin da daya (2021), don aikinsa na kawo 'yanci ga maza sama da 120 da aka ɗaure ba bisa ka'ida ba a Najeriya, da kuma haɗa kide-kide na kiɗa a gidajen kurkuku daban-daban a Afirka, Ingila da Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The GMA Inspiration List: Who's making Black history in 2021? |url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/News/gma-inspiration-list-making-black-history-2021/story?id=75228763 |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Yinka a shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da hudu (1984), a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya . Ya yi alkawarin aure ga Taccara Rae a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 2017, kuma ya yi aure a ranar 5 ga Janairun 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2018 |title=Singer Lamboginny is Engaged to Girlfriend Taccara Rae ? |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/11/singer-lamboginny-is-engaged-to-girlfriend-taccara-rae-%F0%9F%92%8D/ |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2019 |title=So Beautiful! Lamboginny & fiancee Taccara Rae are Married ? |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/01/so-beautiful-lamboginny-fiancee-taccara-rae-are-married-%F0%9F%98%8D/ |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == === Albums === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Jerin kundin studio tare da bayanan da aka zaɓa ! scope="col" style="width:11em;" |Taken ! scope="col" style="width:20em;" |Bayanan kundin |- ! scope="row" |''Gishiri'' | * An saki shi: Satumba 28, 2017 * Alamar: Lamboginny Music * Tsarin: sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Abincin Ya Shirya'' | * An saki shi: Satumba 10, 2021 * Alamar: Lamboginny Music * Tsarin: sauke dijital, yawo |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! width="200" |Bikin bayar da kyaututtuka ! width="425" |Bayanan lambar yabo (s) ! width="150" |Mai karɓa ! width="75" |Sakamakon |- |2016 |Kyautar Bidiyo ta Kiɗa ta Najeriya |Mafi kyawun Amfani da Kayan ado "Ni ne mai cin nasara (tare da [[Chidinma]]) "<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2016 |title=NMVA 2016: Dbanj, Aramide, Wizkid top nominee list {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/music/215571-nmva-2016-dbanj-aramide-wizkid-top-nominee-list.html |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=Premium Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oleniju |first=Segun |date=18 December 2016 |title=Nigerian Music Video Award (NMVA) 2016 - Winners List {{!}} 36NG |url=https://www.36ng.ng/2016/12/18/nigerian-music-video-award-nmva-2016-winners-list/ |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=36Ng}}</ref> |Shi da kansa da Mr Clayy|{{Won}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] em4yzav69ialwj68idk4wiklo1pwzt0 0 84297 841778 532003 2026-05-28T17:36:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Letsoku ƙasa ce mai yumbu da kabilu da yawa a Kudancin Afirka da wasu sassa na nahiyar Afirka ke amfani da su.Sotho-Tswana na Kudancin Afirka sun bayyana ƙasa mai yawa a matsayin letsoku. Wadannan sunaye daban-daban da sauran kabilun yankin, ana kiranta da chomane a Shona, ilibovu a Swati, imbola a Xhosa da luvhundi a Venda, akwai wasu sunaye da yawa da wasu kabilu suka ba su. Letsoku yana faruwa a zahiri a cikin launuka masu yawa kuma yana da amfani da yawa, galibi ana amfani dashi don aikace-aikacen kwaskwarima a Kudancin Afirka. Koyaya, sauran ayyukansa suna da alaƙa da zane-zane, amfani da magani, alamar al'adu da imani na gargajiya[1] ==letsoku yanayi da aiki== ==Aikace-aikace/amfani== ==Manazarta== http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0038-23532017000200018&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126080542/https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0038-23532017000200018&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |date=2025-01-26 }} https://www.thoughtco.com/ochre-the-oldest-known-natural-pigment-172032 https://www.britannica.com/topic/ochre kiy88g80qq8geqf1ff7y53duw1nbyug 0 86369 842374 540908 2026-05-29T10:52:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842374 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Mariya Agapova, (an Haife ta a wanan Afrilu 7, 1997) ƴar ƙasar Kazakhstan ce gaurayawan mawaƙin martial wacce ta yi gasar a rukunin tsalle-tsalle na Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). == Fage == Agapova ta fara horar da fasahar fada a kusa da shekaru takwas domin ta koyi kare kanta. [1] Ta sauke karatu daga kwalejin da ta kware a ilimin motsa jiki don yara. [1] == Haɗaɗɗen sana'ar fasaha == === Farkon aiki === Agapova ya yi yaƙi da aikinta na farko na MMA a Rasha, China da Kazakhstan. Ta tattara rikodin da ba a ci nasara ba na 6–0 kafin yin muhawara a kan Dana White's Talata Contender Series . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherdog.com |title=Mariya Agapova MMA Stats, Pictures, News, Videos, Biography - Sherdog.com |url=https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Mariya-Agapova-206861 |access-date=2020-06-14 |website=Sherdog}}</ref> === Jerin Gasar Cin Kofin Dare Na Dana White === Agapova ya bayyana a Dana White's Contender Series 22 akan Yuli 30, 2019, yana fuskantar Tracy Cortez . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Three More Bouts Slated For Summer Contender Series |url=https://www.flocombat.com/articles/6437917-three-more-bouts-slated-for-summer-contender-series |access-date=2020-06-13 |website=www.flocombat.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Damon |date=2019-07-30 |title=Dana White's Contender Series results season 3, week 6: Flying knee KOs highlight latest episode |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/7/30/20748099/dana-whites-contender-series-results-season-3-week-6-flying-knee-kos-highlight-latest-episode |access-date=2020-06-13 |website=MMA Fighting}}</ref> === Gasar Yaƙin Invicta === Agapova ta fara gasar Invicta Fighting Championship a Satumba 6, 2019 da Alexa Conners a Invicta FC: Phoenix Series 2 . Ta ci nasara ta hanyar sallama a zagaye na daya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title=Invicta FC: Phoenix Series 2 results and highlights |url=https://fansided.com/2019/09/06/invicta-fc-phoenix-series-2-results-highlights/ |access-date=2020-06-14 |website=FanSided |language=en-US}}</ref> Agapova na gaba ya fuskanci Marilia Santos a ranar Oktoba 6, 2019 a Invicta FC 37: Gonzalez vs. Sanchez . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Dan |date=2019-10-04 |title=Invicta FC 37 Preview: Pearl Gonzalez vs. Brogan Sanchez - |url=https://mmasucka.com/2019/10/04/invicta-fc-37-preview-pearl-gonzalez-vs-brogan-sanchez/ |access-date=2020-06-14 |website=MMASucka.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614065833/https://mmasucka.com/2019/10/04/invicta-fc-37-preview-pearl-gonzalez-vs-brogan-sanchez/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta yi nasara a fafatawar ta hanyar bugun fasaha a zagaye na daya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Evanoff |first=Josh |date=2019-10-04 |title=Invicta FC 37: Gonzalez vs. Sanchez Results and Recap |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/10/04/invicta-fc-37-gonzalez-vs-sanchez-results-recap/ |access-date=2020-06-14 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan nasarar ta ba ta lambar yabo ''ta Ayyukan Dare'' . <ref name="ifc37b">{{Cite tweet|title=#InvictaFC37 Bonuses: Performances of the Night - Mariya Agapova and @VipersHurricane|date=October 5, 2019|user=invictafights}}</ref> An shirya Agapova zai kara da Daiana Torquato a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 2020 a Invicta FC 39: Frey vs. Cummins II . Sai dai Agapova ta yi karo da wata mota a lokacin da take kan hanyarta ta zuwa atisaye a ATT kuma dole ta janye daga fafatawar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tim Bissell |date=January 27, 2020 |title=After 'auto-pedestrian accident' Mariya Agapova out of Invicta FC 39 |url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2020/1/27/21083480/after-auto-pedestrian-accident-mariya-agapova-out-of-invicta-fc-38-shanna-young-wmma-mma-news |publisher=bloodyelbow.com |access-date=October 20, 2024 |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131192927/https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2020/1/27/21083480/after-auto-pedestrian-accident-mariya-agapova-out-of-invicta-fc-38-shanna-young-wmma-mma-news |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Gasar Yaƙin Ƙarshe === Agapova ya sanya hannu tare da UFC a cikin Fabrairu 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-27 |title=Kazakhstan's Mariya Agapova signs with UFC |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/02/mariya-agapova-signs-ufc-kazakhstan |access-date=2020-06-14 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en}}</ref> Ta fara wasanta na farko da [[Hannah Cifers]] a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2020 a UFC akan ESPN: Eye vs. Calvillo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-08 |title=Hannah Cifers makes two-week turnaround to fight Mariya Agapova on Saturday |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/06/ufc-hannah-cifers-quick-turnaround-replacement-vs-mariya-agapova |access-date=2020-06-09 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en}}</ref> Bayan sauke Cifers tare da bugun kai, Agapova ya ci nasara ta hanyar ƙaddamar da zagaye na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bitter |first=Shawn |date=2020-06-13 |title=UFC on ESPN 10 Results: Mariya Agapova Submits Hannah Cifers |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2020/06/13/ufc-on-espn-10-results-hannah-cifers-vs-mariya-agapova/ |access-date=2020-06-14 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan nasarar ta ba ta lambar yabo ''ta Ayyukan Dare'' . <ref name="UFConESPN10">{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Alexander K. |date=2020-06-14 |title=UFC on ESPN 10 bonuses: Marvin Vettori leads pack of first-time winners |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2020/6/14/21290580/ufc-on-espn-10-bonuses-marvin-vettori-leads-pack-of-first-time-winners |access-date=2020-06-14 |website=MMA Fighting |language=en}}</ref> Agapova ya fuskanci Shana Dobson a ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2020 a UFC akan ESPN 15 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marcel Dorff |date=21 June 2020 |title=Mariya Agapova krijgt gewenste gevecht tegen Shana Dobson op 22 augustus |url=https://mmadna.nl/mariya-agapova-krijgt-gewenste-gevecht-tegen-shana-dobson-op-22-augustus/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |language=nl}}</ref> Ta rasa yaƙin ta hanyar zagaye na biyu na TKO, yana zuwa akan ƙarshen karɓar mafi girman rashin daidaituwa a cikin tarihin mata na UFC (daura da nasarar da Holly Holm ta yi akan Ronda Rousey a UFC 193 ). Agapova ya fuskanci Sabina Mazo a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2021 a UFC Fight Night 194 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mike Bohn |date=2021-07-12 |title=Mariya Agapova returns vs. Sabina Mazo at UFC Fight Night on Oct. 9 |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2021/07/ufc-news-mariya-agapova-returns-vs-sabina-mazo-womens-flyweight-fight-night |access-date=2021-07-12 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi nasarar fafatawar ne ta hanyar shakewa tsirara bayan ta doke Mazo a zagaye na uku. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Evanoff |first=Josh |date=2021-10-09 |title=UFC Vegas 39 Results: Mariya Agapova Dominates, Finishes Sabina Mazo |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/10/09/ufc-vegas-39-results-mariya-agapova-dominates-finishes-sabina-mazo/ |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan fada ya sa ta samu lambar yabo ''ta Ayyukan Dare'' . <ref name="UFN 194">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-09 |title=UFC Fight Night 194 bonuses: Women sweep extra $50,000 checks in Las Vegas |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/ufc-fight-night-194-bonuses-marina-rodriguez-mackenzie-dern-mariya-agapova-loopy-godinez-all-women-mma |access-date=2021-10-10 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}</ref> Agapova ya fuskanci Maryna Moroz a ranar 5 ga Maris, 2022 a UFC 272 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Após troca de farpas, Mariya Agapova e Maryna Moroz se enfrentam no UFC 272 |url=https://ge.globo.com/combate/noticia/apos-troca-de-farpas-mariya-agapova-e-maryna-moroz-se-enfrentam-no-ufc-272.ghtml |access-date=2021-12-20 |website=ge |language=pt-br}}</ref> Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar sallama a zagaye na biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2022-03-05 |title=UFC 272: Maryna Moroz Gets Last Word, Submits Rival Mariya Agapova |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/03/05/ufc-272-maryna-moroz-vs-mariya-agapova/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> An shirya Agapova zai fuskanci Ji Yeon Kim a UFC 277 a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2022 |title=Ji Yeon Kim faces Mariya Agapova at UFC 277 |url=https://asianmma.com/ji-yeon-kim-faces-mariya-agapova-at-ufc-277/ |website=asianmma.com}}</ref> Duk da haka, an tilasta Agapova daga yakin saboda raunin gwiwa kuma ta maye gurbin Joselyne Edwards . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Heck |first=Mike |date=2022-07-13 |title=Mariya Agapova out of UFC 277, Ji Yeon Kim now faces Joselyne Edwards |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2022/7/13/23211581/mariya-agapova-out-of-ufc-277-ji-yeon-kim-now-faces-jocelyn-edwards |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=MMA Fighting |language=en}}</ref> Agapova ya fuskanci Gillian Robertson, ya maye gurbin Melissa Gatto, ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2022 a UFC Fight Night 210 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bitter |first=Shawn |date=2020-06-06 |title=UFC: Melissa Gatto Out of June 13 Fight with Mariya Agapova |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2020/06/06/ufc-melissa-gatto-june-13-fight-mariya-agapova/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta rasa fadan ta shake tsirara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2022-09-17 |title=UFC Vegas 60: Gillian Robertson Extends Flyweight Submission Record, Chokes Out Mariya Agapova |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/09/17/ufc-vegas-60-mariya-agapova-vs-gillian-robertson/ |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Agapova ya fuskanci Luana Santos a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2024, a UFC akan ESPN 59 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=UFC returning to Denver on July 13 at Ball Arena with main card featuring Colorado fighters Maycee Barber versus Rose Namajunas |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2024/06/04/ufc-returning-denver-ball-arena/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=The Denver Post |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi rashin nasara a wasan bayan tsirara ta shake a zagayen farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jay Anderson |date=2023-07-13 |title=UFC Denver: Luana Santos Subs Returning Mariya Agapova |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2024/07/13/ufc-denver-luana-santos-subs-returning-mariya-agapova/ |access-date=2024-07-13 |publisher=cagesidepress.com}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2024, an ba da rahoton cewa an cire Agapova daga jerin sunayen UFC. <ref>{{Cite web |date=Jul 31, 2024 |title=❌ Fighter removed: Mariya Agapova |url=https://x.com/RosterTracker/status/1818460588898496982 |access-date=Jul 31, 2024 |website=UFCRosterTracker}}</ref> == Sana'ar gwagwarmaya == Agapova ya fafata da Helena Crevar a Pit Submission Series 5 akan Mayu 30, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Phil |title=Full Lineup Announced For Pit Submission Series 5 |url=https://jitsmagazine.com/full-lineup-announced-for-pit-submission-series-5/ |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=Jitsmagazine}}</ref> Ta rasa wasan ta sallama tare da dunƙule diddige. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elite Grapplers Dominate UFC Veterans In Pit Submission Series 5 Results |url=https://jitsmagazine.com/elite-grapplers-dominate-ufc-veterans-in-pit-submission-series-5-results/ |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=Jitsmagazine}}</ref> == Bareknuckle fada == A ranar 27 ga Agusta, 2024, an ba da rahoton cewa Agapova ya rattaba hannu tare da Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship (BKFC). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mike Heck |date=2024-08-27 |title=Ex-UFC fighter Mariya Agapova signs with BKFC |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2024/8/27/24229889/ex-ufc-fighter-mariya-agapova-signs-with-bkfc |access-date=2024-08-27 |publisher=mmafighting.com}}</ref> == Gasar da nasarori == === Hadaddiyar fasahar martial === * '''Gasar Yaƙin Ƙarshe''' ** Ayyukan Dare (Sau Biyu) {{Small|vs. [[Hannah Cifers]] and [[Sabina Mazo]]}} <ref name="UFConESPN10"/> <ref name="UFN 194"/> * '''Gasar Yaƙin Invicta''' ** Ayyukan Dare (lokaci ɗaya) <small>vs. Marilia Santos</small> <ref name="ifc37b">{{Cite tweet|title=#InvictaFC37 Bonuses: Performances of the Night - Mariya Agapova and @VipersHurricane|date=October 5, 2019|user=invictafights}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFInvicta_FC2019">Invicta FC [@invictafights] (October 5, 2019). </cite></ref> == Mixed Martial Art Records == {{MMArecordbox|draws=|nc=|ko-wins=3|sub-wins=5|dec-wins=2|ko-losses=1|sub-losses=3|dec-losses=1|dq-wins=|dq-losses=|other-wins=|other-losses=}}{{MMA record start}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|10–5 |Luana Santos |Submission (rear-naked choke) |[[UFC on ESPN: Namajunas vs. Cortez]] |{{dts|2024|July|13}} |align=center|1 |align=center|3:27 |[[Denver, Colorado]], United States | |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|10–4 |[[Gillian Robertson]] |Technical Submission (rear-naked choke) |[[UFC Fight Night: Sandhagen vs. Song]] |{{dts|2022|September|17}} |align=center|2 |align=center|2:19 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States | |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|10–3 |[[Maryna Moroz]] |Submission (arm-triangle choke) |[[UFC 272]] |{{dts|2022|March|05}} |align=center|2 |align=center|3:27 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States | |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|10–2 |[[Sabina Mazo]] |Submission (rear-naked choke) |[[UFC Fight Night: Dern vs. Rodriguez]] |{{dts|2021|October|9}} |align=center|3 |align=center|0:53 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States |{{Small|Performance of the Night.}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|9–2 |[[Shana Dobson]] |TKO (punches) |[[UFC on ESPN: Munhoz vs. Edgar]] |{{dts|2020|August|22}} |align=center|2 |align=center|1:38 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States | |- |{{Yes2}}Win |align=center| 9–1 |[[Hannah Cifers]] |Submission (rear-naked choke) |[[UFC on ESPN: Eye vs. Calvillo]] |{{dts|2020|June|13}} |align=center| 1 |align=center| 2:42 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States |{{Small|Performance of the Night.}} |- |{{Yes2}}Win |align=center| 8–1 |Marilia Santos |TKO (elbows) |[[List of Invicta FC events#Invicta FC 37: Gonzalez vs. Sanchez|Invicta FC 37: Gonzalez vs. Sanchez]] |{{dts|2019|October|06}} |align=center| 1 |align=center| 4:55 |[[Kansas City, Kansas]], United States |{{Small|Performance of the Night.}} |- |{{Yes2}}Win |align=center| 7–1 |[[Alexa Conners]] |Submission (rear-naked choke) |[[List of Invicta FC events#Phoenix Series 2|Invicta FC: Phoenix Series 2]] |{{dts|2019|September|06}} |align=center| 1 |align=center| 3:03 |[[Kansas City, Kansas]], United States | |- |{{No2}}Loss |align=center| 6–1 |[[Tracy Cortez]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[Dana White's Contender Series Season Three#Week 6 - July 30|Dana White's Contender Series 22]] |{{dts|2019|July|30}} |align=center| 3 |align=center| 5:00 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States | |- |{{Yes2}}Win |align=center| 6–0 |Na Liang |TKO (punches) |Heroine FC 2 |{{dts|2018|July|21}} |align=center| 1 |align=center| N/A |[[Zhengzhou]], China | |- |{{Yes2}}Win |align=center| 5–0 |Liliya Kazak |Decision (split) |Fight Nights Global 82 |{{dts|2017|December|16}} |align=center| 3 |align=center| 5:00 |[[Moscow]], Russia | |- |{{Yes2}}Win |align=center| 4–0 |Yulia Kutsenko |Submission (armbar) |Fight Nights Global 72 |{{dts|2017|August|24}} |align=center| 3 |align=center| 3:47 |[[Sochi]], Russia | |- |{{Yes2}}Win |align=center| 3–0 |Yulia Litvinceva |TKO (punches) |[[Brave 6: Kazakhstan|Brave CF 6]] |{{dts|2017|April|29}} |align=center| 1 |align=center| 2:15 |[[Almaty]], Kazakhstan | |- |{{Yes2}}Win |align=center| 2–0 |Dariya Kutuzova |Submission (rear-naked choke) |WFCA 28 |{{dts|2016|May|20}} |align=center| 1 |align=center| 2:45 |[[Pavlodar]], Kazakhstan | |- |{{Yes2}}Win |align=center| 1–0 |Yuliya Ivanova |Decision (unanimous) |WFCA 8 |{{dts|2015|May|20}} |align=center| 3 |align=center| 5:00 |[[Pavlodar]], Kazakhstan |{{Small|Flyweight debut.}} |- {{End}} == Duba kuma == * Jerin gwanayen gwanayen gwanaye na mata == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Professional MMA record for Mariya Agapova from Sherdog * Mariya Agapova at UFC [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1p9v9fwj9l8a6e4vctcne352s9myfzd 0 86943 841830 538765 2026-05-28T19:49:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841830 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Kungiyar Hockey ta Lokomotiv,''' (Russian), wanda aka fi sani da '''Lokomotiv [[Yaroslavl]]''', kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun'yan wasan hockey ta kasar Rasha, da ke zaune a birnin Yaroslav l, tana wasa a matakin Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Sunan ƙungiyar ya samo asali ne daga mai shi, Railways na Rasha, mai ba da sabis na jirgin ƙasa na ƙasa. A ranar 7 ga Satumba 2011, kusan dukkanin tawagar sun mutu a Hadarin jirgin sama. Jirgin tawagar zuwa wasan a Minsk ya fadi yayin tashi, ya kashe dukkan 'yan wasan kungiyar (sai dai Maxim Zyuzyakin, wanda ba ya cikin jirgin), duk ma'aikatan kocin (sai dai kocin mai tsaron gida Jorma Valtonen, ba a cikin jirgin ba) da' yan wasa hudu daga ƙungiyar Loko 9 na Ƙananan Hockey League (MHL). <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2011 |title=Canadian coach McCrimmon among 43 dead in Russian plane crash |url=http://tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=375297 |access-date=8 September 2011 |publisher=tsn.ca |archive-date=9 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909130003/http://tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=375297 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan bala'in ya tilasta wa Lokomotiv Yaroslavl soke shiga cikin kakar KHL ta 2011-12.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2012 |title=How KHL's Lokomotiv was reborn, one year after plane crash tragedy |url=https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nhl-puck-daddy/khl-lokomotiv-reborn-one-plane-crash-tragedy-140704479--nhl.html }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == An san kungiyar a baya da sunaye daban-daban: * YaMZ Yaroslavl (1959-1963) * Yaroslavl (1963-1964) * Motar Yaroslavl (1964-1965) * Yaroslavl Torpedo (1965-2000) * Lokomotiv Yaroslavl (2000-yanzu) Kungiyar ta taka leda a gasar League ta biyu ta Class "A" a zamanin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]], ana ci gaba da ita zuwa League na farko na Class "A " don kakar 1983-84. An san shi da Torpedo Yaroslavl a wannan lokacin, ƙungiyar ta sami nasarar matsakaici a ƙarƙashin kocin Sergei Alekseyevich Nikolaev . Ba kulob mai iko ba a zamanin Soviet, kungiyar ta zama mai cin nasara tare da kirkirar Superleague na Rasha (RSL) bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, ta lashe gasar RSL ta farko a 1997 a karkashin kocin Petr Vorobiev. Kungiyar ta tashi daga Avtodizel Arena zuwa sabon Arena 2000 a farkon kakar 2001-02, kuma ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai a jere a 2002 da 2003 a karkashin kocin [[Kazech|Czech]] Vladimír Vujtek, Sr. Vujtek ya bar kulob din bayan kakar 2002-03 don tayin kwangila daga abokin hamayyar Ak Bars Kazan. Lokomotiv ba ta iya maimaita nasarar ta ba tun daga wannan lokacin, amma ta kasance mai fafatawa a RSL sannan kuma daga baya KHL.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Hadarin jirgin sama na 2011 === A ranar 7 ga Satumba 2011, kulob din Lokomotiv zai yi tafiya zuwa [[Miniska|Minsk]] don wasan farko na kakar KHL ta 2011-12 lokacin da jirgin da ke dauke da tawagar ya fadi bayan tashi daga Filin jirgin saman Tunoshna. Daga cikin fasinjoji 45 da ma'aikatan da ke cikin jirgin, injiniyan jirgin Alexander Sizov ne kawai ya tsira daga hadarin. Mai shekaru 26 mai suna Lokomotiv forward Alexander Galimov, wanda ya kasance tare da tawagar tun shekara ta 2004, an cire shi daga hadarin da rai kuma yana sane, amma yana da ƙonewa zuwa kashi 80 cikin dari na jikinsa kuma ya mutu bayan kwana biyar a asibiti a [[Moscow]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morgunov |first=Sergei |date=7 September 2011 |script-title=ru:Первые фото с места крушения Як-42 под Ярославлем |url=http://www.lifenews.ru/news/68920 |access-date=7 September 2011 |website=[[LifeNews|Lifenews.ru]] |language=ru}}</ref> Kafin hadarin, kungiyar ta buga wasanni tara kafin kakar wasa, ta kammala da rikodin 7-2. A ranar 3 ga Satumba 2011, a wasan karshe na Lokomotiv, a gida da Torpedo, Galimov ya zira kwallaye na karshe na tawagar a cikin nasara 5-2. Bayan hadarin, shugaban KHL Alexander Medvedev ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a gudanar da shirin bala'i don ba da damar Lokomotiv Yaroslavl ta yi wa tawagar kankara don kakar 2011-12.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leonard |first=Peter |date=8 September 2011 |title=KHL delays games, but season will go on for Lokomotiv |url=http://sports.nationalpost.com/2011/09/08/khl-delays-games-but-season-will-go-on-for-lokomotiv/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120605051818/http://sports.nationalpost.com/2011/09/08/khl-delays-games-but-season-will-go-on-for-lokomotiv/ |archive-date=5 June 2012 |access-date=8 September 2011 |website=nationalpost.com}}</ref> Koyaya, a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2011, ƙungiyar ta sanar da niyyarta ba za ta shiga cikin kakar KHL ta 2011-2012, ta zaɓi yin wasa a cikin KHL ta Koli (VHL) na kakar wasa daya kafin ta koma KHL.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2011 |title=Lokomotiv will not play this season |url=http://msn.foxsports.com/nhl/story/Lokomotiv-to-miss-KHL-season-091011/ |access-date=11 September 2011 |website=FOX Sports}}</ref> Tsohon kocin Petr Vorobiev ya koma kungiyar a matsayin babban kocin VHL. Har ila yau, tawagar Lokomotiv Yaroslavl na kakar wasa mai zuwa za ta cancanci shiga gasar KHL ta atomatik, kuma kulob din na iya neman izini don amfani da 'yan wasa sama da shida wadanda ba na Rasha ba a cikin tawagar KHL.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-12 |script-title=ru:На совещании в Кремле решили: "Локомотив" с декабря начнёт играть в ВХЛ |url=http://www.sovsport.ru/news/text-item/480336 |access-date=2011-09-12 |website=[[Sovetsky Sport]] |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-12 |title=KHL's new Lokomotiv won't play this season |url=http://nhl-red-light.si.com/2011/09/12/khls-lokomotiv-wont-play-this-season/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018033852/http://nhl-red-light.si.com/2011/09/12/khls-lokomotiv-wont-play-this-season/ |archive-date=18 October 2011 |access-date=2011-09-12 |publisher=Red Light}}</ref> Hadarin ya kasance hadarin jirgin sama na biyu a Rasha wanda ya shafi ƙungiyar hockey; a cikin 1950, an kashe dukkan ƙungiyar VVS Moscow a cikin bala'in jirgin sama kusa da [[Ekaterinburg|Sverdlovsk]] (yanzu Yekaterinburg). <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2011 |title=Plane Crash Wipes Out Elite Russian Hockey Team |url=http://www.totalnews.nl.eu.org/plane-crash-wipes-out-elite-russian-hockey-team |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116170338/http://www.totalnews.nl.eu.org/plane-crash-wipes-out-elite-russian-hockey-team |archive-date=16 November 2011 |access-date=8 September 2011 |publisher=TotalNews}}</ref> === Lokacin 2012-13 === A ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2012, Tom Rowe, tsohon mataimakin kocin tare da Carolina Hurricanes na National Hockey League (NHL), ya sanya hannu a matsayin sabon kocin tawagar. A kakar KHL ta 2012-13, Lokomotiv ta kara da tsoffin 'yan wasan NHL Viktor Kozlov, Niklas Hagman, Staffan Kronwall, Curtis Sanford, Sami Lepistö da Vitaly Vishnevskiy. Vishnevskiy a baya ya buga wa kulob din wasa daga 2008 zuwa 2010. Mai tsaron gida Dmitri Kulikov ya sanya hannu don yin wasa tare da Lokomotiv a lokacin kulle-kulle na NHL. == Rubuce-rubucen yanayi-lokaci == '''''Lura:''' GP = Wasannin da aka buga, W = Nasara, L = Asarar, OTL = Asarar lokaci / harbi, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against'' {| class="wikitable" !Lokacin !GP !W !L !OTL !Pts !GF !GA !Ƙarshen !Mafi Girma Mai Zane !Wasanni |- style="background:#eee;" |2008–09 |56 |32 |13 |3 |111 |174 |111 |Na farko, Kharlamov |Alexei Yashin <small> (47 maki: 21 G, 26 A; 56 GP) </small> |Ya ɓace a wasan karshe na Kofin Gagarin, 3-4 (Ak Bars Kazan) |- bgcolor="" |2009–10 |56 |26 |17 |4 |96 |163 |132 |Na uku, Tarasov |Josef Vašíček <small> (48 maki: 21 G, 27 A; 56 GP) </small> |Ya ɓace a cikin Ƙarshen Taron, 3-4 (HC MVD) |- style="background:#eee;" |2010–11 |54 |33 |14 |1 |108 |202 |143 |Na farko, Tarasov |Pavol Demitra <small> (60 maki: 18 G, 42 A; 54 GP) </small> |Ya ɓace a cikin Taron Ƙarshe, 2-4 (Atlant Moscow Oblast) |- bgcolor="" |2011–12 |22 |13 |6 |1 |42 |68 |47 |Na uku, Yamma |Oleg Yashin <small> (15 maki: 9 G, 6 A; 22 GP) </small> |Ya ɓace a cikin Semifinals na Taron, 2-3 (Dizel Penza) |- style="background:#eee;" |2012–13 |52 |24 |18 |0 |92 |131 |121 |Na biyu, Tarasov |Sergei Plotnikov <small> (33 maki: 15 G, 18 A; 55 GP) </small> |Ya ɓace a cikin Quarterfinals na Taron, 2-4 (Severstal Cherepovets) |- bgcolor="" |2013–14 |54 |28 |21 |5 |84 |109 |103 |Na uku, Tarasov |Sergei Plotnikov (maki 35) <small> (35 maki: 15 G, 20 A; 53 GP) </small> |Ya ɓace a cikin Taron Ƙarshe, 1-4 (Lev Praha) |- style="background:#eee;" |2014–15 |60 |32 |19 |9 |97 |155 |143 |Na uku, Tarasov |Yegor Averin <small> (37 maki: 16 G, 21 A; 59 GP) </small> |Ya ɓace a cikin Kwararrun Ƙwararrun, 2-4 (Dynamo Moscow) |- bgcolor="" |2015–16 |60 |43 |15 |2 |125 |155 |94 |Na biyu, Tarasov |Daniil Apalkov <small> (43 maki: 16 G, 27 A; 59 GP) </small> |Ya ɓace a cikin Kwararrun Ƙwararrun, 1-4 (SKA Saint Petersburg) |- style="background:#eee;" |2016–17 |60 |36 |18 |6 |110 |163 |130 |Na uku, Tarasov |Brandon Kozun <small> (56 maki: 23 G, 33 A; 59 GP) </small> |Ya ɓace a cikin Taron Ƙarshe, 0-4 (SKA Saint Petersburg) |- bgcolor="" |2017–18 |56 |35 |18 |3 |99 |148 |129 |Na biyu, Tarasov |Staffan Kronwall (maki 35) <small> (35 maki: 10 G, 25 A; 55 GP) </small> |Ya ɓace a cikin Semifinals na Taron, 1-4 (SKA Saint Petersburg) |- style="background:#eee;" |2018–19 |62 |40 |16 |6 |86 |159 |118 |Na biyu, Tarasov |Brandon Kozun <small> (41 maki: 19 G, 22 A; 52 GP) </small> |Ya ɓace a cikin Semifinals na Taron, 1-4 (SKA Saint Petersburg) |- bgcolor="" |2019–20 |62 |34 |23 |5 |73 |170 |151 |Na biyu, Tarasov |[[Denis Alexeyev]] <small> (37 maki: 6 G, 31 A; 57 GP) </small> |Ya ɓace a cikin Kwararrun Ƙwararrun, 2-4 (Jokerit) |- style="background:#eee;" |2020–21 |60 |38 |15 |7 |83 |181 |126 |Na uku, Tarasov |Pavel Kraskovsky <small> (38 maki: 17 G, 21 A; 56 GP) </small> |Ya ɓace a cikin Semifinals na Taron, 3-4 (CSKA Moscow) |- bgcolor="" |2021–22 |47 |23 |15 |9 |55 |113 |103 |Na huɗu, Tarasov |Reid Boucher <small> (27 maki: 12 G, 15 A; 46 GP) </small> |Ya ɓace a cikin Quarterfinals na Taron, 0-4 (CSKA Moscow) |- style="background:#eee;" |2022–23 |68 |41 |17 |10 |92 |164 |122 |Na biyu, Tarasov |Maxim Shalunov <small> (42 maki: 29 G, 13 A; 62 GP) </small> |Ya ɓace a cikin Semifinals na Taron, 3-4 (CSKA Moscow) |- |2023–24 |68 |44 |19 |5 |93 |174 |139 |Na biyu, Tarasov |Maxim Shalunov (maki 36) <small> (36 maki: 17 G, 19 A; 68 GP) </small> |Ya ɓace a wasan karshe na Kofin Gagarin, 0-4 (Metallurg Magnitogorsk) |} == 'Yan wasa == === Jerin yanzu ===   == Daraja == === Zakarun Turai === '''[[Russian Superleague|Superleague na Rasha]]''' ''(3)'': 1997, 2002, 2003 '''Kofin Minsk''' ''(1)'': 2017 '''[[Longi Kahoo Cup|Kofin Longi Khao]]''' ''(3)'': 2010, 2011, 2017 '''Kofin Shugaban kasa na Junior (Trinec) ''' ''(1)'': 2016/2017 === Masu gudu === '''[[Gagarin Cup|Kofin Gagarin]]''' ''(2)'': 2009, 2024 '''[[Gagarin Cup|Kofin Gagarin]]''' ''(3)'': 2010, 2014, 2017 '''[[Russian Superleague|Superleague na Rasha]]''' ''(1)'': 2008 Superleague ''(2)'': 1999, 2005 IIHF Continental Cup ''(1)'': 2003 Spengler Cup ''(1)'': == manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje ==  {{Kontinental Hockey League}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iryvy1gbbipig0tjc66jbkj4jhzcu31 0 88722 842428 554411 2026-05-29T11:58:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marubini Lourane Lubengo''' ɗan siyasan [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ne na Majalisar Wakilan Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya zama memba a Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu daga shekarun 2019 har zuwa 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SEE: These are the people who will represent you in Parliament, provincial legislatures |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Elections/News/see-these-are-the-people-who-will-represent-you-in-parliament-provincial-legislatures-20190515 |access-date=2021-09-16 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Lubengo ya taɓa yin aiki a majalisar dokokin lardin Limpopo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marubini Lourane Lubengo |url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/ms-lubengo-lourane-marubini/ |access-date=2021-09-16 |website=People's Assembly |language=en}}</ref> Lubengo ya yi aiki a kwamitin Fayil na Majalisar Dokoki kan Ci gaban Ƙananun Kasuwanci da kuma zaunannen kwamitin akan asusun gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ms Marubini Lourane Lubengo - Parliament of South Africa |url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/133 |access-date=2021-09-16 |website=www.parliament.gov.za |archive-date=2021-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916201658/https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/133 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bhluaogdyw43aluapdjxr1bu7gy1j1k 0 88757 842234 748091 2026-05-29T07:06:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yarima''' / Gatsha Buthelezi ( 27 Agusta 1928 - 9 Satumba 2023) ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma yariman Zulu wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na gargajiya ga gidan sarautar Zulu daga 1954 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 2023. Sarki Bhekuzulu dan Sarki Solomon Dinuzulu ne ya nada shi wannan mukami, dan uwa ga mahaifiyar Buthelezi Gimbiya Magogo Dinuzulu . Buthelezi ya kasance babban ministan KwaZulu Bantustan a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata kuma ya kafa jam'iyyar Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) a shekarar 1975, yana jagorantar ta har zuwa 2019, kuma ya zama shugabanta ba da jimawa ba. Ya kasance shugaban siyasa a lokacin da ake tsare da [[Nelson Mandela]] (1964-1990) kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa a zamanin bayan wariyar launin fata, lokacin da Mandela ya nada shi ministan harkokin cikin gida, wanda ya yi aiki daga 1994 zuwa 2004. Buthelezi ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan siyasar bakaken fata a zamanin mulkin wariyar launin fata . Shi kadai ne shugaban siyasa na gwamnatin KwaZulu, inda ya shiga a lokacin da take zama yankin Zululand a shekarar 1970 kuma ya ci gaba da zama a ofis har sai da aka soke ta a shekarar 1994. Masu sukar gwamnatinsa sun bayyana gwamnatinsa a matsayin kasa mai jam'iyya daya tak, ba ta jure wa adawar siyasa ba kuma Inkatha (yanzu IFP) ta mamaye, yunkurin siyasa na Buthelezi. A dai-daita da aikinsa na siyasa, Buthelezi ya rike Inkosiship na dangin Buthelezi, kasancewarsa dan [[Inkosi Mathole Buthelezi]], kuma ya kasance firaminista na gargajiya ga sarakunan Zulu guda uku da suka gaje su, wanda ya fara da Sarki Cyprian Bhekuzulu a 1954. Shi kansa an haife shi a gidan sarautar Zulu; Kakansa na wajen uwa shine Sarki Dinuzulu wanda dan Sarki Cetshwayo ne wanda Buthelezi ya taka a fim din 1964 mai suna ''Zulu .'' Yayin da shugaban KwaZulu, Buthelezi ya karfafa tare da bayyana martabar masarautar a bainar jama'a, tare da farfado da ita a matsayin alamar kishin Zulu. Ƙaddamar da tallafin sarauta, albarkatun ƙasa, da kuma farin jinin Buthelezi, Inkatha ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin siyasa a ƙasar. A daidai wannan lokacin, Buthelezi ya nuna adawa da wariyar launin fata a bainar jama'a kuma sau da yawa ya dauki matakin dakile gwamnatin wariyar launin fata. Ya ci gaba da fafutukar ganin an sako Nelson Mandela kuma ya ki amincewa da ‘ yancin kai na musamman da gwamnati ta baiwa KwaZulu, yana mai cewa ‘yancin kai ne na zahiri. Duk da haka, an yi wa Buthelezi ba'a a wasu sassan saboda shiga cikin tsarin Bantustan, ginshiƙin tsakiyar mulkin wariyar launin fata, da kuma matsayarsa a kan batutuwa kamar kasuwanni masu 'yanci, gwagwarmayar makamai, da takunkumi na kasa da kasa . Ya zama [[wiktionary:bête noire|mai kishin]] matasa masu fafutuka a cikin Black Consciousness Movement kuma mutane da yawa a cikin African National Congress (ANC) sun yi watsi da shi. Wani tsohon memba na kungiyar matasa ta ANC, Buthelezi ya hada kai da Inkatha tare da ANC a shekarun 1970, amma a cikin 1980s dangantakarsu ta kara tsami. Ya bayyana a cikin 1990s cewa Buthelezi ya karbi kudi da taimakon soja daga gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ga Inkatha, wanda ya haifar da rikicin siyasa a KwaZulu da Natal a shekarun 1980 da 1990. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2023 |title=Mangosuthu Buthelezi, South Africa Opposition Leader, Dies at 95 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-09/mangosuthu-buthelezi-south-africa-opposition-leader-dies-at-95 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> <ref> name="M&G-2001">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2001 |title=Buthelezi fights damning TRC report |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2002-01-01-buthelezi-fights-damning-trc-report/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Buthelezi ya kuma taka rawa mai sarkakiya a lokacin tattaunawar kawo karshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa tsarin tun a shekarar 1974 tare da sanarwar Mahlabtini na imani . A lokacin Congress for Democratic Africa ta Kudu, IFP a karkashin Buthelezi sun himmatu ga tsarin tarayya a Afirka ta Kudu tare da lamuni mai karfi na cin gashin kansa na yanki da matsayin shugabannin gargajiya na Zulu . Wannan shawarar ba ta yi tasiri ba kuma Buthelezi ya fusata da abin da ya dauka a matsayin ci gaban da aka samu na IFP da na kansa, yayin da ANC da gwamnatin farar fata suka mamaye tattaunawar. Ya kafa kungiyar Concerned African ta Kudu tare da wasu [[Conservatism|masu ra'ayin mazan jiya]], ya fice daga tattaunawar, ya kuma kaddamar da kauracewa babban zaben kasar na 1994, wanda shi ne na farko a Afirka ta Kudu karkashin zabukan duniya . To sai dai kuma duk da fargabar da ake yi na cewa Buthelezi zai daukaka tsarin mika mulki cikin lumana gaba daya, Buthelezi da IFP sun jajirce jim kadan gabanin zaben, ba wai kawai sun shiga ba, har ma sun shiga gwamnatin hadin kan kasa da sabon zababben shugaba Mandela ya kafa daga baya. Buthelezi ya taba zama ministan harkokin cikin gida a zamanin Mandela da kuma karkashin magajinsa, Thabo Mbeki, duk da takun-saka da aka kusa ci gaba da yi tsakanin IFP da ANC mai mulki. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, IFP ta yi ƙoƙari don faɗaɗa sanannen tushe fiye da sabon lardin KwaZulu-Natal, wanda ya mamaye KwaZulu a cikin 1994. Yayin da dukiyar jam’iyyar ta ragu, Buthelezi ya tsallake rijiya da baya a yunkurin da ‘yan hamayya a cikin jam’iyyar suka yi na tsige shi. Ya ci gaba da zama shugaban IFP har zuwa babban taron jam’iyyar na kasa karo na 35 a watan Agustan 2019, lokacin da ya ki neman sake tsayawa takara kuma Velenkosini Hlabisa ya gaje shi. A babban zaben 2019, an zabe shi a karo na shida a jere a matsayin dan majalisa (MP) na IFP. Shi ne dan majalisa mafi tsufa a kasarsa a lokacin mutuwarsa a shekarar 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-20 |title=Buthelezi will be the oldest parliamentarian |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/buthelezi-will-be-the-oldest-parliamentarian/ |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=SABC News |language=en-US}}</ref> Matsayin Buthelezi a cikin shekaru na karshe na mulkin wariyar launin fata yana da cece-kuce, kuma hukumar gaskiya da sasantawa ta gano cewa IFP karkashin jagorancin Buthelezi "shi ne farkon wanda ba ya aiwatar da ta'addanci" a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata tare da bayyana shi a matsayin "babban mai tayar da hankali da kuma tashe-tashen hankula. take hakkin dan Adam". <ref name="M&G-2001">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2001 |title=Buthelezi fights damning TRC report |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2002-01-01-buthelezi-fights-damning-trc-report/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Yarima Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi a ranar 27 ga Agusta 1928, a Asibitin Mishan na [[Sweden]] na Ceza da ke Mahlabathini a kudu maso gabashin Natal . <ref> name="Inkatha-2021a">{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi Timeline |url=https://www.ifp.org.za/prince-mangosuthu-buthelezi-timeline/ |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=Inkatha Freedom Party |language=en-US}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Gimbiya Magogo kaDinuzulu, diyar tsohon Sarkin Zulu Dinuzulu kuma 'yar'uwar Sarki Sulemanu kaDinuzulu mai ci . A cikin 1923, ta zama mace ta goma amma babba (kuma daga ƙarshe ɗaya daga cikin mata 40) na mahaifin Buthelezi, Mathole Buthelezi. <ref>name="Rycroft-1985">{{Cite journal |last=Rycroft |first=David K. |date=1 January 1985 |title=Princess Constance Magogo kaDinuzulu, 1900 to 1984 |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA02562804_739 |journal=Africa Insight |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=244–247}}</ref> Mathole Buthelezi basarake ne a matsayin sarkin kabilar Buthelezi kuma sarki Sulemanu ne ya shirya aurensa da gimbiya domin magance rashin jituwa tsakanin dangin da gidan sarauta . Buthelezi wani lokaci ana kiransa da sunan danginsa, Shenge, ana amfani da shi azaman girmamawa .<ref name="M&G-2021">{{Cite web |date=6 December 2021 |title=Mangosuthu Buthelezi contracts Covid-19 for second time |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2021-12-06-mangosuthu-buthelezi-contracts-covid-19-for-second-time/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>name="PRSA-2019">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=Prince Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi |url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/24 |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=Parliament of the Republic of South Africa |archive-date=28 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251028213521/https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ilimi === Buthelezi ya yi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Impumalanga da ke Mahashini a Nongoma daga 1935 zuwa 1943, sannan a Kwalejin Adams, wata shahararriyar makarantar mishan da ke Amanzimtoti, daga 1944 zuwa 1946. <ref name="Inkatha-2021a">{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi Timeline |url=https://www.ifp.org.za/prince-mangosuthu-buthelezi-timeline/ |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=Inkatha Freedom Party |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga 1948 zuwa 1950, ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Fort Hare]] a gabashin lardin Cape . A cikin 1948, an zaɓi jam'iyyar National Party ta zama gwamnati a Afirka ta Kudu kuma ta fara aiwatar da tsarin mulkin wariyar launin fata, kuma Buthelezi ya shiga ƙungiyar matasan Afirka ta National Congress (ANC) mai adawa da wariyar launin fata a 1949. <ref name="PRSA-2019">{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=Prince Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi |url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/24 |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=Parliament of the Republic of South Africa |archive-date=28 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251028213521/https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin Janairu 2012, ya ce game da wannan lokacin:<blockquote>Farfesa ZK Matthews ne ya koyar da ni, na san Dr John Langalibalele Dube, Inkosi Albert Luthuli ne ya ba ni shawara, kuma na yi aiki tare da Mista Oliver Tambo da Mista [[Nelson Mandela]] . Ba za a iya fitar da tarihina na sirri daga tarihin gwagwarmayar 'yanci ba, ko kuma daga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka. <ref> name="Ngqulunga-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Ngqulunga |first=Bongani |date=2018-12-14 |title=A mandate to lead: Mangosuthu Buthelezi and the appropriation of Pixley ka Isaka Seme's legacy |url=https://journals.ufs.ac.za/index.php/jch/article/view/3703 |journal=Southern Journal for Contemporary History |language=en |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.18820/24150509/JCH43.v2.1 |issn=2415-0509 |s2cid=159708757 |doi-access=free}}</ref></blockquote>Buthelezi ya yi yawancin haɗin gwiwarsa da Pixley ka Isaka Seme, wanda ya kafa ANC, wanda ya auri 'yar uwar mahaifiyarsa. <ref name="Ngqulunga-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Ngqulunga |first=Bongani |date=2018-12-14 |title=A mandate to lead: Mangosuthu Buthelezi and the appropriation of Pixley ka Isaka Seme's legacy |url=https://journals.ufs.ac.za/index.php/jch/article/view/3703 |journal=Southern Journal for Contemporary History |language=en |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.18820/24150509/JCH43.v2.1 |issn=2415-0509 |s2cid=159708757 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ya ƙidaya Seme, Albert Luthuli, da [[Mahatma Gandhi]] a cikin tasirin siyasarsa; <ref name="PRSA-2019"/> kuma ya samu kwarin gwuiwa daga jagorancin [[Martin Luther King]] na [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a ta Amurka]] . An kore shi daga Fort Hare a cikin 1950 saboda halartar kauracewa ɗalibi yayin ziyarar harabar Gideon Brand Van Zyl, Gwamna-Janar . Daga baya ya kammala karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin fasaha a [[Jami'ar Natal]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda a Sashen Kula da 'Yan Kasa na Gwamnati a [[Durban]] . <ref> name="Ashforth-1991">{{Cite journal |last=Ashforth |first=Adam |year=1991 |title=War Party: Buthelezi and Apartheid |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935124 |journal=Transition |issue=52 |pages=56–69 |doi=10.2307/2935124 |issn=0041-1191 |jstor=2935124}}</ref> === Shugabancin gargajiya === [[Fayil:Dinizulu.jpg|thumb| Sarkin Zulu Dinizulu kaCetshwayo, Kakan mahaifiyar Buthelezi]] A cikin 1953, Buthelezi ya koma Mahlabathini ya zama sarki ( inkosi ) na dangin Buthelezi, matsayi na gado da nadin rayuwa. A cikin asusunsa, ya yi niyyar zama lauya amma shugabannin ANC Albert Luthuli da Walter Sisulu sun ba shi shawarar ya amince da sarautar. '''<ref name="Sithole-2000">{{Cite journal |last=Sithole |first=Jabulani |last2=Mkhize |first2=Sibongiseni |year=2000 |title=Truth or Lies? Selective Memories, Imagings, and Representations of Chief Albert John Luthuli in Recent Political Discourses |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2678050 |journal=History and Theory |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=69–85 |doi=10.1111/0018-2656.00146 |issn=0018-2656 |jstor=2678050}}</ref>''' Daga baya Buthelezi ya ba da labarin yadda Luthuli ya lallashe shi da kada ya ci amanar mutanena, in nemi son raina daga gare su. <ref name="Ngqulunga-2018"/> Ya kuma ce mahaifiyarsa ta kara masa kwarin gwuiwa wajen daukar wannan aiki. <ref name="Rycroft-1985">{{Cite journal |last=Rycroft |first=David K. |date=1 January 1985 |title=Princess Constance Magogo kaDinuzulu, 1900 to 1984 |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA02562804_739 |journal=Africa Insight |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=244–247}}</ref> A lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata, gwamnati ce ke da alhakin amincewa da matsayin sarakuna, kuma ba a amince da sarautar Buthelezi ba sai a shekara ta 1957, <ref> name="Ashforth-1991">{{Cite journal |last=Ashforth |first=Adam |year=1991 |title=War Party: Buthelezi and Apartheid |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935124 |journal=Transition |issue=52 |pages=56–69 |doi=10.2307/2935124 |issn=0041-1191 |jstor=2935124}}</ref> a cewarsa saboda gwamnati ta yi taka-tsan-tsan da yunkurinsa. A wasu bayanan kuma, jinkirin ya biyo bayan fadan da aka yi a gidan Buthelezi, inda daga karshe gwamnati ta fifita Buthelezi a kan babban dan uwansa Mceleli. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nkomo |first=Mokubung |year=1990 |title=Review of Gatsha Buthelezi: Chief with a Double Agenda, Mzala |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/485617 |journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=129–132 |doi=10.2307/485617 |issn=0008-3968 |jstor=485617}}</ref> <ref> name="HRW-1993">{{Cite web |year=1993 |title='Traditional' Dictatorship: One Party State in KwaZulu Homeland Threatens Transition to Democracy |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/southafrica2/ |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Daga baya an kore Mceleli daga yankin. A matsayinsa na shugaba, Buthelezi yana da hannu wajen shirya wani biki don buɗe taron tunawa da Shaka a Stanger a watan Satumba na 1954, wanda wani lokaci ake kira bikin ranar Shaka na farko; Daga baya ya ce bikin shi ne karo na farko da shi ko Sarki Cyprian Bhekuzulu suka taba sanya rigar “gargajiya” ta Zulu, wadda sukan yi akai-akai bayan haka. <ref> name="Klopper-1996">{{Cite journal |last=Klopper |first=S. |year=1996 |title='He Is My King, but He Is Also My Child': Inkatha, the African National Congress and the Struggle for Control over Zulu Cultural Symbols |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1360651 |journal=Oxford Art Journal |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=53–66 |doi=10.1093/oxartj/19.1.53 |issn=0142-6540 |jstor=1360651}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin ''Zulu'' na 1964, game da Yaƙin Rorke's Drift, yana taka rawar kakan kakansa na ainihi, King Cetshwayo kaMpande . Ya ce an riga an ba da rawar amma “lokacin da suka zo wurina, musamman don samun ƙarin abubuwan da za a yi a fagen yaƙi, sai suka lura da kamanni na iyali da kakana. Suka ce yaya za ku kasance idan kun taka rawar gani. Na amince." <ref> name="Smith-2014">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=David |date=30 May 2014 |title=Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi: Thatcher did not support apartheid |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/30/prince-mangosuthu-buthelezi-thatcher-apartheid-south-africa |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> ==== Firayim Minista na gargajiya ==== A cikin 1954, Sarki Cyprian ya nada Buthelezi firaministan gargajiya - Buthelezi ya lissafa cikakken lakabi a matsayin Firayim Minista na Gargajiya ga al'ummar Zulu ( ''uNdunankulu kaZulu'' ) da Sarki. <ref> name="Buthelezi-2022">{{Cite web |last=Buthelezi |first=Mangosuthu |date=24 June 2022 |title=Statement |url=https://www.polity.org.za/article/statement-by-prince-mangosuthu-buthelezi-mp-traditional-prime-minister-to-the-zulu-monarch-and-nation-2022-06-24 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=Polity |language=en}}</ref> An sake nada shi ta hannun magajin Cyprian, King [[Sunan mahaifi Zwelithini|Goodwill Zwelithini]], a cikin 1968. <ref name="Buthelezi-2022" /> A cewar Buthelezi, dangin mahaifinsa ne bisa al'adar alhakin samar da gidan sarauta tare da firaministan ta, <ref name="Buthelezi-2022" /> ko da yake kalmar kanta a fili wani sabon abu ne kuma yana nufin abin da a baya za a iya kira babban sarki na sarki, babban mai ba shi shawara. cikin shugabannin gargajiya dake karkashinsa. <ref>name="Lubisi-1993">{{Cite journal |last=Lubisi |first=Cassius |year=1993 |title=Buthelezi and the 'Zulu Kingdom' |url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02730/05lv03005/06lv03006/07lv03068/08lv03074.htm |journal=African Communist |volume=134}}</ref> Ya yi nuni musamman ga kakan mahaifinsa, Mnyamana, wanda shi ne babban mai ba da shawara ga kakansa na uwa, Sarki Cetshwayo, a lokacin yakin Anglo-Zulu,<ref> name="Mlambo-2021">{{Cite web |last=Mlambo |first=Yonela |date=29 April 2021 |title=Buthelezi's ruthless power mongering |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/opinion/buthelezis-ruthless-power-mongering-8f9a6e5f-782b-4a1c-a562-780e1875ebdb |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=IOL |language=en}}</ref> kuma ya yi ikirarin cewa an nada mahaifinsa na gargajiya. Firayim Minista ga kawunsa, Sarki Sulemanu, a cikin 1925. <ref name="Buthelezi-2022" /> Da'awar gadon Buthelezi a wannan bangaren ba ta da cece-kuce. Musamman ma wasu Zulus sun yi sabani da da'awar Buthelezi na cewa kakansa na uba, Nqengelele Buthelezi, shi ne "mafi babban mashawarci" ga Sarki Shaka, wanda ya kafa daular Zulu ; <ref name="Buthelezi-2022">{{Cite web |last=Buthelezi |first=Mangosuthu |date=24 June 2022 |title=Statement |url=https://www.polity.org.za/article/statement-by-prince-mangosuthu-buthelezi-mp-traditional-prime-minister-to-the-zulu-monarch-and-nation-2022-06-24 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=Polity |language=en}}</ref> suna jayayya cewa Ngomane na Mthethwas ne ya cika aikin, kuma sun nuna cewa sarakuna da yawa a cikin lokacin ba su da Buthelezis a matsayin masu ba da shawara. <ref> name="Lubisi-1993">{{Cite journal |last=Lubisi |first=Cassius |year=1993 |title=Buthelezi and the 'Zulu Kingdom' |url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02730/05lv03005/06lv03006/07lv03068/08lv03074.htm |journal=African Communist |volume=134}}</ref> <ref> name="Mlambo-2021">{{Cite web |last=Mlambo |first=Yonela |date=29 April 2021 |title=Buthelezi's ruthless power mongering |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/opinion/buthelezis-ruthless-power-mongering-8f9a6e5f-782b-4a1c-a562-780e1875ebdb |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=IOL |language=en}}</ref> Magoya bayan Buthelezi wani lokaci suna ikirarin cewa Nqengelele babban mai ba da shawara ne "tare da Ngomane". <ref>name="Matiwane-2022a">{{Cite web |last=Matiwane |first=Zimasa |date=20 May 2022 |title=IFP denies 'Misuzulu capture' by Mangosuthu Buthelezi, slams 'pedlars of lies' |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2022-05-20-ifp-denies-misuzulu-capture-by-mangosuthu-buthelezi-slams-pedlars-of-lies/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=The Sowetan |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Wasu kuma sun nuna cewa, musamman tun lokacin mulkin mallaka, lokacin da aka siyasantar da tsarin shugabancin gargajiya don taimakawa wajen gudanar da mulkin kai tsaye, mukaman shugabannin gargajiya "ba kasafai ake samun sauki ba na asali ". <ref> name="Ashforth-1991">{{Cite journal |last=Ashforth |first=Adam |year=1991 |title=War Party: Buthelezi and Apartheid |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935124 |journal=Transition |issue=52 |pages=56–69 |doi=10.2307/2935124 |issn=0041-1191 |jstor=2935124}}</ref> Wani ƙalubale na musamman ga ikon Buthelezi ya zo ne bayan mutuwar Sarki Cyprian a shekara ta 1968. Yarima Mcwayizeni Isra'ila Zulu ya nace cewa shi ne babban mashawarcin sarki, a matsayinsa na babban yariman Zulu, kuma gabanin nadin sarautar Zwelithini, ya shiga rikici na tsawon shekaru da dama da Buthelezi. <ref>name="M&G-1994a">{{Cite web |date=9 September 1994 |title=Zwelithini Nods To An Old Buthelezi Enemy |url=https://mg.co.za/article/1994-09-09-zwelithini-nods-to-an-old-buthelezi-enemy/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Madlala |first=Cyril |date=21 July 2021 |title=The King and I: Zulu royal house conflict escalates – and at the centre is Buthelezi |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-07-21-the-king-and-i-zulu-royal-house-conflict-escalates-and-at-the-centre-is-buthelezi/ |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 1994 |title=King Names The Rightful Heir |url=https://mg.co.za/article/1994-09-16-king-names-the-rightful-heir/ |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> An yi ta rade-radin cewa Buthelezi ya rabu da gidan sarauta daga 1968 zuwa 1970, <ref name="Mlambo-2021">{{Cite web |last=Mlambo |first=Yonela |date=29 April 2021 |title=Buthelezi's ruthless power mongering |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/opinion/buthelezis-ruthless-power-mongering-8f9a6e5f-782b-4a1c-a562-780e1875ebdb |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=IOL |language=en}}</ref> yayin da matsayinsa na Firayim Minista na gargajiya ya shiga cikin tambaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ngqulunga |first=Bongani |date=2 July 2020 |title=The Changing Face of Zulu Nationalism: The Transformation of Mangosuthu Buthelezi's Politics and Public Image |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02589346.2020.1795992 |journal=Politikon |language=en |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=287–304 |doi=10.1080/02589346.2020.1795992 |issn=0258-9346 |s2cid=221115268}}</ref> == Gwamnatin KwaZulu: 1970-1994 ==   === Kafa KwaZulu === Yankin Buthelezi na asali, wato yankin Zululand na asali, dokar Bantu mai cin gashin kai ta 1959 ta shafa kuma an kafa hukumomin Bantu na farko a shekara ta 1959, ko da yake yana da tsayin daka daga sassan jama'a da kuma jagorancin kabilanci. <ref name="AT-1971">{{Cite journal |year=1971 |title=The Buthelezi Factor: Hope for the Bantustans? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4185175 |journal=Africa Today |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=53–61 |issn=0001-9887 |jstor=4185175}}</ref> A cikin 1970, an kafa Hukumar Zululand, kuma mambobinta 200, yawancinsu shugabannin gargajiya, sun zaɓi Buthelezi gaba ɗaya babban jami'in gudanarwa . Buthelezi ya sake ikirarin cewa shugabannin ANC - Albert Luthuli da Oliver Tambo - sun karfafa masa gwiwar karbar mukamin. <ref>name {{Cite journal |last=Couper |first=Scott Everett |year=2007 |title=Chief Albert Luthuli and the Bantustan Question |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02590123.2006.11964143 |journal=Journal of Natal and Zulu History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=240–267 |doi=10.1080/02590123.2006.11964143 |issn=0259-0123 |s2cid=140853669}}</ref> A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, Zululand ta zama KwaZulu, mafi yawan jama'a daga cikin bantustans goma (ko "ƙasashen gida") da gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta kafa a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin NP na babban wariyar launin fata. A karkashin dokar Bantu kai na Bantu, kowace kabilar Bantu ko bakar fata na Afirka za ta yi mulkin kanta, a karkashin hukumomin Bantu suna bin manufofin ci gaba daban-daban, a cikin yankin da zai zama cikakken 'yancin kai daga Afirka ta Kudu karkashin mulkin farar fata. KwaZulu (ma'ana "wurin Zulus") ita ce bantustan da aka ware wa Zulu 'yan Afirka ta Kudu, waɗanda, a ƙarƙashin Dokar zama ɗan ƙasa na Black Homelands na 1970, an soke musu zama ɗan ƙasa na Afirka ta Kudu don neman zama ɗan ƙasa na KwaZulu. Dangane da Dokar Tsarin Mulkin Bantu na Gida na 1971, an fitar da wani tsarin mulki na daban ga KwaZulu a 1972 don samar da "matakin farko" na mulkin kai na yankin; ta kafa Majalisar Dokokin KwaZulu da aka zaba a kaikaice, wanda shugabannin gargajiya suka mamaye, wanda ya maye gurbin Hukumar Zululand. A karkashin wannan sabon tsarin, Buthelezi ya zama shugaban bangaren zartarwa a matsayin babban kansilan KwaZulu ; An canza takensa zuwa Babban Minista a cikin Fabrairu 1977 <ref name="PRSA-2019"/> lokacin da aka ayyana yankin cikakke "mai mulkin kansa" kuma aka ba gwamnatinsa ƙarin iko. === Dangantaka da gidan sarauta === Kundin tsarin mulkin KwaZulu na 1972 ya bai wa dukkan ikon zartaswa a Buthelezi kuma ya ba wa Sarkin Zulu babban matsayi na biki, wanda ke bukatar ya “kare kansa daga siyasar jam’iyya da bangaranci ”. <ref> name="HRW-1993">{{Cite web |year=1993 |title='Traditional' Dictatorship: One Party State in KwaZulu Homeland Threatens Transition to Democracy |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/southafrica2/ |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Wannan nasara ce ta siyasa ga Buthelezi. Da aka yi masa kallon mai son zamani, ya yi galaba a kan sarakuna a cikin shugabannin gargajiya na Zulu, wadanda suka ce ya kamata a ba da ikon zartarwa ga masarautar Zulu. <ref name="Piper-2002">{{Cite journal |last=Piper |first=Laurence |year=2002 |title=Nationalism without a nation: the rise and fall of Zulu nationalism in South Africa's transition to democracy, 1975–99 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1469-8219.00039 |journal=Nations and Nationalism |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1111/1469-8219.00039 |issn=1354-5078 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wannan shawara ta jarabci gwamnatin NP, a wani ɓangare saboda "Matsayin da Buthelezi ya yi a hankali". <ref> name="Southall-1981">{{Cite journal |last=Southall |first=Roger |year=1981 |title=Buthelezi, Inkatha and the Politics of Compromise |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/721987 |journal=African Affairs |volume=80 |issue=321 |pages=453–481 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097362 |issn=0001-9909 |jstor=721987}}</ref> A wasu bayanan, a lokacin wannan gwagwarmaya ne Buthelezi ya fara yin kira ga al'adar danginsa na samar da Firayim Minista na gargajiya, yana neman kafa da'awar zama firayim minista. <ref name="Ngqulunga-2018"/> [[Fayil:Aankomst_en_vertrek,_politici,_portretten,_Buthelezi,_Mangosuthu,_Bestanddeelnr_932-6173.jpg|thumb| Buthelezi a 1983]] A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin gwamnatin KwaZulu, an samu “rikitattun rikice-rikice” yayin da Buthelezi ya yi yunkurin dorawa Sarki Zwelithini sarautar tsarin mulki tare da hana shi siyasa. <ref name="Klopper-1996">{{Cite journal |last=Klopper |first=S. |year=1996 |title='He Is My King, but He Is Also My Child': Inkatha, the African National Congress and the Struggle for Control over Zulu Cultural Symbols |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1360651 |journal=Oxford Art Journal |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=53–66 |doi=10.1093/oxartj/19.1.53 |issn=0142-6540 |jstor=1360651}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khumalo |first=Fred |date=21 August 2022 |title=A king must take care of his subjects |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/columnists/fredkhumalo/fred-khumalo-a-king-must-take-care-of-his-subjects-20220821 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 1979, alal misali, ya zargi sarki da Prince Mcwayizeni da yunkurin kafa jam'iyyar adawa tare; <ref name="M&G-1994a">{{Cite web |date=9 September 1994 |title=Zwelithini Nods To An Old Buthelezi Enemy |url=https://mg.co.za/article/1994-09-09-zwelithini-nods-to-an-old-buthelezi-enemy/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> a cikin 1980, jaridu sun ruwaito cewa Zwelithini ya yi yunkurin shiga sojojin wariyar launin fata amma Buthelezi ya tare shi. <ref name="Timbs-2018">{{Cite web |last=Timbs |first=Liz |year=2018 |title=The emperor has no clothes |url=https://africasacountry.com/2018/12/the-emperor-has-no-clothes |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=Africa Is A Country |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da haka, a wani bangare kuma masarautar Zulu ta samu ci gaba a lokacin mulkin Buthelezi. Bayan an sha kaye da masarautar Zulu a shekarar 1879, sarakunan Zulu sun zama talakawan gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu, kuma karfin sarauta da girmansa ya sha wahala; <ref name="Lubisi-1993">{{Cite journal |last=Lubisi |first=Cassius |year=1993 |title=Buthelezi and the 'Zulu Kingdom' |url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02730/05lv03005/06lv03006/07lv03068/08lv03074.htm |journal=African Communist |volume=134}}</ref> a cikin 1951 amincewa da Sarki Cyprian daga gwamnatin NP wani abu ne mai ban mamaki. Dangantakar Buthelezi da dangin sarki ta ba da damar samun moriyar juna, kamar yadda Buthelezi ya kebe alamomin masarautar Zulu don samun riba ta siyasa, musamman farfado da su a hidimar kishin Zulu, tare da farfado da al'adun masarautar. <ref name="Beall-2006">{{Cite journal |last=Beall |first=Jo |year=2006 |title=Cultural Weapons: Traditions, Inventions and the Transition to Democratic Governance in Metropolitan Durban |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43197470 |journal=Urban Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=457–473 |bibcode=2006UrbSt..43..457B |doi=10.1080/00420980500416966 |issn=0042-0980 |jstor=43197470 |s2cid=33966836}}</ref> <ref name="Timbs-2018" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matshiqi |first=Aubrey |year=2004 |title=Buthelezi: Adroit Political Survivor |url=https://hsf.org.za/publications/focus/issue-33-first-quarter-2004/buthelezi-adroit-political-survivor |journal=Focus |publisher=Helen Suzman Foundation |volume=33}}</ref> Buthelezi ya gaya wa wani taro a 1985:<blockquote>Ni da Mai Martaba muna yin wani dandali kuma muna nuna alamar hadin kan al’ummarmu. Mai Martaba Sarki yana nuna zurfin ruhin hadin kai ga al'ummar Zulu kuma ina nuna alamar siyasa ta himmatu wajen aiwatar da kyawawan dabi'u na lokaci wadanda a ko da yaushe suna da mahimmanci a cikin gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci. Ni da Mai Martaba tare muke raba nauyin da aka dora wa al'ummar Zulu. Ba za a taba wargaje mu ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harries |first=Patrick |year=1993 |title=Imagery, Symbolism and Tradition in a South African Bantustan: Mangosuthu Buthelezi, Inkatha, and Zulu History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2505634 |journal=History and Theory |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=105–125 |doi=10.2307/2505634 |issn=0018-2656 |jstor=2505634}}</ref></blockquote>A cewar Jo Beall, Buthelezi ya sami damar tattara alamomin Zulu ta wannan hanyar saboda ya ci gaba da kasancewa da goyon baya a tsakanin sauran shugabannin gargajiya na yankin, wadanda suka "sayi kuma suka ba da tabbacin yin amfani da [[Ƙabilar|asalin kabilar]] Zulu don dalilai na siyasa". <ref name="Beall-2006"/> === Foundation of Inkatha === Buthelezi ya kafa kungiyar Inkatha National Cultural Liberation Movement a KwaNzimela a wajen Melmoth a ranar 21 ga Maris 1975 kuma ya zama shugabanta na farko. <ref name="Harper-2015">{{Cite web |last=Harper |first=Paddy |date=31 May 2015 |title=IFP, a party of contradiction |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/opinions/ifp-a-party-of-contradiction-20150530 |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin [[Harshen Zulu|Zulu]], an fara saninsa da Inkatha ya kaZulu (Inkatha na Zulu), sannan aka sake masa suna Inkatha ye Sizwe (Inkatha of the Nation) ko Inkatha ye Nkululeko ye Sizwe (Inkatha of the National Liberation). <ref name="Southall-1981">{{Cite journal |last=Southall |first=Roger |year=1981 |title=Buthelezi, Inkatha and the Politics of Compromise |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/721987 |journal=African Affairs |volume=80 |issue=321 |pages=453–481 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097362 |issn=0001-9909 |jstor=721987}}</ref> Sunan "inkatha" ya samo asali ne daga tsattsarkan dutsen Zulu, alamar haɗin kan al'ummar Zulu da kuma tabbatuwa ga Sarkin Zulu. <ref name="Ashforth-1991">{{Cite journal |last=Ashforth |first=Adam |year=1991 |title=War Party: Buthelezi and Apartheid |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935124 |journal=Transition |issue=52 |pages=56–69 |doi=10.2307/2935124 |issn=0041-1191 |jstor=2935124}}</ref> Sunan Inkatha ya kaZulu ya fito ne daga kungiyar da ta gabace ta, wadda kawun mahaifin Buthelezi Sarki Solomon ya kafa a shekarar 1928, wanda Buthelezi ya nemi farfado da shi. Yunkurin da aka yi a baya shi ne, a kalaman Buthelezi, “motsi na kasa don maido da hayyacin kasa da alfahari”; <ref name="Ngqulunga-2018"/> da farko ƙungiyar al'adun gargajiya ce. <ref name="Klopper-1996"/> <ref name="Southall-1981" /> A cewar Buthelezi, karbar sunan Inkatha ya kasance shawarar Bishop Alphaeus Zulu, wanda ke fatan ba da fifiko kan al'amuran al'adu na iya kare kungiyar daga haramtawa kungiyar da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata. <ref name="Buthelezi-2015">{{Cite web |last=Buthelezi |first=Mangosuthu |date=1 June 2015 |title=On 40 years of Inkatha |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/politics/on-40-years-of-inkatha--mangosuthu-buthelezi |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=Politicsweb |language=en}}</ref> Amma duk da haka sabon Inkatha yana da manufofin siyasa: a bikin cika shekaru 40 na kungiyar a shekara ta 2015 Buthelezi ya ce ya kafa jam'iyyar ne don "sarrafa tarurruka a tsakanin mafi yawan wadanda aka zalunta a cikin tsagaita bude wuta da haramta jam'iyyun siyasa [da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata] ya bari. da farko, mun yi magana game da daidaito, 'yanci, tattaunawa da tsayin daka cikin lumana ". <ref name="Harper-2015"/> A cikin 1970s, Inkatha ta ayyana makasudin sun hada da 'yantar da 'yan Afirka daga mamayar al'adu daga turawa; kawar da necolonialism da [[Imperialism|mulkin mallaka]] ; kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata, wariyar launin fata, da bambancin launin fata ; da kuma samar da tsarin raba madafun iko da garambawul na siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="Southall-1981"/> Wani maƙasudin Inkatha da aka ayyana shi ne kiyaye " [[Haƙƙoƙin Asali da haƙƙin shari'a|haƙƙin da ba za a iya raba su ba]] " na Zulus zuwa [[Ƙaddamar da kai|yancin kai]] da 'yancin kai na ƙasa. <ref name="Southall-1981"/> A bisa ka'ida, kuma kamar yadda Buthelezi ya sha nanata, Inkatha ba jam'iyyar sashe ba ce amma motsi na kasa da ke budewa ga dukkan baki 'yan Afirka ta Kudu; a aikace mambobinta kusan dukkan Zulu ne daga yankin KwaZulu. <ref name="Ashforth-1991"/> <ref name="Southall-1981" /> Ya kasance yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud da kishin Zulu, sau da yawa yana ƙarfafa ta ta tatsuniyoyi na gaskiyar tarihi. <ref name="Ottaway-1991">{{Cite journal |last=Ottaway |first=Marina |year=1991 |title=Opposition Parties and Democracy in South Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1166769 |journal=Issue: A Journal of Opinion |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=15–22 |doi=10.2307/1166769 |issn=0047-1607 |jstor=1166769}}</ref> <ref name="Lubisi-1993"/> Mawallafin tarihin Buthelezi, Gerhard Maré, ya rubuta a cikin 1991:<blockquote>Inkatha ta dogara da bambancin al'adu da aka sanya siyasa, kan ƙabilar Zulu mai fafutuka, don tara jama'a cikin rukuninta ... Buthelezi ya yi iƙirarin cewa "Zulus," tsarin zamantakewa wanda ya kasance wani abu sai dai a kan lokaci, ya kamata ya kasance yana da tsarin siyasa daban-daban, cewa mambobinsa suna da wasu halaye na musamman, cewa cin mutuncin da aka yi wa wannan ainihi ya cancanci ramuwa, kuma cewa rayuwa ta dace. rikici da wasu kungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane. <ref name="Mare-1991">{{Cite journal |last=Maré |first=Gerhard |year=1991 |title=History and Dimension of the Violence in Natal: Inkatha's Role in Negotiating Political Peace |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29766603 |journal=Social Justice |volume=18 |issue=1/2 (43–44) |pages=186–208 |issn=1043-1578 |jstor=29766603}}</ref></blockquote>Wani sanannen fasalin Inkatha shine halinsa na "fiye da mutumtaka": a cikin kalmar RW Johnson, an gane shi "a matsayin ƙungiyar mutum ɗaya ". Buthelezi ya kasance shugaban Inkatha daya tilo a tsawon mulkin wariyar launin fata da kuma sama da shekaru ashirin bayan haka. A cewar Marina Ottaway, Buthelezi ya yi hasashen samuwar Inkatha da bunkasuwa a matsayin wata hanya ta tsawaita ikonsa na akida da kungiyarsa ta KwaZulu. <ref name="Ottaway-1991"/> An kuma bayyana cewa yana fatan kungiyar za ta taimaka wajen dora ikonsa kan Sarki Zwelithini. <ref name="Southall-1981"/> Buthelezi ya ce an haifi wannan ra'ayin ne a wata ziyara da ya kai [[Lusaka|birnin Lusaka na kasar Zambiya]] a shekarar 1974, lokacin da shugaban kasar Zambiya Kenneth Kaunda, "wanda ke magana a madadin kasashen da ke kan gaba ", ya bukace ni da in samar da wata kungiya mai tushe don sake farfado da harkokin siyasa. "a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma samar da "karfin hadin gwiwa". <ref name="Buthelezi-2015"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Buthelezi |first=Mangosuthu |date=31 August 2022 |title=Hope for a change of heart in KZN to heal the IFP-ANC wound |url=https://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/opinion/prince-mangosuthu-buthelezi-hope-for-a-change-of-heart-in-kzn-to-heal-the-ifp-anc-wound-517e2a63-7e4c-45e8-84a5-b499093340d7 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=IOL |language=en}}</ref> Buthelezi ya kuma yi ƙoƙarin gina manyan ƙungiyoyin siyasa. A shekara ta 1976, ya kafa kungiyar [[Black Unity Front]] don daidaitawa tsakanin shugabannin Bantustan, kuma a cikin Janairu 1978 ya jagoranci kafa kungiyar da ba ta dace ba, kungiyar Black Alliance ta Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="Southall-1981"/> Ƙungiya ta farko ta ƙunshi Inkatha, Jam'iyyar Labour, da Jam'iyyar Reform Party ta Indiya ; An zabi Buthelezi shugabanta. Manufarta ita ce samar da hadin kan bakaken fata da kuma shirya taron kasa mai fa'ida mai fa'ida, tare da dogon buri na zama babbar 'yan adawa ga gwamnatin wariyar launin fata. Duk da haka, tasirinsa ya kasance "ƙanƙara", saboda mahalartansa na launin fata da yawa sun yi taka tsantsan game da "rubutun da Buthelezi ya yi game da dangantakar ƙabilanci". <ref name="Southall-1981" /> === Mulki === Ko da yake Buthelezi ya kira KwaZulu a matsayin "yankin da aka kwato", <ref name="Beall-2006"/> abubuwan gwamnatinsa sun kasance masu iko, kuma an kwatanta shi da kansa yana yin "mallakar karfe" akan KwaZulu. <ref name="Ottaway-1991"/> Ya kasance ba kawai babban minista ba har ma da ministan kudi, kuma ya zama ministan ‘yan sanda a shekarar 1980 lokacin da aka kafa ‘yan sandan KwaZulu. <ref name="Mare-1991"/> Baya ga cin zarafi da ake zargin rundunar ‘yan sandan, wani korafin da aka saba yi shi ne cewa Buthelezi ya takura wa kungiyar siyasa, inda ya mayar da KwaZulu ta zama jiha ta jam’iyya daya tak . <ref name="Ottaway-1991" /> <ref name="HRW-1993">{{Cite web |year=1993 |title='Traditional' Dictatorship: One Party State in KwaZulu Homeland Threatens Transition to Democracy |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/southafrica2/ |access-date=23 November 2022 |website= |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Wannan ya samo asali ne sakamakon takunkumin doka da na tilastawa, <ref name="HRW-1993" /> amma kuma na kusancin dangin Zulu da Inkatha, wanda ya ba wa shugabannin Inkatha damar "ma'anar cewa adawa da motsi yana kama da rashin aminci ga al'ummar Zulu baki daya". <ref name="Southall-1981"/> An kuma takaita adawa a cikin Inkatha - alal misali, kundin tsarin mulkin kungiyar ya tanadi cewa babban ministan KwaZulu ne kadai zai iya zama shugaban jam'iyyar. <ref name="Southall-1981" /> Kundin tsarin mulkin Inkatha ya kuma bayyana cewa dukkan Zulus sun zama memba na Inkatha kai tsaye, kodayake ya kuma tsara kudaden shiga; <ref name="Southall-1981"/> kamar yadda Buthelezi ya bayyana a cikin 1975, "dukkan membobin al'ummar Zulu sun zama membobin Inkatha kai tsaye idan su Zulus ne. Za a iya samun membobin da ba su da aiki saboda babu wanda ya tsira daga zama mamba matukar shi ko ita mamba ne. al'ummar Zulu". <ref name="Mare-1991"/> An san katin zama memba na Inkatha a matsayin sharadi mai mahimmanci don samun dama ga ayyukan jama'a da, a yawancin sassa, don aiki a cikin sabis na jama'a. <ref name="Ottaway-1991"/> <ref name="Ashforth-1991"/> <ref name="Mare-1991" /> A cikin 1978, alal misali, majalisar dokoki ta zartar da hukuncin cewa za a yi la'akari da matsayin ma'aikatan gwamnati a Inkatha lokacin da Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta tantance su don haɓaka; <ref name="Southall-1981" /> kuma a cikin 1989 malaman makaranta sun koka game da "gayyata" don shiga Inkatha ko kuma hadarin kora. <ref name="Wren-1991" /> Don haka RW Johnson ya yi nuni da sunan Inkatha na daukar ma'aikata ta hanyar "tilastawa gudanarwa"; ''[[New York Times]]'' kwatanta shi da Tammany Hall a kololuwar sa. <ref name="Wren-1991" /> Sarki Zwelithini shi ne majibincin Inkatha, kuma gaba dayan mambobin [[KwaZulu Legislative Assembly|Majalisar Dokokin KwaZulu]] sun yi aiki a Majalisar Inkatha ta kasa, wadda aka nada bisa ga kundin tsarin mulkin Inkatha a matsayin babbar hukuma ta "al'ummar Zulu". <ref name="Southall-1981"/> [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta ce a cikin 1993 cewa cibiyoyin gwamnatin KwaZulu "kusan sun kasance daidai" da cibiyoyin Inkatha, kuma Inkatha yakan ci gajiyar kariya da albarkatun jihar KwaZulu. <ref name="HRW-1993"/> Daga 1976, Inkatha ya fitar da "ilimi don kasa" a makarantun jama'a, yana gabatar da "falsafa" ta Inkatha a cikin manhaja, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mdluli |first=Praisley |year=1987 |title=Ubuntu-Botho: Inkatha's 'People's Education' |url=https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=11952760X |journal=Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa |language=en |issue=5 |pages=60–77}}</ref> da malaman jama'a suna buƙatar ba da lokaci don dalibai su shiga cikin ayyukan matasa na Inkatha., Inkatha Youth Brigade. <ref name="Southall-1981" /> Rahoton Human Rights Watch na 1993 ya kammala:<blockquote>Ba a mutunta [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]], [[Yancin taro|taro]], da [[Ƴancin yin Tarayya|ƙungiyoyi]] duk wanda daftarin tsarin mulkin KwaZulu/Natal ya amince da shi wanda Majalisar Dokokin KwaZulu ta gabatar. An ba [[KwaZulu Police|‘yan sandan KwaZulu]] damar gudanar da ayyukansu ba tare da la’akari da abin da suka aikata ba, kuma suna aikata laifukan rashin iya aiki, son zuciya har ma da aikata laifuka... A cikin wannan yanayi, ci gaba da wanzuwar mahaifar KwaZulu ita kanta ɗaya ce daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga harkokin siyasa cikin 'yanci a yankin Natal. <ref name="HRW-1993"/></blockquote>Duk da haka, Buthelezi ya taimaka wajen kafa horar da malamai da kwalejojin aikin jinya a cikin ƙarshen 1970s da farkon 1980s. ya jagoranci kafa [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Mangosuthu]] a Umlazi ta hanyar tattara kudade, musamman daga babban mai hako ma'adinai Harry Oppenheimer, wanda suke abokantaka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2016 |title=Give us another opportunity – IFP president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/give-us-another-opportunity-ifp-president-20160610 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2007 |title=Now it's Zuma vs Buthelezi |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2007-04-20-now-its-zuma-vs-buthelezi/ |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> === Dangantaka da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata === ==== KwaZulu 'yancin kai ==== [[Fayil:KwaZulu_in_South_Africa.svg|thumb| Taswirar da ke nuna wurin KwaZulu (ja) a Afirka ta Kudu. Bantustan ya ƙunshi aljihunan filaye da aka tarwatsa ko'ina cikin lardin Natal . Ingwavuma ita ce ta arewa.]] A duk tsawon mulkin wariyar launin fata, Buthelezi ya ki amincewa da cikakken 'yancin kai na siyasa da na shari'a wanda gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da kuma jihohin TBVC suka amince da su. A cikin 1976, a wani taron tunawa da kisan kiyashin Sharpeville, ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta Kudu kasa daya ce, tana da makoma daya. Wadanda suke yunkurin raba kasar da aka haife mu suna ƙoƙari su dakatar da tarihin tarihi." A cikin Afrilu 1981, ya ƙi "shirye-shiryen [[Pretoria]] don wannan 'yancin kai na yaudara", yana mai cewa Zulus "zai fi son ya mutu a cikin ɗaruruwan dubbai fiye da tilastawa zama baki a ƙasarsu ta haihuwa, wadda ita ce Afirka ta Kudu". <ref name="Ottaway-1990" /> ==== kwace Swazi ==== A cikin 1982, Buthelezi ya jagoranci yakin siyasa da shari'a don hana gwamnati aiwatar da yarjejeniyar filaye, wanda zai iya ganin yankin Ingwavuma a arewacin KwaZulu - daga kan iyakar Mozambique a yamma zuwa gabar [[tekun Indiya]] a gabas - an mika shi zuwa makwabciyar kasar Swaziland . A cikin wannan ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Enos Mabuza, shugaban kaNgwane bantustan, wanda da an mika shi ga Swaziland gaba ɗaya ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar da aka tsara. Buthelezi ya bayar da hujjar cewa gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta yi niyyar amfani da yarjejeniyar filaye don fadada tasirin Afirka ta Kudu a Swaziland; da zai ba Swaziland damar yin aiki a matsayin kasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da bangaren hagu, Pro-ANC Frontline State of Mozambique. Masu lura da al'amura sun kuma yi nuni da cewa, za ta ci gaba da manufofin wariyar launin fata na kwace wa bakar fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu izinin zama 'yan kasar Afirka ta Kudu [4]kuma hakan na iya zama wani nau'i na ramuwar gayya ga Buthelezi saboda kin amincewa da 'yancin kai na KwaZulu. Buthelezi ya gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna adawa da yarjejeniyar, ya kuma nemi goyon bayan kungiyar hadin kan Afrika, ya kuma kalubalanci shirin sau hudu a jere a kotu. <ref name="Senftleben-1984">{{Cite journal |last=Senftleben |first=Wolfgang |year=1984 |title=Swaziland's Proposed Land Deal with South Africa – The Case of Ingwavuma and Kangwane |journal=Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=493–501 |doi=10.5771/0506-7286-1984-4-493 |issn=0506-7286 |jstor=43109383 |s2cid=134721964 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yayin da ake kan shari'a ta biyar, gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta kawar da shirin. A cikin babban misali na dabarunsa na amfani da manufofin gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a kansa ( == Gudunmawa a gwagwarmayar yaki da wariyar launin fata == Kima da sahihanci irin gudummawar da Buthelezi ya bayar a gwagwarmayar yaki da wariyar launin fata wani lamari ne mai cike da rudani a Afirka ta Kudu lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata kuma yana ci gaba da cece-kuce. Babban Bishop [[Desmond Tutu]] ya bukaci Buthelezi da ya bar jana'izar Robert Sobukwe a shekarar 1978 saboda magoya bayan kungiyar Pan Africanist Movement sun yi kakkausar suka ga zuwansa, inda suka jefe shi da duwatsu suna kiransa da "mai siyar da kaya" da kuma "bakar gwamnati". Ko da yake Buthelezi ya bar taron ne bisa bukatar Tutu, amma rahotanni sun ce ya gaya wa matasan cewa, "Idan kuna son kashe ni, ku yi haka. Ina shirye in mutu "; Sai ya yi tunani daga baya ya ce, "Na tuna gicciye Ubangijinmu . Shi ma aka tofa masa. The Black Consciousness Movement yana da mahimmanci musamman; misali kungiyar dalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu ta shirya zanga-zanga a [[jami'ar Zululand]] a shekarar 1976 don nuna rashin amincewa da baiwa Buthelezi digiri na girmamawa. A ƙarshen 1970s, Tambo na ANC ya gaya wa Herbert Vilakazi cewa "waɗannan 'ya'yan 76" - matasan 'yan ANC sun tayar da hankali a lokacin tashin hankali na Soweto na 1976 da Black Consciousness ya rinjayi - sun nace cewa ya kamata ya "daina dangantaka da Buthelezi" kuma "ya yi la'akari da cewa ya kamata ya daina dangantaka da Buthelezi. shi makiyi". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vilakazi |first=Herbert |date=31 May 2007 |title=Continuing antipathy between ANC and IPF stems from lack of guidance for 1976 generation |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2007-05-31-continuing-antipathy-between-anc-and-ipf-stems-from-lack-of-guidance-for-1976-generation-their-ignorance-is-now-tearing-south-africa-apart-writes-herbert-vilakazi/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=The Sowetan |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Matsayin su ya rinjayi na [[Steve Biko]], shugaban masu hankali na Black Consciousness, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnatin wariyar launin fata na cin zarafin Buthelezi - maimakon akasin haka, kamar yadda Buthelezi ya yi imani - kuma Buthelezi "yana magance matsalolin lamiri da yawa" duka biyu ga farar Kudancin Kudu. 'Yan Afirka da masu sa ido na kasashen waje. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2011 |title=The Black Face of Apartheid |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/black-face-apartheid |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Tabbas, a cikin sanannen [[Steve Biko|bayyanarsa na baƙar fata]] a matsayin shaidar siyasa, Biko ya yi amfani da Buthelezi a matsayin misalinsa na wani wanda ya bayyana baƙar fata amma yana aiki azaman tsawaita tsarin farar fata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Guy |date=28 February 2000 |title=Over the rainbow: the contribution of Black Consciousness thinking to identifying and countering racism in the media |url=https://guyberger.ru.ac.za/Research/Racism%20in%20the%20media/rainbow.htm |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=Rhodes University}}</ref> === Raba ci gaban === Domin shi ne shugaban siyasa na Bantustan, zargin da Buthelezi ya yi na "haɗin kai" tare da shirin raya kasa daban, sabili da haka da wariyar launin fata, ya kasance mai cike da cece-kuce. Duk da haka, ko da yaushe ya nace cewa rawar da ya taka a cikin tsarin Bantustan ya dace da adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata. Malami Laurence Piper, inda ya yarda da cewa salon siyasar juriya na Buthelezi ya kasance "na musamman", ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai ra'ayin kishin kasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na 'amfani da tsarin a kansa' ta hanyar ciyar da siyasar wariyar launin fata a cikin iyakokin juriyar gwamnati". [1] A wannan yanayin, da yake mayar da martani game da zargin cewa ya sauya sheka, Buthelezi ya ce, "Abin da nake yi shi ne aiki a cikin tsarin". [2] Tabbas, masanin tarihi Stephen Ellis ya rubuta cewa, watakila banda Bantu Holomisa, Buthelezi "ya fi kowane shugaban kasar nasara wajen tabbatar da 'yancin kai" a kan kasar wariyar launin fata. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k79cwminhwg9h414f8kau5g5mar9czj 0 88774 841798 682362 2026-05-28T18:16:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841798 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mmamora Lilliet Mamaregane''' 'yar siyasar [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ce wacce ta wakilci jam'iyyar National Congress (ANC) a majalisar dokokin lardin Limpopo tun daga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2022. Kafin nan ta yi aiki a majalisar larduna ta ƙasa (NCOP) tun daga shekara ta 2019. Ita mamba ce mai ƙwazo kuma tsohuwar Sakatariyar Lardi na Ƙungiyar Mata ta ANC a Limpopo. == Rayuwa da aiki == Mamaregane ta kammala karatunta a makarantar sakandare ta Mafolofolo a Sebayeng kusa da Polokwane a lardin Limpopo na yanzu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ms Mmamora Lilliet Mamaregane |url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/420 |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=Parliament of the Republic of South Africa |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129062715/https://parliament.gov.za/person-details/420 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1980s, ta kasance ma'aikaciyar shago a cikin the South African Commercial, Catering and Allied Workers Union kuma ta kasance mai aiki a Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Afirka ta Kudu. Ta shiga ANC a cikin shekara ta 1990s kuma daga baya ta sami matsayi na gida da yanki na Ƙungiyar Mata ta ANC a Limpopo. <ref name=":0" /> Ta kuma yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin 'yar majalisa a cikin gundumar Capricorn. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamaregane, Mmamora Liliet |url=https://www.ancparliament.org.za/content/mmamora-liliet |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=ANC Parliamentary Caucus |archive-date=2023-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124125249/https://www.ancparliament.org.za/content/mmamora-liliet |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Satumban shekara ta 2015, an zaɓe ta sakatariyar lardi na kungiyar mata ta ANC a Limpopo, inda ta doke shugabar mai ci, Maleke Mokganyetsi, a kuri'u; ta naɗa shugabar kungiyar lardi Joy Matshoge, wacce aka zaɓa a taron gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moloto |first=Moloko |date=28 September 2015 |title=Limpopo MEC elected ANCWL chair |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/limpopo-mec-elected-ancwl-chair-1922131 |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=IOL |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2018, an zaɓi Mamaregane zuwa wa'adin shekaru huɗu a kan Kwamitin Zartarwa na Lardi na babban Limpopo ANC. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-26 |title=Additionals on ANC's new provincial executive announced |url=https://reviewonline.co.za/484195/additionals-on-ancs-new-provincial-executive-announced/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Polokwane Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, a babban zaɓen shekara ta 2019, an zaɓi Mamaregane a matsayin kujera a jam'iyyar NCOP, inda ta kasance na 48 a jerin jam'iyyar ANC. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mmamora Lilliet Mamaregane |url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/mmamora-lilliet-mamaregane/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=People's Assembly |language=en}}</ref> Ita ma jam'iyyar ANC ta naɗa ta a matsayin shugabar kwamitin da aka zaɓa kan harkokin sadarwa da harkokin gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2019 |title=Ace Magashule denies committee chairpersons elected on 'factional basis' |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/ace-magashule-denies-committee-chairpersons-electe |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Politicsweb |language=en}}</ref> Duk da haka, ba a sake zaɓen ta a cikin kwamitin zartarwa na lardin ANC ba a watan Yuni shekara ta 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Import |first=Pongrass |date=2022-06-10 |title=Smooth sailing at ANC Limpopo's 10th elective conference |url=https://reviewonline.co.za/?p=542880 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Review |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Oktoba shekara ta 2022, lokacin da Mamaregane ta shafe sama da shekaru uku a jam'iyyar NCOP, jam'iyyar ANC ta sanar da cewa za ta bar majalissar dokokin ƙasar don rantsar da ita a majalisar dokokin lardin Limpopo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-13 |title=Mathabatha reshuffles Limpopo cabinet twice in four months |url=https://letabaherald.co.za/119214/mathabatha-reshuffles-limpopo-cabinet-twice-in-four-months/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Letaba Herald |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] po44az265kvtewopbbaqkx36ltbnkig 0 88987 841598 794753 2026-05-28T12:55:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Legacy of Kain''''' jerin wasannin bidiyo ne na fantasy mai ban sha'awa [[Action-adventure game|-kasada]] da farko wanda Crystal Dynamics ta haɓaka kuma Eidos Interactive ta buga a da. Sunan farko, ''[[Bloomingdale|Blood]] Omen: Legacy of Kain'', Silicon Knights ne ya ƙirƙira shi tare da haɗin gwiwar Crystal Dynamics, amma, bayan yaƙin doka, Crystal Dynamics ta riƙe haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin mallakar fasaha na wasan, kuma ya ci gaba da labarinsa tare da jerin abubuwa huɗu. Ya zuwa yau, wasanni biyar sun ƙunshi jerin, waɗanda aka fara haɓaka su don na'urorin wasan bidiyo na bidiyo kuma daga baya an tura su zuwa [[Microsoft Windows]] . Mayar da hankali ga ƙaƙƙarfan hali na Kain, vampire antihero, kowane taken yana da fasalin aiki, bincike da warwarewa, tare da wasu abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo . Jerin yana gudana ne a cikin ƙagaggun ƙasar Nosgoth—wani wuri na fantasy na gothic - kuma ya ta'allaka ne akan ƙoƙarin Kain na ƙin yarda da [[Ƙaddara|makomarsa]] da dawo da daidaito ga duniya. ''Legacy na Kain: Soul Reaver'' ya gabatar da wani jarumin jarumi, Raziel ; Kasadar duka haruffa sun ƙare a ''Legacy of Kain: Defiance'' . Jigogi na [[Ƙaddara|kaddara]], [['Yancin zaɓi|'yancin zaɓe]], ɗabi'a, fansa da kuma tafiyar jarumi ta sake faruwa a cikin labarin, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga tsofaffin wallafe-wallafe, almara mai ban tsoro, fasaha da al'adun Islama, wasan kwaikwayo na Shakespeare, Mysticism na Yahudawa da [[Ginost|gnosticism]] . Wasannin ''Legacy na Kain'' sun sami nasara mai mahimmanci, musamman samun yabo don ingancin murya, labari, da abubuwan gani, kuma, gaba ɗaya, sun sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan 3.5 nan da 2007. A cikin 2022, Square Enix ya sayar da haƙƙin jerin ga Ƙungiyar Embracer, waɗanda suka nuna sha'awar haɓaka abubuwan da suka faru, sake yin gyare-gyare da kuma masu remasters na ''Legacy na Kain'' . An sake sake fasalin ''Legacy na Kain: Soul Reaver'' da ''Soul Reaver 2'' don Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One da Xbox Series X/S akan Disamba 10, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-24 |title=Aspyr & Crystal Dynamics Reveal Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver 1 & 2 Remastered, Launching Dec. 10, 2024, on PC & Consoles |url=https://www.crystaldynamics.com/blog/2024/09/24/aspyr-crystal-dynamics-reveal-legacy-of-kain-soul-reaver-1-2-remastered-launching-dec-10-2024-on-pc-consoles/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Crystal Dynamics}}</ref> == Wasanni ==   [[File:LoK-Pillars.jpg|right|thumb| Babban darektan Amy Hennig ya bayyana Pillars na Nosgoth (a sama: a cikin zane-zane, cibiyar: a cikin ''Blood Omen'', a ƙasa: a cikin ''Defiance'' ) a matsayin "cibiyar tatsuniyoyi da yanki" na wasanni biyar. <ref name="SR2-OPM">{{Cite journal |last=Davison |first=John |last2=Rybicki |first2=Joe |date=September 2000 |journal=[[Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine]] |issue=36}}</ref>]] '''''Alamar Jini: Legacy na Kain''''' an halicce shi ta Silicon Knights karkashin jagorancin Denis Dyack, tare da taimako daga mawallafin Crystal Dynamics, kuma an sake shi a cikin 1996 akan PlayStation . A cikin 1997, an tura shi zuwa [[Microsoft Windows]] . Dyack ya ɗauki cikin "aikin vampire " a ƙarƙashin taken ''The Pillars of Nosgoth'' a 1993, kuma mai gabatar da Crystal Dynamics Lyle Hall ya zaɓi wannan ra'ayi na fantasy akan wasu shawarwari guda biyu (ɗayan wanda shine ''Too Human'' ). <ref name="LyleHall">{{Cite web |last=Wallis |first=Alistair |date=January 18, 2007 |title=Playing Catch-Up: GEX's Lyle Hall |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=12434 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[Gamasutra]]}}</ref> <ref name="BO1-SK-1">{{Cite web |date=January 13, 1997 |title=SK: The Complete Guide To Legacy of Kain – Behind The Scenes |url=http://www.dark-chronicle.co.uk/resources/bo1_faq/faqbehin.htm |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[Silicon Knights]]}}</ref> <ref name="Dyack-TooHuman">{{Cite web |last=Dyack |first=Denis |author-link=Denis Dyack |date=June 28, 2007 |title=Tears in Rain – Blog No. 35 (post #17) |url=http://www.ign.com/boards/threads/tears-in-rain-blog-35.144764942/#post-144799866 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216053951/http://www.ign.com/boards/threads/tears-in-rain-blog-35.144764942/#post-144799866 |archive-date=December 16, 2012 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> An bi shi da fatan kawo labari mai ƙarfi da silima mai fasaha ga consoles, an gina shi a matsayin "wasan da manya za su so su yi", tare da jarumta da wasan kwaikwayo mara kyau wanda ke buƙatar tunani gami da tunani. <ref name="LyleHall" /> <ref name="BO1-SK-1" /> An haɓaka shi azaman [[Action-adventure game|wasan wasan kasada]] na 2D tare da abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, <ref name="BO1-SK-2">{{Cite web |title=Recreated PSXnation.com Interview with Denis Dyack |url=http://nosgoth.net/Blood_Omen/PSNinterview1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216124010/http://www.nosgoth.net/Blood_Omen/PSNinterview1.htm |archive-date=December 16, 2012 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=psxnation.com}}</ref> <ref name="SR1-SegaWeb">{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Craig |date=January 2000 |title=Interview: Soul Reaver's Amy Hennig |url=http://sega.gamerweb.com/features/srint.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030325071423/http://sega.gamerweb.com/features/srint.asp |archive-date=March 25, 2003 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=GamerWeb Sega}}</ref> ya yi muhawara don kyakkyawar liyafar kasuwanci da mahimmanci. <ref name="LyleHall" /> <ref name="SR1-SegaWeb" /> <ref name="Justia-SK-Sales">{{Cite web |date=December 22, 2011 |title=Silicon Knights, Inc. v. Epic Games, Inc. - Document 697 |url=http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/north-carolina/ncedce/5:2007cv00275/89570/697 |access-date=2013-07-16 |publisher=Justia}}</ref> Makin sayar da kayayyaki ya haɗa da tsawon sa'o'in sa'o'i 50+ da faffadan abubuwa da damar iya yin umarni da halayen ɗan wasan. <ref name="BO1-Preview">{{Cite web |last=Kasavin |first=Greg |author-link=Greg Kasavin |date=April 24, 1997 |title=Blood Omen: Legacy of Kain Preview |url=http://gamespot.com/blood-omen-legacy-of-kain/previews/blood-omen-legacy-of-kain-preview-2558449/ |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> ''Blood Omen'' ya gabatar da Nosgoth, ƙasar almara wanda aka tsara tare da almara-kamar sarƙaƙƙiya, <ref name="BO1-SK-1" /> <ref name="BO1-SK-2" /> kuma ya ba mai kunnawa ikon sarrafa Kain, sabon vampire da aka tashe yana neman fansa a kan masu kisansa da kuma maganin la'anarsa na vampiric. '''''Legacy of Kain: An saki Soul Reaver''''' a cikin 1999 don PlayStation da Microsoft Windows, kuma an tura shi zuwa Dreamcast a cikin 2000. Ya samo asali ne a matsayin ra'ayi mai zaman kansa wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga jigogi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki da ake kira ''Shifter'', wanda Crystal Dynamics' Amy Hennig da Seth Carus suka tsara, <ref name="Dyack-Shifter">{{Cite web |last=Dyack |first=Denis |author-link=Denis Dyack |date=June 17, 2002 |title=Eternal Darkness Q/A Thread (Update: 6/17) (Don't expect more anytime soon) (post #23) |url=http://www.ign.com/boards/threads/eternal-darkness-q-a-thread-update-6-17-dont-expect-more-anytime-soon.21174938/#post-23341556 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110005123/http://www.ign.com/boards/threads/eternal-darkness-q-a-thread-update-6-17-dont-expect-more-anytime-soon.21174938/#post-23341556 |archive-date=January 10, 2016 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> <ref name="BtC-SR1">{{Cite web |last=Shuman |first=Sid |date=October 12, 2012 |title=Behind the Classics: Amy Hennig Talks Soul Reaver Secrets |url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2012/10/12/behind-the-classics-amy-hennig-talks-soul-reaver-secrets/ |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[PlayStation Network|PlayStation Blog]]}}</ref> amma, bisa ga buƙatar shugabannin kamfanoni, an haɗa su cikin ''Legacy na Kain'' sararin samaniya a gabanin. samarwa. <ref name="SR1-SegaWeb"/> <ref name="BtC-SR1" /> Hennig, darektan wasan, ya kwatanta ci gaban fasaha daga ''Blood Omen'' zuwa ''Soul Reaver'' zuwa juyin halittar ''The Legend of Zelda'' jerin daga Super Nintendo zuwa Nintendo 64 - yana kawo ikon amfani da sunan kamfani cikin 3D yayin da yake riƙe irin wannan salon. <ref name="IASIG">{{Cite web |last=Brandon |first=Alexander |title=Interactive Composition Column 1.2 |url=http://www.iasig.org/pubs/interviews/eidosjh.shtml |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=IASIG |archive-date=2012-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214185917/http://www.iasig.org/pubs/interviews/eidosjh.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> An yaba da ''Soul Reaver'' a matsayin wata nasara ta fasaha don injinan wasan motsa jiki na jirginsa da injin wasan sa na watsa bayanai, wanda ya kawar da dakatarwar da ake yi a wasannin lokacin PlayStation. <ref name="BtC-SR1" /> <ref name="SR1-Promotion">{{Cite web |date=July 29, 1999 |title=Highly-Anticipated 'Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver' Looks to Take a Bite at the Electronic Game Charts This August; Television, Magazine Ad Buys and a Retail Promotional Onslaught Put the Word Out on Eidos Interactive's Sequel to 'Legacy of Kain: Blood Omen' |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Highly-Anticipated+%60Legacy+of+Kain%3A+Soul+Reaver%27+Looks+to+Take+a+Bite...-a055290555 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305102840/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Highly-Anticipated+%60Legacy+of+Kain%3A+Soul+Reaver%27+Looks+to+Take+a+Bite...-a055290555 |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com#TheFreeLibrary.com|TheFreeLibrary.com]]}}</ref> <ref name="SR1-IGN">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Doug |author-link=Douglass C. Perry |date=August 19, 1999 |title=Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver |url=http://ign.com/articles/1999/08/20/legacy-of-kain-soul-reaver-5 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> Ya kasance nasara ce ta kasuwanci da mahimmanci, tana siyar da raka'a miliyan 1.5 a duk duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2001 |title=Eidos' Highly Anticipated Soul Reaver 2 Selected as PlayStation 2 Exclusive |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Eidos%27+Highly+Anticipated+Soul+Reaver+2+Selected+as+PlayStation+2...-a077706091 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021959/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Eidos%27+Highly+Anticipated+Soul+Reaver+2+Selected+as+PlayStation+2...-a077706091 |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com#TheFreeLibrary.com|TheFreeLibrary.com]]}}</ref> amma ƙarfin halayen 'yan wasa game da ƙarewar dutsen ya sa masu haɓakawa don kawar da damuwar cewa an sake shi ba a gama ba. <ref name="SR1-Response">{{Cite web |last=Johnston |first=Chris |date=September 5, 1999 |title=Soul Reaver Response |url=http://gamespot.com/news/soul-reaver-response-2460963 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> Wasan elaborates a kan daya daga cikin biyu endings to ''Blood Omen'', faruwa a Nosgoth ta duhu nan gaba inda Kain ke mulkin daular vampires, kuma ya gabatar da wani sabon protagonist, ya Laftanar Raziel, wanda Kain ya kashe kuma ya tashe shi don yin fansa a kan 'yan'uwansa. da ubangidansa. '''''Soul Reaver 2''''' yana da ingantaccen tsarin ci gaba kuma an sake shi bayan shekaru biyu, duk da sauyawa zuwa na'urorin ta'aziyya na ƙarni na shida a farkon aikin. Da farko an yi niyya don sakin shi a ƙarshen 2000 akan PlayStation da Dreamcast, amma an sake yin aikin kuma an sake shi a cikin 2001 azaman keɓaɓɓen PlayStation 2, kuma an tura shi zuwa Microsoft Windows daga baya a waccan shekarar. <ref name="SR2-Q&A-GS">{{Cite web |date=October 29, 2001 |title=Soul Reaver 2 Q&A |url=http://gamespot.com/soul-reaver-2/previews/soul-reaver-2-qanda-2820960/ |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> Manufar masu haɓakawa ita ce ta riƙe abubuwan da suka sa magabacinsa ya yi nasara, <ref name="SR2-CompanyLine">{{Cite web |title=Soul Reaver 2 Review |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages3/913911.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517025754/http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages3/913911.asp |archive-date=May 17, 2008 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[GameRankings]]}}</ref> amma sun yanke shawarar gujewa "cikakken matakin, yaƙi da shugaba " na wasan da ya gabata don neman ƙarin hanyar da za ta haifar da labari. <ref name="SR2-Q&A-Andrew">{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2001 |title=IGNDC Interviews Crystal Dynamic's Andrew Bennett |url=http://ign.com/articles/2001/01/11/igndc-interviews-crystal-dynamics-andrew-bennett/ |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> Makircin yana aiki azaman mabiyi kai tsaye zuwa ''Soul Reaver'', yana ɗauka nan da nan bayan ƙarewarsa. Dan wasan yana sarrafa Raziel yayin da yake tona asirin abubuwan da suka faru a baya na Nosgoth da kuma makomarsa. A halin yanzu, Kain yana ƙoƙarin juyar da [[Ƙaddara|kaddara]] da maido da duniya ta hanyar sarrafa tarihi. Yayin da ''Soul Reaver'' ke ci gaba, Crystal Dynamics ya ƙaddamar da wani aikin - wanda zai gaje shi ga ''Omen Jini'' - kuma lokacin da ƙungiyar ''Soul Reaver'' ta fara aiki akan bin diddigin su a ƙarshen 1999, ''Legacy na Kain'' wasanni biyu sun kasance cikin haɓaka lokaci guda. <ref name="SR2-Q&A-Andrew" /> <ref name="Defiance-Richard">{{Cite web |last=Lemarchand |first=Richard |date=October 23, 2003 |title=Legacy of Kain: Defiance Designer Diary #1 |url=http://gamespot.com/legacy-of-kain-defiance/previews/legacy-of-kain-defiance-designer-diary-1-6077249/?page=1 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> "An '''''shuka''''' iri na halitta" a cikin 1999, kuma an fitar da samfurin da aka gama a cikin 2002, watanni shida bayan ''Soul Reaver 2'', don PlayStation 2, Xbox, Microsoft Windows da GameCube . <ref name="BO2-TeamXbox">{{Cite web |last=Barton |first=Steve |date=March 6, 2002 |title=Blood Omen2 Interview: Alex Ness |url=http://interviews.teamxbox.com/xbox/306/Blood-Omen2-Interview-Alex-Ness/p3/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908033244/http://interviews.teamxbox.com/xbox/306/Blood-Omen2-Interview-Alex-Ness/p3/ |archive-date=September 8, 2008 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[TeamXbox]]}}</ref> Ba a samar da shi ba tare da haɗin gwiwar ma'aikatan ''Soul Reaver'', a maimakon haka an ƙirƙira shi da sabon ƙungiyar a Crystal Dynamics a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Glen Schofield . <ref name="Defiance-Richard"/> <ref name="DCab-BO2">{{Cite web |last=Cabuco |first=Daniel |date=August 20, 2012 |title=Blood Omen 2 (post #2) |url=http://www.dcabdesign.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=237#p237 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=DCabDesign.com}}</ref> Babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga masu haɓakawa shine babban hali, Kain; <ref name="BO2-IGN-DCP">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Douglass C. |author-link=Douglass C. Perry |date=September 26, 2001 |title=Interview With a Vampire: Blood Omen 2 |url=http://ps2.ign.com/articles/098/098609p1.html |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[IGN]] |archive-date=2012-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325004645/http://ps2.ign.com/articles/098/098609p1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Crystal Dynamics yana da "babban zuba jari a Kain a matsayin hali". <ref name="SR2-Q&A-IGN">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Douglass C. |author-link=Douglass C. Perry |date=May 10, 2000 |title=Soul Reaver 2: Director's Interview – PlayStation 2 Feature |url=http://ign.com/articles/2000/05/11/soul-reaver-2-directors-interview?page=1 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> Mayar da mayar da hankali kan wasan kwaikwayo zuwa mataki, gore da fama maimakon warware matsalar, yana riƙe da yawa daga cikin halaye waɗanda suka sa wasannin da suka gabata suka shahara, amma an soki saboda rashin ƙima. Duk da liyafar tsaka-tsaki mai mahimmanci, an sake shi akan dandamali huɗu kuma an sayar da shi da kyau. <ref name="SR2-BO2-Sales">{{Cite web |title=Eidos Interactive fifteen month results |url=http://www.eidos.co.uk/corporate/downloads/qr-02-q5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040227013820/http://www.eidos.co.uk/corporate/downloads/qr-02-q5.pdf |archive-date=February 27, 2004 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[Eidos Interactive|Eidos]]}}</ref> Wurin, babban birni [[Industrial Revolution|mai masana'antu]], tashi ne don jerin abubuwan. Yayin da aka saki wasan bayan ''Soul Reaver 2'', abubuwan da suka faru na wasan sun faru a zahiri bayan ''jinin jini'' amma kafin abubuwan da suka faru na ''Soul Reaver'', a cikin wani lokaci dabam da aka halicce su daga abubuwan ''Soul Reaver 2'' . A cikin ''Blood Omen 2'' ƴan wasan suna sarrafa ƙaramin Kain bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na cin nasara a Nosgoth, saboda yana adawa da mayaƙan vampires da sabon abokin gaba. '''''Legacy na Kain: Defiance''''', shigarwar kwanan nan a cikin jerin, an sake shi a cikin 2003 akan PlayStation 2, Xbox da Microsoft Windows. Da farko an yi la'akari da shi azaman ''Soul Reaver 3'', <ref name="SR2-Q&A-GS"/> <ref name="Defiance-Richard"/> yana wakiltar ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa daga ƙungiyoyin ''Soul Reaver 2'' da ''Blood Omen 2'' don ƙarfafawa da sake daidaita labarun labarun, warware rikice-rikice da kuma faɗa da abubuwan da suka gabace shi, da haɗa abubuwa daga biyu sub-jerin cikin wasa daya. <ref name="Defiance-Richard" /> Sun zaɓi sabon take ƙarƙashin Tutar ''Legacy na Kain'' don nuna wannan sabon mayar da hankali. <ref name="Defiance-Q&A-IGN">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Douglass C. |author-link=Douglass C. Perry |date=May 12, 2003 |title=E3 2003: Legacy of Kain: Defiance |url=http://ign.com/articles/2003/05/12/e3-2003-legacy-of-kain-defiance-3 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> Mai kunnawa yana musanya tsakanin sarrafa Raziel da ''Soul Reaver 2'' cikin jiki na Kain a cikin kowane surori na wasan, a ƙarƙashin yanayin cewa ɗaya daga cikin biyun kawai zai tsira - an ba da fifiko kan gabatarwar fina-finai. <ref name="Defiance-Richard" /> <ref name="Defiance-Q&A-IGN" /> Labarin ya ƙare akan kyakkyawan fata, amma ba tare da cikakken ƙuduri ba; a lokacin samarwa, Hennig ya bar Crystal Dynamics don aiki don Naughty Dog, <ref name="AmyDeparture-1">{{Cite web |last=Blincoln |date=June 17, 2002 |title=A farewell message from Amy |url=http://forums.eu.square-enix.com/showthread.php?t=46775 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[Square Enix Europe]]}}</ref> <ref name="AmyDeparture-2">{{Cite web |last=Brightman |first=James |date=November 2, 2009 |title=Interview: Amy Hennig on Making Uncharted 2, Maximizing PS3, and More |url=http://www.industrygamers.com/news/interview-amy-hennig-on-making-uncharted-2-maximizing-ps3-and-more/3/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616095711/http://www.industrygamers.com/news/interview-amy-hennig-on-making-uncharted-2-maximizing-ps3-and-more/3 |archive-date=June 16, 2012 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=IndustryGamers}}</ref> kuma ''Defiance'' bai cika tsammanin tallace-tallace na Eidos ba. <ref name="Defiance-Sales">{{Cite web |date=September 15, 2004 |title=Eidos Interactive: Preliminary Results for the Year to 30 June 2004 |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Eidos+plc%3a+Preliminary+Results+for+the+Year+to+30+June+2004-a0122009832 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029173246/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Eidos+plc%3a+Preliminary+Results+for+the+Year+to+30+June+2004-a0122009832 |archive-date=October 29, 2017 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com#TheFreeLibrary.com|TheFreeLibrary.com]]}}</ref> Bayan fitowar sa, Eidos ya sanya jerin abubuwan a riƙe. <ref name="NoLoKAnnouncements">{{Cite web |last=Bruno |first=Christopher |date=August 20, 2009 |title=EXTREMELY IMPORTANT: There Will Be a New LoK! (post #93) |url=http://forums.eu.square-enix.com/showthread.php?t=98128&p=1195923#post1195923 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[Square Enix Europe]]}}</ref> Tsohon shugaban Eidos North America Bill Gardner da shugaban Eidos Life Ian Livingstone sun nuna sha'awar farfado da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani, <ref name="Kain-Livingstone">{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Stephen |date=December 20, 2010 |title=Gangsters, Legacy of Kain sequels on the way? |url=http://www.electricpig.co.uk/2010/12/20/gangsters-legacy-of-kain-sequels-on-the-way/ |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Electricpig |archive-date=2011-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125183546/http://www.electricpig.co.uk/2010/12/20/gangsters-legacy-of-kain-sequels-on-the-way |url-status=dead }}</ref> amma Crystal Dynamics sun bayyana cewa ba sa aiki kan ci gaba. <ref name="CrystalHabit">{{Cite web |last=Marie |first=Meagan |date=July 4, 2011 |title=The Crystal Habit Podcast: Episode 1 |url=http://tombraider.tumblr.com/post/7232440295/the-crystal-habit-1-returning-to-the-studio |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Official Tomb Raider Blog}}</ref> '''''Nosgoth''''', wasan wasa da yawa, an sanar da shi ta hanyar Square Enix London Studios manajan al'umma George Kelion don kasancewa cikin ci gaba a cikin Yuni 2013, don amsa jerin leaks na intanet da hasashe sakamakon. A cewar Kelion, za a saita shi a cikin sararin samaniya ɗaya da lakabin ''Legacy na Kain'' na baya, amma ba zai zama "ƙwarewar LoK na al'ada ko ma ɗan wasa ɗaya ba". An yi niyyar kallon wasan a matsayin "sosai akan wani reshe na daban ga duka jerin abubuwan Rarraba ''Soul Reaver'' da ''Blood Omen'' ", kuma Crystal Dynamics ba ta shiga cikin haɓakarsa ba. Kelion ya bayyana cewa ''Nosgoth'' za a ƙara sanar da shi kuma za a bayyana shi a kwanan wata mai zuwa, wani lokaci bayan Nunin Nishaɗi na Lantarki na 2013 . <ref name="Nosgoth-VG247">{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Dave |author-link=Dave Cook |date=June 7, 2013 |title=Nosgoth in active development, not 'traditional' Legacy of Kain game |url=http://www.vg247.com/2013/06/07/nosgoth-in-active-development-at-square-not-a-traditional-legacy-of-kain-title/ |access-date=2013-06-07 |website=[[VG247]]}}</ref> <ref name="Nosgoth-Eurogamer">{{Cite web |last=Yin-Poole |first=Wesley |date=June 7, 2013 |title=Nosgoth set in Legacy of Kain universe, but Tomb Raider dev Crystal Dynamics not involved |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-06-07-nosgoth-set-in-legacy-of-kain-universe-but-tomb-raider-dev-crystal-dynamics-not-involved |access-date=2013-06-07 |website=[[Eurogamer]]}}</ref> ''Nosgoth'' duk da haka ba a taɓa fitowa a hukumance ba, amma ya fara buɗe beta a cikin Janairu 2015. Wasan a hukumance ya rufe sabobin sa a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2016. === ''Soul Reaver 1 & 2 An Sabunta'' === ''Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver 1 & 2 Remastered'' wasa ne mai zuwa wanda Aspyr ya haɓaka kuma ya buga shi wanda ya ƙunshi wasanni na biyu da na uku a cikin jerin. Tarin da aka sake sarrafa zai haɗa da sabbin abubuwa kamar su hotuna masu inganci masu jujjuyawa, tsarin sarrafawa na zamani, ingantaccen sarrafa kyamara, taswira da kamfas, "matakin da aka rasa", yanayin hoto, da zagayowar rana da dare wanda aka yanke daga asali. ''Soul Reaver'' . <ref name="Crystal Dynamics">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-24 |title=Aspyr & Crystal Dynamics Reveal Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver 1 & 2 Remastered, Launching Dec. 10, 2024, on PC & Consoles |url=https://www.crystaldynamics.com/blog/2024/09/24/aspyr-crystal-dynamics-reveal-legacy-of-kain-soul-reaver-1-2-remastered-launching-dec-10-2024-on-pc-consoles/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Crystal Dynamics}}</ref> <ref name="PlayStation Blog">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-24 |title=Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver 1 & 2 Remastered launches on PS5, PS4 Dec 10 |url=https://blog.playstation.com/2024/09/24/legacy-of-kain-soul-reaver-1-2-remastered-launches-on-ps5-ps4-dec-10/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=PlayStation Blog}}</ref> Nassosi game da tarin sun fara bayyana a San Diego Comic-Con a cikin Yuli 2024, tare da sanarwa mai biyowa a gabatarwar Jihar PlayStation a watan Satumba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyles |first=Taylor |date=2024-07-25 |title=Eagle-Eyed SDCC Fans Think They've Spotted a Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver 1 and 2 Remaster Tease {{!}} SDCC 2024 |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/eagle-eyed-sdcc-fans-think-theyve-spotted-a-legacy-of-kain-soul-reaver-1-and-2-remaster-tease-sdcc-2024 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=IGN}}</ref> <ref name="GameSpot State of Play">{{Cite web |last=Ramée |first=Jordan |date=2024-07-24 |title=Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver Remasters Revealed At PlayStation State Of Play |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/legacy-of-kain-soul-reaver-remasters-revealed/1100-6526655/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=GameSpot}}</ref> Sanarwa da sakin ''Soul Reaver 1 & 2 Remastered'' yayi daidai da ranar tunawa da 25th na ''Legacy na Kain: Soul Reaver na'' 1999. Wasan ya bi falsafar ci gaba mai kama da na Aspyr's ''Tomb Raider I-III Remastered'', kuma yana ginawa akan lambar tushe na asali da injin wasannin, wanda Crystal Dynamics ya ba ƙungiyar. <ref name="Crystal Dynamics2">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-24 |title=Aspyr & Crystal Dynamics Reveal Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver 1 & 2 Remastered, Launching Dec. 10, 2024, on PC & Consoles |url=https://www.crystaldynamics.com/blog/2024/09/24/aspyr-crystal-dynamics-reveal-legacy-of-kain-soul-reaver-1-2-remastered-launching-dec-10-2024-on-pc-consoles/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Crystal Dynamics}}</ref> <ref name="PlayStation Blog2">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-24 |title=Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver 1 & 2 Remastered launches on PS5, PS4 Dec 10 |url=https://blog.playstation.com/2024/09/24/legacy-of-kain-soul-reaver-1-2-remastered-launches-on-ps5-ps4-dec-10/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=PlayStation Blog}}</ref> == Dubawa == === Abubuwan gama gari === Wasannin ''Legacy na Kain'' sun faɗi cikin nau'in wasan-kasada, suna amfani da ma'auni na aiki, warware rikice-rikice da bincike. An fara daga ''Soul Reaver'', jerin kuma suna fasalta abubuwan dandamali daga 3D, hangen nesa na mutum na uku . Ganin cewa ''Jinin Omen'' da ''Soul Reaver'' suna amfani da tsarin buɗe duniya a cikin salon ''The Legend of Zelda'' ko ''Super Mario 64'', <ref name="SR2-OPM"/> na ƙarshe wasanni uku sun kasu kashi surori, kuma sun fi dacewa a ci gaba. Yayin da mai kunnawa ke warware manyan wasanin gwada ilimi ko cin nasara kan shugabanni, suna karɓar sabbin makamai da iyawa, kamar telekinesis, canza fasalin, sarrafa hankali da sihiri . Babban lafiyar lafiyar kullun yana raguwa a kowane wasa - Kain dole ne ya cinye jini don ci gaba da ƙarfinsa, yayin da Raziel yana buƙatar rayuka - faɗakarwa, wanda ke mayar da hankali kan fasahohin hack da slash, kuma yana ba da damar mai kunnawa ya kashe kuma ya ciyar daga abokan gaba. ''Blood Omen 2'' da ''Defiance'' sun haɗa da tsarin ma'anar kwarewa, kuma a cikin wasanni ''na Soul Reaver'' da ''Defiance'', mai kunnawa dole ne ya canza tsakanin kayan aiki da jiragen sama na rayuwa don ci gaba - duka dauloli suna da dokoki na musamman na jiki, lissafi da makiya. Takobin Soul Reaver, makami na ƙarshe da mai-mai-mai-mai-mai-mai-mai-maimaimai da ruwa mai cinye rai wanda mahaukata ke zaune, ya bayyana a cikin duka taken biyar. Tattaunawa a cikin jerin sune florid da Elizabethan a cikin salon, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga guntuwar lokaci kamar ''Becket'', ''Lion in Winter'' and ''A Man for All Seasons'', <ref name="BtC-SR1"/> <ref name="IGN-LitMyth">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Douglass C. |author-link=Douglass C. Perry |date=May 18, 2006 |title=The Influence of Literature and Myth in Videogames – PC Feature |url=http://pc.ign.com/articles/709/709149p1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615073759/http://pc.ign.com/articles/709/709149p1.html |archive-date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> kuma kowane wasa an rubuta shi ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo, tare da monologues, asides da cutscenes interspersing gameplay. <ref name="Defiance-Q&A-IGN"/> A lokacin samar da ''Alamomin Jini'' {{'}} Silicon Knights ya ɗauki hayar ƙwararrun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo don sadar da baiwar murya, abin da ya faru wanda Crystal Dynamics ya ci gaba a wasanni masu zuwa. <ref name="BO1-SK-2"/> Simon Templeman da Michael Bell masu gabatar da muryar Kain da Raziel bi da bi. Mambobin simintin tallafawa sun haɗa da Paul Lukather a matsayin Vorador, Anna Gunn a matsayin Ariel, Richard Doyle a matsayin Moebius, da René Auberjonois a matsayin Janos Audron . Tony Jay ya buga Mortanius a cikin ''Jini'', kuma ya dawo a matsayin Dattijon Allah a wasanni masu zuwa; a cikin ''Defiance'', an sake saka Mortanius a matsayin Alastair Duncan . Gordon Hunt da Kris Zimmerman sun ba da jagorar murya daga ''Soul Reaver'' zuwa gaba. <ref name="IASIG"/> Masu haɓakawa sun haɗa ƴan wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa an haɗa su a matsayin masu haɗin gwiwa, suna yin rikodin tattaunawarsu tare maimakon keɓancewa, kuma ta haka ne aka kafa dabaru waɗanda daga baya za su wuce zuwa jerin Naughty Dog's ''Uncharted'' . <ref name="BtC-SR1"/> === Labari === [[File:LoK-Overview.jpg|right|thumb| Raziel (hagu) da Kain (dama) kamar yadda suka bayyana a ''Legacy of Kain: Defiance'' . Dukansu suna dauke da takobin Reaver.]] HLafiyar ƙasar Nosgoth tana da alaƙa da gine-gine tara da aka fi sani da Pillars of Nosgoth. Ana kiyaye Pillars ta hanyar oligarchy na masu sihiri da aka sani da Circle of Nine, kowannensu yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da Pillar mutum ɗaya. Lokacin da majiɓinci ya mutu, an haifi sabon don ya maye gurbinsu. <ref name="SR2-Manual-History">{{Cite book|last2=Amy Hennig}}</ref> A cikin gabatarwar ''Omen na jini'', an kashe Ariel, mai kula da ma'auni, kuma sakamakon sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru ya haifar da lalata ta ruhaniya na Pillars da masu kula da su. <ref name="BO1-SK-3">{{Cite web |date=January 13, 1997 |title=SK: The Complete Guide To Legacy of Kain – Cinematic Themes |url=http://www.dark-chronicle.co.uk/resources/bo1_faq/faqtheme.htm |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[Silicon Knights]]}}</ref> Bayan shekaru talatin, Kain, wani matashi mai daraja, an kashe shi ta hanyar brigands, kuma ya tashe shi a matsayin vampire ta wani necromancer, Mortanius. Mortanius ya jagoranci da mai kallo na Ariel, yana bin diddigin ya kashe masu gadi a cikin bege na samun fansa da magani ga vampirism, amma sannu a hankali ya fara rungumar sabon ikonsa. Yayin farautar Moebius, mai kula da lokaci, ya ƙi shawarar Vorador (babban vampire), kuma ya yi tafiya a cikin lokaci. Yin amfani da Soul Reaver, ya hana wani azzalumi sarki zuwa kan mulki, amma rashin daidaituwa na wucin gadi wanda wannan ya haifar da sabon tsarin lokaci inda mutanen Nosgoth suka fara farautar vampires don halakarwa. Kain ya gano cewa Mortanius - majiɓincin mutuwa - ya shirya kisan sa don share Da'irar kuma ya kashe duka sai ɗaya daga cikin masu gadi. Kain ya fahimci cewa shi da kansa shi ne majiɓincin ɓarna na ƙarshe, wanda aka haife shi a matsayin magajin Ariel, kuma an bar shi ya yanke shawara tsakanin sadaukar da kansa don maido da duniya (amma lalata tseren vampire), ko kuma mulkin Nosgoth a cikin la'anta. ''Soul Reaver'' ya tabbatar da cewa Kain, wanda ya ƙi da makircin mutane, ya zaɓi zaɓi na ƙarshe kuma ya rungumi vampirism a matsayin albarka. Ya tayar da wani kadar of vampire lieutenants don cin nasara a kan mulkokin mutane na Nosgoth, ya kafa daula mai iko duka a ƙarƙashin ikonsa yayin da ƙasa ke lalacewa. Shekaru 1500 bayan abubuwan da suka faru na ''Blood Omen'', Raziel, mabiyinsa na fari, ya ƙetare Kain, kuma aka kashe shi. Wani mahaluki mai kama da wanda aka sani da The Elder Allah ya ta da Raziel, wanda da sauri ya fuskanci Kain. Kain ya bugi Raziel da Reaver, amma ta farfasa masa, kuma ruhun kamamme a da ya ɗaure kansa a hannun Raziel. Raziel ya kashe ’yan’uwansa ’yan’uwansa, kuma ya gano cewa Kain ya ta da su duka daga gawawwakin Sarafan, ’yan’uwantaka na ruhaniya tsohuwar farautar vampire. Cikin fushi da wannan wahayin, sai ya bi Kain zuwa injin Moebius da aka daɗe da barinsa, kuma Kain ya ruɗe shi a baya. A cikin ''Soul Reaver 2'', Raziel ya hada baki tare da Moebius don halakar Kain, amma - bayan ya gane cewa Kain yana so ya mayar da Pillars, kuma ya koyi cewa Moebius yana bauta wa Allah dattijo a asirce - sha'awar ɗaukar fansa yana fushi da wani mafi girma. neman wayewa da 'yanci daga shiga cikin kaddara. A kan shawara daga Vorador, yana neman Janos Audron, wani sanannen, wanda ya daɗe da mutuwa wanda ke riƙe da mabuɗin makomarsa. Raziel ya taimaka wa Kain wajen haifar da wani sabani wanda ya canza makomar Kain, ya tsawaita rayuwarsa, kuma ya yi tafiya cikin tarihin Nosgoth. Da ya fara tona asirin abubuwan da ya gabata, ya gana da Janos a taƙaice a zamanin Sarafan, amma ya gane cewa nasa, tsohon ɗan adam ne ya kashe tsohon vampire. Ya karkashe sarakunan Sarafan, kuma ya kashe tsohon kansa, ya zama silar daular Kain ta gaba da tarihinsa. A cikin wasiƙar ƙarshe, ya gano cewa shi ne ruhin maɗaukaki da aka ƙaddara a ɗaure shi a cikin Reaver — cewa zagayowar makomarsa ba za ta ƙare ba. A minti na ƙarshe, Kain ya ceci Raziel daga wannan kaddara kuma ya ɗauki Reaver mara komai, amma fa'idar da wannan ke haifar da canza tarihi don muni. ''Soul Reaver 2'', ''Blood Omen 2'' da ''Defiance'' suna fadada tarihin jerin abubuwan. Da farko, tare da mutane, wasu manyan jinsuna biyu sun kasance a cikin nisa na Nosgoth: tsohuwar vampires da Hylden . Vampires sun ɗaukaka ruhaniya da dabarar rabo, yayin da Hylden sun kasance masu son fasaha. Ko da yake vampires sun bauta wa Allah dattijo, Hylden ya ƙi koyarwarsa, kuma vampires sun shelanta yaƙi don mayar da martani ga wannan sabo. Yin amfani da sihiri mai ban mamaki, vampires sun kafa Pillars, sun kori Hylden zuwa wani nau'i, kuma suka ƙirƙira Reaver a matsayin kariya. Hylden ya ramawa ta hanyar azabtar da vampires tare da la'anar jini, wanda ya canza su zuwa matattu, mafarauta na ɗan adam. An sake su daga dabarar rabo da allahnsu, yawancin vampires sun juya zuwa kashe kansa, kuma yayin da tserensu ya mutu, mutanen Nosgoth sun kwace ikon Pillars. A cikin ƙarnuka da yawa, Hylden ya yi taƙawa a kan shingen kurkukun su, yana neman kawar da Pillars. Cin hanci da rashawa na Kain ya hana shi fahimtar matsayinsa a matsayin mai kula da ma'auni - yana neman ko ta yaya ya warware matsalar da ya fuskanta a ƙarshen ''jinin jini'' ta hanyar dawo da Pillars da mayar da su ga mulkin vampire. Kisa Raziel ya zama tilas - na musamman, kaddararsa ta keke-da-keke ta ba shi yancin zaɓi, wanda ya ba Kain damar ƙirƙirar ruɗani da ƙin tarihi. <ref name="Defiance-Q&A-JRK">{{Cite web |last=Fernádez |first=Jen |last2=Lemarchand |first2=Richard |last3=Mannerberg |first3=Kyle |title=Question and Answer with Jen, Richard, and Kyle |url=http://www.thelostworlds.net/Defiance/Question_and_Answer_with_Jen_Richard_and_Kyle.html |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=The Lost Worlds}}</ref> ''Blood Omen 2'' yana bin ƙaramin Kain a cikin canjin lokaci da aka ƙirƙira a ƙarshen ''Soul Reaver 2'', yana nuna yaƙin da ya yi da shugaban Hylden. A ƙarshe, Kain ya kashe Ubangiji Hylden, kuma ya tafi, don kafa daularsa daga ''Soul Reaver'' . ''Defiance'' yana rufe abubuwan da suka gabata a cikin lokaci guda, kai tsaye bayan ''Soul Reaver 2'' . Kain da Raziel kowanne ya gano shaidar cewa tsohowar vampires da Hylden sun yi annabci na zakara guda biyu-daya wakiltar kowace kabila-waɗanda za su yanke shawarar makomar Nosgoth. Yayin da Raziel ya yunƙura ya ta da Janos don ya tsere wa kaddara, Kain ya yi ƙoƙari ya hana shi, kuma an ja su biyu zuwa yaƙi. Raziel ya koya daga Mortanius cewa Kain ya taso ne ta hanyar amfani da zuciyar Janos, kuma ya tsage wannan daga kirjin Kain a yakinsu na karshe, da alama ya kashe tsohon ubangidansa. Ko da yake ya ɓaci, Raziel ya ta da Janos, wanda ya ja-gorance shi zuwa gwaji na ƙarshe. Ko da yake ya yi nasara, yana karɓar iko na ruhaniya, Raziel ya shaida rushewar Pillars. Sakamakon warwarewar ya baiwa Hylden Ubangiji damar mallakar Janos (yana sauƙaƙe mamayewarsa a cikin ''Blood Omen 2'' ), kuma Raziel ya sha kashi a yaƙin da ya biyo baya, Allah dattijo ya kama shi. Ya kammala da cewa Dattijon, wanda rayukan Nosgoth suka ci gaba, shine babban dalilin da ya haifar da duk rikice-rikice da rikici a cikin tarihi, kuma ya gane cewa shi, da kansa, ya kasance duka zakarun Vampiric da Hylden; Kain ba haka ba. 'Yancin sa, da kaddararsa ta shiga Reaver (ya cinye kansa), yana tabbatar da cewa babu wanda zai iya cin nasara. <ref name="Defiance-Q&A-AH">{{Cite web |last=Hennig |first=Amy |author-link=Amy Hennig |title=Question and Answer with Amy Hennig |url=http://www.thelostworlds.net/Defiance/Question_and_Answer_with_Amy_Hennig.html |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=The Lost Worlds}}</ref> Daga baya, Kain ya farka cikin mu'ujiza, duk da cewa zuciyarsa ta rasa. Ya ci karo da Raziel, suka sulhunta; Raziel ya shiga Reaver da son rai, amma da farko yana amfani da ikonsa na ruhaniya don tsarkake Kain daga cin hanci da rashawa da ya gada a lokacin haihuwa a matsayin memba na Circle of Nine. <ref name="Defiance Team Answers">{{Cite web |last=Bruno |first=Chris |title=Answers to questions from the Defiance team |url=http://forums.eu.square-enix.com/showthread.php?t=49339 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[Square Enix Europe]]}}</ref> Ta haka aka warke, Kain ya sami ikon fahimtar Allahn dattijo a karon farko. Sun yi arangama a taqaice, kuma Kain ya raunata Dattijon tare da Reaver, amma ya kasa halaka shi. Yayin da yake duban Nosgoth, Kain yana tunanin sadaukarwar Raziel, da ɗanɗanon bege na farko da ya ba shi. === Jigogi === Kowane wasan ''Legacy na Kain'' ya shafi jigogi daban-daban da ɗimbin matsaloli, amma babban batun falsafancinsu ya ƙunshi kisa da gwagwarmayar ɗan adam don yancin zaɓi. <ref name="IGN-LitMyth"/> ''Maganar jini'' an yi niyya ne don tambayar "menene mugunta? Watakila hangen nesa ne kawai", da kuma "magana da ɗabi'a, mugunta da nagarta, farfaganda da kaddara ta hanyoyin da ba a taɓa yin bincike a cikin wasan kwamfuta ba". <ref name="BO1-SK-1"/> <ref name="BO1-SK-2"/> Sauran batutuwan ɓoye sun haɗa da amana, magudi da cin amana, waɗanda suka wuce cikin mabi'un Crystal Dynamics. A cikin ''Soul Reaver'' da ''Soul Reaver 2'', Amy Hennig ta gano "tambayar 'yancin zaɓe a cikin sararin samaniya da alama ke mulki ta hanyar kaddara" a matsayin ainihin labarin. <ref name="IGN-LitMyth" /> [[Ginost|Gnosticism]], wanda a cikinsa "duniya abin duniya ruɗi ne, ƙaryar da wani allah na ƙarya da mugunta ya yi wanda manufarsa ita ce kiyaye ran ɗan adam a cikin duhu da jahilci" kuma burin jarumi shine "ilimi, wayewa, da fallasa gaskiya. ", ya taimaka wajen tsara baka na Raziel. <ref name="SR2-OPM"/> <ref name="BtC-SR1"/> <ref name="IGN-LitMyth" /> Jigogi na yanke ƙauna, bege da haske a cikin ayyukan TS Eliot da [[James Joyce]] sun rinjayi labarin. <ref name="IGN-LitMyth" /> Masu haɓakawa kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su juyar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan abubuwa a cikin adabi da wasan kwaikwayo. Silicon Knights Conceptualized Kain, a vampire antihero wahayi zuwa gare ta [[Clint Eastwood]] 's ''Unforgiven'', a matsayin atypical "launin toka" protagonist, ba mai kyau ko mugunta, duk da an shawarce shi a cikin 1993 cewa irin wannan hali ba zai jawo hankalin 'yan wasa. <ref name="BO1-SK-1"/> <ref name="BO1-SK-2"/> <ref name="IGN-LitMyth"/> Hakazalika, Hennig ya haɓaka Raziel a matsayin "ƙananan ƴan ta'adda masu adalci" tare da ɓatanci, neman fansa da ɗaukaka ta hanyar ilimi, sabanin gwarzo mai manufa. <ref name="SR2-OPM"/> <ref name="SR2-Q&A-IGN"/> Zana daga ra'ayoyin Joseph Campbell, <ref name="SR1-SegaWeb"/> ta ji zai zama mai ban sha'awa don ganin yadda 'yan wasa ke fassara halin kirki a cikin wannan mahallin, kuma ta yi jayayya cewa "Hanya daya tilo da jarumi zai iya samun nasara shine ta hanyar bin hanyarsa. Idan dai ya kasance. bin hanyar da wani ya shimfida, a karshe zai yi kasa a gwiwa”. <ref name="SR2-OPM" /> ''Defiance'' ya kwatanta Kain da Raziel a matsayin [[Sophocles|Sophoclean]] Oedipus - kamar adadi, "ƙaddara ce ta ratsa shi". <ref name="IGN-LitMyth" /> <ref name="Defiance-Kyle">{{Cite web |last=Mannerberg |first=Kyle |date=November 5, 2003 |title=Legacy of Kain: Defiance Designer Diary #3 |url=http://gamespot.com/legacy-of-kain-defiance/previews/legacy-of-kain-defiance-designer-diary-3-6078211/ |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> Hennig ya ce "su jarumai ne saboda sun ki mika wuya, ko da an tafka magudi a kansu". <ref name="IGN-LitMyth" /> == Ci gaba == [[Fayil:Philip_Burne-Jones_-_The_Vampire.jpg|thumb| Tatsuniyar Vampire ta kasance tushen tsakiyar bayan samar da jerin, kamar yadda [[Ginost|gnosticism]], adabin adabi da ayyukan Joseph Campbell .]] A lokacin da kuma bayan kammala ''Dark Legions'', <ref name="LyleHall"/> Silicon Knights sun shafe watanni da yawa suna aiki akan zane na ''Jini'' ba tare da wani dandamali ba a zuciya. <ref name="BO1-SK-1"/> <ref name="BO1-SK-2"/> <ref name="SK-Site-Games">{{Cite web |title=Games |url=http://www.siliconknights.com/quests.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112223517/http://www.siliconknights.com/quests.html |archive-date=November 12, 2012 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[Silicon Knights]]}}</ref> Manyan abubuwan da ke bayan aikin sun haɗa da ''Wheel of Time'', ''Necroscope'' da wasan kwaikwayo na Shakespeare, yayin da manufar Pillars na Nosgoth ta samo asali ne daga zane-zane na ''Pillars na Duniya'' . <ref name="BO1-SK-1" /> <ref name="BO1-SK-2" /> Crystal Dynamics sun yarda da buga wasan a 1993, kuma ko da yake akwai rashin yanke shawara game da ko ya kamata a samar da shi don 3DO Interactive Multiplayer ko Sega Saturn, bangarorin biyu sun zauna a kan PlayStation da zarar Sony ya sanar da ƙaddamar da shi. <ref name="BO1-SK-2" /> Wasan ya ɗauki sama da shekaru uku don haɓakawa, <ref name="BO1-SK-1" /> <ref name="SR1-SegaWeb"/> yana fuskantar babban tsarin haɓakawa wanda ke buƙatar Silicon Knights don ƙara yawan ma'aikatansa-Crystal Dynamics ya aika da ma'aikata da yawa don taimaka musu, gami da Amy Hennig da Seth Carus. <ref name="BO1-SK-1" /> <ref name="Defiance-Richard"/> <ref name="BO1-Credits">{{Cite web |title=Blood Omen: Legacy of Kain – credits |url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=24521&tab=credits |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115191732/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=24521&tab=credits |archive-date=November 15, 2014 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[allgame]]}}</ref> Bayan "Ƙoƙarin Herculean ", an saki ''Omen jini'' a ƙarshen 1996. <ref name="LyleHall" /> Bayan nasararsa, Silicon Knights yayi tunanin ƙirƙirar wani mabiyi a cikin abin da suka bayyana a matsayin jerin ''abubuwan Omen na jini'', <ref name="BO1-SK-2" /> <ref name="Dyack-Shifter"/> <ref name="AngryDyack">{{Cite web |last=Kollar |first=Philip |date=March 17, 2008 |title=Denis Dyack on Story and Content in Games, Part 2 |url=http://www.1up.com/news/denis-dyack-interview |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104204902/http://www.1up.com/news/denis-dyack-interview |archive-date=November 4, 2012 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[1UP.com]]}}</ref> amma dangantakarsu da Crystal Dynamics ta rushe a cikin 1997. <ref name="ArtOfGames">{{Cite web |last=Casamassina |first=Matt |author-link=Matt Casamassina |date=October 19, 2000 |title=The Art of Making Games |url=http://ign.com/articles/2000/10/19/the-art-of-making-games |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> Crystal Dynamics ya fara haɓaka ''Soul Reaver'' a ciki, kuma Eidos Interactive ya samo shi yayin samarwa. <ref name="SR1-SegaWeb" /> A cikin 1998, Silicon Knights ya shigar da kara a kan Crystal Dynamics don haƙƙin ''Legacy na Kain'' IP, yana neman umarni don hana Crystal Dynamics daga tallan tallace-tallace. <ref name="KnightsFight">{{Cite web |last=Johnston |first=Chris |date=April 14, 1998 |title=Knights Fight for Kain |url=http://gamespot.com/news/knights-fight-for-kain-2463492 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> Gidajen studio biyu sun sasanta takaddamarsu ta shari'a a asirce, kuma Crystal Dynamics da Eidos sun riƙe haƙƙoƙin ''Legacy of Kain'' ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan Kain, muddin ''Soul Reaver'' ya amince da Silicon Knights a matsayin mahaliccin asalin jerin. <ref name="ArtOfGames"/> ''Aljanna Lost'' ita ce asali ta asali a bayan ra'ayi, <ref name="BtC-SR1"/> <ref name="Defiance-Richard"/> da kuma tushe kamar su Rabbinic lore, vampire mythology, Gabas tatsuniyoyi da sufi su ma sun kasance mabuɗin tasiri. <ref name="SR1-SegaWeb"/> <ref name="Defiance-Richard" /> An aro abubuwan gani daga fina-finai kamar ''Birnin Lost Children'' da ''Majalisar Dokta Caligari'', da Cthulhu Mythos na HP Lovecraft . <ref name="BtC-SR1" /> <ref name="Defiance-Richard" /> <ref name="DCab-BO2"/> <ref name="IGN-LitMyth"/> An yi tsammanin ''Soul Reaver'' sosai duk da jinkiri da yawa, kuma an inganta shi a kan murfin fiye da mujallu na masana'antar wasanni goma, <ref name="SR1-Promotion"/> amma matsalolin jadawalin tilasta Crystal Dynamics don yanke abun ciki daga jerin ƙarewa. Sun yi niyya don haɗa kayan da aka cire a cikin mabiyi. <ref name="SR1-Response"/> <ref name="Linked">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Andrew |title=Andrew Bennett |url=http://www.linkedin.com/in/andrewbennett |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}</ref> ''Soul Reaver 2'' an yi wahayi zuwa ta hanyar almara na balaguro na lokaci da binciken Kurt Rudolph game da Gnosticism. <ref name="SR2-OPM"/> An tsara shi don haɗawa da ƙarin abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo na ''Blood Omen'' {{'}} da kuma faɗin faɗin iyawar da ake iya samu, <ref name="SR1-SegaWeb" /> kodayake ƙungiyar ta kasance naƙasasshe ta hanyar sakin PlayStation 2. <ref name="SR2-Q&A-GS"/> An samar da aikin ''Soul Reaver 2'' don PlayStation na ɗan gajeren lokaci, amma, bayan ƙirƙirar demo na tabbatar da ra'ayi, an ba masu haɓakawa izini don kawar da aikin su kuma su canza zuwa sabon na'ura. Tare da "babban sadaukarwa, da sa'o'in rashin lafiya", an haɓaka wasan a cikin watanni 17; kamar yadda yake tare da ''Soul Reaver'', an yanke fasali da yawa don saduwa da ranar ƙarshe. <ref name="SR2-OPM">{{Cite journal |last=Davison |first=John |last2=Rybicki |first2=Joe |date=September 2000 |journal=[[Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine]] |issue=36}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDavisonRybicki2000">Davison, John; Rybicki, Joe (September 2000). ''[[Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine]]'' (36).</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true"> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite journal|cite journal]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;title=</code> ([[Help:CS1 errors#citation missing title|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: missing title]]</ref> <ref name="SR2-Q&A-GS"/> ''Blood Omen 2'' an haɓaka shi a lokaci guda ta ƙungiyar Crystal Dynamics mai zaman kanta tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran ikon kai, <ref name="Defiance-Richard"/> <ref name="DCab-BO2"/> wanda ke haɓakawa daga ƙarni na 19 na steampunk na ''Soul Reaver'' don daidaitawa kan jin daɗin [[Zamanin Victorian|Victoria]] . <ref name="BtC-SR1"/> <ref name="BO2-DD-1">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Steve |last2=Robbins |first2=Bret |last3=Ellis |first3=Mike |date=March 8, 2002 |title=Blood Omen 2 Designer Diary No. 1 |url=http://gamespot.com/blood-omen-2/previews/blood-omen-2-designer-diary-1-2853830/?page=1 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> Ma'aikatanta sun yi taka-tsan-tsan da dogaro da karfi kan asalin ''Jini'' na asali a matsayin tasiri, kuma sun fadada kan tarihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon ''mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar kamfani'', da fatan fara sabon jerin shirye-shirye, <ref name="BO2-DD-2">{{Cite web |last=Ellis |first=Mike |date=March 13, 2002 |title=Blood Omen 2 Designer Diary No. 2 |url=http://gamespot.com/blood-omen-2/previews/blood-omen-2-designer-diary-2-2854456/ |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> a wasa na gaba. <ref name="DCab-BO2" /> ''Defiance'' yana wakiltar "sabon tsarin" ga ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani, tare da ƙarin mai da hankali kan wasan kwaikwayo, tsarin yaƙi da aka sabunta, da rubutun, kusurwar kyamarar cinematic. <ref name="Defiance-Q&A-IGN"/> A cikin 2008, ya bayyana cewa wasa na shida, ''Legacy of Kain: The Dark Prophecy'', ya ɗan ɗanɗana ci gaba a Ritual Entertainment a cikin 2004 kafin a soke shi. <ref name="TDP-DT">{{Cite web |last=Sterling |first=Jim |date=July 26, 2010 |title=Canceled game: Legacy of Kain: The Dark Prophecy |url=http://www.destructoid.com/canceled-game-legacy-of-kain-the-dark-prophecy-179871.phtml |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[Destructoid]]}}</ref> <ref name="DCab-TDP">{{Cite web |last=Cabuco |first=Daniel |date=August 13, 2012 |title=A few questions (post #2) |url=http://www.dcabdesign.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=21#p21 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=DCabDesign.com}}</ref> Daga baya, a cikin 2013, Square Enix ya tabbatar da zargin cewa Climax Studios ya yi aiki a kan wani sabon ''Legacy na Kain'', don PlayStation 4 - ''Legacy of Kain: Dead Sun'' - har sai an soke wannan aikin a 2012. <ref name="DeadSun">{{Cite web |last=Purchese |first=Robert |date=June 19, 2013 |title=Square Enix acknowledges cancelled Legacy of Kain game Dead Sun |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-06-19-square-enix-acknowledges-cancelled-legacy-of-kain-game-dead-sun |access-date=2013-06-22 |website=[[Destructoid]]}}</ref> == Sauran kafofin watsa labarai == Kiɗa daga duka ''Soul Reaver'' da ''Soul Reaver 2'' an sake shi akan sautin ƙararrawa a cikin 2001. <ref name="Soundtrack">{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Shahed |date=October 16, 2001 |title=Eidos packs in the extras with Soul Reaver 2 |url=http://gamespot.com/news/eidos-packs-in-the-extras-with-soul-reaver-2-2818096 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> Don ''Soul Reaver'', Amy Hennig ya zaɓi Kurt Harland na synthpop band Information Society don tsara maki. A cewar Harland, wani abokin aiki ya gabatar da ƙungiyar ''Soul Reaver'' zuwa aikinsa ta hanyar "Ozar Midrahim", waƙa daga kundi na 1997 na Information Society, ''Kada ku ji tsoro'' . <ref name="KurtHarland">{{Cite web |title=InSoc.Eyep.net interview |url=http://www.insoc.com.br/english/mix/eyep.php |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Information Society Brasil |archive-date=2012-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216185818/http://www.insoc.com.br/english/mix/eyep.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan waƙar ta ci gaba da bayyana a cikin ''Soul Reaver'' azaman jigon buɗewa. Harland ya yi aiki tare da injiniyan sauti Jim Hedges a cikin ƙirƙirar tsarin sauti mai daidaitawa don ''Soul Reaver'' wanda ya ba da damar kiɗan ya canza dangane da mahallin wasan. Wannan tsarin ya zama jigon wasanni na gaba a cikin jerin. <ref name="IASIG"/> Bayan da aka saki ''Soul Reaver'', ƙididdigar ayyuka na haruffa Kain da Raziel an halicce su ta Blue Box Interactive da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar Eidos. <ref name="Playthings">{{Cite journal |last=Gerardi |first=Dave |date=April 2001 |title=Pixel properties |journal=[[Playthings (magazine)|Playthings]] |publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] |volume=99 |issue=4 |at=53 |issn=0032-1567}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pelaez |first=Jorge |title=REVIEW: NECA's Player Select RAZIEL |url=http://www.figures.com/databases/action.cgi?setup_file=fignews2.setup&category=actionfigures&topic=65&show_article=514 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511133211/http://www.figures.com/databases/action.cgi?setup_file=fignews2.setup&category=actionfigures&topic=65&show_article=514 |archive-date=May 11, 2008 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Figures.com}}</ref> An fito da wani wasan ban dariya mai gabatarwa guda ɗaya ta Top Cow Productions a cikin Oktoba 1999 don haɓaka sakin ''Soul Reaver'', wanda ke nuna vampire Raziel kuma yana aiki azaman prequel ga abubuwan wasan. <ref name="SR1-SegaWeb"/> Top Cow ya haɗu tare da Crystal Dynamics don samar da wasan ban dariya na biyu a farkon 2004, yana maido da jerin abubuwan baya, don daidaitawa tare da sakin ''Defiance'' . <ref name="DefianceComic">{{Cite web |title=LEGACY OF KAIN: DEFIANCE |url=http://www.topcow.com/comics/51/current |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210083248/http://www.topcow.com/comics/51/current |archive-date=February 10, 2005 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[Top Cow Productions]]}}</ref> Dukansu Kain da Raziel kuma suna fasalta a matsayin haruffa masu iya kunnawa a cikin abubuwan da za a iya saukewa don 2010's ''Lara Croft da Guardian of Light'' . <ref name="LC">{{Cite web |last=Gilbert |first=Ben |date=December 1, 2010 |title=Kane & Lynch and Kain & Raziel buddy up in Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light DLC |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2010/12/01/kane-and-lynch-and-kain-and-raziel-buddy-up-in-lara-croft-and-the-gu/ |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[Joystiq]]}}</ref> <ref name="LC2">{{Cite web |last=McWhertor |first=Michael |date=December 1, 2010 |title=Kane and Lynch and Kain and Raziel and the Guardian of Light |url=http://kotaku.com/5703433/kane-and-lynch-and-kain-and-raziel-and-the-guardian-of-light |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[Kotaku]]}}</ref> A watan Yuni 2024, wani labari mai hoto mai suna ''Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver - Matattu Za Su Tashi'' an bayyana shi yana cikin ayyukan a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Crystal Dynamics da Bit Bot Media kuma ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar Kickstarter. Littafin labari mai hoto yana aiki azaman prequel ga ''Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver'' kuma ya sake haskaka rayuwar ɗan adam ta Raziel a matsayin jarumi na Sarafan kuma ya bayyana yadda ya zama vampire mai hidima a ƙarƙashin Kain. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2024 |title=Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver Returns in New Prequel Graphic Novel |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/legacy-of-kain-soul-reaver-returns-in-new-prequel-graphic-novel}}</ref> Daga baya Bit Bot Media ya sanar da cewa Klayton na Celldweller yana da hannu a cikin samarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C84uwmAO6mZ/}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] svt75rfoarx1yycqw8b7tc8wuxh4i7v 0 89837 842044 836252 2026-05-29T01:30:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Jamkaran_Mosque_مسجد_جمکران_قم_15.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Masallacin Jamkaran, a cewar Mirza Husain Noori Tabarsi, an gina masallacin ne ta hanyar umarnin [[Mahdi]].]] '''Mahdism''' (Persian), <ref name="m22">{{Cite web |title=درباره واژه مهدويت |trans-title= |url=https://nahad.qiau.ac.ir/index.aspx?key=docs&id=2671 |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=fa |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627082654/https://nahad.qiau.ac.ir/index.aspx?key=docs&id=2671 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Larabci: المهدوية) a cikin reshe [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Goma sha biyu]] na Shia Islama, ya samo asali ne daga imani da sake bayyana [[Liman|Imam]] na goma sha biyu, [[Muhammad al-Mahdi]], a matsayin Mai ceto apocalypse don ceton 'yan adam da kafa zaman lafiya da adalci. Mahdism wani nau'i ne na Almasihu. Daga wannan hangen nesa, an yi imanin cewa [[Isa|Yesu Kristi]] da Khidr har yanzu suna da rai kuma za su fito tare da [[Muhammad al-Mahdi]] don cika aikinsu na kawo zaman lafiya da adalci ga duniya.<ref name="m1"> {{Cite web |date=6 December 2019 |title=شناخت معارف مهدوی ضرورت تردیدناپذیر عصر ماست - خبرگزاری مهر |trans-title= |url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/4788985/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=fa}} </ref><ref name="m2"> {{Cite web |date=25 December 2020 |title=ظهور حضرت مسیح(ع) در عصر حضرت مهدی (ع) - خبرگزاری مهر |trans-title= |url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5103282/%D8%B8%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD-%D8%B9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B9 |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=fa}} </ref><ref name="m3"> {{Cite web |date=17 December 2015 |title=یاران امام مهدی(عج) در زمان غیبت چه کسانی هستند؟ نقش خضر نبی(ع) در دوران غیبت - جهان نيوز |trans-title= |url=http://www.jahannews.com/analysis/461851/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B9%D8%AC-%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%AA-%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4-%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C-%D8%B9-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=fa}} </ref> == Mahdi a cikin Alkur'ani == Ayoyi da yawa na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] suna da alaƙa da Mahdism, kamar aya ta 105 na [[Al-Anbiya]] [[Surah]]:   Masu sharhi sun yi la'akari da cikawar alkawarin da aka ambata a cikin aya a lokacin sake bayyana [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi]]. Har ila yau, aya ta 5 na Al-Qasas Surah:   Wasu sun yi la'akari da fassarorin wannan ayar da ke da alaƙa da [[Rajʽa|Raj'a]]-linkid="47" href="./Muhammad_al-Mahdi" id="mwOg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi kuma wasu sun yi laʼakari da cewa yana da alaƙa ti dawowar (Rajʽa) na [[Limamai Sha Biyu|Imamai]] da dawowar gwamnati a gare su. Aya ta 55 na Surah [[An-Nur]]:   Har ila yau an san shi da alaƙa da batutuwan Mahdism. Wasu sun yi la'akari da cikawar alkawarin da aka ambata a cikin aya a lokacin sake bayyana [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Imam na goma sha biyu, Muhammad al-Mahdi]] kuma wasu sun yi laʼakari da al'ummar da aka ambata cikin aya don samun nasara ne kawai a lokacin sake fitowar Muhammad al- Mahdi. [[Fayil:Iranischer_Meister_001.jpg|right|thumb|393x393px|Dhu al-Qarnayn ya gina bango don kare mutane daga ''"Yajuj da Majuj"'' (''alama ce ta mugunta'') kafin Lokaci na ƙarshe; a nan da taimakon d vier (aljanu). Karamin Farisa daga ''Falnama'', karni na 16.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chester Beatty Library |title=Iskandar Oversees the Building of the Wall |url=http://www.cbl.ie/cbl_image_gallery/search/detail.aspx?imageId=1473&ImageNumber=D0006377&page=0 |access-date=2016-08-24 |website=image gallery}}</ref>]] == Mahdism a cikin reshe na goma sha biyu == [[Shi'a]] na reshe [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Goma sha biyu]] na Shia Islama sun yi imanin cewa bisa ga alkawarin Allah, zuriyar Muhammadu, Annabi na Islama ko kuma sunansa, ɗa na tara na zuriyar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Husayn ibn Ali]], zai bayyana tare da sunan "Mahdi" <ref name="m4">{{Cite web |title=زندگینامه حضرت مهدی(عج) |trans-title= |url=https://ardabil.iqna.ir/fa/news/3805256/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AC |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=fa |archive-date=26 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326043447/https://ardabil.iqna.ir/fa/news/3805256/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AC |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma zai yada adalci a duk duniya. <ref name="m5">{{Cite web |title=امام مهدی(ع) در کلام امام حسین(ع) |trans-title= |url=http://ensani.ir/fa/article/55863/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B9- |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=fa |archive-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119033944/https://ensani.ir/fa/article/55863/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B9- |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bisa ga wannan imani, an haifi [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Mahdi]], ɗan Hasan al-Askari (Imam na goma sha ɗaya na Shi'a), a cikin 870 AZ. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, yayin da yake yaro, bayan farkon shekarun Imamate, ya ɓace kuma zai tuntubi mabiyansa ne kawai ta hanyar mataimakansa huɗu da suka biyo baya.<ref name="Kohlberg">{{Cite journal |last=Kohlberg |first=Etan |date=1976 |title=From Imāmiyya to Ithnā-'ashariyya |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |location=University of London |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=521–534 |doi=10.1017/s0041977x00050989 |s2cid=155070530}}</ref><ref name="Moezzi">{{Cite journal |last=Amir-Moezzi |first=Mohammad Ali |date=2012 |title=Islam in Iran vii. The Concept of Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/islam-in-iran-vii-the-concept-of-mahdi-in-twelver-shiism |journal=Encyclopedia Iranica}}</ref> Lokacin da ake kira ƙaramin ɓoyewa ko ɓoyewa ta farko, wanda Mahdi ba ya hulɗa kai tsaye da mutane, kawai ta hanyar mataimakansa na musamman, wanda galibi yana hulɗa da Shi'a.<ref name="m6"> {{Cite web |date=28 December 2018 |title=نواب خاص امام زمان چه کسانی هستند و چه ویژگی هایی دارند؟ - خبرگزاری مهر |trans-title= |url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/4496380/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%86%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9%88-%DA%86%D9%87-%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=fa}} </ref> Bisa ga al'adar hukuma, a cikin 940 AZ, wakili na huɗu kuma na ƙarshe ya sami wasika ta ƙarshe da ɓoyayyen Imam ya sanya hannu inda ya bayyana cewa daga nan gaba kuma "har zuwa ƙarshen lokaci," babu wanda zai gan shi ko ya zama wakilin sa, kuma duk wanda ya bayyana in ba haka ba ne mai zamba. Ta haka ne aka fara dogon lokaci, abin da ake kira Babban ɓoyewa ko ɓoyewa ta biyu.<ref name="Moezzi" /> Wasu malaman Shi'a da suka yi tambaya ko ƙin Mahdism sun haɗa da Abolfazl Borqei Qomi, <ref name="m7"> {{Cite web |title=بررسی علمی در احادیث مهدی - آیت الله العظمی علامه سيد ابو الفضل ابن الرضا برقعى قمی |trans-title= |url=https://www.borqei.com/?q=book/104 |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=fa}} </ref> <ref name="m8">{{Cite web |title=بررسی علمی در احادیث مهدی - نوار اسلام |trans-title= |url=http://fa.islamtape.com/library/book/199/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C.html |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=fa |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627082653/http://fa.islamtape.com/library/book/199/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Heidar Ali Qalmadaran Qomi, da Mohammad Hassan Shariat Sanglaji. <ref name="m9"> {{Cite web |title=نقدِ دیدگاه و عملکرد جریان "قرآنیان شیعه" - پایگاه اطلاع رسانی حوزه |trans-title= |url=https://hawzah.net/fa/Magazine/View/5211/8176/107806/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%90-%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%87#_ednref23 |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=fa}} </ref> Daga cikin malaman yanzu da suka yi aiki a kan Mahdism shine Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani . Yana da muhimman ayyuka guda biyu a wannan fagen, ''Zaɓin Alamar Game da Imam na goma sha biyu'' <ref name="m12">{{Cite web |title=کتابخانه الکترونیکی شیعه - منتخب الاثر فی الامام الثانی عشر علیه السلام |trans-title= |url=https://ebookshia.com/books/view/4868/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1+%D9%81%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C+%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1+%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+(%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AF+2 |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da ''Imamate da Mahdism'' <ref name="m13"> {{Cite web |title=منتخب الاثر فی الامام ثانی عشر علیه السلام (دوره سه جلدی) - پاتوق کتاب فردا |trans-title= |url=https://bookroom.ir/book/63637/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1-%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%B3%D9%87-%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=fa}} </ref> <ref name="m10"> {{Cite web |title=مجموعه 4 جلدی "امامت و مهدویت" اثر آیت‌الله صافی‌گلپایگانی عرضه شد- تسنیم |trans-title= |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1394/02/20/736276/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%87-4-%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA-%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C-%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%AF |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=fa}} </ref> .<ref name="m11">{{Cite web |title=سلسله مباحث امامت و مهدویت - کتابخانه دیجیتال قائمیه |trans-title= |url=https://www.ghbook.ir/index.php?option=com_dbook&task=viewbook&book_id=10756&lang=fa |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=fa |archive-date=23 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323011741/https://www.ghbook.ir/index.php?option=com_dbook&task=viewbook&book_id=10756&lang=fa |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="m14"> {{Cite web |date=5 February 2020 |title=زندگی، فعالیت‌ها و دیدگاه‌های آیت الله صافی گلپایگانی - خبرگزاری مهر |trans-title= |url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/4845510/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88-%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C-%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=fa}} </ref><ref name="m15">{{Cite web |date=18 February 2020 |title=زندگی، فعالیت ها، افکار و تجربیات آیت الله العظمی صافی و شهید صدر - خبرگزاری حوزه |trans-title= |url=https://www.hawzahnews.com/news/886867/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=fa |archive-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119024358/https://www.hawzahnews.com/news/886867/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mahdism a wasu rassan Shi'a == Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka yada ra'ayin Mahdism shine mutuwar kwatsam na Isma'ili, ɗan [[Jafar as-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] (Imam na shida na Shi'a), a cikin 762 AZ, wanda, a cewar ''Isma'il'' Shi'a, an nada shi a matsayin Imam na bakwai na Shi'i. Kodayake yawancin Shi'a sun taru a kusa da ɗayan ɗan Ja'far al-Sadiq, [[Musa al-Qazim|Musa al-Kadhim]], 'yan tsiraru na Shi'a ba su yarda da mutuwar Ismail ba, suna da'awar cewa Ismail yana da rai kuma yana ɓoye kansa. A cewar su, Ismail shine Imam da ba ya nan. Tare da tasowa na Fatimid Caliphate a [[Misra|Misira]], an danganta sunan "Mahdi" ga Fatimid na farko da magajinsa, suna ambaton hadisai da Isma'ilists da sauran tushe suka ba da labari. Koyaya, Isma'ilists suna sa ran Imam na Isma'ili na bakwai zai bayyana a ƙarƙashin sunan Qa'im a ƙarshen lokaci.<ref name="EIS"> {{Cite book|last3=Wilferd Madelung}} </ref> A cikin ƙungiyar Zaidi Shi'a'ism, waɗanda ba sa la'akari da Imamai suna da iko fiye da na mutum, imani da Mahdism ba shi da tabbas. A cikin tarihi, an dauki mutane da yawa a matsayin "Mahdi" ko kuma an yi iƙirarin suna da rai kuma ba su nan. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne ''Husayn ibn Qasim Ayani'', shugaban wata ƙungiya da ta fito daga Zaidi Shi'a'ism, wanda ake kira ƙungiyar Husaynieh. Wani rukuni ya musanta mutuwarsa kuma ya ce shi "Mahdi" kuma ya yi imanin cewa zai dawowa. Amma wannan imani game da waɗannan mutane ba a yarda da shi ba ta yawancin Zaidi Shi'a'ism.<ref name="EIS"/> == Mahdism a reshen Sunni == A cewar Reza Aslan, tare da ci gaban koyarwar Mahdism tsakanin Shi'a, malaman [[Fiƙihu|shari'a]] [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]] sun yi ƙoƙari su nisanta kansu daga imani da Mahdi. A cewar Wilferd Madelung, duk da goyon bayan imani da Mahdi daga wasu muhimman masu bin al'adun Sunni, imani da Mahidi ba a taɓa la'akari da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan imani na shari'ar Sunni ba. An ambaci Mahdi a cikin imanin Sunni, amma da wuya. Yawancin fitattun malaman Sunni, kamar [[Al-Ghazali]], sun guji tattauna wannan batun. Tabbas, a cewar Madelung, wannan gujewa ba ta da yawa saboda rashin gaskatawa da Mahdi <ref name="Aslan" /> kuma mafi yawa (a cewar Reza Aslan) saboda son kauce wa rikice-rikice da rikice-rikicen jama'a. <ref name="EIS"/><ref name="EIS" /> Akwai banbanci kamar [[Ibn Kaldun|Ibn Khaldun]] a cikin littafin "''Muqaddimah''" wanda a bayyane yake adawa da imani da Mahdi kuma yana ɗaukar duk hadisai da suka shafi Mahdi don ƙirƙirar su. Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban tsakanin masu bin al'ada da malaman da suka magance batun Mahdism. An ambaci sunan "Mahdi" sau da yawa a cikin littafin "''[[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]]">Musnad''" na Ahmad ibn Hanbal (wanda ya kafa makarantar [[Hanbaliya|Hanbali]] ta shari'ar Sunni - ɗaya daga cikin manyan makarantun shari'a guda huɗu na Sunni Islama, kuma ɗaya daga cikin Imamai huɗu na Sunni) da kuma hadisai daban-daban game da alamun sake bayyanawar "Mehdi mai alkawari" (da Yesu a cikin hadin gwiwarsa) da aka ambata a can. Ahmad ibn Hanbal ya ba da labari a cikin aikinsa cewa: Da yake ambaton muhimmancin da ingancin "Musnad" na Ahmad ibn Hanbal a tsakanin Sunnis, ya isa Taqi al-Din al-Subki ya rubuta a shafi na 201 na kundi na farko na "''Tabaqat al-Shafeiyah''":    A wasu hadisai a cikin littattafan Sunni, "Mahdi" daidai yake da "Yesu Kristi", yayin da a wasu labaran babu wani ambaton asalin wannan mutumin, ko kuma an ce "ya tashi tare da Yesu. " An kuma ambaci Mahdi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin zuriyar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Husayn ibn Ali]], zuriyar [[Alhasan ɗan Ali|Hasan ibn Ali]] ko ɗan Hasan al-Askari, Imam na goma sha biyu na Shi'a. <ref name="EIS"/> A cikin tarihi har zuwa yau, an yi muhawara mai tsawo tsakanin malaman Sunni game da rawar "mai ceto" da rawar " siyasa" na Mahdi. Amma a cewar Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Sunnis sun yi imanin cewa Mahdi ya fito ne daga dangin Muhammadu, Annabi na Islama kuma zai fito tare da Yesu a lokutan ƙarshe. Ya kuma rubuta cewa imani da zuwan Mahdi yana da ƙarfi sosai a tsakanin Musulmai cewa a cikin tarihi, musamman a lokutan matsin lamba da wahala, ya haifar da fitowar masu da'awar "Mahdism".<ref name="mb2"> {{Cite book|last3=Seyyed Hossein Nasr}} </ref> Marubutan Sunni na zamani kamar su ''Abd al-Muhsin al-Ibad'', ''Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni'', da [[Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz|Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz]] sun kuma ambaci hadisai da aka danganta ga Annabi na Islama game da Mahdi da mai ceton lokutan ƙarshe a cikin littattafansu da jawabai, kuma sun yi la'akari da waɗannan hadisai masu aminci saboda masu ba da labari daban-daban sun ambaci su akai-akai. A cewar Denise Spellberg, manufar "Mahdism", kodayake ba ɗaya daga cikin manyan addinan Sunni ba, Sunnis sun yi la'akari da shi a cikin tarihi. A shekara ta 1881, [[Muhammad Ahmad]] ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne Mahdi a [[Sudan]] kuma ya fara tashin hankali wanda sojojin Burtaniya suka murkushe a shekara ta 1898. Bangaskiya da Mahdism ya haifar da tashin hankali a yamma da arewacin [[Afirka]] a karni na sha tara. A cikin 1849, wani mutum mai suna ''Bo Zian'' ya jagoranci tashin hankali a [[Aljeriya]] game da tsarin harajin Faransa da kuma mamaye ƙasarsa da Faransanci a ƙarƙashin sunan Mahdi . <ref name="Spel"> {{Cite book|last3=Denise Spellberg}} </ref> == Mahdici na Siyasa == Abdolkarim Soroush yana daya daga cikin 'yan tunani kalilan da suka bincika dangantakar da ke tsakanin Mahdism da siyasa kuma suka gabatar da sabon ra'ayi game da Mahdism. Ya yi imanin cewa Mahdism na siyasa ya bayyana kansa a tarihi a cikin siyasa a kalla hanyoyi huɗu:<ref name="m18"> {{Cite web |title=مهدویت، غایت و کفایت از دموکراسی |trans-title= |url=https://www.magiran.com/article/2181884 |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=fa}} </ref><ref name="m19">{{Cite web |title=تأسفی بر سخنان دکتر سروش |trans-title= |url=http://ensani.ir/fa/article/94691/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4 |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=fa |archive-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119200109/https://ensani.ir/fa/article/94691/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="m20"> {{Cite web |title=تحلیلی بر اساس اندیشه سروش ـ مهدویت و دموکراسی. |trans-title= |url=https://zamaaneh.com/idea/2009/08/post_547.html |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=fa}} </ref><ref name="m21">{{Cite web |date=23 July 2012 |title=سیاست روز - نقدي بر مواضع عبدالكريم سروش |trans-title= |url=http://siasatrooz.ir/vdccopqm.2bqpm8laa2.html |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=fa |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920112339/https://www.siasatrooz.ir/vdccopqm.2bqpm8laa2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Ka'idar Tsaro na Mai Shari'a na Musulunci: Ka'idar Kula da Mai Shari'ar Musulunci, wanda bai dace da [[Dimokaraɗiyya|Dimokuradiyya]] ba, shine ɗan Mahdism na siyasa. Mahdism na siyasa ya tabbatar da gata na musamman na Faqīhs ga gwamnati a cikin ka'idar Tsaro na Mai Shari'a na Musulunci. Mahdism na Siyasa, wanda ya dogara da ka'idar Tsaro na Mai Shari'a na Musulunci, ya nuna "Mafi Girma Faqīh" a matsayin mataimakin [[Muhammad al-Mahdi]] kuma ya ba da wannan iko ga "Mafi girman Faqīhi" a cikin iko da mallakar dukiyar yawan Musulmai, wanda Imam da ba ya nan. * Ka'idar mulkin mallaka a madadin Imam na sarakunan Safavid: Wani nau'i na Mahdism na siyasa a duk tarihin da ''Abdolkarim Soroush'' ke nufin shine ka'idar "masarauta a madadin imam na sarakunan safavid". Wannan ka'idar a zahiri ka'idar siyasa ce ta Safavids. Wannan ka'idar kuma a bayyane take da rikici da dimokuradiyya. * Ka'idar Hojjatieh game da rashin amfani da siyasa: Wani nau'i na Mahdism na siyasa da ''Abdolkarim Soroush'' ya ambata shine ka'idar rashin amfani da siyasar a lokacin da ba ta nan kuma ta hukunta dukkan gwamnatoci kafin fitowar "Imam of Time" a matsayin mai cin zarafi. A cikin tarihi, yawancin Shi'a Faqīh sun ba da shawarar wannan ka'idar, kuma kafin juyin juya halin Musulunci, wannan ra'ayi ya yada ta hanyar Hojjatieh Association. * Ka'idar Musulunci mai juyin juya hali ko "Waiting, makarantar zanga-zanga": A cewar ''Abdolkarim Soroush'', wani nau'i na Mahdism wanda bai dace da dimokuradiyya ba shine ka'idar "Waiting", makarantar zanga-zangar" ta Dokta Ali Shari'a. Shariati ya bayyana a cikin labarin "Waiting, a protest school" a matsayin Utopia da masanin tarihi wanda ya yi imani da ƙaddamar da tarihi, wanda ke da hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita don jiran Mahdism don canza matsayin yanzu da kuma cimma burinsa na Utopia. == Dubi kuma ==   == manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Mahdism Kalmomin - ma'anar Mahdism] * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mahdists Ma'anar Mahdist - mabiyan al-Mahdī] * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/mahdism-and-islamism-in-sudan/34C6921740D5D3568EC2BF616EB27540 Mahdi da Musulunci a Sudan] * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-sociology-archives-europeennes-de-sociologie/article/abs/millenarianism-and-mahdism-in-lebanon/2F81B5C1E4750CA25235F3EEB1795A09 Millenniarianism da Mahdism a Lebanon] * [https://www.amazon.com/Mahdism-Islamic-Messianism-Universal-Doctrinal/dp/1543061990 Mahdism: addinin Almasihu na Musulunci da Imani a Zuwan Mai Ceto na Duniya] * [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263200500262041?journalCode=fmes20 Daga Mahdism zuwa Neo-Mahdism a Sudan] * [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-doctrine-of-mahdism Musulunci: Koyarwar Mahdism] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i82vlscpw85ifdmov1fn42rmqg4mz19 0 90163 842046 836262 2026-05-29T01:46:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mahsas''' ƙauye ne a Lardin Boumerdès a Kabylie, [[Aljeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Commune de Tidjelabine : Déficit en infrastructures de base |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/313241 |access-date=2021-01-25 |website=Djazairess |archive-date=2025-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101121953/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/313241 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tidjelabine (Boumerdès) : M'Rail ou l'imbroglio des terres en litige |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/1697475 |access-date=2021-01-25 |website=Djazairess |archive-date=2025-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101121953/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/1697475 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Wuri == Ƙauyen na kewaye da Kogin Meraldene da [[Boumerdès River|kogin Boumerdès]] da garuruwan [[Thénia]] da Tidjelabine a cikin tsaunukan ''Khachna.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=بالفيديو والصور.. محجرة تهدد الأراضي الفلاحية بتجلابين في بومرداس |url=https://www.djazairess.com/ennahar/475731 |access-date=2021-01-25 |website=جزايرس |archive-date=2024-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222021144/https://www.djazairess.com/ennahar/475731 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tidjelabine (Boumerdès) : L'Assemblée communale face aux citoyens |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/1555081 |access-date=2021-01-25 |website=Djazairess |archive-date=2025-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101121953/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/1555081 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=تيجلابين ببومرداس:مشاكل بالجملة وحلول بالتقسيط بحي عليليقية تيجلابين |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elbilad/3112 |access-date=2021-01-25 |website=جزايرس |archive-date=2024-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220213805/https://www.djazairess.com/elbilad/3112 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Fitattun mutane == * [[Ahmed Mahsas]] (1923-2013) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Ƙauyuka a Aljeriya]] kibrcvotidnknjuk521px82z6hbg2hv 0 94020 842419 610058 2026-05-29T11:43:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Martha Kehres Roby''' ( ROH - / ; née Dubina ; '''an''' haife ta a watan Yuli 26, 1976) lauya ce Ba'amurke kuma ƴar siyasa wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Amurka a Alabama's 2nd congressional district daga 2011 zuwa 2021. 'Yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|jam'iyyar Republican]], ta doke dan takarar Demokradiyyar Amurka Bobby Bright a shekara ta 2010 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Representative Martha Dubina Roby (R-Alabama, 2nd) - Biography |url=http://www.legistorm.com/memberbio/2723/Rep_Martha_Roby_AL.html |access-date=May 18, 2017 |website=LegiStorm}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, Roby da Terri Sewell sun zama mata na farko da aka zaba zuwa Majalisa daga Alabama a zabuka na yau da kullum. A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2019, Roby ta sanar da cewa za ta yi ritaya daga Majalisa a ƙarshen wa'adinta na biyar, wanda ya ƙare a cikin 2021. == Rayuwar farko, ilimi, da aikin shari'a == An haifi Martha Dubina a [[Montgomery|Montgomery, Alabama]], ga Joel Dubina, alƙali a Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka don zagaye na sha ɗaya . Ta halarci Jami'ar New York, inda ta sami digiri na digiri na kiɗa . Daga nan ta shiga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Samford Cumberland a Birmingham, Alabama, ta karɓi JD dinta a 2001. Kafin shiga siyasa, ta yi aiki a kamfanin lauyoyi na Copeland, Franco. == Majalisar Garin Montgomery == === Zabe === An zabi Roby a matsayin dan majalisar birnin Montgomery a shekara ta 2003, inda ya kayar da jimlar 'yan adawa biyar, kuma ya lashe kashi 54.88% na kuri'un da aka kada a gundumarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Election Results-2003 |url=http://www.montgomeryal.gov/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002041808/http://www.montgomeryal.gov/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=29 |archive-date=October 2, 2011 |access-date=May 18, 2017}}</ref> === Lokaci === A wa'adinta na farko a kansila, Roby ta bi sahun wasu 'yan majalisa uku sannan kuma magajin gari Bobby Bright wajen adawa da ginin cibiyar kasuwanci a Gabashin Montgomery. Har ila yau, ta yi adawa da mayar da sharar gida, ta goyi bayan karuwar harajin sigari na 10 cent, [ kuma ta yi jayayya don hutun harajin tallace-tallace na jiha. == Majalisar Wakilan Amurka ==   Roby ya kalubalanci dan majalisar dokokin Amurka na jam'iyyar Democrat kuma tsohon magajin garin Montgomery Bobby Bright a gundumar majalisa ta 2 ta Alabama . A zaben fidda gwani na ‘yan takara hudu na jam’iyyar Republican, Roby ya zo na daya da kashi 49% na kuri’un da aka kada, inda ya gaza kaso 50% na kuri’un da ake bukata don lashe zaben da kuma kaucewa zaben fidda gwani. Rick Barber ya zo na biyu da kashi 29% na kuri'un. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2010 |title=AL District 02 - R Primary Race |url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=508440 |access-date=May 11, 2017 |publisher=Our Campaigns}}</ref> A zaben fidda gwani, Roby ya doke shi da kashi 60-40%. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2010 |title=AL District 2 - R Runoff Race |url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=653745 |access-date=May 11, 2017 |publisher=Our Campaigns}}</ref> [[Fayil:Martha_Roby_-_Freshmen_Support_GOP_Budget_Control_Act_7-28-11.png|thumb| Martha Roby tana magana a taron manema labarai na GOP a cikin 2011]] Gasar ta 2010 tana ɗaya daga cikin gasa mafi tsada a tarihin gundumar. Roby ta kashe jimillar $1,240,275.64 a zabenta na 2010. Yawancin kudadenta sun fito ne daga gudunmawar mutane masu yawa. Babban mai ba da gudummawarta shine Jim Wilson da Associates, mai haɓaka gidaje na Montgomery, waɗanda suka ba da gudummawar $25,300. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Open Secrets |url=http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00030768&cycle=2010 |access-date=November 21, 2011}}</ref> Jagoranci PACs ya ba da gudummawar jimillar $106,010. <ref> name="Alabama 2nd District" </ref> Roby ya doke Bright da kashi 51 – 49%, sabanin kuri’u 4,780. Roby ya lashe larduna 7 daga cikin gundumomin 16: Autauga, Elmore, Covington, Coffee, Geneva, Dale, da Houston County. Bright ta lashe gundumar Montgomery da kashi 59% na kuri'un. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2010 |title=AL - District 02 Race |url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=487756 |publisher=Our Campaigns}}</ref> ==== 2012 ==== A cikin takararta na sake zabar kujerarta, ta sami amincewar 36 magajin gari a Alabama, Alabama Farmers Federation, da Susan B. Anthony List . Gundumar ta 2 ta dade ta kasance gundumar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, kuma Roby ya yi nasara a karo na biyu, inda ya doke Democrat Therese Ford da kashi 64-36%. Ta lashe kananan hukumomi 11 daga cikin 15 na gundumar. Ta yi asarar gundumar Montgomery ta gida da wani gefe na 53-47%. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AL - District 02 Race - Nov 06, 2012 |url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=705230 |access-date=2017-07-07 |publisher=Our Campaigns}}</ref> ==== 2014 ==== Roby ya lashe zaben da kashi 67.34% na kuri'un da aka kada, inda ya doke dan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat Erick Wright. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Certified General Election Results |url=http://alabamavotes.gov/downloads/election/2014/general/2014GeneralResults-WithWriteIn.pdf |access-date=December 13, 2014 |publisher=Alabama Secretary of State}}</ref> ==== 2016 ==== A ranar 1 ga Maris, 2016, Roby ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na Republican da kashi 64% na kuri'un. Ta lashe zaben gama gari da kashi 48.8% na kuri'un da aka kada. Dan jam'iyyar Democrat Nathan Mathis ya samu kashi 40.5% na kuri'un da aka kada kuma 'yan takarar da suka rubuta takarda sun samu kashi 10.7% na kuri'un. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alabama's 2nd Congressional District election, 2016 |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Alabama%27s_2nd_Congressional_District_election,_2016 |access-date=January 17, 2018 |publisher=Ballotpedia}}</ref> ==== 2018 ==== Roby ya doke Bobby Bright, wanda ke kan karagar mulki da ta fara kayar da shi a shekara ta 2010 wanda tun daga lokacin ya koma jam'iyyar Republican, a zaben fidda gwani na Republican da kuma zagaye na biyu na zaben. Ta samu kashi 68% na kuri'un da aka kada a zagaye na biyu na zaben. A babban zaben kasar, ta doke 'yar takarar Democrat Tabitha Isner da kashi 61.4% na kuri'un da aka kada. === Ayyukan kwamitin === * '''Kwamitin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kan Kudi''' ** Kwamitin Kayyade Kayan Gida na Amurka akan Kasuwanci, Adalci, da Kimiyya ** Kwamitin Kasafin Kudi na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka Kan Gina Sojoji da Harkokin Tsohon Sojoji ** Kwamitin Kasafin Kudi na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kan Ayyuka na Jiha da na Waje * '''Kwamitin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kan Ma'aikatar Shari'a''' ** Karamin Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kan Kotuna, Dukiyoyin Hankali da Intanet (Mai daraja) * '''Kwamitin Zaɓar Majalisa kan Abubuwan da suka Kewaye Hare-haren Ta'addanci na 2012 a Benghazi''' (2014-2016) === Lokaci === [[Fayil:Weekly_Republican_Address_21613_Rep._Martha_Roby.png|thumb| Martha Roby tana gabatar da Adireshin Republican na mako-mako a cikin 2013.]] A cikin Disamba 2011, Roby ya kada kuri'a don goyon bayan HR 10, "Dokokin Daga Gudanarwa a Bukatar Dokar Bincika," wanda zai buƙaci amincewar majalisa ga duk wani "manyan ka'idoji" da reshen zartarwa ya bayar amma, ba kamar Dokar Bita na Majalisa ta 1996 ba, ba zai buƙaci sa hannun shugaban kasa ba ko soke wani abu mai yiwuwa. Roby ya kada kuri'a a watan Satumba na 2013 don rage dala biliyan 39 daga shirin tambarin abinci. A cikin 2011, kusan gidaje 41,000 a gundumar majalisa ta Roby sun sami tamburan abinci. A cikin watan Fabrairun 2017, ta kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da wani kuduri da zai umurci majalisar ta bukaci Trump ya biya harajin na tsawon shekaru 10, wanda kwamitin hanyoyin da hanyoyin majalisar zai sake duba shi a wani zama na sirri. A cikin 2017, Roby ya kuma ba da gudummawar daftarin doka don buƙatar cin zarafin jima'i da horar da wariya ga duk membobin House, ma'aikata, ma'aikata da ma'aikatan da ba a biya su ba. Kudirin ya wuce Majalisa. Ba ta goyi bayan ikon 'yan majalisa su yi amfani da dalar haraji don sasanta da'awar cin zarafin mata ba. A watan Yulin 2019, Roby ta ce za ta yi ritaya daga Majalisa a karshen wa'adin ta. A watan Disambar 2019, Roby ta kada kuri'ar adawa da tsige Donald Trump na farko a matsayinta na kwamitin shari'a na majalisar. A lokacin jefa kuri'a, dan Roby, George, ya zauna a kan cinyarta. Game da tsigewa, Roby ya ce Amurkawa "ya kamata su ji an zamba" kuma jam'iyyar Democrat ta gudanar da "rashin bin gaskiya da rashin cikawa." == Matsayin siyasa == Vote Smart, ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta da ke tattarawa da rarraba bayanai game da 'yan takara na ofishin jama'a a Amurka, "bincike bayanan jama'a na shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisa don sanin yiwuwar amsawar 'yan takara kan wasu muhimman batutuwa." A cewar Vote Smart's 2016 analysis, Roby general supports zubar da ciki ƙuntatawa, adawa da wani samun kudin shiga haraji karuwa, adawa da tarayya ciyarwa a matsayin hanyar inganta tattalin arziki ci gaban, goyon bayan rage haraji a matsayin hanyar inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki, adawa da bukatar jihohi su rungumi tarayya ilimi matsayin, goyon bayan gina Keystone bututu, goyon bayan gwamnati kudi ga ci gaban da makamashin gas na tarayya, adawa da sake sabunta makamashin iskar gas, adawa da gwamnatin tarayya makamashi. dokar kula da bindiga, tana goyan bayan soke Dokar Kulawa mai araha, tana tallafawa buƙatar baƙi waɗanda ke ba da izini ba bisa ka'ida ba don komawa ƙasarsu ta asali kafin su cancanci zama ɗan ƙasa, suna adawa da auren jinsi ɗaya, yana goyan bayan ƙara yawan shigar Amurka a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] da [[Siriya]] fiye da tallafin iska, kuma yana adawa da barin mutane su karkatar da wani yanki na asusun ajiyar kuɗin Social Security . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Martha Roby's Issue Positions (Political Courage Test) |url=https://votesmart.org/candidate/political-courage-test/71604/martha-roby/#.Wl-2AEtG0js |access-date=January 10, 2018 |publisher=[[Vote Smart]]}}</ref> === Zubar da ciki === [[Fayil:Speaking_at_the_March_for_Life_Rally_2.jpg|thumb| Martha Roby tana magana a 2011 Maris for Life Rally a Washington, DC]] Roby ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "mai goyon bayan rayuwa ." Tun daga shekarar 2019, Roby yana da 0% kima daga Planned Parenthood . <ref name="PPAL">{{Cite web |title=Congressional Scorecard |url=https://www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/congressional-scorecard#AL/317/ |access-date=January 20, 2020 |publisher=Planned Parenthood Action Fund}}</ref> Ta goyi bayan Gyaran Hyde kuma tana adawa da masu samar da zubar da ciki da samun damar samun kuɗin Title X. Ta na adawa da zubar da ciki na jinsi da jinsi. Ta goyi bayan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na haɗawa da “ɗan adam da aka haifa” a cikin Kwaskwarima na Goma sha huɗu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka tare da daukar nauyin kudirin yin hakan. A cikin 2011, ta sanya hannu kan dokar hana ba da tallafi ga Asusun Kiɗa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Ta dauki nauyin Dokar Tsarkakewar Rayuwar Dan Adam . <ref name="OTI Abortion">{{Cite web |title=Martha Roby on Abortion |url=https://www.ontheissues.org/House/Martha_Roby_Abortion.htm |access-date=January 20, 2020 |publisher=On The Issues}}</ref> === Kasafin kudi === A lokacin zaben 2010, Roby ya yi alkawarin rage kashe kudade na gwamnati kuma za ta goyi bayan Yarjejeniyar Kasafin Kudi Daidaitacce, goyan bayan veto abu na layi, tallafawa kawo karshen tsarin da aka kebe a halin yanzu, adawa da bailouts na gwamnati da karbe kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da kuma tallafawa bukatun kasafin kudin da za a gabatar don Tsaron Jama'a da Medicare. === Cannabis === Roby yana da darajar "D" daga ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwari ta halatta marijuana ta National Organisation for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) da maki sifili daga cikin shida daga Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Cannabis ta ƙasa game da rikodin jefa ƙuri'arta kan abubuwan da suka shafi cannabis . <ref name="NORML">{{Cite web |title=Alabama Scorecard |url=http://norml.org/congressional-scorecard/alabama |access-date=December 21, 2017 |publisher=NORML}}</ref> <ref name="NCIA">{{Cite web |title=Congressional Scorecard |url=https://thecannabisindustry.org/ncia-news-resources/congressional-scorecards/alabama/ |access-date=January 20, 2020 |publisher=The National Cannabis Industry Association }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Roby yana adawa da halatta amfani da tabar wiwi na likita, nishaɗi, da na tsofaffi. Hakanan tana adawa da halasta hemp. <ref name="NCIA" /> === Hakkokin jama'a === Tun daga 2018, Roby yana da 3% rating daga American Civil Liberties Union da kuma 9% rating daga NAACP game da ta pro-civil rights vote. <ref name="ACLU">{{Cite web |title=Legislative Scorecard 2018 |url=https://www.aclu.org/other/legislative-scorecard-2018 |access-date=January 20, 2020 |publisher=American Civil Liberties Union}}</ref> <ref name="NAACP">{{Cite web |title=How Congress Voted |url=https://live-naacp-site.pantheonsite.io/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/ALABAMA2-1.pdf |access-date=January 20, 2020 |publisher=NAACP |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626140408/https://live-naacp-site.pantheonsite.io/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/ALABAMA2-1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin da gwamnatin Obama ta ba da jagora a cikin 2016 cewa a bar ɗaliban transgender a makarantun gwamnati su zaɓi wuraren banɗaki da za su yi amfani da su, Roby ya ce gwamnatin ta “rasa hankalinsu.” <ref>{{Cite web |last=Koplowitz |first=Howard |date=2016-05-14 |title='They have lost their minds': Roby, Palmer blast Obama administration over transgender student bathroom guidance |url=https://www.al.com/news/2016/05/they_have_lost_their_minds_rob.html |access-date=2019-04-23 |website=al.com}}</ref> Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya baiwa Roby kima na sifili saboda rashin goyon bayanta ga manufofin haƙƙin LGBTQ. <ref name="HRC">{{Cite web |title=Congressional Scorecard |url=http://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/115thCongressionalScorecard-Report.pdf?_ga=2.165586424.63404793.1579555859-119887768.1579555859 |access-date=January 20, 2020 |publisher=Human Rights Campaign |archive-date=September 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919201143/https://assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/115thCongressionalScorecard-Report.pdf?_ga=2.165586424.63404793.1579555859-119887768.1579555859 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin zamanta a majalisar dokokin Alabama, Roby ya ba da shawarar yiwuwar tsige alkalin kotun tarayya Mark Fuller, wanda aka tuhume shi kuma ya amsa laifin cin zarafin mata . Roby ta kada kuri'ar adawa da dokar cin zarafin mata saboda ta ce wasu sassan dokar sun sabawa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. Waɗannan ɓangarorin sun haɗa da ikon waɗanda ba ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka ba su gurfanar da ƴan asalin ƙasar a gaban kotun ƙabilanci saboda tuhumar tashin hankali cikin gida. Ta ce "Yana cire damar da za a bi don mutanen da ba dan kabilar ba." === Tattalin Arziki === A cikin 2010, ta yi alƙawarin soke Sabis na Harajin Cikin Gida (IRS). Tun daga 2017, Roby yana da ƙimar 0% tare da Tarayyar Amurka, Gundumomi da Ma'aikatan Municipal da ƙimar 10% daga AFL-CIO don rikodin kada kuri'arta na adawa da ma'aikaci. <ref name="AFSCME">{{Cite web |title=AFSCME 115 Report Card |url=https://www.afscme.org/issues/congressional-scorecards/doc1/AFSCME-2017-House-Congressional-Scorecard.pdf |access-date=January 20, 2020 |publisher=American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees}}</ref> <ref name="AFLCIO">{{Cite web |title=Legislator Voting Records |url=https://aflcio.org/scorecard/legislators |access-date=January 20, 2020 |publisher=AFL-CIO}}</ref> Tana da rating 89% daga Cibiyar Kasuwancin Amurka don goyon bayanta na manufofin kasuwanci. <ref name="Chamber">{{Cite web |title=How They Voted 2018 |url=https://www.uschamber.com/how-they-voted/2018#all |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021013638/https://www.uschamber.com/how-they-voted/2018#all |archive-date=October 21, 2021 |access-date=January 20, 2020 |publisher=U.S. Chamber of Commerce}}</ref> Ta na adawa da kara wa gwamnatin tarayya karin mafi karancin albashi, tana kuma goyon bayan soke mafi karancin albashin ma’aikata na tarayya, tana mai cewa “Mafi kyawun abin da gwamnatin tarayya za ta iya yi wajen ganin an kara albashi shi ne ta kauce hanya,” tana mai cewa hakan na kawo cikas ga ci gaba. === Ilimi === Da aka tambaye ta ko akwai ma’aikatar tarayya ko hukumar da za ta iya kawar da ita, sai ta ce za ta soke ma’aikatar ilimi amma ta ajiye tallafin da gwamnatin tarayya ke ba jihohi. Roby yana goyan bayan addu'ar son rai a duk makarantu. <ref name="OTI Education">{{Cite web |title=Martha Roby on Education |url=https://www.ontheissues.org/House/Martha_Roby_Education.htm |access-date=January 20, 2020 |website=On the Issues}}</ref> === Manazarta === [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nj6glqk9zcwym91ulvzkdpwl004h3uk 0 94924 842038 836243 2026-05-29T00:31:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Maenad: Jaridar Rubuce-rubucen Mata''' wata jarida ce ta mata ta Amurka da aka buga a Gloucester, Massachusetts a farkon shekarun 1980. Abubuwan da ke cikin mujallar sun haɗa da rubutun mata masu mahimmanci, zane-zane, da rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa. Har ila yau, a kai a kai yana nuna sake dubawa na littafi, wasiƙu ga masu gyara, da tallace-tallace ga wasu wallafe-wallafen mata kamar HERESIES. ''Jarumai. Maenad'' ya daina bugawa bayan 'yan shekaru. An ce taken jaridar ya samo asali ne daga Maenads daga tatsuniyoyin Helenawa. Kamar mabiya mata "mai tsananin tashin hankali" na allahn Girka Dionysus, ''Maenad: Jaridar Littattafan Mata'' ta bayyana duka "hauka da wahayi a cikin fatar shafukanta".<ref>Mellisa Harwood (1981) Maenad: A Women's Literary Journal, Serials Review, 7:4, 26, {{Doi|10.1080/00987913.1981.10763312}}</ref> Mujallar sau da yawa tana ba da shawara ga masu ba da gudummawa a cikin jagororin gabatarwarsu:<blockquote>"Muna neman ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyin mata masu rikitarwa da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, gami da rubuce-rubucen 'yan mata da na duniya ta uku. Yankunanmu na damuwa suna da yawa: labaran gaskiya da na ka'idoji, aikin tarihin rayuwa da tarihi, fiction, sake dubawa, zargi da kuma tarin littattafai. "<ref>Loeb, Catherine. "New Periodicals." ''Feminist Collections,'' vol. 3, no.1, Fall 1981. University of Wisconsin, p. 18, February 1985. https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/21528/FC_3.1_Fall1981.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215012940/https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/21528/FC_3.1_Fall1981.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |date=2026-02-15 }}</ref></blockquote>''Maenad'' ta nuna ayyukan daga mata daban-daban kamar Adrienne Rich, [[Zita N. Dressner]], da Elaine Wing. A shekara ta 1983, ''Maenad'' ta rufe saboda rashin kudade da bashi.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1983 |title=Feminist Collections, v.5, no.1 (fall 1983) |url=https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/21551 |language=en-US |issn=0742-7441 |access-date=2025-03-04 |archive-date=2025-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304104218/https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/21551 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> sxk4825g8eccqrfz09fg398lctbd4i7 0 95479 842287 600487 2026-05-29T09:13:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maria Lamas''' (6 ga Oktoba 1893 - 6 ga Disamba 1983) marubuciya ce ta Portuguese, mai fassara, 'yar jarida, kuma mai fafutukar siyasa ta mata. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Maria da Conceição Vassalo e Silva da Cunha Lamas a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1893 a Torres Novas a cikin Gundumar Santarém ta [[Portugal]] . Iyayenta duka sun fito ne daga iyalai masu arziki. Mahaifinta ya kasance Freemason yayin da mahaifiyarta [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] ce mai ibada. Tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu kuma ita ce 'yar'uwar Manuel António Vassalo da Silva, wanda zai zama Gwamna na karshe na Indiya ta Portugal, kuma dan uwan marubutan littattafan yara Alice Vieira da marubuciya kuma mai bugawa Maria Lúcia Vassalo Namorado . Ta halarci makarantar firamare da sakandare a Torres Novas, ta kammala karatun sakandare a makarantar kwana da 'yan majami'ar Mutanen Espanya ke gudanarwa, inda mahaifinta ya cire ta, ta damu da cewa tana bunkasa aikin addini. Wataƙila nunan ba su yi takaici ba: an nakalto daya yana cewa "aljanin ya bar nan". A lokacin da take da shekaru 17, a 1911, ta auri Teófilo José Pignolet Ribeiro da Fonseca, jami'in makarantar Cavalry ta yankin. A cikin wannan shekarar, kuma ta riga ta yi juna biyu, ta bi mijinta wanda aka sanya shi aiki a gidan yarin soja a Capelongo a cikin abin da ke Angola ta Portugal a lokacin. An haifi 'yarta ta farko a can. A shekara ta 1913 Maria Lamas ta koma Portugal, ta sake yin ciki. Tare da [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]], auren ya rushe, kuma an tura mijinta zuwa gaba a Flanders da Faransa, an tilasta mata neman hanyar tallafa wa kanta da 'ya'yanta mata. Ta koma [[Lisbon]] kuma ta fara aiki a Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Amurka tare da taimakon Virgínia Quaresma, mace ta farko a Portugal. Ta kuma rubuta wa jaridu na Portuguese kamar ''Correio da Manhã'' . A shekara ta 1920 an ba ta saki kuma a shekara ta 1921 ta auri ɗan jarida Alfredo da Cunha Lamas . Ma'auratan suna da 'yar amma sun rabu ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwarta kuma an sake su a hukumance a 1936. Amma koyaushe tana riƙe da sunan mahaifiyar mijinta na biyu. == Ayyuka == Bayan aurenta na biyu Lamas ta fara rubutu ga wasu jaridu, kamar su O Século, da A Capital, da kuma buga waƙoƙi (Os Humildes, 1923), jerin shirye-shirye, litattafai (Caminho Luminoso, Para Além do Amor, Ilha Verde), da labarun yara. Ayyukanta ga mata sun fi siyasa kuma sun mai da hankali kan inganta haƙƙin mata. A cikin 1928, an gayyace ta don jagorantar kari, Modas & Bordados na O Século, a gayyatar marubucin José Maria Ferreira de Castro . Ayyukanta a kan wannan mujallar, wanda ya dauki kusan shekaru ashirin, da sauri ya haifar da asarar kari, sakamakon yadda take rubuta "mace ga mace" da kuma yin tambaya game da al'adun gargajiya da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na mata a cikin al'ummar Portugal. A cikin 1936, ta kuma kirkiro wani kari, ''Joaninha'', ga 'yan mata. Ta zama abokiyar wasu marubuta mata a Portugal, kamar su Branca de Gonta Colaço . A shekara ta 1936 ta shiga Majalisar Mata ta Portuguese (CNMP) , wacce a wannan lokacin ta kasance jagoranta ta mai fafutukar mata Adelaide Cabete. Ta fara dangantaka da Ferreira de Castro, sau da yawa masana tarihi suna kiranta da "amitié amoureuse". Sun musayar wasiƙu da yawa, katunan wasiƙa da telegrams da ke ba da rahoto game da rayuwar yau da kullun, tafiye-tafiye, tunani, baƙin ciki, mafarki da yabo game da aikin wallafe-wallafen juna, wanda ya ƙare ne kawai a 1973, shekara kafin mutuwarsa. A bayyane yake, sun shirya a buga waɗannan bayan mutuwarsu. A cikin 1930, ta kirkiro, tare da CNMP da O Século, "Nuni na Ayyukan Mata, na dā da na zamani na halin wallafe-wallafen, fasaha da kimiyya", wanda aka yi niyyar ba da ganuwa ga aikin mata daga duk Portugal. Ya haifar da hankalin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa kuma ya kara ganuwarta tare da CNMP, wanda ya zaba ta a matsayin Shugaba na Ilimi a 1937 da Littattafai a 1939. An sanya ta Jami'in Order of Santiago (Portuguese: Ordem Militar de Sant'Iago da Espada) a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1934, saboda aikinta a madadin mata. Bayan shekara guda, ta shiga Associação Feminina Portuguesa para a Paz (Kungiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Mata ta Portugal - AFPP), inda ta sadu da wata 'yar'uwar mata kuma mai fafutukar adawa da gwamnati, Virgínia Moura . Tun daga wannan lokacin, ta fara sanya hannu kan aikinta a matsayin Maria Lamas, bayan da ta yi amfani da sunayen da ba a sani ba kamar "Serrana d'Ayre", "Rosa Silvestre", "Vagna Ina" da "Armia", na ƙarshe ana amfani dashi a cikin mujallar Alma feminina, hanyar sadarwa ta CNMP. [[Fayil:Conselho_nacional_mulheres_portuguesas_exposição_livros_escritos_por_mulheres.jpg|thumb|285x285px|Rufin kundin nune-''Nunin Littattafan da Mata suka Rubuta'', wanda Lamas ta shirya]] A watan Yulin 1945, ta zama shugabar kwamitin CNMP, tare da alkawarin inganta kamfen na karatu da rubutu a duk faɗin ƙasar. Ta yi murabus daga matsayinta a O Século kuma ta fara daya daga cikin muhimman ayyukanta na wallafe-wallafen The Women of my Country (As Mulheres do Meu País), rahoto na farko game da yanayin rayuwar mata na Portugal. A shekara ta 1947 ta kuma shirya baje kolin littattafan da mata suka rubuta. Wannan ya haɗu da littattafai dubu uku daga marubuta mata 1400 daga ƙasashe talatin, waɗanda suka cika Babban Hall of Fine Arts a Jami'ar Lisbon. Ba da daɗewa ba, duk da haka, gwamnatin Estado Novo mai iko ta ayyana CNMP a matsayin haramtacciyar kungiya. A shekara ta 1952, ta wallafa wani littafi mai nau'i biyu a kan The Woman in the World (A Mulher no Mundo), wanda ya ba da tarihin kwatankwacin yanayin ''Mace a Duniya'', sakamakon cikakken bincike.<ref name="Bastos">{{Cite journal |last=Pereira Bastos |first=José Gabriel |title=A epopeia de Maria Lamas, a peregrina do ideal - Uma heroína do século XX |url=http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0874-68852015000200007 |journal=Faces de Eva. Estudos Sobre a Mulher |publisher=Universidade Nova de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas |issue=34 |pages=69–87 |access-date=12 June 2020}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPereira_Bastos">Pereira Bastos, José Gabriel. [http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0874-68852015000200007 "A epopeia de Maria Lamas, a peregrina do ideal - Uma heroína do século XX"]. ''Faces de Eva. Estudos Sobre a Mulher'' (34). Universidade Nova de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas: <span class="nowrap">69–</span>87<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="CVC">{{Cite web |last=Fiadeiro |first=Maria Antónia |title=Maria Lamas |url=http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/seculo-xx/maria-lamas-dp16.html#.XuTpqkXduUl |access-date=13 June 2020 |website=Centro Virtual Camões |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225052706/http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/seculo-xx/maria-lamas-dp16.html#.XuTpqkXduUl |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFiadeiro">Fiadeiro, Maria Antónia. [http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/seculo-xx/maria-lamas-dp16.html#.XuTpqkXduUl "Maria Lamas"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225052706/http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/seculo-xx/maria-lamas-dp16.html#.XuTpqkXduUl |date=2024-02-25 }}. ''Centro Virtual Camões''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="CCA">{{Cite web |last=Brandão |first=Lucas |date=12 June 2019 |title=Os testemunhos de Irene Lisboa e de Maria Lamas num Portugal oprimido |url=https://www.comunidadeculturaearte.com/os-testemunhos-de-irene-lisboa-e-de-maria-lamas-num-portugal-oprimido/ |access-date=13 June 2020 |website=Comunidade Cultura e Arte}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBrandão2019">Brandão, Lucas (12 June 2019). [https://www.comunidadeculturaearte.com/os-testemunhos-de-irene-lisboa-e-de-maria-lamas-num-portugal-oprimido/ "Os testemunhos de Irene Lisboa e de Maria Lamas num Portugal oprimido"]. ''Comunidade Cultura e Arte''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Dukansu ''Mata na Ƙasar ta'' ''Mace a Duniya'' sun kasance ƙarƙashin tantancewa, gaskiyar da ta sami matukar takaici. Bayan Juyin Juya Halin Carnation a shekara ta 1974, wanda ya hambarar da Estado Novo, ta sanar da cewa za ta rubuta littafi yana cewa duk abubuwan da ba ta iya fada ba a baya, kodayake ba a sami wani rubutun hannu ba.<ref name="Expresso">{{Cite web |last=Margato |first=Cristina |title=Maria Lamas e Ferreira de Castro: uma relação longa e profunda |url=https://vidaextra.expresso.pt/artes/2019-01-21-Maria-Lamas-e-Ferreira-de-Castro-uma-relacao-longa-e-profunda |access-date=14 June 2020 |website=Vida Extra |publisher=Expresso |archive-date=2020-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622164045/https://vidaextra.expresso.pt/artes/2019-01-21-Maria-Lamas-e-Ferreira-de-Castro-uma-relacao-longa-e-profunda |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMargato">Margato, Cristina. [https://vidaextra.expresso.pt/artes/2019-01-21-Maria-Lamas-e-Ferreira-de-Castro-uma-relacao-longa-e-profunda "Maria Lamas e Ferreira de Castro: uma relação longa e profunda"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622164045/https://vidaextra.expresso.pt/artes/2019-01-21-Maria-Lamas-e-Ferreira-de-Castro-uma-relacao-longa-e-profunda |date=2020-06-22 }}. ''Vida Extra''. Expresso<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ta kuma ci gaba da bunkasa farfaganda a kan Estado Novo kuma ta goyi bayan takarar shugaban kasa ta José Norton de Matos a shekarar 1949. Ta kasance mai aiki a cikin Movement of Democratic Unity (MUD), wanda ya ba da dandamali ga kungiyoyin da ke adawa da Estado Novo . Ayyukanta sun kai ta ga ɗaure ta sau da yawa a Kurkukun Caxias kusa da Lisbon (1949, 1953 da 1962). A shekara ta 1949 an tsare ta a ware na watanni da yawa kuma ta yi rashin lafiya sosai. A shekara ta 1962, ta gaji da rayuwa a karkashin barazanar kamawa, ta yi tafiya zuwa Paris. A can, ta sadu da marubuciya Marguerite Yourcenar kuma ta fassara ɗayan ayyukanta. Ta fara bunkasa ayyukan don tallafawa 'yan gudun hijirar Portugal waɗanda ke adawa da mulkin, kamar Helena Pato da Stella Piteira Santos, kawai suka koma Portugal a ƙarshen 1969, tare da tabbacin cewa babu takardar shaidar kama ta. A duk lokacin da take birnin Paris ta zauna a wani karamin otal a Yankin Latin Quarter . Har ila yau, an tura ta gudun hijira a tsibirin Madeira na Portugal. == Bayan juyin juya halin Carnation == Bayan juyin mulkin Estado Novo sakamakon Juyin Juya Halin Carnation, a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1974, Lamas ya shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Portugal a hukumance. Ta kuma sami girmamawa da ''Mata'', ta zama darakta na Kwamitin Portuguese na Zaman Lafiya da Haɗin Kai; shugaban girmamawa na Democratic Women's Movement a 1975; kuma darakta na littafin Mulheres a 1978. Ta sami Order of Liberty (Portuguese: Ordem da Liberdade) a cikin 1980; Assembleia da República ta girmama ta a cikin 1982; kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Eugénie Cotton daga Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Mata ta Duniya (FDIM) a cikin 1983. Lamas ya halarci taron da ya kafa Tarayyar, a cikin 1946 <ref name="Bastos"/> .<ref name="CVC"/><ref name="Leme">{{Cite web |title=Maria da Conceição Vassalo e Silva da Cunha Lamas (1893-1983) |url=https://www.leme.pt/biografias/80mulheres/lamas.html |access-date=13 June 2020 |website=O Leme -}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.leme.pt/biografias/80mulheres/lamas.html "Maria da Conceição Vassalo e Silva da Cunha Lamas (1893-1983)"]. ''O Leme -''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Lamas ya mutu a Lisbon a ranar 6 ga Disamba 1983, yana da shekaru 90, daga ciwon zuciya. A garinsu na Torres Novas, a cikin 1989, an ba da sunanta ga makarantar masana'antu ta garin, don bikin cika shekaru 50. An sanya wa wani karamin filin suna a watan Oktoba 1987. Wadannan canje-canjen sun kasance masu kawo rigima a cikin gida, ba saboda siyasarta ba amma saboda an san ta da ɗan gajeren hali, bayan da ta yi fada da maƙwabta da yawa.[1] An kuma ba da sunanta ga wasu hanyoyi da murabba'i da yawa a wasu sassan Portugal. == Ayyukan da aka buga == * ''Masu tawali'u'' (waƙoƙi) (1923). * Bambancin Raças (littafi) (1924). * O Caminho Luminoso (littafi) (1928). * ''Maria Cotovia'' (littafin yara) (1929). * As Aventuras de Cinco Irmãozinhos (littafin yara) (1931). * A Montanha Maravilhosa (littafin yara) (1933). * A Estrela do Norte (littafin yara) (1934). * ''Brincos na Cereja'' (littafin yara) (1935). * Don Além do Amor (novel) (1935). * A Ilha Verde (littafin yara) (1938). * O Vale dos Encantos (littafin yara) (1942). * O Caminho Luminoso (1942). * ''Mata na Ƙasarsu'' (1948). * A Woman No Mundo (1952). * Duniya ta alloli da jarumai, almara (1961). * Arquipélago da Madeira (1956). == Haɗin waje == * [http://acpc.bnportugal.gov.pt/espolios_autores/e28_lamas_maria.html Tarihin Maria Lamas] a cikin National Library of PortugalLaburaren Kasa na Portugal == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}  [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kaa1ltsiq5yyek3p28v8a594rnol4ut 0 95993 841842 600256 2026-05-28T20:28:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lorraine Bethel''' mawakiya ce kuma marubuciya a Afirka. == Kwarewar sana'a == Bethel ta kammala karatu a Jami'ar Yale . Ta koyar kuma ta ba da lacca game da wallafe-wallafen mata baƙar fata da al'adun mata baƙar rawa a cibiyoyi daban-daban. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin '[[ɗan jarida]] mai zaman kansa a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] . == Haɗin kai tare da Kogin Combahee == Bethel ta shiga cikin Combahee River Collective, ƙungiyar da ta kasance wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Mata a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. Kungiyar ta kasance ƙungiyar mata baƙar fata da aka kafa a Boston a shekara ta 1974. Ya yi yaƙi da launin fata, jima'i, jima'in jinsi, ra'ayi na launin fata da zalunci na aji. == Rubuce-rubucen mata == A cikin wani fitowar da aka yi a baya, wata mujallar labarai ta mata, wani mai halarta ya ba da labarin kwarewarta a taron marubutan mata na duniya na 3 a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 1979 a Cibiyar Mata ta Birnin New York, inda Lorraine Bethel da Barbara Smith suka gudanar da daya daga cikin bita biyar da ake da su. A cikin bita, wanda ake kira "Third World Feminist Criticism", Bethel da Smith sun tattauna batutuwa daban-daban kamar ma'anar "rashin hankali", zargi a matsayin fasaha "mai kirkirar", fararen mata da baƙar fata, mata masu tsinkaye, da kuma hadin kan baƙar fata. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1979, Bethel da Smith sun shirya "The Black Women's Issue" na Conditions: Five, mujallar adabi da farko ga mata masu baƙar fata. A cikin gabatarwa, an bayyana cewa fitowar "ta tabbatar da 'rashin wanzuwar' marubuta Black feminist da Black lesbian kuma ta kalubalanci har abada rashin ganuwarmu, musamman a cikin jaridar mata. " Bethel ya rubuta waka "Me kuke nufi Mu, White Girl? Ko, The Cullud Lesbian Feminist Declaration of Independence", wanda aka buga a cikin wannan fitowar. Rubutun Bethel, ""The Infinity of Conscious Pain": Zora Neale Hurston and the Black Female Literary Tradition", ya bayyana a cikin littafin All of the Women Are White, All of the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave: Black Women's Studies . Da yake ganowa a cikin wannan rubutun a matsayin mai sukar mata na baki, ta rubuta, "...Na yi imanin cewa akwai wata al'ada ta musamman da za a iya ganewa ta mata marubuta, a lokaci guda da ke cikin Amurka, Afirka ta Amirka, da al'adun adabin mata na Amurka. " == Jerin wallafe-wallafen == * Bethel, Lorraine & Barbara Smith (eds.) Yanayi (mujallar): Biyar 2, No. 2: The Black Women's Issue (Autumn 1979) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moravec |first=Michelle |date=2016-03-16 |title=Know Your (Black) Feminisms |url=https://medium.com/@ProfessMoravec/know-your-black-feminisms-c2c69e548b26 |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2012-11-16 |title=Conditions: A Magazine of Writing by Women With an Emphasis on Writing by Lesbians |url=https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/woodruff/news/conditions-a-magazine-of-writing-by-women-with-an-emphasis-on-writing-by-lesbians |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Emory Libraries Blog |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204218/https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/woodruff/news/conditions-a-magazine-of-writing-by-women-with-an-emphasis-on-writing-by-lesbians |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/woodruff/news/conditions-a-magazine-of-writing-by-women-with-an-emphasis-on-writing-by-lesbians "Conditions: A Magazine of Writing by Women With an Emphasis on Writing by Lesbians"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422230724/https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/woodruff/news/conditions-a-magazine-of-writing-by-women-with-an-emphasis-on-writing-by-lesbians |date=2025-04-22 }}. ''Emory Libraries Blog''. 2012-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> * "Mene ne Ma'anar 'Muna', White Girl? Ko, Cullud Lesbian Feminist Declaration of Independence (An sadaukar da shi ga Shirin cewa Duk Mata Ba Daidai ba, watau, Daidai / Ƙaddamarwa) ", waka da aka buga a Bethel & Smith (eds, 1979), shafuffuka na 86-92.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2009 |title=Conditions: Five |url=https://www.bitchmedia.org/post/conditions-five |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Bitch Media |language=en |archive-date=2021-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506164245/https://www.bitchmedia.org/post/conditions-five |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bitchmedia.org/post/conditions-five "Conditions: Five"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506164245/https://www.bitchmedia.org/post/conditions-five |date=2021-05-06 }}. ''Bitch Media''. 6 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-29</span></span>.</cite></ref>&nbsp; * "'Wannan rashin iyaka na ciwo mai hankali': [[Zora Neale Hurston]] da Black Female Literary Tradition". A cikin Hull, Gloria T., Smith, Barbara da Scott, Patricia Bell (ed.), Amma Wasu daga cikin Mu suna da ƙarfin zuciya: Dukkanin Mata White ne, Dukkanin Baƙi maza ne: Nazarin Mata Black. Jaridar Mata, 1986.   == Ƙarin karatu == * ISIS. "Labari a cikin Yin. "Abubuwanmu na Bayani Afrilu 30 1979: 20. ProQuest. Yanar gizo. 22 ga Mayu 2016. * McDowell, Deborah E. Black American Literature Forum 16.2 (1982): 77-79. Yanar gizo. * Philyaw, Deesha. "Yanayi: Biyar" Bitch Media, 5 ga Mayu 2009. Yanar gizo. 21 ga Mayu 2016. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1ge3bfyrs0a2qbe6plpb6ko5mwepgbb 0 96647 841787 836125 2026-05-28T17:54:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lianne Joan Sanderson''' (An haife ta a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1988) ita ce mai watsa shirye-shirye na yanzu kuma tsohuwar ƴar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila wacce ta taka leda a matsayin mai gaba. Ta lashe kwallo guda 50 ga tawagar ƙasar Ingila. A matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, Sanderson ta fara bugawa ƙasar Ingila wasa a watan Mayun shekarar 2006. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin tawagar Ingila a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta shekarar 2007 da UEFA ta mata ta Euro 2009. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2010, Sanderson ta koka game da rashin adalci kuma ta bayyana cewa ba za ta sake buga wa Ƙasar Ingila wasa ba a ƙarƙashin kocin Hope Powell. Bayan da Mark Sampson ya zama kocin a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, an tuno da ita zuwa tawagar kuma ta shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2015. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da guna-guni game da rashin adalci kuma ba a zaɓe ta ba bayan shekara ta 2015. == Rayuwa ta farko == A lokacin da take da shekaru shida, Sanderson ta fara buga wa ƙungiyar yara maza wasa a Kudancin London. Mahaifinta ya buga wa Crystal Palace wasa. Sanderson ta ce ta roƙi mahaifinta ya bar ta ta yi wasa a cikin ƙungiyar da ta fara tun tana ƴar shekara biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lianne Sanderson |url=http://www.kickitout.org/722.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804104354/http://www.kickitout.org/722.php |archive-date=4 August 2009 |access-date=26 December 2012 |publisher=Kick It Out}}</ref> A shekara tara, Sanderson ta sanya hannu a Arsenal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Ingrid |title=Interview with Lianne Sanderson |url=http://www.play3rsport.com/blog/2011/04/19/interview-with-lianne-sanderson/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906033702/http://www.play3rsport.com/blog/2011/04/19/interview-with-lianne-sanderson/ |archive-date=6 September 2012 |access-date=26 December 2012 |publisher=Play3RSport}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob ɗin == === Arsenal === [[File:Lianne_Sanderson_2006.jpg|left|thumb|Sanderson da Heather Scheuber na Birmingham City ya yi, Oktoba 2006]] Sanderson ta shiga Arsenal a shekarar 1997 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin matasa. Lokacin farko da ta cika tare da tawagar farko ya zo ne a kakar Wasa ta shekarar 2003-2004, kuma ta ci gaba da taka leda a tawagar farko daga wannan lokacin. A wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin Kofin Mata na FA ta Shekarar 2006, Sanderson ta zira kwallaye na biyar na nasarar 5-0 a kan Leeds United, kuma an zabe ta a matsayin ƴar Wasan. Sanderson ta gama kakar Wasa ta shekarar 2006-07 a matsayin babban mai zira kwallaye na Arsenal, tare da kwallaye 40 da aka zira a wasanni 41 a wasanni huɗu, dukansu Arsenal ce ta lashe. A cikin kakar shekarar 2007-08, ta tara kwallaye 51 a wasanni 36, ciki har da na uku a gasar cin kofin mata ta Arsenal 4-1 a kan Leeds United . === Chelsea === A ranar 3 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2008, Sanderson da abokin wasan Arsenal Anita Asante sun shiga ƙungiyar Chelsea Ladies . Bayan sanya hannu, Sanderson ya ce: "Ko da yaushe na ce ba zan taba yin wasa ga kowa ba sai Chelsea. Na kasance a Arsenal na tsawon shekaru 11 kuma babban canji ne a gare ni in bar tawagar, amma duka Anita da ni suna son sabon kalubale. Wani lokaci dole ne ku gwada sabbin abubuwa kuma na ƙalubalanci kaina kuma na san wannan shine abin da nake tsammani yi a nan. Don haka yanzu ina jiran abin da ke gaba. Da fatan Anita da ni za su zo su taimaka wa Chelsea su lashe abubuwa. "<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2008 |title=Double addition for the Ladies |url=http://www.chelseafc.com/news-article/article/1338549 |access-date=3 May 2014 |publisher=Chelsea FC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2008 |title=Chelsea Ladies sign Arsenal pair |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/women/7488789.stm |access-date=27 June 2012 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> === Filadelfia Independence === [[File:2013-06-09_RedStars_v_Breakers_LianneSanderson_JackieSantacaterina.JPG|right|thumb|Sanderson tare da Jackie Santacaterina na Chicago Red Stars a cikin 2013.]] An tsara Sanderson a cikin shirin ƙasa da ƙasa na WPS, kuma ta shiga Philadelphia Independence . Ta nuna cewa jinkirin ƙirƙirar FA WSL ta kasance a bayan tafiyarta zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. A cikin yanayi biyu a cikin WPS ta zira kwallaye takwas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2012 |title=Women's soccer stars Lianne Sanderson and Joanna Lohman sign on with D.C. United Women |url=http://www.thesoccerwire.com/news/womens-girls/am-women/womens-soccer-stars-lianne-sanderson-and-joannah-lohman-sign-on-with-d-c-united-women/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507054312/http://www.thesoccerwire.com/news/womens-girls/am-women/womens-soccer-stars-lianne-sanderson-and-joannah-lohman-sign-on-with-d-c-united-women/ |archive-date=7 May 2012 |access-date=16 May 2012 |publisher=Potomac Soccer Wire}}</ref> === Mutanen Espanya === Bayan ƙarshen kakar WPS ta shekarar 2011, Sanderson ta sanya hannu ga Espanyol, a gasar Mutanen Espanya.<ref>[http://www.marca.com/2011/08/26/futbol/mas_futbol/1314351511.html Refuerzos de lujo para el Espanyol] {{In lang|es}} Marca, 26 August 2011</ref> === DC United === A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012, ta shiga ƙungiyar W-League ta DC United Women tare da Philadelphia Independence da Espanyol, Joanna Lohman . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2012 |title=Former U.S. and England Internationals Joanna Lohman and Lianne Sanderson sign with D.C. United Women |url=http://washingtonspirit.com/news/former-u-s-and-england-internationals-joanna-lohman-and-lianne-sanderson-sign-with-d-c-united-women/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503234316/http://washingtonspirit.com/news/former-u-s-and-england-internationals-joanna-lohman-and-lianne-sanderson-sign-with-d-c-united-women/ |archive-date=3 May 2014 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=D.C. United Women |publisher=Washington Spirit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2012 |title=D.C. United Women to debut fourteen new players against Boston Breakers Saturday |url=http://www.dcmetrosports.com/pros/pro-news/dc-united-news/15719-dc-united-women-to-debut-fourteen-new-players-against-boston-breakers-saturday.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503231536/http://www.dcmetrosports.com/pros/pro-news/dc-united-news/15719-dc-united-women-to-debut-fourteen-new-players-against-boston-breakers-saturday.html |archive-date=3 May 2014 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=Potomac Soccer Wire |publisher=DC Metro Sports}}</ref> === Boston Breakers === A cikin shekarar 2013, Lianne Sanderson ta sanya hannu tare da Boston Breakers don yin wasa a cikin sabuwar Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Linehan |first=Meg |date=5 February 2013 |title=Boston Breakers sign Lianne Sanderson – Equalizer Soccer |url=https://equalizersoccer.com/2013/02/05/boston-breakers-sign-lianne-sanderson/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Sanderson da Lohman sun tafi aro ga kulob ɗin Cypriot Apollon Limassol bayan kakar Amurka ta gama, don yin wasa a Gasar Zakarun Mata ta UEFA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leonidou |first=John |date=11 September 2013 |title=Ambitious Apollon sign Sanderson, Lohman |url=http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/newsid=1993720.html |access-date=11 September 2013 |website=Uefa.com |publisher=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014, Sanderson ta sake sanya hannu tare da kulob ɗin ta na asali, Arsenal Ladies . Shirin ta na biyu tare da kulob ɗin ya ƙare a ranar 10 ga Yulin shekarar 2015 bayan watanni takwas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2015 |title=Lianne Sanderson: England striker leaves Arsenal Ladies |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/33479043 |access-date=11 July 2015 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> === Portland Thorns FC === HA watan Agustan shekarar 2015, an sanar da cewa Sanderson zai shiga Portland Thorns FC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thorns FC acquire rights to midfielder Lianne Sanderson, 2016 first-round pick from Seattle Reign FC |url=http://www.timbers.com/post/2015/08/06/thorns-fc-acquire-rights-midfielder-lianne-sanderson-2016-first-round-pick-seattle |access-date=6 August 2015 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930051820/http://www.timbers.com/post/2015/08/06/thorns-fc-acquire-rights-midfielder-lianne-sanderson-2016-first-round-pick-seattle |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta fara bugawa a matsayin mai maye gurbin ɗan ƙasar Jodie Taylor a rabi na biyu a nasarar 2-1 a kan Chicago Red Stars a ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NWSL Match Recap Portland Thorns FC 2, Chicago Red Stars 1 Aug 9, 2015 |url=http://www.timbers.com/post/2015/08/09/nwsl-match-recap-portland-thorns-fc-2-chicago-red-stars-1-aug-9-2015 |access-date=9 August 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. === Orlando Pride === Faɗakarwar Orlando Pride ta zaɓi Sanderson tare da zaɓi na 7 na shekarar 2015 NWSL Expansion Draft, tare da [[Alex Morgan]] da Kaylyn Kyle a matsayin 'yan uwan Orlando daga Portland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2015 |title=Portland Lose Lianne Sanderson, Gain Meghan Klingenberg in NWSL Expansion Draft |url=http://www.stumptownfooty.com/portland-women/2015/11/2/9659862/portland-lose-lianne-sanderson-gain-meghan-klingenberg-in-nwsl |access-date=28 June 2016 |publisher=Stumptown Footy |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817062924/http://www.stumptownfooty.com/portland-women/2015/11/2/9659862/portland-lose-lianne-sanderson-gain-meghan-klingenberg-in-nwsl |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sanderson shi ne ɗan wasa na farko da ya zira kwallaye a gida don ikon mallakar, a kan kyauta a minti na 56 na buɗe gidan Pride a ranar 23 ga Afrilun shekara ta 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2016 |title=Lianne Sanderson Scores Historic Goal In Pride Home Opener |url=http://www.orlandocitysc.com/post/2016/04/24/lianne-sanderson-scores-historic-goal-pride-home-opener |access-date=28 June 2016 |publisher=[[Orlando City SC]]}}</ref> A lokacin da aka sayar da ita daga Pride kafin mako na 10 na kakar a watan Yunin shekara ta 2016, Sanderson tana da kwallaye biyu da taimako, ta ɗaure Morgan a duka ƙididdigar duk da buga rabin minti da yawa kuma tana ƙoƙarin yin harbe-harbe 22.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2016 |title=2016 NWSL Statistics |url=https://ussoccer.app.box.com/s/kd4hb8ny52gg1lk80kw7zwrhpwnpd04m |access-date=28 June 2016 |publisher=[[US Soccer]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2016 |title=Week 10 Box Scores |url=https://ussoccer.app.box.com/s/iufchhdw21cmaq4vaovwhute19axcl9c |access-date=28 June 2016 |publisher=[[US Soccer]]}}</ref> === Yammacin New York Flash === A watan Yunin shekarar 2016, an sayar da Sanderson daga Orlando Pride zuwa Western New York Flash don musayar wuri na ƙasa da ƙasa har zuwa shekara ta 2018. Flash ta lashe gasar zakarun NWSL a shekarar 2016. Koyaya, Sanderson ta ƙare lokacin da ta tsage ACL da meniscus a gwiwarta ta dama a ranar 17 ga Satumba, yayin da take wasa ga Flash a wasan sada zumunci da ƙasar Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2016 |title=Flash's Lianne Sanderson to miss the rest of the 2016 season |url=http://www.excellesports.com/news/sanderson-tears-acl-flash/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314153554/http://www.excellesports.com/news/sanderson-tears-acl-flash/ |archive-date=14 March 2017 |access-date=13 March 2017 |publisher=Excelle Sports}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka sake komawa ƙungiyar zuwa Arewacin Carolina, ba ta shiga cikin kowane aikin ƙungiya ko sansanin horo ba, mai yiwuwa ta ɗauki lokaci don ci gaba da farfaɗo da raunin da ta ji. Ba a lissafa ta a cikin kowane jerin sunayen da aka yanke kafin kakar wasa ta Arewacin Carolina Courage a shekarar 2017 ba kuma asusun kafofin sada zumunta sun nuna cewa tana zaune a Limassol, Cyprus kuma tana iya shiga cikin ayyukan horarwa da horo tare da kulob ɗin da ta gabata, Apollon Limassol . === Juventus === A watan Yulin shekarar 2018, Sanderson ta koma Juventus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2018 |title=Lianne Sanderson: Juventus Women sign England international forward |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44832981 |access-date=8 July 2019 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa ɗaya, inda ta buga wasanni biyu a gasar yayin da Juventus ta lashe gasar Jerin A da Coppa Italia, ta bar kulob ɗin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Late comeback sees Juventus Women triumph - Juventus |url=https://www.juventus.com/en/news/articles/late-comeback-sees-juventus-women-triumph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2019 |title=All the best, Lianne and Ashley! |url=https://www.juventus.com/en/news/news/2019/all-the-best--lianne-e-ashley-.php |access-date=8 July 2019 |publisher=Juventus FC}}</ref> === Yin ritaya === ta a yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa kumt ya bi aiki a kafofin watsa labarai, ya zama mai sharhi di ga dandamali da yawa. == Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa == Sanderson ta buga wa ƙasar Ingila wasa a matakin ƙasa da shekara 15, 17, 19 da 21. A ranar 3 ga Mayun shekarar 2006, an kira ta zuwa tawagar farko ta Ingila. Ta buga giciye tare da harbi daga yadudduka 25, jim kadan bayan ta fito daga benci don farawarta da Hungary. An tsara ta a cikin tawagar don gasar cin Kofin Duniya da Faransa a watan Satumbar shekarar 2006 a matsayin maye gurbin Jo Potter da ya ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2006 |title=Couldn't be more thrilled |url=http://www.thefa.com/England/womens-seniors/News/2006/Couldnt_bemore_thrilled |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120515001435/http://www.thefa.com/England/womens-seniors/News/2006/Couldnt_bemore_thrilled |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=12 September 2010 |website=TheFA.com |publisher=Football Association}}</ref> '''Ingila''' A ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2010, Sanderson ta ba da sanarwar cewa ba ta son a yi la'akari da ita don aikin Ingila yayin da manajan Hope Powell ke kula da ita, saboda rashin adalci da aka yi wa duka shugabannin Ingila da Powell. Ba a haɗa Sanderson a cikin tawagar ƙasar Ingila don Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2011 ko tawagar Biritaniya don Wasannin Olympics na London na 2012, wanda Powell ya zaba. Sanderson ta ci gaba da sukar gwamnatin Powell a bainar jama'a: "Na ji cewa [Ingila] yana son mutane kamar robots waɗanda za su yi duk abin da suka nemi ku yi. " Bayan rashin nasarar da ƙasar Ingila ta yi ba zato ba tsammani a gasar cin kofin mata ta UEFA ta shekarar 2013, Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa (FA) ta kori Powell. Wani rahoto a cikin jaridar ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya ba da shawarar cewa "ƙafafun sun fara fitowa" lokacin da Sanderson ta bar tawagar. Lokacin da Katie Chapman ta janye daga zaɓin a shekara ta 2011 bayan wata takaddama da mai horo Powell, Ingila ta rasa 'yan wasan da suka fi dacewa, duka biyu ga batutuwan da ba su da filin wasa. Sanderson ta koma tawagar ƙasar Ingila a ƙarƙashin Mark Sampson, inda ta zira kwallaye yayin da Ingila ta lashe Kofin Cyprus na 2015 <ref>{{Cite web |title=England seal Cyprus Cup victory after Canada run dry |url=http://www.thefa.com/news/2015/mar/11/cyprus-cup-final-canada-larnaca-match-report}}</ref> kuma ta lashe hukuncin da ya samu Ingila ta matsayi na uku a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2015. Ba da daɗewa ba, ta sake fara gunaguni game da sa ran FA ta "yi daidai" da kuma rashin samun isasshen yabo ga ta 50th cap. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta amince da Sanderson a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan Ingila, kuma a matsayin ƴar wasan mata ta 162 da Ingila ta rufe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lacey-Hatton |first=Jack |date=2022-11-18 |title=Lionesses introduce 'legacy numbers' for players past and present |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/lionesses-introduce-legacy-numbers-players-28529161 |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=[[Daily Mirror|Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> === Manufofin kasa da kasa === : ''Sakamakon da sakamakon sun lissafa burin Ingila na farko'' {| class="wikitable" !Manufar !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1 |13 ga Mayu 2007 |Filin wasa na Priestfield, Gillingham |{{Fbw|NIR}} | align="left" |4–0 | align="left" |4–0 |cancantar gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 2009 |- |2 |8 ga Mayu 2008 |Darida, [[Miniska|Minsk]] |{{Fbw|BLR}} | align="left" |4–0 | align="left" |6–1 |cancantar gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 2009 |- |3 |9 ga Fabrairu 2009 |Cibiyar Wasanni ta Alpha, [[Larnaca]] |{{Fbw|FIN}} | align="left" |2–0 | align="left" |2–2 |Abokantaka |- |4 |5 Maris 2009 |Filin wasa na GSZ, Larnaca[[Larnaca]] |{{Fbw|RSA}} | align="left" |2–0 | align="left" |6–0 |Kofin Cyprus na 2009 |- |5 |12 Maris 2009 |Filin wasa na GSP, [[Nicosia]] |{{Fbw|CAN}} | align="left" |1–1 | align="left" |3–1 |Kofin Cyprus na 2009 |- |6 |26 ga Nuwamba 2009 |Buca Arena, [[Izmir]] |{{Fbw|TUR}} | align="left" |2–0 | align="left" |3–0 |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2011 |- |7 |1 ga Maris 2010 |Filin wasa na GSP, Nicosia[[Nicosia]] |{{Fbw|SWI}} | align="left" |2–1 | align="left" |2–2 |Kofin Cyprus na 2010 |- |8 |22 Maris 2010 |Hanyar Loftus, [[Landan]] |{{Fbw|AUT}} | align="left" |1–0 | align="left" |3–0 |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2011 |- |9 |10 Maris 2014 |Filin wasa na GSP, Nicosia[[Nicosia]] |{{Fbw|CAN}} | align="left" |1–0 | align="left" |2–0 |Kofin Cyprus na 2014 |- |10 |10 Maris 2014 |Filin wasa na GSP, Nicosia[[Nicosia]] |{{Fbw|CAN}} | align="left" |2–0 | align="left" |2–0 |Kofin Cyprus na 2014 |- |11 |5 ga Afrilu 2014 |Filin wasa na Falmer, Brighton da Hove |{{Fbw|MNE}} | align="left" |6–0 | align="left" |9–0 |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2015 |- |12 |2 ga watan Agusta 2014 |Victoria Park, Hartlepool |{{Fbw|SWE}} | align="left" |3–0 | align="left" |4–0 |Abokantaka |- |13 |21 ga watan Agusta 2014 |Filin wasa na Cardiff City, Cardiff |{{Fbw|WAL}} | align="left" |4–0 | align="left" |4–0 |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2015 |- |14 |4 ga Maris 2015 |Filin wasa na GSZ, Larnaca[[Larnaca]] |{{Fbw|FIN}} | align="left" |1–0 | align="left" |3–1 |Kofin Cyprus na 2015 |- |15 |11 Maris 2015 |Filin wasa na GSZ, Larnaca[[Larnaca]] |{{Fbw|CAN}} | align="left" |1–0 | align="left" |1–0 |Kofin Cyprus na 2015 |} == Daraja == [[File:Lianne_Sanderson_crop.JPG|right|thumb|Sanderson a ciki shekara ta 2009]] * FA Women's Premier League National Division: 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2019}} * FA Women's Cup: 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2019}} * FA Women's Premier League Cup: 2004–05, 2006–07{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2019}} * FA Women's Community Shield: 2004–05, 2005–06{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2019}} * UEFA Women's Cup: 2006–07{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2019}} '''Juventus'''<ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=L. Sanderson |url=https://uk.women.soccerway.com/players/lianne-sanderson/19379/ |access-date=8 July 2019 |publisher=Soccerway |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407211500/https://uk.women.soccerway.com/players/lianne-sanderson/19379/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Jerin A: 2018-192018–19 * Kofin Italiya: 2018-19 * Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar zakarun mata ta UEFA: 2009 <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2009 |title=UEFA Women's EURO 2009 - Final |url=https://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/season=2009/matches/round=15050/match=2001423/postmatch/lineups/index.html |access-date=7 July 2019 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> * Kofin Cyprus: 2009, 2015 <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2009 |title=England's women win Cyprus Cup to raise Euro 2009 hopes |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/england/4984311/Englands-women-win-Cyprus-Cup-to-raise-Euro-2009-hopes.html |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=England seal Cyprus Cup victory after Canada run dry |url=http://www.thefa.com/news/2015/mar/11/cyprus-cup-final-canada-larnaca-match-report |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.thefa.com |language=en}}</ref> * Matsayi na uku na gasar cin Kofin Duniya na Mata na FIFA: 2015 <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2015 |title=Match for third place - Match report |url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/66/09/64/eng_51_0704_ger-eng_fulltime.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706175120/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/66/09/64/eng_51_0704_ger-eng_fulltime.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2015 |access-date=7 July 2019 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Sanderson a bayyane yake ɗan luwaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |title='We don't walk around the training ground holding hands' - Ex-England star Sanderson on life as an LGBT footballer |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ke/news/dont-walk-around-training-ground-holding-hands-ex-england/16k0k0w4007081qw5psdxzl3dl |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=GOAL}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014, ta yi alkawarin aure ga abokin aikinta na lokacin Joanna Lohman, amma daga baya su biyu suka rabu. Sanderson ta fara dangantaka da wani abokin aiki, Ashley Nick, lokacin da aka sanya su a cikin masauki da Apollon Limassol ya bayar. "Mun fada cikin soyayya kawai, ba tare da wani wasan kwaikwayo ba, "Sanderson ta yi iƙirarin. Ta kasance mai goyon bayan [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] har abada.<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=liannesanderson|title=Buzzing well done lads we're going to Wembley..... (Again) being a man united fan this season has been a rollercoaster to say the least FA cup final here we come #Mufc|access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref> Tun lokacin da ta yi ritaya, Sanderson ta zama masani, kuma ana iya jin ta a kan talkSPORT. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qjvpgkezcjpv3zgr05e8ijnawig9zd4 0 96828 842256 617201 2026-05-29T08:21:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margaret L. Hedstrom''' 'yar asalin Amurka ce wacce ita ce Farfesa a fannin Bayanai a Jami'ar Michigan. Ta ba da gudummawa ga fagen adana dijital, ɗakunan ajiya, da kuma gudanar da bayanan lantarki kuma tana da digiri na biyu a tarihi daga Jami'ar Wisconsin. Hedstrom [[CAMiLEON|Yanayi]] jagorantar aikin muhalli mai dorewa wanda NSF ke tallafawa ta hanyar Actionable Data (SEAD), wanda ke aiki tare da masana kimiyya masu dorewa don "ci gaba da tsarin da zai ba su damar sarrafawa da raba bayanan su". <ref>name="SEAD">{{Cite web |title=Sustainable Environment through Actionable Data (SEAD) |url=https://www.si.umich.edu/node/12697 |access-date=2016-12-19 |website=University of Michigan School of Information |publisher=University of Michigan |archive-date=2016-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222120550/https://www.si.umich.edu/node/12697 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hedstrom ta jagoranci aikin CAMiLEON, wanda aka gudanar tare da Jami'ar Leeds kuma Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa a Amurka da Kwamitin Tsarin Bayanai na hadin gwiwa (JISC) a Burtaniya, kuma tayi bincike kan amfani da kayan aiki na emulation a matsayin wani ɓangare na dogon lokaci na adana bayanan dijital.<ref>name="profile">{{Cite web |title=Margaret Hedstrom |url=https://www.si.umich.edu/people/margaret-hedstrom |access-date=2016-12-19 |website=University of Michigan School of Information |publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> Binciken da take so a yanzu ya haɗa da dabarun adana dijital da adana al'adu da kuma fadadawa a kasashe masu tasowa. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da shawara ga shirye-shiryen ajiyar gwamnati, [[Bankin Duniya]], Majalisar Duniya kan Tarihi. Ta yi aiki a kwamitocin digiri a Jami'ar Jihar New York a Albany, Jami'ar Pittsburgh, da Jami'ar Michigan.<ref name="profile" /> == Tarihin rayuwa == Kafin ta shiga bangaren koyarwa a Michigan a shekarar 1995, ta kasance Shugabar Ayyukan Ba da Shawara na Tarihin Jiha da Darakta na Cibiyar Rubuce-rubucen Lantarki a Cibiyar Tarihin Jiharar New York (1985-95). Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar ɗakin karatu (1977) da Tarihi (1979) da Ph.D a Tarihi (1988), duk daga Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison . Hedstrom ta gudanar da bincike kan gudanarwa da adana bayanan lantarki kusan kusan shekaru 20 tun daga Cibiyar Tarihin Jihar [[Wisconsin]] (1979-83). Ta kasance babban mai tsara babban taro kan binciken bayanan lantarki da aka gudanar a shekarar 1991, wanda ya kafa fifiko na kasa don bincike da ci gaba. Ta tsara ajanda na bincike a cikin adana dijital, wanda ya fara da labarinta na 1991 "Understanding Electronic Incunabula". <ref name="electronic-incunabula">{{Cite journal |last=Hedstrom |first=Margaret |date=1991 |title=Understanding electronic incunabula: a framework for research on electronic records |journal=The American Archivist |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=334–354 |doi=10.17723/aarc.54.3.125253r60389r011}}</ref> Labarin ya kasance sanarwa mai zurfi game da kalubalen bincike da fitowar tsarin dijital ya kawo. A magance ci gaba da buƙatun ilimi a kan bayanan lantarki, Hedstrom ya yi jayayya game da muhimmancin tabbatar da cewa karatun digiri ya jaddada mahimman ra'ayoyin ajiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hedstrom |first=Margaret |year=1993 |title=Teaching Archivists About Electronic Records and Automated Techniques: A Needs Assessment |journal=The American Archivist |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=424–433 |doi=10.17723/aarc.56.3.b568x1566m27406l |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ta kasance marubuciya na It's About Time: Research Challenges in Digital Archiving and Long-Term Preservation (2003), wanda Shirin Binciken Gwamnatin Dijital da Daraktan Shirin Litattafan Dijital na Kwamfuta da Kimiyya da Injiniya a Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa (NSF) da kuma Laburaren Kasa na Infrastructure da Shirin Tsaro na Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003 |editor-last=Hedstrom |editor-first=Margaret |title=It's About Time |url=http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/library/resources/pubs/docs/about_time2003.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106152325/http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/library/resources/pubs/docs/about_time2003.pdf |archive-date=2011-01-06 |publisher=National Science Foundation and Library of Congress}}</ref> A cikin 2002-03 ta kasance co-shugaban kungiyar aiki kan Digital Archiving and Preservation, wanda Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa da [[Tarayyar Turai]] ta tallafawa ta hanyar DELOS Network of Excellence . <ref name="profile">{{Cite web |title=Margaret Hedstrom |url=https://www.si.umich.edu/people/margaret-hedstrom |access-date=2016-12-19 |website=University of Michigan School of Information |publisher=University of Michigan}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.si.umich.edu/people/margaret-hedstrom "Margaret Hedstrom"]. ''University of Michigan School of Information''. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ta kasance co-rubuce da rahoton Invest to Save: Report and Recommendations of the NSF-DELOS Working Group on Digital Archiving and Preservation (2003). Wadannan ajendas suna ƙoƙari su amsa kalubalen da ke zuwa da aka annabta a nan gaba.<ref name="NSF-DELOS">{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Invest to Save |url=http://delos-noe.iei.pi.cnr.it/activities/internationalforum/Joint-WGs/digitalarchiving/Digitalarchiving.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705142250/http://delos-noe.iei.pi.cnr.it/activities/internationalforum/Joint-WGs/digitalarchiving/Digitalarchiving.pdf |archive-date=2006-07-05 |publisher=NSF-DELOS Working Group on Digital Archiving and Preservation}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == Hedstrom an kira ta a matsayin ƴar'uwar Society of American Archivists a cikin 1992. Ita ce ta farko da ta karbi lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara don Kyau a Ayyukan Bayanai na Gwamnatin Jihar New York. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Jami'ar Michigan ta Distinguished Scholarly Achievement Award saboda aikinta a [[Jami'ar Fort Hare]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. A shekara ta 2008, [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburaren Majalisa]] ya amince da Hedstrom a matsayin ''"mai gabatarwa na adana dijital"''.<ref name="hedstrom-digital-pioneer">{{Cite web |title=Margaret Hedstrom: Digital Preservation Pioneer |url=http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/series/pioneers/hedstrom.html |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=2025-03-20 |archive-date=2025-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312021822/https://www.digitalpreservation.gov/series/pioneers/hedstrom.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] hqskf48k325qirk6by3swce99u28th6 0 97786 842306 617215 2026-05-29T09:56:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Marie-Louise Ayres''' mai kula da ɗakin karatu ce wacce aikinta ya mayar da hankali kan samar da damar dijital ga albarkatun al'adu a duk faɗin Ostiraliya. Tun daga shekara ta 2017 ta kasance Darakta Janar na National Library of Australia . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Marie-Louise Ayres a 1963 a [[Perth]], Yammacin Ostiraliya, kuma ta koma tare da iyalinta zuwa [[Kanberra|Canberra]] a shekarar 1967. <ref name="AustLit"/><ref name="Friends2017">{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=Gary |date=Winter 2017 |title=Introducing Dr Marie-Louise Ayres |url=https://www.nla.gov.au/sites/default/files/blogs/friends_newsletter_winter2017_online.pdf |journal=Friends |publisher=Friends of the National Library of Australia |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225025239/https://www.nla.gov.au/sites/default/files/blogs/friends_newsletter_winter2017_online.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta halarci Kwalejin St Clare da Kwalejin stirling . <ref name="Friends2017" /> Ayres ta sami digiri na farko daga Jami'ar New England . Ta sami digiri na biyu a shekarar 1994 daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, inda ta rubuta rubutun ta kan mawaƙan mata na Australiya Dorothy Auchterlonie Green, [[Rosemary Dobson]], Dorothy Hewett, da J. S. Harry.<ref name="AustLit"/> == Ayyukan ɗakin karatu == A shekara ta 1994 ta zama mai kula da tarin rubuce-rubucen wallafe-wallafen Australiya na Kwalejin Tsaro ta Australiya.<ref name="AustLit">{{Cite web |title=Marie-Louise Ayres |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A23168 |access-date=25 December 2019 |website=AustLit |publisher=The University of Queensland |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921132157/https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A23168 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ayres ta yi aiki a can na tsawon shekaru takwas; lokacin da ta yi a can ya haɗa da ci gaban AustLit, gidan da ke da bayanai game da tarihin wallafe-wallafen da al'adun bugawa na Australia. <ref name="AustLit" /> Ayres ta fara aiki a National Library of Australia a 2002 a matsayin manajan aikin Music Australia, sabis na ganowa don samun damar albarkatun kiɗa. Ta zama mai kula da sashen rubuce-rubucen ɗakin karatu a shekara ta 2006 kuma ta zama shugabar sashen raba albarkatu a shekara ta 2011. <ref name="CDNLAO" /> Matsayinta a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta Janar ya haɗa da sarrafa Trove, injin bincike wanda ke tara albarkatu daga cibiyoyin al'adu a duk faɗin Ostiraliya. <ref name="CDNLAO" /> <ref name="AustLit"/> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2017 Ayres ya gaji Anne-Marie Schwirtlich a matsayin Darakta Janar na National Library of Australia, an nada shi na tsawon shekaru biyar.<ref name="National Library of Australia 2019">{{Cite web |date=7 June 2019 |title=New Director-General appointed |url=https://www.nla.gov.au/stories/news/2019/06/07/new-director-general-appointed |access-date=5 May 2020 |website=National Library of Australia |archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505081308/https://www.nla.gov.au/stories/news/2019/06/07/new-director-general-appointed |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ayyukanta suna ci gaba da mayar da hankali kan samar da damar zuwa tarihin al'adu na Ostiraliya da kuma magance kalubalen adana abubuwan da aka haifa. Da take gaskatawa da muhimmancin tsarin ajiyar doka a matsayin hanyar da za a kama asalin ƙasar, Ayres ya jagoranci matakin gini da ƙaddamar da NED, sabis na ajiyar ƙasa inda masu bugawa ke gabatar da wallafe-wallafen dijital kai tsaye ta hanyar gidan yanar gizo don cika wajibai na ajiyar doka. Sabis ɗin ya fara aiki a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2019, <ref name="nlsaned">{{Cite web |date=30 May 2019 |title=National edeposit (NED) |url=https://www.nsla.org.au/ned |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=National and State Libraries Australia}}</ref> kuma Ministan Fasaha Paul Fletcher ne ya ƙaddamar da shi a hukumance, a ranar 16 ga Agusta 2019. <ref name="nla2019">{{Cite web |date=12 August 2019 |title=Australian Libraries Join Forces to Build National Digital Collection |url=https://www.nla.gov.au/media-releases/2019/08/12/australian-libraries-join-forces-to-build-national-digital-collection |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=National Library of Australia |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925072214/https://www.nla.gov.au/media-releases/2019/08/12/australian-libraries-join-forces-to-build-national-digital-collection |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2019 |title=National e-deposit service launched this week |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2019/08/14/137643/national-e-deposit-service-launched-this-week/ |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=Books + Publishing}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2019 |title=Australian libraries join forces to build national digital collection |url=https://librarylearningspace.com/australian-libraries-join-forces-build-national-digital-collection/ |access-date=5 May 2020 |website=Access: Asia’s Newspaper on Electronic Information Products & Services}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] cww4o7z8rld21frwda94dtin17svi8q 0 102230 841949 828269 2026-05-28T22:49:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]''', ko '''MONUSCO''' (ƙaddamarwa bisa ga sunanta na Faransanci Mission de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en République démocratique du Congo), rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ce ta Majalisar Dinkinobho a Jamhuryar Demokiradiyyar Kongo . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=MONUSCO Fact Sheet |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/monusco |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419223317/http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/minurso/ |archive-date=19 April 2009 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=United Nations Peacekeeping |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu an shirya janyewa daga ƙasar saboda ci gaban da kungiyar M23 ta samu a lardunan Arewa da Kivu ta Kudu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=9 July 2024 |title=Congo UN peacekeepers pausing pullout, no timeline for next phase |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/congo-un-peacekeepers-pausing-pullout-no-timeline-next-phase-2024-07-09/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> Majalisar Tsaro ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ce ta kafa MONUSCO a cikin Sai dai hazo da mai albarka Dhofar, dukkan gabar teku da }asashen da ke kewaye da tsaunukan Hajar, wani yanki ne na hamadar Tekun Oman da kuma yankin hamada, yayin da tsaunukan da kansu ke zama na musamman. 1279 (1999) da 1291 (2000) don saka idanu kan tsarin zaman lafiya na Yaƙin Kongo na Biyu, kodayake yawancin mayar da hankali daga baya ya juya zuwa rikici na Ituri, rikici na Kivu da rikici na Dongo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-12 |title=25 Years, 224 Abuse Allegations, No Peace: A Timeline of the UN Peacekeeping Mission in DRC |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/25-years-224-abuse-allegations-no-peace-drc-kicks-un-peacekeeping-mission/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> An san aikin ne a matsayin '''Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo''' ko '''MONUC''', acronym na sunansa na Faransanci Mission de l'Organisation des Nations Unies en République démocratique du Congo, har zuwa 2010. Ƙasashe masu zuwa (a cikin haruffa) sun ba da gudummawa tare da ma'aikatan soja: [[Bangladesh]], [[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Benin]], [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]], [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]], [[Brazil]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Kamaru]], [[Kanada]], [[Sin|China]], [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], Masar, [[Faransa]], [[Ghana]], [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]], [[Indiya]], [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], Ireland, [[Ivory Coast]], [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Kenya]], [[Malawi]], [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]], [[Mali]], [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]], Morocco, [[Nepal]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Najeriya]], [[Pakistan]], [[Peru]], [[Poland]], [[Romainiya|Romania]], [[Rasha]], [[Senegal]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta Kudu, [[Sri Lanka]], [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], [[Tunisiya]], United Kingdom, United Kingdom Bugu da kari, ƙasashe masu zuwa sun ba da gudummawa tare da ma'aikatan 'yan sanda: Bangladesh, Benin, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Kamaru, Kanada, [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], Masar, Faransa, Ghana, [[Gini|Guinea]], Jordan, [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]], Mali, Nijar, Najeriya, Romania, Rasha, Senegal, Sweden, Switzerland, [[Togo]], Tunisia, [[Turkiyya]], Ukraine da Yemen.<ref name=":0"/> Kasancewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta farko a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, kafin wucewar Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkinobho (UNSCR) 1291, rundunar masu sa ido ce ta soja don lura da bayar da rahoto game da bin ƙungiyoyi tare da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, turawa da UNSCR 1258 ta baya ta ba da izini (1999). UNSCR 2556 (2020) yana ba da iko ga umarnin MONUSCO na yanzu.<ref name="UNSCR_2348(archived)">{{Cite web |title=UNSCR 2348 |url=http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2348(2017) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523201352/http://www.un.org:80/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2348(2017) |archive-date=2017-05-23 |access-date=17 January 2018 |website=United Nations}}</ref><ref name="UNSCR_2348">{{Cite web |date=2017-03-31 |title=Security Council Resolution 2348 |url=http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/2348 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625134700/http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/2348 |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=United Nations Security Council}}</ref> Kimanin dala biliyan 8.74 aka kashe don tallafawa kokarin kiyaye zaman lafiya na MONUC a lokacin 1999 zuwa 2010.<ref name="MONUC_facts2010">{{Cite web |date=2010-06-30 |title=MONUC Facts and Figures |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/monuc/facts.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826012246/http://www.un.org:80/en/peacekeeping/missions/monuc/facts.shtml |archive-date=2011-08-26 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=United Nations}}</ref> &nbsp;Ya zuwa Oktoba , jimlar ƙarfin sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a DRC kusan 18,300.<ref name="UNSCR_2348(archived)"/> Fiye da ƙasashe talatin sun ba da gudummawar sojoji da 'yan sanda don kokarin kiyaye zaman lafiya, <ref name="MONUC_facts2010" /> tare da Indiya kasancewa mafi girman mai ba da gudana. <ref name="EUobserver_Pop2008">{{Cite web |last=Pop |first=Valentina |date=2008-11-19 |title=Europeans call for more UN troops in Congo |url=http://euobserver.com/9/27140 |access-date=15 March 2016 |website=[[EUobserver]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Shekaru na 1990 === Asalin wannan kasancewar soja na biyu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC) an samo shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Cire-Age ta Lusaka a ranar 17 ga Yulin 1999 da kuma Resolution 1258 na Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkinobho na 6 ga Agusta 1999, wanda ya ba da izinin tura matsakaicin jami'ai 90. Jami'an hulɗa na farko sun isa DRC a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1999. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1999 yawan jami'an hulɗa sun kai 55, waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin manyan biranen ƙasashe masu yaƙi ([[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Uganda]], [[Burundi]], Zambia, [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]]) ciki har da 24 waɗanda aka ajiye a [[Kinshasa]]. A watan Janairun 2000 sun kai adadin 79 kuma an yada su a duk yankin DRC. Manufar su ita ce su yi hulɗa da dukkan bangarorin da ke yaƙi, su ba da taimako na fasaha da kuma shirya tura masu lura da soja. === Shekaru na 2000 === ==== 2000 ==== A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2000 tare da ƙuduri na 1291, Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da izinin tura matsakaicin ma'aikatan soja 5,537 a cikin DRC, gami da masu lura da soja 500. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2000 an naɗa Manjo Janar Mountaga Diallo na Senegal a matsayin kwamandan sojojin MONUSCO. Manufar ita ce ta sa ido kan aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta da sake tura dakarun da ke faɗa, don samar da shirin aiki don aiwatar da Yarinyar tsagaita gobara gaba ɗaya, don yin aiki tare da ɓangarorin don samun sakin dukkan fursunonin yaki, fursunonin soja da dawo da ragowar, don sauƙaƙe taimakon jin kai da kuma taimakawa Mai Gudanar da Tattaunawar Kasa. Da yake aiki a karkashin Babi na VII na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkinobho ta ba da izini ga MONUC don ɗaukar matakin da ya dace, a wuraren da aka tura battalions din sojanta, don kare ma'aikatan Majalisar Dinkin duniya, wurare, shigarwa da kayan aiki, tabbatar da tsaro da 'yancin motsi na ma'aikatanta, da kuma kare fararen hula a ƙarƙashin barazanar tashin hankali na jiki. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2000 an tura ma'aikatan soja 224, ciki har da masu kallo 148 a wurare goma sha uku a fadin kasar. Masu lura za su iya yin rikodin rashin amfani da tsagaita wuta, tashin hankali a [[Kisangani]] da lardunan Équateur da Katanga da kuma kasancewar sojojin kasashen waje a cikin DRC. A tura sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba zai yiwu ba saboda yanayin tsaro da rashin amincewar gwamnatin Kongo. ==== 2001 ==== Ko da yake farkon shekara ta 2001 har yanzu yana da matsala ta hanyar fadace-fadace, masu lura da soja na iya cika aikinsu dangane da rabuwar sojoji da kuma janyewar wasu sojojin [[Rundunar Tsaro ta Rwanda|Rwandan]] da Uganda. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2001, ƙungiyar tsaro ta farko ta Uruguay ta isa Kalemie. An tura rundunar a bangarori huɗu a [[Kananga]], [[Kisangani]], Kalemie da Mbandaka. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2001, ƙarfin rundunar ya kai sojoji 2,366, ciki har da masu lura da soja 363 da aka rarraba a cikin birane 22, da ƙungiyoyi 28 da ke sa ido kan rabuwar sojojin. Sojojin da suka rage sun kai 1,869. Sun fito ne daga Afirka ta Kudu, Uruguay, Morocco, Senegal da Tunisia. Rukunin tsaro sun kare kayan aikin MONUC a [[Kinshasa]], [[Kananga]], [[Kisangani]], Kalemie, [[Goma (birni)|Goma]], da Mbandaka. An kuma tura ƙungiyar kogin Uruguay da ƙungiyar kula da iska ta Afirka ta Kudu. Sojojin da aka tura sun kasance ne kawai don kare shafukan daga fashi da sata, rundunar ba ta da umarni ko ƙarfin kare fararen hula, ko ma don cire ma'aikatan MONUC. Bayan UNSCR 1355, masu lura da soja, a cikin iyawarsu, na iya ba da gudummawa ga zubar da makamai na son rai, sakewa, dawowa da sake hadewa na kungiyoyin makamai. Tare da Resolution na Majalisar Tsaro 1376, Majalisar Tsaro ta kaddamar da mataki na uku na tura sojojin MONUC, a gabashin DRC. An shirya shafin don tushen kayan aiki ya zama Kindu, Lardin Maniema. ==== 2002 ==== A shekara ta 2002, masu lura da sojoji 450, sun rabu cikin ƙungiyoyi 95, sun ci gaba da saka idanu kan tsagaita wuta tare da tsoffin layin gaba. Kungiyoyin sun kuma bincika keta dokar ta baci. Sojojin kasashen waje sun ci gaba da barin kasar. Rukunin kogin sun raka jiragen ruwa na farko a kan [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]], wanda ya sake buɗewa ga zirga-zirgar kasuwanci. A watan Yunin 2002 jimlar sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kai 3,804. Sojoji daga Ghana da Bolivia sun shiga rundunar, wanda fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na sojoji 'yan Uruguay ne. Fiye da sojoji dubu daya ne aka tura a Kisangani. A ranar 14 ga Mayu 2002, wani mai lura da soja ya mutu a kusa da Ikela bayan fashewar ma'adinai a ƙarƙashin motarsa. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2002, bangarori daban-daban sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Pretoria kuma yanayin aikin masu zaman lafiya ya canza. Masu lura da soja sun sa ido kan janyewar sojoji 20,000 na Rwanda, amma kuma sun lura da karuwar tashin hankali na kabilanci a lardin Ituri. A ƙarshen 2002 akwai jimlar sojoji 4,200 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin DRC. Ta hanyar UNSCR 1445, Majalisar Tsaro ta ba da izinin karuwar ma'aikatan soja zuwa 8,500. An kuma amince da ka'idar dakarun shiga tsakani guda biyu masu zaman kansu - farar hula da sojoji. An ba da umurni ga MONUC don tallafawa tsarin zubar da makamai na son rai, demobilization, repatriation, reintegration and resettlement (DDRR), ba tare da amfani da karfi ba. ==== 2003 ==== An gudanar da ayyukan DDRR da yawa tare da hadin gwiwar farar hula a farkon shekara ta 2003. Kafin farawar sauyawa, an tura sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kan layin gaba. An fara babban sake turawa zuwa gabas. An rufe cibiyoyin daidaitawa guda huɗu da sansanoni 22 a yammacin ƙasar. Fiye da masu kallo ɗari sun sake turawa kuma sojojin Uruguay sun isa [[Bukavu]], Kivu ta Kudu da Lubero, Arewacin Kivu. Kungiyoyin masu lura sun sa ido kan mummunar gwagwarmaya da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Ituri. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, an tura sojoji 800 na Uruguay a Bunia, Lardin Ituri a karkashin kudurin 1484. A cikin wannan watan wani mai kallo ya mutu a fashewar bam. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2003 'yan bindiga sun kashe masu lura da sojoji biyu. Fitar da sojojin Uganda 7,000 a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003 ya haifar da mummunan yanayin tsaro a lardin Ituri, wanda ya jefa tsarin zaman lafiya cikin haɗari. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya [[Kofi Annan]] ya yi kira ga kafawa da tura dakarun kasa da yawa na wucin gadi zuwa yankin har sai an karfafa aikin MONUC da ya raunana. A cikin rahotonsa na biyu na musamman ga Majalisar Tsaro, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da shawarar sake fasalin ayyukan MONUC: don samar da tallafi ga sauyawa da kuma kula da tsaro a manyan yankuna na kasar. Dangane da haka, ya ba da shawarar kirkirar brigade a Ituri don tallafawa tsarin zaman lafiya. [[Fayil:KitshangaWar-36_(8538205595).jpg|thumb|sansanin IDP a kusa da wani tushe a Kitshanga]] A ranar 30 ga Mayu 2003, UNSCR 1493 ta ba da izinin tura rundunar sojan gaggawa ta wucin gadi (IEMF) a Bunia tare da aiki don tabbatar da filin jirgin sama da kare mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a sansanoni da fararen hula a garin. UNSCR 1493 ya ba da izinin karuwar ma'aikatan soja zuwa 10,800, ya sanya takunkumin makamai, kuma ya ba da damar MONUC don amfani da duk hanyoyin da suka dace don cika aikinta a Gundumar Ituri da kuma Arewa da Kivu ta Kudu, yayin da ya ɗauki ƙarin larduna su kasance cikin ikon MONUC. Gwamnatin Faransa ta riga ta nuna sha'awar jagorantar aikin. Ba da daɗewa ba ya fadada zuwa aikin da [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) ke jagoranta tare da Faransa a matsayin al'umma mai tsarawa wanda ke ba da yawancin ma'aikata kuma ya haɗa da gudummawa daga kasashen EU da wadanda ba na EU ba. Jimlar rundunar ta kunshi kimanin ma'aikata 1,800 kuma jirgin saman Faransa ne ya goyi bayan su a filayen jirgin sama a [[Ndjamena|N'Djamena]], Chadi da Entebbe, Uganda. An kuma kara karamin rukuni na 'yan Sweden na Musamman (SSG) mai shekaru 80. An kaddamar da aikin da ake kira Operation Artemis a ranar 12 ga Yuni kuma IMEF ta kammala turawa a cikin makonni uku masu zuwa. Rundunar ta yi nasara wajen tabbatar da halin da ake ciki a Bunia da kuma tilasta kasancewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin DRC. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2003, an ba da alhakin tsaro na yankin ga aikin MONUC. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2004 |title=Operation Artemis: The Lessons of the Interim Emergency Multinational Force |url=http://pbpu.unlb.org/PBPS/Pages/PUBLIC/ViewDocument.aspx?docid=572&menukey=_5_2_4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605013600/http://pbpu.unlb.org/PBPS/Pages/PUBLIC/ViewDocument.aspx?docid=572&menukey=_5_2_4 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |access-date=31 October 2008 |website=United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations}}</ref> Girman rikice-rikicen soja a DRC ya sa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nemi ƙarin taimakon soja daga manyan iko. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2003, [[Indiya]] ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta aika da ƙarin ma'aikata 300 da jirgin yaki daga Sojojin Sama na Indiya don ƙarfafa kokarin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a DRC. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2003, ƙungiyar Ituri ta kasance, gami da sojoji daga Uruguay, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Indonesia, Indiya da Morocco. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2003, jimlar masu kiyaye zaman lafiya 10,415 sun kasance a cikin DRC, wanda ya hada da raka'a na sojan ƙasa, raka'a injiniyoyi, raka'o'in helikofta, raka'ar kayan aiki, raka'an kiwon lafiya da raka'o-tafiye. ==== 2004 ==== ===2010s=== ====2010==== A bisa ga kudurin Kwamitin Tsaro mai lamba 1925 na 28 ga Mayu, 2010, an canza sunan MONUC a ranar 1 ga Yuli zuwa Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Daidaita Hukuma a Jamhuriyar Dimokradiyyar Kongo (MONUSCO) don nuna sabon matakin da aka cimma a kasar. A watan Agusta 2010, 'yan tawayen Mai Mai sun yi kwanton bauna a wani sansani na 19th Kumaon Regiment na Sojan Indiya, inda suka kashe jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya na Indiya uku.<ref name=TOI1>https://web.archive.org/web/20120905125527/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-19/india/28311544_1_indian-peacekeepers-indian-soldiers-congo-government 3 Indian peacekeepers killed in Congo, Times of India, 19 August 2010</ref> Harin ya sake farfado da kiraye-kiraye a Indiya don rage kasancewar sojojin kasar a Kongo saboda karuwar rikici a yankin. ====2011==== A watan Mayu 2011, ministan hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa na DRC ya bayyana burin gwamnatinsa na "ja da baya mai tsari, mai ci gaba" na MONUSCO saboda "daidaitawa" na dangantakar DRC da kasashe makwabta da kuma killace 'yan tawaye zuwa "wasu yankuna masu ware".<ref>http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/dr-congo-calls-un-withdraw-peacekeepers DR Congo calls on UN to withdraw peacekeepers {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017052717/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/dr-congo-calls-un-withdraw-peacekeepers |date=17 October 2012 }}, Radio Netherlands, 18 May 2011</ref> A watan Yuni 2011, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanar da cewa za ta janye kimanin jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya 2,000 kafin karshen watan.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121018203957/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F6%2F17%2Fworldupdates%2F2010-06-17T001737Z_01_NOOTR_RTRMDNC_0_-493692-1&sec=Worldupdates U.N. peacekeepers start Congo withdrawal, The Star, 17 June 2010</ref> Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta zo ne bayan 'yan kwanaki da yanke shawarar Indiya na janye dukkan jirage masu saukar ungulu na yaki guda hudu kirar Mi-35 daga MONUSCO da kuma daga karshe ta dakatar da ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya a DRC.<ref name="WP_Lynch2011">{{Cite news |last=Lynch |first=Colum |date=2011-06-14 |title=India's withdrawal of helicopters from Congo points to wider trend |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/national-security/indias-withdrawal-of-helicopters-from-congo-points-to-wider-trend/2011/06/10/AGH5loUH_story.html |access-date=2022-07-27 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220004508/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/national-security/indias-withdrawal-of-helicopters-from-congo-points-to-wider-trend/2011/06/10/AGH5loUH_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ====2012==== File:UN-12-049 (8137919009).jpg|thumb|Mambobin Kamfanin Riverine na Uruguay suna sintiri a Tafkin Tanganyika, Maris 2012 {{main|2012 East DR Congo conflict}} A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, an tura jirage masu saukar ungulu na MONUSCO don tallafa wa sojojin gwamnati yayin da suke yaki don dakatar da harin March 23 Movement a kudancin Kibumba; hadin gwiwar sojoji da na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kashe kimanin mayaƙan M23 64.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/congo-democratic-un-idUSL5E8MLH6J20121121 |title=UN defends failed attempt to halt capture of Congo's Goma |date=21 November 2012 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=21 November 2012 |archive-date=29 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129111232/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/21/congo-democratic-un-idUSL5E8MLH6J20121121 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2012, March 23 Movement sun kwace babban birnin lardin Goma bayan sojojin kasa sun ja da baya. Sojojin MONUSCO sun lura ba tare da shiga tsakani ba, domin umarnin su ya ba su izini kawai su kare fararen hula.<ref name=NYT2011>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/world/africa/congolese-rebels-reach-goma-reports-say.html |title=Congo Rebels Seize Provincial Capital |author=Jeffrey Gettleman and Josh Kron |date=20 November 2012 |work=The New York Times |access-date=18 November 2012 |archive-date=20 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120190538/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/world/africa/congolese-rebels-reach-goma-reports-say.html?_r=0 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref> Ministan harkokin wajen Faransa Laurent Fabius ya kira halin da ake ciki "matsala", yana mai lura da yawan adadin MONUSCO, kuma ya yi kira da a sake duba umarnin kungiyar.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jonny Hogg |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-democratic-idUSBRE8AI0UO20121120 |title=Congo rebels seize eastern city as U.N. forces look on |publisher=Reuters |date=20 November 2012 |access-date=20 November 2012 |archive-date=21 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121162508/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/20/us-congo-democratic-idUSBRE8AI0UO20121120 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref> Mai magana da yawun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Eduardo del Buey ya ce jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya "ba za su iya maye gurbin" sojojin kasa na Congo ba, ya kara da cewa sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1,500 da ke Goma sun dakatar da harbin su saboda ba sa so su jefa rayukan fararen hula cikin hadari.<ref name=BBC2011>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739 |title=DR Congo M23 rebels 'enter Goma city' |publisher=BBC News |date=20 November 2012 |access-date=20 November 2012 |archive-date=5 December 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205032005/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref> ====2013==== {{See also|United Nations Force Intervention Brigade}} File:FIB-training-22 (9311333487).jpg|thumb|Sojojin musamman na Tanzania People's Defence Force yayin atisayen horo a Sake, Yuli 2013 A watan Janairu 2013 shugaban MONUSCO Herve Ladsous ya gaya wa Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a wani taro na sirri cewa manufar tawagar ita ce tura jirage marasa matuka guda uku a yankunan gabashin DRC. Amurka, Birtaniya da sauran membobin Kwamitin Tsaro sun goyi bayan ra'ayin. Sai dai, Rwanda, wacce ta musanta zargin kwararrun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya cewa tana goyon bayan March 23 Movement, ta nuna adawa da wannan shawarar. Tawagar Rwanda ta sanar da Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya cewa Monusco za ta zama "mai tashin hankali" idan ta tura jirage marasa matuka a gabashin DRC. Sauran jami'an diflomasiyya, ciki har da Rasha, China, da wasu daga Turai, sun kuma nuna shakku. Sun ce akwai tambayoyin da ba a amsa ba game da wanda zai karbi bayanan daga jirage marasa matuka da kuma yadda za a yada su, suna bayyana rashin jin dadi game da ra'ayin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta zama mai tattara bayanan sirri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Rwanda-opposes-use-of-drones-DRC-20130109|title=Rwanda opposes use of drones in DRC|publisher=News 24|date=9 December 2013|access-date=11 December 2013|archive-date=14 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214115518/http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Rwanda-opposes-use-of-drones-DRC-20130109|url-status=live}}</ref> A watan Maris 2013, Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da izini ga tura wata rundunar shiga tsakani a cikin MONUSCO don gudanar da ayyukan kai hari, tare da ko ba tare da sojojin kasa na Congo ba, kan kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai da ke barazana ga zaman lafiya a gabashin DRC. Rundunar tana zaune a Sake, North Kivu, kuma tana kunshe da jimillar jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya 3,069. An dora mata alhakin kashe kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai, rage barazanar da ke fuskantar ikon Jiha da tsaron fararen hula da kuma samar da sarari don ayyukan daidaitawa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=44876#.UizEW9JJOE0|title=Tanzanian troops arrive in eastern DR Congo as part of UN intervention brigade|publisher=United Nations|access-date=8 September 2013|date=10 May 2013|archive-date=28 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928085644/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=44876#.UizEW9JJOE0|url-status=live}}</ref> Rundunar farko ta kunshe da bataliyoyi uku, daya daga kowace daga Afirka ta Kudu, Tanzania da Malawi tare da Rundunar da James Aloizi Mwakibolwa na Tanzania ke jagoranta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid=98140|title=NGOs concerned about new DRC Intervention Brigade|publisher=IrinNews|access-date=30 July 2014|date=31 May 2013|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808040120/http://www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid=98140|url-status=live}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Yuli 2013, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba March 23 Movement wa'adin sa'o'i 48 don barin yankin Goma ko kuma fuskantar "amfani da karfi".<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/07/201373017252298401.html UN gives ultimatum to DR Congo rebels – Africa {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801232357/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/07/201373017252298401.html |date=1 August 2013 }}. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 4 September 2013.</ref> Tsakanin 21 da 29 ga Agusta, gwagwarmaya mai tsanani a wajen Goma ta bar 'yan tawaye 57, sojojin gwamnati 10–23, fararen hula 14 da jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya guda daya daga Tanzania sun mutu. Sojojin gwamnati dari bakwai da ashirin da jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya goma ma sun ji rauni.<ref name="go">{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/casualties-congo-troops-forces-fight-rebels-20065097 |title=International News &#124; World News - ABC News &#124; Casualties as Congo and UN Forces Fight Rebels |publisher=abcnews.go.com |access-date=15 March 2016 |archive-date=28 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828083647/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/casualties-congo-troops-forces-fight-rebels-20065097 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="go2">{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/congo-conflict-spills-rwanda-20111030 |title=International News &#124; World News - ABC News &#124; Rebels Declare Ceasefire in Congo |publisher=abcnews.go.com |access-date=15 March 2016 |archive-date=1 September 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130901121605/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/congo-conflict-spills-rwanda-20111030 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="un">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=45727#.UiMppjZHIpk|title=United Nations News Centre - DR Congo: UN chief deplores killing of Tanzanian peacekeeper|date=29 August 2013|publisher=un.org|access-date=15 March 2016|archive-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105044543/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=45727#.UiMppjZHIpk|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="enca">{{cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/africa/sa-snipers-kill-congo-rebels|title=SA snipers kill Congo rebels &#124; eNCA|author=eNCA|work=eNCA |publisher=enca.com|access-date=15 March 2016|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924000423/http://www.enca.com/africa/sa-snipers-kill-congo-rebels|url-status=live}}</ref> File:A team of technicians prepares for the inaugural flight of an Unmanned-Unarmed Aerial Vehicles (UAV) in Goma, North Kivu province (11189522286).jpg|thumb|Wata tawagar kwararru tana shirye-shirye don fara jigilar jiragen sama marasa matuka (UAV) a Goma, lardin North Kivu, Disamba 2013 ====2014==== Bayan harin South Kivu na 2014 a watan Yuni 2014, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanar da cewa za ta tura sojojin wanzar da zaman lafiya na MONUSCO zuwa yankin don kare al'ummar. "Wadannan ayyukan tashin hankali ba za a amince da su ba kuma suna bukatar dakatar da su nan da nan," in ji Kobler.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dispute over cows leaves 37 dead, 20 others injured in eastern Congo|work=Chicago Tribune|date=7 June 2014|author=Crispin Kyalangalilwa|agency=Reuters|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2014/06/07/dispute-over-cows-leaves-37-dead-20-others-injured-in-eastern-congo/|access-date=8 June 2014|archive-date=8 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608152438/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-06-07/news/sns-rt-us-congo-massacre-20140607_1_national-liberation-forces-cows-burundi|url-status=live}}</ref> ====2015==== A watan Mayu 2015, 'yan tawayen Uganda na Allied Democratic Forces sun yi kwanton bauna a wani ayarin MONUSCO kimanin mil 7 daga Beni, inda suka kashe sojojin Tanzania biyu. An bayar da rahoton cewa wasu jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya hudu sun bata.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-32605771 |title=Tanzanian UN peacekeepers killed in DR Congo near Beni |publisher=BBC News |date=6 May 2015 |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-date=9 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109004635/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-32605771 |url-status=live }}</ref> A watan Oktoba 2015, Maman Sambo Sidikou ya gaji Martin Kobler a matsayin shugaban MONUSCO.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sga1596.doc.htm |title=Secretary-General Appoints Maman Sambo Sidikou of Niger Special Representative for Democratic Republic of Congo |publisher=United Nations |date=8 October 2015 |access-date=8 December 2016 |archive-date=4 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204185527/http://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sga1596.doc.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> File:Bintou Keita in Kalemie during covid-19 on 26 MARS 2021 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Shugaban MONUSCO Bintou Keita (a dama) a Kalemie a 2021, tana lura da matakan rigakafin COVID-19 ====2017==== A ranar 8 ga Disamba 2017, sansanin aiki na Semuliki, mil 27 daga garin Beni, an kai masa hari mai tsawo wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 15 da sojojin Congo 5. An kuma raunata jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 53. Akalla 12 daga cikin jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da suka mutu 'yan Tanzania ne.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/08/africa/africa-un-peacekeepers-killed/index.html|title=15 UN peacekeepers slain in Congo|author1=Joe Sterling|author2=Robyn Kriel|author3=Eric Levenson|date=8 December 2017|publisher=CNN|access-date=17 November 2018|archive-date=17 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117151523/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/08/africa/africa-un-peacekeepers-killed/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/fourteen-un-peacekeepers-killed-in-democratic-republic-of-congo-attack-11161884|title=Fourteen UN peacekeepers killed in Democratic Republic of Congo attack|access-date=17 November 2018|archive-date=8 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208192535/https://news.sky.com/story/fourteen-un-peacekeepers-killed-in-democratic-republic-of-congo-attack-11161884|url-status=live}}</ref> An yi zargin cewa masu kai harin 'yan tawaye ne na Allied Democratic Forces (ADF).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42285871|title=UN peacekeepers killed in DR Congo|work=BBC News|date=8 December 2017|access-date=17 November 2018|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116151500/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42285871|url-status=live}}</ref> Wannan ya kawo jimillar asarar sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tun lokacin da aka fara aikin a Kongo zuwa 93.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/08/peacekeepers-killed-in-attack-on-un-base-in-dr-congo|title=Islamist attack kills at least 15 UN peacekeepers and five soldiers in DRC|first=Jason|last=Burke|date=8 December 2017|website=the Guardian|access-date=17 November 2018|archive-date=22 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022005924/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/08/peacekeepers-killed-in-attack-on-un-base-in-dr-congo|url-status=live}}</ref> ===2020s=== ====2022==== A watan Maris, saboda mamayewar Rasha na Ukraine na 2022, Ukraine ta janye rukunin jiragen sama na helikopta guda takwas.<ref name="UkraineWithdrawal">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62945971 |title=Ukraine troops leave DR Congo peacekeeping mission Monusco |last=Cyuzuzo |first=Samba |website=BBC |date=19 September 2022 |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925065053/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62945971 |url-status=live }}</ref> Zanga-zangar adawa da MONUSCO ta barke a karshen watan Yuli a tsakanin zarge-zargen 'yan siyasa da fararen hula na Congo na rashin daukar mataki don kawo karshen rikicin Kivu a cikin kasar. Masu zanga-zangar sun bukaci MONUSCO ta fice daga kasar.<ref name="aj"/> A ranar 26 ga Yuli, mutane goma sha biyar sun mutu yayin da wasu 50 suka ji rauni yayin da jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka bude wuta a wata zanga-zanga a Goma, North Kivu.<ref name="aj">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-26 |title=At least 15 killed as anti-UN protests spread in eastern DR Congo |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/26/un-peacekeepers-troops-shoot-two-protesters-dead-in-goma-drc |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726212051/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/26/un-peacekeepers-troops-shoot-two-protesters-dead-in-goma-drc |url-status=live }}</ref> A ranar guda, jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya uku da fararen hula bakwai sun mutu yayin wani hari kan sansanin MONUSCO da masu zanga-zanga suka kai a Butembo.<ref name="aj"/> A ranar 27 ga Yuli, masu zanga-zanga hudu a sansanin MONUSCO a Uvira sun mutu sakamakon girgizar lantarki bayan sojoji sun harbi kebul na lantarki wanda ya fado a kansu. Gwamnan South Kivu Théo Ngwabidje Kasi ya yi kira da a gudanar da bincike kan ko sojojin tsaro na Congo ne ko jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya na MONUSCO suka harbi kebul din.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kyala |first1=Crispin |last2=Bujakera |first2=Stanis |title=Four civilians electrocuted during Congo anti-U.N. protests |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/four-dead-anti-un-protests-spread-congo-2022-07-27/ |website=Reuters |access-date=28 July 2022 |language=en |date=27 July 2022 |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727150800/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/four-dead-anti-un-protests-spread-congo-2022-07-27/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A watan Satumba, Ukraine ta janye sojojinta 250 daga tawagar.<ref name="UkraineWithdrawal"/> ====2023==== {{See also|2023 DRC anti-MONUSCO protests}} A watan Agusta 2023, masu zanga-zanga sun yi arangama da sojoji a wata zanga-zanga a Goma, Jamhuriyar Dimokradiyyar Kongo, game da sojojin MONUSCO saboda kasa hana tashin hankalin 'yan tawaye a kan fararen hula. A cewar rahotanni, adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 56 a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two officers arrested over DR Congo crackdown as death toll rises to 56 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/5/two-officers-arrested-in-dr-congo-for-crackdown-that-killed-43-people |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> ====2024==== Jamhuriyar Dimokradiyyar Kongo ta yi kira ga MONUSCO da ta fice daga kasar a tsakanin karuwar fahimtar cewa suna kasa kare fararen hula.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All UN peacekeepers to leave DR Congo by end of 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/13/un-says-all-peacekeepers-will-leave-dr-congo-by-end-of-2024 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> MONUSCO ta fara amincewa da cikakken janye sojojinta kafin karshen shekara, tare da farkon matakin janyewar da aka fara a watan Yuli, wanda ya hada da rufe babban ofishinsu a Bukavu, South Kivu.<ref name="MONUSCO Withdrawal">{{Cite web |title=PR: MONUSCO ending its mission in South Kivu after more than 20 Years of Service |url=https://monusco.unmissions.org/en/pr-monusco-ending-its-mission-south-kivu-after-more-20-years-service-0 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=MONUSCO |date=25 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yuli, a tsakanin tsanantar hare-hare na M23 a North Kivu,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Security Council Renews Mandate of Stabilization Mission in Democratic Republic of Congo, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2765 (2024) |2=Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15949.doc.htm |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=press.un.org |archive-date=2025-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104011650/https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15949.doc.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> an dakatar da janyewar kuma an dage shi har abada. Ministan Harkokin Waje Thérèse Kayikwamba Wagner ta bayyana damuwa game da haifar da raunin tsaro, tana mai cewa "za mu yi la'akari da ci gaban da muka gani a kasa kafin mu yanke shawarar da ta dace kuma mu fara wannan tsari lokacin da aka cimma mafi kyawun yanayi."<ref name=":1" /> ====2025==== [[File:Paula_Gaviria_Betancur_in_the_DRC.jpg|thumb|left|Mai Rahoto na Musamman, Paula Gaviria Betancur, a 2025 a DRC]] A watan Janairu 2025, M23 ta kwace iko da birnin Goma, kuma akalla sojoji 13 daga Rundunar Tsaro ta Kasa ta Afirka ta Kudu da daya daga Sojan Uruguay sun mutu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sundayworld.co.za/news/sandf-denies-surrendering-to-drcs-m23-rebels/|title=SANDF denies surrendering to DRC's M23 rebels|first=Mpho|last=Koka|date=28 January 2025|website=Sunday World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-25 |title=Murió un soldado uruguayo de los cascos azules en el Congo y otros están heridos: el comunicado del Ejército |url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/mundo/murio-un-soldado-uruguayo-de-los-cascos-azules-en-el-congo-y-otros-estan-heridos-el-comunicado-del-ejercito |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=EL PAIS |language=es-UY}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, Mai Rahoto na Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Paula Gaviria Betancur ta ziyarci Jamhuriyar Dimokradiyyar Kongo (DRC) lokacin da akwai mutane miliyan 7 da suka rasa matsugunansu. Bugu da kari, akwai rikicin makamai kuma ta sadu da wasu daga cikin shugabannin. Ta yi kira da a ba da taimakon kasa da kasa da jagoranci daga gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-30 |title=RDC: la rapporteuse spéciale de l'ONU tire la sonnette d'alarme sur le sort des déplacés |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250530-rdc-la-rapporteuse-sp%C3%A9ciale-de-l-onu-tire-la-sonnette-d-alarme-sur-le-sort-des-d%C3%A9plac%C3%A9s |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> ==Tsari== Hedikwatar tawagar tana Kinshasa, DRC. Tawagar tana kallon DRC a matsayin mai sassa 6, kowanne da nasa hedkwatar ma'aikata. A 2005-2006, an kafa sashin Gabas a Kisangani kuma ya karbi brigades a North Kivu, South Kivu, da Ituri, tare da biyu ko uku na Hedikwatar Sassa. Kudin da aka amince da shi na MONUC, daga 1 ga Yuli 2007 zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2008, ya kai dala biliyan 1.16, mafi girma ga duk wani aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na yanzu. ===Kwamandojin Sojoji=== [[File:MONUC deployments Dec 2009.png|thumb|300px|Wurare da aka tura sassan MONUC a Disamba 2009]] ===Hedikwatar Sassa=== * Hedikwatar MONUSCO: Kinshasa * Sashe na 1: Mbandaka * Sashe na 2 da Hedikwatar Sashen Gabas: Kisangani * Sashe na 3: Kananga * Sashe na 4: Kalemie * Sashe na 5: Kindu * Sashe na 6: Bunia ===Adadin Sojoji da Rashe-rashe=== A watan Yuli 2004 akwai sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 10,531 karkashin umarnin MONUC. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2004, Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yanke shawarar tura karin sojoji 5,900 zuwa Congo, duk da cewa Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kofi Annan ya nemi kimanin 12,000. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2005, 'yan wanzar da zaman lafiya na Bangladesh tara sun mutu a hannun 'yan kungiyar tsaron Nationalist and Integrationist Front a lardin Ituri. FNI ta kashe wani dan wanzar da zaman lafiya na Nepali kuma ta kama bakwai a watan Mayu 2006. Biyu daga cikin bakwai an sako su a karshen watan Yuni kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana kokarin tabbatar da sakin sauran biyar.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5119918.stm "An saki jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya na DR Congo biyu" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708231348/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5119918.stm |date=8 July 2006 }}, ''BBC'', 27 Yuni 2006</ref> Zuwa Nuwamba 2005, MONUC ta kunshe da sojoji masu uniform 16,561. A ranar 30 ga Yuli 2006, an dora wa sojojin MONUC alhakin gudanar da babban zaben Jamhuriyar Dimokradiyyar Kongo na 2006 - zaben farko na jam'iyyu da yawa a DRC tun 1960 - cikin lumana da tsari. Sojojin MONUC sun fara sintiri a yankunan gabashin DRC bayan barkewar rikice-rikice a ranar 5 ga Agusta biyo bayan rudanin tattara sakamakon zabe. Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma tana shirya shirye-shiryen horo daban-daban da gasa a Kongo ga sojojin Congo da na kasa da kasa. An gudanar da wata gasa makamanciyar haka tsakanin sojoji daga dukkan sojojin kasa da kasa kuma bataliyar sojojin Pakistan ce ta ci. Ya zuwa 31 ga Oktoba 2007, jimillar karfin sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kai ma'aikata masu uniform 18,407, ciki har da sojoji 16,661; masu sa ido na soja 735; da 'yan sanda 1,011; tare da goyon bayan ma'aikatan farar hula na kasa da kasa 931, ma'aikatan farar hula na gida 2,062, da masu aikin sa kai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 585. Zuwa watan Agusta 2024, a wani bangare ta hanyar rufe sansanonin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Kudancin Sashe,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/monusco-ending-its-mission-south-kivu-after-more-20-years-of-service | title=MONUSCO ending its mission in South Kivu after more than 20 Years of Service }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kasancewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kai sojoji 14,000; masu sa ido na soja 660; 'yan sanda 591; da ma'aikata 1,050 na sassan 'yan sanda da aka kafa.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/monusco | title=Monusco | access-date=2025-06-11 | archive-date=2009-04-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419223317/http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/minurso/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agusta 2024, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta rubuta jimillar mutuwar mutane 444 a tsakanin ma'aikatan MONUC da MONUSCO.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/fatalities | title=Fatalities }}</ref> Wadanda suka mutu a MONUC (jimillar 161) sun hada da sojoji 100; masu sa ido na soja 10; 'yan sanda na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 6; fararen hula na kasa da kasa 12; da fararen hula na gida 33. Wadanda suka mutu a MONUSCO (jimillar 283) sun hada da sojoji 159; masu sa ido na soja 3; 'yan sanda na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 18; fararen hula na kasa da kasa 28; da fararen hula na gida 71.<ref>https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/stats_by_mission_appointment_type_3_102_august_2024.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007202226/https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/stats_by_mission_appointment_type_3_102_august_2024.pdf |date=2024-10-07 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=May 2025}}</ref> ===Ma'aikata da Sojoji=== A ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2007 MONUC tana da jimillar ma'aikata masu uniform 18,407, ciki har da sojoji 16,661, masu sa ido na soja 735, 'yan sanda 1,011, wadanda ma'aikatan farar hula na kasa da kasa 931, ma'aikatan farar hula na gida 2,062 da masu aikin sa kai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 585 suka tallafa musu. Ya zuwa watan Yuni 2022, manyan masu ba da gudummawar sojoji, a tsarin adadin sojojin baki daya sune Pakistan, Indiya, Bangladesh, Afirka ta Kudu, Nepal, Indonesia, da Maroko (kusan 10,000). A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2008, Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kada kuri'a baki daya don karfafa MONUC da karin jami'an wanzar da zaman lafiya 3,085 don magance matsala a rikicin Nord-Kivu na 2008.<ref name="CNN300"/> Sun kada kuri'a bayan kungiyoyi 44, karkashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Faransa, sun yi wa kwamitin takarda don tura karin sojoji don daidaita yankin.<ref name="CNNCoalition"/> Ya zuwa 31 ga Agusta 2011, sojojin MONUSCO sun hada da ma'aikata masu uniform 19,084, daga cikinsu 16,998 sojoji ne, 743 masu sa ido na soja ne kuma 1,343 'yan sanda ne (ciki har da sassan da aka kafa). Bugu da kari, sojojin sun hada da ma'aikatan farar hula na kasa da kasa 983, ma'aikatan farar hula na gida 2,828 da masu aikin sa kai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 600.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/monusco/facts.shtml |title=MONUSCO Facts and Figures – United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo |work=un.org |access-date=16 October 2011 |archive-date=15 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015002326/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/monusco/facts.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Ma'aikatan Kwamanda==== File:MONUSCO Ml-24 flight reconnaissance in North Kivu.jpg|thumb|Ofishin jirgin sama na Ukraine yana sintiri a North Kivu Sunayen ma'aikatan kwamanda na MONUSCO sune kamar haka: * A watan Janairu 2021, an nada Bintou Keita don jagorantar MONUSCO kuma ta zama Wakiliyar Musamman ta Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a DRC.<ref name=onorg>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-14|title=Ms. Bintou Keita of Guinea - Special Representative of the Secretary-General in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Head of the UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO)|url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2021-01-14/ms-bintou-keita-of-guinea-special-representative-of-the-secretary-general-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-and-head-of-the-un-organization|access-date=2021-07-02|website=United Nations Secretary-General|language=en|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801050743/https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2021-01-14/ms-bintou-keita-of-guinea-special-representative-of-the-secretary-general-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-and-head-of-the-un-organization|url-status=live}}</ref> ** 2018–21: Leila Zerrougui (Algeria) ** 2015–17: Maman Sambo Sidikou (Nijar)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/monusco/leadership.shtml|title=MONUSCO Leadership – United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|work=un.org|access-date=14 February 2015|archive-date=14 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214143714/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/monusco/leadership.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> ** 2013–15: Martin Kobler (Jamus) ** 2010–13: Roger A. Meece (Amurka) ** 2007–10: Alan Doss (Birtaniya) ** 2003–07: William L. Swing (Amurka) ** 2001–03: Amos Namanga Ngongi (Kamaru) ** 1999–2001: Kamel Morjane (Tunisiya) * Mataimakin Wakilin Musamman na Sakatare-Janar: Abdallah Wafy (Nijar) * Mataimakin Wakilin Musamman na Sakatare-Janar: Kim Bolduc (Kanada)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sga1768.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General Appoints Kim Bolduc of Canada Deputy Special Representative, United Nations Mission in Democratic Republic of Congo | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|website=www.un.org|language=en|access-date=2018-12-04|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709215203/https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sga1768.doc.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> * Kwamandan Sojoji: Lieutenant General Derrick Mgwebi (Afirka ta Kudu) * Kwamishinan 'Yan Sanda: Général Pascal Champion (Faransa) ==Kasashe Masu Ba da Gudummawa == Ya zuwa 28 ga Fabrairu, 2025, jimillar ma'aikata a cikin tawagar sun kai 11,774:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Troop and police contributors |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=United Nations Peacekeeping |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630060533/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2013/jun13_5.pdf |title=UN Mission's Contributions by Country |date=30 June 2013 |publisher=Page 5, UN |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-date=13 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913181726/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2013/jun13_5.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>http://kitekinto.hu/afrika/2012/06/04/magyar_katonak_kuzdelme_afrikai_hadurakkal/#.UiTGc9LWVlk Sojojin Hungary sun yi yaki da sarakunan yaki na Afirka {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501071559/http://kitekinto.hu/afrika/2012/06/04/magyar_katonak_kuzdelme_afrikai_hadurakkal/#.UiTGc9LWVlk |date=1 May 2016 }}. Kitekinto.hu. An dawo da shi 4 Satumba 2013.</ref> {{Image frame | caption= {{legend|darkblue|Gudummawar Sojoji (Jimilla)}} | pos=top | align = center | content = {{Graph:Chart | width=700 | height=200 | xAxisTitle=Kasa | yAxisTitle=Adadin Sojoji | type=rect | showSymbols= | colors=DarkBlue, gold, DarkRed | xAxisAngle=-50 | showValues=offset:5, fontcolor:DarkRed | x=Algeria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, China, Ivory Coast, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, France, Gambia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Jordan, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Serbia Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Zambia, Zimbabwe | y=2, 1827, 1, 31, 0, 5, 3, 26, 23, 10, 17, 12, 229, 29, 2, 2, 25, 357, 5, 5, 27, 155, 27, 2040, 1051, 3, 220, 267, 1, 747, 6, 27, 2, 923, 1163, 25, 7, 1, 1975, 7, 6, 2, 2, 23, 19, 444, 1, 2, 952, 4, 2, 866, 28, 37, 9, 265, 6, 3, 828, 6, 3, }} }} {{Table alignment}} {| class="wikitable sortable col5right" |- ! scope="col" style="width:160px;" |Kasa ! scope="col" style="width:100px;" |'Yan sanda ! scope="col" style="width:100px;" |Kwararru ! scope="col" style="width:100px;" |Sojoji da jami'an ma'aikata !Jimilla |- | {{flag icon:Algeria}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |2 | align="center" |0 |2 |- | {{BAN}} | align="center" |183 | align="center" |5 | align="center" |1756 |{{sum|183|5|1756}} |- | {{flag:Benin}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |3 | align="center" |4 |{{sum|3|4}} |- | {{flag:Bhutan}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |1 |1 |- | {{flag:Bolivia}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |1 | align="center" |0 |1 |- | {{flag:Botswana}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |2 |2 |- | {{flag:Brazil}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |1 | align="center" |12 |{{sum|1|12}} |- | {{flag:Burkina Faso}} | align="center" |19 | align="center" |1 | align="center" |0 |{{sum|19|1}} |- | {{flag:Cameroon}} | align="center" |12 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 |12 |- | {{flag:Canada}} | align="center" |3 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |8 |{{sum|3|8}} |- | {{flag:Chad}} | align="center" |19 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 |19 |- | {{flag:China}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |6 | align="center" |7 |{{sum|6|7}} |- | {{flag:Ivory Coast}} | align="center" |17 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 |17 |- | {{flag:Czech Republic}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |1 | align="center" |0 |1 |- | {{flag:Djibouti}} | align="center" |21 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 |21 |- | {{flag:Egypt}} | align="center" |190 | align="center" |1 | align="center" |5 |{{sum|190|1|5}} |- | {{flag:France}} | align="center" |2 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |3 |{{sum|2|3}} |- | {{flag:Gambia}} | align="center" |8 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |2 |{{sum|8|2}} |- | {{flag:Ghana}} | align="center" |3 | align="center" |8 | align="center" |7 |{{sum|3|8|7}} |- | {{flag:Guatemala}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |1 | align="center" |183 |{{sum|1|183}} |- | {{flag:India}} | align="center" |159 | align="center" |8 | align="center" |1098 |{{sum|159|8|1098}} |- | {{flag:Indonesia}} | align="center" |9 | align="center" |5 | align="center" |1028 |{{sum|9|5|1028}} |- | {{flag:Jordan}} | align="center" |11 | align="center" |1 | align="center" |137 |{{sum|11|1|137}} |- | {{flag:Kenya}} | align="center" |5 | align="center" |2 | align="center" |395 |{{sum|5|2|395}} |- | {{flag:Malawi}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |1 | align="center" |744 |{{sum|1|744}} |- | {{flag:Malaysia}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |3 | align="center" |5 |{{sum|3|5}} |- | {{flag:Mali}} | align="center" |20 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 |20 |- | {{flag:Morocco}} | align="center" |2 | align="center" |3 | align="center" |924 |{{sum|2|3|924}} |- | {{flag:Nepal}} | align="center" |5 | align="center" |8 | align="center" |979 |{{sum|5|8|979}} |- | {{flag:Niger}} | align="center" |20 | align="center" |1 | align="center" |2 |{{sum|20|1|2}} |- | {{flag:Nigeria}} | align="center" |3 | align="center" |1 | align="center" |1 |{{sum|3|1|1}} |- | {{flag:Pakistan}} | align="center" |3 | align="center" |10 | align="center" |361 |{{sum|3|10|361}} |- | {{flag:Paraguay}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |3 | align="center" |3 |{{sum|3|3}} |- | {{flag:Peru}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |2 |2 |- | {{flag:Russia}} | align="center" |10 | align="center" |2 | align="center" |2 |{{sum|10|2|2}} |- | {{flag:Senegal}} | align="center" |548 | align="center" |1 | align="center" |11 |{{sum|548|1|11}} |- | {{flag:Sierra Leone}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |1 |1 |- | {{flag:South Africa}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |1086 |1086 |- | {{flag:Sweden}} | align="center" |3 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 |3 |- | {{flag:Switzerland}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |1 |1 |- | {{flag:Tanzania}} | align="center" |18 | align="center" |1 | align="center" |856 |{{sum|18|1|856}} |- | {{flag:Togo}} | align="center" |9 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 |9 |- | {{flag:Tunisia}} | align="center" |23 | align="center" |2 | align="center" |7 |{{sum|23|2|7}} |- | {{flag:Turkey}} | align="center" |5 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 |5 |- | {{flag:United Kingdom}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |3 |3 |- | {{flag:United States}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |3 |3 |- | {{flag:Uruguay}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |4 | align="center" |704 |{{sum|4|704}} |- | {{flag:Zambia}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |2 | align="center" |0 |2 |- | {{flag:Zimbabwe}} | align="center" |0 | align="center" |0 | align="center" |3 |3 |- ! Jimilla ! align="center" |1334 ! align="center" |89 ! align="center" |10351 !{{sum|1334|89|10351}} |} ===Fararen Hula=== Ma'aikatan fararen hula na kasa da kasa da masu aikin sa kai, da 'yan kasar DRC: 2,636 * Ma'aikatan kasa da kasa: 816 * Masu aikin sa kai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya: 482 * 'Yan kasar DRC: 1,338 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aa16520o5mhkjozafw3yamtnyxqgqnw 0 102732 841784 828198 2026-05-28T17:41:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841784 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">Levan Songulashvili</div> | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="nickname" lang="ka"> Ɗaukaka</div> |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3008" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="2000" decoding="async" height="376" resource="./File:Levan_Songulashvili_.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Levan_Songulashvili_.jpg/250px-Levan_Songulashvili_.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Levan_Songulashvili_.jpg/500px-Levan_Songulashvili_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Levan_Songulashvili_.jpg/500px-Levan_Songulashvili_.jpg 2x" width="250" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Levan_Songulashvili_.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption"> Songulashvili a cikin 2017</div> |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Haihuwa | class="infobox-data" | <span style="display:none">( <span class="bday">1991-08-17</span> )</span> 17 ga Agusta, 1991 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(shekara&nbsp;33)</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[Tbilisi]], Jojiya</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ilimi | class="infobox-data" | |} {{Reflist|25em}} '''Levan Songulashvili''' ( {{lang-ka|ლევან სონღულაშვილი}} ; an haife shi sha bakwai 17 ga watan Agusta,shekarar alif dubu daya 1991) ɗan asalin [[Georgia|Jojiya]] ne wanda aka haife shi a [[New York (birni)|New York]] - mai zane na gini; mai zane, draughtsman, sannan kuma mai fasahar bidiyo na multimedia. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Songulashvili a Tbilisi, ranar sha bakwai 17 ga watan Agustan [[Shekarar yarda|shekarar]] alif dubu daya da ɗari tara tis'in da daya ɗari tara da tis'in da daya 1991. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da daya 2021, Gidan Tarihi na [[Georgiana Freeman|Georgian]] ya gabatar da nunin solo na Levan Songulashvili. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TRIPTYCHOS - Solo Show of Levan Songulashvili |url=https://museum.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=69&info_id=16175tra |website=museum.ge}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Levan Songulashvili: Triptychos - Announcements - e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/422643/levan-songulashvilitriptychos/ |website=www.e-flux.com}}</ref> A wannan shekarar an sanya wa mai zane suna Forbes Georgia 30 Under 30 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=30 UNDER 30 &#124; Forbes Georgia |url=https://under30.ge/ |website=under30.ge}}</ref> A shekarar alif dubu biyu da sha daya 2011, an gayyaci mawaƙin mai shekaru 19 zuwa Jamus a wani ɓangare na aikin fasaha, inda ya tsara wasan kwaikwayo tare da takwarorinsa na Jamus. <ref name="levan.gallery">{{Cite web |title=Bio – Levan Songulashvili |url=http://levan.gallery/bio |access-date=29 April 2018 |website=levan.gallery |archive-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830022951/http://levan.gallery/bio/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin yana da shekaru 21, Songulashvili ya gama karatu daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jihar Tbilisi tare da digiri na farko a [[zane]] da bugawa . Ya lashe guraben karo ilimi da yawa da kyaututtuka na fasaha kuma ya zama ɗan wasan Georgian na farko wanda ya sami digirinsa na Master (MFA) tare da girmamawa daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta [[New York]] a cikin [[Painting|zane]] . <ref name="levan.gallery"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes-ის 30 Under 30-ის გამარჯვებულების სია ცნობილია |url=https://bm.ge/ka/article/forbes-is-30-under-30-is-gamarjvebulebis-sia-/80610}}</ref> A cikin shekarar alif dubu biyu da sha takwas 2018, Songulashvili ya sami babban baje kolinsa mai cin gashin kansa "The STYX" a cikin wurare biyu na gallery, wanda Mark [[Gisbourne]] ya tsara. Nunin ya haɗa da jerin zane-zane da na'urorin fina-finai waɗanda aka sadaukar da kai ga medusozoa jellyfish. A cikin sarari na biyu akwai wani bidiyon da aka yi hasashe na shigarwar muhalli mai bango uku "Tsarin Abubuwan", wanda aka yi fim a gidan kayan tarihi na Guggenheim da sabon Oculus da aka kammala a New York. Har ila yau, aikin ya ƙunshi babban ɓangaren sassaka mai koma baya. Baje kolin baje kolin shi ne na “tafi” da tafiyar rayuwa, sosai dai-dai-dai da ƙwararren masanin ilimin ɗan adam Joseph Campbell, sanannen ilimin tarihin tarihin tarihin Jarumi, daga rayuwa zuwa mutuwa, jahilci zuwa wayewa, daga yini zuwa dare, da na dawowar har abada. Ga Songulashvili wannan ya zama duka misalan duniya da jigo mai ƙirƙira, haka kuma a matsayin ƙarin simi na haɓakar rayuwar ɗan wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The STYX &#124; Levan Songulashvili's solo show &#124; Ertigallery |url=http://ertigallery.com/the-styx-levan-songulashvilis-solo-show/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |archive-date=2025-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619204829/https://ertigallery.com/the-styx-levan-songulashvilis-solo-show/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekarar alif dubu biyu da sha takwas 2018, an gabatar da shigarwar mataki mai ban mamaki na Songulashvili "IDEM ET IDEM" don mawaƙin Giya Kancheli na tarihin kide-kide tare da fara wasan duniya na sabon shirin kiɗan sa na ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Inda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga ɗaya daga cikin jerin zanen [[Songulashvili]] mawaƙin ya ba da taken aikinsa da suna iri ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-21 |title=ლევან სონღულაშვილი Strokes of Genius–ის გამარჯვებულია |url=http://artnews.ge/?p=32495 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana nuna ayyukan mawaƙin da kayan aikin multimedia a cikin ɗakunan fasaha, tarin masu zaman kansu, da gidajen tarihi na duniya, gami da na Sotheby's{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2021}} (NYC), Kwalejin Kimiyya na Royal da Saatchi Gallery . Yankunan masu zanen suna cikin tarin din-dindin na Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn da kuma kan gani na dindindin a The Rustaveli National Theater . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Georgian artist's works join Picasso, Van Gogh at Brooklyn Museum |url=https://www.georgianjournal.ge/arts-a-culture/33627-georgian-artists-works-join-picasso-van-gogh-at-brooklyn-museum.html |access-date=29 April 2018 |website=GeorgianJournal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brooklyn Museum |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/artists/19997/objects |access-date=29 April 2018 |website=www.brooklynmuseum.org |archive-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909151700/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/artists/19997/objects |url-status=dead }}</ref> Songulashvili ya karɓi lambar yabo ta shugaban ƙasa <ref name="georgianjournal.ge" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agenda.ge – Young Georgian painter features at Sotheby's art auction |url=http://agenda.ge/news/42960/eng |access-date=December 1, 2015 |website=agenda.ge}}</ref> da lambar yabo ta Majalisar Jihar New York don Nasarorin da Gudunmawa ga Arts. <ref name="georgianjournal.ge">{{Cite web |title=Levan Songulashvili – Young Georgian discovery of world art |url=http://www.georgianjournal.ge/arts-a-culture/33031-levan-songulashvili-young-georgian-discovery-of-world-art.html |access-date=29 April 2018 |website=GeorgianJournal |archive-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629235955/https://www.georgianjournal.ge/arts-a-culture/33031-levan-songulashvili-young-georgian-discovery-of-world-art.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2016 |title=ქართველი მხატვარი ნიუ იორკში დააჯილდოვეს • artinfo.ge |url=http://artinfo.ge/2016/09/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98-%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3-%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D-2/ |access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2016 |title=ლევან სონღულაშვილი ნიუ-იორკის შტატის ასამბლეამ დააჯილდოვა |url=http://kvira.ge/283623 |access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref> Songulashvili kuma yana rubuta [[Littattafan Hausa Guda Ɗari (100)|litattafan]] tunani, ƙasidu, ayoyi da buga piano. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ლევან სონღულაშვილი - ქართველები უცხოეთში |url=http://www.nplg.gov.ge/emigrants/ka/00000454/}}</ref> == Ayyukan fasaha == Levan Songulashvili ya bayyana aikinsa ta hanyar cewa, "Na damu da asirin rayuwa, asalinsa, hawan hawan da ba a ƙare ba da kuma sake farfaɗowa kuma ina tambayar wayewar halin yanzu wanda muka sami kanmu kuma muna mamaki: menene zai zama makomar bil'adama? Abin da ke da matsala ga masana kimiyya yana da ban sha'awa a gare ni. Wannan tsari yana kama da neman wanda ba zai ƙare ba, ya kamata in ba da amsa ga mai zane-zane. wata jiha, bayan na yi tunani, wani shakuwa marar hankali ya bukace ni da in sami ruwa a cikin sahara, wanda zai kai ni ga teku”. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-26 |title=Levan Songulashvili - New York, NY Artist - Painters - Artistaday.com |url=https://www.artistaday.com/?p=40749 |access-date=29 April 2018 |website=www.artistaday.com}}</ref> == Stoicheîon 金星 == A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da sha tara 2019, Songulashvili ya kasance mai zane a zaune a [[Singafora|Singapore]], inda ya fahimci wani aikin solo na multimedia mai suna Stoicheîon 金星. Nunin ya gabatar da na'urorin bidiyo masu ban sha'awa guda biyu da zaɓi na zanen tawada Jafananci a Objectifs - cibiyar daukar hoto da fim, Chapel Gallery. == Tsarin Abubuwan == [[Fayil:SYSTEM_OF_OBJECTS_by_Levan_Songulashvili_.jpg|left|thumb| Tsarin Abubuwan Abubuwan (bidiyo-sculpture, shigarwa) na Levan Songulashvili, 2018.]] == Littafi Mai Tsarki == * Levan Songulashvili, Basak Senova: ''Triptychos'', Window Project (2021),{{ISBN|9789941838309}} * Levan Songulashvili: ''ASSOCIO'', Monograph (2020),{{ISBN|9789941810909}} * Mark Gisbourne, ''Levan Songulashvili: The STYX'', Erti (2018),{{ISBN|9789941800832}} == Kyaututtuka da zaɓe == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sg1rhbh5f2au8rfizqez5ktt31iq39i 0 105630 841947 815637 2026-05-28T22:47:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ofishin Jakadancin Kasuwanci na Ƙungiya da Ƙungiya a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] (wanda ake kira '''MINUSCA''', wanda shine farkon sunan [[Faransanci]] Mission multidimensionnelle intégrée des Nations unies pour la stabilisation en Centrafrique) aikin kiyaye zaman lafiya ne na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], wanda ya fara a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2014, don kare fararen hula na Jamhuriwar Afirka ta Tsakiyar a ƙarƙashin Babi na VII na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Turai. Ya canza rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya mai karfi 6,000 da ke karkashin jagorancin [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] da aka sani da MISCA zuwa aikin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2014. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tura tawagar sauyawa don kafa MINUSCA da shirya don sauya ikon daga MISCA zuwa MINUSCA.<ref name="The UN Peacekeeping Mission in the Central African Republic">{{Cite web |title=The UN Peacekeeping Mission in the Central African Republic |url=http://www.betterworldcampaign.org/un-peacekeeping/missions/central-african-republic.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222205124/http://www.betterworldcampaign.org/un-peacekeeping/missions/central-african-republic.html |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref> Ya zuwa 30 ga Satumba 2021, yana da sojoji sama da 15,000, 'yan sanda da ma'aikatan farar hula a ƙasa. Matsayinta shine: * tallafawa tsarin sauyawa; * sauƙaƙe taimakon jin kai; * ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam; * goyon baya ga adalci da mulkin doka; * Rashin makamai; * Rashin aiki; * sake hadewa; * hanyoyin dawowa.<ref name="United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic">{{Cite web |title=United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minusca/ |access-date=1 December 2014 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Wakilin Musamman na Sakatare Janar na yanzu kuma shugaban MINUSCA shine Valentine Rugwabiza na [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . Kasashe 3 da suka fi ba da gudummawa sune Rwanda, [[Bangladesh]] da [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINUSCA |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/minusca |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=United Nations Peacekeeping |language=en}}</ref> MINUSCA tana shiga cikin ayyukan [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]] da na' yan bindiga a yankunan da ba a bayyana cibiyoyin gwamnati ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Howard |first=Lise Morjé |author-link=Lise Morjé Howard |last2=Vlavonou |first2=Gino |last3=Steinitz |first3=Nina |last4=Ilunga |first4=Yvan Yenda |date=2020-10-30 |title=Assessing the Effectiveness of the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic |url=https://effectivepeaceops.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/EPON-MINUSCA-Report.pdf |publisher=[[Norwegian Institute of International Affairs]] |pages=6, 24, 68, 55-56 |isbn=978-82-7002-348-6 |access-date=2025-07-13 |archive-date=2023-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107124429/https://effectivepeaceops.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/EPON-MINUSCA-Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:CAR2014.svg|thumb|300x300px|Aikace-aikacen MINUSCA a cikin 2014]] Sojojin Séléka sun yi tawaye a shekarar 2013 wanda ya haifar da ƙarshen mulkin François Bozizé a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Ci gaba da aikata laifuka masu banƙyama na Séléka a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ya haifar da mummunar yanayi a Jamhuryar Afirka ta tsakiya, wanda hakan ya haifar da rikici daga juriya ta gwamnati zuwa rikici na addini. Daga baya aka gano bayanai cewa Séléka kungiya ce ta Musulmi da ke aikata take hakkin dan adam a kan kasarsu ta Kirista. Daga nan ne aka kafa 'yan bindiga na Kirista, suna kiran kansu Anti-Balaka, don yin yaƙi da Séléka. Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ta fara raunana yayin da rikici ya ci gaba, tare da karuwar mace-mace da raguwar tsammanin rayuwa, wanda ya danganta da karuwar cututtukan da za a iya hanawa da magani. Har ila yau, rikici ya haifar da mutane 320,000 da suka tsere zuwa kasashe makwabta, gami da [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], kuma tun daga shekarar 2017, ya bar kusan mutane 600,000 da suka rasa muhallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa :: Central African Republic — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/central-african-republic/ |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=www.cia.gov |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ct.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, Vietnam ta yi tarihi ta hanyar aika masu kiyaye zaman lafiya don shiga MINUSCA bayan kasar ta shiga aikin kiyaye zaman lafiya na farko a Sudan ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Impressive Uncle Ho's soldiers in international friends' hearts |url=http://vufo.org.vn/Impressive-Uncle-Hos-soldiers-in-international-friends-hearts-12-730.html?lang=en}}</ref> == Yanzu == A cikin shekara ta 2015, an tura wani rukuni daga Sojojin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (FARDC), mai lamba 807, zuwa CAR a matsayin wani ɓangare na MINUSCA. DRC ta kuma tura 'yan sanda 118. A watan Agustan 2015, zarge-zargen sun bayyana cewa sojoji uku na DRC sun yi wa 'yan mata uku fyade a garin Bambari, arewa maso gabashin babban birnin Bangui. An kuma yi zargin cin zarafin yara da cin zarafin su. A watan Janairun 2016, an ba da sanarwar cewa za a dawo da rukunin, saboda ya kasa cika bukatun "bincike da shiri" na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-08 |title=UN pulls DRC troops from Central Africa mission |url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/un-pulls-drc-troops-from-central-africa-mission-20160108 |access-date=2019-11-11 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2017, an kaddamar da ayyukan Batatere, Damakongo da Hibou-2 a Bambari, Bokaranga da Bang, da Bangui, bi da bi, don dawo da zaman lafiya ko fitar da kungiyoyin makamai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-03 |title=La MINUSCA passe en revue avec la presse des activités marquantes de l'année 2017mission |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/fr/la-minusca-passe-en-revue-avec-la-presse-des-activites-marquantes-de-lannee-2017 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=United Nations Peacekeeping |language=fr |archive-date=2023-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225024714/https://peacekeeping.un.org/fr/la-minusca-passe-en-revue-avec-la-presse-des-activites-marquantes-de-lannee-2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwamandojin Portuguese sun sami wasikar yabo yayin aikin Batatere.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-06 |title=E hoje Comandos? |url=http://merlin37.com/rcacomandos |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=merlin37.com |language=pt}}</ref> A cikin hare-haren da aka yi kwanan nan a CAR a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, MINUSCA da sojojin gwamnati sun fara wani aiki wanda zai kawar da 'yan bindiga, wadanda galibi Musulmi ne, a cikin gundumar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta [[Bangui]] 5, wanda kuma shine inda Kiristoci suka fi yawa. MINUSCA tana kalubalantar samun umarni wajen kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma kawar da makamai da kuma rushe 'yan wasan da ba na gwamnati ba saboda rashin juriya na ababen more rayuwa wajen amfani da rundunar soja.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Violence in the Central African Republic |url=https://cfr.org/interactive/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/violence-central-african-republic |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=Global Conflict Tracker |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, Sojojin Musamman na Bangladesh sun kaddamar da Operation Poupou, don dawo da motocin gwamnati da kuma dawo da 'yancin motsi a Zoukombo. Kamar yadda aka tsawaita wa'adin MINUSCA kuma aka yi gyare-gyare a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2019, don dacewa da bukatun tallafawa Sojojin Afirka ta Tsakiya (FACA), za a sami wahala a yi la'akari da rashin ababen more rayuwa da albarkatu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New MINUSCA Leadership Must Seize Opportunity for Progress in the Central African Republic |url=https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports/2019/3/21/new-minusca-leadership-must-seize-opportunity-for-progress-in-car |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=Refugees International |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sabuntawa ga umarnin ya hada da MINUSCA don taimakawa tsarin zabe don sauyawa cikin lumana ga shugaban kasa da majalisa ta hanyar samar da ofisoshi masu kyau, tsaro, aiki, dabaru, da tallafin fasaha don zaben.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINUSCA Mandate Renewal : What's In Blue |url=https://www.whatsinblue.org/2019/11/minusca-mandate-renewal.php |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=www.whatsinblue.org}}</ref> A cikin kasafin kudin kiyaye zaman lafiya, MINUSCA tana karɓar kashi 14% na kasafin kudin, tare da jimlar $ 930,211,900 daga 2018-2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Central African Republic (MINUSCA) |url=https://betterworldcampaign.org/u-n-peacekeeping/central-african-republic-minusca/ |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=Better World Campaign |language=en-US}}</ref> MINUSCA galibi ba a yarda da ita ba a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya saboda suna na zalunci da rashin tasiri.<ref name=":0"/> A ranar 12 ga Maris, 2021, Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kada kuri'a don kara girman rundunar MINUSCA, ta ba da ƙarin sojoji 2,750 da jami'an 'yan sanda 940 ga Ofishin Jakadancin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Security Council Increases Size of Central African Republic Stabilization Mission, Adopting Resolution 2566 (2021) by 14 Votes in Favour, with 1 Abstention |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/central-african-republic/security-council-increases-size-central-african-republic |access-date=2021-03-13 |website=reliefweb |publisher=United Nations OCHA}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2021, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yanke shawarar janye wasu masu kiyaye zaman lafiya na Gabon 450 daga rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya bayan zarge-zargen cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafin da gwamnatin Gabon ta bude bincike.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-15 |title=UN sends Gabon peacekeepers home from Central African Republic, following abuse allegations |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/09/1100032 |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=UN News |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009151103/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/09/1100032 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An soki masu kiyaye zaman lafiya na MINUSCA saboda yaduwar fyade da cin zarafin jima'i ga fararen hula. A ranar 15 ga Mayu 2023 Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, [[António Guterres]] ya nada Humphrey Nyone a matsayin kwamandan rundunar MINUSCA. Ya gaji [[Daniel Sidiki Traoré]] a wannan matsayi.<ref name="unsg">{{Cite web |date= |title=Major General Humphrey Nyone |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/profiles/major-general-humphrey-nyone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027184150/https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/profiles/major-general-humphrey-nyone |archive-date=27 October 2023 |publisher=United Nations Secretary General}}</ref> Jami'an 'yan sandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya biyar daga Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango wadanda ke cikin ayarin motocin MINUSCA ne suka mutu a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2025, lokacin da wani jirginsu dauke da sulke ya fado ya shiga cikin kogi yayin da suke tsallaka wata gada da ke kusa da birnin Bangui a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN vehicle crash in Central African Republic leaves 5 police officers missing |url=https://apnews.com/article/un-peacekeepers-central-african-republic-2434ac1228917e901666a918bdf9ab91 |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=www.apnews.com}}</ref> == Cece-kuce da take hakkin dan Adam == Aikin bai shahara sosai a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya saboda suna na tashin hankali da rashin inganci.<ref name=":0" /> MINUSCA ta fuskanci suka sosai dangane da aikata fyade da cin zarafi ta hanyar dakarun zaman lafiya. Mata da dama sun ki kai korafi saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya ko kuma ganin rashin damuwa daga MINUSCA. Rahotanni sun bayyana fyade ta rukuni da barazanar kisa da dakarun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka yi wa mata da suka sha wahala, inda lamarin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 2022 da 2023.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Debout |first=Barbara |date=16 October 2024 |title=Cin zarafin jima’i da dakarun zaman lafiya ya yi yawa a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya yayin da wadanda abin ya rutsa da su ke shiru |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/investigations/2024/10/16/peacekeeper-sex-abuse-rife-central-african-republic-survivors-stay-silent |work=The New Humanitarian}}</ref> A matsayin martani kan zarge-zargen cin zarafin jima’i, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta janye kusan dakarun zaman lafiya na Gabon guda 450 a watan Satumbar 2021, wanda hakan ya haifar da bincike daga gwamnatin Gabon.<ref name=":1" /> == Tsarin Sojoji == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Adadin jami'ai daga kowace ƙasa daga 30 ga Satumba, 2022 (ba ya haɗa da ma'aikatan farar hula)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Masu bayar da gudummawar sojoji da 'yan sanda|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors|access-date=2022-11-21|website=United Nations Peacekeeping|language=en}}</ref> !Kasa !Adadin jami'ai da aka tura |- |Rwanda |2,668 |- |Bangladesh |1,417 |- |Pakistan |1,314 |- |Misira |1,175 |- |Kamaru |1,125 |- |Zambiya |930 |- |Nepal |835 |- |Mauritania |783 |- |Moroko |778 |- |Burundi |766 |- |Senegal |701 |- |Tanzania |457 |- |Indonesia |421 |- |Tunisia |387 |- |Peru |235 |- |Portugal |230 |- |Kambodiya |225 |- |Kongo |192 |- |Sri Lanka |113 |- |Serbia |78 |- |Burkina Faso |64 |- |Jordan |58 |- |Côte d'Ivoire |54 |- |Benin |45 |- |Nijar |39 |- |Gambia |32 |- |Togo |30 |- |Bhutan |187 |- |Mali |25 |- |Gini |19 |- |Gana |15 |- |Kenya |15 |- |Rasha |14 |- |Jibuti |13 |- |Romaniya |12 |- |Brazil |11 |- |Amurka |10 |- |Vietnam |9 |- |Faransa |8 |- |Boliviya |7 |- |Najeriya |7 |- |Saliyo |7 |- |Turkiyya |5 |- |Gabon |4 |- |Guatemala |4 |- |Paraguay |4 |- |Moldova |4 |- |Jamhuriyar Czech |3 |- |Philippines |3 |- |Sipaniya |3 |- |Uruguay |3 |- |Zimbabwe |3 |- |Argentina |2 |- |Colombia |2 |- |Ecuador |2 |- |Kazakhstan |2 |- |Mexico |2 |- |Sweden |2 |- |'''Jimilla''' |14,563 |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dy92v9pcyniejy91fo043llvtq3f521 0 106964 841919 699000 2026-05-28T22:06:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Lycée La Fontaine''' a [[Niamey]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], makarantar kasa da kasa ce da ake koyarwa a harshen [[Faransanci]] haka-zalika tana haɗe da Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa. ==Tarihi== ===Kafawa=== An kafa ta a shekarar 1962. A shekara ta 2021 tana da wasu dalibai 876 (kashi 32% daga Faransa, 68% na cikin gida da wasu sauran ƙasashe) da malamai 56.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AEFE &#124; Lycée la Fontaine |url=https://www.aefe.fr/reseau-scolaire-mondial/rechercher-un-etablissement/niger-niamey-lycee-la-fontaine |access-date=2025-07-23 |archive-date=2024-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314192957/https://aefe.fr/reseau-scolaire-mondial/rechercher-un-etablissement/niger-niamey-lycee-la-fontaine |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Gudanarwa=== Hukumar Ilimi ta Faransa (AEFE) ce ke gudanar da an Makarantar kai tsaye, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnatin Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rechercher un établissement |url=https://aefe.fr/reseau-scolaire-mondial/rechercher-un-etablissement |access-date=2024-03-15 |publisher=[[Agency for French Education Abroad]] |language=fr }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - Purple means "Gestion directe" (directly operated), and this school is in the color code for purple.</ref> Makarantar tana ɗaukar ɗalibai daga firamare har zuwa na sakandare. == Dubi kuma == * [[Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka a Niamey]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Adireshin Waje== * [http://www.lfniamey.fontaine.ne Lycée Français La Fontaine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723212640/https://www.lfniamey.fontaine.ne/ |date=2025-07-23 }} {{in lang|fr}} * [https://www.aefe.fr/reseau-scolaire-mondial/rechercher-un-etablissement/niger-niamey-lycee-la-fontaine Agence pour l'enseignement français à l'étranger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314192957/https://aefe.fr/reseau-scolaire-mondial/rechercher-un-etablissement/niger-niamey-lycee-la-fontaine |date=2024-03-14 }} (in French) * [http://www.ambafrance-ne.org/article.php3?id_article=274 French embassy in Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725002044/http://www.ambafrance-ne.org/article.php3?id_article=274 |date=2011-07-25 }} {{in lang|fr}} {{coord|13.5213|2.1012|type:edu_region:NE|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lycee La Fontaine (Niger)}} [[Category:Nijar]] [[Category:Ilimi a Nijar]] [[Category: Makarantu a Niamey]] [[Category: Makarantun Kasa da Kasa a Nijar]] [[Category: Makarantu a Nijar]] 85eh4a2a4om8wfixvu2rg5az514nxgd 0 107051 841665 740048 2026-05-28T15:02:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841665 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Free_Cap_Hill.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Rubuce-rubucen ƙasa tare da alamar anarchist da mai zane mara alaƙa, 2020]] '''Land Back''', wanda kuma ake magana da shi da hashtag #LandBack or Rematriation, yaƙin neman zaɓe ne wanda ya fito a ƙarshen 2010s tsakanin ƴan asalin Australiya, ƴan asalin ƙasar Kanada, ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka a Amurka, sauran ƴan asalin ƙasar da abokan haɗin gwiwa waɗanda ke neman sake kafa ikon mallakar ƴan asalin ƙasarsu, tare da samun yancin siyasa da tattalin arzikin ƙasarsu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Pieratos |first=Nikki A |last2=Manning |first2=Sarah S |last3=Tilsen |first3=Nick |date=2021 |title=Land Back: A meta narrative to help indigenous people show up as movement leaders |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1742715020976204 |journal=Leadership |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=47–61 |doi=10.1177/1742715020976204 |issn=1742-7150 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Masu fafutuka sun kuma yi amfani da tsarin Land Back a Mexico, kuma masana sun yi amfani da shi a New Zealand da Fiji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnett |first=Tracy L. |date=2022-05-12 |title=Wixarika Caravan to AMLO: We Want Our #LandBack |url=https://www.esperanzaproject.com/2022/native-american-culture/wixarika/wixarika-caravan-to-amlo-we-want-our-landback/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=The Esperanza Project |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |title=Land, land banks and land back: Accounting, social reproduction and Indigenous resurgence |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0308518X211060842 |journal=EPA: Economy and Space |doi=10.1177/0308518X211060842 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Land Back wani bangare ne na yunkurin 'yan asalin ƙasar don mulkin mallaka. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The "Landback" Movement Would Return Stolen Land to Indigenous Stewardship |url=https://inthesetimes.com/article/landback-movement-indigenous-land-decolonization-liberation |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=In These Times |language=en}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == [[Fayil:220.Rally.StopProject2025.WDC.27January2024_(53523127126).jpg|thumb|Land Back banner a wani zanga-zanga a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], 2024]] Land Back yana da niyyar sake kafa ikon siyasa na 'yan asalin ƙasar a kan yankunan da kabilun' yan asalin ƙasar ke da'awar ta yarjejeniya. Masana daga Cibiyar Yellowhead mai gudanarwa a Jami'ar Toronto Metropolitan sun bayyana shi a matsayin tsari na dawo da ikon 'yan asalin ƙasar. Kungiyar NDN ta bayyana shi a matsayin daidai da kawar da mulkin mallaka da rushewar fararen fata.<ref name=":0"/> Land Back yana ba da shawara ga haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar, yana adana harsuna da al'adu, kuma yana aiki don [[Ikon Mallakar Abinci|ikon cin abinci]], gidaje masu kyau, da kuma yanayi mai tsabta.<ref name="auto2" /> Da'awar ƙasar Black Hills da zanga-zangar da aka yi a Dutsen Rushmore yayin yaƙin neman zaɓe na Donald Trump na 2020 wani lokaci ne mai jan hankali ga motsi a Amurka. <ref name=":0"/> === Falsafa === Ƙungiyar NDN ta kwatanta yaƙin neman zaɓe na Land Back a matsayin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar da yawa masu kama da yaƙin neman zaɓe na Baƙar fata. <ref name=":0"/> Sun ce kamfen ɗin yana ba da damar jagorancin 'yan asalin ƙasar da aka rarraba kuma yana magance wariyar launin fata da' yan asalin ƙasar da ke fuskantar wanda ya samo asali ne daga sata ƙasarsu.<ref name=":0" /> Land Back yana haɓaka komawa ga mallakar filaye na gama gari na gargajiya da na ƴan asalin ƙasar da ba a taɓa yin amfani da su ba kuma ya ƙi tunanin mulkin mallaka na ƙasa da mallakar fili mai zaman kansa. Komawar ƙasa ba kawai tattalin arziki ba ne, har ma yana nuna dawowar dangantaka da mulkin kai.<ref name=":3"/> A wasu lokuta Land Back yana inganta harajin ƙasa wanda ke neman karɓar kudaden shiga ga mutanen da ba 'yan asalin ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giefer |first=Lisa |date=2021-03-09 |title=Voluntary Land Taxes |url=https://nativegov.org/news/voluntary-land-taxes/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Native Governance Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Sauran nau'ikan Land Back sun haɗa da al'ummomin 'yan asalin da ke kula da wuraren shakatawa na kasa ko Tarayyar Tarayya. === Hanyoyi === A wasu lokuta, ana mayar wa ’yan asalin ƙasar kai tsaye lokacin da masu zaman kansu, gundumomi, ko gwamnatoci suka ba da ƙasar ga ’yan asalin ƙasar. Wannan na iya ɗaukar nau'i na ma'amala mai sauƙi a cikin tsarin mulkin mallaka na mulkin mallaka. Ayyukan da 'yan asalin ke jagoranta na iya amfani da amintattun filayen al'umma don tanadin filaye don rukuninsu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Yesno |first=Riley |date=2022 |title=Land Back |url=https://newint.org/features/2022/10/24/land-back-decolonize-how |journal=New Internationalist |issue=540 |pages=26–29}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A watan Yulin 2020, masu fafutuka daga NDN Collective sun gudanar da zanga-zanga a kan babbar hanyar da ke kaiwa Dutsen Rushmore, inda Donald Trump zai ba da jawabin kamfen. Shafin, wanda aka sani da Sioux a Turanci a matsayin "Kakanni shida," <ref>{{Cite web |title=Native History: Construction of Mount Rushmore Begins |url=https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/native-history-construction-of-mount-rushmore-begins-nNaLMzte1kKPJmtJoLoFZA |access-date=2021-02-10 |website=IndianCountryToday.com |language=en}}</ref> yana kan ƙasa mai tsarki, wanda ba a ba shi ba, ƙarƙashin Da'awar ƙasar Black Hills. Wadannan masu zanga-zangar sun tsara "Land Back Manifesto", wanda ke neman "maido da duk abin da aka sace daga mutanen asali".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Landback Manifesto |url=https://landback.org/manifesto/ |access-date=2021-02-10 |website=Landback |publisher=[[NDN Collective]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203055339/https://landback.org/manifesto/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin 2020, Mutanen Haudenosaunee daga Kasashe shida na Grand River sun toshe 1492 Land Back Lane don rufe ci gaban gidaje a yankin da ba a ba su ba. A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2021, a cikin Rapid City, South Dakota, birni mai kusanci da Pine Ridge Reservation Indian, an kama mutane hudu bayan hawan wani gini a cikin gari tare da rataye tutar Amurka juye-juye da ke dauke da kalmomin "Land Back".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=4 arrested after hanging "LANDBACK" flag from Omaha Street grain elevator |url=https://kotatv.com/2021/07/05/4-arrested-after-hanging-landback-flag-omaha-street-grain-elevator |website=Kota TV}}</ref> == Canja wuri == * The Wiyot people have lived for thousands of years on Duluwat Island, in Humboldt Bay on California's northern coast. In 2004 the Eureka City Council transferred land back to the Wiyot tribe, to add to land the Wiyot had purchased.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North Coast Journal - July 1, 2004: COVER STORY - The Return of Indian Island - Restoring the center of the Wiyot world |url=https://www.northcoastjournal.com/070104/cover0701.html |access-date=2021-02-10 |website=www.northcoastjournal.com}}</ref> The council transferred another {{Convert|60|acres}} in 2006. * The Mashpee Wampanoag have lived in [[Massachusetts]] and eastern [[Rhode Island]] for thousands of years. In 2007, about {{Convert|300|acres|km2}} of Massachusetts land was put into trust as a reservation for the tribe. Since then, a legal battle has left the tribe's status—and claim to the land—in limbo.<ref name="auto1" /> * In 2016, Dr. Mohan Singh Virick, a Punjabi Sikh doctor who served Indigenous people in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada for 50 years, donated {{Convert|140|ha|}} of land to Eskasoni First Nation.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=October 2, 2017 |title=Cape Breton doctor to be honoured |url=https://www.capebretonpost.com/news/local/cape-breton-doctor-to-be-honoured-11923/ |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204010544/https://www.saltwire.com/cape-breton/news/local/cape-breton-doctor-to-be-honoured-11923/ |archive-date=December 4, 2023 |publisher=Cape Breton Post |language=en |agency=SaltWire Network}}</ref> He also donated a building in Sydney to help house Eskasoni's growing population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayers |first=Tom |date=May 2014 |title=Respected physician says First Nation needs the land ‘more than I do’ |url=https://www.mmnn.ca/2014/05/respected-physician-says-first-nation-needs-the-land-more-than-i-do/ |access-date=March 17, 2021 |publisher=Mi’kmaq-Maliseet Nations News}}</ref> * In October 2018, the city of [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]] returned ancient burial site (the Great Marpole Midden) land back to the Musqueam people. The land is home to ancient remains of a Musqueam house site. * In 2019, the United Methodist Church gave {{Convert|3|acres}} of historic land back to the Wyandotte Nation of [[Oklahoma]].<ref name="auto1" /> The US government in 1819 had promised the tribe {{Convert|148,000|acres|km2}} of land in what is now Kansas City, Kansas. When 664 Wyandotte people arrived, the land had been given to someone else. * In July 2020, an organization of self-identified Esselen descendants purchased a {{Convert|1,200|acre|km2|ranch}} near Big Sur, [[California]], as part of a larger $4.5m deal. This acquisition, in historical Esselen lands, aims to protect old-growth forest and wildlife, and the Little Sur River. * Land on the Saanich Peninsula in British Columbia was returned to the Tsartlip First Nation in December 2020. * Management of the {{Convert|18800|acre|km2}} National Bison Range was transferred from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service back to the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes in 2021. * In August 2022, the Red Cliff Chippewa in northern [[Wisconsin]] had {{Convert|1,500|acres|km2}} of land along the Lake Superior shoreline returned to them from the Bayfield County government. This came after the tribe signed a 2017 memorandum of understanding with the county, acknowledging the Red Cliff Chippewa's desire to see their reservation boundaries restored in full. * In October 2022, a 1-acre site was returned to the Tongva Taraxat Paxaavxa Conservancy by a private resident in Altadena, which marked the first time the Tongva had land in Los Angeles County in 200 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=X |date=2022-10-10 |title=After nearly 200 years, the Tongva community has land in Los Angeles County |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-10-10/after-nearly-200-years-the-tongva-community-has-land-in-los-angeles-county |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> * In 2024, the Government of British Columbia transferred the title of more than 200 islands off Canada's west coast to the Haida people, recognizing the nation's aboriginal land title throughout Haida Gwaii. * In 2025, the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians purchased more than 2,000 acres of land near the Table Rocks preserve north of Medford, Oregon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siletz tribe purchases part of ancestral homeland in Southern Oregon |url=https://www.opb.org/article/2025/02/20/think-out-loud-siltez-tribe-oregon-confederated-table-rock-land-medford-ancestral-reservation/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=opb |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Siletz celebrate historic purchase of land near Table Rocks |url=https://www.opb.org/article/2025/01/23/siletz-table-rock-land-back/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=opb |language=en}}</ref> * On March 21, 2025, Illinois Governor JB Pritzker signed legislation authorizing the transfer of ownership of Shabbona Lake State Park to the Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation. * In June 2025, the land purchases to create the Blue Creek Salmon Sanctuary and Yurok Tribal Community Forest were completed. Western Rivers Conservancy helped finance the purchases and create the protected area in cooperation with the Yurok Tribe. The land will now be managed by the Yurok Tribe in what is said to be the largest land back conservation deal to date. == Dubi kuma == * Shirin Sayen Kasa don Ƙasashen Ƙabilar * [[Hakkin Yan Asalin Kasa|'Yancin' Yan asalin ƙasar]] (a Ostiraliya, a Kanada) * Taken Aboriginal a Amurka * Shirin Jamhuriyar Lakotah == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} cziwtsglad3444pp3p6r68x23m6d8ph 0 107489 842165 671264 2026-05-29T06:37:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mamadou Dembelé (21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1934 - 9 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta shekarar ta 2016) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bamada.net - Obsèques de feu Pr Mamadou Dembélé : Des honneurs dignes du rang de l'illustre défunt ! |url=http://bamada.net/obseques-de-feu-pr-mamadou-dembele-des-honneurs-dignes-du-rang-de-lillustre-defunt}}</ref> likita ne kuma ɗan siyasa government na ƙasar Mali. Dembelé ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Mali daga 6 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1986 zuwa 6 ga Yuni shekarar 1988 a karkashin Shugaba [[Moussa Traoré]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mali.htm |access-date=29 October 2010 |publisher=Worldstatesman.org}}</ref> Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat Union of the [[Mali|Malian]] People kuma yana da alhakin zaluntar ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai na shekaran 1979-80.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2017 |title=Mali : De 1960 à nos jours le Mali a eu 18 premiers ministres ! Qui sont-ils et où sont-ils à présent? |url=http://maliactu.net/mali-de-1960-a-nos-jours-le-mali-a-eu-18-premiers-ministres-qui-sont-ils-et-ou-sont-ils-a-present |publisher=MaliActu.net |language=French}}</ref> Ya mutu a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2016 yana da shekaru 82. Dembélé zai yi jana'izar jihar a gidan mahaifinsa a Darsalam, sannan aka binne shi a makabartar Hamdallaye a ranar Talata 11 ga watan Oktoba shekarar ta 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Prime Minister of Mali Mamadou Dembélé passed away at 82 |url=https://www.death-notices.co.uk/obituaries-celebrities-death/131/Former-Prime-Minister-Of-Mali-Mamadou-Dembele-Passed-Away-At-82 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130004204/https://www.death-notices.co.uk/obituaries-celebrities-death/131/Former-Prime-Minister-Of-Mali-Mamadou-Dembele-Passed-Away-At-82 |archive-date=2016-11-30 |access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref><ref name="thepeerage.com">{{Cite web |title=Décès de Pr. Mamadou Dembélé : La mort d'un homme de devoir |url=http://malijet.com/la_societe_malienne_aujourdhui/167877-d%C3%A9c%C3%A8s-de-pr.-mamadou-demb%C3%A9l%C3%A9-la-mort-d%E2%80%99un-homme-de-devoir.html |access-date=11 October 2016 |publisher=malijet.com |archive-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161012101837/http://malijet.com/la_societe_malienne_aujourdhui/167877-d%C3%A9c%C3%A8s-de-pr.-mamadou-demb%C3%A9l%C3%A9-la-mort-d%E2%80%99un-homme-de-devoir.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] 7ghsuaiibrfb5we8xulitgs3bdc758v 0 108894 842008 707496 2026-05-28T23:25:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   The Ministry '''of Environment, Range and''' {{Abbr|MoERCC|Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, and Rural Development}} ( Somali Wasaardda Local, Changeka Cimiladda da Ci gaban Reer Miyiga ) kungiya ce ta gwamnati da ke da alhakin Muhalli, [[Canjin yanayi|Sauyin yanayi]] da raya karkara na gwamnatin Puntland mai hedikwata a babban birnin Puntland Garowe, kuma Mohamed Abdirahman Farole ne ke rike da mukamin minista tun 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-30 |title=Puntland Rejects Claims of Shunning Somali Govt Support in ISIS Battle, Calls Claims 'False' |url=https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/puntland/puntland-rejects-claims-of-shunning-somali-govt-support-in-isis-battle-calls-claims-false |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Garowe Online |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-30 |title=OP-ED: Puntland's Silent Crisis—Protecting Our Ocean, Securing Our Future |url=https://www.garoweonline.com/en/opinions/op-ed-puntland-s-silent-crisis-protecting-our-ocean-securing-our-future |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Garowe Online |language=en}}</ref> Ma'aikatar tana da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an sami haƙƙin tsarin mulki na kowane mutum don rayuwa da jin daɗin yanayi mai tsabta, lafiya da daidaitaccen muhalli, da juriya game da canjin yanayi, fari, da bala'o'i masu alaƙa. == Kafawa da tarihi == An kafa Puntland a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1998, kuma daga baya, an kirkiro Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya, Kiwon Lafiyar Dabbobi, da [[Kare Muhalli]]. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2005, bayan zaben Shugaba [[Mohamud Muse Hersi|Adde Muse]] a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2005 a Zaben shugaban kasa na Puntland, Gwamnatin Puntland ta sami sake fasalin. Shugaba Muse ya fadada adadin ma'aikatu ta hanyar ƙara ƙarin biyar, waɗanda daga baya Majalisar Wakilai ta Puntland ta tabbatar da su. Ministan farko na ma'aikatar da aka sake fasalin shi ne Ibrahim Ali Hersi, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2005-01-26 |title=President Cade forms the state government |url=https://www.somaliaonline.com/community/topic/36813-president-cade-forms-the-state-government/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Somali Forum - Somalia Online |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a lokacin gwamnatin Adde Muse daga 2005 zuwa 2009. Daga baya, Shugaba Abdirahman Farole, magajin Muse, ya nada Abdiqani Yusuf Adde a matsayin Minista, tare da Osman Awad Ali a matsayin Mataimakin Minista.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-01-17 |title=President Faroole names Puntland government cabinet |url=https://www.somaliaonline.com/community/topic/27601-president-faroole-names-puntland-government-cabinet/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Somali Forum - Somalia Online |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ma'aikatar ta gina gine-ginen Rage ambaliyar ruwa a karkashin sabon tsarin daidaita canjin yanayi, wanda [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da [[Tarayyar Turai]] suka goyi bayan, a matsayin wani ɓangare na kokarin magance yanayin da ke karuwa a yankin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Somalia – New Dam Projects to Provide Water And Flood Protection – FloodList |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/somalia-new-dams-puntland |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=floodlist.com}}</ref> A yankin Nugal, wanda ya sha wahala daga ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani saboda guguwa ta wurare masu zafi wacce ta yi ikirarin rayuka sama da 100 a ƙarshen 2013, an gina tsare-tsaren ambaliyar biyu da kuma riƙe madatsun ruwa, a cewar Ma'aikatar Muhalli.<ref name=":1"/> A ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2015, wata tawagar gwamnati ta ziyarci sabon madatsar ruwan da aka kammala a Bilcil, mai nisan kilomita 65 (41 mil) a gabashin Garoowe, wanda aka gina a fadin wani rafi mai mahimmanci don inganta yanayin yanayi game da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]].<ref name=":1"/> Da farko an kira shi '''Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Canjin Yanayi, da Ci gaban Karkara''' wanda aka taƙaice {{Abbr|MoECCRD|Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, and Rural Development}} daga baya ya canza Ma'aikatu na Muhalli, Range da Canjin Yanayin ({{Abbr|MoERCC|Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, and Rural Development}}). A ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2018, ma'aikatar tare da hadin gwiwar Yombays Village kuma tare da tallafi daga Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) da kuma kudade daga Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya, sun gina sabon madatsar ruwa mai mita 5,000 kusa da garin Yombays a Yankin Nugaal. Wannan madatsar ruwan za ta samar da ruwa mai tsabta, mai aminci ga mutane sama da 5,000 a yankin, daga cikinsu sama da 4,000 sun fito ne daga al'ummomin makiyaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-12 |title=Newly built dam will bring clean water to 5,000 people in southern Puntland - Somalia {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/newly-built-dam-will-bring-clean-water-5000-people-southern-puntland |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Range, da Canjin Yanayi sun kwace yawancin Cheetahs na Arewa maso gabashin Afirka da aka yi amfani da su ba bisa ka'ida ba, jinsin da ke cikin haɗari ta hanyar [[farauta]], cinikin namun daji ba bisa ka-ida ba, farauta, asarar mazaunin, da raguwar yawan ganima. Akwai karuwar yanayin da ake samu na 'yan Cheetah na Arewa maso gabashin Afirka, galibi daga Puntland, ana shigo da su cikin [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]], da [[Yemen]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Evangelista |first=Paul H. |last2=Young |first2=Nicholas E. |last3=Schulte |first3=Darin K. |last4=Tricorache |first4=Patricia D. |last5=Luizza |first5=Matthew W. |last6=Durant |first6=Sarah M. |last7=Jones |first7=Kelly W. |last8=Mitchell |first8=Nicholas |last9=Maule |first9=Tomas |last10=Ali |first10=Abdullahi H. |last11=Tesfai |first11=Redae T. |last12=Engelstad |first12=Peder S. |date=June 2025 |title=Mapping illegal trade routes of live cheetahs from the Horn of Africa to the Arabian Peninsula |journal=Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=e14412 |bibcode=2025ConBi..3914412E |doi=10.1111/cobi.14412 |issn=1523-1739 |pmc=12124172 |pmid=39450672}}</ref> [[Ministry of Interior, Federal Affairs and Democratization|Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Harkokin Tarayya da Dimokuradiyya]] tare da Ma'aikatu na Muhalli sun kammala taron kwana uku da aka gudanar a [[Garoowe]] daga 17 zuwa 19 Disamba 2024. Taron ya tara jami'an ma'aikatar, magajin gari na yanki da aka zaba a zaben dimokuradiyya na 2023, da wakilan [[6th Parliament of Puntland|Majalisar dokokin Puntland]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-20 |title=Puntland to Combat Widespread Environmental Degradation in a Region Prone to Climate Shocks |url=http://hornobserver.com/articles/3079/Puntland-to-Combat-Widespread-Environmental-Degradation-in-a-Region-Prone-to-Climate-Shocks |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=hornobserver.com |language=English}}</ref> Tattaunawar ta mayar da hankali kan karfafa kananan hukumomi yayin da suke ba da fifiko ga juriya ta yanayi a yankin da ke kara fuskantar girgizar yanayi. Puntland, kamar Yankin Somaliya mafi girma, yana fama da fari mai maimaitawa, hamada, da ƙalubalen muhalli da canjin yanayi ya kara tsanantawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-20 |title=Puntland to Combat Widespread Environmental Degradation in a Region Prone to Climate Shocks |url=http://hornobserver.com/articles/3079/Puntland-to-Combat-Widespread-Environmental-Degradation-in-a-Region-Prone-to-Climate-Shocks |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=hornobserver.com |language=English}}</ref> Babban sakamako ya haɗa da: * '''Kare Muhalli''': Ƙaddamarwa don dakatar da sare daji, hana farautar namun daji, da kuma magance yaduwar lalacewar muhalli wanda ya shafi yanayin halittu na Puntland.    * Dokar fadada birane: Kafa ƙa'idodi masu tsauri don hana birane da ba a ba da izini ba da ci gaban ƙasa, tabbatar da manufofin amfani da ƙasa masu ɗorewa.    * Advocacy na kiyayewa: Inganta wayar da kan jama'a da aiwatar da manufofi don kare albarkatun kasa na Puntland daga amfani da ayyukan da ba za a iya jurewa ba.    * '''Ayyukan Yanayi na Al'umma''': Karfafawa kananan hukumomi su karɓi dabarun ci gaban yanayi da haɗa kariya ta muhalli cikin tsarin mulkin gida.    * Haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa: Yin kira ga al'ummomin duniya da abokan ci gaba da ba da fifiko ga kudade don daidaita yanayin yanayi da shirye-shiryen kiyaye muhalli a yankunan da suka fi shafa a Puntland. A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun 2025, an sami akalla dolphins 140 a kan Mareero Beach kusa da Bosaso, cibiyar kasuwanci da babban birnin gudanarwa na Yankin Bari a Puntland. Daga cikin wadannan, an tabbatar da mutuwar 60, yayin da 30 suka samu nasarar komawa cikin teku. Kwamitin da ma'aikatar ta nada ya ayyana bincike game da lamarin tare da Ma'aikatun Kifi da albarkatun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nearly 140 Dolphins wash ashore on Somalia's Puntland coast, investigation underway |url=http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2025/jan/199940/nearly_140_dolphins_wash_ashore_on_somalia_s_puntland_coast_investigation_underway.aspx |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=www.hiiraan.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-24 |title=Over 100 dolphins were washed ashore in Somalia's northeastern region of Puntland |url=http://hornobserver.com/articles/3144/Over-100-dolphins-were-washed-ashore-in-Somalias-northeastern-region-of-Puntland |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=hornobserver.com |language=English}}</ref> == Jerin ma'aikatu == * Ibrahim Ali Hersi <ref name=":0"/> * Abdiqani Yusuf Adde <ref name=":0" /> * Guled Salah Barre, 2014 - 2015<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-30 |title=Wasaaradda Deegaanka Puntland oo gaadiid siisey afar degmo |url=https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/puntland/wasaaradda-deegaanka-puntland-oo-gaadiid-siineysa-gobollada |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Garowe Online |language=en}}</ref> * Ali Abdullahi Warsame, 2015 - 2018<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-30 |title=Wasiirka Deegaanka Puntland oo kormeeray Biyo-xireen [Sawirro] |url=https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/wasiirka-deegaanka-puntland-oo-kormeeray-biyoxireen-sawirro |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Garowe Online |language=en}}</ref> * Ismail Dirie Gama'diid, 2019 - 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-30 |title=Madaxweynaha Puntland oo magacaabey Xukuumad kooban [Magacyada] |url=https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/puntland/madaxweynaha-puntland-oo-magacaabey-xukuumad-kooban-magacyada |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Garowe Online |language=en}}</ref> * Abdirashid Ali Gelle, yana aiki 2022-?<ref>{{Cite web |title=Detail ES |url=https://www.fao.org/emergencies/resources-repository/news/detail/fao-and-government-of-somalia-open-permanent-desert-locust-monitoring-centre/es |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Emergency |language=es}}</ref> * Mohamed Abdirahman Farole, 2024 - yanzu<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-30 |title=Puntland Vice President Praises Environment Ministry's Climate Efforts During Visit |url=https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/puntland-vice-president-praises-environment-ministry-s-climate-efforts-during-visit |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Garowe Online |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Range, da Canjin Yanayi an ba ta aiki tare da mahimman manufofi da yawa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Ministry |url=https://www.moercc.com/about-us/about-ministry |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=www.moercc.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701144438/https://www.moercc.com/about-us/about-ministry |url-status=dead }}</ref> gami da: * Ci gaba da manufofi da tsarin shari'a * Shirya da aiwatar da ka'idojin muhalli * Rage canjin yanayi da yaki da hamada * Gudanar da bincike na muhalli da sarrafa bayanai * Ci gaba da tsare-tsaren dabarun da kasafin kuɗi * Mai ba da shawara game da yanayin yanayi da batutuwan muhalli * Inganta samar da abinci da adanawa * Inganta ilimin muhalli da wayar da kan jama'a * Ci gaba da tsarin ci gaba mai ɗorewa * Tsaro da bambancin halittu, gami da nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari na ƙasa da na ruwa * Magana da rage haɗarin bala'i da ke da alaƙa da yanayi * Tsaro gandun daji, gami da itatuwan da ke samar da resin == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oi1dm4mophr8gveb1c4rmr37b3ukhbu 0 110154 841837 707481 2026-05-28T20:11:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841837 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Lorelei '''DeCora''' Means (née DeCora; an haife ta a shekara ta 1954) 'yar asalin ƙasar Amirka ce kuma Mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama. An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a karo na biyu a garin Wounded Knee, Dakota ta Kudu, a Pine Ridge Indian Reservation . Ta kuma kasance co-kafa kungiyar Indiyawan Amurka, Women of All Red Nations . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Lorelei DeCora akan Rijiyar Winnebago a jihar [[Nebraska]] . <ref name="DickShovel">{{Cite web |last=Noriyuki |first=Duane |date=14 October 1998 |title=The Women of Wounded Knee |url=http://www.dickshovel.com/lsa21.html |access-date=26 October 2014 |website=DickShovel}}</ref> Ita 'yar kabilar Winnebago ce mai rajista (a cikin Thunder Bird Clan) kuma zuriyar Minnecojou Lakota Sioux ta hanyar mahaifiyarta. Babbar kakarta ta kasance wacce ta tsira daga Kisan Knee da aka Raunata a Jikin Knee da aka Raunata. == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekara ta 1981, Lorelei ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin jinya daga Jami'ar Dakota ta Kudu da kuma digiri na farko a fannin aikin jinya daga jami'ar Jihar Dakota ta Kudancin a shekara ta 1986. Lorelei kuma za ta sami 'ya'ya mata uku kafin ta saki mijinta, Theodore "Ted" Means . == Yunkurin fafutuka == Lorelei ta shiga cikin Red Power Movement tun tana ƙarama a rayuwarta. Lorelei ta yi rajista a makarantar sakandare ta Katolika a Winnebago Reservation a [[Nebraska]], inda ta yi tsayayya da kokarin da jami'an makarantar suka yi don yanke alakarta da al'adun Indiyawan Amurka. A makarantar sakandare, iyalinta sun nuna rashin amincewa da wani littafi na tarihi, mai taken Hawkeye Tales, wanda jami'an makarantar jama'a na Sioux City ke amfani da shi don ilimantar da yara duk da yadda yake nuna rashin jin daɗi da wariyar launin fata na Indiyawan Amurka. zanga-zangarsu ta haifar da cire littafin daga tsarin karatun a cikin tsarin makarantar jama'a na [[Iowa]]. === Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka === Har ila yau, a lokacin makarantar sakandare ne Lorelei DeCora ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan membobin kwamitin daraktoci na [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka|AIM]].<ref name="DickShovel"/> === Lamarin da ya faru a gwiwa === Lorelei ya kuma shiga cikin aikin Indiyawan Amurka na Wounded Knee . Ta kasance memba na Pie Patrol, ƙungiyar mata masu aiki a cikin AIM, wanda ya ƙunshi kanta, [[Thelma Conroy-Rios|Thelma Rios]], da [[Theda Nelson Clarke]] . Mary Crow Dog (née Brave Bird), matar [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama]] Leonard Crow Dog, wanda kuma ya shiga cikin kewaye a Wounded Knee, ya kira mambobin Pie Patrol a matsayin "mata masu magana da baki, kafofin watsa labarai da ke sane da kuma rungumar haske, wadanda ke son kyamara kuma sun dauki yabo ga abin da matan AIM ke yi a bayan fage. Wannan rukuni na mata sun nuna ƙiyayya ga wani mutum mai suna [[Anna Mae Aquash|Anna Mae Pictou Aquash]] . <ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite web |last=Konigsberg |first=Eric |date=25 April 2014 |title=Who Killed Anna Mae? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/27/magazine/who-killed-anna-mae.html |access-date=26 October 2014 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Anna Mae, wata mace MikMaq daga Nova Scotia, tana da alaƙa da Dennis Banks, wanda ya kafa [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]] yayin da yake cikin auren doka da Darlene "Kamook" Nichols. Al'amarin bai zauna da kyau tare da mata na ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a cikin motsi ba, kuma waɗannan mata (kazalika da Pie Patrol) suna kallon dangantakar a matsayin barazana ga kwanciyar hankali na AIM.<ref name="NYTimes" /> Shaidu da yawa sun sanya Lorelei a cikin asibitin kiwon lafiya guda daya da AIM ke sarrafawa a lokacin Siege na Wounded Knee na karni na 20 lokacin da aka kawo Ray Robinson cikin asibitar.<ref name="Oneida Eye">{{Cite web |title=Madonna Gilbert Thunder Hawk |url=https://oneidaeye.com/2013/10/02/madonna-gilbert-thunderhawk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929235637/http://oneidaeye.com/2013/10/02/madonna-gilbert-thunderhawk/ |archive-date=29 September 2014 |access-date=26 October 2014 |website=Oneida Eye}}</ref> Wani labarin ya ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda aka harbe Robinson a gwiwa, aka ja shi waje, aka doke shi kuma aka kai shi asibitin likitancin Wounded Knee wanda Lorelei Decora Means da Madonna Thunder Hawk ke gudanarwa, da kuma wasu ma'aikatan jinya da likitoci da yawa. An ruwaito cewa an tura Ray cikin wani kabari, inda ya mutu daga zubar da jini.<ref name="First Thoughts">{{Cite web |last=Lammers |first=Dirk |date= |title=American Indian Movement & Wounded Knee |url=http://www.first-thoughts.org/on/American+Indian+Movement/Wounded+Knee/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161520/http://first-thoughts.org/on/American+Indian+Movement/Wounded+Knee/ |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=22 August 2014 |website=First Thoughts}}</ref> Lorelei ya kasance a lokacin tambayoyin Annie Mae, inda Madonna Thunder Hawk ta bula Annie Mae a kusa.<ref name="Oneida Eye"/> === Bayan da aka yi wa rauni a gwiwa === A shekara ta 1974, <ref name="Equality Archive">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-11-03 |title=Women of All Red Nations |url=https://equalityarchive.com/issues/women-of-all-red-nations/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=Equality Archive}}</ref> Lorelei da Madonna sun kasance masu haɗin gwiwar kungiyar Mata ta All Red Nations. <ref name="Anti-Imperialism">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 May 2011 |title=Native American Liberation or Rights? A Critique of Perspectives on Native American Feminism |url=http://anti-imperialism.com/2011/05/22/native-american-liberation-or-rights-a-critique-of-perspectives-on-native-american-feminism/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141116110305/http://anti-imperialism.com/2011/05/22/native-american-liberation-or-rights-a-critique-of-perspectives-on-native-american-feminism/ |archive-date=16 November 2014 |access-date=16 November 2014 |website=Anti-Imperialism}}</ref> An kirkiro kungiyar ne a matsayin mafita ga rashin jagorancin da ya fito bayan abin da ya faru na Wounded Knee. Mata na Dukkanin Red Nations sun magance matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki Indiyawa na Amurka da ke zaune a wurin ajiyar da aka magance su, kamar rashin abinci mai gina jiki, rashin isasshen kiwon lafiya da rashin isassu, shirye-shiryen tilastawa, da tashin hankali na cikin gida don mayar da martani ga tarin abubuwan da ke tattare da zamantakewar jama'a, gami da talauci, rashin aiki, shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da rashin lafiyar hankali.<ref name="UMich">{{Cite web |last=Lewallen |first=Ann-Elise |date= |title=Strategic "Indigeneity" and the Possibility of a Global Indigenous Women's Movement |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?cc=mfsfront;c=mfs;c=mfsfront;idno=ark5583.0017.005;rgn=main;view=text;xc=1;g=mfsg |access-date=16 November 2014 |website=University of Michigan}}</ref> A shekara ta 1974, <ref name="Warrior women Project">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Our Team |url=https://www.warriorwomen.org/our-team |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=Warrior Women Project |archive-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316160143/https://www.warriorwomen.org/our-team |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lorelei De Cora, tare da Madonna, sun kafa kuma sun kafa, 'Za mu tuna da Makarantar Tsaro', wani wuri inda matasan Indiyawan Amurka waɗanda iyayensu ke fuskantar tuhumar tarayya ko waɗanda suka fice daga tsarin ilimin sakandare. <ref name="KFAI">{{Cite web |last=Waterman Wittstock |first=Laura |date=31 October 2012 |title=Elizabeth Castle and Madonna Thunder Hawk |url=http://kfai.org/node/32192 |access-date=26 October 2014 |website=KFAI |archive-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026195923/http://kfai.org/node/32192 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Musamman, an kafa makarantar ne ga 'ya'yan mahalarta wadanda ake tuhuma a cikin gwajin Wounded Knee wanda ya biyo bayan aikin Indiyawan Amurka na Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Wannan madadin samfurin wani bangare ne na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Makarantun Tsaro da aka kafa a lokacin motsi. A cikin 1979, <ref name="EverGreen State College">{{Cite web |last=Grossman |first=Zoltán |date= |title=THE BLACK HILLS ALLIANCE – Zoltán Grossman |url=https://sites.evergreen.edu/zoltan/bha/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=EverGreen State College}}</ref> Lorelei ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwa kuma mai tsarawa wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa Black Hills Alliance. Ƙungiyar Black Hills Alliance ce ke da alhakin hana kamfanin Union Carbide daga haƙar uranium a filin Lakota mai tsarki. <ref name="KFAI"/> Thunder Hawk ya yi yaƙi don adana ƙasa a cikin tsattsarkan Black Hills daga masu haɓakawa da ke son lalata yankin, kuma sun gudanar da bincike kan samar da ruwa a kan Rijiyar Indiya ta Pine Ridge, yana tabbatar da cewa akwai haɗarin haɗari mai yawa na radiation a cikin ruwa. Sakamakon gwagwarmayar da ta yi shi ne aiwatar da sabon tsarin ruwa. <ref name="DickShovel"/> An kuma kafa Ƙungiyar Black Hills don yin zanga-zangar adawa da hakar uranium a yankin da kuma ilmantar da al'umma game da haɗari, haɗari da sakamakon ci gaban ma'adinai. A matsayinta na ma'aikaciyar jinya, Lorelei ta ci gaba da fadada yunkurin ta a cikin yankin al'amuran gwagwarmayar Indiya. A sakamakon haka, ta kafa kungiyar AIDS Resource Team, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin kawai shirin ilimin [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]] a jihar Dakota ta Kudu a lokacin da aka kafa ta, wanda aka tsara don samar da wayar da kan jama'a da fahimtar cutar kanjamawa. Ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa Majalisar Yarjejeniyar Indiya ta Duniya, kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke aiki ta hanyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma tana aiki a matsayin dandalin ga 'yan asalin ƙasar a duk faɗin duniya. Lorelei kuma wani bangare ne na kayan aiki a cikin kafawa da ci gaban gidan rediyo na Indiya na farko kuma mai zaman kansa (KILI Radio, Porcupine, S.D.). A cikin 1987, Lorelei ya ɗauki aikin cikakken lokaci a matsayin Ma'aikaciyar jinya mai Rijista tare da Asibitin Sabis na Lafiya na Indiya da ke Rosebud, South Dakota. Ko da yake ta ci gaba da ba da lokaci zuwa asibitin Porcupine a matsayin mai ba da shawara na gudanarwa, ta sami wani dalilin da ya sa ya zama zakara lokacin aiki tare da marasa lafiya a asibiti a Rosebud. A nan ne ta ci karo da ɗimbin majinyata waɗanda ake yi wa jinyar matsalolin da ke da alaƙa [[Ciwon suga|da ciwon sukari]] . <ref name="TriPod">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Vtla Kaliseji - Native American Diabetes Resources |url=http://vltakaliseji.tripod.com/Vtlakaliseji/id18.html |access-date=16 November 2014 |website=TriPod |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021556/http://vltakaliseji.tripod.com/Vtlakaliseji/id18.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lorelei ita ce mai kirkire-kirkire da ke da alhakin tunanin da'irorin Magana na Ciwon sukari. Ta sami damar ƙaddamar da shirin tare da haɗin gwiwar Seva Foundation a cikin 1996. Hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita wani nau'i ne na horo na musamman wanda ke taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasar haɓaka tsarin dabarun sarrafa kansu don rigakafin ciwon sukari da jiyya yayin da suke lura da mahimmancin imani na ruhaniya da na addini na asali, ban da amfani da tushe a matsayin kayan aikin ilimi. <ref name="Seva Foundation">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Diabetes Talking Circles |url=http://www.seva.org/site/PageServer?pagename=News_talking_circles |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414012441/http://www.seva.org/site/PageServer?pagename=News_talking_circles |archive-date=14 April 2012 |access-date=16 November 2014 |website=Seva}}</ref> Lorelei a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Daraktan Ayyuka na duka biyun, Gidauniyar Seva - Cibiyar Ciwon Ciwon Ciwon Asalin Amirka da Lafiyar Ciwon Ciwon sukari: Aikin Da'irar Magana na Indiyawan Amirka. <ref name="NiemanReports">{{Cite web |last=Pember |first=Mary Annette |date=June 15, 2003 |title=Documenting Native Approaches to Wellness With images and words, a journalist tells the story of a tribe's effort to prevent and control Type II diabetes. |url=http://niemanreports.org/articles/documenting-native-approaches-to-wellness/ |access-date=16 November 2014 |website=NiemanReports}}</ref> Lorelei yana hidima akan Shirin Ilimin Ciwon Ciwon sukari na ƙasa - NDEP, Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Indiyawan Amurka. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> Lorelei ya kuma gudanar da bude asibitin farko na al'umma da ke aiki a wani yanki na kabilanci a Amurka. A cikin 1980, wani taron al'umma ya yi wa Lorelei wahayi don buɗe asibiti don inganta biyan bukatun mazauna da ke zaune a yankin, wanda [[Seva Foundation|Gidauniyar SEVA]] ta fara tallafawa. Tsakanin 1989-1991, an bude asibitin Porcupine ne kawai a kan wani lokaci. Koyaya, a cikin shekara ta 1992, ta sami takardar shaidar jihar a matsayin asibitin kiwon lafiya na ƙauyuka, kuma ta sami damar samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya mai yawa, gami da rigakafi da kulawa ta farko, kulawa ta haihuwa, rigakafi, da ilimin kiwon lafiya, ga Indiyawan Amurka da waɗanda ba 'yan asalin Amurka ba. A yau, asibitin Porcupine shine kawai asibitin da ke da 'yanci, ba riba ba, wanda ke aiki a yankunan karkara a [[Indian country|Kasar Indiya]].<ref name="Devil's Tower2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=31 October 2012 |title=Devils Tower - Sacred to Many People |url=https://www.devilstower-sacredtomanypeople.org/Porcupine_Clinic.html |access-date=16 November 2014 |website=Devil's Tower |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210455/https://www.devilstower-sacredtomanypeople.org/Porcupine_Clinic.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Silver Drach2">{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Stephanie M. |date=8 January 2009 |title=Feeding, Heating, and Healing One Family at a Time Record-Breaking Winter Hits Reservation Service Organizations Hard |url=http://silvrdrach.homestead.com/Schwartz_2009_Jan_08.html |access-date=16 November 2014 |website=Silver Drach}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Lorelei ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Robert Wood Johnson Community Health Leadership Award a shekara ta 1993, mai karɓar kyautar William Kunstler Fund for Racial Justice Award a shekara. == Kyauta == Lorelei kuma an ambaci shi a cikin wallafe-wallafe da yawa, ciki har da ''Ghost Dancing the Law: The Weunded Knee Trials'', marubucin John William Sayer, ''The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia'', edited by Andrew RL Cayton, Richard Sisson, Chris Zacher, Jihar ''Ƙasar'' ''Amirka: Kisa, Colonization, and Resistance'', Edited by American. ''<nowiki/>'Yanci'', Edited by Alvin M. Josephy, Joane Nagel, Troy R. Johnson, ''Ojibwa Warrior: Dennis Banks da Rise of the American Indian Movement'', Dennis Banks da Richard Erdoes suka rubuta, da ''Beyond Nature's Housekeepers: American Women in Environmental History'', marubucin Nancy C. Unger. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8r6egn3gs8qsgcfjn8c2u6dzl65psm0 0 110208 842053 688302 2026-05-29T02:53:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Majalisar Yarjejeniyar Indiya ta Duniya''' ('''IITC''') kungiya ce ta 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga Arewa, Tsakiya, Kudancin Amurka, Caribbean da Pacific da ke aiki don Masarauta da Ƙaddamar da Kai na' 'Yan asalin ƙasar da kuma amincewa da kariya ga' yan asalin ƙasa, Yarjejeniyoyi, Al'adun gargajiya da ƙasashe masu tsarki. == Tarihi == An kafa IITC a wani taro a ƙasar Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, a Dakota ta Kudu, Yuni 8-16, 1974. Wannan taron daga baya za a san shi da Taron Yarjejeniyar Indiya ta Duniya na farko . Wannan taron, da kuma IITC wanda ya haifar da shi, an kira shi ne ta hanyar [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=LLC |first=Earth Web Technologies |title=IITC {{!}} International Indian Treaty Council |url=https://www.iitc.org/ |access-date=2019-08-21 |website=IITC- International Indian Treaty Council |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma wakilai daga kabilun Indiya 97 da Al'ummai daga ko'ina cikin Arewa da Kudancin Amurka sun halarta. IITC ta gudanar da Taron Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa na Biyu a ƙasar mutanen Yanktonai Dakota a Greenwood, Dakota ta Kudu a watan Yuni 16-20, 1976. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=July 1976 |title=Second International Indian Treaty Conference |journal=Spirit of the People - Special Treaty Conference Pullout |publisher=Native American Solidarity Committee |publication-place=St, Paul Minnesota |volume=1 |issue=7 |pages=1}}</ref> A shekara ta 1976, ɗan gwagwarmayar [['Yan asalin Australiya|Aboriginal Australiya]] kuma mawaki Lionel Fogarty ya yi jawabi a taron IITC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=Lionel Fogarty |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A21618 |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=[[AustLit]] |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001014914/https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A21618 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An shirya ta IITC a cikin 1977, an gudanar da taron kungiyoyin ba da agaji na kasa da kasa kan nuna bambanci ga 'yan asalin ƙasar a Amurka daga Satumba 20-23, 1977, a Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland. Ana kuma kiran taron taron taron a matsayin Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Indiyawa a Amurka. Tun daga shekara ta 1977, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta amince da IITC a matsayin Kungiyar Ba ta Gwamnati (NGO) ta rukuni na II tare da Matsayi na ba da shawara tare da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkinobho, wanda ya sa ta zama ƙungiya ta biyu ta asali don samun irin wannan matsayi. Na farko shi ne 'yan asalin Indiya na Kanada, wanda ya sami wannan matsayi a shekara ta 1974, a kan fahimtar cewa zai canja wannan matsayi zuwa wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa da zarar an kafa. Wannan kungiyar ita ce Majalisar Duniya ta 'Yan asalin ƙasar, wacce aka kafa a Kanada a 1975 tare da George Manuel a matsayin shugabanta na farko. == Manufofin == Ayyukan IITC sun haɗa da tallafawa ƙauyuka gwagwarmayar 'yan asalin ƙasar don haƙƙin ɗan adam, [[Ƙaddamar da kai]] da [[Adalcin Muhalli|Adalci na muhalli]] ta hanyar watsa bayanai, sadarwar, ginin hadin gwiwa, bayar da shawarwari da taimakon fasaha. IITC tana da niyyar gina, tsarawa da sauƙaƙe sa hannun 'yan asalin ƙasar a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na gida, yanki, ƙasa da na duniya da kuma tarurruka don magance damuwarsu da tsira. Yin aiki da yawa tare da hukumomin kasa da kasa, IITC tana mai da hankali kan gina 'yan asalin ƙasar" shiga cikin manyan dandamali na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kamar su [[Hukumar kare hakkin ɗan Adam|Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam]], Kungiyar Aiki kan' yan asalin ƙasar, Ƙungiyar Rigakafin Nuna Bambanci da Kare 'Yan Ƙananan Hukumomi, Taron Kasuwanci zuwa Yarjejeniyar Biological Diversity, [[UNESCO]] da Hukumar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, IITC ta kuma shiga cikin Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya, Taron Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Ƙungiyar Duniya don Kula da Yanayi da Taron Archeological na Duniya don magance damuwa da ke da muhimmanci ga 'yan asalin ƙasar. IITC ta ambaci manufofinsu kamar haka: * Neman, ingantawa da kuma gina sa hannun 'yan asalin ƙasar a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UN) da hukumomin ta na musamman, da sauran forums na duniya. * Don neman amincewar kasa da kasa don Yarjejeniyoyi da Yarjejeniyoyi tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar da Jihohin Al'umma. * Don tallafawa haƙƙin ɗan adam, ƙaddamar da kai da ikon mallakar 'yan asalin ƙasar; don adawa da mulkin mallaka a duk siffofinsa, da tasirinsa akan' yan asalin ƙasar. * Don gina hadin kai da alaƙar goyon bayan juna tsakanin 'yan asalin duniya. * Don yada bayanai game da batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam na 'yan asalin ƙasar, gwagwarmaya, damuwa da ra'ayoyi. * Don kafawa da kula da ofisoshin ƙungiya ɗaya ko fiye don aiwatar da watsa bayanai na IITC, sadarwar sadarwa da shirye-shiryen haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Indian Treaty Council Brochure (ENG) |url=http://www.treatycouncil.org/PDF/IITCBrochureENG_102509WEB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405074051/www.treatycouncil.org/PDF/IITCBrochureENG_102509WEB.pdf |archive-date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=February 15, 2012}}</ref> Har ila yau, IITC tana yada bayanai game da damar yin gwagwarmaya ta kasa da kasa da kuma shiga cikin al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar da kabilun, kuma tana ilimantarwa da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da gwagwarmayar' yan asalin ƙasar tsakanin mutanen da ba' yan asalin ƙasa ba da kungiyoyi. Tare da manufar sauƙaƙe sa hannun 'yan asalin ƙasar a gwagwarmaya don adalci na' yan asalin ƙasar a matakin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, IITC ta buga jagora da ke nuna yadda za a rubuta rahoton inuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything You Need to Know About How to Write a Shadow Report—Indigenous Reports to the UN on Human Rights, Racism in US |url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2012/02/05/everything-you-need-to-know-about-how-to-write-a-shadow-report%E2%80%94indigenous-reports-to-the-un-on-human-rights-racism-in-us-96003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207111219/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2012/02/05/everything-you-need-to-know-about-how-to-write-a-shadow-report%E2%80%94indigenous-reports-to-the-un-on-human-rights-racism-in-us-96003 |archive-date=2012-02-07}}</ref> == Sanarwar 'Yancin' yan asalin ƙasar == IITC ta kasance babban dan wasa a cikin aiwatar da rubuce-rubuce na Sanarwar kan 'Yancin' yan asalin ƙasar (wanda aka wuce a 2007), da kuma aiki don karɓar ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A shekara ta 2004, a lokacin zaman 10 na Intersessional Working Group a kan Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, IITC ta taimaka wajen daidaitawa da aiwatar da yajin aikin yunwa, nuna rashin amincewa da haƙƙin 'yan asalin da ke fuskantar barazanar asarar ƙasa, [[Wariyar muhalli|wariyar launin fata na muhalli]], zubar da guba, duniya da satar da haƙƙin ma'adinai da ruwa. == Bikin fitowar rana na 'yan asalin ƙasar == Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, IITC ta shirya bikin fitowar 'yan asalin ƙasar, taron shekara-shekara da aka gudanar a tsibirin Alcatraz a San Francisco Bay, a Amurka. An kiyaye shi a ranar hutun godiya ta Amurka a watan Nuwamba, ana gudanar da wannan taro da bikin don girmama bikin, wanda aka gudanar a ranar godiya, a tsibirin Alcatraz a shekarar 1969 a lokacin mamaye Alcatraz . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Strickland |first=Eliza |date=23 November 2005 |title=Feast of the Survivors {{!}} Culture {{!}} Oakland, Berkeley & Bay Area |url=https://www.eastbayexpress.com/eastbay/feast-of-the-survivors/Content?oid=1079775 |access-date=2019-08-21 |website=East Bay Express |language=en}}</ref> == ''Labaran Majalisar Yarjejeniya'' == A shekara ta 1977, IITC ta fara tattarawa da buga sanarwar Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar. Wannan jaridar ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin wallafe-wallafen labarai na asali a Amurka. IITC ta ci gaba da buga wannan sanarwar a cikin tsarin lantarki, ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon IITC. == Shahararrun mutane == Bill Means (Oglala Lakota) ne ya kafa Majalisar Yarjejeniyar Indiya ta Duniya a shekara ta 1974. Mutanen da suka kasance tare da IITC a tsawon lokaci sun hada da [[Jimmie Durham]], Paul Chaat Smith (Comanche / Choctaw), [[Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz]], [[Bill Wahpepah]] (Sac & Fox), [[Hinewirangi Kohu Morgan]] (Māori), Bumpy Kanahele (Native Hawaiian), da Babban Darakta Andrea Carmen (Yaqui). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a0zvo5fj6gicymcfu2k8pdq7ci4arwk 0 110227 842052 688358 2026-05-29T02:52:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Majalisar InterTribal Sinkyone Wilderness ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashen kabilun [[Dazuzzuka na bakin teku na Arewacin California|Arewacin California]] da ke mai da hankali kan kiyaye muhalli da al'adu.{{R|NPR 2022-01-26}} Majalisar, wacce ta hada da mambobi na kabilun 10 da aka amince da su a cikin yankunan Mendocino da Lake, ta yi aiki don kare ƙasashe masu muhimmanci na al'adu tare da Arewacin Tekun a cikin Tafkin gargajiya na Sinkyone tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1986. {{R|KQED 1-27}} Kungiyoyin da ba su da riba da na gwamnati sun hada kai da majalisa wajen maido da dukiya ga zuriyar mazaunanta na asali wanda shine wani ɓangare na kokarin dawo da ƙasashen 'yan asalin ƙasar da ikon cin gashin kai ga al'ummomin' yan asalin ƙasar.{{R|Lindenberg 2020}} Bayan mamayewar yankin gargajiya na Sinkyone da taron mazauna Yuro-Amurka a tsakiyar shekarun 1850, mutanen Sinkyone sun zama mambobi a kabilun da yawa da ke ko'ina cikin yankin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rosales |first=Hawk |date=April 2010 |title=The InterTribal Sinkyone Wilderness: Ten Tribes Reclaiming, Stewarding, and Restoring Ancestral Lands |url=https://wild.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Rosales-Apr10-IJW-Vol16_no1-web2.pdf |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=16/#1 |pages=8–12 |via=Wild.org |access-date=2025-08-03 |archive-date=2025-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821082433/https://wild.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Rosales-Apr10-IJW-Vol16_no1-web2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Majalisar ta kunshi kabilar Indiyawan Cahto na Laytonville Rancheria, Coyote Valley Band na Indiyawa Pomo, Hopland Band na Indiyawa Pomo, Pinoleville Pomo Nation, Potter Valley Tribe, Redwood Valley Rancheria na Indiyawa, Robinson Rancheria of Pomo Indians, Round Valley Indian Tribes, Scotts Valley Band of Pomo Indiyawa da Sherwood Valley Ranchieria of PomoIndians.{{R|SFG 2012-04-28}} Intertribal Sinkyone Wilderness a kan Lost Coast na Mendocino County an dauke shi hamada ta farko ta kabilanci.{{R|Lindenberg 2020}} : 31 Gidan yanar gizon 3,845-acre (1,556 majalisar ta samo shi ne a cikin 1997 biyo bayan kamfen ɗin da The Trust for Public Land ya jagoranta.{{R|NYT 2022-01-26}} An ba da gudummawa ga majalisa a cikin 2012 ta hanyar Save the Redwoods League wanda kungiya ce da ke mai da hankali kan kariya da maido da redwood da manyan gandun daji na sequoia da kuma haɗa mutane da su.{{R|SFG 2012-04-28}} A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin su na dawo da ƙasashe da ikon cin gashin kansu ga al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar, ƙungiyar ta ba da gudummawa kuma ta canja ƙasar gandun daji ga majalisar ƙabilar yayin da take riƙe da [[Conservation easement|kiyayewa]].{{R|2020 Lindenberg}} Majalisar ta sanya Tc'ih-Léh-Dûñ, (mai suna "tsih-ih-LEY-duhn"), a matsayin yanki mai kariya na kabilanci wanda ya fahimci cewa yana cikin yankin gargajiya na Sinkyone kuma yana da muhimmancin al'adu sosai ga majalisa da membobinta kamar yadda ya kasance farauta, kamun kifi da wuraren bikin tsararraki na 'Yan asalin ƙasar.{{R|NYT 2022-01-26}} Tc'ih-Léh-Dûñ, wanda ke nufin "wurin gudu na kifi" a cikin harshen Sinkyone, an samo shi ne daga Save the Redwoods League a cikin 2022.{{R|KQED 1-27}} Da yake a yammacin Sinkyone Wilderness State Park da arewacin Intertribal Sinkyone Desert, yankin mai nisa na 523-acre (212 (wanda aka fi sani da Andersonia West) an sayi shi ne a watan Yulin 2020. {{R|NYT 2022-01-26}} A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin su na dawo da ƙasashe da ikon cin gashin kansu ga al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar, ƙungiyar ta sake ba da gudummawa kuma ta canja ƙasar gandun daji ga majalisar ƙabilar yayin da take riƙe da kiyayewa.{{R|NPR 2022-01-26}} == Manazarta == 42z7jb3ze2gk8mneeujkktsmndghco8 0 110282 842049 723846 2026-05-29T02:36:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{fassara}} '''Arusha District''' or '''Arusha District Council''' (''Wilaya ya Arusha '', in [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) is one of the seven districts of the Arusha Region of [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. The district is bordered to the north by Longido District, to the east by Meru District, to the south by Kilimanjaro Region, and to the west by Monduli District. the district surrounds Arusha City on all three sides. The district covers an area of {{Cvt|1547.6|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District area |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/tanzania/northern/admin/}}</ref> The district is comparable in size to the land area of Guadeloupe.<ref>{{Convert|264|km2}} for Guadeloupe at {{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Area size comparison |url=https://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Geography/Area/Land |access-date=23 January 2023 |publisher=Nation master}}</ref> The district capital is located in Sokon II. According to the 2022 Tanzania National Census, the population of Arusha District was 449,518.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arusha Rural (District, Tanzania) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/tanzania/admin/arusha/0206__arusha_rural/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> == Tarihi == Gundumar Arusha ita ce gida ta farko na mutanen Koningo da suka bace a yanzu, gungun mafarauta da ke zaune a kusa da gangaren Dutsen Meru tsawon ƙarni.  Kusan shekaru 400 da suka gabata, mutanen Arusha rukunin bantu na mutanen Pare sun yi hijira daga Arusha Chini a yankin Kilimanjaro.  Wasu Masai da ke yamma sun shiga cikin al’ummar Arusha kuma suka rinjayi Arusha wajen daukar harshen Masai a matsayin nasu.[1]  A cikin 1880s annoba ta barke ta kashe dubban shanu tare da tilasta wani babban yanki na mutanen Masai a yamma tare da shiga cikin al'ummar Arusha mai tushen noma.  An kafa majalisar gundumar Arusha ne a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2007. Majalisar gundumar Arumeru da ta gabata ta rabu zuwa Majalisar gundumar Arusha da Majalisar gundumar Meru. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Arusha District Council Investment Guide |url=https://www.arushadc.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/59a/ff8/f12/59aff8f125c7a616292396.pdf |access-date=2023-02-05 |publisher=Office of District Executive Director, Arusha District |archive-date=2023-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205164453/https://www.arushadc.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/59a/ff8/f12/59aff8f125c7a616292396.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Akwai yankuna biyu, daya daga cikinsu shine belin kore na gangaren Dutsen Meru zuwa kudu. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga 800mm zuwa 1000mm. Sauran yankin yana cikin belin lowlands, inda ake shuka masara, wake, cassava, wake, fure, wake, da kuma kula da shanu a kan ranch kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Arusha District Council Investment Guide |url=https://www.arushadc.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/59a/ff8/f12/59aff8f125c7a616292396.pdf |access-date=2023-02-05 |publisher=Office of District Executive Director, Arusha District |archive-date=2023-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205164453/https://www.arushadc.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/59a/ff8/f12/59aff8f125c7a616292396.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == Hanyar da aka shimfiɗa ta T2 daga ƙetare iyakar Kenya a Kamanga zuwa Moshi kuma hanyar da aka shimfida ta T5 daga Babati zuwa Arusha ta ratsa Gundumar Karkara ta Arusha . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arusha Roads Network |url=http://tanroads.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1446553608-Arusha.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103234015/http://tanroads.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1446553608-Arusha.pdf |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=5 May 2016 |website=Tanroads}}</ref> === Aikin noma === A matsayin akwatin burodi na Arusha, jimlar hekta 78,350 na ƙasar noma tana samuwa a cikin gundumar. [[Masara]], [[wake]], kofi, pyrethrum, dankali, dankali mai zaki, [[ayaba]], legumes, da amfanin gona suna daga cikin abinci da amfanin gonar da aka noma a cikin gundumar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Arusha District Council Investment Guide |url=https://www.arushadc.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/59a/ff8/f12/59aff8f125c7a616292396.pdf |access-date=2023-02-05 |publisher=Office of District Executive Director, Arusha District |archive-date=2023-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205164453/https://www.arushadc.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/59a/ff8/f12/59aff8f125c7a616292396.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Masana'antu === TARPO Industries (T) LTD da TIGAAT East Africa LTD kasuwanci ne biyu masu matsakaici. Mateves yana daya daga cikin Wards 27 na Majalisar Gundumar Arusha, kuma yana kusa da babban kamfani da aka sani da 'A to Z Net Healthy Olyset', wanda ke hulɗa da masu samar da sauro. Har ila yau, akwai ƙananan masana'antu 76, kamar su masassaƙa, ma'adanai, garage, injunan niƙa, bita, wurin ajiye tumatir / maɓallin niƙa, da masu buga littattafai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Arusha District Council Investment Guide |url=https://www.arushadc.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/59a/ff8/f12/59aff8f125c7a616292396.pdf |access-date=2023-02-05 |publisher=Office of District Executive Director, Arusha District |archive-date=2023-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205164453/https://www.arushadc.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/59a/ff8/f12/59aff8f125c7a616292396.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Yawon shakatawa === Gundumar tana da Mungu Crater (Laroi Crater). Napuk Falls kuma yana cikin yankin Kiutu. Gidan Bagata yana da gida ga Ngires Falls . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Arusha District Council Investment Guide |url=https://www.arushadc.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/59a/ff8/f12/59aff8f125c7a616292396.pdf |access-date=2023-02-05 |publisher=Office of District Executive Director, Arusha District |archive-date=2023-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205164453/https://www.arushadc.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/59a/ff8/f12/59aff8f125c7a616292396.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Yawan jama'a == Al'ummar gundumar galibi sun ƙunshi mutanen Arusha, waɗanda suka ƙaura zuwa wurin kimanin shekaru 400 da suka wuce.  Sauran ƙungiyoyin zaunawa, musamman Turawa, sun kafa kansu a gundumar Mateves.  Gundumar a shekarar 2012 tana da yawan jama'a 323,198, tare da maza 154,301 da mata 168,897, yawan jama'a na mutane 227.4 a kowace murabba'in mil, da karuwar yawan jama'a na 3.4%.  Bisa ga rahoton ƙidayar yawan jama'a da gidaje na shekara ta 2012, matsakaicin girman iyali shine mutum biyar, kuma matsakaicin tsawon rayuwa shine shekaru 52..<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Arusha District Council Investment Guide |url=https://www.arushadc.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/59a/ff8/f12/59aff8f125c7a616292396.pdf |access-date=2023-02-05 |publisher=Office of District Executive Director, Arusha District |archive-date=2023-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205164453/https://www.arushadc.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/59a/ff8/f12/59aff8f125c7a616292396.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rukunin gudanarwa == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, an raba Gundumar Karkara ta Arusha zuwa bangarori uku: Enaboishu; Moshono; Mukulat; da unguwanni 27. <ref name="Census 2012">{{Cite web |title=Census 2012 |url=http://50.87.153.5/~eastc/sensa/index.php/welcome |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305154228/http://50.87.153.5/~eastc/sensa/index.php/welcome |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=16 February 2016 |website=National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} c8kblxizu6cvh74uvxt7tiudzs17bwj 0 110773 842047 834070 2026-05-29T01:59:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:La_Palma_-_Garafía_-_Carretera_Acceso_Observatorios_08_ies.jpg|thumb|Masu iyo a La Palma, Tsibirin Canary]] A cikin [[Ilmin duwatsu|ilimin ƙasa]], mai iyo ko mai iyo wani [[Duwatsu (geology)|dutse]] ne wanda aka [[Zaizayar Kasa|rushewa]], aka ware shi kuma aka kai shi daga asalinsa, kuma ana samunsa a cikin ƙasa ko bayanin martaba. Mai iyo kuma na iya zama babban dutse wanda aka raba shi daga dutsen da ke ƙarƙashinsa.<ref name="uky">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2021 |title=Floaters |url=https://geography.as.uky.edu/node/474132 |access-date=June 1, 2025 |publisher=[[University of Kentucky]], College of Arts & Sciences}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Quartzite_(54377854307).jpg|thumb|Quartzite floaters a Reno, Nevada]] [[Fayil:Soil_Horizons.svg|thumb|Masu iyo a cikin ƙasa sama da dutse]] Floaters ko floats galibi duwatsu ne da aka kai ko kuma aka raba su daga asalin su (yawanci ta hanyar yanayin jiki) kuma galibi suna warwatse a fadin Bayanan ƙasa, ko ma ta hanyar jigilar ruwa a cikin kogi ko kogi. Sau da yawa ana gano su ta hanyar tonowa, ana iya ware tarkace dutse a kusa da dutse mai girman dutse ko mafi girma. Ƙananan za a iya tura su gefe ko kuma a sauya su da ɗan ƙasa. Ana iya kuskuren manyan duwatsu masu tasowa don dutsen da ke ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da rage zurfin ƙasa da yawa, regoliths, da yanayin yanayi.<ref name="uky"/> Yankunan dutse da ke kewaye da farfajiyar yawanci suna da wahala ga masu ilimin ƙasa su tantance yadda aka sauya su daga dutsen (bayan an cire su ta hanyar hanyoyin yanayi). <ref name="geo">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 1997 |title=What is bedrock? |url=http://homework.uoregon.edu/mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry36.html |access-date=June 1, 2025 |publisher=GeoManiac |archive-date=June 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609083919/http://homework.uoregon.edu/mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry36.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kamata masanan ilimin ƙasa ya kwashe wani lokaci yana tantance ko suna hulɗa da wani abu, wani abu, ko babban ruwa, saboda ba zai yiwu a tabbatar da cewa dutsen da aka fallasa yana haɗe da dutse ba.<ref name="geo" /> === Asalin === Kamar yadda duwatsu ke da yanayi ba bisa ka'ida ba, ruwa yana gudana cikin dutse tare da karyewar, inda yake da yawa a wasu wurare na zahiri a cikin dutse. Yanayin da ke ƙarfafa kansa na iya bin ƙarfin hali na dutsen uwa marar yanayi ko mai ɗanɗano ta hanyar ƙirar kayan da aka raba, kayan da aka yi amfani da su (watau corestones). Dutsen da ya fi tsayayya an haɗa shi da ƙananan lithologies. Sandstone da shale a cikin umarni na sedimentary yawanci ana rarraba su, kamar a cikin saitunan flysch. Rushewar dutse na iya guje uwar dutse mai saurin kamuwa yayin da aka canza kayan da ba su da ruwa zuwa Saprolite ko ƙasa. [[Rashin amfani da yawa|Motsi zuwa ƙasa]] na iya faruwa saboda daidaitawa mai nauyi, tare da wasu sabuntawa ta hanyar shayarwa ta ƙasa da dabbobi masu tonowa suka haifar.<ref name="uky"/> == Sufuri == Tushen bishiya na da ikon mamaye tukwane da kuma ɗaga ɓangarorin da ba a haɗa su a da ba, don haka [[Tree uprooting|tumɓuke bishiya]] na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da iyo a cikin gandun daji. Ana ɗaga guntun dutse a matsayin wani ɓangare na tushen taro, waɗanda ke shiga cikin ramukan da aka tumɓuke ko kuma a ƙasa a tsayi mafi tsayi. Tsarin [[Frost weathering|yanayin sanyi]] na iya yin motsi sama da ƙasa, baya ga tono dabbobi da na ɗan adam. Hakanan za'a iya jigilar tarkacen dutsen zuwa wani shafi da yin fim ɗin hanyarsu zuwa ƙasa. Harkokin sufurin jiragen ruwa a [[Zamanin Zamani|wannan zamani]] yana faruwa ne saboda [[hakar ma'adinai]], gine-gine, da ayyukan shimfidar ƙasa gabaɗaya. Har ila yau, dutsen [[Creep (deformation)|rarrafe]] na iya motsa guntun dutsen da aka samu ta hanyar yanayi na shimfidar shimfidar wuri. <ref name="uky2">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2021 |title=Floaters |url=https://geography.as.uky.edu/node/474132 |access-date=June 1, 2025 |publisher=[[University of Kentucky]], College of Arts & Sciences}}</ref> == Amfani da Mutum == A cikin [[prehistory]], tun a zamanin Paleolithic, mutane da hominids na farko za su sami sauƙi kuma su yi amfani da su a matsayin Kayan aikin dutse, saboda yanayin da suka yadu ta hanyar bayanin ƙasa. Mutanen farko sun yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar kayan aiki iri-iri da aka yi da dutse na ƙasa ko dutse, kamar yadda Stone Age ya kasance lokacin amfani da kayan aikin dutse.<ref name="nhm.ac.uk">{{Cite web |date=18 August 2010 |title=Oldest tool use and meat-eating revealed &#124; Natural History Museum |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2010/august/oldest-tool-use-and-meat-eating-revealed75831.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818123718/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2010/august/oldest-tool-use-and-meat-eating-revealed75831.html |archive-date=18 August 2010}}</ref> A cikin [[Tarihin ɗan-Adam|Tarihin ɗan adam]], mutane sun ɗauki dutse don gini da kuma yin wuta da kwanon wuta, a wasu lokuta tare da taimakon Dabbobi na gida.<ref name="uky"/> A Tsohon Misira, ana aiki da sauƙi, ana yin duwatsu masu laushi don gini tun farkon 4000 KZ.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klemm |first=Dietrich D. |last2=Klemm |first2=Rosemarie |date=2001 |title=The building stones of ancient Egypt – a gift of its geology |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=33 |issue=3–4 |pages=631–642 |bibcode=2001JAfES..33..631K |doi=10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00085-9}}</ref> A cikin [[Real estate|dukiya]] zamani, masu iyo na iya zama masu tsada don cirewa, kodayake wannan ya dogara da girman su. Koyaya, ginin da aka gina a kansu na iya daidaita tsarin tare da lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howard Siow |date=October 5, 2023 |title=Things to Watch Out for in a Renovation |url=https://byarchitecture.com.au/things-to-watch-out-for-in-a-renovation/#:~:text=Floaters%20are%20large%20rock%20fragments,Existing%20asbestos%20on%20site: |access-date=June 1, 2025 |publisher=By Projects Architecture}}</ref> == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery> Fayil:FossilBeach6_DMarshall2017.jpg|alt=Floaters on beach in Sedbury, Gloucestershire| Masu yawo a bakin teku a Sedbury, Gloucestershire Fayil:Phosphate-rich_sedimentary_rock_(Phosphoria_Formation,_Permian;_Deer_Creek_Valley_area;_Preuss_Range,_Idaho,_USA)_6.jpg|alt=Preuss Range, Idaho, USA| Preuss Range, [[Idaho]], Amurika Fayil:Sulfidic_dike_intruding_basaltic_lapillistone_(Middle_Tholeiitic_Unit,_Kidd-Munro_Assemblage,_Neoarchean,_2.711-2.719_Ga;_just_east_of_the_Potter_Mine,_east_of_Timmins,_Ontario,_Canada)_(40899745123).jpg|alt=East of Timmins, Ontario, Canada| Gabashin Timmin, Ontario, Kanada Fayil:Tsherige_Member.jpg|alt=A large tuff floater south of White Rock, New Mexico| Babban tuff mai yawo a kudu da White Rock, New Mexico Fayil:Typic_Haprendoll_(loamy_over_fragmental,_mixed,_active,_isothermic)_(5468736277).jpg|alt=Limestone floaters in Sri Lanka| Dutsen limestone yana yawo a [[Sri Lanka]] Fayil:Moss,_rocks,_and_bare_soil,_by_Great_Sacandaga_Lake_(2008).jpg|alt=Floaters by the Great Sacandaga Lake in New York| Masu yawo a bakin Babban Tekun Sacandaga a [[New York (jiha)|New York]] Fayil:Stromatoporoid_fragments_(Ashlock_Formation,_Upper_Ordovician;_Paint_Lick_Elementary_School_outcrop,_Garrard_County,_Kentucky,_USA)_23.jpg|alt=Upper Ordovician floaters in Garrard County, Kentucky| Babban Ordovician yana iyo a cikin Garrard County, Kentucky </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} aymufhkywk2eek8n8g6os838gjgfrlc 0 112606 842039 836245 2026-05-29T00:43:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842039 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Driving_Age_---_Global.svg|alt=|thumb|'''Mafi ƙarancin shekaru don tuki ta ƙasa (2024):'''<br />         ]]   mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuƙi shine mafi ƙarancin shekarun da doka ta ba mutum izinin tuka abin hawa akan titunan jama'a, gami da yin gwajin tuƙi da samun lasisin tuƙi. Ƙananan dokokin shekarun tuki suna aiki a yawancin wurare, kodayake shekarun sun bambanta tsakanin hukunce-hukuncen. A mafi yawan hukunce-hukuncen, mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki na motoci shine 18. A yawancin lokuta, mutanen da ke ƙasa da ƙaramin shekarun tuƙi na iya yin tuƙi ƙarƙashin kulawa daga ƙwararren direba ko malamin tuki. Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki shine a South Dakota a Amurka, inda mutum mai shekaru goma sha huɗu zai iya tuƙi a ƙarƙashin kulawar manya kuma mai shekaru sha huɗu da rabi zai iya samun lasisin tuki da tuƙi ba tare da kulawa ba, duk da cewa yana da ƙuntatawa. A wasu sassan Amurka, ana iya baiwa mutanen da ke da shekaru goma sha huɗu izinin tuƙi inda ba za a iya ba da irin wannan izini ba saboda wahala da ake jira. Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki na iya bambanta da nau'in abin hawa, tare da yawancin hukunce-hukunce da ke aiki da ƙananan shekaru don babura fiye da motoci, misali. == Afirka == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |State ! width="190" |Minimum driving age ! width="320" |Notes |- |{{Flag|Algeria}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria Driving Licence or Driver Permit |url=https://edriv.ing/algeria-driving-licence/ |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=eDriving |archive-date=July 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701105008/https://edriv.ing/algeria-driving-licence/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Cameroon}} | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving In Cameroon – Drive Safe in Cameroon |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Cameroon.aspx#:~:text=The%20minimum%20age%20to%20drive,permitted%20when%20driving%20in%20Cameroon. |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Egypt}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 (cars)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Egypt – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/egypt.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030753/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/egypt.asp |archive-date=2018-06-26 |access-date=2015-02-20 |website=Aupairinamerica.com}}</ref><br /><br />16 (motorcycles)<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Driver's Permit for Egypt: Fast, Easy, Recognized Globally |url=https://internationaldrivingagency.com/egypt-permit/ |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=international driving agency}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Eswatini}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=Eswatini Driving Licence or Driver Permit - eDriving |url=https://edriv.ing/eswatini-driving-licence/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Ethiopia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving in Ethiopia |url=http://www.adcidl.com/Driving-in-Ethiopia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017205759/http://www.adcidl.com/Driving-in-Ethiopia.html |archive-date=2018-10-17 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Adcidl.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Ghana}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Ghana – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/ghana.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030719/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/ghana.asp |archive-date=2018-06-26 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Kenya}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 (cars)<br /><br />16 (motorcycles)<ref>{{Cite web |title=KRA – Driving Licenses |url=http://www.kra.go.ke/roadtransport/roadsdrivinglicenses.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701104334/http://www.kra.go.ke/roadtransport/roadsdrivinglicenses.html |archive-date=2018-07-01 |access-date=2016-08-02 |website=www.kra.go.ke}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Lesotho}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 | |- |{{Flag|Libya}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Get an international license to drive in Libya |url=https://internationaldriversassociation.com/international-drivers-license-libya/ |access-date=2020-02-01 |website=International Drivers License – InternationalDriversAssociation}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Mali}} | style="text-align: center;" |21<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving In Mali – Drive Safe in Mali – Rhinocarhire.com |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Mali.aspx |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Mauritania}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Посібник з водіння Мавританії |url=https://internationaldriversassociation.com/uk/mauritania-driving-guide/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Посібник з водіння Мавританії |language=uk}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Mauritius}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 (cars)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Application for Driving Licence |url=https://police.govmu.org/police/?page_id=5578 |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=Mauritius Police Force}}</ref><br /><br />17 (motorcycles)<br /><br />15 (autocycles) | |- |''{{Flag|Mayotte}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayotte travel advice |url=https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/mayotte |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=Government of Canada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=International Driving Permit in Mayotte Island |url=https://idaoffice.org/countries/mayotte-island/ |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=International Driving Authority}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Morocco}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 (cars)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving in Morocco |url=https://www.driving-in.com/morocco/ |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=International Driver's Guide}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving in Morocco: The Official Rules of the Road And Things You Need to Know |url=https://www.visit-morocco.net/post-official-rules-of-road |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=Visit-morocco.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco Driving Licence or Driver Permit |url=https://edriv.ing/morocco-driving-licence/ |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=eDriving |archive-date=April 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409135933/https://edriv.ing/morocco-driving-licence/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /><br />21 (trucks){{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2025}}<br /><br />16 (motorcycles) | |- |{{Flag|Mozambique}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving In Mozambique – Drive Safe in Mozambique |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Mozambique.aspx#:~:text=You%20have%20to%20be%20at,on%20your%20age%20and%20experience. |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Namibia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Namibia – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/namibia.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030820/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/namibia.asp |archive-date=2018-06-26 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Niger}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 (light motor vehicles)<br /><br />18 (commercial passenger vehicles)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=Niger Driving Licence or Driver Permit |url=https://edriv.ing/niger-driving-licence/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606015245/https://edriv.ing/niger-driving-licence/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Nigeria}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2022-08-13 |title=Driver's License In Nigeria: Requirements And Cost This 2022 |url=https://carmart.africa/motoring/drivers-license-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Carmart auto blog}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Réunion}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Driving Age by Country – Rhinocarhire.com |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Minimum-Driving-Age-Country.aspx |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> |One may obtain a learner's license and be legally allowed to drive with supervision at age 15. A full driving license will be fully granted by age 18. |- |{{Flag|Rwanda}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving in Rwanda |url=https://internationaldriversassociation.com/rwanda-driving-guide/# |access-date=2023-05-09 |publisher=Internationaldriversassociation.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Senegal}} | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Посібник з водіння в Сенегалі |url=https://internationaldriversassociation.com/uk/senegal-driving-guide/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Посібник з водіння в Сенегалі |language=uk}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|South Africa}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br /> 17 (provisional licence)<br /><br />16 (motorcycles up to 125 cc)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apply for a learner’s licence |url=https://www.gov.za/services/driving-licence/apply-learners-licence |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=South African Government}}</ref> |A Code 1 licence is obtainable at age 16, and allows for the use of motorcycles with engines that do not exceed 125 cc. The National Road Traffic act specifies that a driver needs to be 17 to legally obtain a provisional licence for all motor vehicles under 3500&nbsp;kg. To obtain any other class of driving licence, one must be 18 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Road Traffic Act, 1996 [No. 93 of 1996&#93; - G 17603 |url=http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/num_act/nrta1996189/ |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Saflii.org}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Tanzania}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Driving Ages around the World |url=http://www.2pass.co.uk/ages3.htm |access-date=2016-08-14 |website=www.2pass.co.uk}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Tunisia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Travel to Tunis |url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/tunis/travel-to |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Worldtravelguide.net}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Uganda}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the Road Rules in Uganda? Self Drive Uganda Guide |url=https://www.yourdriveuganda.com/road-rules-in-uganda.html |access-date=2023-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2023 |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://udls.co.ug/frequently-asked-questions |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Uganda Driver Licensing System}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Zambia}} | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Investment Climate &#124; SME Toolkit Zambia |url=http://zamcom.smetoolkit.org/zambia/en/content/en/2643/Investment-Climate |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220205723/http://zamcom.smetoolkit.org/zambia/en/content/en/2643/Investment-Climate |archive-date=2015-02-20 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Zamcom.smetoolkit.org}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Zimbabwe}} | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Zimbabwe – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/zimbabwe.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030750/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/zimbabwe.asp |archive-date=2018-06-26 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com}}</ref> | |- |} == Amurka == === Arewacin Amurka === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Kasar ! width="190" |Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki ! width="320" |Bayani |- |{{Flag|Canada}} | style="text-align:center;" |''ya bambanta tsakanin larduna'' | |- |{{Flag|Mexico}} | style="text-align:center;" |15 (tare da kulawar iyaye),16 (tare da yarjejeniyar iyaye),18 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving in Mexico |url=http://www.auto-europe.co.uk/go/car-hire/mexico/driving-information/ |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Auto Europe |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060619/http://www.auto-europe.co.uk/go/car-hire/mexico/driving-information/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /><br /> | |- |{{Flag|United States}} | style="text-align:center;" |''16 shine shekarun tuki na doka, amma ana iya samun izini a 14 ko 15 dangane da dokokin jihar'' | |} === Amurka ta tsakiya === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Jiha ! width="190" |Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki ! width="320" |Bayani |- |{{Flag|Costa Rica}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving information Costa Rica &#124; Regulations by Auto Europe |url=https://www.autoeurope.co.uk/driving-information-costa-rica/ |access-date=2020-02-01 |website=www.autoeurope.co.uk}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|El Salvador}} | style="text-align:center;" |15<ref name="rhinocarhire.com">{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving In El Salvador – Drive Safe in El Salvador |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-El-Salvador.aspx#:~:text=You%20have%20to%20be%20at,poor%20conditions%20of%20the%20roads. |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> |Shekarar tuki ga motoci shine 15 tare da kulawa. Lasisin da ba a iyakance shi ba a 18 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Primera Vez |url=https://www.sertracen.com.sv/index.php/primera-vez }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ba za ku iya tuki a El Salvador ba idan kun wuce shekaru 75.<ref name="rhinocarhire.com" /> |- |{{Flag|Guatemala}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 (tare da amincewar iyaye),18 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving information Guatemala {{!}} Safe drive with Auto Europe |url=https://www.autoeurope.co.uk/driving-information-guatemala/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Auto Europe UK}}</ref><br /> | |- |{{Flag|Honduras}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Requisitos para tramitar la licencia de conducir por primera vez en Honduras |url=https://www.elheraldo.hn/tegucigalpa/1205802-466/requisitos-para-tramitar-la-licencia-de-conducir-por-primera-vez-en-honduras |access-date=2020-04-07 |website=Diario El Heraldo |language=es-HN}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Nicaragua}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best way to get around in Nicaragua |url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/north-america/nicaragua/getting-around/ |access-date=2020-02-01 |website=World Travel Guide}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Panama}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 (tare da amincewar iyaye),18 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reglamento de Transito |url=http://www.transito.gob.pa/sites/default/files/reglamento_decreto_640.pdf |website=transito.gob.pa |access-date=2025-08-10 |archive-date=2022-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615000038/http://www.transito.gob.pa/sites/default/files/reglamento_decreto_640.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Permiso Juvenil |url=http://www.sertracen.com.pa/licencias-de-conducir/requisitos/permiso-juvenil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022204929/http://www.sertracen.com.pa/licencias-de-conducir/requisitos/permiso-juvenil |archive-date=2018-10-22 |website=sertracen.com.pa}}</ref><br /> | |} === Kudancin Amurka === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Jiha ! width="190" |Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki ! width="320" |Bayani |- |{{Flag|Argentina}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 (tare da amincewar iyaye),18 (ba tare da) <br /> |21 shine mafi ƙarancin shekaru don tuka mota, bas ko motar gaggawa. 16 shine mafi ƙarancin shekaru don tuka mota (ba tare da fasinjoji ba). Samun amincewar iyaye ya zama dole ga duk wani lasisi da aka bayar ga kowane mutum mai shekaru kasa da 18.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ley de Tránsito Nº 24.449 – Articles 11 and 17 |url=http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/0-4999/818/texact.htm |access-date=9 May 2017 |website=InfoLeg |language=es}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Bolivia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Bolivia – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/bolivia.asp |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com |archive-date=2018-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192236/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/bolivia.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Brazil}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Brazil's Traffic Law |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/L9503.htm |access-date=2017-10-12}}</ref> |18 shine mafi ƙarancin shekaru don tuka motoci, babur, da motoci. 21 shine mafi ƙarancin shekaru don tuka manyan motoci, bas, ko sufuri. Dole ne a ba da lasisi ga direbobi a baya a cikin cat. 'B' na akalla shekara guda kafin neman lasisin sana'a. 'C' category yawanci don manyan motoci ne, 'D' don bas da manyan motoci da 'E' don motocin da aka tsara. |- |{{Flag|Chile}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 (tare da amincewar iyaye),18, 20 (lasisin sana'a) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Chile – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/chile.asp |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com |archive-date=2018-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131516/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/chile.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2014 |title=Licencia de conducir |url=http://www.bcn.cl/leyfacil/recurso/licencia-de-conducir |publisher=bcn.cl}}</ref><br /><br /> | |- |{{Flag|Colombia}} | style="text-align:center;" |16, 18 (lasisi na sana'a) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Colombia – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/colombia.asp |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com |archive-date=2018-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192614/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/colombia.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 1994 |title=Lo Que Se Debe Saber Sobre El Pase |url=https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-265910#:~:text=Desde%20los%2020%20a%C3%B1os.,la%20licencia%20de%20conducci%C3%B3n%3A%201. |publisher=El Tiempo}}</ref><br /> | |- |{{Flag|Ecuador}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Ecuador – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/ecuador.asp |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com |archive-date=2018-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192452/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/ecuador.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Falkland Islands}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Road Traffic (Provisional) Regulations Order 1986 |url=https://legislation.gov.fk/view/whole/2019-06-24/fisl-1986-5#:~:text=(a)%20he%20has%20passed%20such,issued%20in%20respect%20of%20motor |access-date=2021-11-10}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|French Guiana}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving In {{!}} Driving In French Guiana |url=https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-french-guiana |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.drivng.com |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925145811/https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-french-guiana |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Guyana}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Under-18s and the Law |url=http://www.legalaid.org.gy/node/25 |publisher=legalaid.org.gy}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Paraguay}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |last=LinkedIn |title=Your Complete Guide to Driving in Paraguay |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/driving-in-paraguay-5190094 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=TripSavvy }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Peru}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obtener primera licencia de conducir (brevete) |url=https://www.gob.pe/136-obtener-primera-licencia-de-conducir-brevete-condiciones |access-date=2019-12-25 |website=www.gob.pe/}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Suriname}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving In {{!}} Driving In Suriname |url=https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-suriname |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.drivng.com |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925145811/https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-suriname |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Uruguay}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Uruguay – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/uruguay.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192410/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/uruguay.asp |archive-date=2018-06-26 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Venezuela}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Venezuela – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/venezuela.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192353/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/venezuela.asp |archive-date=2018-06-26 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com}}</ref> | |} === Caribbean === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Jiha ! width="190" |Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki ! width="320" |Bayani |- |''{{Flag|Anguilla}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of Anguilla – Residents – Licences & Registrations – Driving Licences & Permits |url=http://www.gov.ai/licence.php |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Gov.ai |archive-date=2019-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508200232/http://www.gov.ai/licence.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Bahamas}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahamas Information |url=http://www.bahamasailing.com/Boat/stuff.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502023550/http://www.bahamasailing.com/Boat/stuff.htm |archive-date=May 2, 2006 |access-date=August 25, 2010}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Cayman Islands}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=What age is the driving age in GC? – Cayman Islands Forum – Tripadvisor |url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowTopic-g147364-i260-k9167241-What_age_is_the_driving_age_in_GC-Cayman_Islands.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Tripadvisor}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Cuba}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fly and Drive in Cuba – Terms and Conditions |url=http://www.particularcuba.com/hoteles/flexitc.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715045354/http://www.particularcuba.com/hoteles/flexitc.htm |archive-date=July 15, 2011 |website=www.particularcuba.com}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Curaçao}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=NETHERLANDS ANTILLES visa service & travel information |url=http://www.travcour.com/g_page.php?pageid=697&Pagetitle=Netherlands+Antilles |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131173725/http://www.travcour.com/g_page.php?pageid=697&Pagetitle=Netherlands+Antilles |archive-date=2016-01-31 |access-date=2015-02-20 |website=Travcour.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Dominican Republic}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving rules and regulations |url=https://www.justlanded.com/english/Dominican-Republic/Dominican-Republic-Guide/Travel-Leisure/Driving-rules-and-regulations |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=Just Landed |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925145811/https://www.justlanded.com/english/Dominican-Republic/Dominican-Republic-Guide/Travel-Leisure/Driving-rules-and-regulations |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Guadeloupe}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=English to French International Driver's License Translation Services – International Driving Authority |url=https://idaoffice.org/travel-guide/en-to-fr/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=idaoffice.org}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Jamaica}} | style="text-align:center;" |16-17 (masu koyo sun ba da izini ko tare da kulawar manya),18 cikakkun lasisi <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-02-11 |title=The age to drive – from Jamaica to Britain |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100211/news/news5.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=jamaica-gleaner.com}}</ref><br /> | |- |''{{Flag|Martinique}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving In Martinique – Drive Safe in Martinique |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Martinique.aspx |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Puerto Rico}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |16 (tare da izinin mai koyo), 18 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Puerto_Rico_Driving_Age |url=http://www.youthrights.net/index.php? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111084416/http://www.youthrights.net/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_Driving_Age |archive-date=January 11, 2006 |access-date=August 25, 2010}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Saint Barthélemy}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-13 |title=Driving on Saint Barthélemy: Tips from Our Community + How to Get Around the Island |url=https://www.saintbarth.com/driving-on-saint-barthelemy-tips-from-our-community-how-to-get-around-the-island/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=SaintBarth.com}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Saint Martin}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving In St Maarten – Drive Safe in St Maarten |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-St-Maarten.aspx |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving In Trinidad and Tobago – Drive Safe in TT |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Trinidad-and-Tobago.aspx |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|St. Kitts and Nevis}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 (don izini), 18 (don lasisi) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inland Revenue Department |url=https://www.sknird.com/driverlic-DriverLic-SubPage-54-d-60.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627005332/https://www.sknird.com/driverlic-DriverLic-SubPage-54-d-60.aspx |archive-date=2018-06-27 |access-date=2017-05-31 |website=www.sknird.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 15.06 Vehicles and Road Traffic Act |url=https://www.sknird.com/UserFiles/TaxLib/130325053700.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100403/https://www.sknird.com/UserFiles/TaxLib/130325053700.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-24 |access-date=2017-05-31 |publisher=Government of St. Kitts and Nevis}}</ref><br /> | |- |''{{Flag|US Virgin Islands}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |16 (tare da izinin mai koyo), 18 <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S._Virgin_Islands_Driving_Age |url=http://www.youthrights.net/index.php? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723190111/http://www.youthrights.net/index.php?title=U.S._Virgin_Islands_Driving_Age |archive-date=July 23, 2011 |access-date=August 25, 2010}}</ref> | |} == Asiya == === Yammacin Asiya === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Jiha ! width="190" |Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki ! width="320" |Bayani |- |{{Flag|Bahrain}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahraini King's Son Dies in Car Accident |url=http://www.omanforum.com/forums/showthread.php?t=13700 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131131642/http://www.omanforum.com/forums/showthread.php?t=13700 |archive-date=31 January 2013}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Iran}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2013 |title=Driving in Iran &#124; IranVisitor – Travel Guide To Iran |url=http://www.iranvisitor.com/index.php?cID=421&pID=1304 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=IranVisitor}}</ref> |Kuna iya zuwa aji na tuki na 1 zuwa 3 makonni kafin jarrabawar tuki. Bayan ka kai shekaru 18 za ka iya samun lasisin tuki. |- |{{Flag|Iraq}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 don babura17 don motoci <ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving In {{!}} Driving In Iraq |url=https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-iraq |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.drivng.com |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925141757/https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-iraq |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /> | |- |{{Flag|Israel}} | style="text-align:center;" |Shekaru 16 don babura Shekaru 6 watanni tare da malami na tuki Shekaru 9 watanni don motoci tare da kulawar iyaye na watanni 3 duk lokacin da kuma wasu watanni 3 da dare <ref>{{Cite web |title=דרגות רישיון נהיגה – דרגה B |url=http://he.mot.gov.il/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48%3Adargotrishauionnehiga&catid=62&Itemid=83&limitstart=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029220532/http://he.mot.gov.il/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48%3Adargotrishauionnehiga&catid=62&Itemid=83&limitstart=4 |archive-date=2014-10-29 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=He.mot.gov.il |language=he}}</ref>&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; | |- |{{Flag|Jordan}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Jordan – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/jordan.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627005303/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/jordan.asp |archive-date=2018-06-27 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Kuwait}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 ga Kuwaiti21 ga wadanda ba Kuwait ba <br /> | |- |{{Flag|Lebanon}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=Driving in Lebanon- International Driving License |url=https://internationaldrivinglicense.com/driving-license-in-lebanon/ |access-date=2022-09-25}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Oman}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=شرطة عمان السلطانية |url=http://www.rop.gov.om/english/dg_traffic_newlicense.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129151540/http://www.rop.gov.om/english/dg_traffic_newlicense.asp |archive-date=November 29, 2010 |website=www.rop.gov.om}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Qatar}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 don motoci masu sauƙi 21 don motoci mai nauyi <ref>{{Cite web |title=وكالة الأنباء القطرية |url=http://www.qnaol.net/QNAEn/Qatar_Portal/driving_license/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019154001/http://www.qnaol.net/QNAEn/Qatar_Portal/Driving_License/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=2013-10-19 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Qnaol.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2015 |title=How To Get A Qatar Driving License |url=https://www.dohaguides.com/how-to-get-qatar-driving-license/#age-requirement |access-date=2020-12-09}}</ref><br /> | |- |{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 don motoci,17 don izini na wucin gadi, 16 don babura <ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving License (Saudis – Non-Saudis) |url=https://www.moi.gov.sa/wps/portal/Home/sectors/publicsecurity/traffic/trafficriyadh/contents/!ut/p/z0/fYxBC4IwGED_yi6DOsi3RKSreCjzkiRku8SY076yb7qp1L9PqHO39-DxQEIFktSMrRrRkuoWv8j4KrIo2m-iMN-VaSSSIj0WeVaGYhvDyRAcQP6Plgveh0EmILWl0bxGqEanmgY1Fz9gDt-qvnHxVEhc9M5qU0_OeC5qhzNSyzrUhrxhK6-mGj0LGFkKvrKG_rE7fwCX8AZx/ |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=Ministry of Interior |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122170147/https://www.moi.gov.sa/wps/portal/Home/sectors/publicsecurity/traffic/trafficriyadh/contents/!ut/p/z0/fYxBC4IwGED_yi6DOsi3RKSreCjzkiRku8SY076yb7qp1L9PqHO39-DxQEIFktSMrRrRkuoWv8j4KrIo2m-iMN-VaSSSIj0WeVaGYhvDyRAcQP6Plgveh0EmILWl0bxGqEanmgY1Fz9gDt-qvnHxVEhc9M5qU0_OeC5qhzNSyzrUhrxhK6-mGj0LGFkKvrKG_rE7fwCX8AZx/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <br /> | |- |{{Flag|Syria}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 | |- |{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 don motoci da babura <ref>{{Cite web |title=Getting a driving licence – Gulf News Government |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/transport/uae-lowers-minimum-age-of-drivers-issues-new-traffic-laws-1.104477986}}</ref><br /> | |- |{{Flag|Yemen}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=SORRY, THE REQUESTED PAGE WAS NOT FOUND |url=http://www.yementimes.com/DefaultDET.aspx?i=1151&p=local&a=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303074344/http://www.yementimes.com/DefaultDET.aspx?i=1151&p=local&a=1 |archive-date=2012-03-03 |access-date=2010-08-26 |website=Yemen Times}}</ref> | |} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Jiha ! width="190" |Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki ! width="320" |Bayani |- |{{Flag|Afghanistan}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving License Permit and Vehicles License |url=http://moi.gov.af/en/page/5747/5750 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012104356/http://moi.gov.af/en/page/5747/5750 |archive-date=2018-10-12 |publisher=Government of Afghanistan: Ministry of Interior Affairs}}</ref> |Ya zuwa 2024, ba a ba da damar tuki ga mata ba. [https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/taliban-driving-licence-afghan-women-b2072058.html] |- |{{Flag|Bangladesh}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Activities >>> Driving License |url=http://www.brta.gov.bd/activities_driving.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706181116/http://www.brta.gov.bd/activities_driving.php |archive-date=July 6, 2010 |access-date=August 26, 2010}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|India}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 | |- |{{Flag|Nepal}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 don ƙafafu biyu,18 don ƙafafu huɗu <ref>{{Cite web |title=नेपाल कानून आयोग – NLC |url=https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/documents/%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%a5%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a4-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d/}}</ref><br /> | |- |{{Flag|Pakistan}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driver Licensing Information |url=http://www.pak.gov.pk/driving_license.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710191103/http://www.pak.gov.pk/driving_license.aspx |archive-date=July 10, 2010 |access-date=August 26, 2010}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Sri Lanka}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |last=ICTA |title=New Driving License |url=http://www.motortraffic.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=83&Itemid=140&lang=en=Travcour.com |publisher=motortraffic.gov.lk |access-date=2025-08-10 |archive-date=2018-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626220503/http://www.motortraffic.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=83&Itemid=140&lang=en=Travcour.com |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Maldives}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving in &#124; Driving in Maldives |url=https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-maldives |access-date=2025-08-10 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009191651/https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-maldives |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |} === Gabashin Asiya === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Jiha ! width="190" |Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki ! width="320" |Bayani |- |{{Flag|China}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Account Suspended |url=http://josephbosco.com/wow2004/2006/10/china-national-features-driving_07.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106084227/http://josephbosco.com/wow2004/2006/10/china-national-features-driving_07.html |archive-date=2006-11-06 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Josephbosco.com}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Hong Kong}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Requirements for Obtaining a Driving Licence |url=http://www.td.gov.hk/en/public_services/licences_and_permits/vehicle_and_driving_licences/how_to_apply_for_a_driving_licence/requirements_for_obtaining_a_driving_licence/index.html |access-date=11 December 2014 |publisher=The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Transport Department |archive-date=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729125551/http://www.td.gov.hk/en/public_services/licences_and_permits/vehicle_and_driving_licences/how_to_apply_for_a_driving_licence/requirements_for_obtaining_a_driving_licence/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |''Yankin Gudanarwa na Musamman na kasar Sin'' |- |{{Flag|Japan}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 (motoci a ƙarƙashin 400 cc) 18 (moto na yau da kullun / matsakaici da babura sama da 401 cc) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-30 |title=Driving in Japan |url=http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2022.html |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Japan-guide.com}}</ref>&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; | |- |''{{Flag|Macau}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18 |''Yankin Gudanarwa na Musamman na kasar Sin'' |- |{{Flag|South Korea}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 don motocin fasinjoji na yau da kullun da babura sama da 125 cc16 don babura a ƙarƙashin 125 cc19 don lasisin kasuwanci&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br /> | |- |''{{Flag|Taiwan}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taiwan High Speed Rail, Driving in Taiwan, Learn about Transportation Options, Rules of the Road, Fines |url=http://www.englishintaiwan.com/foreigners/living-in-taiwan/transport-high-speed-rail-taxis-buses |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Englishintaiwan.com}}</ref> | |} === Kudu maso gabashin Asiya === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Jiha ! width="190" |Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki ! width="320" |Bayani |- |{{Flag|Brunei}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 | |- |{{Flag|Myanmar}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving In {{!}} Driving In Myanmar |url=https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-myanmar |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.drivng.com |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925145810/https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-myanmar |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Cambodia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 | |- |{{Flag|Indonesia}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Not Found |url=http://www.balitravelforum.com/archive200711/12192.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707205608/http://www.balitravelforum.com/archive200711/12192.html |archive-date=2011-07-07 |access-date=2010-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LEMBARAN NEGARA – REPUBLIK INDONESIA |url=http://www.djpp.depkumham.go.id/inc/buka.php?czozMToiZD0yMDAwKzkmZj11dTIyLTIwMDlidC5odG0manM9MSI7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112145305/http://www.djpp.depkumham.go.id/inc/buka.php?czozMToiZD0yMDAwKzkmZj11dTIyLTIwMDlidC5odG0manM9MSI7 |archive-date=November 12, 2012 |access-date=December 28, 2012}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Laos}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 | |- |{{Flag|Malaysia}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 (motoci),16 (moto) <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2009 |title=Driving License In Malaysia For Car & Motorcycle |url=http://driving-school.com.my/driving-license/how-to-obtain-a-malaysian-driving-license/ |publisher=driving-school.com.my |access-date=10 August 2025 |archive-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718114521/http://driving-school.com.my/driving-license/how-to-obtain-a-malaysian-driving-license/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /> | |- |{{Flag|Philippines}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 (lasisin dalibai);17 (lasisin direba wanda ba na sana'a ba);18 (lasisin direban sana'a) <ref>{{Cite web |title=License and Permit |url=https://lto.gov.ph/license-and-permit.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716060507/https://lto.gov.ph/license-and-permit.html |archive-date=2022-07-16 |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=lto.gov.ph}}</ref><br /><br /> | |- |{{Flag|Singapore}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Singapore – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/singapore.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627005749/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/singapore.asp |archive-date=2018-06-27 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Thailand}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 (motoci da babura);15 (motocin da ke da 110 cc ko ƙananan injuna) <ref>{{Cite web |title=พระราชบัญญัติรถยนต์ พ.ศ.๒๕๒๒ และที่แก้ไขเพิ่มเติม |url=http://web.krisdika.go.th/data/law/law2/%C301/%C301-20-9999-update.pdf |website=Office of the Council of State |publisher=Royal Thai Government |ref=thaicaract |access-date=2025-08-10 |archive-date=2011-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203044221/http://web.krisdika.go.th/data/law/law2/%C301/%C301-20-9999-update.pdf |url-status=dead }} (Automobile Act, 1979 and amendments)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Thailand – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/thailand.asp |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com |archive-date=2018-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627034714/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/thailand.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /> |Sauran ƙuntatawa sun shafi manyan motoci ko motoci na musamman. |- |{{Flag|Vietnam}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 (babura a ƙarƙashin 50cc), 18 <ref>{{Cite web |title=How to drive in Vietnam |url=http://www.howtodrivein.com/vietnam.php |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Howtodrivein.com |archive-date=2018-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308165048/http://www.howtodrivein.com/vietnam.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |} == Turai == [[Fayil:Driving_age_Europe_2024.svg|left|thumb|'''Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki a Turai'''<br /> <div class="legend">Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki shine 18<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0026FF; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact; forced-color-adjust:none;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;</div>      ]] {{Clear}} === Yankin Lasisin tuki na Turai === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |State ! width="190" |Minimum driving age ! width="320" |Notes |- |{{Flag|Austria}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 for cars<br /><br />15 for mopeds<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-10-24 |title=Driving a Moped |url=https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2017/mapping-minimum-age-requirements/drive-moped |access-date=2020-09-06 |website=European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights}}</ref> |(Start with 15,5 under L17 attendant driving training |- |{{Flag|Belgium}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br />16 for mopeds<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving in Belgium |url=https://www.angloinfo.com/belgium/how-to/belgium-transport-driving |access-date=18 September 2016 |archive-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918234134/https://www.angloinfo.com/belgium/how-to/belgium-transport-driving |url-status=dead }}</ref> |17 for cars, with learners permit (supervised) |- |{{Flag|Bulgaria}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving in Bulgaria {{!}} SmartExpat |url=https://smartexpat.com/bulgaria/how-to-guides/transport/driving/driving |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717212501/https://smartexpat.com/bulgaria/how-to-guides/transport/driving/driving |archive-date=2018-07-17 |access-date=2018-07-17 |website=smartexpat.com}}</ref><br /><br />16 for mopeds<ref name=":0" /> | |- |{{Flag|Croatia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br />15 for mopeds<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Croatia – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/croatia.asp |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com |archive-date=2018-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030528/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/croatia.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 | |- |{{Flag|Czech Republic}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br />17 with supervision <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2024 |title=Austerity package brings into force numerous tax and other changes |url=https://english.radio.cz/news}}</ref> |15 for mopeds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zákon o silničním provozu, Hlava 3, §83 Věk |url=https://www.zakruta.cz/silnicni-zakon/102/vek/ |access-date=2019-06-28 |language=cs}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Denmark}} | style="text-align:center;" |24 for heavy bus,<br /><br />21 for heavy truck,<br /><br />17 for cars<ref>{{Cite web |title=L 161 A Bill amending the Road Traffic Act |url=http://www.ft.dk/samling/20151/lovforslag/L161A/index.htm |access-date=2016-10-02 |website=Folketinget |language=da}}</ref><br /><br />15 for mopeds, quads and snowmobiles* |17-year-olds may drive alone from 5 AM to 8 PM. Outside this time frame, a companion with a driver's license is required. The minimum driving age for heavy truck and heavy bus can go down to 18, if the license is obtained during military service <nowiki>*</nowiki>It is only possible to obtain a license for snowmobiles on Greenland. |- |{{Flag|Estonia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 for cars,<br /><br />16 with supervision,<br /><br />14 for mopeds<ref name="Liiklusseadus">{{Cite web |title=Liiklusseadus |url=https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/117032011021#para95 |access-date=2017-04-11 |website=Riigiteataja |language=et}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.<ref name="Liiklusseadus" /> Unrestricted licence available at 18. |- |{{Flag|Finland}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 for cars,<br /><br />17 with exception permit,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exceptions to category B age requirements |url=https://ajokortti-info.fi/en/getting-driving-licence/exceptions-category-b-age-requirements |access-date=2021-12-28 |website=Ajokortti-info }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br /><br />15 (mopeds, micro cars, tractors)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Getting a driving licence for a tractor |url=https://ajokortti-info.fi/en/getting-driving-licence/getting-driving-licence-tractor |access-date=2021-12-28 |website=Ajokortti-info }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|France}} | style="text-align:center;" |17,<br /><br />15 with supervision <ref name="service-public.fr">{{Cite web |title=Apprentissage anticipé de la conduite à partir de 15 ans {{!}} service-public.fr |url=https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F2826 |access-date=2016-12-28 |website=www.service-public.fr}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 15 with supervision.<ref name="service-public.fr" /> Licence available at 17 with speed restrictions, reduced number of points<ref>{{Cite web |title=Présentation du permis à points {{!}} Sécurité Routière |url=http://www.securite-routiere.gouv.fr/le-permis-points/presentation-du-permis-points |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=www.securite-routiere.gouv.fr |language=fr |archive-date=2024-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403055116/https://www.securite-routiere.gouv.fr/le-permis-points/presentation-du-permis-points |url-status=dead }}</ref> and blood alcohol level is reduced to 0.2g/L. Restrictions drops after 2 or 3 years of holding a license.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qu'est-ce que le permis de conduire probatoire ? |url=https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F2390 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=www.service-public.fr |language=Fr}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Germany}} | style="text-align:center;" |18, 17 with supervision<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Begleitetes Fahren ab 17 |url=https://www.adac.de/verkehr/rund-um-den-fuehrerschein/erwerb/begleitetes-fahren/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.adac.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> | Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 18. Licenses for mopeds < 25&nbsp;km/h are available at 15, for scooters < 45&nbsp;km/h and motorcycles under 126ccm at 16.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-31 |title=Germany travel advice – GOV.UK |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/europe/germany?ta=safetySecurity&pg=2 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Fco.gov.uk}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Greece}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Law 4599/2019 ΦΕΚ/40/Α/4-3-2019 Testing the qualifications and conduct of prospective drivers and drivers for the issuance of driving licenses, other provisions for driving licenses and other provisions |url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFqnM3eAbJzrXdtvSoClrL8n2mlCsr5UbztIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6qSYtMQEkEHLwnFqmgJSA5WIsluV-nRwO1oKqSe4BlOTSpEWYhszF8P8UqWb_zFijMXDwdRTupoYV0gjSMm4a4XSekv53zioWdJzU_4_GOGN}}</ref> 16 for motorcycles up to 50 cc and light quadricycles <ref>{{Cite web |title=Information on the minimum age for obtaining a driving licence |url=https://www.gov.gr/en/sdg/vehicles/acquiring-and-renewing-driving-licence/getting-driving-licence/age-requirement/}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.<br /><br />Unrestricted license is available at 18. |- |{{Flag|Hungary}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<br /><br />16 for motorcycles under 125 ccm<br /><br />14 for vehicles under 50 ccm<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driver's license |url=https://www.elte.hu/en/about-hungary/drivers-license#:~:text=The%20minimum%20age%20to%20drive,17%20years%20old%20or%20older. |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.elte.hu}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Iceland}} | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=50/1987: Umferðarlög &#124; Lög &#124; Alþingi |url=http://www.althingi.is/lagas/145b/1987050.html |access-date=2016-12-04 |publisher=Alþingi |language=is}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ökunám og -réttindi |url=https://www.island.is/thjonusta/ferdalog-og-samgongur/thu-og-billinn/okunam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220231221/https://www.island.is/thjonusta/ferdalog-og-samgongur/thu-og-billinn/okunam/ |archive-date=2016-12-20 |access-date=2016-12-04 |publisher=Þjóðskrá Íslands |language=is}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 17. |- |{{Flag|Ireland}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ireland Now Driving a Car in Ireland |url=http://www.irelandnow.com/driving.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123183230/http://irelandnow.com/driving.html |archive-date=2010-11-23 |access-date=2011-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving tips for Ireland |url=http://www.iol.ie/~discover/driving.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918074007/http://www.iol.ie/~discover/driving.htm |archive-date=2018-09-18 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Iol.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Categories of motor vehicles and minimum age of drivers |url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/travel_and_recreation/motoring_1/driver_licensing/categories_of_motor_vehicles_and_minimum_age_of_drivers_in_ireland.html |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Citizensinformation.ie}}</ref> |16 for motorcycles under 125cc, mopeds, work vehicles or land tractors |- |{{Flag|Italy}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-20 |title=Guida accompagnata: istruzioni per l'uso |url=http://www.poliziadistato.it/articolo/25889/ |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Poliziadistato.it}}</ref> | Driving 17 with supervision of a person under 60 years in possession of full B licence (or superior).<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 18. |- |{{Flag|Latvia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 for cars (B), trailers (C1, BE, C1E),<br /><br />24 motorcycles (A),<br /><br />21 motorcycles (A2),<br /><br />16 for motorcycles (A1), resting boats,<br /><br />14 for mopeds (M),<br /><br />10 for bicycle |16 for cars(B), 21 for motorcycles(A2), trailers(C1, BE, C1E), 16 for motorcycles(A1), 14 for mopeds(M) – if supervised by a person holding a B category licence for at least three years (also known as training driving)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Par vadītāju apliecībām |trans-title=About driver's licenses |url=https://www.csdd.lv/par-vaditaju-apliecibam/vispareja-informacija |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808145357/https://www.csdd.lv/par-vaditaju-apliecibam/vispareja-informacija |archive-date=2020-08-08 |publisher=CSDD |language=lv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Braukšanas mācību atļauja |trans-title=Driving instruction permit |url=https://www.csdd.lv/brauksanas-macibu-atlauja/apliecibas-iegusana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803232354/https://www.csdd.lv/brauksanas-macibu-atlauja/apliecibas-iegusana |archive-date=2020-08-03 |publisher=CSDD |language=lv}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Liechtenstein}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving In Liechtenstein – Drive Safe in Liechtenstein |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Liechtenstein.aspx#:~:text=You%20must%20be%20at%20least,rent%20a%20car%20is%2021. |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Lithuania}} | style="text-align:center;" |14 to 18 (for permit),<br /><br />18 (for full license) for cars,<br /><br />15 for mopeds<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving In Lithuania – Drive Safe in Lithuania |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Lithuania.aspx |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Luxembourg}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 for motorcycles<br /><br />18 for cars<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driver's license and driving rules |url=https://www.justarrived.lu/en/practical-information/driving-rules-luxembourg/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=JUST ARRIVED, 1er site d'informations pour les étrangers au Luxembourg |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925151955/https://www.justarrived.lu/en/practical-information/driving-rules-luxembourg/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Driving age for low power motorcycles and tractors 16.<br /><br />Driving licence for cars available at 18. |- |{{Flag|Malta}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=TM Portal – General Info on Driving in Malta |url=http://www.transport.gov.mt/land-transport/driving |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012185452/http://www.transport.gov.mt/land-transport/driving |archive-date=2018-10-12 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Transport.gov.mt}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Netherlands}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 for cars<br /><br />16 for mopeds and tractors<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2013 |title=What license do I need a moped, scooter, scooter or moped car to drive? |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/rijbewijs/vraag-en-antwoord/voor-welke-soorten-bromfietsen-heb-ik-een-bromfietsrijbewijs-brommerrijbewijs-nodig |access-date=15 October 2016 |language=nl}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.<br /><br />Driving lessons available at 16½.<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 18. |- |{{Flag|Norway}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 for cars<br /><br />16 for mopeds and light motorcycles | |- |{{Flag|Poland}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br />16 for motorcycles up to 125&nbsp;cc<br /><br />14 for mopeds and quads | |- |{{Flag|Portugal}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 for cars,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cartas de Condução de Automóveis Ligeiros e Quadriciclos |url=http://www.imt-ip.pt/sites/IMTT/Portugues/Condutores/CartaConducao/AutomoveisLigeiros/Paginas/AutomoveisLigeiros.aspx |access-date=2021-09-09 |website=www.imt-ip.pt |archive-date=2021-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909093428/http://www.imt-ip.pt/sites/IMTT/Portugues/Condutores/CartaConducao/AutomoveisLigeiros/Paginas/AutomoveisLigeiros.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /><br />16 for motorcycles,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cartas de Condução de Motociclos |url=http://www.imt-ip.pt/sites/IMTT/Portugues/Condutores/CartaConducao/Motociclos/Paginas/Motociclos.aspx |access-date=2021-09-09 |website=www.imt-ip.pt }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 14 for motorcycles and tricycles under 50cm3 <ref>{{Cite web |last=www.acp.pt |title=Licença de condução de ciclomotores até 50 cc {{!}} ACP |url=https://www.acp.pt/servicos/cursos-e-formacao/licenca-de-conducao-de-ciclomotores-ate-50-cc |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=www.acp.pt |language=pt}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Romania}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br />16 for motorcycles up to 125&nbsp;cc<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obtaining a driver's licence in UE-Romania |url=https://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/vehicles/driving-licence/get-driving-licence/romania/index_ro.htm |access-date=2 January 2019 |language=ro}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Slovakia}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving licence r... |url=https://www.slovensko.sk/en/life-situation/life-situation/_driving-licence-requirements/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.slovensko.sk}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 18. |- |{{Flag|Slovenia}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 for cars and motorcycles<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Driving In Slovenia – Drive Safe in Slovenia – Rhinocarhire.com |url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Slovenia.aspx |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 18. |- |{{Flag|Spain}} | style="text-align:center;" |15 for mopeds and quads<br /><br /> 16 for motorcycles up to 125&nbsp;cc <br /><br /> 18 for general licence<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving age Spain |url=https://sede.dgt.gob.es/es/tramites-y-multas/permiso-de-conduccion/obtencion-permiso-licencia-conduccion/clases-permiso-conduccion-edad.shtml |access-date=May 10, 2018 |language=es}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Sweden}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 for cars<ref name="transportstyrelsen.se">{{Cite web |title=Driving licence – do you know what applies? |url=https://www.transportstyrelsen.se/globalassets/global/publikationer/vag/korkort/tran-092--allt_om_korkort_en_webb.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614045003/https://www.transportstyrelsen.se/globalassets/global/publikationer/vag/korkort/tran-092--allt_om_korkort_en_webb.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-14 |publisher=Swedish Transport Agency}}</ref><br /><br />15 for mopeds and tractors |Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 18.<ref name="transportstyrelsen.se" /> |- |{{Flag|Switzerland}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 for cars,<br /><br />16 for scooters,<br /><br />18 for motorcycles under 35&nbsp;kW<br /><br />14 for mopeds and tractors<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driver's license categories in Switzerland |url=https://driving-instructor.fahrlehrervergleich.ch/categories.php |access-date=September 6, 2018}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Turkey}} |18 (cars)<br /><br />16 (mopeds and light-motorcycles)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey Driving Guide |url=http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2015/04/20150417-3.htm |access-date=2016-09-19 |publisher=Economy Car Hire |language=tr}}</ref> | |} === Sauran Turai === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |State ! width="190" |Minimum driving age ! width="320" |Notes |- |{{Flag|Albania}} | style="text-align:center;" |18{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2015}} | |- |{{Flag|Andorra}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving Tips for Andorra |url=http://www.alltravelandorra.com/Andorra/Car_Rental/Driving_Tips.htm#8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409150846/http://www.alltravelandorra.com/Andorra/Car_Rental/Driving_Tips.htm |archive-date=April 9, 2010 |access-date=August 25, 2010}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Armenia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-10 |title=Driving in Armenia |url=http://www.rac.co.uk/driving-abroad/armenia/ |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=RAC}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Azerbaijan}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum driving age changed in Azerbaijan |url=http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=124827 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707141601/http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=124827 |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |access-date=August 25, 2010}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Belarus}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Belarus : Touring Tips |url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/belarus.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214065937/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/belarus.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=20 February 2015 |publisher=Theaa.com}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |16{{Spaced en dash}}mopeds (AM), &#x3C;125&nbsp;cc/11&nbsp;kW motorcycles (A1);<br /><br />17{{Spaced en dash}}&#x3C;80&nbsp;kW wheeled tractors and self-propelled machines (A) and all kinds of continuous tracked tractors, SPMs and bulldozers (C);<br /><br /> 18{{Spaced en dash}}all kinds of motorcycles (A), cars with light trailers and up to 8 passengers buses (B), trucks with light trailers (C), all kinds of wheeled tractors (B), SPMs (D), special vehicles (E) and &#x3C;1 m³ excavators (F);<br /><br /> 21{{Spaced en dash}}buses for more than 8 passengers (D), cars, trucks and buses with heavy trailers (BE, CE, DE), trams (F) and trolleybuses (I).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Закон Республики Беларусь от 5 января 2008 г. № 313-З "О дорожном движении" |url=http://etalonline.by/?type=text&regnum=H10800313 |access-date=8 February 2017 |publisher=etalonline.by |format=DOC |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080426/http://etalonline.by/?type=text&regnum=H10800313 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bosnia Herzegovina : Touring Tips |url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/bosnia-herzegovina.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214115554/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/bosnia-herzegovina.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=20 February 2015 |publisher=Theaa.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Georgia}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving in Georgia |url=http://sagency.ge/index.php?m=177 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603051202/http://www.sagency.ge/index.php?m=177 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=10 December 2016 |publisher=RAC |language=ka}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Gibraltar}}'' |17<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Andy |title=Driving licences Gibraltar |url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/new/driving-licences |access-date=April 4, 2015 |website=gibraltar.gov.gi}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Guernsey}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Licence Categories – Guernsey |url=http://www.gov.gg/Licencecategories |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220204210/http://www.gov.gg/Licencecategories |archive-date=2015-02-20 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Gov.gg}}</ref> |2 or 3 wheel vehicles, 14 under 50cc <4&nbsp;kW, 16 for 50–125cc <50&nbsp;km/h <11&nbsp;kW, 17 for >125cc <ref>{{Cite web |title=VEHICLE CATEGORY DESCRIPTIONS AND AGE ENTITLEMENTS FOR DRIVING |url=https://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=113066&p=0 |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> |- |''{{Flag|Isle of Man}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Isle of Man Guide – PEOPLE AND LIVING, Driving on the Isle of Man |url=http://www.iomguide.com/drivingontheisleofman.php |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Iomguide.com}}</ref> |16 moped, 16 motorbike <125cc <11Kw, 17 motorbike >125cc. |- |''{{Flag|Jersey}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driver licence vehicle categories, specifications and age restrictions |url=http://www.gov.je/Travel/Motoring/DriverLicensing/Pages/VehicleCategories.aspx |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Gov.je}}</ref> |2 wheel vehicles, 16 <50cc, 2 or 3 wheel vehicles 17 <125cc, 18 >240cc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driver licence vehicle categories, specifications and age restrictions |url=https://www.gov.je/Travel/Motoring/DriverLicensing/Pages/VehicleCategories.aspx#anchor-9 |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> |- |''{{Flag|Kosovo}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving Licence – State Portal of the Republic of Kosovo |url=https://www.rks-gov.net/EN/f311/documents/driving-licence |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127201356/https://www.rks-gov.net/EN/f311/documents/driving-licence |archive-date=2019-11-27 |access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Moldova}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Moldova – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/moldova.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626054837/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/moldova.asp |archive-date=2018-06-26 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Monaco}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-31 |title=Monaco travel advice – GOV.UK |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/europe/monaco?ta=safetySecurity&pg=2 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Fco.gov.uk}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Montenegro}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Montenegro : Touring Tips |url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/montenegro.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214060412/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/montenegro.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=20 February 2015 |publisher=Theaa.com}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Northern Cyprus}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18 | |- |{{Flag|North Macedonia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br />(16 with parental supervision)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Macedonia : Touring Tips |url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/macedonia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214074448/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/macedonia.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=20 February 2015 |publisher=Theaa.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Russia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br />(16 for motorcycles)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-06 |title=Driving in Russia |url=http://www.rac.co.uk/driving-abroad/russia/ |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=RAC}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|San Marino}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italy and San Marino : Touring Tips |url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/italy-san-marino.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214114231/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/italy-san-marino.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=20 February 2015 |publisher=Theaa.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Serbia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br />(17 with adult supervision)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Serbia : Touring Tips |url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/serbia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315193339/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/serbia.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2016 |access-date=20 February 2015 |publisher=Theaa.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Ukraine}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine : Touring Tips |url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/ukraine.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220204813/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/ukraine.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2015 |access-date=20 February 2015 |publisher=Theaa.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Pairs from Ukraine – Culture Quests |url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/ukraine.asp |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Aupairinamerica.com |archive-date=2018-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927044021/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/ukraine.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |17 (cars),<br /><br />16 (mopeds and tractors) (cars if disabled and in receipt of PIP or DLA),<br /><br />16 (Light Quadricycle)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-16 |title=Vehicles you can drive – GOV.UK |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Motoring/DriverLicensing/WhatCanYouDriveAndYourObligations/DG_4022547 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Direct.gov.uk}}</ref> | |} == Oceania == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Jiha ! width="190" |Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki ! width="320" |Bayani |- |''{{Flag|American Samoa}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving in American Samoa |url=http://www.adcidl.com/Driving-in-American-Samoa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928092433/http://www.adcidl.com/Driving-in-American-Samoa.html |archive-date=2018-09-28 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Adcidl.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Australia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 (VIC) 17 (ACT, NSW, QLD, SA, TAS, WA) Shekaru 161⁄2 (NT) <br /><br /> |Mafi ƙarancin shekaru don samun lasisin koyon babur wanda ke ba da damar tuki a ƙarƙashin kulawa shine shekaru 15 da watanni 9, a cikin ACT.<ref name="Canberra">{{Cite web |title=Getting your learner licence – after the COVID-19 health crisis |url=https://www.accesscanberra.act.gov.au/s/article/act-driver-licence-information-tab-getting-your-learner-licence-after-the-covid-19-health-crisis |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=Access Canberra }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Duk sauran jihohi da yankuna suna buƙatar direbobi masu koyo su kasance shekaru 16 ko sama da haka. Gudanarwa ba tare da kulawa ba ta hanyar ci gaba zuwa lasisi na wucin gadi yana yiwuwa bayan watanni 12, tare da mafi ƙarancin sa'o'i masu kulawa (ciki har da tuki na dare) da ake buƙata a cikin nau'in littafin rajista.<ref name="Canberra" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roads and Maritime Services |first=N. S. W. |title=Practical driving experience – learner driver log book |url=https://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/roads/licence/driver/learner/logbook/index.html |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=Roads and Maritime Services}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-20 |title=Your learner handbooks |url=https://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au:443/licences/your-ls/your-learner-handbooks |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=VicRoads-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Learner logbook {{!}} Getting a licence |url=https://www.qld.gov.au/transport/licensing/getting/learner-logbook |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=www.qld.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=JO |title=Car (C) |url=https://www.transport.wa.gov.au/licensing/car-c.asp |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=www.transport.wa.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My car licence – Learner's stage (L) |url=https://mylicence.sa.gov.au/my-car-licence/learners-stage |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=mylicence.sa.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Getting your Ps |url=https://www.transport.tas.gov.au/licensing/getting_your_car_licence/getting_your_ps |website=Transport Services Tasmania}}</ref> Banda wannan shine Yankin Arewa, inda masu koyon direbobi zasu iya ci gaba zuwa lasisi na wucin gadi bayan watanni 6, ba tare da buƙatar gwajin direba ko littafin rajista ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government |first=Northern Territory |date=2020-10-06 |title=Get your driver licence |url=https://nt.gov.au/driving/driverlicence/getting-an-nt-licence/get-your-driver-licence |access-date=2021-02-22 |website=nt.gov.au}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Fiji}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Transport Authority – "Steering Fiji Safely" |url=http://www.ltafiji.com/registration_licensing.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106015321/http://www.ltafiji.com/registration_licensing.php |archive-date=2014-11-06 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Ltafiji.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Transportation in Fiji – Jasons Fiji |url=http://www.jasons.com/fiji/transportation-in-fiji |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Jasons.com}}</ref> | |- |''{{Flag|Guam}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guam Highway Safety Laws |url=http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/bystate/gu.html |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Ghsa.org |archive-date=2016-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023050737/http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/bystate/gu.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Marshall Islands}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marshall Islands Travel Tips |url=http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Marshall+Islands/Do's+and+Don'ts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127010248/http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Marshall%2BIslands/Do%27s%2Band%2BDon%27ts |archive-date=January 27, 2007 |access-date=August 27, 2010}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|New Zealand}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 |Mafi ƙarancin shekaru don samun lasisin koyon babur wanda ke ba da damar tuki a ƙarƙashin kulawa shine 16. Mafi ƙarancin shekarun da za a iya samun cikakken lasisi, ba tare da kulawa ko yanayi ba, shine shekaru 171⁄2 idan direban ya kammala karatun tuki mai zurfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Your car licence |url=http://nzta.govt.nz/licence/getting/cars/car-licence.html |access-date=20 February 2015 |publisher=Nzta.govt.nz}}</ref> Ba tare da ingantaccen karatun tuki ba, mafi ƙarancin shekaru shine 18, daidai da lasisin mota mai nauyi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2017 |title=Class 2 licence |url=https://www.drivingtests.co.nz/resources/class-2-truck-licence/ |access-date=1 September 2017}}</ref> |- |''{{Flag|Northern Mariana Islands}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |Shekaru 151⁄2 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Mariana Islands Highway Safety Laws |url=http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/bystate/nmi.html |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=Ghsa.org |archive-date=2016-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104175658/http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/bystate/nmi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Licensing of Drivers 2017 |url=https://rta.gov.pg/pdfs/licences&approvals/RTR_LicensingOfDrivers2017.pdf |access-date=2022-04-11 |publisher=rta.gov.pg}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Tonga}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tonga — Travel Tips |url=http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Tonga/Do's+and+Don'ts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307041704/http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Tonga/Do's+and+Don'ts |archive-date=2005-03-07 |access-date=2015-02-20 |publisher=iExplore}}</ref> | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}}{{Law country lists}} t4c22gycx2kuyjtq6magif68lqkrop1 0 113309 841835 818600 2026-05-28T20:06:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{Infobox}} '''María Guadalupe Godínez''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 6, 1993), wacce aka fi sani da sunan matakinta '''Loopy Godinez''', ƴar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Mexico wacce ta fafata a rukunin mata na ƙwararrun mata na Gasar Yaƙi na Ƙarshe (UFC). Tun daga Oktoba 8, 2024, ta riƙe matsayi na #11 a cikin rukunin mata na UFC. == Shekarun farko == Sa’ad da take ɗan shekara 14, ƙungiyar ’yan sanda ta nemi mahaifinta, Carlos, yana neman kuɗin kariya. Bayan da ya gano da yawa cike da motoci masu harsashi da farfasa tagogi, da kuma amsa kiran waya da murya yana gaya masa sunayen ‘ya’yansa mata da makarantunsu, Carlos ya yanke shawarar ya ɗauki iyalinsa ya tafi. Bayan ya gaya wa danginsa cewa za su je Disney Land, sun sauka a Vancouver, inda suka fara farawa. Sun zauna a otal tsawon wata shida kuma suna yin ayyuka marasa kyau, kamar wankin motoci, don biyan kuɗi. Lokacin da rayuwa ta daidaita, saurayinta ya ƙarfafa ta ta ɗauki judo da ta yi tun tana ƙarami, sannan jiu-jitsu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vancouver's Lupita Godinez travelled a long, Loopy road to UFC|url=https://theprovince.com/sports/mma/vancouvers-lupita-godinez-travelled-a-long-loopy-road-to-ufc|access-date=2025-08-12|work=theprovince}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=LFA 94’s Lupita ‘Loopy’ Godinez: Time to Shine|url=https://combatpress.com/2020/10/lfa-94s-lupita-loopy-godinez-time-to-shine/|access-date=2025-08-12|work=Combat Press}}</ref> == Ayyukan zane-zane na mixed == === Farkon aiki === Godínez ta fara aikinta na MMA a matsayin mai son a shekarar 2016. Ta fara wasan farko a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2016, da Ali Cranmer. Ta yi nasara da shawara. A fafatawar da ta yi, ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Jamey-Lyn Horth Wessels sau biyu: a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 2016, da Fabrairu 18, 2017, bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lupita Godinez|url=https://playerswiki.com/lupita-godinez|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Playerswiki}}</ref> Duk da hasarar da aka yi a jere guda biyu, ta koma baya kuma ta yi nasara a fafatawarta biyu na gaba da Ashlee Jarvis da Kyla Frajman. An sake dakatar da nasarar da ta samu lokacin da ta fuskanci Tiffany Conama da Morgan Engelhardt, bi da bi. A fafatawar ta biyu na gaba, ta nuna abin da za ta iya yi ta hanyar doke Alexandra Lucia Delgado-Lopez da Sam Hughes. Ta hanyar kayar da Sam Hughes, ta kuma kama COGA Strawweight Championship. Bayan haka, ta yanke shawarar komawa sana'a. A ranar 30 ga Yuni, 2018, Godínez ta yi ƙwararriyar MMA ta farko da Jennah Macallister, ta yi nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gabaɗaya. Daga baya ta doke Ashlee Mastin da Felisha Magallan a 2019. Godinez ya yi nasarar kama gasar cin kofin Strawweight ta BTC da ba kowa a fili ta hanyar doke Lindsay Garbatt a BTC 8 a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2019. A fafatawar da ta biyo baya a LFA 94, Godinez ya lashe Gasar Mata ta LFA, inda ya doke Vanessa Demopoulos da rinjaye yanke shawara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-31|title=LFA 94 results: Lupita Godinez claims title from Vanessa Demopoulos in bloody affair|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/10/lfa-94-results-lupita-godinez-win-title-vanessa-demopoulos-bloody-fight|access-date=2021-10-16|website=MMA Junkie}}</ref> === Gasar Gwagwarmaya ta Ƙarshe === Godínez, ya maye gurbin Hannah Goldy, ya fuskanci [[Jessica Penne]] a UFC akan ESPN: Whittaker vs. Gastelum a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2021.<ref name="Godinez vs. Penne">{{cite web|last1=Hannoun|first1=Farrah|date=1 April 2021|title=LFA champ Lupita Godinez signs with UFC, meets Jessica Penne on April 17|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2021/04/lupita-godinez-vs-jessica-penne-ufc-espn-22-lfa-champion-new-contract|access-date=1 April 2021|website=MMA Junkie}}</ref> Godínez ya yi rashin nasara a yakin da aka yi ta hanyar yanke shawara.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anderson|first=Jay|date=2021-04-17|title=UFC Vegas 24 Results: After Four Years Away, Jessica Penne Returns with Win Over Lupita Godinez|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/04/17/ufc-vegas-24-results-jessica-penne-vs-lupita-godinez/|access-date=2021-04-18|website=Cageside Press}}</ref> 11 daga cikin alkalai 17 ne suka yi mata nasara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jessica Penne def. Loopy Godinez :: UFC on ESPN 22 :: MMA Decisions|url=http://mmadecisions.com/decision/11854/Jessica-Penne-vs-Loopy-Godinez|access-date=2021-04-25|website=mmadecisions.com}}</ref> Godínez, wanda ya maye gurbin Stephanie Egger, an shirya zai fuskanci Sarah Alpar a ranar 22 ga Mayu, 2021, a UFC Fight Night: Font vs. Garbrandt.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeremy Brand|date=2021-05-16|title=Lupita Godinez steps in on short notice, takes on Sarah Alpar at UFC Vegas 27|url=https://mmasucka.com/2021/05/16/lupita-godinez-sarah-alpar/|access-date=2021-05-16|publisher=mmasucka.com|archive-date=2021-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516235843/https://mmasucka.com/2021/05/16/lupita-godinez-sarah-alpar/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An soke fadan gaba daya bayan kwana daya saboda Godínez ya kasa samun bizar ta cikin lokaci.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeremy Brand|date=2021-05-17|title=Visa issues scrap Lupita Godinez vs. Sarah Alpar on May 22|url=https://mmasucka.com/2021/05/17/lupita-godinez-vs-sarah-alpar-scrapped-due-to-visa-issues/|access-date=2021-05-18|publisher=mmasucka.com|archive-date=2021-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518154250/https://mmasucka.com/2021/05/17/lupita-godinez-vs-sarah-alpar-scrapped-due-to-visa-issues/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An shirya Godínez zai fuskanci Sam Hughes a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2021, a UFC Fight Night: Dern vs. Rodríguez. Koyaya, an cire Hughes daga yaƙin bayan an gwada ingancin COVID-19 kuma Silvana Gómez Juárez ya maye gurbinsa.<ref name="Juarez vs. Godinez">{{Cite web|author=Steve Duncan|date=2021-10-06|title=Hughes fuera, Silvana Gomez Juarez enfrenta a Lupita Godinez en UFC Vegas 39|url=https://mma.uno/hughes-fuera-silvana-gomez-juarez-enfrenta-a-lupita-godinez-en-ufc-vegas-39/|access-date=2021-10-06|publisher=mma.uno}}</ref> Ta yi nasara a fafatawar ta hannun rigar zagaye na farko.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bitter|first=Shawn|date=2021-10-09|title=UFC Vegas 39 Results: Lupita Godinez Taps Silvana Gomez Juarez Early|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/10/09/ufc-vegas-39-results-lupita-godinez-vs-silvana-gomez-juarez/|access-date=2021-10-15|website=Cageside Press}}</ref> Wannan yaƙin ya sami ƙwaƙƙwaran Darare.<ref name="UFN 194">{{Cite web|date=2021-10-09|title=UFC Fight Night 194 bonuses: Women sweep extra $50,000 checks in Las Vegas|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/ufc-fight-night-194-bonuses-marina-rodriguez-mackenzie-dern-mariya-agapova-loopy-godinez-all-women-mma|access-date=2021-10-10|website=MMA Junkie}}</ref> Mako daya ya yi marigayi, Godínez, wanda ya maye gurbin Sijara Eubanks, ya fuskanci Luana Carolina a ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 2021, a UFC Fight Night: Ladd vs. Dumont. Da wannan yaƙin, ta kafa rikodin don mafi saurin dawowa a tarihin UFC na zamani, kwana bakwai kawai a ciki.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cruz|first=Guilherme|date=2021-10-12|title=Lupita Godinez agrees to seven-day turnaround, fights Luana Carolina at UFC Vegas 40|url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/10/12/22723731/lupita-godinez-seven-day-turnaround-fights-luana-carolina-ufc-vegas-40|access-date=2021-10-16|website=MMA Fighting}}</ref> Ta rasa yaƙin ta hanyar yanke shawara baki ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Evanoff|first=Josh|date=2021-10-16|title=UFC Vegas 40 Result: Luana Carolina Edges Out Lupita Godinez|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/10/16/ufc-vegas-40-result-luana-carolina-prevents-history-edges-lupita-godinez/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Cageside Press}}</ref> Godínez, wanda ya maye gurbin Cheyanne Buys, ya fuskanci Loma Lookboonmee a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 2021, a UFC Fight Night 198. Ta yi nasara a yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara baki daya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lynch|first=Michael|date=2021-11-20|title=UFC Vegas 43: Lupita Godinez Sets Record, Banks Win Over Loma Lookboonmee|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/11/20/ufc-vegas-43-loma-lookboonmee-vs-lupita-godinez/|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Cageside Press}}</ref> Godínez ya fuskanci Ariane Carnelossi a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2022, a UFC 274. Ta yi nasara a yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2022-05-07 |title=UFC 274 Results: Career-Best Performance Sees "Loopy" Godinez Dominate Ariane Carnelossi |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/05/07/ufc-274-results-ariane-carnelossi-vs-lupita-godinez/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Cageside Press}}</ref> Godínez ya fuskanci Angela Hill a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 2022, a UFC akan ESPN: Vera vs. Cruz. Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dewar |first=Val |date=2022-08-13 |title=UFC San Diego: Angela Hill Overcomes Early Adversity, Decisions Lupita Godinez |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/08/13/ufc-san-diego-angela-hill-vs-lupita-godinez/ |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=Cageside Press}}</ref> Godínez ya fuskanci Cynthia Calvillo a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2023, a UFC 287. Ta yi nasara a yakin kusa ta hanyar yanke shawara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2023-04-08 |title=UFC 287: Lupita Godinez Takes Close Fight in Cynthia Calvillo's Return to Strawweight |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2023/04/08/ufc-287-cynthia-calvillo-vs-lupita-godinez/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Cageside Press}}</ref> Godínez ya fuskanci [[Emily Ducote]], ya maye gurbin Polyana Viana, a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2023, a UFC Fight Night 223. Ta yi nasara a yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2023-05-20 |title=UFC Vegas 73: Loopy Godinez Earns Second Straight Win, Decisions Emily Ducote |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2023/05/20/ufc-vegas-73-emily-ducote-vs-lupita-godinez/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Cageside Press}}</ref> Godínez ya fuskanci Elise Reed a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2023, a UFC Fight Night 227. Ta yi nasara a yakin ta hanyar ƙaddamar da zagaye na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2023-09-16 |title=Noche UFC: Loopy Godinez Puts On Stellar Performance Against Gutsy Elise Reed |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2023/09/16/noche-ufc-loopy-godinez-vs-elise-reed/ |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=Cageside Press}}</ref> Wannan nasara ta samu Nasarar Dare.<ref name="UFC227">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Noche UFC bonuses: $50K jackpot for all finishers in Las Vegas |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/noche-ufc-bonuses-50k-jackpot-for-all-finishers-in-las-vegas |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=MMA Junkie}}</ref> Godínez ya fuskanci [[Tabatha Ricci]] a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2023, a UFC 295. Ta yi nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara, ta zama mace ta farko da ta lashe yakin UFC hudu a cikin shekara ta kalanda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2023-11-12 |title=UFC 295: Loopy Godinez Sets Another Record in Win Over Tabatha Ricci |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2023/11/11/ufc-295-loopy-godinez-sets-another-record-in-win-over-tabatha-ricci/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Cageside Press}}</ref> Godínez ya fuskanci [[Virna Jandiroba]] a ranar 30 ga Maris, 2024, a UFC akan ESPN 54. Ta yi rashin nasara a yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2024-03-31 |title=UFC Atlantic City: Virna Jandiroba Fends Off Game Loopy Godinez |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2024/03/30/ufc-atlantic-city-virna-jandiroba-fends-off-game-loopy-godinez/ |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Cageside Press}}</ref> Godínez ya fuskanci Mackenzie Dern a ranar 3 ga Agusta, 2024, a UFC akan ABC 7. Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2024/08/03/ufc-abu-dhabi-mackenzie-dern-returns-to-win-column-gets-past-loopy-godinez/|title=UFC Abu Dhabi: Mackenzie Dern Returns to Win Column, Gets Past Loopy Godinez|publisher=cagesidepress.com|author=Jay Anderson|date=2024-08-03|access-date=2024-08-03}}</ref> Ya maye gurbin Yazmin Jauregui, Godínez ya fuskanci Julia Polastri a ranar 29 ga Maris, 2025, a UFC akan ESPN 64. Godínez ya ci yaƙin ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cagesidepress.com/2025/03/29/ufc-mexico-city-loopy-godinez-starts-strong-fends-off-julia-polastri-comeback-attempt/|title=UFC Mexico City: Loopy Godinez Starts Strong, Fends Off Julia Polastri Comeback Attempt|publisher=cagesidepress.com|author=Jay Anderson|date=2025-03-29|access-date=2025-03-29}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubucen zane-zane == {{MMArecordbox | draws= | nc= | ko-wins= 1 | sub-wins= 2 | dec-wins= 10 | ko-losses= | sub-losses= | dec-losses= 5 | dq-wins= | dq-losses= | other-wins= | other-losses= }} {{MMA record start}} <!--|- | |align=center| |[[Jéssica Andrade]] | |[[UFC 319]] |{{dts|2025|August|16}} |align=center| |align=center| |[[Chicago, Illinois]], United States |--> |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|13–5 |Julia Polastri |Decision (unanimous) |[[UFC on ESPN: Moreno vs. Erceg]] |{{dts|2025|March|29}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Mexico City]], Mexico | |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|12–5 |[[Mackenzie Dern]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[UFC on ABC: Sandhagen vs. Nurmagomedov]] |{{dts|2024|August|3}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates | |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|12–4 |[[Virna Jandiroba]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[UFC on ESPN: Blanchfield vs. Fiorot]] |{{dts|2024|March|30}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], United States | |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|12–3 |[[Tabatha Ricci]] |Decision (split) |[[UFC 295]] |{{dts|2023|November|11}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[New York City, New York]], United States | |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|11–3 |[[Elise Reed]] |Submission (rear-naked choke) |[[UFC Fight Night: Grasso vs. Shevchenko 2]] |{{dts|2023|September|16}} |align=center|2 |align=center|3:30 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States |{{small|Performance of the Night.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|10–3 |[[Emily Ducote]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[UFC Fight Night: Dern vs. Hill]] |{{dts|2023|May|20}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States |{{small|Catchweight (120 lb) bout.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|9–3 |[[Cynthia Calvillo]] |Decision (split) |[[UFC 287]] |{{dts|2023|April|8}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Miami, Florida]], United States | |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|8–3 |[[Angela Hill]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[UFC on ESPN: Vera vs. Cruz]] |{{dts|2022|August|13}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[San Diego, California]], United States |{{small|Catchweight (120 lb) bout.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|8–2 |[[Ariane Carnelossi]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[UFC 274]] |{{dts|2022|May|07}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Phoenix, Arizona]], United States | |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|7–2 |[[Loma Lookboonmee]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[UFC Fight Night: Vieira vs. Tate]] |{{dts|2021|November|20}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States |{{small|Return to Strawweight.}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|6–2 |[[Luana Carolina]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[UFC Fight Night: Ladd vs. Dumont]] |{{dts|2021|October|16}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States |{{small|Flyweight debut.}} |- | {{yes2}}Win | align=center|6–1 |[[Silvana Gómez Juárez]] |Submission (armbar) |[[UFC Fight Night: Dern vs. Rodriguez]] |{{dts|2021|October|9}} |align=center|1 |align=center|4:14 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States | {{small|Performance of the Night.}} |- | {{no2}}Loss | align=center|5–1 |[[Jessica Penne]] |Decision (split) |[[UFC on ESPN: Whittaker vs. Gastelum]] |{{dts|2021|April|17}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States | |- | {{yes2}}Win | align=center|5–0 | [[Vanessa Demopoulos]] | Decision (majority) | [[Legacy Fighting Alliance in 2020#Legacy Fighting Alliance 94: Demopoulos vs. Godinez|LFA 94]] | {{dts|2020|October|30}} | align=center| 5 | align=center| 5:00 | [[Park City, Kansas]], United States | {{small|Won the [[Legacy Fighting Alliance#LFA Women's Strawweight Championship|LFA Women's Strawweight Championship]].}} |- | {{yes2}}Win | align=center| 4–0 | [[Lindsay Garbatt]] |Decision (unanimous) |BTC Fight Promotion 8 |{{dts|2019|November|30}} |align=center|5 |align=center|5:00 |[[Niagara Falls, Ontario]], Canada |{{small|Won the vacant BTC Strawweight Championship.}} |- | {{yes2}}Win | align=center|3–0 | Felisha Magallan |Decision (unanimous) |Combate 42 |{{dts|2019.08.23}} | align=center|3 | align=center|5:00 |[[Lake Tahoe, Nevada]], United States |{{small|Catchweight (117 lb) bout.}} |- | {{yes2}}Win | align=center| 2–0 | Ashlee Mastin | TKO (submission to punches) |Sparta Combat League: Fight Night |{{dts|2019.05.18}} | align=center|1 | align=center|2:19 |[[Golden, Colorado]], United States | |- | {{yes2}}Win | align=center|1–0 | Jennah Macallister | Decision (unanimous) | Sparta Combat League: Army vs Marines 9 | {{dts|2018.06.30}} | align=center| 3 | align=center| 5:00 | [[Denver, Colorado]], United States |{{small|Strawweight debut.}} {{end}} <ref>{{Cite web|last=Sherdog.com|title=Lupita Godinez|url=https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Lupita-Godinez-246543|website=Sherdog}}</ref> == Haɗin waje == * Professional MMA record for Lupita"Loopy"GodínezdagaSherdog * Loopy GodínezUFC [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6wmnx39wuq9jmnb7q7s86yv2haom6wg 0 115442 842055 733433 2026-05-29T04:33:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Regent''' wata makarantar koyarwa ce ta Burtaniya da aka kafa don kula da yaran 'yan gudun hijirar [[Birtaniya]] da ke aiki a cikin birni. Tana cikin [[Abuja]], Babban birnin tarayya na [[Najeriya]]. An kafa ta a cikin shekara ta 2000. Makarantar Regent ita ce makarantar farko ta Burtaniya ta ƙasashen waje (BSO) a Najeriya, kuma ta farko da ta sami rahoton binciken makaranta mai ban mamaki kamar yadda PENTA ta yanke hukunci, DfE- amince da darektan binciken makarantun Burtaniya na kasashen waje (BSO) da iQTS. Makarantar Regent, Abuja tana alfahari da kasancewa a matsayin makarantar mafi kyau a Najeriya sakamakon nasarorin da suka samu da kuma ka'idojin da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soaga |first=Kingsley |date=2023-09-13 |title=The Regent School Achieves "Outstanding" Report in BSO rating by PENTA |url=https://regentschoolabuja.com/newprimary/the-regent-school-achieves-outstanding-report-in-bso-rating-by-penta/ |website=The Regent School, Abuja |access-date=2025-09-09 |archive-date=2025-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427113159/https://regentschoolabuja.com/newprimary/the-regent-school-achieves-outstanding-report-in-bso-rating-by-penta/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Makarantar ta fara ne da shigar da daliban makarantar firamare daga shekaru 2 zuwa 11. An bude makarantar sakandare a shekara ta 2007. == Shigarwa == Makarantar tana da dalibai 500 a makarantar firamare da dalibai 300 a makarantar sakandare. Makarantar sakandare tana ba da wurin zama tare da zaɓi na rana. Makarantar tana karɓar kuɗin makaranta a cikin daloli na Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adepegba, Adelani |date=2012-07-05 |title=Schooling in Nigeria, paying in dollars |url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/nations-capital/schooling-in-nigeria-paying-in-dollars/ |access-date=22 October 2015 |website=[[The Punch]] |publisher=[[Punch Nigeria Limited]] |archive-date=2014-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418124529/http://www.punchng.com/feature/nations-capital/schooling-in-nigeria-paying-in-dollars/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-13 |title=The Killing Fees In Elementary Schools |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/the-killing-fees-in-elementary-schools/165530/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203092943/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/the-killing-fees-in-elementary-schools/165530 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=21 October 2015 |website=[[THISDAY]] |publisher=THISDAY Newspapers Limited}}</ref> == Tsarin gida == Tsarin gida hanya ce ta sauƙaƙe dangantaka tsakanin ɗalibai da kuma inganta ƙungiyarsu da ruhun jagoranci. Kowace gida tana daidaitawa da prefect. Tsarin gida yana aiki a kan tushe na raka'a. Matsakaicin maki da za a iya samu shine raka'a 25. Takaddun shaida da lambobin sune lada don hali mai kyau. Yawancin gidaje suna da suna bayan ƙasashen Afirka. Gidaje huɗu a makarantar sune: * Red House:Congo * Blue House: Benue * Gidan Yellow:Senegal * Green House: Volta == Tsarin karatu == A matsayin makarantar da ake kira Birtaniya, tana ba da tsarin karatun da ke biyowa: # Tsarin Nazarin Kasa na Ingila da Wales a cikin shekara ta 7 da 8. # CIE Checkpoint a cikin Shekara 9 # CIE IGCSE a cikin Shekara 10 da 11 == Tsofaffin dalibai == Makarantar Regent ta kafa Alumni a matsayin hanyar bunkasa dangantaka tsakanin ɗaliban da suka bar makarantar da waɗanda har yanzu suna cikin makaranta. == Haɗin Iyaye da Malamai == Wannan rukuni ne na iyaye masu sa kai waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga al'umma. PTA ta haɗa iyaye da malamai don tattauna hanyoyin bunkasa makarantar. == Manazarta == fdkbynqc17v0zezvom66e2fzqjdacgt 0 115929 841610 781031 2026-05-28T12:59:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kyautar Littafin Switzerland''' (Jamusanci: ) lambar yabo ce ta wallafe-wallafen da aka bayar a kowace shekara ta juri a madadin ƙungiyar masu sayar da littattafai ta Switzerland. Adadin kyautar shine CHF 30,000. An kafa kyautar ne a shekara ta 2008 bayan misalin Kyautar Littafin Jamusanci. Ayyukan yaren Jamusanci ne kawai na marubutan da ke zaune a Switzerland ko na ƙasar Switzerland suka cancanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swiss Book Prize |url=http://www.schweizerbuchpreis.ch/ |access-date=24 September 2016 |language=German}}</ref> == Waɗanda aka girmama == Blue Ribbon () = Mai cin nasara === 2008 === * [[Rolf Lappert]], ''Nach Hause schwimmen'' * Lukas Bärfuss, ''Hundert Tagus'' * [[Anja Jardine]], ''Als der Mond vom Himmel mai aminci'' * Adolf Muschg, ''Kinderhochzeit'' (ya janye) * Peter Stamm, Wir fliegen''Jirgin sama na Wir'' === 2009 === * [[Ilma Rakusa]], ''Mehr Meer'' <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=15 November 2009 |title=Der Schweizer Buchpreis geht an Ilma Rakusa |url=http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/kultur/buecher/Der-Schweizer-Buchpreis-geht-an-Ilma-Rakusa/story/18030628/print.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010601/http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/kultur/buecher/Der-Schweizer-Buchpreis-geht-an-Ilma-Rakusa/story/18030628/print.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=13 November 2012 |website=[[Tages Anzeiger]] |language=German}}</ref> * [[Eleonore Frey]] Muster ba tare da Hans ba''Muster auster Hans'' * Jürg Laederach ta ba da labari ga Mailland''Taƙaitaccen bayani game da Mailland'' * Angelika a kan ''Flughafenfische'' * Urs Widmer ''Herr 'Adamson'' === 2010 === * [[Melinda Nadj Abonji]], Tauben ta yi fice''Tauben ya tashi sama'' * Dorothee Elmiger, Einladung an kashe Waghalsigen''Einladung ya mutu Waghalsigen'' * [[Urs Faes]], ''Paarbildung'' * Pedro Lenz, ''Der Goalie bin ig'' * Kurt Marti, ''Bayani da Bayani 1964 - 2007'' === 2011 === * [[Catalin Dorian Florescu|Katalin Dorian Florescu]], Jacob beschliesst zu lieben''Yakubu ya yi amfani da shi'' * [[Monica Cantieni]], ''Grünschnabel'' * [[Felix Philipp Ingold]], wanda aka fi sani da Das wahre Leben''Sunayen ko Das wahre Leben'' * Charles Lewinsky, ''Gerron'' * Peter Stamm, ''Seerücken'' === 2012 === <ref>{{Cite web |last=Von Christine Richard |date=7 November 2012 |title=Endspurt zum Schweizer Buchpreis |url=http://bazonline.ch/kultur/buecher/Endspurt-zum-Schweizer-Buchpreis/story/15286282 |access-date=13 November 2012 |website=[[Basler Zeitung]] |language=German}}</ref> * [[Peter von Matt]], ''Das Kalb vor der Gotthardpost'' <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=11 November 2012 |title=Peter von Matt gewinnt den Schweizer Buchpreis |url=http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/kultur/buecher/Peter-von-Matt-gewinnt-den-Schweizer-Buchpreis/story/19706024 |access-date=13 November 2012 |website=[[Tages Anzeiger]] |language=German}}</ref> * Sibylle Berg, ''Vielen Dank für das Leben'' * [[Ursula Fricker]], da kuma''Sauran haka'' * [[:de:Thomas Meyer (Schriftsteller)|daga]]&#x5D;mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Interlanguage link multi","href":"./Template:Interlanguage_link_multi"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Thomas Meyer (writer)<nowiki>{{!}}</nowiki>Thomas Meyer"},"2":{"wt":"de"},"3":{"wt":"Thomas Meyer (Schriftsteller)"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Thomas Meyer (writer)"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Thomas_Meyer_(writer)?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwfg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Thomas Meyer (writer)" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Thomas Meyer [de], ''Wolkenbruchs wunderliche Reise in die Arme einer Schickse'' === 2013 === * [[Jens Steiner]], ''Carambole'' * [[Ralph Dutli]], Soutines letzte Fahrt''Tushen da ya shafi Fahrt'' * Roman Graf, ''Niedergang'' * Jonas Lüscher, ''Frühling der Barbaren'' * [[Henriette Vásárhelyi]], mai kula da jama'a''Immeer'' === 2014 === * [[Lukas Bärfuss]], ''Koala'' * Dorothee Elmiger, ''Schlafgänger'' * [[Heinz Helle]], Derhi berugende Klang von fashewa Kerosin''Der beruhigende Klang von fashewa Kerosin'' * [[Guy Krneta]], ''Unger üs'' * Gertrud Leutenegger, ''Panischer Frühling'' === 2015 === * [[Monique Schwitter]], ''Eins im Andern'' * Martin R. Dean, ''Verbeugung vor Spiegeln'' * [[Dana Grigorcea]], Das primäre Gefühl der Schuldlosigkeit''Daga cikin manyan mutane da ke cikin Schuldlosigkeit'' * Meral Kureyshi, ''Elefanten im Garten'' * Ruth Schweikert, Wie wir älter werden''Waya daga cikin mutane'' === 2016 === * Christian Kracht, ''[[The Dead (Kracht novel)|Matattu]]'' (Die Toten) * [[Sacha Batthyany]], Und was hat das mit mir zu tun?''Shin akwai hat da mit mir zu tun?'' * [[Christoph Höhtker]], Alles sehen''Hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita'' * Charles Lewinsky, ''Andersen'' * [[Michelle Steinbeck]], Mein Vater yaƙi ein Mann an Land und im Wasser ein Walfisch''Mein Vater war ein Mann an Land und im Wasser ein Walfisch'' === 2017 === An sanar da jerin sunayen ne a watan Agustan shekara ta 2017. Daga baya aka sanar da jerin sunayen. An sanar da wanda ya lashe a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=2017 winner |url=http://schweizerbuchpreis.ch/jonas-luescher/ |access-date=14 November 2017 |publisher=Schweizer Buchpreis |language=German}}</ref> * [[Jonas Lüscher]], ''Kraft'' * Martina Clavadetscher, Knochenlieder''Kaddamar da wuta'' * [[Urs Faes]], Halt auf Verlangen. ''Ein Fahrtenbuch'' * [[Lukas Holliger]], ''Das kürzere Leben na Klaus Halm'' * [[Julia Weber]], Immer ist alles schön''Ya shiga cikin duka'' === 2018 === * [[Peter Stamm]] * [[:de:Heinz Helle|daga]]&#x5D;- * [[:de:Gianna Molinari|daga]]&#x5D; * [[:de:Vincenzo Todisco|daga]]&#x5D; === 2019 === * [[Sibylle Berg]], ''[[GRM. Brainfuck]]'' * {{Interlanguage link|Simone Lappert|de}} , Der Sprung [daga][de]''{{Interlanguage link|Der Sprung|de}}'' * [[:de:Tabea Steiner|daga]]&#x5D; === 2020 === * [[:de:Anna Stern (Autorin)|daga]]&#x5D; === 2021 === <ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Nominierten |url=https://www.schweizerbuchpreis.ch/schweizer-buchpreis-2021/ |access-date=19 September 2021 |website=Schweizer Buchpreis |language=de-CH}}</ref> * [[Martina Clavadetscher]], Die Erfindung Des Ungehorsam''Mutuwar Erfindung Des Ungehorsam'' * Thomas Duarte, ya fadi Ist''Ya kasance daga Fall Ist'' * Michael Hugentobler, ''Feuerland'' * Kirista Kracht, ''Eurotrash'' * Veronika Sutter, ''Grösser a cikin du'' === 2022 === <ref name="Fitzek Hansen Garmus Kutscher 2022">{{Cite web |last=Fitzek |first=Sebastian |last2=Hansen |first2=Dörte |last3=Garmus |first3=Bonnie |last4=Kutscher |first4=Volker |last5=Hoover |first5=Colleen |date=21 September 2022 |title=Schweizer Buchpreis 2022: Die fünf Nominierten stehen fest |url=https://www.buchreport.de/news/schweizer-buchpreis-2022-die-fuenf-nominierten-stehen-fest/ |access-date=20 November 2022 |website=buchreport |language=de |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120203217/https://www.buchreport.de/news/schweizer-buchpreis-2022-die-fuenf-nominierten-stehen-fest/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Kim de l'Horizon|Kim na Horizon]], ''Blutbuch'' <ref name="Die Nachrichten 2022">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2022 |title=Literatur – Kim de l'Horizon gewinnt Schweizer Buchpreis |url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/kim-de-l-horizon-gewinnt-schweizer-buchpreis-102.html |access-date=20 November 2022 |website=Die Nachrichten |language=de |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120134034/https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/kim-de-l-horizon-gewinnt-schweizer-buchpreis-102.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Nachrichten 2022">{{Cite web |last=Nachrichten |first=Salzburger |date=20 November 2022 |title=Kim de l'Horizon mit Schweizer Buchpreis ausgezeichnet |url=https://www.sn.at/kultur/allgemein/kim-de-l-horizon-mit-schweizer-buchpreis-ausgezeichnet-130080307 |access-date=20 November 2022 |website=SN.at |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.schweizerbuchpreis.ch/ Kyautar Littafin Switzerland] (a cikin Jamusanci) 3ntpthxqiuc7178jpfejguocd1at8y5 0 116180 841961 744063 2026-05-28T22:53:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Diamond-41658.jpg|thumb|Babban, mai kaifi, daidai, mai haske, rawaya, spinel-twinned ko macle twinned Diamond (Super macle twinninged Diamond) daga [[Akwatia]] Diamond Mine da Birim Diamond Field a Akwatia a [[Yankin Gabashi (Ghana)|Yankin Gabas]]; da kuma wasu abubuwan da aka haɗa sun kara halayyar wannan kauri, lu'u-lu'u.]] Aikin hakar gwal a Ghana yana da dogon tarihi, tun daga karni na 10 lokacin da yankin ya kasance wani bangare na tsohuwar daular Ghana. An fara hakar zinare na kasuwanci a farkon karni na 19, inda Turawa suka kafa ma'adinai da yawa a lokacin mulkin mallaka.] Babban aikin hakar ma'adinai na farko a Ghana ya kasance a Obuasi, inda aka gano zinari a cikin 1897. A shekara ta 1900, Ghana, wacce aka fi sani da Gold Coast, ta zama babbar mai samar da zinari a cikin Daular Burtaniya Ghana sananne ne ga albarkatun zinariya kuma ita ce mafi girma mai samar da zinariya a Afirka tun daga shekarar 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ghana: #1 Gold Producer in Africa |url=https://newcoregold.com/enchi-project/ghana-1-gold-producer-in-africa/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Newcore Gold |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-08 |title=Ghana Retains Lead as Africa's Largest Gold Producer- USGS Data Shows – The Vaultz News |url=https://thevaultznews.com/business/extractives-energy/ghana-retains-lead-as-africas-largest-gold-producer-usgs-data-shows/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okafor |first=Chinedu |date=2023-06-13 |title=Ghana regains its position as Africa's top gold producer but at a very terrible cost |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/ghana-regains-its-position-as-africas-top-gold-producer-but-at-a-very-terrible-cost/lzfj580 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Business Insider Africa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-12 |title=3 Things You Should Know About Gold Mining in Ghana – AZA Finance |url=https://azafinance.com/3-things-you-should-know-about-gold-mining-in-ghana/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=azafinance.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THE GHANA CHAMBER OF MINES 2020 MINING INDUSTRY STATISTICS AND DATA |url=https://ghanachamberofmines.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/2020-Mining-Industry-Statistics-and-Data.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Mark-Anthony |date=2020-11-10 |title=Ghana still Africa's largest gold producer in 2021 – Fitch |url=https://furtherafrica.com/2020/11/10/ghana-still-africas-largest-gold-producer-in-2021-fitch/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=FurtherAfrica |language=en-GB}}</ref> Manyan binciken zinariya da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai sun kasance a kusa da [[Yankin Ashanti]] da sauran yankuna kamar Tarkwa, Akyem, da Prestea, suna zama wani ɓangare na manyan belin zinariya na Birimian da Tarkwaian.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A review of gold mineralisation in the Ashanti belt of Ghana and its relation to the crustal evolution of the terrane |url=https://mme.gov.na/files/publications/ffe_Oberthur%20et%20al_Ashanti%20Belt_Ghana.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold mineralization in the Ashanti Belt of Ghana; genetic constraints of the stable isotope geochemistry |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/economicgeology/article-abstract/91/2/289/21589/Gold-mineralization-in-the-Ashanti-Belt-of-Ghana}}</ref> == Farkon hakar zinariya == [[Yankin Ashanti]] ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a hakar zinariya a Ghana, tun daga karni na 19. Ma'adinai na gida, wanda aka sani da galamsey, ya riga ya wuce kokarin masana'antu. An kafa Kamfanin Ashanti Goldfields Corporation a shekara ta 1897, wanda ke nuna farkon hakar zinare a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arhin |first=Kwame |date=1978 |title=Gold-mining and trading among the Ashanti of Ghana |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/jafr_0399-0346_1978_num_48_1_1806 |journal=Journal des Africanistes |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=89–100 |doi=10.3406/jafr.1978.1806}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anglogold Ashanti - AGE (African Growing Enterprises) File |url=https://www.ide.go.jp/English/Data/Africa_file/Company/guinea02.html#:~:text=Ashanti%20Goldfields%20Corporation%20was%20formed,known%20as%20the%20Gold%20Coast). |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Institute of Developing Economies |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shining Through Time: The legacy of the Ashanti Goldfields Corporation |url=https://ghanaremembers.com/stories/business/shining-through-time-the-legacy-of-the-ashanti-goldfields-corporation.html |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=GhanaRemembers |language=en}}</ref> == Samar da zinariya ta zamani == Babban hakar zinariya a Ghana ya tashi a tsakiyar karni na 20, tare da ayyukan fadada a cikin shekarun 1980 saboda hauhawar farashin zinariya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anani |first=Kerzia |date=2024-05-28 |title=Ghana's Rich Gold Mining History |url=https://aftradvillage.com/lifestyle/ghanas-rich-gold-mining-history/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Aftrad Village |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MINING AND OIL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/GhanaHome/ghana/economy.asp?menu_id=6&sub_menu_id=13&menu_id2=0&s=g}}</ref> Kamfanoni irin su AngloGold Ashanti da Newmont sun yi aiki da ma'adanai masu yawa, suna ba da gudummawa ga tattalin arzikin Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-31 |title=AngloGold's Obuasi mine in Ghana brought back to life {{!}} African Mining Market |url=https://africanminingmarket.com/anglogold-obuasi-mine-back-to-life/5452/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agyapong |first=Williams |date=2022-07-13 |title=Anglogold Ashanti unveils 10-year socio-economic development plan |url=https://www.theghanareport.com/anglogold-ashanti-unveils-10-year-socio-economic-development-plan/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=The Ghana Report |language=en |archive-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127014825/https://www.theghanareport.com/anglogold-ashanti-unveils-10-year-socio-economic-development-plan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dentsil-Koomson |first=Papa Kwasi |title=Ghana's Industrial Minerals and Lithium: A Gateway to Global Growth |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1320264/ghanas-industrial-minerals-and-lithium-a-gateway.html}}</ref> A cikin 2019, Ghana ta mamaye Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin babbar mai samar da zinariya a Afirka, tana samar da tan 142.4 na zinariya, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 4.1% na samar da duniya. Sashin yana da asusun sama da kashi 90% na fitar da ma'adanai na kasar kuma ya kasance muhimmin bangare na tattalin arzikin Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=sbesta |date=2020-08-28 |title=Top five gold mining countries of Africa from Ghana to Burkina Faso |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/top-gold-mining-countries-africa/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=NS Energy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-25 |title=Top 10 gold producing countries |url=https://www.mining.com/web/top-10-gold-producing-countries/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=MINING.COM |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=emmakd |date=2022-07-31 |title=How Ghana lost top gold producer in Africa position to South Africa in three years |url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2022/07/31/how-ghana-lost-top-gold-producer-in-africa-position-to-south-africa-in-three-years/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Ghana Business News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Besta |first=Shanka |date=28 August 2020 |title=Top five gold mining countries of Africa from Ghana to Burkina Faso |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/top-gold-mining-countries-africa/}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> == Ma'adinan zinariya ta yankin Ghana == [[Yankin Ashanti]] a tarihi ne kuma a halin yanzu yana daya daga cikin manyan wuraren samar da zinariya a Ghana. Yankin yana da wasu manyan kamfanonin hakar zinariya a kasar, gami da AngloGold Ashanti a [[Ma'adinin Zinare na Obuasi|Obuasi]]. Obuasi ta samar da fiye da miliyan 35 na zinariya tun lokacin da aka gano ta a ƙarshen karni na 19 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stoddard |first=Ed |date=2023-08-06 |title='Game-changer' Obuasi mine in Ghana now the jewel in AngloGold's crown, says CEO Calderon |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2023-08-06-game-changer-obuasi-mine-in-ghana-now-the-jewel-in-anglogolds-crown-says-ceo/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Ahafo ta Kudu da Ahafo ta Arewa a yankin Ashanti, gida ga ma'adinin Ahafo na Newmont Ghana, shima mai ba da gudummawa ga fitar da zinariya na Ghana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pelangio Exploration Inc. |url=https://pelangio.com/projects/ghana/obuasi/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Pelangio Exploration Inc. |language=en |archive-date=2024-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921001707/https://pelangio.com/projects/ghana/obuasi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rani |first=Archana |date=2021-07-16 |title=Newmont approves development of Ghana's Ahafo North gold project |url=https://www.mining-technology.com/news/newmont-ghana-ahafo-north-gold/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Mining Technology |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Newmont Ghana's Ahafo North project approved for execution |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1094808/newmont-ghanas-ahafo-north-project-approved-for.html}}</ref> === Yankin Yamma === [[Yankin Yammaci, Ghana|Yankin Yamma]], musamman gundumomin Tarkwa da Prestea, wani yanki ne mai samar da zinariya. Tarkwa, wanda aka sani da babban ma'adinai mai budewa, yana aiki na shekaru da yawa kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin masu samar da zinare na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goldfields Ghana Limited (Tarkwa) |url=https://siga.gov.gh/sector/goldfields-ghana-limited-tarkwa/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=SIGA: State Interests and Governance Authority |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127052237/https://siga.gov.gh/sector/goldfields-ghana-limited-tarkwa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gold Fields Ghana ce ke sarrafa shi kuma ya samar da zinariya 504,000 a cikin 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold Fields Ghana: Sustainability and Contribution to National Development |url=https://www.goldfields-ghana.com/pdf/presentation/2021/ghana-gold-expo-2021-sustainability-presentation.pdf}}</ref> Prestea, wanda Golden Star Resources ke sarrafawa, wani gari ne na hakar ma'adinai wanda ya samar da zinariya mai yawa a tsawon shekaru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prestea Gold Mine |url=https://www.mining-technology.com/projects/prestea-gold-mine/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Mining Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> === Yankin Gabas === A [[Yankin Gabashi (Ghana)|Yankin Gabas]], ayyukan hakar zinariya suna kewaye da ma'adinin Akyem, wanda [[Newmont]] Ghana ke sarrafawa. Ma'adinin Akyem, ɗaya daga cikin ma'adinan zinariya a yankin, ya fara samar da kasuwanci a cikin 2013 kuma ya samar da fiye da 500,000 ounces na zinariya a cikin 2020..<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-11 |title=Akyem Mine – Past, Present, and Future |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2024/10/akyem-mine-past-present-and-future/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Akyem – Africa {{!}} Newmont Corporation – Operations & Projects |url=https://operations.newmont.com/africa/akyem-ghana |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=operations.newmont.com |language=en |archive-date=2024-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106233911/https://operations.newmont.com/africa/akyem-ghana |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese giants show interest in Akyem mine |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-chinese-giants-show-interest-in-akyem-mine.html}}</ref> ==Manazarta== 2zpxigvy5e91bw68076sbpye5fmur2s 0 117328 841995 828295 2026-05-28T23:16:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    '''Ma'aikatar Lafiya''' ( '''MoH''' ) ita ce ma'aikatar gwamnati ta [[Ghana]] da ke da alhakin kula da lafiyar 'yan Ghana . Tana da hannu wajen samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a, kula da masana'antar kiwon lafiya ta Ghana, da gina [[Asibiti|asibitoci]] da [[Ilimin likita|tsarin ilimin likitanci]] na Ghana . Babban ofisoshin ma'aikatar suna cikin [[Accra]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry, Contact us |url=http://www.moh-ghana.org/moh/contact_us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204713/http://www.moh-ghana.org/moh/contact_us/ |archive-date=2009-03-03 |access-date=2009-01-19}}</ref> Ma'aikatar tana da alhakin duk batutuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya a Ghana. Yana da alhakin isar da sabis na kiwon lafiya na jama'a kai tsaye ko samarwa a cikin ƙasar. Koyaya, tare da aiwatar da ACT 525 na majalisa, an ba da ayyukan gabatarwa, rigakafi, warkarwa da kulawa ga Hukumar Lafiya da Asibitocin Koyarwa ta Ghana. Saboda haka, ma'aikatar yanzu tana da alhakin tsara manufofi kawai, saka idanu da kimantawa, tattara albarkatu da tsara isar da sabis na kiwon lafiya a kasar. == Hukumomi == Hukumomin ma'aikatar sun hada da: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry, Agencies, Statutory and Regulatory Bodies |url=http://www.moh-ghana.org/moh/service_delivery/default.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301202809/http://www.moh-ghana.org/moh/service_delivery/default.asp |archive-date=2009-03-01 |access-date=2009-01-19}}</ref> * Majalisar Likitoci da Likitoci ta Ghana * Majalisar Pharmacy ta Ghana * Nurses da masu juna biyu na Ghana * Majalisar Magunguna ta Sauran Magunguna * Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna * Asibitoci masu zaman kansu da Gidajen Maternity * Hukumar Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa * Shirin Magunguna na Kasa na Ghana * Hukumar Lafiya ta Ghana * [[Allied Health Professions Council|Kwamitin Ayyukan Lafiya na Allied]] * [[Occupational Therapy Association Of Ghana|Kungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Ghana]] * Ofishin Ambulance na Kasa na Ghana == Ayyuka == === Gine-gine da Kayan aiki na Asibitin Jami'ar 597-Bed A Legon === Tsohon Shugaban kasar John Dramani Mahama ya kaddamar da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Ghana (UGMC) a cikin 2016. Asibitin, tare da damar gadaje 597, an fara shi ne a cikin 2012. Bayan ya fita daga ofis a shekarar 2017, an bar aikin ba tare da aiki ba har sai majalisar ta ba da amincewar dala miliyan 50 don kammala sauran gine-gine a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Ghana (UGMC). <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Ampomah |first=Samuel |date=2018-04-11 |title=Parliament approves $50m to complete UG Medical Centre - Hon. Minister for Health |url=https://www.moh.gov.gh/parliament-approves-50m-to-complete-ug-medical-centre-hon-minister-for-health/ |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=Ministry Of Health |language=en-US}}</ref> Mista Agyemang-Manu, Ministan Lafiya ya kuma tabbatar wa 'yan Ghana cewa gwamnati ta sadaukar da kanta don isar da ingantaccen tsarin kiwon lafiya da ababen more rayuwa. Ya jaddada cewa babu wata dama da za a yi watsi da ita ko kuma a daidaita ta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ampomah |first=Samuel |date=2018-04-11 |title=Parliament approves $50m to complete UG Medical Centre - Hon. Minister for Health |url=https://www.moh.gov.gh/parliament-approves-50m-to-complete-ug-medical-centre-hon-minister-for-health/ |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=Ministry Of Health |language=en-US}}</ref> === Aiwatar da Shirin E-Health na Kasa === Ma'aikatar ce ta fara wannan aikin don sauƙaƙe ƙalubalen asibitoci wajen sarrafa bayanan marasa lafiya da bayanai masu mahimmanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ampomah |first=Samuel |date=2022-12-22 |title=National E-Health Project with Bio-surveillance (Early Warning) System |url=https://www.moh.gov.gh/national-e-health-project-with-bio-surveillance-early-warning-system/ |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=Ministry Of Health |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802211620/https://www.moh.gov.gh/national-e-health-project-with-bio-surveillance-early-warning-system/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ma'aikata == [[Kwaku Agyemang-Manu]] - Minista (2023) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Moh.Gov.gh |url=https://www.moh.gov.gh/ |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=Ministry Of Health |language=en-US}}</ref> Victor Asare Bampoe - Mataimakin Minista (2014 -2017) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-29 |title=Dr Victor Bampoe is Nigeria's UNAIDS country director |url=https://ghanahealthnest.com/dr-victor-bampoe-is-nigerias-unaids-country-director/ |access-date=2021-04-21 |website=GhanaHealthNest |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421200442/https://ghanahealthnest.com/dr-victor-bampoe-is-nigerias-unaids-country-director/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bernard Okoe-Boye - Mataimakin Minista (2020 -2021) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-21 |title=Oko Boye Sworn In |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/oko-boye-sworn-in/ |access-date=2020-04-29 |website=DailyGuide Network |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-17 |title=JoyNews hosts Deputy Health Minister, virologist, others on ‘Beyond The Lockdown’ tonight |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/national/joynews-hosts-deputy-health-minister-virologist-others-on-beyond-the-lockdown-tonight/ |access-date=2020-05-17 |website=MyJoyOnline.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820110930/https://myjoyonline.com/news/national/joynews-hosts-deputy-health-minister-virologist-others-on-beyond-the-lockdown-tonight/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == 9po6w4sca1e6sjqi3mu1tns9pq3ppu9 0 117615 842001 725908 2026-05-28T23:20:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ma'aikatar matasa da wasanni''' ma'aikatar gwamnati ce a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] mai kula da harkokin matasa da manufofin wasanni. Ma'aikatar tana tsarawa, aiwatarwa, da kuma sanya ido kan manufofin jihohi da suka shafi ci gaban matasa da wasanni. Har ila yau, yana aiki don shigar da matasa a cikin ci gaban jari-hujja da kuma ayyukan samar da zaman lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministère de la Jeunesse et des Sports |url=https://www.gouv.ne/index.php/les-ministeres/163-ministere-de-la-jeunesse-et-des-sports |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=www.gouv.ne}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=ACCUEIL |url=https://jeunesse.expertarium.net/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Min Jeunesse |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Au Ministère de la Jeunesse et des Sports du Niger : Le ministre Doro s'entretient avec une délégation de la société Sporty – Le Sahel |url=https://www.lesahel.org/au-ministere-de-la-jeunesse-et-des-sports-du-niger-le-ministre-doro-sentretient-avec-une-delegation-de-la-societe-sporty/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Hakki == Ma'aikatar Matasa da Wasanni tana da ayyuka kamar haka: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Les Missions et Attributions – MINISTERE DE LA JEUNESSE ET DES SPORTS |url=https://mjs.gov.gn/mission-et-attributions/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=mjs.gov.gn}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Un processus d'élaboration du Programme National Intégré de la Jeunesse est lancé au Niger |url=https://www.undp.org/fr/niger/communiques/un-processus-delaboration-du-programme-national-integre-de-la-jeunesse-est-lance-au-niger |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325181720/https://www.undp.org/fr/niger/communiques/un-processus-delaboration-du-programme-national-integre-de-la-jeunesse-est-lance-au-niger |archive-date=2025-03-25 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=UNDP |language=fr |url-status=live }}</ref> * Tsara da aiwatar da manufofin ƙasa don matasa da wasanni. * Haɓaka matasa cikin ayyukan da ke gina jarin ɗan adam da haɓaka zaman lafiya da haɗin kai tsakanin al'umma. * Kula da ci gaba, kulawa, da kula da matasa da wuraren wasanni da ababen more rayuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar. * Haɓaka shigar mata cikin wasanni a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin tabbatar da daidaito da haɗa kai. == Babban ofishin == Hedikwatar ma'aikatar tana [[Niamey|Yamai]], babban birnin Nijar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Karimou |first=Salissou Soumana |date=2025-05-09 |title=Niamey : Le Ministre de la jeunesse et des sports, M. Sidi Mohamed visite plusieurs sites et infrastructures sportives |url=https://www.anp.ne/niamey-le-ministre-de-la-jeunesse-et-des-sports-m-sidi-mohamed-visite-plusieurs-sites-et-infrastructures-sportives/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Agence Nigérienne de Presse |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == A cikin Afrilu 2025, an nada Janar '''Sidi Mohamed Al Mahmoud''' a matsayin Ministan Matasa da Wasanni, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boulama |first=Zarami |date=2025-05-12 |title=Niger : le Ministre de la Jeunesse et des Sports, M. Sidi Mohamed exhorte ses collaborateurs à travailler ensemble pour « relever les défis » qui leur « ont été lancés » |url=https://www.anp.ne/niger-le-ministre-de-la-jeunesse-et-des-sports-m-sidi-mohamed-exhorte-ses-collaborateurs-a-travailler-ensemble-pour-relever-les-defis-qui-leur-ont-ete/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Agence Nigérienne de Presse |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ya maye gurbin Kanar Manjo Abdrahamane Amadou a lokacin wani sauyi na gwamnati a karkashin gwamnatin rikon kwarya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Visite du Ministre de la jeunesse, du sport, de la Culture et des arts à Maradi : « Je suis désolé de ce que j'ai vu », déclare le Colonel Major Abdourahmane Amadou – Le Sahel |url=https://www.lesahel.org/visite-du-ministre-de-la-jeunesse-du-sport-de-la-culture-et-des-arts-a-maradi-je-suis-desole-de-ce-que-jai-vu-declare-le-colonel-major-abdourahmane-amadou/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Canjin shugabanci wani bangare ne na manufofin ''sake fasalin'' kasa da gwamnatin Nijar ke aiwatarwa tun bayan [[Juyin mulkin Nijar 2023|juyin mulkin Yuli 2023]] . A karkashin sabuwar ministar, an mayar da hankali ne wajen duba da farfado da samar da ababen more rayuwa da wasanni. A ranar 9 ga Mayu 2025, ya ziyarci cibiyoyin wasanni da yawa a Yamai, gami da wurin shakatawa na Olympics na Jiha, ƙauyen rukunin Francophonie (wanda ake ginawa), filin ƙwallon ƙafa na Maracanã, wuraren wasanni na ƙungiyar mata, da filin wasan kokawa na gargajiya. Ministan ya jaddada haɗin kai, haɗin kai, da babban nauyi daga ma'aikatan ma'aikatar, yana mai da hankali kan mahimmancin mahimmancin ma'aikatar a cikin ƙasa mai matasa matasa, fiye da rabin su ba su da shekaru 15. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ACCUEIL |url=https://jeunesse.expertarium.net/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Min Jeunesse |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministère de la Jeunesse et du Sport |url=https://visit-niger.com/listing/ministere-de-la-jeunesse-et-du-sport/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Agence de Promotion Touristique du Niger |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2025-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320191358/https://visit-niger.com/listing/ministere-de-la-jeunesse-et-du-sport/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Gwamnatin Nijar * [[Al'adun Nijar|Wasanni a Nijar]] == Nassoshi == ev5j77xcof536e7a8au8gbs3oo9ww9y 0 119569 842063 786455 2026-05-29T05:13:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mfantsiman Girls' Senior High School''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=#NSMQ2021: Mfantsiman Girls SHS dumped for the third time in a row at regional championships - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/nsmq2021-mfantsiman-girls-shs-dumped-for-the-third-time-in-a-row-at-regionals-championship/ |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=MyJoyOnline. |language=en-US}}</ref> makarantar sakandare ce ta duka 'yan mata a Saltpond a cikin [[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|Tsakiyar Ghana]] . [[Kwame Nkrumah]] ne ya kafa makarantar a shekara ta 1960, a asali a ƙarƙashin sunan '''makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata ta Saltpond''' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mfantsiman Girls appeal for support to combat bedbugs{{!}}Class FM Online |url=http://m.classfmonline.com/1.10898756 |access-date=2018-04-12 |website=Mobile Class Fm Online |language=en |archive-date=2018-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412150012/http://m.classfmonline.com/1.10898756 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webmaster |title=Mfantsiman Girls' Secondary School - WELCOME TO OUR SCHOOL |url=http://www.mfantsimangirls.online/ |access-date=2018-04-12 |website=Mfantsiman Girls.}}</ref> Ana kuma san makarantar da 'Syte'. <ref name=":0"/> == Tarihi == [[Kwame Nkrumah]] ne ya gina makarantar don tunawa da muhimmiyar rawar da matan Saltpond suka taka a gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai, an kafa Makarantar Sakandare ta Mata ta Mfantsiman. Da farko an san ta da Saltpond Girls, an kafa wannan ma'aikatar ne da manufar samar da ilimi mai dacewa a matakin na biyu ga 'yan mata. Manufar ita ce ta samar musu da ƙwarewa masu mahimmanci waɗanda za su ba su damar amfani da iyawarsu da kuma ba da gudummawa ga al'umma. Wannan shirin ya yi niyyar sauƙaƙe sauƙaƙe talauci, inganta ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban al'ummar gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-07 |title=Mfantsiman Girl's Secondary School - Explore Schools in Ghana Find and connect with all schools in Ghana SHS Vocational, Universities and more. |url=https://ghanaschoolsonline.org/listing/mfantsiman-girls-secondary-school/ |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=Ghana schools online |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Makarantar Sakandare ta Mata ta Mfantsiman ta buɗe a hukumance a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1960, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sanannun makarantun Ghana Education Trust (GET). An yi iƙirarin cewa makarantar ta zaɓi 'yan mata 70 daga jarrabawar shigarwa ta yau da kullun waɗanda suka zama rukunin farko na makarantar tare da Beatrice Chinery a matsayin shugabar farko.<ref name=":0"/> Makarantar ta fara ne a matsayin cibiyar 'yan mata masu sadaukarwa, tana ba da hanyoyin ilimi waɗanda ke jagorantar ɗalibai ta hanyar Babban Takardar shaidar Ilimi - Matsayi na yau da kullun (G.C.E. 'O' Level). A tsawon lokaci, ma'aikatar ta fadada abubuwan da ta bayar don haɗawa da Takardar shaidar Makarantar / Babban Takardar shaidarsa ta Ilimi - Matsayi na yau da kullun da na Ci gaba (SSCE / GCE 'O' & 'A' Levels), da kuma jarrabawar Takardar shairin Makarantar Sakandare ta Yammacin Afirka (SSSCE). == Abubuwan da ke ciki == Taken makarantar shine 'Obra Nye Woara abo' a cikin [[Yaren Akan|Twi]] ma'ana 'Rayuwa shine abin da kuke yi'. Launuka na makarantar suna da launin shuɗi da fari. Alamar makarantar tana da gaggafa, kwando, yatsan gaggafa da mace da ke zaune a kan giwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-31 |title=Hall of Fame: These 19 popular figures are old girls of Mfantsiman |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Hall-of-Fame-These-19-popular-figures-are-old-girls-of-Mfantsiman-1022614 |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> Waƙar yabo ta makarantar ta ƙunshi abun da ke cikin Latin wanda ke ci gaba da amfani da shi azaman taken KNUST. == Cibiyar == === Gidaje === Dangane da masauki na ɗalibai, an rarraba 'yan mata zuwa gidaje bakwai daban-daban, wato * Gidan Butler * Gidan Crofie * Gidan Chinery * Gidan Engman * Gidan Scotton * Gidan Yeboah. * Gidan Addo == Haɗin Kai == Mfantsiman Girls suna jin daɗin haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi tare da ɗaliban maza na Kwalejin Adisadel, wanda ake kira SANTAMOGA . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-07-31 |title=Hall of Fame: These 19 popular figures are old girls of Mfantsiman |url=https://myinfo.com.gh/2020/07/hall-of-fame-these-19-popular-figures-are-old-girls-of-mfantsiman/ |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=My Info Ghana |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802193718/https://myinfo.com.gh/2020/07/hall-of-fame-these-19-popular-figures-are-old-girls-of-mfantsiman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Shahararrun ɗalibai == === Siyasa, gwamnati, da manufofin jama'a === * Matilda Amissah-Arthur, tsohuwar uwargidan Ghana * [[Samira Bawumia]], Uwargidan Ghana ta biyu * [[Ursula Owusu|Ursula Owusu-Ekuful]], lauya, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata kuma 'yar siyasa * Christine Churcher, 'yar siyasa * Jennifer Lartey, diflomasiyya ga [[Norway|Masarautar Norway]] === Dokar === * Vida Akoto-Bamfo, mai shari'a na Kotun Koli ta Ghana (2009 - 2019) * [[Angela Dwamena-Aboagye]], lauya, mai fafutukar jinsi, kuma Babban Darakta na Gidauniyar Ark Ghana * [[Cynthia Lamptey]], Mataimakin Mai gabatar da kara na Musamman (2018-) === Jarida === * Gifty Anti, ɗan jarida kuma mai watsa shirye-shirye * [[Caroline Sampson]], mai gabatar da rediyo, mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin, abokin tarayya da kuma mai zane-zane * [[Sangmorkie Tetteh]] === Fasaha da nishaɗi === * Nana Ekua Brew-Hammond, marubuciya, marubuciya gajerun labaru da mawaƙa * [[Nadia Buari]], 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mai lambar yabo * Eazzy, mawaƙi, rapper, kuma marubucin waƙa * [[Anita-Pearl Ankor]], mai zane da kuma muralistMai zane-zane * [[Yvonne Okoro]], 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mai lambar yabo * [[Shirley Frimpong-Manso]], Shugaba na Sparrow Productions * [[Caroline Sampson]], Mai gabatar da rediyo, mai gabatarwar shirye-shiryen talabijin, abokin tarayya, da kuma mai zane-zane * Caranza Naa Okailey Shooter, Miss Afirka, Miss Ghana 2012 da Likita === Ilimi === * [[Aba Andam|Aba Bentil Andam]], masanin kimiyyar [[Ghana]] na farko kuma tsohon shugaban Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana <ref name=":0"/> * [[Nana Klutse]], masanin yanayin yanayi * Beatrice Lokko, shugabar [[Accra Academy|Kwalejin Accra]] (1996 - 2005) == Shahararrun ma'aikata == * Vida Yeboah, 'yar siyasa, tsohuwar shugabar makarantar * Christine Churcher, 'yar siyasa, tsohon malami == Nasarorin da aka samu == * Finalist [[Ghana National Science and Maths Quiz]] 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Education Service, Ministry of Education |url=http://www.ghanaschoolsinfo.org/project/151 |access-date=2018-04-12 |website=Ghana schools info. |language=en}}</ref> * Wanda ya lashe gasar zakarun sakandare ta kasa ta 23rd Annual <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 February 2020 |title=Winner Of 23rd Annual National Senior High School Debate |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2020/02/mfantsiman-girls-emerges-as-winner-of-the-national-senior-high-school-debate/ |access-date=2020-11-10 |website=citinewsroom. |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin manyan makarantun sakandare a Ghana * [[Ghana National Science and Maths Quiz]] * Kwalejin Adisadel == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Ilimi a Ghana]] fo79v1u400ptdv67jy4jkr4wlwasm3r 0 123737 841827 749374 2026-05-28T19:46:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Jaridar Beverley Times''''' wata jarida ce da ba ta da tushe a harshen Turanci wadda ake bugawa duk mako a garin Wheatbelt na Beverley, Yammacin Ostiraliya, tsakanin 1905 da 1977. <ref name="Encore -- The Beverley times">{{Cite web |title=Encore -- The Beverley times. |url=https://encore.slwa.wa.gov.au/iii/encore/record/C__Rb1743924 |access-date=2016-07-19 |website=encore.slwa.wa.gov.au }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == Jaridar Beverley Times ta fara yaɗawa a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1905 kuma manajan Henry Courtney ne ya buga ta a Ofishin Jarida da Babban Ofishin Bugawa na Beverley Times da ke kan titin Vincent, Beverley, ga mai gidan Chas Dawson, Newcastle . [1] [2] Da farko jaridar ta raba ofishinta da Cocin Katolika na yankin waɗanda ke gudanar da ayyuka a gaban ginin, amma a shekarar 1908 an sayar da ginin ga Athol Thomas wanda ya buɗe kamfanin dillancin labarai kuma ya ci gaba da buga The Beverley Times a bayan ginin. [3] Ƙirƙirar jaridar kasuwanci ce kuma ƙoƙari ne na tallafawa muradun gundumar Beverley da kuma samar wa mazauna wurin da za su bayyana ra'ayoyinsu da tattaunawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Beverley Times (WA : 1905 - 1977) - 22 Jul 1905 - p2 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page22516997 |access-date=2016-07-19 |website=Trove}}</ref> Labarai da aka ruwaito a cikin ''Jaridar Beverley Times'' sun mayar da hankali kan gundumar Beverley kuma sun haɗa da labarai kan noma da noma, manyan batutuwa, rahotannin gidaje, abubuwan da suka faru a wasanni, mutuwar mutane, tallace-tallace da kuma tallace-tallace. <ref>{{Cite news |title=History in the newsagency |url=https://encore.slwa.wa.gov.au/iii/encore/record/C__Rb2901908 |access-date=19 July 2016 |publication-date=14 July 2010 |via=State Library of Western Australia |newspaper=Avon Valley Advocate }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An fara buga jaridar a kowane mako a ranar Asabar har zuwa 28 ga Fabrairu 1925 sannan a kowane mako a ranar Juma'a har zuwa 26 ga Maris 1970, sannan a kowane mako a ranar Alhamis har zuwa 21 ga Oktoba 1976 da kuma mako biyu a ranar Alhamis har zuwa 4 ga Nuwamba 1976. <ref name="encore.slwa.wa.gov.au">{{Cite web |title=Encore -- The Beverley times [microform]. |url=https://encore.slwa.wa.gov.au/iii/encore/record/C__Rb2807261 |access-date=2016-07-19 |website=encore.slwa.wa.gov.au }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''Jaridar Beverley Times'' ta ƙunshi ƙarin ''Avon Valley News-Express'' tsakanin Satumba 1962 da Maris 1964. <ref name="encore.slwa.wa.gov.au" /> == Samuwa == An mayar da fitowar wannan jaridar daga 1905 zuwa 1977 zuwa tsarin dijital a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Dijital na Jaridun Australiya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Beverley Times (WA : 1905 - 1977) - 22 Jul 1905 - p2 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page22516997 |access-date=2016-07-19 |website=Trove}}</ref> wani aiki na Laburaren Ƙasa na Australiya tare da haɗin gwiwar Laburaren Jiha na Yammacin Ostiraliya . Ana kuma samun kwafin wannan jarida da ƙananan kwafi a ɗakin karatu na jihar Western Australia. <ref name="encore.slwa.wa.gov.au"/> <ref name="Encore -- The Beverley times"/> == Duba kuma == * Jerin jaridu a Ostiraliya * Jerin jaridu a Yammacin Ostiraliya == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} dfbu5h9lg32du2mzk0rwyoxfk7nd4b5 0 125049 842189 753199 2026-05-29T06:49:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Mangoes_garden_in_Mamudo_(8).jpg|thumb|Gidan lambu]] '''Mamudo''' mazaba ce kuma mazaɓar wakilci da ke ƙarƙashin [[Potiskum|Ƙaramar Hukumar Potiskum]] a [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]], a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]]. Tana ɗaya daga cikin rabe-raben siyasa da gudanarwa na Ƙaramar Hukumar Potiskum, kuma ana wakiltarta a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Yobe a matsayin Mazabar Mamudo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamudo Polling Units |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/ward/9445/mamudo |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> Babban birnin Jihar Yobe, wato [[Damaturu]], yana da nisan kusan kilomita 85 (mil 53) daga Mamudo, idan aka auna ta iska kai tsaye. Haka kuma, nisan Mamudo zuwa [[Abuja]], babban birnin Nijeriya, kusan kilomita 498 (mil 309) ne, idan aka auna ta iska kai tsaye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamudo, Nigeria - Facts and information on Mamudo - Nigeria.Places-in-the-world.com |url=https://nigeria.places-in-the-world.com/2330974-place-mamudo.html |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=nigeria.places-in-the-world.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Potiskum]] [[Rukuni:Jihar Yobe]] hda8c462usrtv4qdhoxl7bo4ifupf3z 0 126022 841602 756056 2026-05-28T12:56:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Stan_Walker.jpg|thumb|Stan Walker ya yi nasara sau uku, tare da " Black Box " ( 2010 ), " Choose You " ( 2011 ) da kuma " Take It Easy " ( 2013 ).]] [[Fayil:Opshop.jpg|thumb|Wakar Opshop mai suna "Maybe" ta lashe kambun Airplay Record of the Year a shekarar 2008 .]] '''Lambar Yabo ta Radio Airplay ta Shekara''' [[Aotearoa Music Award|kyauta ce ta Kiɗa ta Aotearoa]] da ake bayarwa kowace shekara ga waƙoƙin da mawakan yankin suka yi fice [[Airplay|a sararin samaniya]] . An fara bayar da ita ga [[Goldenhorse]] a [[2004 New Zealand Music Awards|shekarar 2004]] don " [[Maybe Tomorrow (Goldenhorse song)|Maybe Tomorrow]] ". Ba a bayar da kyautar ba a [[2005 New Zealand Music Awards|shekarar 2005]], amma a [[2006 New Zealand Music Awards|shekarar 2006]] aka sake gabatar da ita, inda [[The Feelers]] suka lashe ta a waƙar " [[Stand Up (The Feelers song)|Stand Up]] ". Waƙar [[Brooke Fraser]] mai suna " [[Deciphering Me]] " ta biyo baya a [[2007 New Zealand Music Awards|shekarar 2007]], yayin da [[Opshop]] ta lashe kyautar a [[2008 New Zealand Music Awards|shekarar 2008]] tare da " [[Maybe (Opshop song)|Maybe]] ". A [[2009 New Zealand Music Awards|shekarar 2009]], an ba wa " [[Always on My Mind (Tiki Taane song)|Always on My Mind]] ", ta [[Tiki Taane]], kyautar. [[Stan Walker]] ya lashe kyautar sau biyu a jere &#x2014; a [[2010 New Zealand Music Awards|shekarar 2010]] tare da " [[Black Box (song)|Black Box]] " da kuma a [[2011 New Zealand Music Awards|shekarar 2011]] tare da " [[Choose You|Choice You]] ", sannan kuma tare da " [[Take It Easy (Stan Walker song)|Take It Easy]] " a [[2013 New Zealand Music Awards|shekarar 2013]] da kuma " [[Bulletproof (Stan Walker song)|Bulletproof]] " a shekarar [[2014 New Zealand Music Awards|2014]]. == Masu nasara == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Mai zane ! Waƙa ! class="unsortable" | Nassoshi |- ! scope="row" | 2004 | Dokin Zinare | " Wataƙila Gobe " | align="center" | <ref name="scribe">{{Cite web |date=23 September 2004 |title=Scribe cleans up at NZ Music Awards |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/news_entertainment_story_skin/449189%3F |access-date=3 December 2010 |publisher=[[One News (New Zealand)|One News]]. [[Television New Zealand]] |archive-date=14 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614093154/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/news_entertainment_story_skin/449189%3F |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | 2005 | {{N/a}}| {{N/a}} | align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Winners - 2005 Winners |url=http://www.nzmusicawards.co.nz/2009/10/29/2005-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419131403/http://www.nzmusicawards.co.nz/2009/10/29/2005-winners/ |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=3 December 2010 |publisher=[[New Zealand Music Awards]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | 2006 | {{Sortname|The|Feelers}} | " Tsaya tsaye " | align="center" | |- ! scope="row" | 2007 | {{Sortname|Brooke|Fraser}} | " Ƙirƙirar Ni " | align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunkin |first=Joanna |date=19 October 2006 |title=Mint Chicks, Hollie Smith dominate NZ Music Awards |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10470840 |access-date=3 December 2010 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |publisher=[[APN News & Media]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | 2008 | Opshop | "Wataƙila" | align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2008 |title=Flight of the Conchords sweep Music Awards |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10536464 |access-date=3 December 2010 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |publisher=[[APN News & Media]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | 2009 | {{Sortname|Tiki|Taane}} | " Koyaushe Yana Kan Zuciyata " | align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kara |first=Scott |date=8 October 2009 |title=Honours of night go to Ladyhawke |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/new-zealand/news/article.cfm?l_id=71&objectid=10602010 |access-date=3 December 2010 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |publisher=[[APN News & Media]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | 2010 | {{Sortname|Stan|Walker}} | " Akwatin Baƙi " | align="center" | |- ! scope="row" | 2011 | {{Sortname|Stan|Walker}} | " Zaɓi Kai " | align="center" | |- ! scope="row" | 2012 | Six60 | " Kada Ka Manta da Asalin Ka " | align="center" | |- ! scope="row" | 2013 | Stan Walker | " Yi Shi Da Kyau " | align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Music Awards 2013 Winners |url=http://www.undertheradar.co.nz/news/7496/New-Zealand-Music-Awards-2013-Winners.utr |access-date=17 October 2014 |website=Under The Radar |publisher=Under The Radar}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | 2014 | Stan Walker | " Mai hana harsashi " | align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=RADIO AIRPLAY AWARD 2014 |url=http://www.nzmusicawards.co.nz/award-category/radio-airplay-award-2014/ |access-date=7 September 2015 |website=NZMA |publisher=RMNZ}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | 2015 | Broods | " Uwa da Uba " | align="center" | |- ! scope="row" | 2016 | Six60 | "Layukan Fari" | align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Broods dominate at the 2016 New Zealand Music Awards |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/music/news/article.cfm?c_id=264&objectid=11750181 |access-date=17 November 2016 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |publisher=NZMA}}</ref> |} Duk da cewa ba a saba sanar da waɗanda aka zaɓa a wannan rukunin ba, an haɗa da waɗanda aka zaɓa a shekarar 2004 da 2015. * Wadanda ba su yi nasara ba a shekarar 2004 sune: Bic Runga - " Listening for the Weather " da Carly Binding - " [[We Kissed]] ". * 'Yan takarar da ba su yi nasara ba a shekarar 2015 su ne: Benny Tipene - "Step On Up", Broods - "LAF", Lorde - " Yellow Flicker Beat ", Six60 - "Special". == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ohf3rrbhl0ai8e88xzcd6uw0web76j2 0 126906 842056 786449 2026-05-29T04:50:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar [[Queensland]]" id="mwWA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Benowa, Queensland">Benowa''' ('''BSHS''') wata makarantar jiha ce, makarantar haɗin gwiwa a unguwar Benowa (Queensland, Australia) a cikin [[Gold Coast]] . Makarantar tana cikin ƙasar Mutanen Kombumerri, a cikin al'ummar yaren Bujalung, suna gane Ngarahngwal da Yugambeh.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Acknowledgement to Country |url=https://benowashs.eq.edu.au |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230904073746/https://benowashs.eq.edu.au |archive-date=4 September 2023 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Benowa State High School (www.benowashs.eq.edu.au) |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce kawai makarantar sakandare ta jihar a cikin masu jefa kuri'a na Surfers Paradise . Yana karbar bakuncin [[Musayar matasa|ɗaliban musayar]] daga Asiya, Amurka, Afirka da Turai.<ref>{{Cite QldSchool|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> Ya fara shirin Immersion na Faransa a 1985 kuma shine makarantar farko da ta ba da Marine Biology a matsayin batun a cikin tsarin karatun Queensland.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Acknowledgement to Country |url=https://benowashs.eq.edu.au |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230904073746/https://benowashs.eq.edu.au |archive-date=4 September 2023 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Benowa State High School (www.benowashs.eq.edu.au) |language=en}}</ref> == Ilimi == Shirin Immersion na makarantar na [[Faransanci]] shine darasi na shekaru hudu da aka bayar a cikin Shekaru 7 zuwa 10, inda ake koyar da dalibai hudu daga cikin batutuwa shida a Faransanci: waɗannan su ne [[lissafi]], Faransanci, al'umma & muhalli da kimiyya. Makarantar ta yi rikodin OP1s 11 (Overall Position) a kowace shekara daga 2004 zuwa 2007, wanda ke gaba da duk sauran makarantun sakandare a yankin Gold Coast.<ref>{{Cite QldSchool|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> Wani rafi a cikin Benowa SHS shine Shirin Ilimi na Steiner wanda ke da niyyar bunkasa ilmantarwa mai zaman kansa da "al'ada" a cikin ɗalibai, waɗanda ke koyo a nasu saurin. Shirin STEM a Benowa yana da niyyar dalibai su yi fice a fannonin kimiyya, fasaha, injiniya da lissafi. Shirin shekaru hudu ne daga Shekaru 7-10. Kowane dalibi na STEM yana karɓar ƙarin darussan a cikin waɗannan rukunoni da dama daban-daban ciki har da bugawa 3D, Rocket Launching, Coding, da sauransu. Benowa an san shi da samun batutuwa masu yawa. Yana da batutuwa sama da 30 waɗanda ɗalibai za su iya zaɓar a cikin Shekaru 10, 11 da 12. Ba kamar yawancin makarantun jihohi ba, amma kamar wasu makarantu masu zaman kansu, makarantar sakandare ta jihar Benowa ta shirya shekara 10-12 a matsayin babbar makaranta, kuma tana ba da ƙwararren ƙididdiga a matsayin batun ga ɗaliban shekara 10. == Wasanni == Benowa is a constant achiever at volleyball tournaments, placing highly in most of the competitions they enter, and some students have entered the national level of competition in the event. Students also achieve high in many other sports, including tennis, swimming, athletics and touch. The school also has an athletics-inclined stream called "Sports Excellence", which is aimed at Year 7, 8 and 9 students who wish to pursue a career in athletics. It has produced athletes who have gone on to represent both state and country in a variety of sports such as: swimming, volleyball, rugby, Australian rules football, football and track & field. [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] == Ayyuka == Benowa ya kirkiro wani sabon tsarin karatu a cikin zane-zane wanda ya hada da zane-zane, kiɗa, rawa, wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗa. Ana ba da bita na fasaha don haɓaka darussan al'ada.<ref>{{Cite QldSchool|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Acknowledgement to Country |url=https://benowashs.eq.edu.au |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230904073746/https://benowashs.eq.edu.au |archive-date=4 September 2023 |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Benowa State High School (www.benowashs.eq.edu.au) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite QldSchool|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> An haɗa makarantar a cikin reshen Gold Coast na "Kungiyar Malaman Harshen zamani ta Queensland".<ref>{{Cite QldSchool|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> == Dalibai == === Matsayin shekara === A cikin 2015, makarantun sakandare na Queensland sun fara ba da abinci don Shekara ta 12 don daidaita Queensland tare da sauran jihohi, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aiwatar da shirin "Flying Start" na Anna Bligh a duk fadin jihar.<ref name="year-7_courier-mail_2015">{{Cite web |last=Chilcott |first=Tanya |date=10 June 2011 |title=Year 7 to move to high school from 2015 in Queensland, says Anna Bligh |url=https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/cameron-dick-to-announce-move-of-year-7-into-high-school/news-story/8b910463c5eaba7e208131faf41c790f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230922092559/https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/cameron-dick-to-announce-move-of-year-7-into-high-school/news-story/8b910463c5eaba7e208131faf41c790f?amp&nk=4f00bf27c4968a3e393d0b32523dd436-1695374767 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=Courier Mail (www.couriermail.com.au) |publisher=}}</ref> 2014 ita ce shekarar karshe da makarantar sakandare ta jihar Benowa ta ba da abinci ne kawai don Shekara 8 zuwa Shekara 12.<ref name="annual-report_2013">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Benowa State High School - Queensland State School Reporting - 2013 School Annual Report |url=https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2013.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901111421/https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2013.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=Benowa State High School (www.benowashs.eq.edu.au) |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] |language=en}}</ref> : 2 Tun daga shekara ta 2015, : 2 matakan shekara a halin yanzu ana bayarwa a wannan makarantar sune Shekara 7 zuwa Shekara 12. <ref name="annual-report_2014">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Benowa State High School – Queensland State School Reporting – 2014 School Annual Report |url=https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2014.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905093652/https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2014.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=Benowa State High School (www.benowashs.eq.edu.au) |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="annual-report_2022">{{Cite web |date=2 June 2023 |title=Benowa State High School - School annual report - Queensland state school reporting - 2022 |url=https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual%20report%202022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905040754/https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual%20report%202022.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=Benowa State High School (www.benowashs.eq.edu.au) |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]]}}</ref> : 2 {{Rp|2}} === Shigar da dalibai === A cikin 2023, an ruwaito cewa makarantar sakandare ta Jihar Benowa tana da iyakar damar shiga dalibai na dalibai 2,456. <ref name="capacity_2023">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Benowa State High School |url=https://education.qld.gov.au/parents-and-carers/enrolment/management-plans/benowa-state-high-school |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326115233/https://education.qld.gov.au/parents-and-carers/enrolment/management-plans/benowa-state-high-school |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=[[Queensland Government]] - [[Department of Education (Queensland)|Department of Education]] (www.education.qld.gov.au) |language=en}}</ref> Halin shiga makaranta (Augusta adadi) ya kasance: {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Halin shiga ɗalibai ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! colspan="6" |Matsayin shekara ! colspan="2" |Jima'i ! rowspan="2" |Jimillar ! rowspan="2" |Ref |- !7 !8 !9 !10 !11 !12 !Yara maza !'Yan mata |- !2010 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |819 | style="text-align:center" |914 | style="text-align:center" |1,733 |<ref name="annual-report_2010">{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Queensland State School Reporting – 2010 – Benowa State High School (2150) |url=https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2010.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905093647/https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2010.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=Benowa State High School (www.benowashs.eq.edu.au) |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|2}} |- !2011 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |895 | style="text-align:center" |952 | style="text-align:center" |1,847 |<ref name="annual-report_2011">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Queensland State School Reporting – 2011 – Benowa State High School (2150) |url=https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905093655/https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2011.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=Benowa State High School (www.benowashs.eq.edu.au) |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|2}} |- !2012 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |945 | style="text-align:center" |997 | style="text-align:center" |1,942 |<ref name="annual-report_2012">{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Benowa State High School (2150) – Queensland State School Reporting – 2012 School Annual Report |url=https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905093636/https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2012.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=Benowa State High School (www.benowashs.eq.edu.au) |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|2}} |- !2013 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |957 | style="text-align:center" |1,001 | style="text-align:center" |1,958 |<ref name="annual-report_2013"/>{{Rp|2}} |- !2014 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |914 | style="text-align:center" |979 | style="text-align:center" |1,893 |<ref name="annual-report_2014"/>{{Rp|2}}<ref name="acara_2014">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Benowa State High School, Benowa, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2014 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228010701/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2014 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2015 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |984 | style="text-align:center" |1,032 | style="text-align:center" |2,016 |<ref name="annual-report_2015">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Benowa State High School – Queensland State School Reporting – 2015 School Annual Report |url=https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2015.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905093649/https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2015.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=Benowa State High School (www.benowashs.eq.edu.au) |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|2}}<ref name="acara_2015">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Benowa State High School, Benowa, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2015 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228013455/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2015 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2016 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |932 | style="text-align:center" |1,000 | style="text-align:center" |1,932 |<ref name="annual-report_2016">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Benowa State High School – Annual Report 2016 – Queensland State School Reporting |url=https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205224747/https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/SupportAndResources/FormsAndDocuments/AnnualReports/annual-report-2016.pdf |archive-date=5 December 2020 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=Benowa State High School (www.benowashs.eq.edu.au) |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|3}}<ref name="acara_2016">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Benowa State High School, Benowa, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228024754/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2016 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2017 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |880 | style="text-align:center" |1,015 | style="text-align:center" |1,895 |<ref name="annual-report_2017">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Benowa State High School – 2017 – Annual Report – Queensland State School Reporting |url=https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2017.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205223523/https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/SupportAndResources/FormsAndDocuments/AnnualReports/annual-report-2017.pdf |archive-date=5 December 2020 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=Benowa State High School (www.benowashs.eq.edu.au) |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|3}}<ref name="acara_2017">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Benowa State High School, Benowa, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228011626/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2017 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2018 | style="text-align:center" |405 | style="text-align:center" |352 | style="text-align:center" |364 | style="text-align:center" |262 | style="text-align:center" |232 | style="text-align:center" |288 | style="text-align:center" |869 | style="text-align:center" |1,024 | style="text-align:center" |1,893 |<ref name="annual-report_2018">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Benowa State High School – Annual Report 2018 - Queensland State School Reporting |url=https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308075849/https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2018.pdf |archive-date=8 March 2020 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=Benowa State High School (www.benowashs.eq.edu.au) |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|3}}<ref name="acara_2018">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Benowa State High School, Benowa, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2018 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228024555/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2018 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2019 | style="text-align:center" |361 | style="text-align:center" |396 | style="text-align:center" |344 | style="text-align:center" |340 | style="text-align:center" |261 | style="text-align:center" |187 | style="text-align:center" |858 | style="text-align:center" |1,031 | style="text-align:center" |1,889 |<ref name="annual-report_2019">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Benowa State High School - School Annual Report - Queensland State School Reporting - 2019 |url=https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2019.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303233601/https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2019.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=Benowa State High School (www.benowashs.eq.edu.au) |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|2}}<ref name="acara_2019">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Benowa State High School, Benowa, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2019 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228010754/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2019 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2020 | style="text-align:center" |379 | style="text-align:center" |359 | style="text-align:center" |393 | style="text-align:center" |315 | style="text-align:center" |315 | style="text-align:center" |217 | style="text-align:center" |905 | style="text-align:center" |1,073 | style="text-align:center" |1,978 |<ref name="annual-report_2020">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Benowa State High School - School Annual Report - Queensland State School Reporting - 2020 |url=https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/bshs-annual-report-2020.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301084045/https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/bshs-annual-report-2020.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=Benowa State High School (www.benowashs.eq.edu.au) |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|2}}<ref name="acara_2020">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Benowa State High School, Benowa, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2020 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228012113/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2020 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2021 | style="text-align:center" |340 | style="text-align:center" |367 | style="text-align:center" |349 | style="text-align:center" |343 | style="text-align:center" |293 | style="text-align:center" |291 | style="text-align:center" |916 | style="text-align:center" |1,067 | style="text-align:center" |1,983 |<ref name="annual-report_2021">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Benowa State High School – School Annual Report Queensland State School Reporting – 2021 |url=https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2021.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322121446/https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2021.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=Benowa State High School (www.benowashs.eq.edu.au) |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|2}}<ref name="acara_2021">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Benowa State High School, Benowa, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2021 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228012306/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2021 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2022 | style="text-align:center" |357 | style="text-align:center" |340 | style="text-align:center" |377 | style="text-align:center" |312 | style="text-align:center" |334 | style="text-align:center" |269 | style="text-align:center" |927 | style="text-align:center" |1,062 | style="text-align:center" |1,989 |<ref name="annual-report_2022"/>{{Rp|2}}<ref name="acara_2022">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Benowa State High School, Benowa, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2022 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228010745/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2022 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2023 | style="text-align:center" |355 | style="text-align:center" |348 | style="text-align:center" |337 | style="text-align:center" |337 | style="text-align:center" |313 | style="text-align:center" |280 | style="text-align:center" |953 | style="text-align:center" |1,017 | style="text-align:center" |1,970 |<ref name="annual-report_2023">{{Cite web |date=7 June 2024 |title=Benowa State High School│School annual report│Queensland state school reporting│2023 |url=https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2023.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325001254/https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2023.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=Benowa State High School (www.benowashs.eq.edu.au) |publisher=[[Department of Education (New South Wales)]] |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|2}}<ref name="acara_2023">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Benowa State High School, Southport, QLD → 2023 |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2023 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107000946/https://myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2023 |archive-date=7 January 2026 |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2024 | style="text-align:center" |394 | style="text-align:center" |357 | style="text-align:center" |360 | style="text-align:center" |318 | style="text-align:center" |343 | style="text-align:center" |266 | style="text-align:center" |1,000 | style="text-align:center" |1,038 | style="text-align:center" |2,038 |<ref name="annual-report_2024">{{Cite web |date=9 June 2025 |title=Benowa State High School│School annual report│Queensland state school reporting│2024 |url=https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2024.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251019234804/https://benowashs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2024.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=Benowa State High School (www.benowashs.eq.edu.au) |publisher=[[Department of Education (New South Wales)]] |language=en }}</ref>{{Rp|2}}<ref name="acara_2024">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Benowa State High School, Southport, QLD → 2024 |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47529/profile/2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ia600200.us.archive.org/21/items/acara-2024_20251020/acara-2024.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en}}</ref> |- !2025 | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | |} == Dubi kuma == * Ilimi a Queensland * Tarihin ilimin jihar a Queensland * Jerin makarantu a Gold Coast, Queensland * Jerin makarantu a Queensland * Jerin makarantu a Ostiraliya == Manazarta == gb7ae2vq3l9x3piub5f25tc0phamvii 0 127811 842235 761036 2026-05-29T07:14:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mansur Hoda''' (1930-2001) an haife shi ne a cikin dangin Musulmi na tsakiya a garin [[Chapra (Chhapra)|Chhapra]] na Indiya, [[Bihar]] . Mansur Hoda a matsayin dalibi, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na bincike ga Kungiyar Fasaha ta Tsakiya. Bayan ya yi aiki a Indian Railways na tsawon shekaru goma, ya shiga gwamnatin Bihar a matsayin Sufeto na Masana'antu. Mansur Hoda ya sami rinjaye sosai daga E. F. Schumacher na Small Is Beautiful. Mansur Hoda ya gamsu da ra'ayin Schumacher na fasahar tsakiya ko fasahar da ta dace - wani abu tsakanin laushi da mai girbi, hoe da tractor - a matsayin mafita mai yiwuwa ga matsalolin rashin aikin yi da ke damun Indiya da sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa. A cikin wata kasida da aka buga a cikin The Observer, E. F. Schumacher ya yi kira sosai ga "fasahar matsakaici" da ke mai da hankali kan buƙatu da ƙwarewar da mutanen ƙasashe masu tasowa ke da su. Ya ki amincewa da manufofin taimakon al'ada waɗanda suka dogara da canja wurin fasahar zamani zuwa ƙasashe matalauta waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar fasaha da kasuwar jama'a a gare su. Wannan labarin ya haifar da sha'awa sosai kuma ya karfafa wasu masu sha'awar kamar George McRobie, Alfred Latham-Koenig da Mansur Hoda tare da E. F Schumacher don ƙirƙirar cibiyar ba da shawara don inganta amfani da fasahar aiki mai yawa. A cikin 1966, an haifi Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Fasaha ta Tsakiya (ITDG) - wanda yanzu ake kira Practical Action - . A shekara ta 1968, tare da ɗan'uwansa Surur Hoda, kuma Schumacher ya taimaka masa, ya kafa [http://idguk.tripod.com/idguk8.html Kungiyar Ci Gaban Indiya ta Burtaniya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260415090649/https://idguk.tripod.com/idguk8.html |date=2026-04-15 }}, wacce ke gudanar da shirye-shiryen ci gaban karkara a Indiya tare da taimakon al'ummar kasuwanci ta Indiya a Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1972, ya bar karatunsa na MSc a Kimiyya ta Nukiliya, Jami'ar Surrey da kuma aiki mai fa'ida don kafawa da gudanar da sashin Fasahar da ta dace a Cibiyar Gandhian da ke Varanasi, Indiya bisa buƙatar Jayaprakash Narayan, jagoran Gandhian a Indiya. A lokacin ziyararsa zuwa India Development Group, Burtaniya, Jayaprakash Narayan ya sadu da Mansur Hoda kuma ya shawo kansa ya koma Indiya kuma ya gudanar da aikin, wanda zai iya taimaka wa miliyoyin Indiyawan matalauta. Schumacher ya yi tafiya tare da shi don gabatar da jerin laccoci. 1976, ƙarfafawa tare da martani, an kafa wani fadada sashin a [[Lucknow]] kuma an kira shi Kungiyar Ci gaban Fasaha ta Daidaitawa, (ATDA) tare da Mansur Hoda a matsayin darakta na farko. Ya yi aiki a kan ingantawa da kirkirar yawan fasahar karkara da kore, gami da gyaran auduga, makamashi mai sabuntawa (mai dafa abinci na rana da iskar gas) da jigilar rickshaw. Ci gaban ingantaccen masana'antun sukari, da ingantaccen masanaʼantar siminti mai nauyin tan 20 a rana, ta amfani da albarkatun kasa na gida da yin siminti mai inganci na Portland ya kawo shahara a duniya. Mansur Hoda ya kasance mai karfi mai ba da shawara game da "Production by masses maimakon Mass Production". A cikin jawabinsa ga Taron Kasa da Kasa kan takardar Gwamnatin Indiya, Approach to the Five Year Plan 1974-79, wanda aka gudanar a Kwalejin Imperial, London, Mansur Hoda ya nuna cewa, "Ci gaba ba kawai yana nufin kara samar da kayayyaki ba- har ma da ci gaban mutane - motsawar iyawarsu ta halitta, yana ba su jin ƙuduri'awar kansu, girmama kansu, dogaro da ƙwazo. Sai dai mutane sun shiga cikin tsarin ci gaba kuma an ba su damar yin wani abu mai daraja, don motsa sababbin ra'ayoyin su, don su iya samun sabbin ra'ayoyayi na kansu ba su damar su ba su damar samun sabbin abubuwan da kansu ba su ba su ba. "Hakika, ci gaba kusan kalma ce mara ma'ana lokacin da yawancin jama'a ba za su iya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban al'umma ba ko amfana daga gare ta". A shekara ta 1983, Mansur Hoda ya taimaka wajen kafa Gidauniyar Gandhi a London. Ya koma Indiya don kafa Cibiyar Schumacher ta Fasaha mai dacewa (SIAT) a Lucknow. Wannan cibiyar ta horar da matasa mazauna ƙauyuka a cikin ƙananan kamfanoni da ƙwarewar ƙauyuka. Ya haɗa da gyaran kayan aikin gona, famfo, da babura. Har ila yau, ya ba da gudummawa ga bangaren kiwon lafiya ta hanyar horo don kiwon lafiya na farko. A karkashin Mansur, SIAT ta kuma zama majagaba a cikin ilimi da ci gaban ƙwarewar kasuwanci na mata da 'yan mata musamman don sanya su masu zaman kansu. Wannan aikin yana ci gaba da samun tallafi daga taimakon Burtaniya da Tarayyar Turai. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] == Littattafai == Matsalolin Rashin Rashin Ruwa a Indiya India Development Group == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2001]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] 7bbdysjjs9cgedb305mogsy6sgt0z1j 0 128151 842230 815964 2026-05-29T07:04:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cquote|''...wang tani bakti di wado, wado bakti di mantri, mantri bakti di nu nangganan, nu nangganan bakti di '''mangkubumi''', '''mangkubumi''' bakti di ratu, ratu bakti di déwata, déwata bakti di hyang...'' Translation: ...the farmers is devoted (submissive) to Wado, Wado is devoted to Mantri, Mantri is devoted to Nu Nangganan. Nu Nangganan is devoted to ''Mangkubumi'', ''Mangkubumi'' is devoted to the King, the King is devoted to the ''[[devata]]s'', the ''devatas'' are devoted to ''[[Hyang]]''...|4=''[[Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian]]'' (1518)|5=II: 17--9}}{{Databox}} '''''Mangkubhumi''''' ([[Java]]_language" id="mwCg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Javanese language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Javanese; Sundanese; Jawi) kalma ce ta [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] wacce aka yi amfani da ita a tarihi a masarautun Java, [[Sumatra]] da [[Borneo]] a lokacin wayewar Hindu-Buddha a Nusantara . A wani wuri, ana kiran Mangkubhumi da '''{{Lang|nl|Rijksbestuurder}}''', '''''Bendahara''''', '''''Pepatih Dalem''''', '''''Perdipati''''', Pab rago Butta, '''''Tuan Bicara''''', Raja rago, da Tomarilaleng. Da farko, an ba da matsayin ''Mangkubhumi'' ga mutanen da ba su da daraja. Koyaya, a tsawon lokaci matsayin ''Mangkubumi'' ya kasance a hannun Sarki da Yarima Dipati Anom (ɗan'uwan Sarki ko ɗan sarki mai mulki), tare da taken "Prince of Mangkubhumi" kuma ya zama matsayi mafi girma a ƙarƙashin sarki. == Magana == Kalmar mangkubhumi kalma ce da aka samo a cikin yarukan Indonesiya, misali a cikin rubutun Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian wanda ke cikin Tsohon Sundanese, akwai wannan sashi na jumla: [1] A cikin manufar gwamnatin jihar a cikin Masarautar Sunda, ban da matakin [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]], <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Munandar |first=A.A. |year=1994 |title=Penataan Wilayah pada Masa Kerajaan Sunda |url=https://berkalaarkeologi.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/berkalaarkeologi/article/view/706 |journal=Berkala Arkeologi |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=95–105 |doi=10.30883/jba.v14i2.706 |doi-access=free |access-date=2026-01-02 |archive-date=2023-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017183005/https://berkalaarkeologi.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/berkalaarkeologi/article/view/706 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Mangkubumi'' na iya nufin mai kula da tashar jiragen ruwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arifia |first=S. |last2=Van Zichem |first2=R. |last3=Arsyad |first3=A. |last4=Zuchron |first4=D. |year=2023 |title=16th Century Sundanese Royal Trade |url=https://ijssr.ridwaninstitute.co.id/index.php/ijssr/article/view/522 |journal=International Journal of Social Service and Research |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=2173–2182 |doi=10.46799/ijssr.v3i9.522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A aiwatar da ayyukansa, ''Mangkubumi'' ya taimaka wa ayyukan Prebu ko Sarkin Masarautar Sunda, ''Nu nanggan'' ya taimaka wa ''''Mangkubumi'''', ''Mantri'' ya taimaka wa ''Nu nanggan'' kuma ''Wado'' ya taimaka wa ''Mantri'' wadanda ke hulɗa kai tsaye da mutane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lubis |first=N.H. |last2=Muhsin Z. |first2=M. |last3=Sofianto |first3=K. |last4=Mahzuni |first4=D. |last5=Widyonugrohanto |first5=W. |last6=Mulyadi |first6=R.M. |last7=Darsa |first7=U.A. |year=2016 |title=Rekonstruksi Kerajaan Galuh Abad Viii-Xv |url=https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/paramita/article/view/5142 |journal=Paramita: Historical Studies Journal |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=9–22 |doi=10.15294/paramita.v26i1.5142 |issn=0854-0039 |doi-access=free |access-date=2026-01-02 |archive-date=2020-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126132527/http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/paramita/article/view/5142 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakanan ana samun Mangkubhumi a cikin Javanese, kuma ana kiransa ''''Mahapatih'' Hamengkubumi'' sau da yawa ana taƙaita shi zuwa Mahapatihi ko kawai Mangkubumi . A cikin Banjarese, ana kiran Mangkubhumi a matsayin ''[[:bjn:Maharaja Mangkubumi|Maharaja Mangkubumi]]'' . == Dubi kuma == * ''Wazir'' - Irin wannan matsayi daidai da ''Mangkubhumi'' . * Hamengkubuwana I, wanda ke da wani suna "Mangkubumi". * Gajah Mada, sanannen ''Mahapatih Hamengkubumi'' na Majapahit. == Manazarta == 2638cfx6bqbw6ooshxipqi0c77mj16k 0 128850 842396 795150 2026-05-29T11:13:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mark Sebastian Wainwright''' masanin injiniya ne na Australiya kuma farfesa mai daraja na Jami'ar New South Wales, kuma shugaban ma'aikata a cikin bangarorin ilimi da fasaha na Australiya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa na bakwai kuma shugaban UNSW daga 2004 zuwa 2006. A shekara ta 2004 an nada shi memba na Order of Australia don sabis ga Injiniyan sunadarai a matsayin mai bincike da ilimi, da kuma ilimi na sakandare. A shekara ta 2007 an ba shi lambar yabo ta digiri na kimiyya daga Jami'ar New South Wales . An haife shi a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 1943.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2007-03-27 |title=Hon Doc for former V-C |url=https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/hon-doc-former-v-c |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=UNSW Newsroom}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vice-Chancellors Exhibition {{!}} Records & Archives - UNSW Sydney |url=https://www.recordkeeping.unsw.edu.au/university-archives/online-exhibitions/vice-chancellors-exhibition |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=www.recordkeeping.unsw.edu.au}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Emeritus Professor Mark Wainwright from Intersect {{!}} SSE |url=https://sse.edu.au/who-we-are/sse-team/emeritus-professor-mark-wainwright |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=Sydney School of Entrepreneurship |language=en-au |archive-date=2021-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928082908/https://sse.edu.au/who-we-are/sse-team/emeritus-professor-mark-wainwright |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Directors and Officers |url=http://www.fasic.org.au/index.php/homepage/header-1-default |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=www.fasic.org.au |archive-date=2021-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009070713/http://www.fasic.org.au/index.php/homepage/header-1-default |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ilimi == Wainwright ya sami digiri na BAppSc a cikin Kimiyyar Kimiyyar da Kimiyyar Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Adelaide / [[Jami'ar Kudancin Australia|Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kudancin Australia]] a cikin 1966 da 1967, bi da bi. Digirin digirinsa na digiri ya hada da MAppSc a cikin Injiniyan Chemical daga Jami'ar Adelaide a shekarar 1969, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2007-03-27 |title=Hon Doc for former V-C |url=https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/hon-doc-former-v-c |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=UNSW Newsroom}}</ref> PhD a cikin Injin Chemical daga Jami'ar McMaster (Hamilton, Ontario, Kanada) a shekarar 1974, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vice-Chancellors Exhibition {{!}} Records & Archives - UNSW Sydney |url=https://www.recordkeeping.unsw.edu.au/university-archives/online-exhibitions/vice-chancellors-exhibition |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=www.recordkeeping.unsw.edu.au}}</ref> da kuma DSc ta hanyar bincike daga Jami'an Kudancin Australia a shekara ta 2003.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=UniSA - First Doctor of Science |url=https://unisa.edu.au/siteassets/unisanews/archive-pdfs/2003/unisanewsmay2003.pdf |website=unisa.edu.au |access-date=2026-01-03 |archive-date=2025-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205160434/https://www.unisa.edu.au/siteassets/unisanews/archive-pdfs/2003/unisanewsmay2003.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Wainwright ya fara aikin koyarwa a matsayin mai nuna malami yayin da yake [[Graduate student|dalibi mai digiri]] na ɗan lokaci a [[Jami'ar Kudancin Australia|SAIT]] (1967-1969), <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2007-03-27 |title=Hon Doc for former V-C |url=https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/hon-doc-former-v-c |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=UNSW Newsroom}}</ref> da [[McMaster University|Jami'ar McMaster]]. Da zarar ya zama likita a shekara ta 1974, ya zama memba na ma'aikata a [[University of New South Wales|Jami'ar New South Wales]], inda ya kasance har sai da ya yi ritaya daga ma'aikatar a shekara ta 2006. Ayyukansa a [[University of New South Wales|UNSW]] sun haɗa da matsayi na gaba a matsayin malami a cikin [[Industrial Chemistry|ilmin sunadarai na masana'antu]] a Makarantar Fasahar Chemical (1977-1980), mataimakin farfesa (1981-1988), farfesa / shugaban ma'aikatar injiniyan sunadarai (1989-1991), shugaban ma'aikatan injiniya (1991-2000), mataimaki-chancellor (1998-2000), mataimakiyar shugaban, mataimakin shugaban kasa, da shugaban kasa (2004-2006). Yankunan bincikensa sun haɗa da karatu kan aikace-aikacen [[catalysis]], aikin injiniya, [[Sarrafa Ma,adanai|sarrafa ma'adinai]], hanyoyin adsorption a cikin rage gurɓataccen iska da gas da ruwa.<ref name=":0"/> Sau da yawa ana ambaton takardun bincikensa ta hanyar littattafan bincike game da halayen halayen kwayoyin halitta, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2007-03-27 |title=Hon Doc for former V-C |url=https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/hon-doc-former-v-c |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=UNSW Newsroom}}</ref> masu tsayayya, da kuma halayen haɗe-haɗe. A matsayinsa na jagora na ma'aikata, ya jagoranci Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Infrastructure na Kasa daga 2007 zuwa 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2007-03-27 |title=Hon Doc for former V-C |url=https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/hon-doc-former-v-c |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=UNSW Newsroom}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nqwdyshbud2r2kzjswam8pylvngxo9n 0 130034 842035 786417 2026-05-28T23:55:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mabel Annie St Clair Stobart''' ( née '''Boulton''' ; 3 ga Fabrairu 1862 - 7 ga Disamba 1954) 'yar ƙasar Ingila ce mai rajin kare haƙƙin jama'a kuma ma'aikaciyar agaji . Ta ƙirƙiri kuma ta jagoranci sassan lafiya na mata don yin aiki a Yaƙin Balkan da [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] . Ta zama mace ta farko da ta kai matsayin Manjo a kowace rundunar sojojin ƙasa. Ita ce kuma marubuciyar littattafai da labarai da dama. == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a cikin iyali mai arziki, a shekara ta 1862 a Ingila, iyayenta sune Sir Samuel Bagster Boulton da Sophia Louisa (ɗan Cooper). Ita ce 'ya ta uku a cikin iyali mai 'ya'ya mata biyar da 'ya'ya maza biyu. Ta kasance mai sha'awar wasan golf da wasan tennis kuma ta rubuta littafi kan wasan golf, da kuma wasu labarai kan kamun kifi. Ta yi tawaye ga abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin da ta girma, a wani lokaci ta ƙi a gabatar da ita a Kotun Sarauta . <ref>name="Dorset museum">{{Cite web |last=Dorset County Museum |date=2014 |title=A Dorset Woman at War: Mabel Annie St Clair Stobart and the Retreat from Serbia 1915 |url=https://issuu.com/dorsetcountymuseum/docs/dwaw_003/2 |access-date=2018-04-06 |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620103337/https://issuu.com/dorsetcountymuseum/docs/dwaw_003/2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta auri St Clair Kelburn Mulholland Stobart (1861–1908), wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Ireland wanda aka haifa a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1884. Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu: An haifi St Clair Eric a shekarar 1885 kuma an haifi Lionel a shekarar 1887; St Clair Eric ya yi ta canza sunayensa biyu na farko a rayuwarsa, wataƙila don guje wa rudani da kuma sauƙi. Kuɗin mijinta ya fara raguwa a shekarar 1902, kuma iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa Transvaal, a shekarar 1903, don kafa gona, bayan Yaƙin Boer . Ta kuma kafa shagon ciniki, amma nan da nan iyalin suka yanke shawarar komawa Ingila. Ta koma Birtaniya a shekarar 1907, inda ta zauna a [[Yankin da ake yi|Studland Bay]], a Dorset, yayin da mijinta ya ci gaba da zama a Transvaal don sasanta harkokin kasuwanci. <ref>name="dorsetlife">{{Cite web |last=London |first=Pete |date=January 2015 |title=Dorset’s wartime heroine – Mabel St Clair Stobart {{!}} Dorset Life - The Dorset Magazine |url=https://www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2015/01/dorsets-wartime-heroine-mabel-st-clair-stobart/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404215917/http://www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2015/01/dorsets-wartime-heroine-mabel-st-clair-stobart/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A sakamakon haka, St Clair ba zai dawo ba, domin ya mutu a teku a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1908 a tafiyarsa ta dawowa Birtaniya. <ref name="dorsetlife" /> Bayan 'yan shekaru, a ranar 3 ga Maris 1911, Mabel Stobart ta sake yin aure: ga John Herbert Greenhalgh, wani lauya mai ritaya. Ba a saba gani ba, a wannan lokacin, an san miji da mata suna amfani da sunan mahaɗin Stobart-Greenhalgh. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-25 |title=Past, Present & Beyond – the Lady on the black horse: Pt. 1 |url=https://www.ashcroftcachecreekjournal.com/community/past-present-beyond-the-lady-on-the-black-horse-pt-1/}}</ref> <ref>name="Dorset museum">{{Cite web |last=Dorset County Museum |date=2014 |title=A Dorset Woman at War: Mabel Annie St Clair Stobart and the Retreat from Serbia 1915 |url=https://issuu.com/dorsetcountymuseum/docs/dwaw_003/2 |access-date=2018-04-06 |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620103337/https://issuu.com/dorsetcountymuseum/docs/dwaw_003/2 |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDorset_County_Museum2014">Dorset County Museum (2014). [https://issuu.com/dorsetcountymuseum/docs/dwaw_003/2 "A Dorset Woman at War: Mabel Annie St Clair Stobart and the Retreat from Serbia 1915"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620103337/https://issuu.com/dorsetcountymuseum/docs/dwaw_003/2 |date=2023-06-20 }}<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> {{Rp|3}} Da ta dawo Ingila, Stobart ta jefa kanta cikin sha'awar zaɓen 'yan takara, tana halartar taruka da tarurruka da dama. <ref>name="Dorset museum">{{Cite web |last=Dorset County Museum |date=2014 |title=A Dorset Woman at War: Mabel Annie St Clair Stobart and the Retreat from Serbia 1915 |url=https://issuu.com/dorsetcountymuseum/docs/dwaw_003/2 |access-date=2018-04-06 |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620103337/https://issuu.com/dorsetcountymuseum/docs/dwaw_003/2 |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDorset_County_Museum2014">Dorset County Museum (2014). [https://issuu.com/dorsetcountymuseum/docs/dwaw_003/2 "A Dorset Woman at War: Mabel Annie St Clair Stobart and the Retreat from Serbia 1915"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620103337/https://issuu.com/dorsetcountymuseum/docs/dwaw_003/2 |date=2023-06-20 }}<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> {{Rp|3}}A shekarar 1913, ta tsaya takarar kujerar Westminster a zaben Majalisar Gundumar London, inda ta zo ta uku da kuri'u 1,199. Ta tsaya takara a wani dandali na samar da gidaje ga ma'aikata tare da ƙara yawan ayyukan kiwon lafiya na gaggawa. == Rundunar Mata Masu Rashin Lafiya da Rauni == [[Fayil:Women's_Sick_and_Wounded_Convoy_Corps_Q69131.jpg|thumb|Rukunin Rundunar Mata Masu Marasa Lafiya da Raunuka a Sansanin Radlett a shekarar 1912. St Clair Stobart tana ta shida daga hagu, layin tsakiya.]] Stobart ta ji da gaske cewa babban yaƙi zai zo kuma mata za su iya ba da gudummawa ga wannan ƙoƙarin yaƙi ta hanyar ba da kulawar lafiya tare da sauran ayyukan tallafi. A lokacin rayuwarta, Stobart ba ta taɓa samun wani horo na likitanci a hukumance ba. Da farko ta shiga sabuwar ƙungiyar agajin gaggawa ta gaggawa (FANY) amma ta tafi bayan ɗan lokaci. Tana da matsala da kuɗaɗen ƙungiyar da kuma ra'ayin da ake da shi cewa ba ta yin abin da ya dace don inganta mata a cikin sojoji. {{Rp|43}}Ba da daɗewa ba ta kafa ƙungiyar mata masu fama da rashin lafiya da raunuka (WSWCC) a shekarar 1910. [[Fayil:Mrs._St._Clair_Stobart_LCCN2014687828.jpg|left|thumb|WSWCC ta fara horo a shekarar 1910]] Yaƙin Balkan ya ɓarke ne a watan Oktoban 1912 tsakanin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] da tsoffin yankunan Bulgaria, Girka, Montenegro, da Serbia . Ƙungiyar Red Cross ta Burtaniya (BRCS) ta aika da wata tawaga zuwa rikicin, amma a bayyane take ba ta aika da wata mata ba, domin al'umma ta yi tunanin cewa yanayin ba zai dace da mata ba. Stobart ta ƙi amincewa kuma ta nemi hanyar da za a aika da rundunarta. Ta nemi taimakon Noel Buxton, ɗan majalisa kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Agajin Yaƙin Balkan. Stobart ta tuntuɓi Buxton a wani kulob kuma ya ba ta shawarar ta yi tafiya tare da shi cikin 'yan kwanaki don ta gabatar da lamarinta kai tsaye ga gwamnatin Bulgaria. Stobart ta shirya rundunarta cikin sauri cikin kwana biyu. Za su zauna a Ingila su jira labari daga gare ta idan sun sami izini. Bayan sun yi tafiya a kan jirgin Orient Express, Stobart, mijinta, Noel Buxton da ɗan'uwansa, Charles Buxton, ɗan majalisa, duk sun isa [[Sofiya|Sofia, Bulgaria]] . Stobart ta sami amsa mai kyau daga shugaban Red Cross na Bulgaria, amma har yanzu ana buƙatar izinin shugaban sashin likitancin soja. Maimakon jiransa, Stobart ta tafi gaba don ganinsa. Bayan ta yi jawabi mai cike da sha'awa game da matan Birtaniya, an ba Stobart izinin rundunarta ta zo ta kasance "...kusa da gaba gwargwadon iko". {{Rp|33}} Stobart ya aika da labarin ga sashin a Ingila, kuma likitoci mata uku, ma'aikatan jinya shida da suka sami horo sosai, da kuma mataimaka huɗu da aka horar, tare da masu dafa abinci uku, sun yi tafiya zuwa [[Sofiya|Sofia, Bulgaria]] . <ref name="NZ nurses" /> Bayan isowa, an tura su zuwa layin gaba kusa da Kırklareli . Bayan kwanaki bakwai na tafiya a kan shanu a kan tsaunuka, sun isa suka fara aiki. <ref> name="NZ nurses">{{Cite journal |date=1914-04-01 |title=The Women's Sick and Wounded Convoy Corps at the Balkan War |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/KT19140401.2.24 |journal=Kai Tiaki: The Journal of the Nurses of New Zealand |volume=VII |issue=2 |pages=29}}</ref> Sashen ya yi makonni biyar a ƙasar, yana kula da waɗanda suka ji rauni da marasa lafiya har sai da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta. <ref>name="Dorset museum">{{Cite web |last=Dorset County Museum |date=2014 |title=A Dorset Woman at War: Mabel Annie St Clair Stobart and the Retreat from Serbia 1915 |url=https://issuu.com/dorsetcountymuseum/docs/dwaw_003/2 |access-date=2018-04-06 |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620103337/https://issuu.com/dorsetcountymuseum/docs/dwaw_003/2 |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDorset_County_Museum2014">Dorset County Museum (2014). [https://issuu.com/dorsetcountymuseum/docs/dwaw_003/2 "A Dorset Woman at War: Mabel Annie St Clair Stobart and the Retreat from Serbia 1915"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620103337/https://issuu.com/dorsetcountymuseum/docs/dwaw_003/2 |date=2023-06-20 }}<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> {{Rp|5}} Lokacin da ta dawo Ingila, ta buga wani littafi game da WSWCC da mata a yaƙi. Littafin, ''Yaƙi da mata, daga gogewa a Balkans da sauran wurare'', an sadaukar da shi ga Tsaritsa (Sarauniya) ta Bulgaria, Eleonore Reuss ta Köstritz . Tsaritsa ma'aikaciyar jinya ce a lokacin yaƙin kuma ta ba da gudummawar kayan gado da kayayyaki ga sashin WSWCC. Stobart ta yi wata uku tana ziyara a Kanada. A lokacin da take hutu, membobin WSWCC sun yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a haɗa rukunin tare da Ƙungiyar Red Cross ta Burtaniya. Stobart ta yi zanga-zanga sosai kuma ta bar ƙungiyar da ta kafa. == Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya == === A Belgium === Birtaniya ta ayyana yaƙi a kan Jamus a ranar 4 ga Agusta 1914. Stobart ta yi tafiya zuwa Brussels a ranar 18 ga Agusta 1914, ta isa da yammacin ranar 19 ga wata, ta kuma aika da wayar tarho da ke umurtar rundunar da ta fito nan take. Nan take suka fara gyara gine-ginen jami'a da rundunarta ta ware don amfani da su a matsayin asibiti a ranar 20 ga wata. Da ƙarfe 2 na rana, ta bi taron jama'a zuwa Boulevard des Jardins Botaniquese, kuma ta shaida Sojojin Jamus suna shiga da kuma kwace babban birnin Belgium, suna ɗaukar hotuna cikin wauta. Da ta fahimci halin da ake ciki, Stobart ta yi ƙoƙarin nemo hanyar sadarwa da rundunarta. Bayan ƙoƙari mai ɗorewa, Stobart ta sami damar samun fasfo daga Janar ɗin Jamus, zuwa Venlo a Holland, ta tafi da ƙarfe 6 na yamma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, ta karanta Louvain (Leuven) da ƙarfe 8 na dare, sannan ta yi tafiya washegari da ƙarfe 5 na safe (an lalata Louvain washegari) zuwa Hasselt da ƙarfe 8 na safe. Bayan sun ci abincin safe, babu wanda zai iya sake tashi, kuma bayan an sake duba fasfo ɗinsu, an kama su a matsayin 'yan leƙen asiri, an kewaye su da sojoji waɗanda aka umarce su da su yi amfani da bindigogi, su gyara bayonets, su kuma harbi idan sun motsa ko sun yi magana da juna. Bayan awa ɗaya, an yi musu tattaki zuwa wani otal, an bincika kayansu kuma an yi musu bincike, kafin a kai su tashar jirgin ƙasa da ƙarfe 5 na yamma tare da 'yan sanda goma sha takwas na Garde Civique da masu laifi shida, aka ɗora su a kan wata motar kwal mai datti, wadda ta yi tafiya har zuwa ƙarfe 7 na yamma, ta isa Tongres . A can, wani jami'in kwamanda mai adawa da Ingilishi wanda Stobart ya kira 'babban shaidan' ya bayyana cewa taswira da kyamara sun isa a hukunta su a matsayin 'yan leƙen asiri, waɗanda ƙaddara za a harbe su cikin awanni ashirin da huɗu. Yayin da yake ƙoƙarin bayyana lamarinsu, Stobart ya yi mamakin maganar, "Kai Ba'amurke ne, kuma ko kai mai gaskiya ne ko ba daidai ba ne, wannan yaƙi ne na halaka." Sun kwana, bayan sun yi jayayya cewa kada a raba su domin ba a yarda mata su kwana da maza ba (ɓangaren da ya ƙunshi mijinta, limamin coci da kuma wani direban Belgium mai talauci wanda aka kama a cikin lamarin). Wani jami'in tsaro mai tausayi, wanda ke da aure da wata 'yar Ingila, ya shiga ɗakin, ya yi alƙawarin yin duk abin da zai iya don taimakawa, a madadin ya sanar da matarsa cewa komai yana lafiya. 'Shaidan babban jami'in' ya katse shi kuma ya cire shi da ƙarfi. Washegari da safe, Shaidan babban jami'in, wanda ya fusata da shiga tsakani a cikin shirinsa na kisan kai na wayewar gari, ya yi shiri cikin fushi don a mayar da fursunonin huɗu zuwa [[Köln|Cologne]] don a yi musu shari'a bisa laifin cin amanar ƙasa. A lokacin tafiyar, labarin canja wurinsu ya ci gaba da tafiya, kuma a Liège aka cire su daga jirgin, kuma jami'an da suka yi hakan sun yi niyyar gwada 'yan leƙen asirin Ingila da kansu. Yayin da jirgin zai tafi, Stobart ya sami damar tilasta wa ɗaya daga cikin masu tsaronsa ya nuna wa jami'in umarnin a mayar da su Cologne. Bayan an samar da takardun, jami'in ya ƙi amincewa, kuma ya bar su su sake hawa jirgin, amma mafi mahimmanci, ba tare da takardunsu ba waɗanda suka kasance shaidar labarinsu. Tafiyar tasu ta ƙare a Aachen (Aix-la-Chappelle) da ƙarfe 8 na dare, kuma aka yi musu tattaki zuwa gidan yarin bariki aka gabatar da su ga alkali daban. Shaidar da ta rage kawai ita ce wani rahoto da aka fitar daga jaridar ''Morning Post'' wanda ya ce "Mrs St. Clair Stobart ta tafi Brussels a wannan ranar bisa gayyatar kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Belgium, don kafa asibiti ga sojojin Faransa da Belgium." Kafin a sake kai ta gidan yarin don dare. Da yamma, aka kawo ta gaban alkali a gidan yarin, wanda ya ba ta izinin shiga otal, idan ta yi alƙawarin kada ta yi ƙoƙarin tserewa, yayin da yake bincika maganganunta. Stobart ya amsa cewa za ta yi, sai dai idan an yi wa abokan tafiyarta irin wannan ladabin, wanda aka gaya mata cewa sun riga sun yi haka, kuma aka kai ta otal cikin ladabi, kuma aka naɗa wani jami'i don ya kula da afuwarsu. Bayan wasu saƙonnin waya masu rikitarwa, an yanke hukunci kan rashin laifinsu, kuma bayan ya nemi inda suke so, alkali ya bar su su koma Landan, ta hanyar Flushing . Bayan dawowarta Landan, Stobart ta kai rundunarta zuwa wurin da aka kewaye Antwerp, bisa ga buƙatar da Lord da Lady Esher suka karɓa. Bayan nasarorin da aka samu a Antwerp, Stobart ta kafa asibiti a Château Tourlaville kusa da Cherbourg, wanda aka gudanar a tsakanin 1914-1915, amma, bayan ta gaji da aikin da take yi daga gaba, ta bar asibitin da ta kafa ta nemi sabon ƙalubale. ==== Asibitin Farko na Farko na Serbia-Ingilishi ==== Sakamakon yaƙin da tasirinsa, annobar typhus ta barke a Serbia, inda ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar kimanin mutane 150,000, ciki har da kusan rabin likitoci a ƙasar. {{Rp|7}}Stobart, tare da wasu sassan lafiya da dama daga kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, sun je yankin da abin ya shafa. [[Fayil:STOBART_HOSPITAL_SERBIAN_RELIEF_FUND_UNIT_No._3..jpg|thumb|Banda wasu maza kaɗan, dukkan sashin Asusun Agaji na Serbia mai lamba 3 mata ne]] Ayyukan Stobart sun ja hankalin Rundunar Sojojin Sarauta ta Serbia . Sashen lafiya, a ƙarshen Satumba 1915, ya nemi Stobart ya jagoranci wani asibiti a filin daga. Tare da wasu likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, sojoji sittin za su kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancinta. Domin dacewa da wannan matsayi, an ba ta mukamin Manjo, wanda ya sa ta zama mace ta farko da aka sani da matsayi na Manjo a duniya. {{Rp|138}} An kira sashen da Asibitin Farko na Serbian-English Field (gaba). <ref name="Smith" /> {{Rp|138}} Yaƙin bai yi wa Serbia kyau ba a lokacin kaka na 1915. Bulgaria ta shiga yaƙin da ta yi da Serbia. Bayan yaƙi mai zafi, sojoji tare da fararen hula sun yi ja da baya ta hanyar Albania mai tsaka-tsaki . Ja da baya ya kasance cike da rudani tare da mummunan yanayi na sanyi, hanyoyi masu laka, hare-haren maƙiya akai-akai, da rashin abinci da sauran kayayyaki. Kiyasin ya nuna cewa asarar ta kai ga sojoji sama da 250,000 da suka mutu ko suka ɓace. Babu wani kiyasi kan adadin fararen hula da suka mutu. {{Rp|137–138}} Stobart ta isa gaba da rundunarta tun kafin fara ja da baya. Rundunarta tana ɗaya daga cikin rundunonin ƙarshe da suka fara ketare tsaunuka masu haɗari amma ta sami damar tsayawa tare ba tare da wata asara ba. {{Rp|138–139}} A shekarar 1916, Stobart ta rubuta littafin ''The Flaming Sword in Serbia and Across'', wani labari game da wahalar da ta sha a Serbia wanda aka nuna shi da hotunanta kuma ta yi rangadin lacca na Burtaniya, tana ba da gudummawar kuɗin ga Red Cross na Serbia . === Daga baya tafiye-tafiye === Bayan da Amurka ta shiga yaƙi a watan Afrilun 1917, Stobart ya yi tafiya zuwa Arewacin Amurka - Amurka da Kanada - don rangadin lacca da aka shirya ta hannun Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai ta Burtaniya, sannan kuma rangadin lacca a Ireland a ƙarshen 1918. == Ruhaniya da rayuwa ta gaba == A shekarar 1918, an bai wa Stobart ikon kula da jikokinta biyu waɗanda iyayensu suka mutu a annobar mura, kuma a shekarar 1928 babban ɗanta da mijinta suka mutu. Sakamakon waɗannan asara da abubuwan da ta fuskanta a lokacin yaƙi, Stobart ta zama babbar jigo a cikin Ruhaniya, ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na masu ruhaniya kuma ta rubuta littattafai da ƙasidu da dama kan batun, ciki har da Ancient Lights (1923) da Torchbearers of Spiritualism (1925). Stobart ya zama shugaban Kwalejin Kimiyyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Burtaniya kuma a shekarar 1924, Stobart ya kafa kuma ya zama Shugaban Al'ummar Masu Ruhaniya kuma abokin aikinsa Arthur Conan Doyle ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa har zuwa mutuwarsa a watan Yulin 1930. Stobart ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ƙungiyar Al'ummar Masu Ruhaniya daga 1924 zuwa 1941 kuma ya shiga majalisar Majalisar Imani ta Duniya. <ref name="quairbooks" /> A shekarar 1935, Stobart ta buga tarihin rayuwarta, ''Miracles and Adventures: An Autobiography'' . Stobart ta shafe mafi yawan rayuwarta a gidanta da ke [[Yankin da ake yi|Studland]], Dorset. Stobart ta mutu a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1954 tana da shekaru 92. <ref name="London">{{Cite web |last=Lucy |first=London |date=2016-06-25 |title=Inspirational Women Of World War One: Mabel St. Clair Stobart (1862–1954) – founder of the Women's Sick and Wounded Convoy Corps |url=http://inspirationalwomenofww1.blogspot.com/2016/06/mabel-st-clair-stobart-1862-1954.html |access-date=2018-04-07 |website=Inspirational Women Of World War One}}</ref> == Ayyukan rubutu == * ''Yaƙi da mata, Daga Gwaninta a Balkans da Sauran wurare'' 1913. London, G. Bell & Sons, Ltd. * ''Takobin Wuta a Serbia da Sauran wurare'' 1916. London; New York: Hodder da Stoughton. * ''Hasken Tsoho (ko, Littafi Mai Tsarki, Coci da kimiyyar tunani)'' . 1923. Landan: Kegan Paul. * ''Masu ɗaukar fitilun ruhaniya'' . 1925. * ''Ko dai ko na ruhaniya'' . 1928. London: Rider & Co. * ''Littafin Apocrypha wanda wani mai ilimin ruhaniya ya yi bita a kai'' . 1930. London: Kegan Paul. * ''Labarun Littafi Mai Tsarki Masu Tausayi ga matasa da tsofaffi'' . 1933?. London: Wright & Brown. * ''Mu'ujizai da Kasada. Tarihin Rayuwa'' . 1935. London: Rider & Co. == Duba kuma == * Mutane a kan takardun kuɗi na Scotland * Elsie Inglis Memorial Maternity Hospital * Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service * Eveline Haverfield – Ma'aikacin agaji na Burtaniya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya (1867–1920) * Elizabeth Ness MacBean Ross – Likitan Scotland (1878 - 1915) * Leila Paget – Shafukan agaji na Burtaniya * Elsie Inglis – Likitan Scotland (1864–1917) * Josephine Bedford – Mai ba da agaji na Australiya kuma direban motar asibiti ta WWI (1861-1955) * Katherine Harley – Ɗan Birtaniya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya * Isabel Emslie Hutton – Likitan Scotland (1887–1960) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bjkoiy1pr3ktpfb7k09ukt9s3io0izc 0 131798 842114 770637 2026-05-29T06:03:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Malaysia Madani (Turanci: Civilized Malaysia) [1] wata Taken siyasa ce da gwamnatin Firayim Minista ta 10, Anwar Ibrahim ta gabatar don komawa ga tsarin manufofin gwamnatinsa. [2] Manufar tana mai da hankali kan kyakkyawan shugabanci, Ci gaba mai ɗorewa da jituwa ta launin fata.[3] Malaysia Madani ta maye gurbin Keluarga Malaysia, na gwamnatin Firayim Minista ta 9, [[Ismail Sabri Yakob|Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] .   An fara buga ra'ayin Malaysia Madani a cikin littafi kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2022 a cikin Dorsett Grand Hotel a Subang, wata daya kafin Babban zaben Malaysia na 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MyGOV - Belanjawan 2023 |url=https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/category/365 |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=[[Government of Malaysia]] |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603025109/https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/category/365 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan nadin Anwar a matsayin Firayim Minista, an gabatar da manufar Malaysia Madani a matsayin manufofin kasa a ranar 19 ga Janairun 2023 a Putrajaya. '''N'''">D="mwNQ">M shine ''''''A'''''' don mahimman dabi'u: keMampa'''Na''' (tsayawa), kesejAhteraan (albarka), Daya cipta (sabon), hormAt (girmamawa), keyakiNan (dogaro) da Ihsan (tausayin). <ref>{{Cite web |title=MyGOV - Belanjawan 2023 |url=https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/category/365 |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=[[Government of Malaysia]] |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603025109/https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/category/365 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manufar tafi mayar da hankali ga yankuna masu zuwa: <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=BERNAMA |date=2023-03-25 |title=WHAT IS MALAYSIA MADANI? |url=https://www.bernama.com/en/infographics/index.php?v=10698 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=BERNAMA |language=en}}</ref> * Kalmomin daga gwamnatocin da suka gabata Wawasan 2020 (Mahathir Mohamad na farko) Islam Hadhari (Abdullah Ahmad Badawi) 1Malaysia (Najib Razak) Malaysia Baharu (Mahatir Mohamad na biyu) Malaysia Prihatin (Muhyiddin Yassin) Keluarga Malaysia (Ismail Sabri Yaakob) ** Wawasan 2020 ([[Mahathir Mohamad]] na farko) ** Musulunci Hadhari ([[Abdullahi Ahmad Badawi|Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]) ** 1Malaysia (Najib Razak) ** [[Malaysia Baharu]] ([[Mahathir Mohamad]] na biyu) ** [[Malaysia Prihatin]] (Muhyiddin Yassin) ** Keluarga Malaysia ([[Ismail Sabri Yakob|Ismail Sabri Yaakob]]) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aqje3mtmto1a7aa47no66xecru1zpg1 0 131867 841688 770796 2026-05-28T15:34:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841688 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laura Chinchilla Miranda''' (Spanish; an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1959 ) masanin kimiyyar siyasa ce kuma 'yar siyasa ta Costa Rica wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Costa Rica daga shekara ta 2010 zuwa 2014. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin Mataimakin shugaban mata biyu na Óscar Arias Sánchez da Ministan Shari'a na gwamnatinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of Foreign Governments |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/costa-rica.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324192550/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/costa-rica.html |archive-date=24 March 2010 |access-date=22 February 2010 |publisher=The Central Intelligence Agency of America}}</ref> Ta kasance dan takarar PLN mai mulki a zaben 2010 na babban zaben, inda ta lashe da kashi 46.76% na kuri'un a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2010 |title=2010 Presidential election results |url=http://www.tse.go.cr/elecciones2010/presidente.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225133506/http://www.tse.go.cr/elecciones2010/presidente.htm |archive-date=25 February 2010 |access-date=22 February 2010 |publisher=Supreme Court of Elections |language=es}}</ref> Ita ce mace ta takwas da ta zama shugabar kasar Latin Amurka kuma mace ta farko kuma har zuwa yanzu ita kadai ce ta zama shugaban Costa Rica.<ref name="Chrissie">{{Cite web |date=2010-05-06 |title=Costa Rica to inaugurate first female president Saturday |url=http://www.ticotimes.net/dailyarchive/2010_05/0506101.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509192521/http://www.ticotimes.net/dailyarchive/2010_05/0506101.cfm |archive-date=2010-05-09 |access-date=2010-05-08 |publisher=Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones, República de Costa Rica}}</ref> An rantsar da ita a matsayin Shugabar Costa Rica a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2010. <ref>Skard, Torild (2014) "Laura Chinchilla" in ''Women of power - Half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide'', Bristol: Policy Press {{ISBN|978-1-44731-578-0}}, pp. 238-40</ref>{{IPA|es|ˈlawɾa tʃinˈtʃiʝa miˈɾanda|lang}}{{IPA|es|ˈlawɾa tʃinˈtʃiʝa miˈɾanda|lang}}{{IPA|es|ˈlawɾa tʃinˈtʃiʝa miˈɾanda|lang}} Bayan barin ofishin, ta koyar a Jami'ar Georgetown a shekarar 2016.<ref name="Laura Chinchilla - GU Politics">{{Cite web |title=Laura Chinchilla - GU Politics |url=http://politics.georgetown.edu/laura-chinchilla/ |access-date=2016-10-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724123329/http://politics.georgetown.edu/laura-chinchilla/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chinchilla ita ce co-shugaban kungiyar Inter-American Dialogue think tank kuma mataimakin shugaban Club de Madrid . Chinchilla a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Fellow a Cibiyar Siyasa da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Georgetown.<ref>{{cite news |last=de Miguel |first=Veronica |date=14 August 2012 |title=Laura Chinchilla: Is honesty enough for Costa Rica? |url=http://www.voxxi.com/laura-chinchilla-costa-rica/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205212907/http://www.voxxi.com/laura-chinchilla-costa-rica/ |archive-date=5 February 2013 |access-date=15 December 2012 |work=VOXXI}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Chinchilla ta auri Mario Alberto Madrigal Díaz a ranar 23 ga Janairun 1982. Sun rabu a ranar 22 ga Mayun 1985. [ana buƙatar hujja][ana buƙatar ambato] Chinchilla ta haɗu da mijinta na biyu, José María Rico Cueto, wani lauya ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke da ɗan ƙasar Kanada, a shekarar 1990 yayin da dukansu biyun ke aiki a matsayin masu ba da shawara ga Cibiyar Gudanar da Shari'a a Jami'ar Florida International da ke Miami, Florida. Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗa, José María Rico Chinchilla, a shekarar 1996. [ana buƙatar hujja][ana buƙatar ambato] Chinchilla ta auri Rico a ranar 26 ga Maris 2000.[1] Tarihin auren Chinchilla da yaron da ta haifa ba tare da aure ba bai yi wani tasiri sosai ga rayuwarta ta siyasa ba - duk da yawan mabiya addinin Katolika a ƙasar - saboda al'adar siyasa a Costa Rica ta guje wa hare-haren kai tsaye.[2]: 50 Chinchilla ya zama Mataimakin [[Minister of Public Security (Costa Rica)|Ministan Tsaron Jama'a]] a karkashin Shugaba José María Figueres . Figueres ta nada ta Ministan Tsaron Jama'a, kuma ta zama mace ta farko da ta rike mukamin. An zabe ta a Majalisar Dokoki ta Costa Rica a shekara ta 2002. : 50 Chinchilla ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na farko na Costa Rica a shekara ta 2006, kuma ya dauki matsayin Ministan Shari'a da Zaman Lafiya. Ta rike wadannan mukamai har zuwa shekara ta 2008, lokacin da ta yi murabus don tsayawa takarar Shugaban kasar Costa Rica a Babban zaben 2010. <ref name=":0" /> : 51 : 51  == Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 2010 == Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Chinchilla ba zato ba tsammani ba ne, saboda ba ta kasance fitacciyar memba na jam'iyyar siyasa ba, Jam'iyyar 'Yancin Kasa, kuma a baya ba ta nuna sha'awar shugabancin. Masu sharhi sun yaba wa Shugaba Óscar Arias da jagoranta ga shugabancin. [1] : 51 A lokacin yakin neman zabe, ta amfana daga hoton cewa ta kasance baƙo yayin da har yanzu ke wakiltar ci gaba da siyasa daga gwamnatin Arias.[1] : 60 abokan adawar Chinchilla sun zarge ta da kasancewa "wani ɗan tsana na Arias", tare da tallan kamfen ɗin da ke nuna ta a matsayin Marionette a hannunsa. Ita da abokanta sun soki ka'idoji biyu da suka shafi jinsi, kamar karuwar mayar da hankali kan tufafinta da shawarwarin cewa ta fi rauni.[1] : 75 : 75  Chinchilla ya yi kamfen kan batutuwan jin dadin jama'a, gasa ta tattalin arziki, kariya ta muhalli, da tsaron gida. : 16 Ta yi amfani da taken firme y honesta (''mai ƙarfi da gaskiya''), yana ba da shawarar manufofin aikata laifuka masu ƙarfi da kuma dandalin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, dukansu biyu sun kasance muhimman fifiko ga jama'a. : 60 Ba ta yi kamfen a bayyane kan batutuwan mata ba don kada ta ware masu jefa kuri'a, a maimakon haka ta inganta batutuwan da suka amfane iyalai.<ref name=":0" /> : 68 Manyan alkawuran kamfen sun haɗa da gina Gidaje masu karamin karfi 20,000, rage yawan rashin aikin yi daga 7.8% zuwa 5.0%, da kuma sauya ƙasar zuwa 95% masu sabuntawa. Ta kuma yi magana game da inganta ababen more rayuwa, kula da yara, da tilasta bin doka.<ref name=":3" /> : 16 : 16  A zaben fidda gwani na Jam'iyyar National Liberation Party, Chinchilla ta ci nasara da kashi 15% a kan wanda ya zo na biyu, a wani bangare saboda amincewar Arias game da takarar ta. : 57 A lokacin babban zaben, manyan abokan adawar Chinchilla sune Ottón Solís na Jam'iyyar Citizens' Action da Otto Guevara na Libertarian Movement . <ref name=":0" /> : 51 Ta ci nasara da kusan kashi 47% na kuri'un, tare da Solís da Guevara sun raba yawancin sauran tsakanin su.<ref name=":0" /> : 52 Chinchilla yana da goyon baya mai ƙarfi tsakanin mata da tsofaffi. Halinta, dabarun kamfen dinta, da kuma mace-mace duk an wakilta su a matsayin dalilai na goyon baya a cikin binciken masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Flórez-Estrada |first=Maria |date=2010 |title=La Campaña De Laura Chinchilla Y Las Mujeres: ¿Oportunismo o Compromiso Con Un Nuevo Pacto Sexual? |journal=Revista de Ciencias Sociales |language=es |publisher=University of Costa Rica |volume=4 |issue=130 |pages=85–99}}</ref> : 91 Duk da wannan, Chinchilla ba ta jaddada jinsi ba a lokacin kamfen dinta, a maimakon haka ta yi kamfen akan ra'ayoyin iyali na gargajiya.<ref name=":02" /> : 95 : 95  == Shugaban kasar Costa Rica == === Babban birnin siyasa === Chinchilla ta hau mulki tare da Jam'iyyar National Liberation Party da ke riƙe da kujeru 24 daga cikin kujeru 57 na Majalisar Dokoki, wanda ya ba ta jam'iyyar da yawa. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake zabar [[Luis Gerardo Villanueva]] a matsayin shugaban majalisa ta hanyar keta ka'ida, wanda ya haifar da Juan Carlos Mendoza García na Jam'iyyar Citizen's Action Party ya ɗauki matsayin. :: 104 ">&#x3A;&#x200A;105&#x200A;">&#x3A;&#x200A;104&#x200A; Chinchilla tana da alaƙa da majalisa, tana jayayya da 'yan adawa da' yan jam'iyyarta. Mai binciken siyasa Constantino Urcuyo ya kiyasta cewa mambobi 12 ne kawai na majalisar dokoki suka haɗa kai da ita.<ref name=":0" /> : 105 Shekara guda a cikin wa'adinta, Chinchilla ta ki amincewa da shawarar Mendoza na kara albashin majalisa, wanda ya sa gwamnatin hadin gwiwa ta rushe.<ref name=":0" /> : 104  Chinchilla ba ta da tushe na siyasa mai karfi a tsakanin masu jefa kuri'a yayin da take shugaban kasa, har ma daga masu jefa kuriʼa a cikin jam'iyyarta. :{{Rp|page=117}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;117&#x200A; Yawancin Babban birnin siyasa ya dogara da alakar da take da ita da Arias. Lokacin da ta rabu da matsayinsa na manufofi, ta rasa goyon bayansa da na magoya bayansa.<ref name=":0" /> : 119  An kalubalanci jagorancin Chinchilla a shekarar 2011 lokacin da ɗan'uwan Arias, Rodrigo Arias Sánchez, ya sanar da takararsa a matsayin shugaban kasa a Babban zaben 2014. Yin irin wannan sanarwar jim kadan bayan Chinchilla ta hau mulki an gan ta a matsayin zargi ga shugabancinta. :: 118  Wannan takaddamar ta sa 'yan majalisa a cikin Jam'iyyar National Liberation Party su rabu zuwa ƙungiyoyi, tare da magoya bayan Arias suna buƙatar canje-canje a cikin gwamnatin Chinchilla. : 16 : 16  == Dubi kuma == * Siyasa ta Costa Rica * Addini a Costa Rica == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8r9cv9anucg1fd1tnr6s784ujmqrnsi 0 132659 842058 786452 2026-05-29T04:58:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Merrimac''' makarantar sakandare ce ta gwamnati a Mermaid Waters ( Queensland, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] ). Makarantar tana cikin Sashe na 12 na majalisar Gold Coast. == Dalibai == === Shekaru === A shekarar 2015, an aiwatar da shirin "Flying Start" na Anna Bligh na jihar baki daya a hukumance don daidaita Queensland da sauran jihohi ta hanyar mayar da aji na 7 zuwa tsarin makarantun sakandare, [1] ma'ana a shekarar 2015 Makarantar Sakandare ta Merrimac ta fara kula da yara 'yan shekara 7 – 12. [2] :3[3] :3 === Rijistar ɗalibai === A shekarar 2023, an ruwaito cewa Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Merrimac tana da matsakaicin adadin ɗaliban da za su iya shiga makarantar, wanda ya kai ɗalibai 1,492.<ref name="capacity_education_2023">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Merrimac State High School |url=https://education.qld.gov.au/parents-and-carers/enrolment/management-plans/merrimac-state-high-school |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325003551/https://education.qld.gov.au/parents-and-carers/enrolment/management-plans/merrimac-state-high-school |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=6 September 2023 |website=Education |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] |page=}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Recent Student Enrolment Statistics ! rowspan="2" |Year ! colspan="6" |Years ! colspan="2" |Gender ! rowspan="2" |Total ! rowspan="2" |Ref |- !7 !8 !9 !10 !11 !12 !Boys !Girls |- !2010 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |679 | style="text-align:center" |613 | style="text-align:center" |1,292 |<ref name="annual-report_2010">{{Cite web |date=11 April 2012 |title=Queensland State School Reporting – 2010 – Merrimac State High School (2147) |url=https://ia600501.us.archive.org/16/items/annual-report-2010_20230909/annual-report-2010.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2010.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=21 August 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]]}}</ref>{{Rp|3}} |- !2011 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |640 | style="text-align:center" |590 | style="text-align:center" |1,230 |<ref name="annual-report_2011">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2012 |title=Queensland State School Reporting – 2011 – Merrimac State High School (2147) |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2011.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228015355/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2011.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=21 August 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|3}} |- !2012 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |690 | style="text-align:center" |618 | style="text-align:center" |1,308 |<ref name="annual-report_2012">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2013 |title=Merrimac State High School (2147) – Queensland State School Reporting – 2012 School Annual Report |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2012.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228013239/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2012.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=21 August 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|2}} |- !2013 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |662 | style="text-align:center" |651 | style="text-align:center" |1,313 |<ref name="annual-report_2013">{{Cite web |date=26 June 2014 |title=Merrimac State High School – Queensland State School Reporting – 2013 School Annual Report |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2013.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017042242/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2013.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2025 |access-date=21 August 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|3}} |- !2014 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |660 | style="text-align:center" |619 | style="text-align:center" |1,279 |<ref name="annual-report_2014">{{Cite web |date=16 October 2015 |title=Merrimac State High School – Queensland State School Reporting – 2014 School Annual Report |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2014.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228010651/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2014.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=21 August 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|3}}<ref name="acara_2014">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2014 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228021755/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2014 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- | colspan="11" style="text-align:center" |Addition of year 7 |- !2015 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |699 | style="text-align:center" |700 | style="text-align:center" |1,399 |<ref name="annual-report_2015">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2016 |title=Merrimac State High School – Queensland State School Reporting – 2015 School Annual Report |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2015.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228013219/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2015.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|3}}<ref name="acara_2015">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2015 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228011125/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2015 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2016 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |636 | style="text-align:center" |622 | style="text-align:center" |1,258 |<ref name="annual-report_2016">{{Cite web |date=5 June 2017 |title=Merrimac State High School – 2016 – Annual Report – Queensland State School Reporting |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2016.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228013832/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2016.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|4}}<ref name="acara_2016">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228010822/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2016 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2017 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |628 | style="text-align:center" |579 | style="text-align:center" |1,207 |<ref name="annual-report_2017">{{Cite web |date=20 June 2018 |title=Merrimac State High School – 2017 – Annual Report |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2017.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712005835/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2017.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|4}}<ref name="acara_2017">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251018053136/https://myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2017 |archive-date=18 October 2025 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2018 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |605 | style="text-align:center" |595 | style="text-align:center" |1,200 |<ref name="annual-report_2018-p3">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2019 |title=Merrimac State High School – Annual report 2018 - Queensland State School Reporting |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2018.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713134539/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2018.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|3}}<ref name="acara_2018">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2018 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228013002/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2018 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2019 | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" | - | style="text-align:center" |605 | style="text-align:center" |624 | style="text-align:center" |1,229 |<ref name="annual-report_2019-p2">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2020 |title=Merrimac State High School – Annual Report – 2019 – Queensland State School Reporting |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2019.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713180132/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2019.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|2}}<ref name="acara_2019">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2019 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228010755/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2019 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2020 | style="text-align:center" |217 | style="text-align:center" |234 | style="text-align:center" |197 | style="text-align:center" |210 | style="text-align:center" |194 | style="text-align:center" |182 | style="text-align:center" |623 | style="text-align:center" |611 | style="text-align:center" |1,234 |<ref name="annual-report_2020-p2">{{Cite web |date=11 Jun 2021 |title=Merrimac State High School – School Annual Report – Queensland State School Reporting – 2020 |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2020.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718231201/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2020.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|2}}<ref name="acara_2020">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2020 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228010737/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2020 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2021 | style="text-align:center" |250 | style="text-align:center" |220 | style="text-align:center" |235 | style="text-align:center" |183 | style="text-align:center" |192 | style="text-align:center" |143 | style="text-align:center" |623 | style="text-align:center" |600 | style="text-align:center" |1,223 |<ref name="annual-report_2021-p2">{{Cite web |date=30 June 2022 |title=Merrimac State High School – School annual report – Queensland state school reporting – 2021 |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2021.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329094031/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2021.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|2}}<ref name="acara_2021">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2021 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228015314/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2021 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2022 | style="text-align:center" |224 | style="text-align:center" |225 | style="text-align:center" |203 | style="text-align:center" |208 | style="text-align:center" |167 | style="text-align:center" |147 | style="text-align:center" |593 | style="text-align:center" |581 | style="text-align:center" |1,174 |<ref name="annual-report_2022-p2">{{Cite web |date=2 June 2023 |title=Merrimac State High School – School Annual Report – Queensland State School Reporting – 2022 |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual%20report%202022.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023034434/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual%20report%202022.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=7 September 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|2}}<ref name="acara_2022">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2022 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228011711/https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2022 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=7 September 2023 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2023 | style="text-align:center" |165 | style="text-align:center" |203 | style="text-align:center" |210 | style="text-align:center" |191 | style="text-align:center" |199 | style="text-align:center" |115 | style="text-align:center" |557 | style="text-align:center" |526 | style="text-align:center" |1,083 |<ref name="annual-report_2023">{{Cite web |date=7 Jun 2024 |title=Merrimac State High School {{!}} School annual report {{!}} Queensland state school reporting {{!}} 2023 |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2023.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326030158/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2023.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2025 |access-date=14 February 2025 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)|Queensland Government – Department of Education and Training]] }}</ref>{{Rp|2}}<ref name="acara_2023">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ia601504.us.archive.org/6/items/acara-2023_20250214/ACARA-2023.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2025 |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en}}</ref> |- !2024 | style="text-align:center" |177 | style="text-align:center" |144 | style="text-align:center" |199 | style="text-align:center" |181 | style="text-align:center" |176 | style="text-align:center" |142 | style="text-align:center" |513 | style="text-align:center" |506 | style="text-align:center" |1,019 |<ref name="annual-report_2024">{{Cite web |date=9 June 2025 |title=Merrimac State High School│School annual report│Queensland state school reporting│2024 |url=https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2024.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251020024031/https://merrimacshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2024.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=Merrimac State High School (www.merrimacshs.eq.edu.au) |publisher=[[Department of Education (Queensland)]] |language=en }}</ref>{{Rp|2}}<ref name="acara_2024">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Merrimac State High School, Mermaid Waters, QLD |url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2024 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106065931/https://myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2024 |archive-date=6 January 2026 |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en }}</ref> |- !2025 | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |472 | style="text-align:center" |458 | style="text-align:center" |930 |<ref name="acara_2025">{{Cite web |year=2025 |title=Benowa State High School, Southport, QLD → 2025 |url=https://myschool.edu.au/school/47526/profile/2025 |access-date=7 January 2026 |website=[[My School]] |publisher=[[Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority]] (ACARA) |language=en}}</ref> |- !2026 | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA | style="text-align:center" |TBA |{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2026}} |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} mz4mb6pwta87rk14tixebieoqgyeusp 0 133212 842277 825353 2026-05-29T08:55:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marghoobur Rahman''' (1914-8 Disamba 2010) masanin addinin Musulmi ne kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Darul Uloom Deoband.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Duro Oni}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Marghoobur Rahman a shekara ta 1914 AD (1313 AH) ga Mashiyyatullah Qasmi (ya mutu 1952) a Qazi Para, Bijnor. Ya sami karatun firamare da sakandare a Madrasa Rahimia Madinatul Uloom, Jama Masjid, Bijnor . Ya shiga Darul Uloom Deoband a cikin 1348 AH (1929 AD) kuma ya kammala karatu daga Darse Nizami a cikin 1352 AH (1933 AD). Daga nan sai ya zauna na wani shekara kuma ya kammala karatun shari'ar Islama (Ifta). A makarantar sakandare ta Deoband, malamansa sun hada da Hussain Ahmad Madani, Izaz Ali Amrohi, Ibrahim Balyawi, Muhammad Shafi, da Muhammad Sahool Bhagalpuri . {{Sfn|Jam'i|2011}} == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Marghoobur Rahman ta kasance malama a ''Madrasa Rahimia Madinatul Uloom Jama Masjid, Bijnor'', na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Daga nan sai ya shiga cikin ayyukan gida, kasuwanci, da zamantakewa kuma bai iya ci gaba da koyarwa ba.{{Sfn|Jam'i|2011}} Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aikin [[Liman|imam]] a masallacin makwabcinsa na tsawon shekaru 25 ba tare da albashi ba.<ref name="Najeeb">{{Cite book|last3=Mohammad Najeeb Qasmi}}</ref> A shekara ta 1962 (1382 AH), an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Darul Uloom Deoband . <ref name=":&quot;Khursheed&quot;">{{Cite web |last=Qasmi |first=Khursheed Alam Dawood |date=31 August 2023 |title=Hadhrat Maulana Marghubur Rahman Bijnori (1914-2010): Ex-VC Darul Uloom Deoband |url=https://millattimes.com/hadhrat-maulana-marghubur-rahman-bijnori-1914-2010-ex-vc-darul-uloom-deoband/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |publisher=Millat Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":&quot;Manzar&quot;">{{Cite web |last=Imam |first=Manzar |date=22 January 2011 |title=Maulana Marghoobur Rahman (1914-2010) |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/345-maulana-marghoobur-rahman-1914-2010-indian-muslim/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |publisher=The Milli Gazette |language=en}}</ref> A watan Mayu 1981 AD ([[Rajab]] 1401 AH), an nada shi Mataimakin VC na Darul Uloom, sannan a watan Agustan 1982 (Shawwal 1402 AH), an naɗa shi Mataimaki na Darul Oloom Deoband kuma ya yi aiki a wannan mukamin na tsawon shekaru 28.<ref name="Al-Afghāni"></ref>{{Sfn|Jam'i|2011}}<ref name=":&quot;Khursheed&quot;"></ref><ref name=":&quot;Manzar&quot;"></ref> Bayan mutuwar Asad Madani, an nada shi Sarkin sarakuna na uku na ''Imārat-e-Shar'ia Hind'' a shekara ta 2006. A sakamakon haka, ana tunawa da shi a matsayin ''Amir-ul-Hind Thālith'' (Urdu).{{Sfn|Jam'i|2011}} Baya ga wannan, ya kasance memba na kwamitin aiki na Nadwatul Ulama da Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind kuma memba na kwaminin ba da shawara na Madrasa Shahi . Har ila yau, shi ne shugaban farko na All India Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatm-e-Nubuwwat da All-India Association of Islamic and Arabic Seminaries daga 1995 zuwa 2010. {{Sfn|Jam'i|2011}} === A kan ta'addanci === A watan Fabrairun 2008, a hedkwatar Deoband a Uttar Pradesh, a lokacin taron yaki da ta'addanci na Indiya, Bijnori ya bayyana cewa, "Babu wani wuri na ta'addancin a cikin Islama. Ta'addanci da kashe marasa laifi suna adawa da Islama". <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Marghoobur Rahman ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Disamba 2010 (1 Muharram 1432 AH) a Bijnor kuma an binne shi a makabartar Qasmi ta Deoband . <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref>{{Sfn|Jam'i|2011}}<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Duro Oni}}</ref> == Manazarta == === Bayani === {{Reflist}} === Bayanan littattafai === == Ƙarin karantawa ==  * {{Cite web |date=2022-08-17 |title=Maulana Marghoob-ur-Rahman (1914-2010) |url=https://radianceweekly.net/maulana-marghoob-ur-rahman-1914-2010/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Radiance Weekly |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206030029/https://radianceweekly.net/maulana-marghoob-ur-rahman-1914-2010/ |url-status=dead }} {{Darul Uloom Deoband}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1914]] 18z63o87gtayi2wrwu3a88atzmki3fy 0 136374 842349 779555 2026-05-29T10:30:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marilyn Levine''' (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga Disamba, 1935 a Medicine Hat, Alberta, ta mutu a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2005 a Oakland, California ) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce ta yumbu 'yar ƙasar Kanada wadda aka sani da fasaharta ta trompe-l'œil . Ta yi suna wajen yin ayyukan fasaha na yumbu waɗanda suka yi kama da jakunkunan fata, tufafi, da jakunkuna. Tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar fasaha ta funk . <ref name="CanEncy">{{Cite web |last=Gotlieb |first=Rachel |title=Marilyn Levine |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/marilyn-levine/ |access-date=11 March 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |archive-date=28 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328135614/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/marilyn-levine/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == Levine ta girma a Calgary, Alberta, kuma ta ƙaura zuwa Edmonton don yin karatun sinadarai a Jami'ar Alberta inda ta sami digiri na biyu a shekarar 1959. [1] A shekarar 1961, ta ƙaura zuwa Regina tare da mijinta, Sidney Levine. [2] Saboda ba ta sami isasshen aiki a fannin sinadarai ba, Levine ta shiga cikin darussan zane, zane, tarihin fasaha, da tukwane ta hanyar Shirin Fadada Jami'ar Saskatchewan. [1] [3] Bayan tafiya zuwa California a shekarar 1968, ta yanke shawarar yin tukwane a aikinta, kuma ta ƙaura zuwa California shekara guda bayan haka. Ta yi karatun sassaka a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, a ƙarƙashin kulawar [[Peter Voulkos]] . <ref name="CanEncy"/> A wannan lokacin ne ta fara haɓaka salon alamar kasuwancinta na gaske. A lokacin da take California ne ta fara hulɗa da ƙungiyar zane-zane ta funk . Ta kammala digiri biyu a Jami'ar California, Berkeley (MA, 1970; MFA, 1971). A shekararta ta biyu a Berkeley, ta mai da hankali kan abubuwa marasa rai (musamman kayan fata) a matsayin "bayanan gogewa da ayyukan ɗan adam." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Toth |first=Cory |title=The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan |url=https://esask.uregina.ca/entry/levine_marilyn_1935-2005.html |access-date=2016-03-13 |website=esask.uregina.ca}}</ref> Levine ya haɓaka wannan baiwar cikin sauri don ƙirƙirar wakilcin abubuwa na fata masu inganci ta amfani da yumbu, tare da mai da hankali kan cikakkun bayanai na tsufa, sakawa, da siffanta fata. <ref name=":0" /> Ta koyar da zane-zane a jami'o'i da dama, ciki har da UC Berkeley, Jami'ar Saskatchewan da Jami'ar Utah. A shekarar 1975 ta saki Sidney Levine. A shekarar 1976, ta koma Oakland, California, kuma ta kafa studio tare da Peter Voulkos. <ref name="CanEncy"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] 5wrbrcuq00hnvpixzguiiylb3o4qbvz 0 137235 841866 781115 2026-05-28T21:09:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841866 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lubomír Lipský''' (19 Afrilu 1923 – 2 Oktoba 2015) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na ƙasar Czech. An san shi da rawar barkwanci kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na murya . Ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mai himma har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa, yana taka rawa sama da fina-finai 300 da kuma wasan kwaikwayo. Ɗan'uwansa shi ne daraktan fina-finai Oldřich Lipský kuma ya taka rawa a yawancin fina-finan ɗan'uwansa. == Rayuwar farko da iyali == An haifi Lubomír Lipský a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1923 a Pelhřimov . Mahaifinsa mai yin kayan ƙanshi ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na son rai. Lubomír yana da ƙanne biyu, ciki har da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Oldřich Lipský . Ɗan'uwansa Dalibor ya mutu yana da shekaru 16, amma ya fito a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a fina-finai biyu. Matarsa Věra Kittlerová (1926–2003) ƙwararriyar 'yar rawa ce kuma mai tsara rawa. Lubomír Lipský tana da 'ya'ya biyu: 'ya mace, Taťána (an haife ta a 1949), wadda ta zama mai fassara, da ɗa, Lubomír Jr. (an haife ta a 1951–1991), wanda daraktan fina-finai ne. Ɗan Lubomír Jr., Matěj (an haife ta a 1976), mawaƙi ne. == Ilimi, wasan kwaikwayo da mutuwa == A lokacin karatunsa na sakandare, Lipský ya fi mayar da hankali kan kiɗa kuma ya buga kayan kida da dama na tagulla. Bayan ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1942, Lubomír Lipský, Oldřich Lipský da abokansu daga Pelhřimov Gymnasium sun kafa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na amateur ''Dramatické studio mladých'' ('Matasan Wasan Kwaikwayo'). Daga 1945 har zuwa rufe shi a 1949, gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne na ƙwararru kuma ana kiransa Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Satire. A tsakanin 1949 zuwa 1951, ya yi karatun ado da karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jami'ar Charles da ke [[Prag|Prague]], amma ya bar makarantar ba a kammala ba. <ref name="fp">{{Cite web |title=Lubomír Lipský |url=https://www.filmovyprehled.cz/cs/person/9728/lubomir-lipsky |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Filmový přehled |publisher=NFA |language=cs |archive-date=2025-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425115015/https://www.filmovyprehled.cz/cs/person/9728/lubomir-lipsky |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga 1950 zuwa 1990, Lipský memba ne na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta ''Městská divadla pražská'' ('Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na birni na Prague'). Daga 1996, an yi masa aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Divadlo ABC. Fitaccen rawar da ya taka a matakin mataki shine rawar da Babberly ya taka a cikin wasan kwaikwayon ''Charley's Aunt'', wanda ya sami maimaitawa sama da 500. Ya taka rawa a can, duk da tsufansa, har zuwa rasuwarsa. Ya mutu a wani asibiti a Prague a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2015, yana da shekaru 92. <ref name="idnes">{{Cite web |date=2015-10-02 |title=Zemřel legendární herec a komik Lubomír Lipský, bylo mu 92 let |url=https://www.idnes.cz/kultura/film-televize/zemrel-herec-lubomir-lipsky.A151002_155831_filmvideo_vha |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=iDNES.cz |language=cs}}</ref> <ref name="lidovky">{{Cite web |date=2015-10-02 |title=60 hereckých let a na 300 rolí. Podívejte se na kariéru Lubomíra Lipského |url=https://www.lidovky.cz/relax/lide/zivot-herce-lipskeho-v-obrazech-podivejte-se-zacatky-jeho-kariery.A151002_173420_lide_ele |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Lidovky.cz |language=cs}}</ref> An binne shi a Makabartar Olšany . <ref name="ct">{{Cite web |title=Rodinné klany: Lipští, komedianti, herci a režiséři z Vysočiny |url=https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktuality/rodinne-klany-lipsti-komedianti-herci-a-reziseri-z |access-date=2025-04-28 |publisher=CzechTourism |language=cs}}</ref> == Aikin fim == An san Lipský da barkwancinsa na musamman, ƙwarewar barkwanci, da kuma wasan barkwanci mai ban tsoro. A farkon aikinsa na fim da wasan kwaikwayo, ya taka rawa a fina-finai, amma daga baya rawar da ya taka a cikin barkwanci ta mamaye. <ref name="fp"/> Daga cikin rawar da ya taka mafi ban mamaki akwai wacce ke cikin shirin talabijin na ''Tři chlapi v chalupě'' (1961–1963) game da zama tare da maza uku, waɗanda ke wakiltar tsararraki uku. Ya buga kaka a can saboda bayyanarsa, duk da cewa yana da shekaru 36 kacal lokacin da aka fara yin fim. Sauran rawar da suka taka sun hada da barkwancin ɗan'uwansa Oldřich ''I Killed Einstein, Gentlemen'' (1970), ''Four Murders Are Enough, Darling'' (1971) da ''[[Šest medvědů s Cibulkou]]'' (1972; barkwanci ga yara daga wurin wasan kwaikwayo inda ya taka rawa a matsayin barkwanci). Lubomír Lipský ya taka rawar wasan kwaikwayo sama da 200 da kuma rawar fim kusan 100. <ref name="idnes"/> <ref name="lidovky"/> === Fim ɗin da aka zaɓa === [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1923]] 3jrwdiga2o8iu9ivlxima9sejoo5j4h 0 139639 842040 790677 2026-05-29T00:54:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Maggie Anderson''' (an haife '''ta''' a shekara ta 1971) 'yar fafutuka ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, shugabar kamfanin, kuma wacce ta kafa tare da mijinta John Anderson, na Empowerment Experiment. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 12, 2012 |title=MARGARITA ANDERSON IS THE FOUNDER AND CEO OF THE EMPOWERMENT EXPERIMENT (EE) AND THE EMPOWERMENT EXPERIMENT FOUNDATION, INC. |url=https://ww1.prweb.com/prfiles/2012/03/12/9276286/MargaritaAnderson_Bio2011.pdf |access-date=2012-04-07 |publisher=[[Vocus (software)|Vocus]] |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305052556/http://ww1.prweb.com/prfiles/2012/03/12/9276286/MargaritaAnderson_Bio2011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Anderson ta girma a Liberty City, Miami, Florida kuma ta sami digiri a Jami'ar Emory da Jami'ar Chicago . Mijinta, John Anderson, ɗan Detroit ne, ya je Harvard, kuma ya sami digirin MBA a Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Kellogg . Sun tsara aikin ne bayan sun yi cin abinci mai tsada a gidan cin abinci na Tru mai tsada a kan Titin Mai Girma na Chicago. Anderson ta yi karatun dokar tsarin mulki a ƙarƙashin [[Barack Obama]] a Makarantar Shari'a ta Chicago . Ta kasance shugabar gudanarwa a McDonald's . Anderson da iyalinta sun shafe shekara guda suna tallata kasuwanci, gwargwadon iyawarsu, 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa ne kawai, suna guje wa duk wasu. Ta rubuta littafi <ref name="book">{{Cite book|last2=Ted Gregory}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=Up45DgAAQBAJ Google Books page]</ref> game da wannan abin da ya faru, tana mai ba da rahoton cewa a wasu fannoni, yana da wuya a sami kasuwancin da baƙar fata ke mallaka, kuma baƙar fata suna tallata kasuwanci a cikin ƙabilarsu ƙasa da sauran ƙabilu. Anderson ta shiga cikin yakin neman zabe na siyasa mai nasara ga Wakili John Lewis, Magajin Garin Atlanta Bill Campbell, da kuma yakin neman zaben Barack Obama ga Majalisar Dattawan Amurka . Ta yi aiki ga RainbowPUSH Coalition . <ref name="Docstoc">{{Cite web |title=The Empowerment Experiment Foundation, Inc. - Board of Directors |url=http://www.empowernewsmag.com/listings.php?article=2307 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331163204/http://www.empowernewsmag.com/listings.php?article=2307 |archive-date=2012-03-31 |access-date=2012-04-07 |publisher=[[Docstoc|Docstoc, Inc.]]}}</ref> == Littattafai == A shekarar 2012, Anderson ta buga littafinta na farko ''mai suna "Our Black Year: One Family's Quest to Buy Black in America's Racially Divided Economy"'', <ref name="book"/> wanda ta rubuta tare da Ted Gregory, <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 12, 2012 |title=MARGARITA ANDERSON IS THE FOUNDER AND CEO OF THE EMPOWERMENT EXPERIMENT (EE) AND THE EMPOWERMENT EXPERIMENT FOUNDATION, INC. |url=https://ww1.prweb.com/prfiles/2012/03/12/9276286/MargaritaAnderson_Bio2011.pdf |access-date=2012-04-07 |publisher=[[Vocus (software)|Vocus]] }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> wani ɗan jarida mai lambar yabo ta Pulitzer a [[Chicago Tribune]] . Littafin ya bayyana gwagwarmayar da ita da iyalinta suka sha da wariyar launin fata a fannin kasuwanci. Anderson ya kuma rubuta waɗannan littattafan almara na soyayya: * ''Daren Sha'awa'' (2015) * ''Kokarin Yin Nauyi'' (2016) * ''Jini na Wolf'' (2017) * ''La'anar Wolf'' (2017) * ''Kirsimeti, Mistletoe da Kai'' (2017) * ''Mai son Wolf'' (2019) * ''Wolf Bonds'' (2021) == Duba kuma == * Kasuwancin Baƙar fata-Amurka * Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki Baƙaƙe == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] ayadiqa6aic0w1e81uu7kafgsrin2ri 0 139907 841746 828189 2026-05-28T16:43:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Leila Salim Musa bin Khalifa''' ko kuma a sauƙaƙe '''Leila bin Khalifa''' ( Arabic ; an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 1975) ɗan jarida ne na ƙasar Libya, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma shugaban Jam'iyyar National Movement Party . <ref name="arb">{{Cite web |date=22 November 2021 |title=إكتشف 8 معلومات عن المرشحة الرئاسية ليلى بن خليفة |url=https://www.afrigatenews.net/article/%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81-8-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9/ |language=ar |access-date=7 February 2026 |archive-date=22 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122021034/https://www.afrigatenews.net/article/%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81-8-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Leila bin Khalifa a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 1975, a birnin [[Zuwarah|Zuwara]] na ƙasar Libya. <ref name="gl">{{Cite web |last=Sadler |first=David |date=22 November 2021 |title=The First Woman In The History Of Libya To Run For President |url=https://globeecho.com/news/the-first-woman-in-the-history-of-libya-to-run-for-president/ |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci a shekarar 2017, da kuma difloma a fannin ba da shawara kan harkokin diflomasiyya da na jakadanci a shekarar 2018. <ref name="arb"/> A ƙarƙashin dokar zaɓen ƙasar Libya, ana buƙatar 'yan takara su sami digiri na jami'a daga wata jami'a da aka amince da ita. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2022 |title=Toronto University denies that Dbeibeh has obtained a certificate from its faculties |url=https://en.218tv.net/2021/12/23/toronto-university-denies-that-dbeibeh-has-obtained-a-certificate-from-its-faculties/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107154008/https://en.218tv.net/2021/12/23/toronto-university-denies-that-dbeibeh-has-obtained-a-certificate-from-its-faculties/ |archive-date=7 January 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> == Fafutukar siyasa == Leila bin Khalifa fitacciyar mai fafutuka ce kuma tana da tarihin fafutukar ganin an samu ƙarin mata su shiga harkokin siyasa a [[Libya]] . A matsayinta na Babban Jami'in Yaƙin Neman Zaɓe na ''We Look 30'', wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 2018 don tallafawa da ƙarfafa mata, musamman, ra'ayin rabon kaso ga mata a zaɓe. <ref name="sse">{{Cite web |last=Fetouri |first=Mustafa |date=1 December 2021 |title=Women face obstacles in bid for Libyan presidency |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/12/women-face-obstacles-bid-libyan-presidency |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="s2">{{Cite web |last=Herrera |first=Brenton |date=10 December 2021 |title=Learn about the most prominent candidates for the Libyan presidential elections |url=https://www.fourals.com/2021/12/10/learn-about-the-most-prominent-candidates-for-the-libyan-presidential-elections/ |language=en |access-date=7 February 2026 |archive-date=21 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121233416/https://www.fourals.com/2021/12/10/learn-about-the-most-prominent-candidates-for-the-libyan-presidential-elections/ |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHerrera2021">Herrera, Brenton (10 December 2021). [https://www.fourals.com/2021/12/10/learn-about-the-most-prominent-candidates-for-the-libyan-presidential-elections/ "Learn about the most prominent candidates for the Libyan presidential elections"]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</cite></ref> Ta kafa jam'iyyar National Movement Party ( Arabic ) wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga ''ƙungiyar [[Bashir Bey Sadawi|Bashir El Saadawi]]'' ta shekarun 1940s <ref name="to">{{Cite web |date= |title=Madam President? Interview with Libya presidential candidate Ms Laila Salim bin Khalifa |url=https://www.vanessatomassini.com/my-latest/madam-president-interview-with-libya-presidential-candidate-ms-laila-salim-bin-khalifa |language=en |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2022-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010114921/https://www.vanessatomassini.com/my-latest/madam-president-interview-with-libya-presidential-candidate-ms-laila-salim-bin-khalifa |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma jam'iyyar ''National Congress Party'' da ta rushe. == Takarar shugaban ƙasa a 2022 == A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 2021, a matsayinta na shugabar jam'iyyar National Movement Party, Leila bin Khalifa ta bayyana aniyarta ta tsayawa takarar shugabancin Libya, inda ta gabatar da takardar takararta ta neman shugabancin kasar. Bin Khalifa ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi takarar shugaban kasa a tarihin [[Libya]] bayan ta mika takardunta ga ''Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ƙasa'' . === Dandalin === Dandalin siyasarta yana da waɗannan manufofi: * fafutukar kare mata a wuraren yanke shawara, musamman a hukumomin dokoki <ref name="s2"/> * Bai kamata wakilcin mata ya zama ƙasa da kashi 30% a majalisar dokoki, ma'aikatu da gwamnati <ref name="s2" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haife Leila bin Khalifa a birnin Zuwara, asalin [[Abzinawa|Amazigh]] ne. <ref name="to"/> A halin yanzu tana zaune a [[Tripoli]], kuma tana da aure. <ref name="arb"/> == Duba kuma == * Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a Libya a shekarar 2022 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] awkuicfsbqslmpr7qhfzc5isd945tcg 0 140555 841927 836187 2026-05-28T22:24:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lynsey Addario''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1973) 'yar jaridar daukar hoto ce ta Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=AleGlaviano |date=23 December 2015 |title=Lynsey Addario |url=https://www.vogue.it/en/photography/interviews/2015/12/23/lynsey-addario/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Vogue Italia |archive-date=2023-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412181112/https://www.vogue.it/en/photography/interviews/2015/12/23/lynsey-addario/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ayyukanta galibi suna mai da hankali kan rikice-rikice da batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam, musamman rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al'ummomin gargajiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-06 |title=Lynsey Addario - MacArthur Foundation |url=http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.5457999/k.92D9/Lynsey_Addario.htm |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=Macfound.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 2022, ta sami lambar yabo ta Jarumtaka a Aikin Jarida daga Gidauniyar Kafafen Yada Labarai ta Mata ta Duniya (IWMF). == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Lynsey Addario kuma ta girma a Westport, Connecticut, ga iyayenta Camille da Phillip Addario, dukkansu masu gyaran gashi 'yan Italiya ne, kuma 'yan Amurka. Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Staples, a Westport a shekarar 1991 da kuma daga Jami'ar Wisconsin–Madison a shekarar 1995. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynsey Addario {{!}} 06880 |url=https://06880danwoog.com/tag/lynsey-addario/ |access-date=2019-03-03 |language=en}}</ref> Tana kuma da digirin girmamawa guda biyu na digirin digirgir, ɗaya daga Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison a fannin ilimin ɗan adam, ɗayan kuma daga Kwalejin Bates da ke Maine. Addario ta fara ɗaukar hoto ta hanyar sana'a tare da ''Buenos Aires Herald'' a Argentina <ref name="macarthur">{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2018 |title=Photojournalist Lynsey Addario Wins $500,000 MacArthur Fellowship |url=http://www.nppa.org/news_and_events/news/2009/09/addario_genius.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927054430/http://www.nppa.org/news_and_events/news/2009/09/addario_genius.html |archive-date=September 27, 2009 |publisher=[[National Press Photographers Association]] |quote=Addario, 35 [as of September 2009], based in Istanbul....}}</ref> a shekarar 1996, kamar yadda ta ce, "babu wani horo na daukar hoto a baya". A ƙarshen shekarun 1990, ta koma Amurka ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zaman kansa ga Associated Press a birnin New York, amma sai ta koma Kudancin Amurka ƙasa da shekara ɗaya bayan haka. Ta mai da hankali kan [[Cuba]] da tasirin [[Kwaminisanci|gurguzu]] a kan jama'a, Addario ta yi suna. Ta ƙaura zuwa Indiya bayan 'yan shekaru don ɗaukar hoto ga Associated Press, ta bar Amurka. A lokacin da yake zaune a Indiya, Addario ta yi tafiya ta Nepal, Afghanistan, da Pakistan, tana mai da hankali kan batutuwan [[Taimako na jin kai|jin kai]] da na mata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gezari |first=Vanessa, M. |date=Winter 2015 |title=The View from Here |journal=Columbia Journalism Review |volume=53 |pages=55–59 |via=EBSCO HOST}}</ref> Bayan [[September 11 attacks|hare-haren da aka kai]] a Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya a shekarar 2001, Addario ta yanke shawarar daukar hotunan Afghanistan da Pakistan a karkashin [[Taliban]] . A shekarun 2003 da 2004, Addario ta ɗauki hoton yakin Iraki a Baghdad don ''jaridar The New York Times'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saffron |first=Jen |date=Winter 2014 |title=Women of Vision: National Geographic Photographers on Assignment |journal=Afterimage |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=30–31 |doi=10.1525/aft.2014.41.4.30 |via=Ebsco Host}}</ref> Tun daga lokacin ta yi rahoton rikice-rikice a Afghanistan, Iraki, Darfur, Jamhuriyar Congo, Haiti, da Ukraine. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2010 |title=Lynsey Addario Speaks About Haiti |url=http://prisonphotography.wordpress.com/2010/03/11/lynsey-addario-speaks-about-haiti/ |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=Prison Photography}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Helene Maree |date=2016 |title=Lessening the Construction of Otherness |journal=Journalism Practice |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=476–491 |doi=10.1080/17512786.2015.1120164 |s2cid=147112841 |via=Taylor & Francis Online}}</ref> Ta yi labaran da suka shafi Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-09-11 |title=Lynsey Addario |url=http://congowomen.org/lynsey-addario/ |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=CongoWomen}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2004 ta mayar da hankalinta ga Afirka, tana mai da hankali kan Chadi da Sudan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-03-09 |title=Moving Walls 11 &#124; Documentary Photography Project &#124; Open Society Foundations |url=http://www.soros.org/initiatives/photography/movingwalls/11#addario |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611112116/http://www.soros.org/initiatives/photography/movingwalls/11#addario |archive-date=2011-06-11 |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=Soros.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Blog Archive » Lynsey Addario/Vii Network |url=http://www.darfurdarfur.org/main/archives/2007/07/09/lynsey-addario/ |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=Darfur/Darfur}}</ref> Ta ɗauki hoto don ''The Atlantic'', ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'', ''Mujallar New York Times'', ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', ''Newsweek'', da ''National Geographic'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tewfic El-Sawy |date=2007-09-10 |title=Lynsey Addario: Darfur |url=https://thetravelphotographer.blogspot.com/2007/09/lynsey-addario-darfur.html |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=The Travel Photographer}}</ref> A Pakistan a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2009, Addario ta shiga hatsarin mota yayin da take dawowa Islamabad daga wani aiki da aka yi mata a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira . Kashin wuyanta ya karye, wani dan jarida ya ji rauni, sannan direban ya mutu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=J.W. Atkins |title=Worth a look: Lynsey Addario "On Assignment: Taking Time Out to Heal" |url=http://www.dvafoto.com/2009/05/worth-a-look-lynsey-addario-on-assignment-taking-time-out-to-heal/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010044718/http://www.dvafoto.com/2009/05/worth-a-look-lynsey-addario-on-assignment-taking-time-out-to-heal/ |archive-date=2016-10-10 |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=dvafoto}}</ref> Addario tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan jaridar ''New York Times'' huɗu da suka ɓace a Libya daga 16-21 ga Maris, 2011. ''Jaridar New York Times'' ta ruwaito a ranar 18 ga Maris, 2011 cewa Libya ta amince ta 'yantar da ita da abokan aikinta uku: Anthony Shadid, Stephen Farrell da Tyler Hicks . [[Libya (1969-2011)|Gwamnatin Libya]] ta saki 'yan jaridar huɗu a ranar 21 ga Maris, 2011. Ta ba da rahoton cewa an yi mata barazanar kisa kuma an yi ta kama ta akai-akai a lokacin da take tsare da sojojin Libya. A watan Nuwamba na 2011, jaridar New York Times ta rubuta wa gwamnatin Isra'ila takardar korafi a madadin Addario, bayan zargin cewa sojojin Isra'ila a Erez Crossing sun yi mata bincike a kan tsirara kuma sun yi mata ba'a tare da tilasta mata yin amfani da na'urar daukar hoton X-ray sau uku duk da sanin cewa tana da juna biyu. Addario ta ruwaito cewa "ba a taba yi mata irin wannan zaluncin ba." Daga baya ma'aikatar tsaron Isra'ila ta ba da hakuri ga Addario da kuma jaridar New York Times . Babban baje kolin 'A Afghanistan' a Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Nobel da ke Oslo, Norway ya nuna hotunan matan Afghanistan tare da hotunan Tim Hetherington daga sojojin Amurka a kwarin Korangal . Ayyukan Addario sun haɗa da shirin fim mai suna "Neman Gida" wanda aka shirya tsawon shekara guda yana bin diddigin iyalai uku 'yan gudun hijirar Siriya da jarirai marasa ƙasarsu tsawon shekara guda yayin da suke jiran mafaka a Turai don ''Lokaci,'' ''The Changing Face of Saudi Women'' for ''National Geographic'' da "The Displaced" don ''The New York Times Magazine,'' wani rahoto da ke nuna rayuwar yara uku da aka kora daga yaƙi a Siriya, Ukraine, da Sudan ta Kudu. Addario ta shafe shekaru huɗu tana rubuta halin da 'yan gudun hijirar Siriya ke ciki a Jordan, Lebanon, Turkiyya, da Iraq don ''The New York Times,'' kuma ta yi rahoton yakin basasa a Sudan ta Kudu, da kuma [[Mutuwar uwa|Mutuwar Mata]] a [[Assam]], Indiya, da Sierra Leone don ''Lokaci.'' A shekarar 2015, Addario ta buga littafin tarihinta ''mai suna "Abin da Nake Yi: Rayuwar Mai Daukar Hoto ta Soyayya da Yaƙi"'' kuma Warner Bros ta sayi haƙƙin fim bisa ga tarihin rayuwar, wanda Steven Spielberg zai jagoranta kuma [[Jennifer Lawrence]] za ta fito a matsayin Addario. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=2015-03-02 |title=Jennifer Lawrence, Steven Spielberg & Warner Bros Land War Photog Memoir 'It's What I Do' |url=https://deadline.com/2015/03/steven-spielberg-jennifer-lawrence-warner-bros-its-what-i-do-lynsey-addario-war-photographer-1201384706/ |access-date=2020-01-30 |website=Deadline |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma fitar da littafin daukar hoto a watan Oktoban 2018 mai taken "Na Soyayya da Yaƙi." A watan Maris na 2022, Addario ta yi rahoto game da yakin Rasha a Ukraine a madadin jaridar ''New York Times'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Addario |first=Lynsey |last2=Kramer |first2=Andrew E. |date=March 6, 2022 |title=Ukrainian Family's Dash for Safety Ends in Death |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/06/world/europe/ukrainian-family-killed-war.html |access-date=March 10, 2022 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Yayin da take bayar da rahoto daga Irpin da ke kusa da Kyiv, Addario ta dauki hoton wani harin roka da Rasha ta kai kan kwashe fararen hula. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2022 |title='This is a war crime': Photographer defends taking image of dead Ukrainian family |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/lynsey-addario-ukraine-photo-war-b2036872.html |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=The Independent}}</ref> Andriy Dubchak, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai zaman kansa na ''jaridar New York Times'' shi ma ya dauki bidiyon lamarin. Sun shaida yadda sojojin Rasha suka daidaita harba rokarsu kai tsaye kan fararen hula sannan wani turmi ya fashe kimanin mita 20 daga 'yan jaridar. Nan take bayan haka, Addario ta dauki hoton wasu mutane hudu da abin ya shafa. An kashe wata uwa da yara biyu kuma wani mutum da ke tare da su ya ji rauni mai tsanani kuma daga baya ya mutu. Ta ce hoton yana da matukar muhimmanci a tarihi "domin [[Laifin Yaƙi|laifin yaki]] ne. Kuma yana faruwa." <ref name="Boston" /> An buga hoton a shafin farko na jaridar a ranar 7 ga Maris. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, an gano matar da aka kashe, kuma 'ya'yanta da suka mutu sune ɗanta mai shekaru 18 da 'yarta mai shekaru 9. An kuma kashe wani mai aikin sa kai a wata ƙungiyar addini da ke taimaka wa iyalin. Matar ma'aikaciya ce a SE Ranking, wani kamfanin software da ke da ofisoshi a London da California. == Tasirin da ke kan wakilcin jinsi ta hanyar daukar hoto rikicin da ya faru == Addario ta nuna wakilcin jinsi ta hanyar ɗaukar hotunan rikici a duk tsawon aikinta. Ta fi ɗaukar hotunan rayuwar mata da yara na yau da kullun, galibi a lokutan rikici. <ref name="yale">{{Cite web |title=Lynsey Addario {{!}} Yale Law School |url=https://law.yale.edu/centers-workshops/gruber-program-global-justice-and-womens-rights/gruber-lectures/lynsey-addario |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=law.yale.edu |language=en}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin batutuwan da suka fi haɗari, masu ƙarfi, da kuma masu kawo cece-kuce da Addario ta tattauna su ne lokacin da take rubuta rayuwar mata a Afghanistan. Addario ta nuna mace-macen mata a lokacin haihuwa, shigar mata cikin zaɓe, wahalar da mata ke sha wajen shawo kan mummunan aure, da kuma zanga-zangar mata ta hanyar ƙona kansu. <ref name="yale" /> Shirin Addario ''mai mintuna 29,'' ya nuna yadda yaƙi ke kashe mutane. Ta kuma yi bincike kan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu, inda ta rubuta wasu abubuwan da suka faru na gaske da na asali na mata matasa da ke fuskantar ɗaukar ciki mai haɗari. Saboda hotunan Addario da ke kewaye da mutuwar mata masu juna biyu, kamfanin Merck ya fara bayar da gudummawa da gudummawa ga ƙoƙarin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a duniya. <ref name="yale"/> Kwanan nan, Addario ta ɗauki hotunan yaƙi a Ukraine, inda ta ba da labarin mata da yara da ke tserewa daga lokacin yaƙi. == Iyali == Addario ya auri Paul de Bendern, wani ɗan jarida da ke aiki da Reuters, a watan Yulin 2009. <ref>[http://registry.weddingchannel.com/coupledir/20097/A/O576158594/LYNSEY_ADDARIO_AND_PAUL_DEBENDERN.htm]{{Dead link|date=June 2011}}</ref> Suna da 'ya'ya biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2022 |title=Lynsey Addario took one of Ukraine's most haunting photos. Now, she shares how her work helps her 'deal with trauma.' |url=https://uk.style.yahoo.com/lynsey-addario-ukraine-photos-motherhood-173105384.html}}</ref> == Littattafai daga Addario == * ''Abin da nake yi kenan: Rayuwar Mai Daukar Hoto ta Soyayya da Yaƙi.'' New York: Penguin, 2015. . * ''Na Soyayya da Yaƙi.'' New York: Penguin, 2018. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780525560029|<bdi>9780525560029</bdi>]] . == Kyaututtuka == * 2002: Kyautar Infinity daga Cibiyar Daukar Hoto ta Duniya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynsey Addario &#124; Foundry Photojournalism Workshop |url=http://www.foundryphotoworkshop.org/2010/01/lynsey-addario/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131073501/http://www.foundryphotoworkshop.org/2010/01/lynsey-addario/ |archive-date=31 January 2010 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=www.foundryphotoworkshop.org}}</ref> * 2008: Getty Images Grant don daukar hoto na edita don aikinta a Darfur. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> * 2009: Ƙungiyar MacArthur daga Gidauniyar John D. da Catherine T. MacArthur . <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2009 |title=Photojournalist Lynsey Addario Wins $500,000 MacArthur Fellowship |url=http://www.nppa.org/news_and_events/news/2009/09/addario_genius.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927054430/http://www.nppa.org/news_and_events/news/2009/09/addario_genius.html |archive-date=2009-09-27 |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=Nppa.org}}</ref> * 2009: Kyautar Pulitzer don Rahoton Ƙasashen Duniya, wanda wani ɓangare na aikinta a Waziristan ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 7, 2008 |title=The Pulitzer Prizes &#124; Right at the Edge |url=http://www.pulitzer.org/archives/8322 |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=Pulitzer.org |archive-date=2020-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813180301/https://www.pulitzer.org/archives/8322 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2015: ''Mujallar Hotuna ta Amurka'' ta sanya Addario a matsayin daya daga cikin masu daukar hoto biyar mafi tasiri a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, inda ta rubuta cewa "Addario ta canza yadda muke ganin rikice-rikicen duniya." * 2017: Kyautar Golden Plate daga Kwalejin Nasara ta Amurka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynsey Addario Biography and Interview |url=https://www.achievement.org/achiever/lynsey-addario/#biography |website=www.achievement.org |publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]}}</ref> * 2018: An zaɓi Emmy Award don 'Finding Home', tare da wasu mutane, don ''Time'' <ref>{{Cite web |title='Finding Home' Earns Emmy Award Nomination |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/blog/finding-home-earns-emmy-award-nomination |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=Pulitzer Center}}</ref> * 2019: Digirin girmamawa daga ''Jami'ar York'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary graduates for 2019 announced |url=https://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2019/events/honorary-graduates-for-summer-2019-announced/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=University of York |language=en}}</ref> * 2020: Shigar da ɗalibai zuwa Ɗakin Ɗaukar Hotuna na Duniya na Shahararru da Gidan Tarihi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynsey Addario |url=https://iphf.org/inductees/lynsey-addario/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728082751/https://iphf.org/inductees/lynsey-addario/ |archive-date=2022-07-28 |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=International Photography Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2021: Na Farko, Mai Daukar Hoto na Mujallar Shekara, Mafi Kyawun Wadanda Suka Yi Nasara a Aikin Jarida, Ƙungiyar Masu Daukar Hoto ta 'Yan Jarida ta Ƙasa (NPPA) <ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Best of Photojournalism Winners |url=https://nppa.org/news/17 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=NPPA}}</ref> * 2022, Kyautar Jarumtaka a Aikin Jarida, Gidauniyar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Mata ta Duniya (IWMF). * 2023: Kyautar George Polk a fannin daukar hoto ga 'yan jarida saboda hoton da aka kashe a dangin da suka tsere daga Ukraine. <ref>{{Cite web |title=George Polk Awards &#124; Long Island University |url=https://liu.edu/polk}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bq8pb4zrhvujexjy4vbrgep05fk03rn 0 140764 841841 836160 2026-05-28T20:24:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lorong Время (wanda kuma ba a san shi ba kamar Lorong Времен Reborn) shi ne karo na bakwai na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Lorong Временты . Wannan kakar an watsa ta a lokacin watan Ramadan 1446 Hijri (ko shekara ta 2025 AD) kuma an watsa ta akan SCTV da Bidiyo. Yana wakiltar ci gaba da ci gaba (reboot) na Lorong Время biyo bayan fitowar wasan kwaikwayo da aka fitar a cikin 2019, da kuma kakar wasa ta shida, wanda aka watsa a cikin 2006. == Farko == Ga sigar 2025, Lorong Время ta ɗauki tsarin sake farawa mai laushi, wanda ke riƙe da ci gaba tare da jerin asali yayin canza salon sa, sautin, ko manufarsa. Wannan yana da niyyar samar da karin 'yanci ga marubutan yayin da yake kula da yanayin da aka saba da shi ga masu sauraro.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keatis |first=D L |date=April 9, 2019 |title=The 5 Best Soft Reboots in Cinematic History |url=https://superman-on-film.com/2019/04/09/the-5-best-soft-reboots-in-cinematic-history/ |website=Superman on Film |access-date=February 20, 2026 |archive-date=November 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127095109/https://superman-on-film.com/2019/04/09/the-5-best-soft-reboots-in-cinematic-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agar |first=C |date=February 11, 2016 |title=Why Soft Reboots Are the Ideal Compromise Between Remakes & Sequels |url=https://screenrant.com/movie-franchise-soft-reboot-continuation-discussion/ |website=Screen Rant}}</ref> A cikin wannan sigar, Haji Husin, tare da ɗalibinsa Zidan, sun dawo a matsayin manyan haruffa, suna fara kasada ta hanyar na'urar lokaci mai ci gaba a kokarin su na taimaka wa wasu. A wannan lokacin, wata yarinya mai suna Cantika ta haɗu da su. == Masu ba da labari == * Deddy Mizwar a matsayin Haji Husin * [[Miqdad Addausy]] a matsayin Zidan * Inara Ramadhania a matsayin Cantika * Renaga Tahier a matsayin Alvin * Baiti Syaghaf a matsayin Tamara * [[Ozzol Ramdan]] a matsayin Arjuna * Zoul Pandjoul a matsayin Untung * Widi Dwinanda a matsayin Linda * Agus Kuncoro a matsayin Yuda * Tika Bravani a matsayin Najwa * [[Gabriella Desta]] a matsayin Olivia * Muhammad Abyan a matsayin Maɗaukaki * Keanu Azka a matsayin Faiz * Irfan Boy Siagian a matsayin Prabu * Faiz Vishal a matsayin Rahman * Muklis a matsayin P XY Rental Buku Komik * Sandi Mochin a matsayin Jupri == Fitarwa == A cikin 2018, Deddy Mizwar sau da yawa yana karɓar tambayoyi da ra'ayoyi daga jama'a game da yiwuwar sake fasalin Lorong Time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mizwar |first=Deddy |date=27 December 2018 |title=Untuk pertama kalinya, mendengarkan usulan ost Lorong Waktu... Yang akan dibuat serial animasinya... |url=https://twitter.com/Deddy_Mizwar_/status/1078185912469577729 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603165607/https://twitter.com/Deddy_Mizwar_/status/1078185912469577729 |archive-date=2022-06-03 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, jama'a sun kuma ji cewa Para Pencari суhin (wanda Mizwar da kansa ya samar) ya fara zama mai rikitarwa, musamman bayan wasu daga cikin manyan mambobinta, kamar Trio Bajaj, Agus Kuncoro, da Zaskia Adya Mecca, sun bar wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ismalia |first=Syifa |date=28 April 2020 |title=Alasan Pemain Lama Tak Ikut Main di Para Pencari Tuhan Jilid 13 |url=https://www.fimela.com/entertainment/read/4239128/alasan-pemain-lama-tak-ikut-main-di-para-pencari-tuhan-jilid-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601103410/https://www.fimela.com/entertainment/read/4239128/alasan-pemain-lama-tak-ikut-main-di-para-pencari-tuhan-jilid-13 |archive-date=2022-06-01 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=Fimela.com}}</ref> Koyaya, a gefe guda, Mizwar ba zai iya sake Lorong Время ba saboda wahalar samun maye gurbin simintin, musamman wani da zai ɗauki matsayin Jourast Jordy a matsayin Zidan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mizwar |first=Deddy |date=19 June 2014 |title=Utk episode baru ga akan ada,kecuali utk rerun nya "@Akrimni Bakalan ada lagi film lorong waktu gak ya?,rindu zaman2 SD pas ramadhan..hehe" |url=https://twitter.com/Deddy_Mizwar_/status/479412283416657920 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603165601/https://twitter.com/Deddy_Mizwar_/status/479412283416657920 |archive-date=2022-06-03 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A matsayin madadin gamsar da sha'awar masu sauraro, Mizwar ya zaɓi samar da Lorong Время a cikin wani nau'i mai rai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mizwar |first=Deddy |date=30 April 2019 |title=Bismillah... Serial Lorong Waktu yang pertama kali dirilis pada tahun 1999 insyaallah akan hadir kembali di bulan Ramadhan 1440H ini... Lorong Waktu hadir dalam format animasi, di @SCTV_ setiap Sabtu dan Minggu selama Ramadhan, pukul 07.30 wib... |url=https://twitter.com/Deddy_Mizwar_/status/1123142154644156416 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603170447/https://twitter.com/Deddy_Mizwar_/status/1123142154644156416 |archive-date=2022-06-03 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> Wannan jerin shirye-shiryen da aka watsa a cikin 2019. <ref name="LWanimasi">{{Cite web |last=Kusumanto |first=Dody |date=2019-05-01 |title=Catat! Ini Jadwal Tayang Serial Lorong Waktu 3D! |url=https://www.kaorinusantara.or.id/newsline/128955/catat-ini-jadwal-tayang-serial-lorong-waktu-3d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408031504/https://www.kaorinusantara.or.id/newsline/128955/catat-ini-jadwal-tayang-serial-lorong-waktu-3d |archive-date=8 April 2021 |access-date=8 April 2021 |website=KAORI Nusantara |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin taron manema labarai don sakin sigar 2025 na jerin Lorong Время, Mizwar ya bayyana cewa an halicci jerin ne don biyan bukatun kasuwa don jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ga yara na Indonesiya, wanda samar da su ya ragu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waluyo |first=Arie Puji |date=11 February 2025 |title='Lorong Waktu' Tayang di Ramadan 2025, Deddy Mizwar: Tidak Ada Sinetron yang Angkat Tema Anak-anak |url=https://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2025/02/11/lorong-waktu-tayang-di-ramadan-2025-deddy-mizwar-tidak-ada-sinetron-yang-angkat-tema-anak-anak |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=Wartakota Tribunnews}}</ref> An fara samar da Lorong Время a tsakiyar shekara ta 2024, tare da Miqdad Addausy yana raba hotunan da ke bayan fage na fim ta hanyar asusun Instagram. Masjid Raya Baitussalam, wanda ke cikin Billy Moon Complex, Duren Sawit, Gabashin Jakarta, an sake amfani da shi azaman babban wurin labarin.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 June 2018 |title=Masjid Lorong Waktu di Jakarta Timur |url=https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/masjid-lorong-waktu-di-jakarta-timur/full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408030224/https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/masjid-lorong-waktu-di-jakarta-timur |archive-date=8 April 2021 |access-date=8 April 2021 |website=Kumparan}}</ref> An yi amfani da wannan masallaci a baya a cikin yanayi biyu zuwa shida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zaakiyah |first=Raina |date=4 January 2025 |title=Sinopsis Lorong Waktu 7 dan Daftar Pemainnya |url=https://www.idntimes.com/hype/entertainment/oksi-pangestuti/sinopsis-sinetron-lorong-waktu-7-c1c2?page=all |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=IDN Times}}</ref> Tsoffin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka bayyana a kakar wasa ta shida, kamar su Hefri Olifian (Ustaz Addin), Zaskia Adya Mecca (Sabrina), Jourast Jordy (Zidan matashi), Opie Kumis (Havid), [[Ramdhani Qubil AJ]] (Jambrong), da [[Asrul Dahlan]] (Jagur), ba su bayyana a cikin sabon kakar Lorong Time ba. Jordy da kansa bai iya shiga ba saboda ya yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga wasan kwaikwayo a 2012 kuma yanzu yana aiki a kamfanin abinci da ke Surabaya . Agus Kuncoro shine kadai tsohon dan wasan da aka haɗa a cikin sabon kakar. A baya, ya nuna wani hali mai suna Jardin a kakar wasa ta uku, wanda aka watsa a shekara ta 2002. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://citrasinema.co.id/ Shafin yanar gizon Citra Sinema] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428001331/https://citrasinema.co.id/ |date=2025-04-28 }} * Dubi Lorong a kan vidio.com 4eqfrv87vbn5v7ff1xn46iw50dtwcu1 0 141081 841769 828194 2026-05-28T17:28:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Leslie Cockburn''' / / ˈkoʊbərn / KOH - KOH ; an haife ta '''Leslie Corkill Redlich''' a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1952) 'yar jarida ce ta Amurka mai bincike, kuma mai shirya fina-finai . An watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na bincikenta a [[CBS]], [[NBC]], ''PBS Frontline'', da ''60 Minutes'' . Ta lashe [[Emmy Awards|kyautar Emmy Award]], kyautar The Hillman Prize, kyautar Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award, kyautar Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award, da kuma kyautar George Polk Award . Cockburn shi ne ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a shekarar 2018 a gundumar [[Virginia]] ta 5 a Majalisar Wakilan Amurka, inda ya sha kaye a hannun ɗan Republican Denver Riggleman . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Cockburn Leslie Corkill Redlich a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1952 a San Mateo, California kuma ta girma a Hillsborough, California . Ita 'yar Jeanne (ɗan Fulcher) ce da Christopher Rudolph Redlich, wani fitaccen ɗan kasuwa a harkar jigilar kaya. Ta girma a cikin dangin mafarauta kuma tana goyon bayan sarrafa bindiga. Leslie ta halarci Makarantar Santa Catalina . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumnae in the Arts: Leslie Cockburn '70 |url=https://www.santacatalina.org/upper-school/our-program/arts/alumnae-in-the-arts |website=Santa Catalina School |access-date=2026-02-22 |archive-date=2018-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151908/https://www.santacatalina.org/upper-school/our-program/arts/alumnae-in-the-arts |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga nan ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Yale, inda ta shiga shekara ta biyu da aka shigar da mata 'yan digiri na farko a jami'ar. Ta ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu daga Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka a Jami'ar Landan . == Sana'a == Cockburn tsohuwar 'yar jarida ce mai bincike a [[NBC]], [[CBS]], da PBS <nowiki><i id="mwRA">Frontline</i></nowiki> . Yayin da take zaune a [[Landan]], ta fara aiki da NBC News . Daga cikin rahotanninta na farko akwai wata hira da shugaban Libya [[Muammar Gaddafi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grove |first=Lloyd |date=July 22, 2017 |title=Leslie Cockburn Is the Only Candidate Who's Dined With Mick Jagger and Saddam's Sons |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/leslie-cockburn-is-the-only-candidate-whos-dined-with-mick-jagger-and-saddams-sons |website=[[The Daily Beast]]}}</ref> A shekarar 1978, Cockburn ta koma [[CBS]] . A lokacin aikinta, ta yi rahoto kan yaƙe-yaƙe shida, ciki har da Yaƙin Contra da Amurka ta jagoranta kan Nicaragua. <ref name=":0" /> === Fina-finan shirin gaskiya === A shekarar 1987, Cockburn ta fara shiryawa da bayar da rahotannin shirye-shiryen fim na PBS <nowiki><i id="mwWQ">Frontline</i></nowiki> tare da haɗin gwiwar mijinta, Andrew Cockburn . Sun ƙirƙiri ''Guns, Drugs, da CIA'' (1987), wani shirin gaskiya da ya yi ikirarin cewa CIA ta taimaka kuma ta ƙarfafa fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi. A shekarar 1990, Cockburn ta shirya kuma ta rubuta "From the Killing Fields" tare da Peter Jennings da Tom Yellin don shirin shirin ABC News ''Peter Jennings Reporting'' . Fim ɗin ya yi zargin cewa Amurka ta goyi bayan Khmer Rouge a ɓoye a lokacin da ta dawo kan mulki a Cambodia a lokacin wani yunkuri na kisan kare dangi wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar miliyoyin mutane a shekarun 1970. A shekarar 1991, ita da mijinta sun shirya shirin PBS ''Frontline'' mai suna ''The War We Left Behind'', wanda ya nuna tasirin Yaƙin Gulf ga fararen hula na Kurdawa da Iraqi. A shekarar 1997, Cockburn ta ɗauki ciki tare da shirya shirin ''The Peacemaker'', wanda [[George Clooney]] da [[Nicole Kidman]] suka fito a ciki, wani fim mai ban sha'awa da ke nuna harin ta'addanci a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] da makamin nukiliya da aka sace. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jansen |first=Michael |date=June 4, 2018 |title=Leslie Cockburn's brave crusade |url=http://gulftoday.ae/portal/91bf9647-0061-4958-bbc8-2e8fa55f5358.aspx |access-date=June 6, 2018 |website=[[Gulf Today]]}}</ref> A shekarar 1998, Cockburn ta yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa Ferris na Jarida a Jami'ar Princeton . A shekarar 2000, ta shirya wani rahoto mai suna "Mafi Munin Mafarki na Amurka," wani rahoto mai taken 60 Minutes game da rashin zaman lafiya a Pakistan da ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ke da alaƙa da [[Taliban]], wani labari da aka amince da shi a matsayin "abin mamaki" wajen karɓar kyautar Jami'ar Alfred I. duPont-Columbia a shekarar 2001. === ''Haɗin gwiwa Mai Haɗari: Labarin Ciki na Alaƙar Sirri Tsakanin Amurka da Isra'ila'' === {{External media|float=right|video1=[https://www.c-span.org/video/?20968-1/dangerous-liaisons ''Booknotes'' interview with Leslie and Andrew Cockburn on ''Dangerous Liaison''.] [[C-SPAN]], September 1, 1991.}} A shekarar 1991, Cockburn da mijinta, Andrew, sun buga littafinsu na farko tare kan dangantakar soja da leƙen asiri tsakanin Amurka da Isra'ila bayan 1948. Wannan littafin ya yi cikakken bayani kan yadda, tsawon shekaru da dama, Isra'ila ta yi wa muradun Amurka hidima ta hanyar ayyukan leƙen asiri a tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet da kuma ayyukan ɓoye a Amurka ta Tsakiya da sauran yankuna na duniya na uku inda Amurka ba ta son shiga tsakani kai tsaye. Littafin ya kuma yi cikakken bayani kan ayyukan nukiliya na Isra'ila, ciki har da taimakon Amurka ga shirin samar da bama-bamai da kuma haɗin gwiwar Isra'ila da shirin makaman nukiliya na gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu. ''Kirkus Reviews'' ya ce "ba wani abu ne da aka haɗa bayan Gulf ba, amma bincike ne mai cike da gaskiya, mai ma'ana, na dangantakarmu da ƙawarmu mafi ƙarfi a Gabas ta Tsakiya." <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 1991 |title=Dangerous Liaison by Andrew Cockburn & Leslie Cockburn |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/andrew-cockburn/dangerous-liaison/ |website=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Chicago Tribune|Jaridar Chicago Tribune]]'' ta ce littafin "ya kamata ya daɗe yana zama alpha da omega na dangantakar da ke tsakanin Amurka da Isra'ila... Cockburns sun gabatar da tarihin dalla-dalla." <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1991-02-01 |title=The secret agent: a simple tale |journal=Choice Reviews Online |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=28–3158 |doi=10.5860/choice.28-3158 |doi-broken-date=July 1, 2025 |issn=0009-4978}}</ref> A Isra'ila, an fi auna martanin. ''Haaretz'' ya yi bitarsa mai kyau a tsawon lokaci, yana kiransa "abin dogaro". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === ''Gidan caca na Amurka'' ===   A shekara ta 2009, Cockburn ta jagoranci kuma ta shirya fim ɗinta na farko (tare da mijinta) don fitar da shi a wasan kwaikwayo, ''American Casino .'' Ya biyo bayan rikicin jinginar gida na ƙasa a Amurka, wanda ya haifar da mafi girman rikicin kuɗi tun bayan [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin Halin]] . Cockburn da mijinta sun fara yin fim a watan Janairun 2008, kuma sun rubuta dabarun kuɗi da ƙididdigewa marasa kyau a Wall Street wanda ya haifar da bala'in, da kuma tasirinsa ga wasu masu gidaje na Baltimore da ke fafutukar ci gaba da kasancewa a kan hanya. Fim ɗin ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na Tribeca na New York a watan Afrilun 2009. ''Variety'' ta kira shi "wani babban abin fallasa na rikicin jinginar gida na ƙasa [wanda ya dace] lambobi da zane-zanen Wall Street ga mutanen da suka rasa rayukansu sakamakon makircin bankuna da 'yan kasuwa da gangan." <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2009 |title=American Casino Review - Read Variety's Analysis Of The Movie American Casino |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117940114.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430143923/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117940114.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 |archive-date=2009-04-30 |access-date=June 6, 2018 |website=Variety}}</ref> ''Jaridar New Yorker'' ta ce "wani fim ne mai ban mamaki da ke ba da labarin rikicin jinginar gida na ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma rugujewar kuɗi." ''[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]'' ta ce "fim ne mai tsari sosai." === Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai === Cockburn ta lashe kyautar The Hillman Prize (1984), <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hillman Prize Previous Honorees |url=http://www.hillmanfoundation.org/hillman-prizes/us/honorees?page=8 |access-date=June 7, 2018 |website=Sidney Hillman Foundation}}</ref> kyautar George Polk Award (2010), <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2010 |title=Another Polk Award For "60 Minutes" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/another-polk-award-for-60-minutes/ |access-date=June 7, 2018 |website=CBS News}}</ref> da kuma kyautar Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award ta 1991, tare da Peter Jennings da Tom Yellin. Ayyukanta sun sami kyaututtuka da yawa [[Emmy Awards|na Emmy]], kuma shirinta na 1998 ''Yuri The Great'' ya lashe kyautar Emmy Award a 1999. <ref>{{Cite web |title=20th Annual News Documentary Emmy Awards For Programming Originally Aired in Calendar Year 1998 -Winners |url=http://emmyonline.com/download/20th-Annual-News-Documentary-Emmy-Awards-For-Programming-Originally-Aired-in-Calendar-Year-1998-Winner_2.pdf |access-date=June 6, 2018 |website=Emmy Online}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leslie Cockburn |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0168298/awards |access-date=June 7, 2018 |website=IMDb}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa ==   Cockburn ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a shekarar 2018 a gundumar majalisa ta 5 ta Virginia a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka . Ta sanar da takararta a watan Yulin 2017, <ref>{{Cite web |last=McCaslin |first=John |date=July 15, 2017 |title=Rappahannock resident Leslie Cockburn launches bid for U.S... |url=http://rappnews.com/2017/07/15/rappahannock-resident-leslie-cockburn-launches-bid-for-u-s-congress-seat/ |access-date=November 7, 2018 |website=RappNews |archive-date=February 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203105715/https://rappnews.com/2017/07/15/rappahannock-resident-leslie-cockburn-launches-bid-for-u-s-congress-seat/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma ta sami rinjayen wakilai fiye da 'yan takara da dama da suka fafata a zaben a watan Mayun 2018 a babban taron jam'iyyar Democrat na gundumar don maye gurbin dan takarar Republican mai barin gado, Tom Garrett . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hammel |first=Tyler |date=May 5, 2018 |title=Cockburn receives 5th District Democratic nomination |url=https://www.roanoke.com/news/politics/cockburn-receives-th-district-democratic-nomination/article_f5e08b44-9431-5303-8224-4dc49dc02910.html |website=The Daily Progress |via=Roanoke.com}}</ref> Bayan ta lashe zaɓen jam'iyyarta, ta sha kaye a hannun ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Republican Denver Riggleman a babban zaɓen; Riggleman ta sami ƙuri'u 165,339 (53.2%) yayin da Cockburn ta samu ƙuri'u 145,040 (46.7%). An jefa ƙuri'u 547 (0.2%) a matsayin rubuce-rubuce . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1980-01-01 |title=2018 November General Election |url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2018%20November%20General/Site/Member%20House%20of%20Representatives%20(05).html |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=Government of Virginia |archive-date=2018-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108025615/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2018%20November%20General/Site/Member%20House%20of%20Representatives%20%2805%29.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cockburn tana zaune a gundumar Rappahannock, Virginia, tare da mijinta, Andrew Cockburn, ɗan jarida kuma furodusa a fina-finai. Sun yi aure a San Francisco a shekarar 1977 kuma sun rubuta littattafai da dama tare. Suna da 'ya'ya uku tare: Chloe Francis Cockburn (3 ga Afrilu, 1979), Olivia Wilde (10 ga Maris, 1984), da Charles Philip Cockburn (31 ga Janairu, 1993). Tana da jikoki huɗu. Iyayenta su ne Claud da Patricia Cockburn. Cockburn tana da surukai biyu, marigayi Alexander Cockburn da Patrick Cockburn, kuma marubuciyar labarin sirri Sarah Caudwell 'yar uwarta ce. Tao Ruspoli tsohuwar surukinta ce. 'Yan jarida Laura Flanders da Stephanie Flanders 'ya'yan surukinta Michael Flanders ne. == Littattafan tarihi == '''Littattafai''' * [[iarchive:outofcontrolstor00cockrich|''Ba Tare Da Iko Ba: Labarin Yaƙin Sirrin Gwamnatin Reagan a Nicaragua, Bututun Makamai Ba Tare Da Haramta Ba, da Haɗin Magungunan da Aka Haɗa'' .]] New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1987. * [[iarchive:dangerousliaison00cock|''Mai Haɗari: Labarin Ciki na Alaƙar Sirri tsakanin Amurka da Isra'ila'']] . tare da Andrew Cockburn . New York: HarperCollins, 1991. . * ''Ɗaya daga cikin Maki Mai Tsaro: Labarin Gaskiya na Tsaron Nukiliya na Rasha'', tare da Andrew Cockburn . New York: Doubleday, 1997. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0385485603|<bdi>0385485603</bdi>]] . * [[iarchive:lookingfortroubl00cock|''Neman Matsala: Mace Ɗaya, Yaƙe-yaƙe Shida da Juyin Juya Hali'' .]] New York: Littattafan Anchor, 1998. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0385483554|<bdi>0385483554.</bdi>]] * [[iarchive:baghdadsolitaire0000cock|''Baghdad Solitaire'']] ( [[Ƙagaggen Labari|littafi]] ). Los Angeles, CA: Asahina & Wallace, 2013. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1940412009|<bdi>978-1940412009</bdi>]] . '''Gudummawar littafi''' * [[iarchive:withyourtonguedo0000kure/page/150|"Yaƙin Sirrin Amurka: Bindigogi don Magunguna."]] [[iarchive:withyourtonguedo0000kure|''Da Harshenka a Makogwarona'' .]] Granta, 22. Cambridge: Granta Publications, Agusta 1987, [[iarchive:withyourtonguedo0000kure/page/150|shafi na 151–165.]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4870n3rmxg0gqcdkf1wio5jlrr40llk 0 141711 842045 799178 2026-05-29T01:32:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Essence of Life''' ƙungiya ce [[Yin zane-zane|ta fasaha]] da ke [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], wacce Dega Deva Kumar Reddy ta kafa a shekarar 2012 don haɓaka koyarwar [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-25 |title=Dance and philosophy on a stage |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/314793/dance-philosophy-stage.html |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Essence of Life ƙungiya ce ta haɗakar nau'ikan rawa guda biyar na gargajiya na Indiya - Bharatanatyam, Kuchipudi, Odissi, Kathak da Mohiniyattam . Ƙungiyar ta shirya wasannin rawa da dama a faɗin Indiya a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Expressing 'Essence of Life' Unique Dance Performance enthralls |url=https://www.apnnews.com/expressing-essence-of-life-unique-dance-performance-enthralls/ |access-date=2020-11-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Suna == Sunan ''"Asalin Rayuwa"'' ya samo asali ne daga kalaman [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]] "Zuciya ba abu ne daban da rayuwa ba; shine ainihin rayuwa, ainihin rayuwar yau da kullun". <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2013 |title=Discovering the essence of life |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2013/may/03/discovering-the-essence-of-life-473809.html |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> == Falsafa == Da yake an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga koyarwar [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]], Dega Deva Kumar Reddy ya tsara kuma ya samar da 'Essence of Life'. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2013 |title=Dega Dev Kumar Reddy - Dega Arts Founder at Essence of Life - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wc4v3VtIwfs |access-date=2020-11-19 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Tsarin rawa ya dogara ne akan matsalolin ɗan adam da motsin zuciyar da Jiddu Krishnamurti ya saba magana a cikin jawabansa da littattafansa - tsoro, wahala, kishi, tashin hankali, rauni, soyayya da mutuwa. Fitattun mawaka daga al'adun kiɗa da rawa da aka kafa a faɗin Indiya sun haɗu don isar da koyarwar Krishnamurti ta hanyar Bharatanatyam, Kuchipudi, Odissi, Kathak da Mohiniyattam . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-26 |title=The dance of life |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/the-dance-of-life/15868153 |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=mid-day |language=en |archive-date=2020-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114161144/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/the-dance-of-life/15868153 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Jigo == === Fasaha ta Bimbini === Dhyanasya Amukham - Gabatarwa zuwa Tunani Dhyanasya Puravrttam - Tatsuniyoyi na Tunani Katham Jaagriti Jaayate - Yaya wayar da kan ta ke zuwa game da Dhyana kala - Fasahar yin zuzzurfan tunani Dhyanaartha kim yatharta maunam - Menene shiru na gaskiya wanda ke haifar da tunani. === Asalin Rayuwa === Manovignaanam - Fahimtar tunaninmu Bhayaatah svatantramah - 'Yanci daga tsoro Samsayaa vina saadhyam kim jeevanam - Shin za mu iya rayuwa ba tare da matsala Kim saadyam pumsaam parivarthanam - Shin ɗan adam zai iya canzawa maimakon saundaryam - Kyakkyawan soyayya. === Ƙarshe === Thillana - 'Yanci daga kai == Siffar rawa == === Siffar rawa | Ragam === * Bharatanatyam - Charukesi * Kuchipudi - Surya & Huseni Kouns * Kathak - Madhumad Sarang * Odissi - Mishra Lavangi * Mohiniyattam - Madhumad Sar == Masu fasaha da mawaƙa == === Tsarin === * Dega Deva Kumar Reddy, An tsara shi kuma an shirya shi * B Aruna Sivarama Krishna, Mai tsara zane kuma mawaƙin kiɗa * Dr Thiagarajan, fassarar Sanskrit === Masu rawa === * Smitha Madhav <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2013 |title=Smitha Madhav talking about Dance & Music at Essence of Life - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rU0VNXjzEdo |access-date=2020-11-19 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> - Bharatanatyam * Prateeksha Kashi - Kuchipudi * Achuta Manasa - Kathak * Pali Chandra - Kathak * Masako Ono – Odissi * Rashmi Menon – Mohiniyattam === Muryoyi === * Padma Vibhushan Hariharan * Pt. Sanjeev Abhyankar * Pt. Raghunandan Panshikar, Lalitha Sharma * Sooraj Santhosh, Saindhavi * Varijashree Venugopal, Sangeetha === Kayan kiɗa === * Ustad Murad Ali Khan - Sarangi * Bhuto & BV Balasai - Saurayi * BV Raghavendra Rao - Violin * Allam Durga Prasad - Gottuvadhyam * Bhavani Prasad - Veena * B Sivarama Krishna - Sitar * Sarang - Sarod * Balesh - Shehnai * Shrikanth - Hawaii Guitar ( Gitar Karfe ) * DA Srinivas - Mridangam * Kesavan - Chanda, Idakka & Maddalam * Venkatesh & B Ganesh Rao - Tabla * Omkar & Jagadeesh - Pakhavaj * Chandra Sekhar - Pakhavaj * Manjunath - Kayan aiki na Percussion * DA Srinivas & Kesavan - Jathi * Manjunath & Jagdeesh - Bhols == Manazarta == rk5goho9dqtj24v7w4aj8vabnc2e51p 0 142112 842311 800658 2026-05-29T10:05:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Marie Joussaye (1864 a Belleville - 24 Maris 1949 a Vancouver) mawaki ce ta Kanada. == Rayuwa == An haifi Marie Josie a kuma ta girma a Belleville Canada West . Ta kasance 'yar jarida a [[Toronto]] . A shekara ta 1893, ta kasance shugabar kungiyar 'yan mata masu aiki. Ta koma Dawson City, Yukon . A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1903, ta auri David Heatherington Fotheringham, Dan sanda na Arewa maso Yamma. Suna da matsalolin kudi. A shekara ta 1924, ta koma Mayo, Yukon . A shekara ta 1929, ta koma [[Vancouver]], inda ta mutu a cikin wani gida a ranar 24 ga Maris 1949 .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodger J. Moran |date=September 18, 2011 |title=Marie Joussaye Fotheringham |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/marie-joussaye-fotheringham |publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moran |first=Rodger J. |title=Marie Joussaye Fotheringham |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/marie-joussaye-fotheringham/ |access-date=2016-06-29 |archive-date=2016-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630175807/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/marie-joussaye-fotheringham/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == * ''Waƙoƙin da Quinte Sang'' (1895) * ''Zaɓuɓɓuka daga Waƙoƙin Anglo-Saxon'' (1918) == Manazarta == 5iuvwxj7idqgh7zdfkaege1545h7qzy 0 142363 841795 828202 2026-05-28T18:14:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lillian Hatcher''' (1915–1998) 'yar [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] ce mai son yin aiki da kuma shirya ƙungiyar kwadago. Ta yi aiki a masana'antar jiragen sama ta Briggs da ke [[Detroit]] lokacin da ta fara shiga cikin ƙungiyar kwadago bayan da kamfanin ya tura ƙungiyar ma'aikata mata, farare da baƙaƙe, waɗanda duk suna da 'ya'ya, zuwa aikin tsakar dare. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Collection: UAW Women's Department: Lillian Hatcher Records {{!}} ArchivesSpace@Wayne |url=https://archives.wayne.edu/repositories/2/resources/1650 |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=archives.wayne.edu |archive-date=2022-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220185809/https://archives.wayne.edu/repositories/2/resources/1650 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Lillian Hatcher a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1915, a Greenville, Alabama. Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Arewa maso Gabas da ke Detroit kuma ta halarci azuzuwan faɗaɗa ma'aikata a Jami'ar Michigan a farkon shekarun 1940. A shekarar 1943 ta fara aiki a matsayin mai kula da jiragen sama kuma a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata baƙar fata na farko da aka ɗauka aiki a Kamfanin Briggs-Connor na Chrysler . A wannan shekarar ta shiga ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Mota ta United (UAW), Local 742 (daga baya Local 212). A shekarar 1943, Hatcher ta shirya taron mata na farko na yankin a watan Fabrairu na wannan shekarar. [1] [2] A shekarar 1944, an zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na kwamitin zartarwa na yankin, kuma an naɗa ta mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta wakilci ƙasashen duniya na UAW. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], tattalin arzikin Amurka ya bai wa mata baƙar fata "dama ta farko mai ma'ana don haɓaka ayyukan yi. Dubban mutane sun ƙaura daga ayyukan noma da hidima marasa albashi mai tsoka zuwa ayyukan masana'antu masu albashi mai tsoka, waɗanda ƙungiyoyin kwadago ke karewa." <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-08 |title=UAW Black History Month Spotlight: Lillian Hatcher |url=https://uaw.org/uaw-black-history-month-spotlight-lillian-hatcher/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=UAW |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hatcher ta fara aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar darakta a Sashen Manufofin Yaƙi na Mata. Lokacin da aka mayar da Ofishin Mata zuwa Sashen Ayyukan Adalci da Yaƙi da Wariya a 1946, Hatcher ta shiga cikin ma'aikatanta. A 1958 ta koma Sashen Mata inda ta kasance da alhakin shiryawa da shiga azuzuwan da tarurruka ga membobin ƙungiyar mata, da kuma ci gaba da hulɗa ta kud da kud da ƙungiyoyi da dama na gida da na ƙasa da suka shafi haƙƙin jama'a. <ref name=":1"/> Hatcher ta zama mai kula da Mataimakan Mata, waɗanda suka koma Sashen Mata a shekarar 1971, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a ma'aikatan sashen har sai da ta yi ritaya daga UAW a watan Yunin 1980. <ref name=":1"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1915]] tjsvn8n56gwa4ry50ndygmo7hoc97x7 0 142817 841817 802566 2026-05-28T19:08:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Fall of the Islamic World: A forecast ( , asalin taken Jamusanci: Der Untergang der islamischen Welt: Eine Prognose, ) littafi ne daga shekara ta 2010 da masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Jamus da Masar kuma mai sukar Islama [[Hamed Abdel-Samad]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marcinkowski |first=Christoph |year=2012 |title=Hamed Abdel-Samed, Der Untergang der islamischen Welt: Eine Prognose [The fall of the Islamic world: a prognosis] |url=https://icrjournal.org/index.php/icr/article/view/569 |journal=Islam and Civilisational Renewal |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=402–405 |access-date=2026-03-04 |archive-date=2026-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101203900/https://icrjournal.org/index.php/icr/article/view/569 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{ISBN|9789025437398}}{{ISBN|9783426275443}} A cikin littafin Abdel-Samad ya yi iƙirarin cewa Islama ta wuce mafi girma. Ya bayyana cewa asalin dalilin faduwar Islama shine cewa Musulmai na zamani suna cinye nasarorin al'umma ta zamani, amma a cikin ruhaniya ba su bude ga ra'ayoyin zamani kamar [['Yanci]], daidaito da sukar addini ba. Ya yi jayayya cewa Musulmai a Yammacin Turai sun dogara da tattalin arziki ga tsarin zamantakewar Yammacin amma sun raina dabi'un ɗabi'a. A sakamakon haka, ya ce, rata tsakanin Islama da al'ummar zamani tana ƙaruwa kuma Islama ta rasa muhimmancinta. Adbel-Samad ya ba da mafita a cikin abin da ya kira "magana ta bayan Koran", farfadowar addinin Islama, amma ba a zahiri akan kalmar Qu'ran ba. == Manazarta == tstqfgdyoofnj6pti8wvuply80j5gql 0 143401 841861 836171 2026-05-28T20:54:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Louise Elizabeth Sandher-Jones''' 'yar siyasa ce ta jam'iyyar Labour ta Burtaniya kuma tsohuwar jami'ar sojojin Burtaniya kuma ƙwararriyar ma'aikaciyar leƙen asiri, wacce ta kasance ' yar majalisar dokoki ta North East Derbyshire tun daga 2024. Ta sami kujera daga Lee Rowley, ɗan jam'iyyar Conservative . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Derbyshire North East {{!}} General Election 2024 |url=https://election.news.sky.com/elections/general-election-2024/derbyshire-north-east-184 |access-date=5 July 2024 |publisher=[[Sky News]] |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830122552/https://election.news.sky.com/elections/general-election-2024/derbyshire-north-east-184 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Tsoffin Sojoji da Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki tun daga 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=Ministerial appointments: September 2025 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ministerial-appointments-5-september-2025 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> == Farkon aikin soja da kuma hidimar soja == Sandher-Jones ya yi karatun [[Sinanci]] a Jami'ar Edinburgh . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2021 |title=In Conversation with Academics: Louise Jones |url=https://defenceresnet.org/in-conversation-with-academics-9/ |website=Defence Research Network |access-date=6 March 2026 |archive-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319184211/https://defenceresnet.org/in-conversation-with-academics-9/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan ta bar jami'a, Sandher-Jones ta shiga rundunar sojin Burtaniya a shekarar 2013, kuma ta halarci Kwalejin Sojoji ta Royal Military Academy da ke Sandhurst, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'i a Hukumar Leken Asiri, sannan ta yi aiki a Yaƙin Afghanistan . [1] Ta yi ritaya daga aikin soja a shekarar 2020. [2] A watan Yulin 2021, ta shiga aikin McKenzie Intelligence Services a matsayin Shugabar Leken Asiri. Ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar manaja a McKenzie, wani "Insurtech da ke nazarin tasirin bala'o'i". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Louise Sandher-Jones – Register of Interests |url=https://members.parliament.uk/member/5258/registeredinterests |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=parliament.uk}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin kansila a gundumar Loughborough East a Majalisar Charnwood Borough, ta yi murabus daga wannan mukamin a watan Maris na 2024 bayan an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar takarar majalisar dokoki ta North East Derbyshire . == Aikin majalisar dokoki == An zabi Sandher-Jones a matsayin 'yar majalisa a zaben gama gari na Burtaniya na 2024 a matsayin 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar North East Derbyshire, da rinjayen kuri'u 1,753 (3.9%). Ta yi jawabinta na farko a majalisar tarayya a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Parliament election results: 59th Parliament of the United Kingdom - maiden speeches |url=https://electionresults.parliament.uk/ |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=UK Parliament election results |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2025, an naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Tsoffin Sojoji da Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki ta Ma'aikatar Tsaro, ta hannun Sir Keir Starmer . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sandher-Jones ta auri Jeevun Sandher, ɗan majalisar jam'iyyar Labour mai wakiltar Loughborough . Sun haɗu a watan Janairun 2023 lokacin da suke kan hanyar kamfe, kuma sun sanar da aniyarsu jim kaɗan bayan aniyar tasa a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2024. Sun yi aure a watan Agusta na 2025, bayan haka ta canza sunan mahaifinta daga Jones zuwa Sandher-Jones. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gnjb2d9kye559glo8b7smbmb69lug5l 0 143596 841679 804637 2026-05-28T15:27:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Latifa Labida''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1953, Ouazzane) ‘yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Morocco. Tsakanin shekarun 2007 da 2012, ta kasance Sakatariyar Ilimi ta ƙasa a majalisar ministocin Abbas El Fassi.<ref name=bio>{{cite news|last=Jihane Gattioui|title=Les sept femmes de l'Exécutif|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/75595|accessdate=22 August 2012|newspaper=Le Matin|date=2007-10-16|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053738/http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/75595|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Leïla Hallaoui|title=Enseignement : Latifa Labida compte sur le partenariat pour réussir la réforme|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/aujourdhui/57531|accessdate=22 August 2012|newspaper=Aujourd'hui le Maroc|date=2007-10-25|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221128/http://www.maghress.com/fr/aujourdhui/57531|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mme Latifa Labida: La réforme de l'orientation requiert un projet intégré adapté aux besoins du marché de travail|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/lopinion/17633|accessdate=22 August 2012|newspaper=L'Opinion|date=7 May 2010|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234015/http://www.maghress.com/fr/lopinion/17633|url-status=dead}}</ref> Latifa Labida ta fara aikinta a matsayin [[Malami|malamar makaranta]] a makarantun firamare na [[Rabat]] tsakanin shekarun 1973 da 1977, sannan ta shiga makarantun sakandare tsakanin shekarun 1977 da 1985, lokacin da ta canza aikinta ta shiga Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗi a Rabat a matsayin "mai duba harkokin kuɗi".<ref name=bio/><ref>{{cite news|last=Leïla Hallaoui|title=Enseignement : Latifa Labida compte sur le partenariat pour réussir la réforme|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/aujourdhui/57531|accessdate=22 August 2012|newspaper=Aujourd'hui le Maroc|date=2007-10-25|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221128/http://www.maghress.com/fr/aujourdhui/57531|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mme Latifa Labida: La réforme de l'orientation requiert un projet intégré adapté aux besoins du marché de travail|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/lopinion/17633|accessdate=22 August 2012|newspaper=L'Opinion|date=7 May 2010|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234015/http://www.maghress.com/fr/lopinion/17633|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Majalisar ministocin Morocco == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] 4b6dw1h84h0jli6g4i7kkze9gnnplef 0 143674 842288 828480 2026-05-29T09:16:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maria Manuela dos Santos Lucas''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba, 1961) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-04 |title=Maria Manuela dos Santos Lucas - Biografia, Vida e Obra - MMO |url=https://mmo.co.mz/pessoa/maria-manuela-dos-santos-lucas/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> jami'ar diflomasiyya ce kuma 'yar siyasa 'yar Mozambique wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin '''Ministar Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa''' ta Mozambique tun daga watan Janairun 2025. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Maria Manuela Lucas, nova Ministra dos Negócios Estrangeiros e Cooperação |url=https://www.minec.gov.mz/index.php/imprensa/destaques/842-maria-manuela-lucas-nova-ministra-dos-negocios-estrangeiros-e-cooperacao |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.minec.gov.mz }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta riƙe manyan muƙamai da dama a ma'aikatar diflomasiyya ta Mozambique, ciki har da Jakadiyar Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italiya, Spain, da kuma Babbar Kwamishiniya a Afirka ta Kudu. Lucas ta kasance jami'ar diflomasiyya tun daga shekarar 1981. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Redacción |date=2021-05-15 |title=Mozambique’s new ambassador to Spain presents her Copies of Letters of Credence |url=https://thediplomatinspain.com/en/2021/05/15/mozambiques-new-ambassador-to-spain-presents-her-copies-of-letters-of-credence/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=thediplomatinspain.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Lucas a Matola, Mozambique. <ref name=":0"/> Ta kammala karatunta na firamare da sakandare a Matola sannan daga baya ta halarci Escola Comercial a Maputo. <ref name=":0" /> Ta sami digiri a fannin Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Duniya daga Instituto de Relações Internacionais a shekarar 1985 kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Duniya daga Jami'ar Birmingham a shekarar 1993. Ta kuma sami difloma a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1996. <ref name=":0" /> == Aikin diflomasiyya == Lucas ta fara aikin diflomasiyya a shekarar 1981 a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje. Matsayinta na farko ya haɗa da yin aiki a ofishin jakadancin Mozambique da ke Addis Ababa sannan daga baya ta zama jakadiya a Cape Town. Daga shekarun 1997 zuwa 1999 ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a Ofishin Jakadancin Mozambique da ke Brasilia. <ref>{{Cite web |last=País |first=O. |date=2021-02-22 |title=Maria Lucas nomeada embaixadora de Moçambique junto do Reino da Espanha - O País - A verdade como notícia |url=https://opais.co.mz/maria-lucas-nomeada-embaixadora-de-mocambique-junto-do-reino-da-espanha/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=opais.co.mz |language=pt-PT}}</ref> Daga shekarun 1999 zuwa 2003, Lucas ta kasance Daraktar Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Ƙungiyoyi da Taro ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa. A shekarar 2003, an naɗa ta Jakadiya a Belgium, Netherlands da Luxembourg, inda ta kuma zama wakiliyar Mozambique a Tarayyar Turai. Ta ci gaba da wannan muƙamin har zuwa 2011. <ref name=":2"/> Daga baya Lucas ta yi aiki a matsayin Jakadiya a Italiya sannan daga baya ta zama Mataimakiyar Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa. A shekarar 2021, an naɗa ta Jakadiya a Spain, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Embaixadora Maria Manuela Lucas apresenta Cartas Credenciais ao Rei da Espanha |url=https://www.minec.gov.mz/index.php/imprensa/destaques/631-embaixadora-maria-manuela-lucas-apresenta-cartas-credenciais-ao-rei-da-espanha |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.minec.gov.mz }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma a shekarar 2023 ta zama Babbar Kwamishiniya a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maria Lucas acreditada Alta Comissária de Moçambique na África do Sul |url=https://www.minec.gov.mz/index.php/imprensa/destaques/774-maria-lucas-acreditada-alta-comissaria-de-mocambique-na-africa-do-sul |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.minec.gov.mz }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ministan Harkokin Waje == Lucas ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin '''Mataimakiyar Ministan Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa''' daga 2017 zuwa 2020 a lokacin wa'adin farko na Shugaba Filipe Nyusi a ofis. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PR nomeia Vice-Ministro dos Negócios Estrangeiros e Cooperação |url=https://www.folhademaputo.co.mz/pt/noticias/nacional/pr-nomeia-vice-ministro-dos-negocios-estrangeiros-e-cooperacao/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Folha de Maputo |language=pt |archive-date=2025-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113120143/https://www.folhademaputo.co.mz/pt/noticias/nacional/pr-nomeia-vice-ministro-dos-negocios-estrangeiros-e-cooperacao/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A '''ranar 17 ga watan Janairu 2025''', an naɗa ta '''Ministar Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa''', <ref name=":1"/> ta zama jakadiyar farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayi a Mozambique. Naɗinta ya faru ne a farkon gwamnatin Shugaba Daniel Chapo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=País |first=O. |date=2025-01-17 |title=Chapo nomeia Primeiro-Ministro e membros do Governo - O País - A verdade como notícia |url=https://opais.co.mz/chapo-nomeia-primeiro-ministro-e-membros-do-governo/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=opais.co.mz |language=pt-PT}}</ref> == Girmamawa == Lucas ta sami takardar shaidar girmamawa daga Shugabar Mozambique saboda rawar da ta taka wajen tallafawa shirya taron kolin Tarayyar Afirka na 2003 a Maputo. <ref name=":0"/> An kuma naɗa ta a matsayin '''memba na girmamawa na [[Diplomatic Academy of the Kingdom of Spain|Kwalejin Diflomasiyya ta Masarautar Spain]]'''. <ref>{{Cite web |last=País |first=O. |date=2022-11-30 |title=Maria Manuela outorgada membro honorária da academia da diplomacia do Reino da Espanha - O País - A verdade como notícia |url=https://opais.co.mz/maria-manuela-outorgada-membro-honoraria-da-academia-da-diplomacia-do-reino-da-espanha/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=opais.co.mz |language=pt-PT}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Lucas tana jin yaren Portugal, Guitonga, Xirhonga, Turanci da Faransanci. Tana da ɗa ɗaya. <ref name=":0"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bnsammr6qtqo9e0kl6foa9mu34qr42k 0 144889 842036 815658 2026-05-29T00:01:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mace Mai Kallon Kowa''' ( Lakota {{Efn|Also known as ''Wambdi'' or ''Wanbli Autepewin'' in some sources.<ref name="brit" />}} wanda aka fi sani da '''Matilda Piccotte Galpin''' ; kimanin 1820 - 18 ga Disamba, 1888) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ta Lakota, diflomasiyya, ɗan kasuwa, kuma mai fassara, wacce aka san ta da ƙoƙarinta na sasanta rikicin tsakanin fararen fata 'yan gudun hijira, gwamnatin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da Sioux . Ana yaba mata da cewa ita kaɗai ce mace da aka amince da ita a matsayin shugaba a tsakanin Sioux. <ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Gray |first=John S. |date=Spring 1986 |title=The Story of Mrs. Picotte-Galpin, a Sioux Heroine Eagle Woman Learns about White Ways and Racial Conflict, 1820–1868 |url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Gray-The-Story-of-Mrs.-Picotte-Galpin-A-Sioux-Heroine-Eagle-Woman-Learns-about-White-Ways-and-Racial-Conflict-1820-1868.pdf |journal=[[Montana: The Magazine of Western History]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=2–21 |access-date=September 5, 2019 |archive-date=July 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717022407/http://montanawomenshistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Gray-The-Story-of-Mrs.-Picotte-Galpin-A-Sioux-Heroine-Eagle-Woman-Learns-about-White-Ways-and-Racial-Conflict-1820-1868.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Brave Bull Allard |first=Ladonna |author-link=LaDonna Brave Bull Allard |title=Eagle Woman |url=http://www.american-tribes.com/Lakota/BIO/EagleWoman.htm |access-date=September 5, 2019 |website=american-tribes.com |quote=Matilda Picotte Galpin, also known as Eagle Woman, was the only female Sioux chief.}}</ref> Diflomasiyyar Eagle Woman ta farko ta kasance don zaman lafiya, yayin da ƙoƙarinta bayan ƙaura zuwa wuraren da aka keɓe ya mayar da hankali kan shawo kan Sioux su daidaita da sabon zamani da kuma sulhu. Ta goyi bayan Sioux sosai lokacin da gwamnatin Amurka ta tilasta wa kabilu su ciyar da kansu a wuraren da ba su da tsabta. Ta kasance mai alhakin ɓangaren shugabannin da aka aika don sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Fort Laramie ta Biyu a 1868, kodayake ta yi adawa da yarjejeniyar Standing Rock ta 1876, kuma ta zama mace ta farko da ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da gwamnatin Amurka a 1882. Ta yi nasara a yakin cinikayya na gida, lokacin da jami'ar gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙarin rufe ofishinta na ciniki don kafa ikon mallakar wurin ajiyar, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani da kuma shugabar al'umma a duk lokacin da fararen fata suka mamaye filayen asali a lokacin Black Hills Gold Rush, gami da zaɓenta da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tawagarta zuwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] a 1872. Eagle Woman da 'yarta Louise sun shirya makarantar kwana ta farko a Standing Rock Indian Reservation . Ta ci gaba da taimaka wa ƙabilun wajen daidaitawa da rayuwar ajiyar har zuwa mutuwarta a 1888. A shekarar 2010, an shigar da ita cikin Zauren Shahararru na South Dakota . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Eagle Woman a wani gidan haya na Sioux kusa da Kogin Missouri, kimanin {{Convert|45|mi}} kudu da Pierre na zamani, South Dakota, ga fitaccen shugaban "masu neman zaman lafiya" <ref name=":24"/> Kabilar Kettles Biyu, Chief Two Lance, da Rosy Light of Dawn, Hunkpapa . <ref name=":24" /> {{Efn|The Hunkpapa were the tribe of [[Sitting Bull]], and would be among the most persistent in fighting settlers and the government to maintain their independence.}} Ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya takwas, kuma jagorancinta daga baya zai kasance ƙarƙashin misalin da mahaifinta ya kafa. <ref name=":24" /> Ta yi yarintarta a abin da zai zama yammacin [[South Dakota]] kuma ba ta da wata alaƙa da al'adun fararen fata ko gwamnati. <ref name="brit">{{Cite web |title=Eagle Woman {{!}} American peace activist |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eagle-Woman |access-date=September 5, 2019 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> Tana da shekaru 13 lokacin da mahaifinta ya mutu a 1833, don a binne ta a Kogin Cheyenne, kuma a 1837, mahaifiyarta ta mutu sakamakon [[Agana|cutar kuturta]] bayan ƙabilun sun gudu daga kogunan don gujewa cutar. <ref name=":24" /> A shekara ta 1838, bayan mutuwar iyayenta, ta auri ɗan ƙasar Kanada mai sayar da gashin fata, Honoré Piccotte, {{Efn|At the time, around 20 years her elder.<ref name="Agonito2016">{{cite book|first=Joseph|last=Agonito|title=Brave Hearts: Indian Women of the Plains|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ7RDAAAQBAJ|date=October 1, 2016|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|TwoDot]]|isbn=978-1-4930-1906-9|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>{{rp|59}}}} babban wakili a babban matsayi a yankin Upper Missouri, <ref name=":24"/> tare da Kamfanin Fur na Amurka da ke aiki a Fort Pierre . <ref name="brit"/> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Eagle Woman Who All Look At |url=http://sdexcellence.org/Eagle_Woman_Who_All_Look_At_2010 |access-date=September 5, 2019 |website=[[South Dakota Hall of Fame]] – Champions of Excellence}}</ref> An yi iƙirarin cewa irin waɗannan auren suna da amfani ga juna: ga matan 'yan asalin ƙasar, auren ɗan kasuwa ya ɗaukaka matsayinsu (ko da yake ba a faɗi ko an ɗaukaka matsayinsu tare da ƙabilar ba, tare da Turawa, ko duka biyun) tare da ƙarin fa'idodin samun kayayyaki, yayin da ga 'yan kasuwa, auren ya inganta dangantakar kasuwanci da ƙabilun 'yan asalin ƙasar. <ref name=":24" /> Piccotte ta auri wata mace daga wata ƙungiyar Sioux a shekara ta 1829, sannan kuma wata mace 'yar Faransa a shekara ta 1831, kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya daga auren biyu. <ref name=":24" /> Eagle Woman, yayin da take zaune a sansanin, ta rungumi salon rayuwar 'yan gudun hijira, amma kamar yadda Piccotte sau da yawa ke ɓatar da lokaci mai tsawo a waje, za ta koma ga ƙabilarta. Eagle Woman ta haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu tare da Piccotte, waɗanda a shekara ta 1848 suka yi ritaya suka koma zama da matarsa farar fata a [[St. Louis]] . <ref name="brit" /> <ref name=":0" /> == Diflomasiyya == [[Fayil:Charles_E._Galpin_1856.jpg|thumb|Charles Galpin a shekarar 1856]] A shekarar 1850, Eagle Woman ta auri ɗalibin Piccotte a kamfanin, Charles Galpin, wanda ta haifi wasu 'ya'ya mata biyu da maza uku, {{Efn|Sources differ on the number of children Eagle Woman had. The ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' records that she had four daughters and three sons, Samuel, Robert, and Richard.<ref name="brit"/> Gray records that she had four sons and four daughters, that none of her sons survived, but her "four daughters carried on their mother's good work".<ref name=":24"/> Gray elsewhere records that the last of Eagle Woman's sons, Sammy, died in 1872 of [[tuberculosis]] at age 22.<ref name=":2" />}} waɗanda dukkansu aka ba su ilimin Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=00192 – Family/Local History – Photographs – Archives Holdings – Archives – State Historical Society of North Dakota |url=https://www.history.nd.gov/archives/manuscripts/inventory/00192.html |access-date=September 5, 2019 |website=[[State Historical Society of North Dakota]] |archive-date=August 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821172202/https://www.history.nd.gov/archives/manuscripts/inventory/00192.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Matar Gaggawa "ta kan yi magana a kan zaluncin kowace iri, ko da fararen fata ne ko kuma 'yan Indiyawa ne suka aikata," {{Rp|60}}kuma ta sami damar yin hakan a tsawon rayuwarta. {{Rp|60–62}} Yayin da tashin hankali ya ƙaru a shekarar 1854, ma'auratan sun kafa ayyukan kasuwanci masu nasara a cikin raguwar tattalin arzikin yankin bayan Yaƙin Basasa kuma sun warware rikice-rikice da dama tsakanin mazauna da ƙabilu a yankin. Duk da cewa dukansu sun yi aiki a matsayin masu fassara a wasu lokutan, yawancin zaman lafiya ya dogara ne akan martabarta da sunanta. [1] [2] Iyalan sun zauna na ɗan lokaci a Fort Benton, Montana tun daga shekarar 1860, yayin da Galpin ya ɗauki matsayi a LaBarge, Harkness &amp;amp; Company . A can, ɗan Eagle Woman, William, ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Agusta. <ref name=":24"/> {{Rp|162–3}}Iyalan sun yi tafiya ta cikin kogin zuwa gidan kakanninsu don jana'izar William, daga ƙarshe sun yi yarjejeniyar kai ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai 10 zuwa Fort Randall a kan hanyarsu. <ref name=":24" /> A kan hanyarsu, Santee Sioux ta kewaye ma'auratan wadda ta jagoranci kisan kiyashin tafkin Shetek kwanan nan; <ref name=":0"/> duk da haka, ɗaya daga cikin jaruman ta gane Eagle Woman kuma ta bar su su wuce bayan ta sanar da su cewa tana da kyaututtuka don masaukin yankin kuma tana jigilar ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yanta maza don binnewa. Galpins sun yi shawarwari kan sakin wasu daga cikin waɗanda Santee ta kama da kuma waɗanda suka isa Fort LaFramboise, kuma an aika da wani ɓangare don fansar mata biyu da yara huɗu. <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":5" /> {{Efn|According to one 1922 source, "there now stands on the site of White Lodge's camp, a shaft to commemorate this event [the freeing of the captives] and in honor of Eagle Woman." However, other sources which deal with the occurrence do not mention this detail.<ref name=":24"/>}} A shekarar 1865, ta kare wani soja farar fata da ya ji rauni da mayafinta, bayan an yi masa kwanton bauna aka harbe shi da kibiyoyi uku. {{Efn|She reportedly told his attackers, "This man belongs to me now! You cannot touch him!" after which they retreated as soldiers from the local fort arrived.<ref name=":0" />}} {{Efn|The soldier would die some days later, and one of the men who attacked him, Circling Bear, "told Eagle Woman if he had known she was the one protecting the officer, he would have killed her, too."<ref name="Agonito2016"/>{{rp|62}}}} A shekarar 1866, ta fara tafiya ita kaɗai don yin shawarwari kan zaman lafiya, tana jawabi a majalisun Sioux da ke bakin kogin Little Missouri. <ref name=":0"/> Fada Pierre-Jean De Smet ya nemi Eagle Woman a shekarar 1868, domin ita, "ta haifi Sioux kuma tana da kusanci da shugabannin yaƙi da dama, tana da babban tasiri a tsakanin mutanenta." <ref name=":24"/> {{Rp|18}}An aika shi don neman Sitting Bull ya kai mutanensa wurin ajiyar kaya. <ref name=":0"/> {{Efn|They appear to have been accompanied on this errand by [[Running Antelope]] and [[Thunder Hawk (Sioux)|Thunder Hawk]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=Martin |title=The Poet-Chief Greets the Sioux |journal=Walt Whitman Quarterly Review |date=July 1, 1999 |volume=17 |issue=1–2 |pages=25–37 |doi=10.13008/2153-3695.1569 |doi-access=free }}</ref>}} Galpins da De Smet sun yi tafiya tare da wasu 'yan Sioux zuwa sansanin Sitting Bull. Daga baya ta ba da labarin cewa dole ne ta shawo kan mutanen Sitting Bull kada su kashe De Smet, bayan isowar tawagarsa an gana da ƙungiyar mayaƙa masu adawa. <ref name=":0" /> {{Efn|However, De Smet and Charles never noted feeling threatened.<ref name="lance">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lanceshieldlifet00utle_1|url-access=registration|quote=matilda galpin.|title=The Lance and the Shield: The Life and Times of Sitting Bull|last=Utley|first=Robert M.|author-link=Robert M. Utley|date=1994|publisher=[[Ballantine Books]]|isbn=9780345389381|language=en|via=[[Internet Archive]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/lanceshieldlifet00utle_1/page/350 350]}}</ref>}} Duk da cewa shugaban sansanin bai karɓi buƙatar De Smet ba, ya aika da wasu shugabanni da dama waɗanda za su ci gaba da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Biyu ta Fort Laramie a 1868. Wannan yarjejeniya ta kafa Babban Wurin Ajiye Kayan Sioux, don haka iyalan Eagle Woman suka ƙaura tare da ƙabilun zuwa sabbin iyakokinsu, suka kafa sabon wurin ciniki a Grand River . Saboda ƙoƙarinsu na sauƙaƙe tattaunawar da ta yi nasara, an naɗa Galpin a matsayin mai fassara hukuma, akan albashin $150 kowane wata. {{Rp|65}} A da, Eagle Woman, mai fafutukar zaman lafiya, ta sami wata sabuwar manufa wajen taimaka wa mutanenta su daidaita da sabbin yanayinsu, yanzu da aka samu zaman lafiya, ko da yake na ɗan lokaci ne. <ref name=":0"/> === Rayuwa a wurin ajiyar === [[Fayil:Eagle_Woman's_four_daughters.png|thumb|'Ya'yan Eagle Woman, daga hagu zuwa dama, Lulu Picotte Harmon, Annie Galpin, Alma Galpin Parkin, da Louise Picotte DeGrey-Von Solen, kimanin 1880]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gysnjtssag8npys2ozbfieig9l12ejb 0 145450 841687 828163 2026-05-28T15:32:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An haifi '''Laura Beltz Wright''' (1909–1996), Inupiaq, a Candle, Alaska. Daga 1942 zuwa 1947, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata 23 membobin Rundunar Tsaron Yankin Alaska (ATG) a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-26 |title=Alaska Natives honored for protecting territory during WWII |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/native-alaskans-who-protected-alaska-in-wwii-to-be-honored/ |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US}}</ref> waɗanda suka ɗauki 'Yan Asalin Alaska a matsayin masu sa kai don yin sintiri idan Japan ta mamaye su. A matsayinta na mai zaman kanta a ATG, an fi saninta da mai harbi mai kaifi, kuma tana isar da wasiku. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Learn about Native Women's Military Service as National Native American Veterans Memorial Opens |url=https://womenshistory.si.edu/news/2020/11/learn-about-native-womens-military-service-national-native-american-veterans-memorial |access-date=2021-05-11 |website=Because of Her Story |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512084714/https://womenshistory.si.edu/news/2020/11/learn-about-native-womens-military-service-national-native-american-veterans-memorial |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga baya a rayuwa, Beltz Wright ya shahara da tsara wuraren shakatawa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Women Warriors: Fighting on Many Fronts for the Right to Serve |url=https://www.americanindianmagazine.org/story/women-warriors-fighting-many-fronts-right-serve |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=American Indian magazine, National Museum of the American Indian |language=en}}</ref> == Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu == Beltz Wright ta kasance wani ɓangare na Rundunar Tsaron Yankin Alaska (ATG) a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, waɗanda ke sintiri a bakin teku don samar da bayanan sirri game da duk wani aikin abokan gaba da ke kusa kuma sun ceci duk wani jirgin sama da ya faɗi. [1] Duk da cewa yawancin mata galibi ma'aikatan jinya ne, Beltz Wright ta fita daga al'adun gargajiya kuma ta kasance mai harbi da ƙarfi. [1] Baya ga lokacinta tare da ATG, Beltz Wright ta kuma aika wasiƙu ta hanyar ƙungiyar kare, wasan tsere kan kankara da/ko sled. [2] == Zane == An san Beltz Wright da tsara wuraren shakatawa na Alaska daga baya a rayuwa. A shekarar 1952, lokacin da ta fara tsara wuraren shakatawa, ta sami takardar izinin mallakar wani wurin shakatawa mai launin velvet mai suna "Wright Alaskan Parky, wurin shakatawa na hunturu na asali." <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Obituaries of Alaska's Pioneers |url=http://files.usgwarchives.net/ak/obituaries/pioneers/akpionu_z.txt}}</ref> Gidajen shakatawa sun haɗa da ƙirar gargajiya ta 'yan asalin Alaska a cikinsu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Wasu daga cikin wuraren shakatawarta suna cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Smithsonian na American Indian . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parka |url=https://collections.si.edu/search/record/edanmdm:NMAI_412478?q=%22Laura+Wright+%28Laura+Belle+Beltz+Hagberg+Wright%29%2C+Inupiaq+%28Alaskan+Inupiat+Eskimo%29%2C+1908-1996%22 |website=Smithsonian Collection Search}}</ref> Shahararrun abokan cinikinta waɗanda suka sanya wuraren shakatawarta sun haɗa da Elvis Presley, [[Willie Nelson]], Ricky Nelson, Shirley Jones da Burl Ives . <ref name=":4" /> Jikarta, Sheila Ezelle, ta sayi Laura Wright Alaskan Parkys a shekarar 1985 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Wright Alaskan Parkys |url=https://www.ciri.com/sh_businesses/laura-wright-alaskan-parkys/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=CIRI |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma a halin yanzu tana da kuma gudanar da shago a Anchorage, Alaska. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Segal |first=Shiri |date=2020-09-02 |title=Kuspuks and Parkys: Symbols of Alaskan Identity {{!}} INDIE ALASKA |url=https://www.alaskapublic.org/2020/09/02/kuspuks-and-parkys/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=Alaska Public Media |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ganewa == Sai a shekara ta 2000 ne membobin ATG suka sami matsayin tsoffin sojoji. A shekara ta 2017 iyalan Beltz Wright suka karɓi takardar sallama daga aiki daga gwamnati. <ref name=":3"/> A shekara ta 2020, Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta amince da Beltz Wright saboda nasarorin da ta samu da gudummawar da ta bayar a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu don karya shingen jinsi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=Senate Honors Successes of Indigenous Women |url=https://www.thecordovatimes.com/2020/05/20/senate-honors-successes-of-indigenous-women/ |website=The Cordova Times}}</ref> A cikin littafin tarihin mutuwarta, an ambaci cewa an saka ta a cikin Who's Who of American Women a shekara ta 1967 kuma an zaɓe ta don kyautar Alaska Mother of the Year a shekara ta 1968. <ref name=":4"/> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A shekarar 1926, Laura Beltz ta auri John Allan Hagberg kuma sun yi aiki a ma'adinan zinare tare. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Laura Beltz Wright |url=https://www.newspaper.indianlife.org/story/2013/09/15/perspectives/laura-beltz-wright/375.html |website=Indian Life |access-date=2026-03-15 |archive-date=2025-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115060211/https://www.newspaper.indianlife.org/story/2013/09/15/perspectives/laura-beltz-wright/375.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tare, sun haifi 'ya'ya shida. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Laura Belle Beltz Hagberg Wright |url=http://www.alaskaweb.org/obits/wrightlbbh.html |website=AlaskaWeb.org}}</ref> Bayan Hagberg ya mutu a shekarar 1948, ta auri Dallas A. Wright a shekarar 1951. <ref name=":2" /> Wright ta mutu a shekarar 1981. A wannan lokacin, Beltz Wright ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin ungozoma a al'ummarta. <ref name=":3"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1909]] ezuvugtbaudk233adh44pgbdfpgdfle 0 145681 842397 810376 2026-05-29T11:14:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mark Zamenhof''' (an haife shi 27 Janairu 1837 a Suwalki; ya mutu 29 Nuwamba 1907 a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]]) shine nau'in Esperanto na '''Markus Fabianoviĉ Samenhof''', sunan "Kirista" na '''Mordeĥaj Zamenhof''', ɗan Fabian Zamenhof kuma mahaifin L. L. Zamenhof ("mai kirkirar Esperanto); malamin harsunan Faransanci da [[Jamusanci]]. Ya kasance Knight na umarni da yawa. Bayani game da takardun hukuma ya ba da damar tabbatar da cewa Mordka Zamenhof ya canza sunansa zuwa Marek kuma bayan mutuwarsa sunan mahaifinsa Fajwel zuwa Fabian, abin da aka gabatar a hukumance a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1871, a gefe ɗaya daga takardar shaidar haihuwa ta Fejgla. == Rayuwar sana'a == A cikin bazara na 1862 Mark Zamenhof ya bayyana sana'arsa a matsayin mai lissafi. Magana game da shi a matsayin malami ya bayyana daga baya a wannan shekarar. Akwai bayanin kula a cikin takardun hukumar leken asiri ta Rasha game da Zamenhof wanda ke bayyana wasikun zargi ga jami'an Tsar. Ɗaya daga cikin zargi da ba a san shi ba ya shafi isowar wani malamin Ibrananci daga Warsaw, Bernard Wildenbaum, a Białystok, wanda aka tuhume shi saboda amfani da rigunan ƙasar Poland. 'Yan sanda a cikin binciken sun yi zargin cewa Zamenhof ne ya rubuta wasikar da ba a bayyana sunanta ba, saboda ya jagoranci makarantar' yan mata a wannan lokacin kuma a baya ya rubuta wasikun zargi daban-daban. A wannan lokacin Zamenhof ya kasance mai mallakar makarantar 'yan mata Yahudawa. A shekara ta 1866 tana da dalibai 63 da suka shiga. Yawancin marubutan tarihin Poland sun rubuta cewa Mark Zamenhof malami ne na makarantar sakandare ta Białystok (ainihin makaranta). Idan ya koyar a wannan makarantar sakandare, mai yiwuwa wannan ɗan gajeren lokaci ne kawai bayan an sallami malamai da yawa na Poland don ramawa bayan Tashin hankali na Janairu na 1864. A shekara ta 1874 dangin Zamenhof sun yi hijira zuwa Warsaw, inda Zamenhof ya ci gaba a matsayin malami na harshen Jamusanci a Cibiyar Kula da Dabbobi da kuma a cikin ainihin makarantar, ɗaya daga cikin Yahudawa uku da aka yi aiki a makarantun jihar Warsaw. Daga baya ya zama mai tantancewa na jihar don matani da aka rubuta a Ibrananci da Yiddish.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Serious History Behind Esperanto |url=https://time.com/4417809/esperanto-history-invention/ }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Mark da Esperanto == [[Fayil:Markus_Zamenhof_4.JPG|thumb|451x451px|Kabarin Mark Zamenhof a Kabarin Yahudawa a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]]]] Ɗansa LL Zamenhof, lokacin da ya fara karatun jami'a a shekarar 1879, ya miƙa aikinsa na harshen Esperanto ga Mark Zamenhof don ya adana shi har sai ya kammala karatunsa. Amma Mark, bai fahimci ra'ayoyin ɗansa ba kuma yana ɗaukar cewa daftarin aikin wauta ne, ya ƙone littafin. Bayan shekaru da yawa ya gamsu da darajar Esperanto, kuma ya nemi ɗansa LL Zamenhof ya fassara littafinsa ''Frazeologia'' (Russian-Polish-Faransa-Jamusanci) zuwa [[Esperanto]] ; ''Proverbaro Esperanta'' ya samo asali ne daga wannan ƙoƙarin. == Manazarta == 1fztumxp8bf4p93tdlm42bp23iwpsuo 0 145896 842041 810996 2026-05-29T00:55:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842041 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maggie Gee''' (5 ga Agusta, 1923 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-10 |title=Maggie Gee Obituary |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/sfgate/name/maggie-gee-obituary?id=6713777 |access-date=2014-02-06 |website=Legacy.com}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2013 <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2013-02-04 |title=WASP Final Flight: Maggie Gee, 44-W-9, Feb 1, 2013. |url=https://waspfinalflight.blogspot.com/2013/02/maggie-gee-44-w-7-feb-1-2013.html |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=WASP Final Flight}}</ref> ) ta kasance matukin jirgin sama ' yar Amurka wacce ta yi aiki a cikin Matan Jiragen Sama na Sojojin Sama (WASP) a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata 'yan China-Amurkawa biyu da suka yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar, ɗayan kuma ita ce Hazel Ying Lee . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyun Lim |first=Ji |date=2002-10-02 |title=Pioneering APA Pilot Honored |url=https://www.asianweek.com/2002_10_04/bay_gee.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002105959/http://asianweek.com/2002_10_04/bay_gee.html |archive-date=2011-10-02 |access-date=2010-08-30 |website=AsianWeek.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-07-13 |title=In Pursuit of a Dream |url=http://www.asiancemagazine.com/apr_2007/in_pursuit_of_a_dream |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302212326/http://www.asiancemagazine.com/apr_2007/in_pursuit_of_a_dream |archive-date=2012-03-02 |access-date=2010-08-30 |website=Asiance Magazine}}</ref> A matsayinta na matukin jirgin WASP, ta taimaka wa matukan jirgin maza su yi horo don yaƙi, saboda ba a ba mata matukan jirgin sama damar yin yaƙi a lokacin ba. Ta kuma yi jigilar jiragen sama na soja. <ref name="crownpublishing1">{{Cite web |date= |title=WASP Pilot to receive Congressional Medal of Honor for service during WWII « Crown Publishing – Tricycle |url=http://tricycle.crownpublishing.com/2010/02/11/wasp-pilot-to-receive-congressional-medal-of-honor-for-service-during-wwii/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124070120/http://tricycle.crownpublishing.com/2010/02/11/wasp-pilot-to-receive-congressional-medal-of-honor-for-service-during-wwii/ |archive-date=2010-11-24 |access-date=2010-08-30 |publisher=Tricycle.crownpublishing.com}}</ref> Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin WASP, ta yi aiki a matsayin masanin kimiyyar lissafi da mai fafutukar siyasa kan wariyar launin fata. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-17 |title=Maggie Gee |url=https://www.nps.gov/people/maggie-gee.htm |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=National Park Service |language=en}}</ref> == Yaro == An haifi Gee, ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya shida, a Berkeley, California, a ranar 5 ga Agusta, 1923. Ta kasance ' yar asalin ƙasar Sin ta ƙarni na uku; kakanninta na uwa sun ƙaura zuwa California daga wani ƙauye a Guangdong . Kakanta ya kasance majagaba a masana'antar [[abalone]] a yankin Monterey . <ref name="hafner">{{Cite web |last=Hafner |first=Katie |date=2020-05-21 |title=Overlooked No More: When Hazel Ying Lee and Maggie Gee Soared the Skies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/21/obituaries/hazel-ying-lee-and-maggie-gee-overlooked.html |website=New York Times}}</ref> Mahaifin Gee ɗan kasuwa ne daga Hong Kong, mahaifiyarta kuma (Ah Yoke Gee) 'yar asalin ƙasar Sin ce ta biyu. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Man Ka |first=Lee |date=2022 |title=To Break the Rules: Transformation and Empowerment of Chinese American Women through WWII Experience |url=https://www.lib.eduhk.hk/pure-data/pub/202202220/202202220_1.pdf |journal=The Education University of Hong Kong Library}}</ref> Saboda mahaifinta ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka, mahaifiyarta ta rasa takardar shaidar zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka saboda sharuɗɗan Dokar Cable ta 1922. <ref name=":0"/> Mahaifinta ya rasu sakamakon [[Ciwon zuciya|bugun zuciya]] lokacin da Gee ke da shekaru shida. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-01-13 |title=Margaret “Maggie” Gee |url=https://cafriseabove.org/maggie-gee/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=CAF RISE ABOVE |language=en-US}}</ref> Tun tana ƙarama, Gee ta kan yi zamanta a filin jirgin sama tare da iyalinta suna kallon tashin jiragen sama daban-daban. Ɗaya daga cikin abin koyinta ita ce [[Amelia Earhart]], kuma son tashi ya zama abin da ta sa a gaba. Duk da haka, saboda tsadar kuɗin, ba ta sami damar samun wannan damar ba. Bugu da ƙari, zamanin da Gee ta girma a ciki ya kasance cike da [[Rarraba launin fata|wariyar launin fata]] da wariya ga 'yan Amurka 'yan China, musamman kan batun gidaje. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Vinci |first=Claudia |date=2020 |title=An “Often Formidable Sting”: Chinese American Female Aviators in the WASP during World War II |url=https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/ugtheses/519/ |journal=Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection}}</ref> == Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da Sabis na WASP == A shekarar 1941, tare da harin da aka kai a Pearl Harbor, ya nuna farkon yakin duniya na biyu a Amurka. A wannan lokacin, Gee ta kasance ɗalibi ta farko da ta yi rajista a Jami'ar California, Berkeley don yin karatun kimiyyar lissafi . <ref name="hafner"/> <ref name=":1"/> Da farkon yakin, 'yan'uwanta sun shiga yaƙin, <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Maggie Gee |url=https://www.mocanyc.org/2023/03/29/maggie-gee/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Museum of Chinese in America |archive-date=2024-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202131647/https://www.mocanyc.org/2023/03/29/maggie-gee/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma mahaifiyarta ta yi aiki a Mare Island Naval Shipyard a matsayin mai walda . <ref name="hafner" /> Gee ta bar aiki bayan 'yan watanni don yin aiki a sashen zana takardu a Mare Island Naval Shipyard . <ref name="hafner" /> Yayin da take a tashar jiragen ruwa, ta kuma yi aiki a sashen injiniya, inda take ɗaya daga cikin mata kaɗan, suna taimakawa wajen gyara jiragen ruwa. Gee ta yi abota da waɗannan mata biyu, kuma suka yanke shawarar yin rajista tare a shirin WASP. <ref name=":4" /> Gee da abokan aiki biyu sun sayi mota kan dala 25 na Amurka (ta amfani da kuɗin da suka samu suna aiki a tashar jiragen ruwa <ref name=":4" /> ) suka tuka mota zuwa Avenger Field da ke Sweetwater, Texas, inda ta yi horo na tsawon watanni shida don zama WASP . <ref name="hafner" /> Bayan kammala aikin neman shiga, shirin WASP ya ƙunshi matukan jirgi 1,074 (daga cikin jimillar masu neman shiga 25,000, <ref name=":4" /> kashi 8% na karɓa <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Anne |date=2022-07-20 |title=MARGARET “MAGGIE” GEE |url=https://nevadawomen.org/research-center/biographies-alphabetical/margaret-maggie-gee/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Nevada Women's History Project}}</ref> ), wanda babu mata baƙar fata, 'yan China-Amurkawa biyu, ɗaya 'yar asalin Amurka, da kuma wasu mata Yahudawa kaɗan. <ref name=":3"/> Gee ta kammala karatunta daga shirin horar da WASP a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aji 44-W-9 a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1944. <ref name=":5" /> A lokacin da aka fara aikin, zama WASP bai ba wa waɗanda aka tura matsayin soja ba; an ɗauki WASP a matsayin ƙungiyar farar hula . An yi amfani da shirin a matsayin taimako ga sojojin Amurka na yau da kullun, kuma farkon shirin ya ba da damar tura matukan jirgi maza a wani wuri. A lokacin da take a matsayin WASP, an tura Gee aiki a sansanin sojojin sama na Nellis da ke Nevada. Gee ta fahimci cewa ita da sauran matukan jirgin sun kasance suna son tashi da kuma kishin ƙasa. [1] Wasu daga cikin ayyukanta yayin da take aiki a matsayin WASP sun haɗa da shirya jiragen sama don yaƙi, horar da matukan jirgi maza don amfani da kayan aikinsu, da kuma tuƙi jiragen B-17 tare yayin aikin harba bindiga. [2] Ita da abokan aikinta WASP za su iya amfani da gogewarsu don faɗaɗa ƙwarewar mata a cikin soja, ta kuma bayyana cewa ta fuskanci wariya ta jinsi da wariya yayin da take hidima; waɗannan maganganun ƙalubale ne da WASPs suka yarda da su wajen ci gaba da tashi. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1923]] 75n5ljmo7iuhlvgjqkzr63zp6dhi9yc 0 145897 842042 810998 2026-05-29T00:56:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maggie Gee''' (5 ga Agusta, 1923 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-10 |title=Maggie Gee Obituary |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/sfgate/name/maggie-gee-obituary?id=6713777 |access-date=2014-02-06 |website=Legacy.com}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2013 <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2013-02-04 |title=WASP Final Flight: Maggie Gee, 44-W-9, Feb 1, 2013. |url=https://waspfinalflight.blogspot.com/2013/02/maggie-gee-44-w-7-feb-1-2013.html |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=WASP Final Flight}}</ref> ) ta kasance matukin jirgin sama ' yar Amurka wacce ta yi aiki a cikin Matan Jiragen Sama na Sojojin Sama (WASP) a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata 'yan China-Amurkawa biyu da suka yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar, ɗayan kuma ita ce Hazel Ying Lee . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyun Lim |first=Ji |date=2002-10-02 |title=Pioneering APA Pilot Honored |url=https://www.asianweek.com/2002_10_04/bay_gee.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002105959/http://asianweek.com/2002_10_04/bay_gee.html |archive-date=2011-10-02 |access-date=2010-08-30 |website=AsianWeek.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-07-13 |title=In Pursuit of a Dream |url=http://www.asiancemagazine.com/apr_2007/in_pursuit_of_a_dream |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302212326/http://www.asiancemagazine.com/apr_2007/in_pursuit_of_a_dream |archive-date=2012-03-02 |access-date=2010-08-30 |website=Asiance Magazine}}</ref> A matsayinta na matukin jirgin WASP, ta taimaka wa matukan jirgin maza su yi horo don yaƙi, saboda ba a ba mata matukan jirgin sama damar yin yaƙi a lokacin ba. Ta kuma yi jigilar jiragen sama na soja. <ref name="crownpublishing1">{{Cite web |date= |title=WASP Pilot to receive Congressional Medal of Honor for service during WWII « Crown Publishing – Tricycle |url=http://tricycle.crownpublishing.com/2010/02/11/wasp-pilot-to-receive-congressional-medal-of-honor-for-service-during-wwii/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124070120/http://tricycle.crownpublishing.com/2010/02/11/wasp-pilot-to-receive-congressional-medal-of-honor-for-service-during-wwii/ |archive-date=2010-11-24 |access-date=2010-08-30 |publisher=Tricycle.crownpublishing.com}}</ref> Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin WASP, ta yi aiki a matsayin masanin kimiyyar lissafi da mai fafutukar siyasa kan wariyar launin fata. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-17 |title=Maggie Gee |url=https://www.nps.gov/people/maggie-gee.htm |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=National Park Service |language=en}}</ref> == Yaro == An haifi Gee, ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya shida, a Berkeley, California, a ranar 5 ga Agusta, 1923. Ta kasance ' yar asalin ƙasar Sin ta ƙarni na uku; kakanninta na uwa sun ƙaura zuwa California daga wani ƙauye a Guangdong . Kakanta ya kasance majagaba a masana'antar [[abalone]] a yankin Monterey . <ref name="hafner">{{Cite web |last=Hafner |first=Katie |date=2020-05-21 |title=Overlooked No More: When Hazel Ying Lee and Maggie Gee Soared the Skies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/21/obituaries/hazel-ying-lee-and-maggie-gee-overlooked.html |website=New York Times}}</ref> Mahaifin Gee ɗan kasuwa ne daga Hong Kong, mahaifiyarta kuma (Ah Yoke Gee) 'yar asalin ƙasar Sin ce ta biyu. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Man Ka |first=Lee |date=2022 |title=To Break the Rules: Transformation and Empowerment of Chinese American Women through WWII Experience |url=https://www.lib.eduhk.hk/pure-data/pub/202202220/202202220_1.pdf |journal=The Education University of Hong Kong Library}}</ref> Saboda mahaifinta ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka, mahaifiyarta ta rasa takardar shaidar zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka saboda sharuɗɗan Dokar Cable ta 1922. <ref name=":0"/> Mahaifinta ya rasu sakamakon [[Ciwon zuciya|bugun zuciya]] lokacin da Gee ke da shekaru shida. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-01-13 |title=Margaret “Maggie” Gee |url=https://cafriseabove.org/maggie-gee/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=CAF RISE ABOVE |language=en-US}}</ref> Tun tana ƙarama, Gee ta kan yi zamanta a filin jirgin sama tare da iyalinta suna kallon tashin jiragen sama daban-daban. Ɗaya daga cikin abin koyinta ita ce Amelia Earhart, kuma son tashi ya zama abin da ta sa a gaba. Duk da haka, saboda tsadar kuɗin, ba ta sami damar samun wannan damar ba. Bugu da ƙari, zamanin da Gee ta girma a ciki ya kasance cike da wariyar launin fata da wariya ga 'yan Amurka 'yan China, musamman kan batun gidaje. [1] == Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da Sabis na WASP == A shekarar 1941, tare da harin da aka kai a Pearl Harbor, ya nuna farkon yakin duniya na biyu a Amurka. A wannan lokacin, Gee ta kasance ɗalibi ta farko da ta yi rajista a Jami'ar California, Berkeley don yin karatun kimiyyar lissafi . <ref name="hafner"/> <ref name=":1"/> Da farkon yakin, 'yan'uwanta sun shiga yaƙin, <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Maggie Gee |url=https://www.mocanyc.org/2023/03/29/maggie-gee/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Museum of Chinese in America |archive-date=2024-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202131647/https://www.mocanyc.org/2023/03/29/maggie-gee/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma mahaifiyarta ta yi aiki a Mare Island Naval Shipyard a matsayin mai walda . <ref name="hafner" /> Gee ta bar aiki bayan 'yan watanni don yin aiki a sashen zana takardu a Mare Island Naval Shipyard . <ref name="hafner" /> Yayin da take a tashar jiragen ruwa, ta kuma yi aiki a sashen injiniya, inda take ɗaya daga cikin mata kaɗan, suna taimakawa wajen gyara jiragen ruwa. Gee ta yi abota da waɗannan mata biyu, kuma suka yanke shawarar yin rajista tare a shirin WASP. <ref name=":4" /> Gee da abokan aiki biyu sun sayi mota kan dala 25 na Amurka (ta amfani da kuɗin da suka samu suna aiki a tashar jiragen ruwa <ref name=":4" /> ) suka tuka mota zuwa Avenger Field da ke Sweetwater, Texas, inda ta yi horo na tsawon watanni shida don zama WASP . <ref name="hafner" /> Bayan kammala aikin neman shiga, shirin WASP ya ƙunshi matukan jirgi 1,074 (daga cikin jimillar masu neman shiga 25,000, <ref name=":4" /> kashi 8% na karɓa <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Anne |date=2022-07-20 |title=MARGARET “MAGGIE” GEE |url=https://nevadawomen.org/research-center/biographies-alphabetical/margaret-maggie-gee/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Nevada Women's History Project}}</ref> ), wanda babu mata baƙar fata, 'yan China-Amurkawa biyu, ɗaya 'yar asalin Amurka, da kuma wasu mata Yahudawa kaɗan. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Vinci |first=Claudia |date=2020 |title=An “Often Formidable Sting”: Chinese American Female Aviators in the WASP during World War II |url=https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/ugtheses/519/ |journal=Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection}}</ref> Gee ta kammala karatunta daga shirin horar da WASP a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aji 44-W-9 a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1944. <ref name=":5" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1923]] e5e939h9og4q6wg0pai1aaa4b9c1p9l 0 146973 841809 839757 2026-05-28T18:57:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lisa J. Hou''', DO (An haife ta a 1971) <ref name="Ride">{{Cite web |title=The Ride of Her Life |url=https://stories.camden.rutgers.edu/spring-2022-the-ride-of-her-life/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=stories.camden.rutgers.edu |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230134245/https://stories.camden.rutgers.edu/spring-2022-the-ride-of-her-life/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> likita ce 'yar [[Amurka]] kuma babbar janar . Tun daga watan Yulin 2024, ita ce Darakta a Ofishin Babban Likitan Hadin Gwiwa a Ofishin Tsaron Kasa . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Tsaron Kasa na New Jersey kuma Kwamishinar Sashen Harkokin Soja da Tsoffin Sojoji na New Jersey daga 2021 zuwa 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Adjutant General |url=https://www.nj.gov/military/tag.shtml |website=www.nj.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=NJ.com |first=Kelly Heyboer; NJ Advance Media for |date=May 3, 2021 |title=Murphy names first woman to oversee N.J. National Guard, veterans homes after COVID deaths spur big changes |url=https://www.nj.com/coronavirus/2021/05/murphy-names-first-woman-to-oversee-nj-national-guard-veterans-homes-after-covid-deaths-spur-big-changes.html |website=nj}}</ref> Ita ce Ba’amurke 'yar Asiya ta farko kuma mace ta farko da ta zama Babban Janar a jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 3, 2021 |title=Governor Murphy Nominates Colonel Dr. Lisa Hou as Adjutant General and Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Military and Veterans Affairs |url=https://www.insidernj.com/press-release/governor-murphy-nominates-colonel-dr-lisa-hou-adjutant-general-commissioner-new-jersey-department-military-veterans-affairs/ |website=Insider NJ}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == 'Yar bakin haure 'yan [[Sin|China]], Hou ta girma a Middletown da Rumson, kuma ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a Makarantar Sakandare ta Rumson-Fair Haven a shekarar 1987. Ta sami digirin farko (BA) a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Kwalejin Bryn Mawr . <ref name="NGB bio">{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2021 |title=Brigadier General Lisa J. Hou |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/Leadership/Joint-Staff/Special-Staff/Senior-Leader-Management-Office/General-Officer-Management/bio-show/3834/ |access-date=July 1, 2022 |publisher=National Guard Bureau |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319192557/https://www.nationalguard.mil/Leadership/Joint-Staff/Special-Staff/Senior-Leader-Management-Office/General-Officer-Management/bio-show/3834/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta shiga Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta New Jersey a shekarar 1994 yayin da take ɗalibar likitanci a Jami'ar Magunguna da Hakora ta New Jersey - Makarantar Magungunan Osteopathic da ke Stratford . Dr. Hou ta sami digirinta na uku a fannin Magungunan Osteopathic (DO) a shekarar 1996. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NJHCP |url=https://www.njdoctorlist.com/NJPublic/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=www.njdoctorlist.com}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar likitanci, Dr. Hou ta kammala aikin tiyata na wucin gadi a Asibitin Union, NJ (1997), aikin tiyata na gabaɗaya a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta St. Barnabas, Livingston, NJ (1998) da kuma aikin tiyatar Otolaryngology/Fcial Plastic Surgery a Asibitin Union (2001). <ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 2002, Dr. Hou ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin tiyatar barci, a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Stanford, CA. Bugu da ƙari, Dr. Hou ta sami lambar yabo ta likitan tiyatar jirgin sama a shekara ta 2010. <ref name="NGB bio" /> In addition to her training in medicine, Dr. Hou went on to earn a distinctive Master of Strategic Studies (MSS) from the United States Army War College in 2019 as well as a master's degree in Business Administration (MBA) from the Rutgers University - School of Business in 2022.<ref name="Ride"/> == Aikin soja == A shekarar 2005, a lokacin, Maj. Hou ta yi aiki a Iraki a matsayin babbar likitan tiyata a fannin Echo Company, Bataliyar Taimako ta 50, Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta 42, Rundunar Tsaron Sojojin Sama ta New Jersey, inda ta yi aikin kula da lafiyar gaggawa na yau da kullun ga sojojin kawance da fararen hula na Iraki kuma ta ci gaba da shirye-shiryen likita don raunin da ya faru. A shekarar 2011, a lokacin Laftanar Kanar Hou ta yi aiki a Afghanistan a matsayin Likitan Fida na Kamfanin Charlie, Bataliyar Tallafawa ta 700, Tawagar Yaƙi ta Sojojin Ruwa ta 45. Ita ce kaɗai mai ba da sabis na lafiya tare da ƙungiyar likitocin yaƙi a sansanin Sojojin Ƙasa na Afghanistan kuma tana da alhakin samar da kulawar gaggawa ta yau da kullun da ta ci gaba a fagen yaƙi ga sojoji sama da 600 na haɗin gwiwa, 'yan kwangila, da 'yan ƙasashen waje. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 0gkitt2secc4r5kb47nqhqt2ic1au29 0 147020 842298 816124 2026-05-29T09:40:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marianne Mathewson-Chapman''' ma'aikaciyar jinya ce kuma babbar jami'ar tsaro ta rundunar sojin Amurka mai ritaya. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka kara mata matsayi zuwa matsayin babbar janar a rundunar sojin kasa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Mathewson-Chapman a Sabetha, Kansas kuma ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Jihar Kansas . <ref name="flwomenshalloffame">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2017 |title=Mg Marianne Mathewson-Chapman, Ph.D. |url=https://flwomenshalloffame.org/bio/marianne-chapman/ |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=flwomenshalloffame.org}}</ref> Babban ɗan'uwanta Joseph ya yi ritaya ne na Sojojin Tsaro na California, kuma surukarta ta kasance mataimakiyar kwamandan.<ref name="first">{{Cite web |last=Haskell |first=Bob |date=Fall 2000 |title=Chapman is Guard's first female Major General |url=https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/03/08/00/00291/AA00030800_00291.pdf |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu |page=11}}</ref> == Ayyukan soja == Bayan kammala makarantar jinya, Mathewson-Chapman ya tafi San Diego don yin aiki tare da Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka don taimakawa fursunonin yaki da suka dawo daga Vietnam. A shekara ta 1972, ta bar rundunar sojan ruwa don ci gaba da karatun farar hula. Ta shiga rundunar tsaron kasa ta Amurka a 1975 kuma ta yi aiki a California, Pennsylvania, da Florida.<ref name="first"/> A shekara ta 1992, an inganta ta zuwa babban ma'aikacin jinya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Multiculturalism in the Armed Forces in the 20th Century |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Heritage-Calendars/pdf-files/2002.pdf |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=loc.gov |page=15}}</ref> An tura Mathewson-Chapman a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a cikin ƙungiyar likitoci a lokacin Yakin Gulf . Ta shiga cikin Operation Desert Storm a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar likitoci waɗanda ke kula da kafa asibitoci 44. <ref name="Harkas" /> A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1998, an kara Mathewson-Chapman zuwa Mataimakin Babban Likita / Mataimakin Musamman tare da Sojojin Tsaro.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=MAJOR GENERAL MARIANNE MATHEWSON-CHAPMAN |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Features/ngbgomo/bio/6/641.html |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=nationalguard.mil |archive-date=December 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213033524/https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Features/ngbgomo/bio/6/641.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayinda yake aiki a cikin Tsaro na Kasa, Mathewson-Chapman ya zama mataimakin farfesa a fannin jinya a Jami'ar Florida . Ta kuma jagoranci shirin hadin gwiwa na farko a shafukan yanar gizo na 63 na National Guard / Reserve demobilization, ta haɓaka shirin farko na kai tsaye ga membobin Ajiye na Mutum, kuma ta kafa cibiyar kiran tsoffin mayakan yaki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gator Nurse Greats- LEAD |url=https://alumni.nursing.ufl.edu/about/gator-nurse-greats/gator-nurse-greats-lead/ |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=alumni.nursing.ufl.edu}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2000, ta zama mace ta farko da aka kara da ita zuwa matsayin babban janar a cikin Sojojin Tsaro. Har ila yau, ta zama babban jami'in tsaron kasa na Florida na farko da aka nada zuwa matsayin soja na kasa a Pentagon . <ref name=":1" /> A wannan shekarar, an shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame na Mata na Florida . Mathewson-Chapman ta yi ritaya daga aikin soja a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2002, [1] amma ta ci gaba da shiga cikin fafutukar kare hakkin sojoji ta hanyar zama mataimakiyar shugaba a Kwamitin Daidaito na Damammaki na Tsaron Sojojin Kasa. [2] Yayin da take a Ma'ajiyar Sojojin Amurka, ta kuma zama mataimakiyar musamman ga darektan Rundunar Tsaron Sojojin Kasa a Washington da kuma babbar jami'ar jinya ta Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tsoffin Sojoji ta Amurka . [3] As of 2011 , tana aiki a matsayin Mai Gudanar da Harkokin Watsa Labarai ga Tsaro/Ajiye a Ofishin Gudanar da Harkokin Watsa Labarai na VHA OEF/OIF. [4] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] rbo3qal2biguocnhfum61r0gaj4arwx 0 147025 841914 816143 2026-05-28T21:55:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lulu Khadija Hassan''' (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1983) 'yar jaridar Kenya ce, mai ba da labarai, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gachie |first=Laban Thua |date=2016-05-19 |title=Lulu Hassan - Biography, Husband Rashid Abdalla, Salary, Family |url=https://kenyanlife.com/lulu-hassan/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Kenyan Life |language=en-US}}</ref> furodusa, kuma Shugaba na Jiffy Pictures. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=B. T. |date=2022-03-21 |title=Lulu Hassan: Newscaster With an Entrepreneurial Streak - Business Today Kenya |url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/lulu-hassan-newscaster-with-an-entrepreneurial-streak/ |access-date=2023-01-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kasance mai gabatar da labarai na Nipashe Wikendi a gidan talabijin na Citizen tare da Rashid Abdalla . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Robi |first=Amos |date=2022-06-03 |title=Lulu reveals that Kanze hatched idea of anchoring news with hubby Rashid |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/lifestyle/careers/news-anchor-lulu-hassan-reveals-deal-that-led-to-working-with-rashid-abdalla/pr9kpg4 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Pulselive Kenya |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230065202/https://www.pulselive.co.ke/lifestyle/careers/news-anchor-lulu-hassan-reveals-deal-that-led-to-working-with-rashid-abdalla/pr9kpg4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Labarin yaren Swahili yana fitowa a ranar Asabar da Lahadi. Lulu Hassan da Rashid Abdalla, daya daga cikin fitattun ma'aurata na kafofin watsa labarai na [[Kenya]], sun kafa Jiffy Pictures a cikin 2016. Hassan ta fara aikinta a baya a Rediyo Salaam, ta shiga tashar tana da shekaru 20 bayan ta nemi matsayi a matsayin mai ba da labarai na [[Turanci]] na ɗan lokaci. Ta sami aikin kuma a lokaci guda ta shiga makarantar kafofin watsa labarai. Hassan daga ƙarshe ta sami rawar talabijin ta farko a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Swahili a kan KTN, yayin da Rashid Abdalla ya zama mai ba da labari a gidan talabijin na Swahili na NMG, QTV. Lokacin da QTV ta rufe, Abdalla ya sauya zuwa [[NTV (Tashar Talabijin ta Kenya)|NTV]] a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Swahili. A lokacin da suke cikin iska, sun yi tunanin ra'ayin Jiffy Pictures, gidan samarwa da aka mayar da hankali kan ƙirƙirar wasan kwaikwayo na [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] ga masu sauraro na gida. Ma'auratan sun ɗauki matsayi a rubuce-rubuce, binciken basira, da kuma samar da wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin 2016, sun kafa kasancewar kamfanin a kafofin sada zumunta, kuma a cikin 2017, sun sami aikin su na farko daga Multichoice don nuna "Maza". Lulu da Rashid sun sake haduwa a cikin 2018 lokacin da Rashid ya shiga Citizen TV daga [[NTV (Tashar Talabijin ta Kenya)|NTV]]. Sashin sunadarai, haɗe da roƙon na musamman na wasu labarai masu ba da labari, sun ci nasara a kan magoya baya kuma sun haifar da damar amincewa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Lulu a cikin [[Mombasa]]_County" id="mwLA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mombasa County">Gundumar Mombasa kuma ta halarci [[Kwalejin Aga Khan]] . Bayan karatunta na farko, ta sami horo a matsayi daban-daban da suka shafi masana'antar tafiye-tafiye a Kwalejin Ayyukan Tafiya ta Salrene . Ta fara aikinta a kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo a Rediyo Salaam a Mombasa kafin ta ci gaba da karatu a Sadarwa da Jarida. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gachie |first=Laban Thua |date=2016-05-19 |title=Lulu Hassan - Biography |url=https://kenyanlife.com/lulu-hassan/ |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=Kenyan Life |language=en-US}}</ref> Lulu Hassan ta fara aikin jarida ne a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo a Rediyo Salaam inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da labarai a Turanci a shekara ta 2008. Ta shiga talabijin ne lokacin da mai daukar hoto na KTN ya sanar da ita game da wuraren da ba su da izini saboda 'yan wasan Swahili guda biyu da ke zuwa hutun haihuwa. Ta yi gwaji don rawar kuma KTN Television ta hayar ta a matsayin mai ba da labarai. [1] Daga baya, Lulu ta koma Royal Media Services kuma a halin yanzu tana karbar bakuncin Nipashe Wikendi tare da Rashid Abdalla a Citizen TV . Lulu Hassan ita ce Shugaba kuma wacce ta kafa Jiffy Pictures, wani gidan shirya fina-finai da take da shi tare da mijinta, Rashid Abdalla.[1] Jiffy Pictures ta sami karbuwa wajen shirya shirye-shirye ga gidajen talabijin na gida da kuma dandamalin yaɗa shirye-shirye kamar DStv da Showmax na MultiChoice.[2] Hassan kuma furodusa ce a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen da Jiffy Pictures ke shiryawa, wadanda suka hada da Maria,[3] Sultana, Zora, Moyo da Aziza a Citizen TV, Huba a Maisha Magic Bongo, Kovu a Showmax, da Maza a Maisha Magic East.[4] A shekarar 2018, an zabi Maza a matsayin babbar jarumar wasan kwaikwayo ta talabijin da kuma babbar jaruma a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Kalasha. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun shahara musamman a Kenya da Tanzania, inda Swahili shine babban harshe. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Lulu Hassan ta auri Rashid Abdalla, mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] a Citizen TV, a cikin 2009. Ma'auratan sun hadu yayin da suke aiki a Rediyo Salaam a [[Mombasa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluoch |first=Derrick |date=2020-07-31 |title=Lulu Hassan and hubby Rashid celebrate 11th anniversary |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/entertainment/article/2001380749/http//www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/entertainment/article/2001380749/its-been-a-minute-lulu-hassan-and-hubby-rashid-celebrate-11th-anniversary |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jiaiaxfd4stwvcshu3orth6w1adjmnn 0 147041 841839 816194 2026-05-28T20:15:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 10 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lorena Gale''' (9 ga Mayu, 1958 - 21 ga Yuni, 2009) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Kanada, marubuciya kuma darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Ta kasance mai aiki a kan mataki da fina-finai da talabijin tun daga shekarun 1980. Ta kuma rubuta wasannin da suka lashe lambar yabo guda biyu, Angélique da Je me souviens .&nbsp; == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Gale a Montreal, Quebec ga dangin Afirka-Caribbean.<ref>name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada |archive-date=22 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322094757/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Concordia da Makarantar Wasanni ta Kasa kuma ta kammala Master of Arts a Nazarin Liberal daga Jami'ar Simon Fraser da ke Vancouver a shekara ta 2005. <ref name=":1" /> Ayyukanta a kan mataki don Lorraine Hansberry's Raisin in the Sun da Joseph A. Walker's River Niger sun lashe lambar yabo ta Montreal Gazette Theatre Critics Award for Outstanding Performance a 1981. <ref>name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada |archive-date=22 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322094757/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHustak2010">Hustak, Alan (24 January 2010). [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ "Lorena Gale"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322094757/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |date=2016-03-22 }}. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Foundation of Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 1985, ta zama darektan zane-zane na Black Theatre Workshop na Montreal . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bayne |first=Clarence |year=2001 |title=Le Black Theatre Workshop de Montréal: un nouveau bilan |journal=L'Annuaire théâtral: Revue québécoise d'études théâtrales |volume=29 |pages=141–155 |via=Erudit}}</ref> Daga nan sai ta yi karatun rubuce-rubuce a Playwrights' Workshop Montréal . <ref>name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada |archive-date=22 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322094757/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHustak2010">Hustak, Alan (24 January 2010). [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ "Lorena Gale"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322094757/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |date=2016-03-22 }}. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Foundation of Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan ta koma Vancouver a shekarar 1988, Lorena ta lashe lambar yabo ta Jessie Richardson ta 1991 don mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin Normal Jean a cikin The Colored Museum (1990). <ref>name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada |archive-date=22 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322094757/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHustak2010">Hustak, Alan (24 January 2010). [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ "Lorena Gale"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322094757/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |date=2016-03-22 }}. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Foundation of Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Wasanta, Angélique, labarin da aka kashe [[Bauta|bawa]] Marie-Joseph Angelique, ita ce ta lashe gasar cin kofin wasan kwaikwayo ta duMaurier ta 1995 a Kanada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gale |first=Lorena |year=1995 |title=Writing "Angelique" (Includes excerpt) |journal=Canadian Theatre Review |volume=83 |pages=20–23 |doi=10.3138/ctr.83.005 |id={{ProQuest|211995628}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hustak |first=Alan |date=24 January 2010 |title=Lorena Gale |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |access-date=March 8, 2016 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada |archive-date=22 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322094757/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHustak2010">Hustak, Alan (24 January 2010). [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ "Lorena Gale"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322094757/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorena-gale/ |date=2016-03-22 }}. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Foundation of Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Rubuce-rubucenta suna bincika yanayin kasancewa baƙar fata da gauraye-ƙabilar da kuma kasancewa a Kanada. A shekara ta 2000, ta samar da wasan kwaikwayonta na Je me souviens, wani jawabi game da abubuwan da ta samu tun tana girma a Montreal, a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Firehall a Vancouver, BC . <ref>{{Cite web |last=BC |first=Popgun Media-- Vancouver |title=Our History |url=https://firehallartscentre.ca/about-us/our-history/ |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=Firehall Arts Centre |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517211803/https://firehallartscentre.ca/about-us/our-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Talonbooks ne suka buga wasan a shekara ta 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Je me souviens » Books » Talonbooks |url=https://talonbooks.com/books/je-me-souviens |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=talonbooks.com}}</ref> Ta fito a cikin fina-finai kamar The Hotel New Hampshire, Wani Labari na Cinderella, Ernest Goes to School, Fantastic Four, Traitor, The Chronicles of Riddick, The Mermaid Chair, da The Exorcism of Emily Rose . Ta yi baƙo a shirye-shiryen talabijin kamar The X-Files, Stargate SG-1, Smallville da Kingdom Hospital . Har zuwa watan Agustan shekara ta 2005, ta fito a matsayin Firist Elosha a shirin talabijin na Sci-Fi Channel Battlestar Galactica . Gale ta kuma ba da muryarta ga ayyukan motsa jiki da yawa kamar su ''RoboCop: Alpha Commando'', The Bitsy Bears, ''Camp Candy'', The Adventures of Corduroy da Hurricanes . Matsayin fim na karshe na Gale ya kasance a matsayin mai kula da ɗakin karatu a ''Scooby-Doo! '' The Mystery Begins, wanda aka keɓe mata. == Mutuwa == Gale ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2009, yana da shekaru 51, bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya da [[Ciwon Daji na Kai da Wuya|ciwon daji na makogwaro]].<ref name=":1"/> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1982 |''Sa'o'in Ziyarar'' |Ma'aikaciyar jinya 1 | |- |1984 | data-sort-value="Hotel New Hampshir, The" |''Otal din New Hampshire'' |Dark Inge | |- |1987 |''Abubuwan daji'' |Jirgin jirgi | |- |1989 |''<nowiki/>'Yan uwan juna'' |Mai nuna kayan kwalliya | |- |1989 | data-sort-value="Fly II, The" |''Fly II'' |Mace | |- |1992 |''Ƙarin Yamma'' | | |- |1994 |''Ernest Ya tafi Makaranta'' |Malamin Tarihi | |- |1996 |''Halin uwa'' |Anita | |- |1997 |''Ba za a iya karewa ba: Gaskiya Game da Edward Brannigan'' |Cheryl Drew |Fim din talabijin |- |1998 |''Dragons na Amurka'' |Kyaftin Talman | |- |2000 |''Ranar dusar ƙanƙara'' |Uwar Rediyo | |- |2000 |''Zuciya ta hutu'' |Misis Owens |Fim din talabijin |- |2000 |''An yi kuka'' |Mama Mai Fushi | |- |2001 |''Freddy ya sami yatsun hannu'' |Likitan kwakwalwa / Ma'aikacin Jama'a | |- |2002 |''Halloween: Tashin matattu'' |Nurses Wells | |- |2003 |''Wakilin Cody Banks'' |Mai ba da abinci | |- |2003 |''Yakin Galactica'' |Elosha |Ministoci |- |2004–2005, 2008 |''Yakin Galactica'' |Elosha |Shirye-shiryen talabijin |- |2004 | data-sort-value="Butterfly Effect, The" |''Tasirin Butterfly'' |Misis Boswell | |- |2004 | data-sort-value="Perfect Score, The" |''Cikakken Sakamakon'' |Proctor | |- |2004 | data-sort-value="Chronicles of Riddick, The" |''Tarihin Riddick'' |Ministan Tsaro | |- |2005 |''Bob mai kula da gida'' |Dokta Wilma | |- |2005 |''Hudu Masu Kyau'' |Tsohuwar mace tare da mota # 1 | |- |2005 | data-sort-value="Exorcism of Emily Rose, The" |''Cutar da aljanu ta Emily Rose'' |Mai ba da shawara ga juri | |- |2005 |''Ba a taɓa yin hakan ba'' |Judy | |- |2006 |''Ruwa mai laushi'' |Janene | |- |2006 | data-sort-value="Mermaid Chair, The" |''Cibiyar Mahaifiyar'' |Hepzibah |Fim din talabijin |- |2006 | data-sort-value="Foursome, The" |''Ɗaya daga cikin Hudu'' |Marjorie | |- |2006 |''Fiye da na halitta'' |Rashin ƙarfi | |- |2007 |''Bayanan soyayya'' |Aveva Marley | |- |2007 |''Abubuwan da muka rasa a cikin wuta'' |N.A. Mutumin da ke haɗuwa | |- |2008 |''Wani Labari na Cinderella'' |Helga | |- |2008 | data-sort-value="X-Files: I Want to Believe, The" |''X-Files: Ina so in yi imani'' |A kan allo Doctor | |- |2008 |''Mai cin amana'' |Ƙaho Mai Dashi | |- |2008 | data-sort-value="Day the Earth Stood Still, The" |''Ranar da Duniya ta Tsaya Har yanzu'' |Masanin kimiyya # 2 | |- |2009 |''Scooby-Doo! Asirin Ya fara'' |Mai kula da Laburaren |Fim din talabijin, wanda aka saki bayan mutuwarsa |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] qtrhzxpybc8hlsu0q8cexda5jgh1z4h 0 147183 841669 836095 2026-05-28T15:23:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Lashrecse Dianna Aird / ˌla. ʃəˈɹis / (née Jones ; an haife ta a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1986) ɗan siyasa ne na Amurka ɗan Democrat wanda ya wakilci Gundumar 63 a Majalisar Wakilai ta Virginia daga 2016 zuwa 2022. Gundumar ta haɗa da Gundumar Dinwiddie da birnin Petersburg da kuma wasu sassan gundumomin Chesterfield da Prince George . Aird ya yi aiki a kwamitocin Dokoki na Gabaɗaya, Lafiya, Jin Daɗi da Cibiyoyi, da kuma Kwamitocin Raba Kuɗi. A shekarar 2023, an zaɓe ta don wakiltar gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 13 da ke Virginia bayan ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat da kuma babban zaɓen da ya biyo baya. == Sana'a == An haifi Aird a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lashrecse Aird's Biography |url=https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/156437/lashrecse-aird |access-date=August 29, 2021 |website=[[Vote Smart]]}}</ref> A lokacin da take karatun Jami'ar Jihar Virginia, Aird ta haɗu da Rosalyn Dance, wacce ta gayyace ta ta nemi aikin horon aiki tare da ofishinta. Aird ta yi horon aiki da Dance a duk lokacin kwaleji kuma ta yi aiki da Dance a matsayin mataimakiyar majalisa bayan kwaleji. Lokacin da Dance ta tsaya takarar Sanatan jihar a shekarar 2015, Aird ta yi takara don cike gurbin kujerarta a Majalisar Wakilai. Ita ce mace mafi ƙaranci da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Wakilai ta Virginia . A shekarar 2016, Aird ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Zaɓe ta Virginia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-19 |title=Aird Speaks About Representing Virginia at Electoral College Vote |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/aird-speaks-about-representing-virginia-at-electoral-college-vote/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826185544/https://airdfordelegate.com/aird-speaks-about-representing-virginia-at-electoral-college-vote/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2017, Kakakin Jam'iyyar Republican William J. Howell ya naɗa Aird a Kwamitin Raba Kuɗi na Majalisar Wakilai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-16 |title=Aird Appointed to House Appropriations Committee |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/aird-appointed-to-house-appropriations-committee/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826184404/https://airdfordelegate.com/aird-appointed-to-house-appropriations-committee/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aird shine Shugaban Kwamitin Dimokuradiyya na Gundumar Majalisa ta 4, wanda ke kula da kwamitocin Democrat na gida a yankin da ke tsakanin Hampton Roads da Richmond. Aird kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Virginia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=State Steering Committee |url=https://vademocrats.org/your-party/state-steering-committee/}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, an naɗa Aird a Hukumar Farfaɗo da Yankin Taba ta Virginia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-18 |title=Delegate Aird Appointed to Virginia Tobacco Region Revitalization Commission |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/delegate-lashrecse-aird-appointed-to-the-tobacco-region-revitalization-commission/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826035632/https://airdfordelegate.com/delegate-lashrecse-aird-appointed-to-the-tobacco-region-revitalization-commission/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Aird ta yi aiki tare da shugabannin yankin, 'yan majalisar dokoki, da kuma Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki ta Virginia don samun dala $25.&nbsp;zuba jarin miliyoyin kuɗi daga Civica Rx don faɗaɗa ayyukan masana'antar su a Petersburg, Virginia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-05 |title=AMPAC Fine Chemicals to expand Petersburg operation with $25M investment |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/ampac-fine-chemicals-to-expand-petersburg-operation-with-25m-investment/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826143044/https://airdfordelegate.com/ampac-fine-chemicals-to-expand-petersburg-operation-with-25m-investment/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Kim Taylor, 'yar kasuwa 'yar Republican, ta sha kaye da kyar a zabenta na gaba . A shekarar 2023, ta tsaya takarar gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 13 a Virginia . Sanatocin jihar Jennifer Boysko, Ghazala Hashmi, Barbara Favola, Janet Howell, Mamie Locke, da Louise Lucas sun goyi bayanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=Sen. Joe Morrissey slammed by 6 fellow Democrats for 'destructive' behavior |url=https://news.yahoo.com/sen-joe-morrissey-slammed-6-161000884.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat da Joe Morrissey mai ci da rinjaye da kashi 40%. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2023, Lashrecse Aird ta kayar da Eric Ditri a babban zaɓen majalisar dattawa na gundumar Majalisar Dattawa ta 13 da ke Virginia . Ta hau mulki a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2024. == Matsayin siyasa == A shekarar 2019, Aird ta zartar da dokar HB 2005 wadda ta faɗaɗa cancantar samun taimako na wucin gadi ga iyalai mabukata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB2005 > 2019 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2005 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> Haka kuma a shekarar 2019, Aird ta zartar da dokar HB 2317 wadda ta kafa tsarin tsaro inda iyaye za su iya neman kasancewar jami'in tsaro yayin musayar 'yan sanda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB2317 > 2019 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2317 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Aird ta haɗu da Luke Torian a matsayin babban mai tallafawa kan HB 1250, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar 'Yan Sanda ta Al'umma ta Virginia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=HB 1250 Virginia Community Policing Act; data collection and reporting requirement. House patrons |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+mbr+HB1250 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> Kafin shekarar 2020, ba a buƙaci ma'aikata a Commonwealth of Virginia su ba wa ma'aikatansu takardu da ke nuna adadin sa'o'in da suka yi aiki ko kuma yadda aka ƙididdige jimillar albashin da aka biya ba. A lokacin zaman Majalisar Dokoki na 2020, Aird ta zartar da HB 689 wanda yanzu ya tilasta wa ma'aikata su samar da takardun albashi ga ma'aikatansu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB689 > 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB689 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> Haka kuma a lokacin zaman 2020, Aird ta zartar da HB 757, wanda ke kula da binciken bayanan laifuka ga ma'aikata masu zuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB757 > 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB757&201+sum+HB757 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> Aird ta zartar da HB 690 wanda ya soke haramcin ƙara adadin Taimakon Wucin Gadi ga Iyalai Masu Bukata (TANF) da iyali ke samu bayan haihuwar ɗa a lokacin cancantar TANF. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB690 > 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB690 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> Aird ya haɗu da Christopher Collins na Republican a matsayin Babban Mai Kula da Kamfani a kan HB 2655 wanda ya kafa Shirin Gwaji na Korar Ma'aikata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB2655 > 2019 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2655 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> A lokacin zaman 2021, Aird ta haɗu da Marcia Price a matsayin mai tallafawa a kan dokar HB 1864 (wanda kuma aka sani da dokar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Virginia) wadda ta faɗaɗa ma'anar "ma'aikaci" don haɗawa da mutanen da ke ɗaukar ma'aikatan gida aiki. Dokar ta kuma haramta wariya a wurin aiki bisa ga launin fata, addini, yanayin jima'i, asalin jinsi, nakasa, da sauran dalilai. === Ilimi === [[Fayil:Aird_with_children_LR_JHWL2243.jpg|thumb|Aird ta ziyarci wani shiri na bayan makaranta a Petersburg, Virginia a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2021]] Aird ta ba da muhimmanci sosai ga ilimi ta hanyar dokoki da kuma fafutukar neman kuɗi ga tsarin makarantu a gundumarta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-03 |title=Press Release: Delegate Aird Delivers Remarks at Dinwiddie High School |url=https://airdfordelegate.com/press-release-delegate-aird-delivers-remarks-at-dinwiddie-high-school/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Lashrecse Aird for Delegate |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826152623/https://airdfordelegate.com/press-release-delegate-aird-delivers-remarks-at-dinwiddie-high-school/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2018, Aird ta gabatar da wani gyara a kasafin kudi domin kara kudaden da za a kashe wajen shirin karawa masu fama da matsalar hadari a jihar, wanda zai kara yawan kudaden da jihar ke kashewa ga makarantu masu karancin kudin shiga. A shekarar 2021, Aird ta haɗu da Jennifer McClellan don sake gabatar da doka don buƙatar jihar ta cika wajibcin samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi da Hukumar Ilimi ta Jiha ta tsara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martz |first=Michael |date=25 January 2021 |title=Legislators renew push to fully fund, update standards for public education |url=https://richmond.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/legislators-renew-push-to-fully-fund-update-standards-for-public-education/article_b5333679-45f3-5220-8af8-13c94593cd0a.html |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=Richmond Times-Dispatch |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Atkinson |first=Bill |title=Lawmakers push colleagues for more money to fix public school disparity: 'Show me something' |url=https://www.progress-index.com/story/news/2021/01/25/va-lawmakers-vea-push-general-assembly-more-equality-funding/4250142001/ |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=Progress Index |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Aird ta haɗu da Danica Roem a matsayin mai tallafawa kan kudirin ta na buƙatar dukkan gundumomin makarantu da suka cancanta su shiga cikin Shirin Abinci na Tarayya bayan Makaranta (HB 2135). <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB2135 > 2021 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?212+sum+HB2135 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Aird ta zartar da dokar HB 1930 wadda ta hana yawancin jami'o'in jihohi yin tambaya game da tarihin laifukan mai nema a lokacin tsarin shiga jami'a na farko (wata manufa da aka fi sani da Ban Box ). A ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2021, Gwamna Ralph Northam ya shiga Aird don sanya hannu kan kudirin a bikin a Makarantar Sakandare ta Dinwiddie da ke Dinwiddie, Virginia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2021 |title=Gov. Northam signs higher education bill |url=https://www.nbc12.com/2021/06/03/gov-northam-signs-higher-education-bill/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=www.nbc12.com |language=en}}</ref> === Muhalli === Kamfanin Aird ya yi haɗin gwiwa da kamfanin HB 1526, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar Tsabtace Tattalin Arziki ta Virginia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > Patrons > 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+mbr+HB1526 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> An tsara VCEA a fannoni huɗu na manufofi da nufin cimma daidaiton gurɓataccen iskar carbon: rage gurɓataccen iskar carbon, kafa ƙa'idodin albarkatun da suka dace da makamashi, ƙarfafa ƙananan makamashin hasken rana a saman rufin, da kuma haɓaka hanyar sadarwa ta makamashi mai tsafta 100%. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-01 |title=4 Things You Should Know About the Virginia Clean Economy Act on its 1-Year Anniversary |url=https://vcnva.org/virginia-clean-economy-act-anniversary/ |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=Virginia Conservation Network |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, Aird ta dauki nauyin kuma ta amince da HB 2741, wanda ya kafa Hukumar Ba da Shawara kan Makamashi Mai Tsabta ta Virginia kuma ta ƙirƙiri wani shiri na gwaji don rarraba lamuni da rangwame don shigar da kayayyakin more rayuwa na makamashin rana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB2741 > 2019 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?191+sum+HB2741 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Aird ta dauki nauyin kuma ta amince da HB 1707 don ƙara yawan membobin hukumar. Dokar ta tanadi cewa sabbin membobin "za su zama ƙwararre mai ƙwarewa wajen aiwatar da shirye-shiryen ƙarfafawa da lamuni na ƙarancin kuɗi da na matsakaicin kuɗi don albarkatun makamashi masu sabuntawa da aka rarraba kuma ɗayan sabon memba zai zama lauya wanda ke kula da aikin shari'a wanda aka keɓe don ci gaban karkara, samar da wutar lantarki a karkara, da manufofin makamashi." <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB1707 > 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB1707 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> === Lafiyar jama'a === A shekarar 2019, Aird ta haɗu da Marcia Price don gabatar da wani kuduri "gane matsalar mace-macen mata da jarirai a Amurka." Kudirin ya haɗa da harshe da ke magance tushen mace-macen mata masu juna biyu, ciki har da bayyana cewa mace-macen mata da jarirai "yana ƙara ta'azzara ne ta hanyar abubuwa kamar talauci, rashin daidaiton jinsi, shekaru, da nau'ikan wariya da yawa, da kuma abubuwa kamar rashin isassun cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da fasaha da rashin kayayyakin more rayuwa." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maternal mortality: Black women far more likely to die giving birth than Caucasians |url=http://richmondfreepress.com/news/2019/may/10/maternal-mortality-black-women-far-more-likely-die/ |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=richmondfreepress.com |archive-date=2021-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519173845/http://richmondfreepress.com/news/2019/may/10/maternal-mortality-black-women-far-more-likely-die/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Aird ta amince da HB 687 wanda ya kafa shirin ba da takardar shaida na jiha ga doulas da kuma faɗaɗa cancantar marasa lafiya da ke neman samun damar ayyukan doula. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB689 > 2020 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB689 |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Aird ta zartar da HJ 538, wani kuduri da ya amince da samun ruwa mai tsafta, mai tsafta, kuma mai araha haƙƙi ne na ɗan adam kuma an kafa shi don tabbatar da cewa babu wani ɗan ƙasar Virginia da zai je ba tare da samun wannan buƙata mai mahimmanci ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HJ538 > 2021 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?212+sum+HJ538 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> Aird mai fafutukar ' [[Haƙƙin haifuwa|yancin haihuwa]] ce kuma tana aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar Virginia League for Planned Parenthood . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leadership {{!}} The Virginia League for Planned Parenthood {{!}} ConnectVA |url=https://www.connectva.org/groups/the-virginia-league-for-planned-parenthood/leadership/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185124/https://www.connectva.org/groups/the-virginia-league-for-planned-parenthood/leadership/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Martanin COVID-19 ==== Bayan tattaunawa da masu ba da amsa na farko game da ƙalubalen da suka fuskanta wajen yaƙi da annobar COVID-19, Aird ta amince da dokar HB 1989, wadda ta umarci Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Virginia da ta raba bayanan lafiyar jama'a na ainihin lokaci tare da ma'aikatan lafiya na gaggawa don taimakawa rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIS > Bill Tracking > HB1989 > 2021 session |url=https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?211+sum+HB1989 |access-date=2021-08-28 |website=lis.virginia.gov}}</ref> === Haƙƙoƙin zaɓe === == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 733fljc10xn83e6bedk1uqg4jkxmtra 0 147234 841840 833053 2026-05-28T20:22:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lorna Rutto''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1984) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paukwa |date=2023-03-08 |title=Lorna Rutto: Repurposing Plastic to Reduce Waste |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/lorna-rutto-plastic-reduce-waste/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Paukwa |language=en-GB}}</ref> 'yar kasar Kenya ce, kuma ta kafa Ecopost, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C16xfUNImwT/?igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> wani kamfani ne na zamantakewa wanda ke kera wuraren shinge da sauran kayayyaki daga [[Gurbacewar Robobi|Sharar filastik]] da aka sake amfani da su wajen samar da ayyuka masu ɗorewa ga mutane a cikin al'ummomin da aka ware da kuma mafita ga kalubalen sharar filassiki na Kenya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-02 |title=Lorna Rutto, founder of EcoPost, sustainable living and green technology entrepreneur, Kenya |url=https://www.lionessesofafrica.com/lioness-lorna-rutto |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Lionesses of Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Turning plastic waste into sustainable growth: Driving Circular Economy in Kenya |url=https://www.k-online.com/en/circular-economy/ecopost-borealis-kenia-plastic-waste |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.k-online.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=AFSIC - Investing in Africa |url=https://www.afsic.net/african-entrepreneur/lorna-rutto/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=AFSIC 2024 - Investing in Africa |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DomínguezMunllonch |first=Montse |date=2021-04-13 |title=Lorna Rutto, a green social entrepreneur. |url=https://www.coachabilityfoundation.org/post/lorna-rutto |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=2024 |language=en}}</ref>&nbsp; == Rayuwa ta farko, ilimi == [[Fayil:Nakuru.jpg|thumb|Garin Nakuru, Kenya]] An haifi Lorna Rutto a shekara ta 1984 a cikin Kaptembwa Slums na Nakuru, Kenya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-25 |title=From slum living to company director |url=http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/mission-and-objectives/features/WCMS_205406/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.ilo.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.yjhxm.com/ PA 66 Manufacturer]</ref> ta girma ta alama ce ta mummunan gaskiyar talauci da lalacewar muhalli. Yayinda take girma a cikin cikewar magudanar ruwa da tituna da ke cike da sharar gida, ta haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a game da buƙatar gaggawa don hanyoyin sarrafa sharar gida. Wannan wayar da kan jama'a ta kafa harsashin kanta a harkokin kasuwanci na muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Kenya, Lorna Rutto recycles plastic waste into building materials :: AWE - En |url=https://africawomenexperts.com/lng/en/2020/05/in-kenya-lorna-rutto-recycles-plastic-waste-into-building-materials/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=africawomenexperts.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyarko |first=Nathan |date=2023-04-27 |title=LORNA RUTTO – Founder, Ecopost Limited - The Entrepreneur Who Is Turning Waste Into Gold |url=https://africanleadersmagazine.com/lorna-rutto-founder-ecopost-limited-the-entrepreneur-who-is-turning-waste-into-gold/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Africa Leaders Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundholm |first=Mattias |date=2013-08-15 |title=Remarks at "Entrepreneurship for Development" General Assembly Thematic Debate |url=https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2013/08/remarks-at-entrepreneurship-for-development-general-assembly-thematic-debate/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Office of the Secretary-General’s Envoy on Youth |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Fayil:Anu_Logo.jpg|thumb|Alamar Jami'ar Nazarene ta Afirka]] Tana da digiri na farko na kasuwanci a cikin lissafi daga [[Jami'ar Nazarene ta Afirka]] . Duk da shiga bangaren banki bayan kammala karatunta, Lorna ta ji rashin alaƙa tsakanin aikinta da sha'awarta ga kiyaye muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lorna Rutto: Creating posts from plastics earned her numerous awards for conservation |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/kenya/article/2000145993/lorna-rutto-creating-posts-from-plastics-earned-her-numerous-awards-for-conservation |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EcoPost recycles waste plastic to manufacture into eco-friendly plastic lumber, creating sustainable jobs for people in marginalized communities while conserving the environment. |url=https://www.cartierwomensinitiative.com/fellow/lorna-rutto |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.cartierwomensinitiative.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-24 |title=Lorna Rutto - The Story Of An Ecopreneur Who Is Making A Difference In The Urban Slums Of Kenya Through Plastic Waste Recycling {{!}} Duchess International Magazine |url=https://duchessinternationalmagazine.com/lorna-rutto-the-story-of-an-ecopreneur-who-is-making-a-difference-in-the-urban-slums-of-kenya-through-plastic-waste-recycling/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=Research Publications - Africa Nazarene University |url=https://www.anu.ac.ke/research/research-publications/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2008 an hayar ta a Bankin Imperial, daya daga cikin manyan bankunan Kenya, shekaru biyu bayan haka, ta bar aikinta na banki kuma ta shiga cikin kasuwanci. Ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta ta ga jajircewar kare muhalli, ta kafa EcoPost tare da wanda ya kafa ta, Charles Kalama, a cikin 2009. EcoPost ta ƙware a sake amfani da sharar filastik da aka tattara daga tushe daban-daban a duk faɗin [[Nairobi]] don ƙera wuraren katako masu ɗorewa da masu kula da muhalli. Lorna ta motsa EcoPost ta zama babban dan wasa a cikin kula da sharar gida na Kenya da kuma yanayin kiyaye muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-01 |title=Ecopreneur Leadership with Lorna Rutto |url=https://www.amazonswatchmagazine.com/heroine-of-the-week/ecopreneur-leadership-with-lorna-rutto/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Amazons Watch Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=Lorna Rutto: Garbage Collector Who Quit a Stable Bank Job |url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/lorna-rutto-garbage-collector-who-quit-a-stable-bank-job/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Turning waste plastic into sustainable prosperity |url=https://www.greeneconomycoalition.org/news-and-resources/waste-not-want-not |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Green Economy Coalition |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okunlola |first=Bolu |date=2019-12-13 |title=How Lorna Rutto is Defining the Recycling Industry in Kenya |url=https://foundersafrica.com/how-lorna-rutto-is-defining-the-recycling-industry-in-kenya/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Founders Africa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Kenya, a woman turns plastic into gold - Afrikhepri |url=https://afrikhepri.org/en/in-Kenya-a-woman-turns-plastic-into-gold/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423213546/https://afrikhepri.org/en/in-Kenya-a-woman-turns-plastic-into-gold/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Feukeng |first=Luchelle |date=2018-09-21 |title=KENYA: Ecopost manufactures building materials from plastic waste |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/kenya-ecopost-manufactures-building-materials-from-plastic-waste/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Afrik 21 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423213005/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/kenya-ecopost-manufactures-building-materials-from-plastic-waste/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>&nbsp; === Ecopost === [[Fayil:Nairobi_cityscape.jpg|thumb|Nairobi, Kenya]] A shekara ta 2009 Lorna ta kafa Ecopost tare da wanda ya kafa ta, Charles Kalama, don bayar da maye gurbin katako mai ɗorewa yayin da yake inganta ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. An kafa ta ne ta hanyar girma a cikin Slum na Nakuru, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paukwa |date=2023-03-08 |title=Lorna Rutto: Repurposing Plastic to Reduce Waste |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/lorna-rutto-plastic-reduce-waste/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Paukwa |language=en-GB}}</ref> kuma tana girma a cikin ɗakunan ruwa da tituna da ke cike da sharar gida. Ecopost tana zaune ne a Nairobi, Kenya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ecopost Limited |url=https://www.ecopost.co.ke/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=www.ecopost.co.ke}}</ref> A cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata EcoPost ya sake amfani da fiye da kilo miliyan 13 na sharar filastik, yana haifar da ƙirƙirar damar aiki kai tsaye sama da 300 da haɓaka kusan hanyoyin samun kudin shiga na kai tsaye 12,000 a cikin al'ummomin da aka ware. Bugu da ƙari, ƙoƙarin kiyayewa ya kai ga adana kusan kadada 4,500 na gandun daji da kuma rage fiye da kilo miliyan 160 na hayakin CO2.[1] A halin yanzu, EcoPost tana sayen tan 30 na sharar gida kowane wata, tana amfani da wannan hanya zuwa ga ƙirƙirar kayan gini masu mahimmanci don aikace-aikace daban-daban kamar shinge, tsarin zama, da alamun zirga-zirga. [2] Musamman, a cikin 2015, EcoPost ya yi rikodin jujjuyawar FCFA miliyan 65 (daidai da Yuro dubu 100). [3] == Sanarwa == Gudummawar Lorna ga dorewar muhalli ya sami karbuwa sosai. A shekara ta 2011, an lasafta ta daya daga cikin Top 40 Women under 40 a Kenya ta Business Daily Africa . A shekara ta 2012 An nuna ta a kan 'The 20 Youngest Power Women in Africa by Forbes <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nsehe |first=Mfonobong |title=30 Under 30: Africa's Best Young Entrepreneurs |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2013/02/23/30-under-30-africas-best-young-entrepreneurs/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> kuma a shekarar 2012 Guardian ta zaba ta a cikin manyan mata 25 na Afirka. A shekara ta 2013, an ba ta suna Schwab Foundation Social Entrepreneur of the Year for Africa, kuma a shekara ta 2014, an ba ta lambar yabo ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta Shekara don Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lorna Rutto — Unreasonable Entrepreneur |url=https://unreasonablegroup.com/people/lorna-rutto/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Unreasonable Group |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanchez |first=Dana |date=2014-02-06 |title=30 Of Africa's Most Promising Young African Entrepreneurs: Forbes |url=https://moguldom.com/41409/30-promising-young-entrepreneurs-africa-2014/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Moguldom |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == 2014 - Kyautar nan gaba ta Afirka <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-10 |title=Lorna Rutto, the Kenyan lady who turns trash into cash |url=https://www.seti-women.com/lorna-rutto-the-kenyan-lady-who-turns-trash-into-cash/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Seti |language=en-GB}}</ref> 2011 - Kyautar Mata ta Cartier Sub-Saharan Laureate <ref>{{Cite web |title=EcoPost recycles waste plastic to manufacture into eco-friendly plastic lumber, creating sustainable jobs for people in marginalized communities while conserving the environment. |url=https://www.cartierwomensinitiative.com/fellow/lorna-rutto |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.cartierwomensinitiative.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-14 |title=Cartier Toasts 15 Years of Its Global Women's Initiative With a Ceremony in Dubai |url=https://robbreport.com/style/jewelry/cartier-womens-initiative-15th-anniversary-dubai-1234668435/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Robb Report}}</ref> 2011 - Wanda ya lashe Asusun Acumen <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-02 |title=Lorna Rutto, founder of EcoPost, sustainable living and green technology entrepreneur, Kenya |url=https://www.lionessesofafrica.com/lioness-lorna-rutto |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Lionesses of Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> 2010 - Kyautar SEED <ref>{{Cite web |last=gGmbH |first=adelphi research |title=EcoPost |url=https://seed.uno/enterprise-profiles/ecopost |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=SEED - Promoting Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Development |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lorna Rutto Biography {{!}} Booking Info for Speaking Engagements |url=https://www.allamericanspeakers.com/celebritytalentbios/Lorna+Rutto/448668 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.allamericanspeakers.com |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423220959/https://www.allamericanspeakers.com/celebritytalentbios/Lorna+Rutto/448668 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2010 - Asusun Duniya na Duniya don Kyautar Yanayi (Mai cin nasara na Cibiyar sadarwa) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ronoh |first=Faith |title=Lorna Rutto: Creating posts from plastics earned her numerous awards for conservation |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000145993/n-a |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> 2010 - Kyautar Gwagwarmayar Yanayi ta Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Institute |first=Unreasonable |date=2013-10-08 |title=Why the Key to Stopping Deforestation Resides in Plastic |url=https://unreasonablegroup.com/articles/how-turning-plastic-into-poles-is-eradicating-poverty/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Unreasonable |language=en-US}}</ref> 2009 - Enablis Energy Safaricom Business Launchpad Award . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kachwanya |first=Kennedy |date=2010-11-23 |title=Chase Bank Enablis Business Launchpad Competition Unveil the Winners |url=https://www.kachwanya.com/2010/11/23/chase-bank-enablis-business-launchpad-competition-unveil-the-winners/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=KachTech Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gicheru |first=Martin |date=2010-11-22 |title=Winners of Chase Bank Enablis Business LaunchPad announced |url=https://techweez.com/2010/11/22/winners-of-chase-bank-enablis-business-launchpad-announced/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Techweez {{!}} Tech News, Reviews, Deals, Tips and How To |language=en-US}}</ref> 2017 - Kyautar Sri Sathya Sai == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bg6kcd8dp0wrebckjgaq2xjyhuicu24 0 147329 841851 836167 2026-05-28T20:41:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Louisa Catherine Adams ( née Johnson ; Fabrairu 12, 1775 - Mayu 15, 1852) ita ce matar shugaban ƙasar Amurka daga 1825 zuwa 1829 a lokacin shugabancin John Quincy Adams . An haife ta a Ingila kuma ta girma a Faransa . Mahaifinta ɗan kasuwa ne mai tasiri a Amurka, kuma ana yawan gabatar da ita ga fitattun 'yan Amurka. Bayan da iyalinta suka dawo Ingila, ta haɗu da John Quincy Adams a 1795, kuma su biyun sun fara soyayya mai wahala. Sun yi aure a 1797 bayan an ɗaura musu aure na tsawon shekara guda, inda suka fara auren rashin jituwa da rikice-rikicen halaye. Ta haɗu da mijinta a kan aikinsa na diflomasiyya zuwa Prussia, inda ta shahara a kotun Prussia . Lokacin da suka dawo Amurka, mijinta ya zama sanata kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya maza uku. An naɗa John minista a Daular Rasha a 1809, kuma sun yi tafiya zuwa Rasha ba tare da manyan 'ya'yansu maza biyu ba, ba tare da son Louisa ba. Duk da cewa ta sake samun karbuwa a kotun, amma ta ƙi zama a Rasha, musamman bayan mutuwar 'yarta mai jaririya a shekarar 1812. Ta zauna a Rasha ita kaɗai tsawon shekara guda yayin da John ya yi shawarwari kan Yarjejeniyar Ghent, kuma lokacin da ya nemi ta haɗu da shi a shekarar 1815, ta yi tafiya mai haɗari ta kwanaki 40 a faɗin Turai da yaƙi ya daidaita. Mutanen Adams sun zauna a Ingila tsawon shekaru biyu kafin su koma Amurka lokacin da aka naɗa John a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Waje . Louisa ta zama fitacciyar matar majalisar ministoci kuma ta saba karɓar baƙi a gidanta. Ta yi aiki don gina alaƙa don takarar shugaban ƙasa na mijinta a shekarar 1824, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar cin nasara. Ba ta gamsu da Fadar White House ba, inda ta zama mai kaɗaici kuma ta yi nisa da mijinta. Madadin haka, ta fara rubutu, tana shirya wasan kwaikwayo, muƙaloli, waƙoƙi, da tarihin rayuwarta. Ta yi fatan yin ritaya bayan mijinta ya sha kaye a zaɓe, amma an zaɓe shi a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka . Ta ƙara sha'awar siyasa, tana goyon bayan kawar da ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma samun ƙarin 'yanci ga mata a cikin al'umma. Ta rasu a shekarar 1848, kuma ta sami bugun jini a shekarar 1849 wanda ya bar ta da ƙarancin motsi. Ta mutu a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1852, tana da shekaru 77, kuma Majalisar ta dage don jana'izarta, karo na biyu da aka girmama mace ta wannan hanyar. Ita kaɗai ce matar shugaban ƙasa da aka haifa a ƙasar waje a Amurka har zuwa shekarar 2017, lokacin da [[Melania Trump]] ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa. Ba a yi nazari sosai kan aikinta na matar shugaban ƙasa kamar sauran sassan rayuwarta ba, saboda yadda take kaɗaita kanta da kuma iyakantaccen tarihin da ta ajiye a lokacin. Duk da haka, masana tarihi sun fi ƙimanta a cikin mata na sama. == Rayuwar Farko (1775–1788) == An haifi Louisa Catherine Johnson a Landan a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 1775. Ita ce 'ya ta biyu ga ɗan kasuwa ɗan Amurka Joshua Johnson da kuma 'yar Ingila Catherine Nuth. : 43 Iyalan Johnson sun kasance iyali mai tasiri a siyasar Amurka, inda kawun Louisa na uba Thomas Johnson ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ƙungiyar nahiyar Afirka ta 1774. Ba a san komai game da rayuwar mahaifiyarta ba kafin aurenta. : 160  : 92 Iyayen Louisa sun yi aure ne kawai bayan shekaru goma da haihuwarta, wanda hakan zai iya sanya Louisa ta zama [[Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka|uwargidan shugaban ƙasa ɗaya tilo a Amurka]] da aka haifa ba tare da aure ba. : 81 Ta rayu cikin jin daɗi tun tana ƙarama inda ake biyan duk buƙatunta. <ref name="watson2">{{Cite book|last3=Robert P. Watson}}</ref> : 43  : 54  Mahaifin Louisa ya goyi bayan ' yancin kai na Amurka, kuma Johnsons sun bar Ingila a shekara ta 1778 a matsayin martani ga Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Allgor |first=Catherine |date=1997 |title="A Republican in a Monarchy": Louisa Catherine Adams in Russia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24913402 |journal=Diplomatic History |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=15–43 |doi=10.1111/1467-7709.00049 |issn=0145-2096 |jstor=24913402 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> : 18 Sun ƙaura zuwa [[Nantes]], Faransa, inda suka zauna na tsawon shekaru biyar masu zuwa. A lokacin da take Faransa, Louisa ta halarci makarantar kwana ta Katolika . Ta yi kyau a makaranta, ta zama ƙwararriya a fannin kiɗa da adabi, kuma ta koyi yin magana da Faransanci sosai. : 43  : 81 Ta kuma yi karatun Katolika. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Louisa Adams Biography :: National First Ladies' Library |url=http://archive.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=6 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=archive.firstladies.org |archive-date=2024-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602134652/http://archive.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=6 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan ya sa ta shiga Faransanci har ta tilasta wa daga baya ta sake koyon Turanci. : 54 Ta kuma ƙware a fannin Girkanci da Latin. <ref name="watson2"/> : 43 Jama'ar Johnson suna rayuwa cikin jin daɗi, koda kuwa ba su da kuɗin yin hakan. : 160 Gidansu da ke Faransa wani babban gida ne da aka san shi da "Haikali na Ɗanɗano". : 93  Iyalan Johnson sun koma Ingila suka zauna a Tower Hill, yayin da aka sanya Louisa a makarantar kwana ta Landan. : 81 An yi mata ba'a saboda halayenta na Faransanci, kuma Katolika da ta koya a Faransa ya haifar da rikici da ilimin addinin Anglican da take yi a Ingila. : 18 Girman kanta ya yi mata illa, kuma ta nisanci takwarorinta. : 93 John Hewlett, wani limamin cocin Anglican kuma abokin dangin Johnsons ne ya tura ta don ta yi karatu. Hewlett ya zama mai tasiri sosai a kan tarbiyyarta, yana ƙarfafa iliminta. <ref name=":3" /> : 19 Iyalan Johnson sun sha wahala a fannin kuɗi a shekarar 1788, kuma an kore ta daga makaranta don a yi mata karatu a hannun wata mai kula da gida . <ref name="gould" /> : 81  == Aure (1790–1797) == [[Fayil:Louisa_Catherine_Adams.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton Edward Savage, 1794]] An naɗa mahaifin Johnson a matsayin jakadan Amurka a Burtaniya a shekara ta 1790, kuma sau da yawa tana taimakawa wajen karɓar baƙi masu daraja. : 82 Daga cikin waɗannan baƙi, 'ya'yan Johnson sun nemi waɗanda za su iya neman aure, domin an matsa musu su auri wani fitaccen saurayi. : 24 [[John Quincy Adams]] ya zama ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan baƙon a shekarar 1795 a matsayinsa na jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka. : 43 Ya fara bayyana kowace rana, kuma daga baya ne kawai mutanen Johnson suka fahimci cewa yana da niyyar yin soyayya da Louisa, da farko sun yi imanin cewa sha'awarsa tana ga babbar 'yar uwarta Nancy. <ref name="schneider" /> : 43  : 164 Sai bayan da ya bi buƙatar barkwanci na rubuta mata waƙar soyayya ne ta ɗauke shi a matsayin wanda zai iya nemanta. <ref name=":3" /> : 26  Johnson da Adams sun fara soyayya, duk da cewa lokaci-lokaci ne, kuma ba su yi karo da juna nan take ba. Dukansu sun riga sun nuna sha'awarsu ga wasu abokan hulɗa. <ref name="watson2"/> : 43  : 54 Baiwarsu da darajarsu ne suka jawo su ga junansu. Musamman Adams ya shahara da ƙwarewar Johnson wajen waƙa da kiɗa. : 164  : 30 Wannan haɗin kai ya kuma haifar da hamayya tsakanin Louisa da babbar 'yar uwarta, wadda take kishin mutumin da take tsammanin zai so ta. <ref name=":3" /> : 29  An yi wa Johnson da Adams alkawari a shekarar 1796, amma Adams ya bar Ingila don neman aiki kuma ya bayar da wasu uzuri game da dalilin da ya sa bai kamata a yi musu aure ba, yana mai ambaton aikinsa, kuɗinsa, da kuma rikice-rikicen halayensu. Wani abu kuma shi ne rashin amincewar mahaifiyarsa, [[Abigail Adams]], wadda ba ta son ganin ɗanta ya auri 'yar Ingila ba. <ref name="watson2"/> : 43  : 82 Sun yi magana ta hanyar wasiƙa a cikin shekara mai zuwa, kuma Johnson ya fara jin tsoron sadarwa, domin wasiƙun Adams ba su da barkwanci kuma suna da horo. : 165 A ƙarshe Louisa da John sun yi aure a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 1797, bayan matsin lamba daga mahaifinta. : 44 <ref name="gould" /> : 83 Ba da daɗewa ba bayan auren, dangin Johnson sun rasa sauran dukiyarsu. Iyayen Louisa sun gudu daga ƙasar, suka bar Louisa da John ba tare da tallafin kuɗi ba da kuma taron masu ba da bashi da suka fusata. <ref name=":2" /> : 168  : 55 Ma'auratan ba su yi jituwa ba game da irin tasirin da ya kamata mace ta yi a cikin iyalinta, kuma John sau da yawa yana yanke manyan shawarwari ba tare da ya tuntube ta ba. Dukansu suna da halaye masu ƙarfi, kuma rashin jituwarsu sau da yawa yakan zama jayayya. <ref name="schneider" /> : 43 <ref name="boller" /> : 55  == Matar diflomasiyya (1797–1825) == === Prussia === An naɗa John ministan Amurka a Prussia a shekara ta 1797, kuma ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa [[Berlin]] . : 55 Louisa ta fuskanci [[Barin ciki|zubar da ciki]] sau da yawa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, wanda ya haifar da rashin lafiya wanda ya ƙara dagula dangantakarta da mijinta. Daga ƙarshe ta haifi ɗansu na fari, George Washington Adams, a shekara ta 1801. {{Rp|pages=83–84}}Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a harkokin diflomasiyya lokacin da ba ta yi rashin lafiya ba saboda ciki, kuma ta shahara a tsakanin manyan sarakunan Prussia, tana abota da sarki da sarauniya . : 170 <ref name="gould" /> : 83 Mahaifinsa ya dawo da John daga Berlin bayan an zaɓe [[Thomas Jefferson|shi]] a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, kuma iyalin sun bar Prussia zuwa Amurka. <ref name="gould" /> : 84  === Amurka === Adams ta sake haɗuwa da iyalinta bayan ta isa Amurka a shekara ta 1801 yayin da mijinta ya tafi gidan danginsa da ke Quincy, Massachusetts . : 84  : 56 Tafiyar daga Washington zuwa Quincy ta katse ta sakamakon cin abincin dare mara daɗi da iyalin Jefferson a Fadar [[White House]] da kuma ziyarar [[Martha Washington]] a Mount Vernon, amma hakan ya kasance mai tsawo da kuma hukunci. : 174 Da rashin son rai, ta isa Quincy don ta haɗu da iyayenta. Yayin da ta yi sauri ta tafi wurin surukinta, surukarta ta ci gaba da shakkar dacewarta a matsayin matar aure. <ref name="gould" /> : 84 <ref name="boller" /> : 56  Mahaifin Adams Joshua ya mutu a shekarar 1802, wanda hakan ya yi mata mummunan tasiri kuma ya bar iyalin ba tare da tallafin kuɗi ba. Lokacin da aka zaɓi mijinta a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a shekarar 1803, ta haɗu da shi wajen yin musanya tsakanin Massachusetts da [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], ta fi son na biyu. Ba tare da samun kuɗin zama na kansu ba, iyalan sun zauna tare da dangin John a Massachusetts da kuma tare da dangin Louisa a Washington. Ta haifi John Adams na Biyu a shekarar 1803. <ref name="watson2"/> : 44  : 85 Sau da yawa ana barinta a baya yayin da mijinta ke tafiya shi kaɗai, wanda hakan ya sa ta ƙi shi ƙwarai. A wani lokaci irin wannan, ta yi rashin ciki. <ref name="gould" /> : 85 An haifi ɗansu na uku, [[Charles Francis Adams Sr.|Charles Francis Adams]], a shekara ta 1807. : 45 Mijinta ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Dattawa a shekarar 1808, bayan ya samu rashin jituwa da Jam'iyyar Tarayya kan al'amuran manufofi. : 182 An ɗauki wannan rashin jituwa a matsayin cin amana, kuma hakan ya sa aka cire iyalin daga rayuwar zamantakewa ta Boston. <ref name=":2" /> : 183  : 162  === Rasha === Lokacin da John ya karɓi mukamin ministan Amurka a Rasha a shekarar 1809, bai tuntuɓi Louisa ba. Ya ƙudurta cewa za ta raka shi kuma manyan 'ya'yansu maza biyu za su ci gaba da zama a Amurka. : 45 Ta yi nadamar waɗannan shirye-shiryen, tana jin cewa ta gaza wa 'ya'yanta maza ta hanyar barinsu. <ref name=":1"/> : 25 Ta zargi mijinta da kuma nuna bacin rai kan hakan, wanda hakan ya haifar da rabuwar aure a tsakaninsu. <ref name="schneider" /> : 45  : 183 Tafiyar kwanaki 80 zuwa Rasha ta kasance abin takaici, kuma suna yawan fargabar jiragen ruwan Faransa da ke yaƙi da Rasha. : 168 Ra'ayinta bai canza ba bayan ta isa [[Saint-Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]], wanda ta ga bai dace ba, amma mijinta ya yi watsi da sha'awarta ta komawa Amurka. <ref name=":2" /> : 184  Kamar yadda ta yi a Berlin, Louisa ta burge kotun Rasha kuma ta sami kulawa ta musamman daga sarkin. : 185 <ref name=":1"/> {{Rp|pages=27–28}}Ba tare da ta iya biyan kuɗin kayan kwalliya da ake tsammani daga fadawan Rasha ba, ta fito da uzuri don guje wa zuwan baƙi akai-akai, da farko ta yi kamar ba ta da lafiya sannan ta yi kamar tana cikin makoki don a yi mata afuwa ga tufafinta marasa tsari. : 173 Duk da nasarar da ta samu, Louisa ba ta ji daɗi ba a lokacin da take a Rasha, domin ta rabu da iyalinta, tana rashin lafiya akai-akai, kuma ana tilasta mata ta fuskanci rashin nasara. {{Rp|pages=45–46}} : 57 Bayan ta sake samun wasu zubar da ciki sau uku, <ref name=":1" /> : 29 Louisa ta haifi 'yarta ta fari a shekara ta 1811, kuma 'yar Amurka ta farko da aka haifa a Rasha, Louisa Catherine Adams II. : 86 Shekara guda bayan haka, jaririn ya mutu sakamakon [[Kashin jini|ciwon mara]], wanda hakan ya ƙara sa Louisa baƙin ciki da kuma ƙara ƙin jininta ga mijinta. <ref name="gould" /> : 87  Lokacin da aka kira John zuwa Ghent a shekara ta 1814 don yin shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya don Yaƙin 1812, an bar Louisa a Saint Petersburg, inda za ta zauna har shekara mai zuwa. : 87 John ya koyi yadda zai ba ta ƙarin amincewa da alhakin yayin da yake zaune a Rasha, kuma a watan Disamba na 1814, ya ba ta aikin sayar da kadarorinsu a Rasha da kuma yin tafiya a faɗin Turai don ganawa da shi a Paris. : 46 Ta tafi a watan Fabrairun 1815, kuma na tsawon kwanaki 40 da suka biyo baya ta yi tafiya mai haɗari a faɗin Turai, wadda Yaƙin Napoleon ya lalata, a lokacin sanyin hunturu. Sau da yawa tana cikin haɗarin 'yan fashi, daga baya kuma sojojin Faransa masu adawa da karusar Rasha. <ref name=":1"/> {{Rp|pages=30–31}}John da iyayensa sun ba wa Louisa girmamawa sosai bayan ta kammala tafiyar. <ref name="gould" /> : 88  === Komawa zuwa London da Washington === [[Fayil:Louisa_Catherine_Johnson_Adams.jpg|thumb|Hoton Charles Robert Leslie, 1816]] Louisa da John sun koma Landan a shekarar 1815, domin an naɗa John minista a Burtaniya. An kuma tura 'ya'yansu zuwa Landan, kuma iyalan suka zauna a can suka sake haɗuwa tsawon shekaru biyu da suka biyo baya. : 47  : 57 Louisa ta fi jin daɗin zama a Landan fiye da sauran wurare; nauyin diflomasiyya ya fi sauƙi, kuma tana da damar shiga cocin Anglican akai-akai. : 194 Ta ɗauki ƙarin nauyi wajen kula da iyali da kuma taimaka wa mijinta a aikinsa, musamman bayan ya kamu da ciwon ido mai zafi wanda ya sa ya makance na ɗan lokaci da kuma rauni a hannunsa wanda ya sa bai iya rubutu ba. {{Rp|pages=238–239}} Iyalan sun koma Amurka lokacin da aka naɗa John Sakataren Harkokin Waje a shekarar 1817. : 57 Louisa ta ga siyasar zamantakewa ta Washington abin ƙyama ne, kuma ta ji cewa John ya fi ƙarfinta. : 211 Duk da haka, ta yi aiki don gina alaƙar siyasa ga mijinta a Washington, tana shirya liyafa kowace Talata a kai a kai tana ziyartar matan 'yan majalisar dokoki masu tasiri. : 47 Maimakon bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa masu rikitarwa waɗanda suka samo asali a Washington tun lokacin da suka zauna a can na ƙarshe, Adams sun yi watsi da tsammanin cewa za su bi 'yan Majalisar Dokoki a cikin tsarin zamantakewa ta hanyar kiran su da farko. {{Rp|pages=256–257}}<ref name="caroli2">{{Cite book|last3=Betty Boyd Caroli}}</ref> {{Rp|pages=19–20}}Rikicin da ya biyo baya ya karu har ya kai ga majalisar ministocin shugaban ƙasa ta magance shi. <ref name=":3" /> : 261 Dangantakar Louisa da John ta yi wahala yayin da yake ƙara shagaltuwa da aikinsa, <ref name=":2" /> : 207 amma daga ƙarshe ta sami girmamawa daga surukarta bayan ta koma Amurka, kuma sun haɗu a wani lokaci mai kyau. Duk da haka, dangantakarsu ta kusa ba ta daɗe ba, yayin da Abigail ta mutu a shekara ta 1818. <ref name=":2" /> : 196  Ganin cewa uwargidan shugaban ƙasa [[Elizabeth Monroe]] ba ta shiga harkokin zamantakewa ba, alhakin ya rataya a wuyan iyalan Adams na zama cibiyar zamantakewa ta babban birnin. : 89 Abin da Louisa ta fi shahara a wannan rawar shi ne ƙwallon da ta jefa wa [[Andrew Jackson]] a watan Janairun 1824, wanda aka gane a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan tarurrukan zamantakewa na birnin. : 209  : 58 Yayin da John ke neman shugabancin ƙasa a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1824, Louisa ta gudanar da kamfen ɗinta yadda ya kamata kuma ta yi aiki tare da shi a matsayin abokin tarayya mai daidaito. <ref name="boller" /> : 58  : 272 Lokacin da zaɓen ya gaza samar da wanda ya yi nasara kuma Majalisar Wakilai ta tantance sakamakon, an zaɓi John ta hanyar abin da aka soki a matsayin ciniki mai cin hanci da rashawa, kuma Louisa ta raba sukar da ta fuskanta. <ref name=":2" /> : 214  == Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa ta Amurka (1825–1829) == [[Fayil:Charles_Bird_King_portrait_of_Louisa_Adams.jpg|thumb|Hoton Charles Bird King, {{Circa|1821–1825}}]] Da shiga Fadar White House, rayuwa ta ƙara yin wahala ga Adams. Gwamnatin ba ta da farin jini a Majalisa kuma ba ta iya ci gaba da manufofinta da yawa ba, wanda hakan ya haifar da ɗacin rai ga John wanda galibi ake yi wa Louisa. : 216  : 58 Ma'auratan sun sake yin nisa saboda damuwar da ke tattare da matsayinsu. : 90 <ref name="boller" /> : 58 A lokacin hutu, suna tafiya daban-daban kuma suna tafiya na dogon lokaci ba tare da ganin juna ba. {{Rp|pages=108–109}}Ko da lokacin da suka rabu, ba kasafai suke rubuta wa junansu ba, kuma maganganun da suka yi ba su da motsin rai. <ref name=":2" /> : 220 Louisa ta sha wahala daga kaɗaici yayin da take cikin Fadar White House, wanda ba ta ɗauka a matsayin gida ba. : 330  Fadar White House da kanta tana cikin mummunan yanayi lokacin da Louisa da John suka mamaye ta, domin ba a taɓa gyara ta gaba ɗaya ba bayan ƙonewar Washington . Duk da haka, an soki su saboda abin da jama'a suka ɗauka a matsayin gida mai tsada. Louisa ta mayar da martani ga sukar ta hanyar yin baje kolin gidan a bainar jama'a, wanda daga baya aka soki shi da rashin daɗi. {{Rp|pages=328–329}}Louisa da kanta ta zama abin da ake nema a cikin maganganun siyasa game da John, inda aka nuna ta a matsayin Ba’amurke mara amfani wanda ke buƙatar a yi mata kallon mai kuɗi. A martanin da ta mayar, ta buga tarihin rayuwarta wanda ya jaddada ladabinta da kuma gadonta na Amurka. : 91  : 110 Duk da cewa an buga shi ba tare da an ambaci sunansa ba, an fahimci cewa ita ce marubucin. Wannan abin ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba ga matar shugaban ƙasa, kuma an ƙara sukarta game da wannan aikin. <ref name=":3" /> {{Rp|pages=360–361}} Louisa ta kasance mai saurin kamuwa da rashin lafiya a koyaushe, amma lafiyarta ta tabarbare a tsawon shekarun da ta yi a Fadar White House, kuma an bar ta a kwance a gado a lokuta da yawa. Har ma ta yarda da wani bangare na tabin hankali game da rashin lafiyarta. : 340 Ta zama ba a ganinta a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa, kuma ko da lokacin da take yin nishaɗi, sau da yawa ba ta halarci taron kanta ba. : 48 Ta fuskanci suka saboda ta fi fitowa fili fiye da yadda ake tsammani daga matar siyasa. <ref name=":3" /> : 339 Madadin haka, ta ɓoye daga jama'a, tana rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, waƙoƙi, muƙaloli, da kuma tarihin rayuwarta. : 90  : 109 Waɗannan rubuce-rubucen sau da yawa suna yin la'akari da rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al'umma yayin da take kokawa game da rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi . : 217  Louisa ce ke da alhakin shiryawa lokacin da Lafayette ta ziyarci Fadar White House. : 332 Babban nauyin Louisa a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ya zo ne bayan mutuwar tsoffin shugabannin ƙasa [[John Adams]] da Thomas Jefferson a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1826. Da shugaban ƙasa ke tafiya kuma Majalisar Dokoki ta shiga hutu, sai ta rage mata nauyin kafa ƙa'idojin zamantakewa don zaman makoki a Washington. <ref name="caroli2"/> {{Rp|pages=105–106}}Ta kuma yi makoki a ɓoye, domin ta ɗauki surukinta a matsayin uba nata. <ref name=":3" /> : 342 Ba tare da son mijinta ba, ta bar Fadar White House ta yi tafiya zuwa gidan iyalan Adams da ke Quincy <ref name=":3" /> {{Rp|pages=345–346}}Louisa da John sun yi sulhu a ƙarshen wa'adin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1828. : 220 Ta sake yin aiki don yin kamfen ga mijinta a lokacin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1828, tana tafiya zuwa ƙasashe maƙwabta don neman goyon baya. : 110 Ta shiga cikin rudani, domin ta kuduri aniyar sake zaɓen mijinta, amma kuma ta ƙi rayuwar Fadar White House. Louisa da John sun yi ta fama da baƙin ciki da jin daɗi lokacin da ya sha kaye a zaɓen. <ref name=":3" /> {{Rp|pages=374–375}} == Rayuwa daga baya (1829–1852) == [[Fayil:Louisa_Adams_Resting_Place.jpg|thumb|Kabarin Louisa Adams a Cocin United First Parish .]] Bayan sun bar Fadar White House a shekarar 1829, Louisa da John suka ƙaura zuwa wani gida a Meridian Hill . Duk da cewa har yanzu ana iya ganin Fadar White House daga ƙofar gidanta, ta ji 'yanci daga wurin. : 379 Hutu nata bai daɗe ba, domin jim kaɗan bayan ta bar Fadar White House, ɗanta George ya faɗi daga jirgin ruwa mai tururi har ya mutu. Ya sha fama da matsaloli da dama na kansa da na kuɗi, kuma ba a taɓa tantance ko mutuwarsa ta faru ba ko kuma ta kashe kansa. : 49  : 92 A cikin watannin farko bayan mutuwar ɗanta, Louisa ta fi mayar da hankali kan ta'aziyya ga mijinta. : 221 Baƙin cikinta ya mamaye ta a watan Agusta, lokacin da tafiya zuwa Quincy ta yi barazanar kai ta cikin jirgin ruwan da George ya mutu daga ciki. Ta yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani, kuma aka soke tafiyar. <ref name=":3" /> {{Rp|pages=388–389}} A watan Mayu na shekarar 1830, Louisa da John suka ƙaura zuwa gidan da ke yankin Adams estate a Quincy. A nan yanayinta ya inganta, yayin da ta sami gida kuma yanayin damuwa da ta shafi kwakwalwa da jiki ya ragu. : 390 Ta yi matukar damuwa da dawowar John cikin harkokin jama'a lokacin da ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Dokoki a wannan shekarar, da farko ya ƙi komawa Washington kuma ya miƙa wuya ne kawai bayan ya bayyana cewa gidan da ke Quincy ba shi da wurin zama a lokacin hunturu. <ref name=":3" /> {{Rp|pages=393–395}}Ta furta imaninta cewa samun mijinta a Majalisar Dokoki zai zama wani amfani ga ƙasar wanda ya fi wahalar da take sha. : 222 Bayan John ya hau mulki, Louisa ta taka rawa sosai a cikin harkokin siyasa. : 59 Ɗan Louisa, John Adams na Biyu, ya mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya a shekarar 1834 sakamakon matsalolin kuɗi na kansa. Ta ɗora wa mijinta laifin gazawar da mutuwar manyan 'ya'yansu maza biyu, tana mai imanin cewa da an ba su rayuwa mafi kyau ba tare da an raba su da iyayensu ba a lokacin ƙuruciyarsu. A cikin baƙin cikinta, Louisa ta fara rubuta sabon tarihin rayuwarta, ''Kasadar Babu Wanda'' . : 92 Shekaru biyu bayan haka, cikin kyakkyawan yanayi, ta rubuta wani tarihin rayuwarta wanda ya shafi tafiyarta daga Rasha zuwa Faransa a shekarar 1815, tana fatan hakan zai zaburar da sauran mata. <ref name=":3" /> : 410  Duk da cewa ta raba ra'ayoyin da al'umma ke nunawa game da [[Bakar fata|baƙar fata]], : 64  : 423 ta zama mai son kawar da kai, : 143 kuma ta goyi bayan mijinta a aikinsa na hana bauta a Majalisa. : 93 Matsayinta kan lamarin ya fi na mijinta ƙarfi, wanda ya yi daidai da masu adawa da soke dokar saboda adawarsa ta ƙa'ida ga dokar hana tattaunawa kan bauta a Majalisa. <ref name=":3" /> {{Rp|pages=419–421}}Louisa ta ba da gudummawa ga asusun tallafawa bayi 'yantattu, kuma daga ƙarshe ta sayi bawa don manufar 'yantar da ita. <ref name="boller" /> : 64 Shima shiga cikin ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ta hanyar kawar da mata shi ma ya buɗe mata ga ra'ayin mata . <ref name="boller" /> : 59 Duk da cewa ba ta yarda da ra'ayin mata gaba ɗaya ba, ta fara wasiƙa da mai ra'ayin mata Sarah Moore Grimké kuma ta shiga nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki don ƙalubalantar ra'ayin da ake da shi cewa Littafi Mai Tsarki ya wajabta wa mata biyayya. <ref name="gould" /> : 93 <ref name=":3" /> : 430 An yi mata baftisma a Cocin Episcopal a shekara ta 1837. <ref name=":4"/> Louisa ta rasu a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1848, kwana biyu bayan mijinta ya suma sakamakon bugun jini mai tsanani a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka . Yana da shekaru 80. : 50 Ta isa Washington don ta ziyarce shi a kan gadon mutuwarsa, amma a matsayinta na mace, an nemi ta tafi saboda rashin lafiyarsa. : 452 Ta ci gaba da zama a Washington a lokacin hunturu da kuma Quincy a lokacin bazara har sai da bugun jini ya bar ta cikin rashin lafiya a 1849. Daga nan aka bar ta a hannun surukarta Mary. Ta mutu a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1852 tana da shekaru 77. <ref name="schneider" /> : 51 Ita ce mace ta farko da aka girmama ta hanyar dage zaman Majalisar Dokoki don jana'izarta. : 95 An binne ta a makabartar Majalisar Dokoki, amma an mayar da ita zuwa Cocin United First Parish jim kaɗan bayan haka bisa ga shirin ɗanta. <ref name="schneider" /> : 51  == Gado == [[Fayil:Pat_Nixon_Adams_portrait_C6394-04a.jpg|thumb|Uwargidan shugaban ƙasa Pat Nixon tare da hoton Gilbert Stuart na Louisa Adams a Fadar White House]] [[Fayil:Louisa_Adams_coin_front.jpg|thumb|Adams akan tsabar kuɗin matar farko ta shekarar 2008 na jerin tsabar kuɗin dala ta shugaban ƙasa]] Matsayin Adams a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa bai samu wani bincike na ilimi ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran rayuwarta, domin ba ta rubuta tarihin rayuwarta a tsawon shekarun da ta yi a Fadar White House ba. : 104 Ta kasance mai kaɗaici a lokacin da take kan mulki, kuma ba ta da wani tasiri sosai wajen tsara rawar. : 91  Adams ita ce matar shugaban Amurka ta farko da aka haifa a ƙasar waje, domin an haife ta ne a Ingila kuma ba ta ziyarci Amurka ba har sai da ta girma. Ta kasance ita kaɗai ce matar shugaban ƙasa da aka haifa a ƙasar waje har sai da [[Melania Trump|Melania Trump ']] yar ƙasar Slovenia ta hau wannan matsayi a shekarar 2017. Mutanen zamanin suna ɗaukar Adams a matsayin "mace mafi yawan tafiye-tafiye a lokacinta", <ref name="caroli2"/> : 31 kuma ita ce kaɗai matar shugaban ƙasa a ƙarni na 19 da ta yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa haka. <ref name=":0" /> Adams National Historical Park tana kula da Peacefield, gidan da Adams da mijinta suka zauna a wani lokaci daga baya a rayuwarsu. An nuna wurin shakatawar a Peacefield wanda ta yi, da kuma zanenta na Edward Savage . Na wani lokaci zanen har yanzu mallakar kakan jikan Adams ne, Mrs. Henry L. Mason, kuma an ba shi aro a gidan tarihi na lokaci-lokaci. Gidan Tarihi na Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery yana ɗauke da hotunan Louisa Catherine Adams da dama, ciki har da siffa da kuma hoton sarƙar giwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams |url=https://womenshistory.si.edu/object/louisa-catherine-johnson-adams%3Anpg_S_NPG.78.209 |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=Smithsonian American Women's History |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams |url=https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_67.71 |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=npg.si.edu |language=en}}</ref> === Zaɓen ra'ayin tarihi === Tun daga shekarar 1982, Cibiyar Bincike ta Kwalejin Siena ta gudanar da bincike lokaci-lokaci tana neman masana tarihi su tantance matan shugabannin Amurka bisa ga jimillar maki da aka samu kan asalinsu, darajarsu ga ƙasa, basirarsu, jarumtakarsu, nasarorinsu, mutuncinsu, shugabanci, kasancewarsu mata, mutuncinsu a bainar jama'a, da kuma darajarsu ga shugaban ƙasa. <ref name="Siena2014">{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2014 |title=Eleanor Roosevelt Retains Top Spot as America's Best First Lady Michelle Obama Enters Study as 5th, Hillary Clinton Drops to 6th Clinton Seen First Lady Most as Presidential Material; Laura Bush, Pat Nixon, Mamie Eisenhower, Bess Truman Could Have Done More in Office Eleanor & FDR Top Power Couple; Mary Drags Lincolns Down in the Ratings |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FirstLadies2014Release_Final.pdf |access-date=16 May 2022 |website=scri.siena.edu |publisher=Siena Research Institute |page=2}}</ref> A ko da yaushe, masana tarihi sun sanya Adams a cikin jerin mata na sama a cikin waɗannan binciken. Dangane da kimantawa ta jimilla, an sanya Adams a cikin jerin: * Na 14-mafi kyau daga cikin 42 a 1982 <ref name="Siena2008">{{Cite web |date=December 18, 2008 |title=Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 Abigail Adams Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves from 5 th to 4 th; Jackie Kennedy from 4th to 3rd Mary Todd Lincoln Remains in 36th |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FL_2008Release.pdf |access-date=16 May 2022 |publisher=Siena Research Institute |page=4}}</ref> * Na 16-mafi kyau daga cikin 37 a shekarar 1993 <ref name="Siena2008" /> * Na 12-mafi kyau daga cikin 38 a shekarar 2003 <ref name="Siena2008" /> * Mafi kyawun 21 daga cikin 38 a shekarar 2008 <ref name="Siena2008" /> * Na 18-mafi kyau daga cikin 38 a shekarar 2014 <ref name="2014Sienna1">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Siena College Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States 2014 FirstLadies2014_Full Rankings.xls |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_A_Overall_Survey_Results.pdf |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=scri.siena.edu |publisher=Sienna College Research Institute/C-SPAN}}</ref> * Mafi kyawun maki 16 cikin 40 a shekarar 2020 <ref name="Siena2020results">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Copy of FirstLadies_Full Rankings_working_dl_2.xls |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/First-Ladies-Full-Rankings-2020.pdf |access-date=March 11, 2025 |website=scri.siena.edu |publisher=Siena Research Institute}}</ref> A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2014, Adams da mijinta sun kasance a matsayi na 19 mafi girma daga cikin ma'aurata 39 na farko dangane da zama "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi". <ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Power Couple Score |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_C_Power_Couples.pdf |access-date=9 October 2022 |website=scri.siena.edu/ |publisher=Siena Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States}}</ref> == Itacen iyali == {{Adams family tree}} == Zaɓi rubuce-rubuce == === Tarihin Rayuwa === * ''Kasadar Babu Wanda '' : 217  * ''Labarin Tafiya daga Rasha zuwa Faransa, 1815'' – An buga ta bayan mutuwarta ta jikan ta a ''Mujallar Harper'' : 88 da ''Mujallar Scribner'' <ref name="gould" /> : 96  * ''Tarihin Rayuwa, ko Labarina <ref name="gould" />'' : 90  === Wasanni === * ''Zargi, ko Tsanantawar Rashin Laifi '' : 218  === Waƙoƙi === * ''Zuwa ga Hankaka,'' 1828 == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Ƙarin karatu == * Cook, Jane Hampton. ''Phoenix na Amurka: John Quincy da Louisa Adams, Yaƙin 1812, da Gudun Hijira da Ya Ceci 'Yancin Amurka'' (Thomas Nelson, 2013) * Hecht, Marie B. ''John Quincy Adams: Tarihin Mutum Mai Zaman Kansa'' (Macmillan, 1972) * Heffron, Margery M. ''Louisa Catherine: Sauran Mrs. Adams'' (Yale University Press, 2014) * O'Brien, Michael. ''Mrs. Adams a Lokacin Hutu: Tafiya a Kwanakin Ƙarshe na Napoleon'' (NY: Farrar, Straus da Giroux, 2010) * Oliver, Andrew. ''Hotunan John Quincy Adams da Matarsa'' (Harvard University Press, 1970) * Shepherd, Jack. ''Masu Cin Zarafin Zuciya: Tarihin Rayuwar Louisa Catherine da John Quincy Adams'' (McGraw-Hill, 1980) == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/7/Louisa-Adams.aspx Louisa Adams] a C-SPAN 's ''First Ladies: Tasiri &amp;amp; Hoto'' * [[iarchive:sim_scribners-magazine_1903-10_34_4/page/448/mode/2up|"Labarin Misis John Quincy Adams game da Tafiya daga St. Petersburg zuwa Paris a watan Fabrairun 1815," ''Mujallar Scribner'', Vol. XXXIV, lamba 4, Oktoba 1903, shafi na 448-463.]] {{S-start}} {{S-hon}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=[[First Lady of the United States]]}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}}{{US First Ladies}}{{John Quincy Adams}}{{John Adams}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4ctaarjw8mf6iegpjtdsoxvhfixupmo 0 147393 841690 822163 2026-05-28T15:53:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laura L. Yeager''' (née '''Brandt'''; an haife ta 1963 ko 1964) jami'ar tsaro ce a cikin Sojojin [[Amurka]].<ref name="meet">{{Cite web |last=Langhorne |first=Daniel |date=June 30, 2019 |title=She just made history as the first woman to lead an Army division. Meet Maj. Gen. Laura Yeager |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-laura-yeager-first-woman-to-lead-army-division-20190630-story.html |access-date=2019-06-30 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Ta zama kwamandan rundunar sojan kasa ta 40 a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2019 kuma ta yi aiki a wannan rawar har zuwa 15 ga Mayu, 2022. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi umurni da rundunar sojan [[Amurka]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Yeager ta girma ne a Fountain Valley, California . Mahaifinta, Robert Brandt, babban janar ce ta sojoji da ya yi ritaya kuma tsohon soja ne na Yaƙin Vietnam . [1] Ta halarci Jami'ar Jihar California, Long Beach, inda ta shiga Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Tsaro don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin karatun koleji. Tana da digiri na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar California, Irvine, da kuma digiri biyu na biyu, daya a cikin aure da maganin iyali daga Jami'an Chapman kuma daya a cikin Nazarin dabarun daga Kwalejin Yakin Sojojin [[Amurka]]. == Ayyukan soja == An ba Yeager umurni a matsayin mataimakin na biyu a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1986, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shalby |first=Colleen |date=June 11, 2019 |title=For the first time in history, a woman will lead a U.S. Army infantry division |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-first-woman-army-infantry-california-20190611-story.html |access-date=2019-06-16 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> bayan haka ta kammala karatun Jami'in Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojoji. Na farko da aka nada shi ne a matsayin jagora tare da Kamfanin Kiwon Lafiya na 423. <ref name="guard">{{Cite web |title=Brigadier General Laura L. Yeager |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Features/ngbgomo/bio/2/2928.html |access-date=June 16, 2019 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], [[National Guard Bureau]] |archive-date=June 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608123232/https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Features/ngbgomo/bio/2/2928.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kammala horo a matsayin matukin jirgi mai saukar ungulu na soja a shekarar 1989. Daga nan sai ta tashi da jirage masu saukar ungulu na Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk a matsayin matukin jirgi na kwashewar likitanci. Bayan shekaru takwas, ta bar aiki a matsayin kyaftin din lokacin da aka haifi ɗanta na farko. Ta shiga rundunar soji kuma daga baya ta ci gaba da aikin soja a cikin Sojojin Tsaro na [[California]] . [[Fayil:Laura_L._Yeager_(1).jpg|thumb|Kanal Laura Yeager, 2011]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] 4f2kk9tssqz2g4ez132jh3w4mp49bal 0 147539 841865 818417 2026-05-28T21:09:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lubomyr Taras Romankiw'''{{Efn|{{langx|uk|Любомир Тарас Романків|{{transliteration|uk|ukrainian|Liubomyr Taras Romankiv}}}}}} (Afrilu 17, 1931 - Yuni 27, 2024) ya kasance masanin kimiyyar lantarki na Ukraine-Kanada-Amurka, Masanin Kimiyya da Injiniya, kuma sanannen mai kirkiro a duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2024-10-05 |title=Lubomyr Romankiw in Electrochemical Society People News Fall 2024 |journal=The Electrochemical Society Interface |volume=33 |issue=3 |page=36 |doi=10.1149/2.004243IF |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kodayake ɗan ƙasar Kanada ne, ya shafe dukan aikinsa a Cibiyar Bincike ta Thomas J. Watson ta IBM a Yorktown Heights, New York. Ya kasance Abokin IBM, matsayi mafi girma na fasaha a IBM. Romankiw ya sami B.Sc. daga Jami'ar Alberta a shekara ta 1957, kuma duka digiri na MS da Ph.D. (a cikin ƙarfe da kayan aiki) daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts a shekarar 1962. Littafinsa na Ph.D. an kira shi "Kinetics of disolution of zinc sulfide in aqueous sulfuric acid", a karkashin shawarar Farfesa P. L. de Bruyn . Romankiw an jera shi a matsayin mai kirkiro a kan takardun shaida na Amurka sama da 90, takardu 150 da kuma shirya kundin 10 na tarurruka daban-daban na fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patents by Inventor Lubomyr T. Romankiw |url=https://patents.justia.com/inventor/lubomyr-t-romankiw?page=8 |access-date=2024-07-10}}</ref><ref name="storage">{{Cite web |title=Storage Newsletter: Lubomyr Romankiw, David Thompson |url=http://www.storagenewsletter.com/news/people/ibm-lubomyr-romankiw-david-thompson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911113326/http://www.storagenewsletter.com/news/people/ibm-lubomyr-romankiw-david-thompson |archive-date=11 September 2012 |website=National Inventors Hall of Fame 2012 Inductees}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Romankiw_1.jpg|thumb|Luby a lokacin yaro]] An haifi Romankiw a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1931, a Zhovkva, a lokacin wani ɓangare na Poland, a zamanin yau Ukraine. Yawancin ayyukansa sun haɗa da kayan magnetic, nuni mai nunawa, da faranti na jan ƙarfe. Yayinda yake aiki ga IBM, mai kirkiro ya haɓaka kawunan ajiyar fim mai laushi (wanda aka kirkira tare da David Thompson a cikin shekarun 1970s), fasahar juyin juya hali don yin rikodin da karanta bayanai akan rumbun kwamfutarka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 3, 2016 |title=Lubomyr T. Romankiw |url=https://ethw.org/Lubomyr_T._Romankiw |access-date=April 13, 2024 |website=ETHW}}</ref> Ya kasance abokin IBM, memba na Kwalejin Fasaha ta IBM, abokin IEEE, kuma abokin Electrochemical Society. [[Fayil:Romankiw_2.jpg|thumb|Luby a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa.]] Ya sami lambar yabo ta Perkin daga Society of Chemical Industry a 1993, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Society of Chemical Industry: SCI Honours |url=http://www.soci.org/SCI/awards/awardsbook/award.jsp?awardID=AW31&pageType=WINNER |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014901/http://www.soci.org/SCI/awards/awardsbook/award.jsp?awardID=AW31&pageType=WINNER |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2008-01-07 |website=Society of Chemical Industry Webs Site |publisher=Society of Chemical Industry}}</ref> lambar yabo ta Vittorio de Nora daga Electrochemical Society a 1994, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vittorio de Nora Award |url=http://www.electrochem.org/awards/ecs/recipients/v_denora_recipients.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211010040/http://www.electrochem.org/awards/ecs/recipients/v_denora_recipients.htm |archive-date=2007-12-11 |access-date=2007-01-08 |website=The Electrochemical Society Web Site |publisher=The Electrochemical Society}}</ref> da kuma lambar yabo ta IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award ta 1994. <ref name="IEEE-Liebmann-Award-Recipients">{{Cite web |title=IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award Recipients |url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/liebmann_rl.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211541/http://www.ieee.org/documents/liebmann_rl.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |access-date=February 27, 2011 |publisher=IEEE}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, an shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na Inventors na kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Meet the 2012 National Inventors Hall of Fame Inductees |url=http://www.invent.org/2012induction/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306051245/http://www.invent.org/2012induction/ |archive-date=2012-03-06 |access-date=2012-03-08 |website=National Inventors Hall of Fame}} National Inventors Hall of Fame 2012 Inductees</ref> A shekara ta 2014, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na kasashen waje na Kwalejin Injiniya ta Amurka saboda kirkirarsa na tsarin kai na fim mai laushi da fasahar tsarin electrochemical don ƙirƙirar na'urar microelectronics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Lubomyr T. Romankiw |url=https://www.nae.edu/MembersSection/MemberDirectory/107902.aspx}}</ref> Ya kasance mai aiki a kungiyoyi daban-daban, musamman a matsayin ''Nachalniy Plastun'' (Shugaban Scout) na Plast National Scout Organization of Ukraine . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-04 |title=Pioneering scientist and Plast leader Lubomyr Romankiw dies at 93 – The Ukrainian Weekly |url=https://subscription.ukrweekly.com/2024/07/pioneering-scientist-and-plast-leader-lubomyr-romankiw-dies-at-93/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=The Ukrainian Weekly |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Romankiw ta kasance memba na Shevchenko Scientific Society, Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lubomyr T. Romankiw, Ph.D. Hall of Fame - Strathmore's Who's Who |url=https://strathmore-ltd.com/hall-of-fame/lubomyr-t-romankiw-phd/9a0l93r/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=strathmore-ltd.com}}</ref> Romankiw ya mutu a Amurka a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2024, yana da shekaru 93. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-28 |title=У США помер видатний український винахідник і пластун Любомир Романків |url=https://life.pravda.com.ua/society/u-ssha-pomer-vidatniy-ukrajinskiy-vinahidnik-i-plastun-lyubomir-romankiv-302379/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Українська правда. Життя}}</ref> == Ƙirƙirar Ƙarƙashin Fim == A cikin shekarun 1960, sigar farko ta ajiyar magnetic, ajiyar drum na IBM tana kusantar iyakar ajiyarta. Shugabannin da aka yi da hannu da kuma tarawa na jan ƙarfe sun zama karami don zama masu faɗaɗa zuwa ƙarami kuma masu daidaitawa zuwa mafi girman ajiyar yanki a kowane murabba'in inci. [[Fayil:Romankiw_3.jpg|thumb|Luby yana riƙe da ƙananan fina-finai da ya kirkira]] Kalubale don fadada fasahar ajiya a wannan lokacin sune: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romankiw |first=Lubomyr |last2=Krongelb |first2=Sol |date=June 4, 2012 |title=Early Inventions and Their Ongoing Impact on Magnetic Storage and Electrochemistry |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/MA2012-02/48/3391 |journal=ECS Meeting Abstracts |volume=MA2012-02 |issue=48 |page=3391 |doi=10.1149/MA2012-02/48/3391 |access-date=2024-07-08}}</ref> 1, don cimma yawan yanki fiye da 3 Megabits a kowace murabba'in inci; da kuma 2, don ƙirƙirar kawunan karatu / rubutu. Romankiw ya kirkiro abubuwa masu mahimmanci da yawa waɗanda suka ba da damar fadada fasahar ajiyar magnetic. 1lllll1. US patent 3,908,194, <ref>{{Cite web |title=US patent 3,908,194 |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3908194A/en |access-date=2024-07-08}}</ref> Haɗin magnetoresistive karantawa, rubuce-rubuce na inductive, rukunin da aka ƙirƙiri magnetic kai. Wannan shi ne zane na haɗin kai na fim mai laushi, wanda ya haɗa da aikin karatu da rubuce-rubuce, kuma wanda ya kasance ba a canza shi ba har tsawon shekaru. Ƙarin bayani duba Disk karanta-da-rubuta shugaban. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]] p8d8l7igkddc6zgs5zbb3vdnoxojepl 0 148197 842104 826744 2026-05-29T05:55:43Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355524314|Fadzayi Mahere]]" 842104 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fadzayi Mahere''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1985) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa na [[Zimbabwe]] wanda ya bar matsayin memba na majalisar dokoki na mazabar Mount Pleasant a [[Harare]] . Ta kasance Kakakin Kasa na Citizens Coalition for Change, jam'iyyar siyasa a Zimbabwe tsakanin 2022 da 2023. Bayan aiki a fannin bayar da shawarwari, ta fito ne a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016 da farko a matsayin dan takarar majalisa mai zaman kanta, kuma ta shiga cikin zaben 2018. Koyaya, a cikin 2019 ta shiga MDC Alliance kuma daga baya ta lashe Mount Pleasant a cikin zaɓen da aka daidaita na 2023 kafin ta bar a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndlovu |first=Mandipa |date=2019-06-20 |title=Zimbabwe: Fadzayi Mahere's move to the MDC Alliance could rejuvenate the party |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-06-21-zimbabwe-fadzayi-maheres-move-to-the-mdc-alliance-could-rejuvenate-the-party/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin zanga-zangar Zimbabwe ta 2016-2017, an kama ta sau da yawa. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Fadzayi Mahere ya girma a Mount Pleasant, [[Harare]], kuma ya halarci [[Makarantar Arundel]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zvorufura |first=Faith |date=1 December 2017 |title=#16DaysofActivism: Profiling Fadzai Mahere |url=http://www.263chat.com/16daysofactivism-profiling-fadzayi-mahere |website=263 Chat}}</ref> Ta shiga a shekara ta 2004 a Jami'ar Zimbabwe, inda ta sami digiri na farko na Shari'a (LLB Hons) a shekara ta 2008. A shekara ta 2010 ta shiga Jami'ar Cambridge don digiri na Master of Laws a cikin Shari'ar Laifuka ta Duniya & Shari'ar Kasuwanci ta Duniya, ta kammala a shekara ta 2011. [1][2] == Ayyuka == A watan Yunin 2016, Lauyan Mahere ya shiga cikin binciken jama'a na Bankin Tsaro na Zimbabwe kan bugawa da gabatar da ƙarin bayanan jingina na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2018 |title=Citizens grill RBZ boss on bond notes |url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/citizens-grill-rbz-governor-over-bond-notesthisflag-campaign-founder-pastor-evan-mawarire-with-rbz-boss-john-mangudya/ |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=www.newzimbabwe.com}}</ref> A taron, Mahere ya nuna cewa bayanan jingina ba su dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba, bisa ga Babi na 17 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, kan kudaden jama'a. Har ila yau, a cikin 2016, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu fafutuka #thisflagmovement, ta fara motsawa da tattara mutane, ta amfani da manyan tashoshin kafofin watsa labarai kamar Facebook Live da Twitter don tayar da gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gukurume |first=Simbarashe |date=6 November 2017 |title=Young female political activists and the struggle for democracy in Zimbabwe |url=http://www.democracyinafrica.org/young-female-political-activists-and-the-struggle-for-democracy-in-zimbabwe/ |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=Democracy in Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2017 ta sanar da yunkurin da ta yi na wakiltar yankin Harare na Mount Pleasant a zaben 2018 a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa. An kama ta a shekarar 2017 bayan ta shirya gasar kwallon kafa a mazabarta kuma an tuhume ta a karkashin Dokar Tsaro da Tsaro ta Jama'a (POSA). A watan Yunin 2019 ta shiga jam'iyyar Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) a matsayin Sakatariyar Ilimi. A watan Mayu 2020 an sanar da ita a matsayin Kakakin Kasa na hadin gwiwar MDC Alliance . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vinga |first=Alois |date=28 May 2020 |title=Chamisa appoints Mahere spokesperson in MDC mini reshuffle |url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/chamisa-appoints-mahere-spokesperson-in-mdc-mini-reshuffle/ |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=NewZimbabwe.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Abubuwan da aka samu == Mahere ya kasance daga cikin tawagar Lead Counsel ([[Zimbabwe]]) wacce ta lashe gasar All Africa International Humanitarian Law Moot Court a Arusha, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], a 2007 kuma an ba ta kyautar Mafi kyawun Magana a cikin Ƙarshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2010 |title=UZ wins 2010 Law Moot Court competition – NewsDay Zimbabwe |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2010/11/2010-11-01-uz-wins-2010-law-moot-court-competition/ |access-date=10 March 2018 |website=www.newsday.co.zw |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] 9ax3yjfhsbkuhfun7mpnxj8v3l860xn 842106 842104 2026-05-29T05:56:57Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 842106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fadzayi Mahere''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1985) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa na [[Zimbabwe]] wanda ya bar matsayin memba na majalisar dokoki na mazabar Mount Pleasant a [[Harare]] . Ta kasance Kakakin Kasa na Citizens Coalition for Change, jam'iyyar siyasa a Zimbabwe tsakanin 2022 da 2023. Bayan aiki a fannin bayar da shawarwari, ta fito ne a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016 da farko a matsayin dan takarar majalisa mai zaman kanta, kuma ta shiga cikin zaben 2018. Koyaya, a cikin 2019 ta shiga MDC Alliance kuma daga baya ta lashe Mount Pleasant a cikin zaɓen da aka daidaita na 2023 kafin ta bar a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndlovu |first=Mandipa |date=2019-06-20 |title=Zimbabwe: Fadzayi Mahere's move to the MDC Alliance could rejuvenate the party |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-06-21-zimbabwe-fadzayi-maheres-move-to-the-mdc-alliance-could-rejuvenate-the-party/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin zanga-zangar Zimbabwe ta 2016-2017, an kama ta sau da yawa. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Fadzayi Mahere ya girma a Mount Pleasant, [[Harare]], kuma ya halarci [[Makarantar Arundel]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zvorufura |first=Faith |date=1 December 2017 |title=#16DaysofActivism: Profiling Fadzai Mahere |url=http://www.263chat.com/16daysofactivism-profiling-fadzayi-mahere |website=263 Chat}}</ref> Ta shiga a shekara ta 2004 a Jami'ar Zimbabwe, inda ta sami digiri na farko na Shari'a (LLB Hons) a shekara ta 2008. A shekara ta 2010 ta shiga Jami'ar Cambridge don digiri na Master of Laws a cikin Shari'ar Laifuka ta Duniya & Shari'ar Kasuwanci ta Duniya, ta kammala a shekara ta 2011. [1][2] == Ayyuka == A watan Yunin 2016, Lauyan Mahere ya shiga cikin binciken jama'a na Bankin Tsaro na Zimbabwe kan bugawa da gabatar da ƙarin bayanan jingina na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2018 |title=Citizens grill RBZ boss on bond notes |url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/citizens-grill-rbz-governor-over-bond-notesthisflag-campaign-founder-pastor-evan-mawarire-with-rbz-boss-john-mangudya/ |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=www.newzimbabwe.com}}</ref> A taron, Mahere ya nuna cewa bayanan jingina ba su dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba, bisa ga Babi na 17 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, kan kudaden jama'a. Har ila yau, a cikin 2016, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu fafutuka #thisflagmovement, ta fara motsawa da tattara mutane, ta amfani da manyan tashoshin kafofin watsa labarai kamar Facebook Live da Twitter don tayar da gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gukurume |first=Simbarashe |date=6 November 2017 |title=Young female political activists and the struggle for democracy in Zimbabwe |url=http://www.democracyinafrica.org/young-female-political-activists-and-the-struggle-for-democracy-in-zimbabwe/ |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=Democracy in Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2017 ta sanar da yunkurin da ta yi na wakiltar yankin Harare na Mount Pleasant a zaben 2018 a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa. An kama ta a shekarar 2017 bayan ta shirya gasar kwallon kafa a mazabarta kuma an tuhume ta a karkashin Dokar Tsaro da Tsaro ta Jama'a (POSA). A watan Yunin 2019 ta shiga jam'iyyar Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) a matsayin Sakatariyar Ilimi. A watan Mayu 2020 an sanar da ita a matsayin Kakakin Kasa na hadin gwiwar MDC Alliance . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vinga |first=Alois |date=28 May 2020 |title=Chamisa appoints Mahere spokesperson in MDC mini reshuffle |url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/chamisa-appoints-mahere-spokesperson-in-mdc-mini-reshuffle/ |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=NewZimbabwe.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Abubuwan da aka samu == Mahere ya kasance daga cikin tawagar Lead Counsel ([[Zimbabwe]]) wacce ta lashe gasar All Africa International Humanitarian Law Moot Court a Arusha, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], a 2007 kuma an ba ta kyautar Mafi kyawun Magana a cikin Ƙarshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2010 |title=UZ wins 2010 Law Moot Court competition – NewsDay Zimbabwe |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2010/11/2010-11-01-uz-wins-2010-law-moot-court-competition/ |access-date=10 March 2018 |website=www.newsday.co.zw |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] em06otc17i7jvlmr06lz2o2webznbdc 0 148200 841782 839249 2026-05-28T17:40:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 5 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Letty Chiwara | image = Letty Chiwara Forum Session - High Level Panel .jpg | birth_date = February 1967 | birth_place = Zimbabwe, Africa | citizenship = Zimbabwe | occupation = {{ubl|UN official|Consultant}} | known_for = Leadership in UN Women and gender equality advocacy in Africa | employer = UN Women; United Nations | office = UN Women Representative in Malawi | organizations = United Nations; UN Women; African Union Commission; United Nations Economic Commission for Africa | education = University of KwaZulu-Natal (BA); University of Cambridge (MPhil); University of London }} '''Letty Chiwara''' (an haife ta a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1967) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Letty Chiwara |url=https://find-ad-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/qO3mGNrHZDOZLB8YhhaaSsqUea0/appointments |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=Gov.uk }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> jami'ar Zimbabue ce ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin]] Ƙungiya . Ita ce Wakilin Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Malawi, [[Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka]], da Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkinobho don Afirka, matsayin da ta ɗauka a watan Mayu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Women Representative in Malawi |url=https://africa.unwomen.org/en/where-we-are/eastern-and-southern-africa/malawi/malawi-representative |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=UN Women}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=3 Leadership Journeys ONE Story |url=http://letty.3leadershipjourneysonestory.com/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=letty.3leadershipjourneysonestory.com}}</ref> Ta taba aiki a matsayin Wakilin Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . Ta kasance UNIFEM da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Shugabar Mata ta Afirka na tsawon shekaru 12, tana zaune a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], Amurka. Chiwara ta jagoranci hadin gwiwar dabarun mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da kungiyoyi da yawa, gami da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Bankin Duniya, OECD DAG Gender Net, FEMNET, YWCA, Hukumar Tarayyen Afirka, UNECA, da Bankin Raya Afirka. <ref name="atlas">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-07 |title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara |url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profiles/2020/1/7/letty-chiwara |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=ATLAS |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Letty Chiwara ta girma ne a cikin al'ummar noma a Zimbabwe tare da 'yan uwa takwas, inda' yan mata galibi ke samun damar ilimi da kulawa ta fi dacewa. Koyaya, iyayenta sun saba wa waɗannan ƙa'idodi kuma sun tura ta [[Makarantar allo|makarantar kwana]].<ref name="atlas"/> Chiwara tana ɗaya daga cikin yara takwas: 'yan mata biyar da maza uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara |url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profile/atlas-letty-chiwara/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=ATLAS }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Iyayenta manoma ne na karkara waɗanda suka ƙi al'adar yankin na ilimantar da yara maza kawai, kuma suka tura dukkan yaransu zuwa makaranta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara |url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profile/atlas-letty-chiwara/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=ATLAS }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta halarci makarantar kwana ta Katolika mai tsada wacce ta yaba da kafa tushe mai ƙarfi don aikinta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara |url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profile/atlas-letty-chiwara/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=ATLAS }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dukkanin digiri na farko na Arts da Master of Philosophy sun kasance a cikin Social and Political Theory, daga Jami'ar Kwa-Zulu Natal da Jami'ar Cambridge bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiona Lortan |url=https://www.atmis-au.org/fiona-lortan/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=African Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS)}}</ref> A Jami'ar London, ta dauki darasi na jinsi wanda masanin mata Caroline Moser ya koyar wanda "ya buɗe idanuna" kuma ya jagoranci ta shiga cikin motsi don canza al'adu da al'adun gargajiya waɗanda ke riƙe da mata da 'yan mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara |url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profile/atlas-letty-chiwara/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=ATLAS }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Chiwara ta yi aiki a ƙasarta ta Zimbabwe a matsayin jami’ar tsara birane a yankin Matabeleland South da ke Harare na tsawon shekaru huɗu. Yayin da take wannan aiki, ta samu tallafin karatu domin yin digirin digirgir na biyu (master’s degree) a fannin Tsare-tsaren Ci gaban Birane a Jami’ar London. Wani kwas na nazarin jinsi da ta yi a lokacin karatunta ne ya ƙarfafa mata gwiwar magance rashin daidaito a cikin al’umma.<ref name="atlas"/> Bayan dawowa gida don cika bukatun aikinta na tallafin karatu, Chiwara ta yi murabus daga aikinta na gwamnati. Bayan watanni takwas, an hayar ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara tare da UNIFEM a [[Harare]]. Wannan aikin farko ya haɗa da kawo mata daga Kudancin Afirka zuwa baje kolin kasuwanci. Yanzu tana da matsayi na jagoranci tare da Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Ƙungiya a Habasha, inda take aiki tare da Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka da Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkinobho ta Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Team in Malawi |url=https://malawi.un.org/en/about/our-team |website=malawi.un.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Women, Peace and Security in Africa |url=https://www.policycenter.ma/sites/default/files/BIOGRAPHIES-APSACO-2021-final.pdf |website=policycenter.ma}}</ref> Ta jagoranci Yakin hada kan Afirka kan tashin hankali a kan mata da 'yan mata kuma a halin yanzu tana jagorantar kokarin bunkasa wani shiri da aka mayar da hankali kan kawo karshen ayyukan cutarwa da auren yara a Afirka.<ref name="atlas"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] 9w4mln5usd0akzn64z6yluxehlvnjtu 0 148277 842048 822636 2026-05-29T02:06:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kalht_01.jpg|right|thumb|225x225px|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gida na Zenith 1200 CRT Projector. Ganuwa daga rufin shine ruwan tabarau guda uku, kowannensu don ja, kore da shuɗi]] [[Fayil:Theatre_Network_Television_projector_at_the_Early_Television_Museum_June_2022.jpg|thumb|Black da fari CRT projector]] Mai nuna CRT Mai nuna bidiyo ne wanda ke amfani da ƙaramin bututun cathode-ray mai haske (CRT) a matsayin abin da ke samar da hoto. Ana mayar da hankali ga hoton kuma a faɗaɗa shi a kan allo ta amfani da ruwan tabarau da aka ajiye a gaban fuskar CRT. Masu nuna launi na farko na CRT sun fito ne a farkon shekarun 1950. Yawancin masu nuna CRT na zamani suna da launi kuma suna da CRTs daban-daban guda uku (maimakon guda ɗaya, CRT mai launi), da ruwan tabarau na kansu don cimma hotunan launi. Ana sarrafa sassan ja, [[kore]] da shuɗi na siginar bidiyo mai shigowa kuma ana aika su zuwa ga CRTs masu dacewa waɗanda hotunan su ke mai da hankali ga ruwan tabarau don cimma hoto gaba ɗaya akan allo. Zane daban-daban sun sanya shi zuwa samarwa, gami da "kai tsaye" CRT-lens design, da kuma Schmidt CRT, wanda ya yi amfani da allon phosphorus wanda ke haskaka madubi mai laushi, duk a cikin CRT da aka kwashe. Hoton da ke cikin Sinclair Microvision flat CRT ana kallon shi daga wannan gefen phosphor da aka buga ta hanyar wutar lantarki. Sauran gefen allon za a iya haɗa shi kai tsaye zuwa sink mai zafi, yana ba da damar mai nunawa ya gudana a matakan wutar lantarki masu haske fiye da tsarin CRT na yau da kullun. Duk da cewa tsarin da ke amfani da na'urorin haska bidiyo da aka yi amfani da su a baya kusan an yi amfani da su ne kawai, an maye gurbinsu da wasu fasahohi kamar su LCD projection da Digital Light Processing. Ingantawa a cikin waɗannan na'urorin haska bidiyo na dijital, da kuma ƙaruwar samuwa da kuma sha'awarsu daga baya, ya haifar da raguwar tallace-tallace na na'urorin haska bidiyo na CRT a shekarar 2009. [sabuntawa] a shekarar 2012, ƙananan (idan akwai) sabbin na'urori ne ake ƙera, kodayake wasu masu shigarwa suna sayar da na'urori da aka gyara, galibi samfuran 8" da 9" mafi girma.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Wasu daga cikin bututun tsinkaye na farko na CRT an yi su ne a 1933, kuma a shekarar 1938 an riga an yi amfani da masu nuna tsinkaye ta CRT a cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baird/Rauland Projection CRT |url=https://www.earlytelevision.org/rauland_crt.html |access-date=2020-11-03 |publisher=[[Early Television Museum]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ardenne Projection CRT |url=https://www.earlytelevision.org/ardenne_projection_crt.html |access-date=2020-11-02 |publisher=[[Early Television Museum]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baird Theater Television System |url=https://www.earlytelevision.org/baird_theater_tv.html |access-date=2020-12-16 |publisher=[[Early Television Museum]]}}</ref> == Fa'idodi da rashin fa'idodi == * Tsawon rai na aiki; CRTs suna riƙe da haske mai kyau har zuwa awanni 10,000, kodayake wannan ya dogara da saitin daidaitawar mai haskawa. Mai haskawa wanda aka saita zuwa ƙaramin haske mafi girma gabaɗaya zai daɗe. Babu kwararan fitila da za a maye gurbinsu bayan sa'o'i dubu biyu kawai (kamar yadda yake tare da DLP da LCD mai haske xenon); duk da haka, masu haskawa na CRT na iya tara ƙonewa idan an saita su zuwa ƙimar bambanci mai girma da/ko nuna abun ciki mai tsayayye akan lokaci Masu haskawa na CRT masu inganci na iya nuna hotuna daidai har zuwa 1920 x 1200.[2] Barco 912 yana da'awar ƙudurin da za a iya magancewa na 3200 x 2560, amma tare da bandwidth na 180 MHz ba zai iya warware cikakkun bayanai a wannan ƙuduri tare da haske iri ɗaya kamar yadda sauran fasahar nuni za su yi ba, ba tare da rage ƙimar wartsakewa ko ba da damar haɗa laces ba. Saboda kyawawan matakan baƙi, masu haskawa na CRT kyawawan masu fafatawa ne da za a yi amfani da su a cikin saitunan haɗa gefuna.  Saitin haɗin gefen na'urar hangen nesa ta DLP da LCD yana nuna wani babban ɗinki mai launin toka a tsakiya a cikin yanayin duhu. Saboda bututun hoto nasu na 4:3, CRTs masu haɗe da gefuna suna amfani da babban yanki na saman bututun lokacin da suke nuna bidiyo a cikin rabon silima, wanda ke rage lalacewa mara daidaituwa kuma yana samar da cikakken haske. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a tattara na'urar hangen nesa ta CRT. Matsakaicin matakin baƙi gabaɗaya idan aka kwatanta da na'urorin hangen nesa na LCD da DLP; [ana buƙatar hujja] duk da haka, wasu ƙananan na'urorin hangen nesa na CRT masu haɗin iska suna nuna tasirin da aka sani da fure ko haloing a kusa da abubuwa masu haske da aka nuna a bango mai duhu Kamar yadda yake tare da na'urorin hangen nesa na CRT, ƙudurin hoto da saurin wartsakewa ba a gyara su ba amma suna canzawa a cikin wasu iyakoki. Ana iya kunna kayan da ke haɗe kai tsaye, ba tare da buƙatar hanyoyin hana haɗin kai mara kyau ba.  [ana buƙatar hujja][ana buƙatar ambato] Sifili jinkiri na shigarwa da kuma rashin motsi, wanda hakan ya sa suka dace sosai da wasannin bidiyo na kowane iri, da kuma bidiyo mai motsi da sauri (misali ƙwallon ƙafa ko wasu wasanni) Yawancin na'urorin nuna CRT suna da ikon yin amfani da na'urori masu yawa, tare da kewayon mitar kwance yana farawa daga 15 KHz a ƙarshen ƙasa, akan wasu na'urori masu nuna har zuwa 150 ko 180 KHz. Wannan yana nufin cewa na'urorin nuna bidiyo na CRT suna da ƙudurin da ya dace da yawancin hanyoyin bidiyo, gami da wasannin TV da na baya-bayan nan (15.7 KHz), VCRs, wasannin arcade (15.7, 24 da 31 KHz), tsoffin kwamfutocin VGA (31 KHz), kwamfutocin zamani (yawanci 48 KHz don 768p60, 68 KHz don 768p85, 67 KHz don 1080p60 ko 137 KHz don 4k60),[6] HDTV (45 KHz don 720p60, 28 KHz don 1080i50, 67 KHz don 1080p60), na'urorin wasan bidiyo na zamani, da ƙari, ba tare da buƙatar haɓaka ko rage girman ba.  Wannan ya fi amfani fiye da misali, na'urorin saka idanu na kwamfuta na CRT, waɗanda duk waɗanda suka fito daga tsakiyar shekarun 90 ko kuma daga baya suma suna da ikon yin amfani da multisync, amma suna da ƙarancin iyaka na mita na 30 KHz, wanda ke sa 480p60 ko 240p120 ya zama mafi ƙarancin ƙuduri, don haka yana buƙatar haɓaka girma don yin aiki tare da wasannin retro da wasannin arcade. Masu nuna CRT ba sa nuna tasirin bakan gizo da aka gani tare da na'urorin nuna DLP guda ɗaya. An yi na'urorin nuna hotuna na CRT da bututun hoto guda uku daban-daban, waɗanda aka yi niyya, aka mai da hankali, aka haɗa su a kan allo ɗaya, don haka babu wani tasirin ƙofar allo ko kaɗan (duk da haka na'urar nuna hotuna ta CRT da aka saita da kyau wacce ke nuna ƙaramin ƙuduri (misali 240p kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a tsoffin wasannin bidiyo) tana iya nuna layukan hoto masu kaifi sosai tare da wurare baƙi a tsakanin. Wasu na'urorin nuna hotuna na CRT, kamar Dwin 500 da 700, ba su da magoya baya kuma sun fi shuru fiye da na'urorin nuna hotuna na LCD ko DLP iri ɗaya. Yawancin na'urorin nuna hotuna na CRT suna da manyan magoya baya da sarrafa zafin jiki kuma wasu ana iya gyara su cikin sauƙi don sanyaya mai natsuwa da/ko mafi kyawun aiki. Abubuwan da ke cikin na'urorin nuna hotuna na CRT suna da manyan wurare na saman idan aka kwatanta da ƙananan na'urorin nuna hotuna na DLP ko LCD masu haske, masu haske. Gilashin tabarau guda uku daban-daban suna rage haɗarin shiga cikin matsalolin rashin daidaituwar chromatic a kusurwoyin hoton, saboda kowane ruwan tabarau ana iya daidaita shi daban don la'akari da tsawon rai uku daban-daban.. === Rashin fa'idodi === * Masu nunawa na CRT sun fi girma kuma sun fi nauyi fiye da masu nunawa na LCD da DLP. * Masu nuna shirye-shiryen CRT suna buƙatar ƙarin lokaci don saitawa da daidaitawa fiye da masu nuna shirye-aikacen LCD da DLP. * Cikakken hasken ANSI wanda za'a iya cimma tare da masu nuna CRT ya fi ƙasa da na'urorin fitilar ko na'urori masu haskakawa na laser, LcOS da DLP. A matsayin misali, masu haskakawa na CRT don amfani da gida suna iya 1,500 ANSI lumens. Sabanin haka, tun daga shekarar 2020 masu nunawa don amfani da gida suna iya ɗaukar lumens 2,600 ko fiye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2022 |title=Best 4K projector: Home theater beamers worth buying |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/home-cinema/projectors/tr-top-10-best-home-cinema-projectors-1291490}}</ref> Koyaya, ana auna haske da bambanci daban-daban tsakanin nau'ikan masu nunawa daban-daban. Bugu da kari, wasu masu amfani suna samun hotuna masu haske da yawa da ba su da kyau a kalli, sabili da haka za su zaɓi daidaita wutar lantarki zuwa ƙarancin darajar. Duk da yake matsakaicin haske mai yiwuwa ya fi ƙasa a kan mai nuna CRT, bambancin bambancin CRT yana sauƙaƙa daidaita bambancin / saitin haske ba tare da samun hoto mai wankewa daga fitilar da ba ta da mahimmanci. Masu haskakawa sun dace da wuraren.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Can a Projector be Too Bright? |url=https://entertainmentden.com/can-a-projector-be-too-bright/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123140650/https://entertainmentden.com/can-a-projector-be-too-bright/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CRT Projector Brightness |url=http://www.curtpalme.com/CRTPrimer_11.shtm}}</ref> * Masu nuna CRT masu ƙarancin ƙarancin ko marasa kyau na iya fama da bambancin launi ko rikicewar lissafi (alal misali, layi madaidaiciya bazai bayyana gaba ɗaya ba, musamman kusa da kusurwa). Koyaya, masu nuna CRT suna ba da ƙarin zaɓuɓɓuka don daidaitawa da ƙuntata ƙididdigar ƙididdiga. Wannan ya bambanta da sauran fasahar mai nunawa, inda Moiré matsala ce saboda gyare-gyare da ke dogara da software kuma ana amfani da su kai tsaye ga raster na DMD. Saboda masu nuna CRT suna amfani da bututun monochrome, gyare-gyaren lissafi ba lallai bane su layi tare da raster a kan fuskokin bututun, kamar yadda raster ke haifar da katako na lantarki kanta. Gyaran lissafi na software a cikin masu nuna dijital ba wai kawai suna haifar da hoto mara kyau da sikelin ba, yana kuma tilasta hoton ya zama mai buffered da kuma sarrafa shi ta hanyar lantarki, wanda ke ƙara jinkirin shigarwa. * Masu nuna CRT suna amfani da karin iko / tsada don gudana fiye da LCD da DLP. Duk da haka, ana iya kwatanta shi da Nuni na plasma, wanda kuma ana iya kwatanta su da ingancin hoto da aikin. * Ba kamar LCD ko DLP projectors ba, CRT projectors sun fi ƙonewa, idan an saita su zuwa babban darajar bambanci da / ko nuna abubuwan da ke tsaye na dogon lokaci. Wannan na iya haifar da batutuwa a cikin daidaito na haske a kan masu nunawa waɗanda ke amfani da cikakkiyar 4:3 da kuma bambancin fuska, da kuma canji a cikin zafin jiki yayin da blue (da kore) phosphors suka lalace da sauri fiye da ja. Gabaɗaya ƙonewa matsala ce yayin motsawa ko sayen / siyar da masu nuna CRT, kamar yadda wurare daban-daban da saiti daban-daban suka ƙare ta amfani da ɓangarori daban-daban na farfajiyar bututun hoto. CRTs na projector na iya zama ko dai iska ko ruwa da aka haɗa. CRTs masu haɗuwa da iska suna da fuska mai laushi na gaba wanda kuma ke aiki azaman akwati tare da sanyaya, kuma akwai rata tsakanin fuskar CRT da ruwan tabarau na baya da aka yi amfani da shi don tsara hoton da CRT ta kafa akan allo. CRTs masu haɗuwa da ruwa suna da fuska mai laushi tare da sanyaya kuma (a gefen da ke fuskantar bindigar lantarki ta CRT) allo wanda aka laushi zuwa ciki tare da murfin dichroic, murfin yana ƙara fitar da haske <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Cathode ray Tube site. Television CRT's |url=https://www.crtsite.com/tv-crt.html |website=www.crtsite.com}}</ref> yayin da ƙuƙwalwar ta dace da ruwan tabarau na baya na mai nunawa, yana rage hasken hoto. Har ila yau, babu wani rata na iska tsakanin CRT da ruwan tabarau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CRT Projector Liquid-Coupled (LC) vs Air-Coupled (AC) |url=http://www.curtpalme.com/CRTPrimer_13.shtm |website=www.curtpalme.com}}</ref> Glycol yana da hygroscopic (yana shan danshi) har ma ta hanyar hatimin silicon da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin CRTs don ƙunshe da glycol. Wannan yana nufin cewa a ƙarshe glycol na iya samun ruwa mai yawa, yana karya gilashin akwati lokacin da ya fadada saboda zafi. Wannan yafi shafar CRTs da aka haɗa da iska kamar yadda a cikin waɗannan kumfa na iska yana kan wannan sarari kamar akwati yayin da CRTs da ke da ruwa ba su da tasiri tun lokacin da suke da nau'ikan silicone masu sassauƙa waɗanda ke samar da kumfa na ikuku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bleeding CRT Projector Tubes |url=http://www.curtpalme.com/Bleeding_CRT_Tubes2.shtm |website=www.curtpalme.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Venting Liquid Coupled (LC) tubes |url=http://www.curtpalme.com/Marquee_LCvent.shtm |website=www.curtpalme.com}}</ref> Glycol na iya amsawa tare da aluminum a cikin tsarin sanyaya na CRT kuma ya yi haske a kan sauye-sauye da yawa na sanyaya da dumama wanda ke haifar da fungus na CRT, wanda ke lalata ingancin hoto tunda kaddarorin gani sun bambanta da na glycol da ke kewaye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CRT Tube Fungus Removal |url=http://www.curtpalme.com/Fungus_Removal1.shtm}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Mai nuna LCD * DLP * Eidophor * Mai nunawa na Talaria * Jerin masu nuna bidiyo na CRT == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} abe8irbk778je3by9l50txluusaznws 0 148562 841666 826308 2026-05-28T15:21:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Las Choapas''' birni ne da ke kewaye da shi a kudu maso gabashin jihar Veracruz ta Mexico . Yana da iyaka da kananan hukumomin Uxpanapa" title="Minatitlán, Veracruz">Minatitlan, Moloacán, da Agua Dulce a Veracruz, Huimanguillo a Tabasco, Cintalapa da Tecpatán a [[Chiapas]]" Chiapas, da Santa María Chimalapa a Oaxaca. Babban kayayyakin sa sune kiwon shanu, masara, mai, 'ya'yan itace, sukari, da roba. A baya tana da mai niƙa shinkafa. Yana daya daga cikin manyan kananan hukumomi a Veracruz, tare da yanki na 2,851.2 km2 (1,100.85 sq mi). A ƙidayar shekara ta 2005 birnin yana da mazauna 40,773, yayin da karamar hukuma ke da yawan mutane 70,092. Wuri ne mai zafi sosai, yayin da zafin jiki ya kai digiri 40 na Celsius. Ya sami wasu [[guguwa]] a baya. An haɗa shi da al'ummomin [[Raudales]]-Ocozocoautla a Chiapas ta hanyar gadar Chiapas.&nbsp; An gano gawarwaki goma sha biyu waɗanda aka ɗaure hannayensu a kan hanya a Las Choapas a ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2021. Shaidar ta ce mutanen da aka kashe sun kasance daga dangin daga garin Aguas Frías. Akwai Grupos de Autodefensa Comunitaria (vigilantes) masu dauke da makamai a Las Choapas kuma akalla kamfanonin miyagun ƙwayoyi guda shida suna aiki a jihar. == Sufuri == Tun daga 13 ga Satumba 2024, Las Choapas ya kasance wurin tsayawa a kan Line FA, layin Tren Interoceánico.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chacón |first=Jorge |date=September 13, 2024 |title=¡Amoroso recibimiento en Tabasco!; AMLO y Claudia Sheinbaun inauguran Línea FA del Tren Interoceánico |url=https://diariodelistmo.com/nacional/tren-interoceanico-asi-recibieron-a-amlo-y-claudia-sheinbaum-para-la-inauguracion-de-la-linea-fa-/50573972 |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=diariodelistmo.com |language=es-MX |archive-date=September 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914000425/https://diariodelistmo.com/nacional/tren-interoceanico-asi-recibieron-a-amlo-y-claudia-sheinbaum-para-la-inauguracion-de-la-linea-fa-/50573972 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=López |first=Heder |date=September 6, 2024 |title=Tren Interoceánico: iniciará venta de boletos de la línea FA Coatzacoalcos-Palenque ¿cuándo? |url=https://diariodelistmo.com/coatzacoalcos/tren-interoceanico-iniciara-venta-de-boletos-de-la-linea-fa-coatzacoalcos-palenque-cuando/50570724 |access-date=September 8, 2024 |website=diariodelistmo.com |language=es-MX |archive-date=September 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909022927/https://diariodelistmo.com/coatzacoalcos/tren-interoceanico-iniciara-venta-de-boletos-de-la-linea-fa-coatzacoalcos-palenque-cuando/50570724 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chacón |first=Jorge |date=September 3, 2024 |title=Tren Interoceánico: esta es la longitud de la línea FA Coatzacoalcos-Palenque |url=https://diariodelistmo.com/coatzacoalcos/tren-interoceanico-esta-es-la-longitud-de-la-linea-fa-coatzacoalcos-palenque-/50569683 |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=diariodelistmo.com |language=es-MX |archive-date=September 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909022931/https://diariodelistmo.com/coatzacoalcos/tren-interoceanico-esta-es-la-longitud-de-la-linea-fa-coatzacoalcos-palenque-/50569683 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=López Cabrera |first=Heder |date=June 22, 2024 |title=Tren Interoceánico y Tren Maya se conectarán en esta fecha; listas las Líneas FA y K |url=https://diariodelistmo.com/coatzacoalcos/tren-interoceanico-y-tren-maya-se-conectaran-en-esta-fecha-listas-las-lineas-fa-y-k/50541020 |access-date=June 24, 2024 |website=Diario del Istmo |language=es-MX |archive-date=June 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623222550/https://diariodelistmo.com/coatzacoalcos/tren-interoceanico-y-tren-maya-se-conectaran-en-esta-fecha-listas-las-lineas-fa-y-k/50541020 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tren Interoceánico: estas son las estaciones que atravesará la Línea FA Coatzacoalcos-Palenque |url=https://diariodelistmo.com/coatzacoalcos/tren-interoceanico-estas-son-las-estaciones-que-atravesara-la-linea-fa-coatzacoalcos-palenque/50573453 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=Diario del Istmo |language=es-MX |archive-date=16 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916205511/https://diariodelistmo.com/coatzacoalcos/tren-interoceanico-estas-son-las-estaciones-que-atravesara-la-linea-fa-coatzacoalcos-palenque/50573453 |url-status=dead }}</ref>   == manazarta== nfj4wp495lieq4ajvbpuukq51dmftsv 0 148647 841921 828236 2026-05-28T22:10:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841921 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Makwena Lydia Komape-'''Ngwenya'''''' (née Ngwenya; 6 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1935 - 11 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2023), wanda aka fi sani da '''Lydia Kompe''', 'yar siyasa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu, mai fafutuka, kuma mai sana'a. Ta wakilci [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka]] a Majalisar Dinkinobho daga 1994 zuwa 2009 kuma a Majalisar Dokokin Lardin Limpopo daga 2009 zuwa 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=President Cyril Ramaphosa accords activist Lydia Komape-Ngwenya Special Provincial Official Funeral Category 2 &#124; South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/president-cyril-ramaphosa-accords-activist-lydia-komape-ngwenya-special |website=www.gov.za}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Mmakwena Lydia Komape-Ngwenya |url=https://www.ancvl.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Orbituary.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404193608/https://www.ancvl.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Orbituary.pdf |archive-date=2024-04-04}}</ref> Yaron manoma masu haya a Arewacin Transvaal, Komape-Ngwenya ya tashi zuwa matsayi na siyasa a tsakiyar shekarun 1970s a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mata kalilan a cikin Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Metal da Allied. A shekara ta 1986, ta koma yankunan karkara na Transvaal, inda ta yi aiki ga [[Black Sash]] kuma ta kafa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Karkara don jawo hankali ga batutuwan mata a cikin tattaunawar kawo ƙarshen wariyar launin fata. Ta shiga Majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu bayan karshen wariyar launin fata.<ref name="auto"/> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Komape-Ngwenya a ranar 6 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1935 <ref name=":02">{{Cite magazine|url-status=}}</ref> a cikin karkara Matlala, ƙauyen da ke kusa da Pietersburg a tsohuwar Transvaal. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Lydia Komape-Ngwenya (1935–) |url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/lydia-komape-ngwenya-1935 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=The Presidency }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin yara bakwai, Komape-Ngwenya daga baya ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "ɗan manomi"; ta girma a gonar Ofishin Jakadancin Lutheran na gida, inda mahaifinta ya kasance dikon kuma ya kiwon dabbobi da dankali.<ref name=":4"/> Iyalinta da sauran masu haya sun rasa hakkinsu na ƙasa a cikin 1950 a ƙarƙashin tsarin inganta wariyar launin fata.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Kodayake mahaifiyar Komape-Ngwenya ta koma [[Johannesburg]] don neman aikin gida, mahaifinta ba shi da aiki kuma iyalin suna ƙara talauci. A shekara ta 1954, bayan kammala Standard Eight (ƙasa goma), Komape-Ngwenya ya bar makaranta don neman aiki a wani karamin gari.<ref name=":3" /> Daga baya ta koma Johannesburg, inda, bayan aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gida a Hyde Park kuma a matsayin mai taimakawa a asibiti, ta sami aikin masana'antu.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2"/> == Ayyuka da gwagwarmayar karkara == Yayinda yake aiki a masana'antar Heinemann Electric a wajen Alexandra, kungiyar Metal and Allied Workers' Union (MAWU) ta dauki Komape-Ngwenya a shekarar 1974. <ref name=":5"/> An zabe ta a matsayin mai kula da shagon a shekara ta 1976 kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar, ta taimaka wajen shirya yajin aiki don hadin kai tare da masu zanga-zangar a cikin [[Tashin hankali na Soweto]].<ref name=":4"/> Bayan yajin aikin, an kori Komape-Ngwenya da sauran masu kula da shagon, kuma a shekarar 1977 MAWU ta hayar da ita a matsayin mai shirya kungiyar kwadago ta cikakken lokaci.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> A lokacin, Komape-Ngwenya ita ce kadai mace mai shirya kungiyar, kuma daga baya ta yi tunani game da yunkurin da ta yi na tsayayya da [[Wariyar Jinsi|nuna bambancin jinsi]] da ta fuskanta.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=LaNasa |first=Peter |date=12 June 2015 |title=The Rise of Women's Trade Unionism in South Africa |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/rise-women%E2%80%99s-trade-unionism-south-africa-peter-lanasa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908023912/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/rise-women%E2%80%99s-trade-unionism-south-africa-peter-lanasa |archive-date=8 September 2017 |access-date=26 September 2016 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Misali, don kalubalanci zaton cewa za ta kasance da alhakin ayyukan gida a ofishin, ta tsara jerin sunayen ayyukan gida ga maza. Bugu da kari, Komape-Ngwenya ta yi jayayya cewa 'yan ƙungiyar maza ba su damu da matsalolin da mata ma'aikatan ke fuskanta ba; ta ce [[Hutun iyaye]] lamari ne mai ban sha'awa wanda mata ke samun goyon bayan maza, saboda maza suna fatan a ba su izinin iyaye kuma "suna hutu da hutawa daga aiki".<ref name=":2" /> A matsayinta na mai shirya taron, Komape-Ngwenya ta yi kira ga wasu batutuwan mata, kamar su hada mata masu tsabtace dare da kuma tsayayyar da su ga cin zarafin jima'i na masu kula da su. <ref name=":12" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=1935-10-23 |title=Lydia Kompe (née Ngwenya) |url=https://ourconstitution.wethepeoplesa.org/lydia-kompe-nee-ngwenya/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=Our Constitution |language=en-US}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin ƙungiyar ta, a cikin 1978, an nemi Komape-Ngwenya ta kafa reshen Transvaal na Transport and General Workers' Union (TGWU, har zuwa lokacin da ke zaune a Natal); ta ci gaba da aiki a TGWU har zuwa 1985.<ref name=":5"/><ref name=":4"/> A wannan lokacin, ta shiga cikin kafa Tarayyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu a 1979 - kuma musamman wajen kafa kwamitin mata na tarayyar - kuma daga baya Majalisa ta Kwadago na Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name=":4" /> A shekara mai zuwa, Komape-Ngwenya ya koma yankunan karkara na Transvaal kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin cikakken lokaci na Kwamitin Ayyukan Karkara na Transbaal na [[Black Sash]], wanda a lokacin aka mayar da hankali kan tallafawa wadanda aka tilasta cirewa. Bisa ga kwarewarta tare da kwamitin, Komape-Ngwenya ta kafa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Karkara a shekarar 1986. Wannan motsi ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar masu fafutuka kuma ya kasance sanannen murya a cikin Tattaunawa don kawo karshen wariyar launin fata; a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, motsi ya tsayayya da shawarwari don cire jagorancin gargajiya daga ka'idojin [[Daidaiton jinsi|daidaito tsakanin jinsi]]. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=April 1994 |title=Lydia Kompe: Fighting for Rural Rights |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/lydia-kompe-fighting-rural-rights-speak-april-1994-johannesburg |journal=SPEAK |pages=5–7 |access-date=14 September 2016 |via=South African History Online}}</ref><ref name=":4"/> == Ayyukan siyasa bayan wariyar launin fata == === Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa === A cikin Babban zaben 1994, an zabi Komape-Ngwenya don wakiltar [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka]] (ANC) a [[Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu|Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa]]. An sake zabar ta zuwa karin wa'adi a 1999 da 2004, tana wakiltar Mazabar Limpopo.<ref name=":02"/> Daga baya ta kwatanta ƙaura zuwa Cape Town don zuwa majalisa tare da kwarewarta ta baya ta bar 'ya'yanta su yi aiki a Johannesburg, tana cewa, "Ya kasance ci gaba da rayuwata a matsayin Ma'aikacin ƙaura. Yanzu kawai ina yin wannan saboda mutanen da suka sanya ni a can. Ya bambanta da baya lokacin da aka tilasta ni ta hanyar yanayi ya bar' ya'yanta. " A lokacin wa'adin ta na farko a cikin majalisa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=COSATU mourns the passing of Comrade Lydia Komape-Ngwenya |url=https://mediadon.co.za/2023/10/13/cosatu-mourns-the-passing-of-comrade-lydia-komape-ngwenya/ |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=COSATU |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807005429/https://mediadon.co.za/2023/10/13/cosatu-mourns-the-passing-of-comrade-lydia-komape-ngwenya/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Komape-Ngwenya ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Kula da Aikin Gona da Harkokin Kasa, wanda a cikin wannan damar ta shiga cikin aiwatar da Dokar Maido da Hakkin Kasa, babban bangare na dokar sake fasalin ƙasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2013 |title=Lydia Kompe |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/lydia-kompe |access-date=14 September 2016 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Daga baya ta ce, yayin tattaunawa game da Dokar, "Zan iya magana daga gogewa game da muhimmancin da aka haɗa mata a cikin wannan dokar. " Ta kuma kasance memba na Kwamitin Kulawa na hadin gwiwa kan Inganta Ingancin Rayuwa da Matsayin Mata kuma ta goyi bayan wucewar Dokar Kulawa don ba da amincewar doka ga auren al'ada. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2 July 2012 |title=Lydia Kompe-Ngwenya – South Africa |url=http://genderlinks.org.za/driversofchange/lydia-kompe-2012-06-06/ |access-date=14 September 2016 |website=Gender Links}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> === Majalisar dokoki ta Limpopo === Bayan babban zaben shekara ta 2009, Komape-Ngwenya ya bar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa don ɗaukar kujerar ANC a Majalisar Dokokin Limpopo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2009 |title=Limpopo MPLs elected April 22 |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/limpopo-mpls-elected-april-22 |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=Politicsweb |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi wa'adi biyu a can, ta sake samun zabe a shekarar 2014, kuma ta yi ritaya bayan Babban zaben 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Makwena Lydia Ngwenya |url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/ms-makwena-lydia-ngwenya/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=People's Assembly |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Komape-Ngwenya tana da yara uku masu girma, dukansu sun horar da su zama malamai.<ref name=":2"/> An haifi ɗanta na farko a shekara ta 1956 kuma ta yi aure a shekara ta 1958. Daga baya ta bayyana aurenta a matsayin mara farin ciki, wani bangare saboda matsin da dokokin wucewa da talauci suka haifar. A shekara ta 1973, Komape-Ngwenya ta bar mijinta, ta dauki 'ya'yanta. A wannan lokacin ne Komape-Ngwenya ya zama sananne da "Lydia Kompe": bayan da ta yi aure da Lydia Komape, ta sami takardar shaidar da aka ƙirƙira, a ƙarƙashin sunan Lydia Kompe, wanda ya bayyana ta a matsayin mai Launi maimakon baƙar fata kuma saboda haka ya ba ta damar tserewa daga wasu dokokin wucewa.<ref name=":3" /> == Mutuwa == Komape-Ngwenya ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2023. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-21 |title=Komape-Ngwenya laid to rest in Tsimanyane village, Limpopo |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/komape-ngwenya-laid-to-rest-in-tsimanyane-village-limpopo/ |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=SABC News |language=en-US}}</ref> An binne ta a Tsimanye, ƙauyen da ke kusa da Groblersdal a Limpopo, kuma ta sami jana'izar hukuma ta musamman wacce Firayim Minista Stan Mathabatha da Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na ANC Maropene Ramokgopa suka yi jawabi.<ref name=":6" /> == Daraja == A watan Maris na shekara ta 2009, Shugaba Kgalema Motlanthe ya ba Komape-Ngwenya lambar yabo ta Luthuli a cikin tagulla saboda "rashin kai ga haƙƙin ma'aikata, karfafa mata na karkara da kuma 'yancin mutanenmu".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2009 |title=F Chikane unveils names of recipients of National Orders |url=https://www.gov.za/f-chikane-unveils-names-recipients-national-orders |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=South African Government}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5np14kkons5tc3nz5v6yxvrywk4f43u 0 149668 842275 831570 2026-05-29T08:53:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Margery Chuba- Okadigbo | other_names = | birth_name = Margery Ebo | education = [[University of Nigeria]] [[George Washington University]] [[Harvard University]] [[Georgetown University]] [[University of Chicago]] | occupation = Lawyer, Politician | boards = Chairman [[Nigerian National Petroleum Company]] (NNPC) | spouse = [[Chuba Okadigbo]] }} '''Margery Chuba-Okadigbo''' lauya ce ta Najeriya kuma tsohon sanata na Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya a lokacin gwamnatin [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]], matar marigayi [[Chuba Wilberforce Okadigbo|Chuba Okadigbo]] wanda aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban kwamitin da gudanarwa na Kamfanin Man Fetur [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] wanda gwamnatin Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari|Mohammadu Buhari]] ta Limited. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why President Buhari Appointed Margery Okadigbo As NNPC Chairperson --Femi Adesina {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2022/01/14/why-president-buhari-appointed-margery-okadigbo-nnpc-chairperson-femi-adesina |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Margery ta rasa mijinta a ranar 25 ga Satumba, 2003, saboda matsalolin numfashi, kuma a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2018, ta rasa ɗa, Obiajulu Jideofor Okadigbo a cikin rashin lafiya mai alaƙa da sanyi. Ɗan fari na Margery Fir'auna Okadigbo ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2021, a hatsarin mota. Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ta hanyar wata sanarwa da mai ba shi shawara na musamman ya bayar kan kafofin watsa labarai da talla, Femi Adesina ta yi tausayi ga iyalin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senator (Mrs) Margery Chuba-Okadigbo Archives |url=https://dnbstories.com/tag/senator-mrs-margery-chuba-okadigbo |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=DNB Stories Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi == Margery ta kammala digiri na shari'a a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]] Nsukka a 1981 kuma an kira ta zuwa kotun a 1982. Don samun digiri na biyu, ta halarci Jami'ar George Washington, Amurka inda ta ƙware a fannin Shari'a da Tattaunawa na Duniya. Ta kuma sami takaddun shaida na sana'a a [[Jami'ar Harvard]], Jami'ar Georgetown, da Jami'ar Chicago ta Booth Business School . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Margery Chuba-Okadigbo – World Gas Conference (WGC2022) |url=https://www.wgc2022.org/speakers/margery-chuba-okadigbo/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127050558/https://www.wgc2022.org/speakers/margery-chuba-okadigbo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Margery ta wakilci gundumar Sanata ta Arewa ta Anambra a matsayin Sanata na Tarayyar Najeriya daga 2011 zuwa 2015. Ta shafe shekaru biyu a kan shari'a bayan zaben; sauran masu fafatawa a Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party, PDP sune Joy Emodi da [[Stella Oduah]] . Margery ta lashe kuma an rantsar da ita a matsayin sanata a watan Yulin 2012 . A matsayinta na mataimakiyar shugabar Kwamitin Lafiya, Margery ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin kiwon lafiya ta hanyar sake tsarawa da kuma kasancewa mai ɗaukar nauyin Dokar Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta 2004. Ta kuma yi fafutuka don samar da haɗin kai tsakanin jam’iyyu domin inganta tsarin kiwon lafiya a Najeriya. Haka kuma, Margery ta kasance memba a kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Shirin Sake Zuba Tallafin Man Fetur da Ƙarfafa Jama’a (SURE-P). Ta mai da hankali kan sake zuba kuɗaɗen da aka samu daga rage tallafin mai cikin muhimman ababen more rayuwa da kuma shirye-shiryen kariyar jin daɗin jama’a.<ref name=":0"/> Ana ganin nadin Margery a kan kwamitin a matsayin Shugaban NNPC a matsayin maye gurbin [[Ifeanyi Ararume]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anikwe |first=Ogbuagu |date=2022-01-05 |title=Margery Okadigbo replaces Ararume as NNPC Board Chair |url=https://enugumetro.com/margery-okadigbo-replaces-ararume-as-nnpc-board-chair/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129034847/https://enugumetro.com/margery-okadigbo-replaces-ararume-as-nnpc-board-chair/ |archive-date=January 29, 2022 |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=Enugu Metro |language=en-US}}</ref> == Taimako == Margery ta kafa Gidauniyar Chuba Okadigbo domin tabbatar da cewa gadon marigayin mijinta yana ci gaba har zuwa ga dukkan tsararrakin ‘yan Najeriya. Wannan gidauniya a kai a kai tana bayar da tallafin karatu, tana taimaka wa zawarawa da rancen kuɗi, tana biyan kuɗin asibiti ga marasa ƙarfi, kuma tana samar da ayyukan yi ba ga masu kammala jami’a kaɗai ba har ma da sauran rukunan jama’a.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Margery Okadigbo: Keeping the legacy alive |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/margery-okadigbo-keeping-the-legacy-alive/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] niy03yi1kq6jlss3hybzom7o0omj0wo 0 149765 842402 831891 2026-05-29T11:21:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Markus Strøm Bay''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1997) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Denmark wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Fremad Amager ta rukuni na biyu ta ƙasar Denmark . <ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=Denmark - M. Bay - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/markus-bay/316061/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |publisher=soccerway.com}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Shekarun farko === Bay ɗan wasan matasa ne daga Brøndby IF, amma a shekarar 2013 ya koma ƙungiyar matasa ta Ajax . Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru 3 da ƙungiyar. Bay ya fara aiki a ƙungiyar B1, daga baya ya shiga ƙungiyar A1 tare da Donny van de Beek da Abdelhak Nouri . Bayan hutun hunturu na wannan kakar, ya ji rauni a kugunsa. Tun daga lokacin, ya kusa yin wasa na tsawon shekaru 1.5 saboda wannan raunin, kuma bai shirya ba sai a shekarar 2016. Bay ya bayyana cewa lokaci ne mai matuƙar muni a gare shi kuma yana gab da yin ritaya saboda wannan raunin. === Jong Ajax === An ɗaga ɗan wasan tsakiya zuwa Jong Ajax a lokacin bazara na 2016. Ya fara buga wasa da Jong Ajax a ranar 19 ga Agusta 2016 a wasan Eerste Divisie da FC Den Bosch . Ya maye gurbin Vince Gino Dekker a minti na 82, a wasan da suka ci gida 5-2. <ref name="soccerway2">{{Cite web |title=Jong Ajax vs. FC Den Bosch - 19 August 2016 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/08/19/netherlands/eerste-divisie/jong-ajax/fc-den-bosch/2240584/ |access-date=2016-08-27 |publisher=soccerway.com}}</ref> Duk da haka, Bay ta buga wasanni 15 a wa Jong Ajax a kakar wasa ta 2016/17. === Viborg === A ranar 8 ga Agusta 2017, Bay ta sanya hannu da ƙungiyar Viborg FF ta Denmark Superliga . [1] Makonni kaɗan bayan shiga ƙungiyar, an kori manajan da ya ɗauke shi, Johnny Mølby . Wannan ya sa Viborg FF ta canza salon wasanta zuwa salon da bai yi daidai da na ɗan wasan tsakiya mai hazaka ba. === Fremad Amager === A ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2018, Bay ta sanya hannu da kungiyar Fremad Amager ta Denmark ta 1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Markus Bay fortsætter i Fremad Amager |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/markus-bay-fortsaetter-i-fremad-amager/ |access-date=2018-09-20 |website=bold.dk}}</ref> Markus Bay ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa yana fatan fara wasa a Fremad Amager karkashin jagorancin Jan Michaelsen . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Markus Bay vil starte på en frisk i Fremad A. |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/markus-bay-vil-starte-paa-en-frisk-i-fremad-a/ |access-date=2018-09-20 |website=bold.dk}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2018, Bay ta zura kwallon farko a gasar ga Fremad Amager a wasan da suka yi da FC Roskilde . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fremad Amager - FC Roskilde, NordicBet Liga 2018/2019 22/8-2018 |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/kamp/fremad-amager-vs-fc-roskilde/23200097/ |access-date=2018-09-20 |website=bold.dk |archive-date=2018-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920123051/https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/kamp/fremad-amager-vs-fc-roskilde/23200097/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Hillerød === Bayan shekaru biyar a Fremad Amager, an tabbatar da cewa Bay ta koma ƙungiyar da ta samu ci gaba a gasar rukuni na 1 ta Denmark Hillerød a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. Bay ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2025, yayin da kwangilarsa ta ƙare. === Komawa zuwa Fremad Amager === A ranar 31 ga Yuli 2025 aka tabbatar da cewa Bay ta koma tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa, Fremad Amager . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] ebgpnew0w2ga7lv6a07qyfhha25acty 0 149786 842245 832094 2026-05-29T07:48:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marcelo '''Moretto''' na Souza''' (an haife shi 10 ga Mayu 1978), wanda aka fi sani da Moretto, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]]. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Shekaru na farko === An haife shi a Eldorado, Mato Grosso do Sul, Moretto ya wakilci São José Esporte Clube, Associação Portuguesa de Desportos, Londrina Esporte Clubo, Sport Club do Recife, Brasiliense Futebol Clube and Clube 15 de Nuwamba a ƙasarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2006 |title=Nova Andradina festeja sucesso do guarda-redes Moretto |trans-title=Nova Andradina celebrates goalkeeper Moretto's success |url=http://www.esporteagil.com.br/noticias/futebol_europeu/nova_andradina_festeja_sucesso_do_guarda_redes_moretto |access-date=20 February 2024 |publisher=Esporte Ágil |language=Portuguese }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, yana da shekaru 25, ya koma Portugal, ya sanya hannu ga S.C. Salgueiros a Segunda Liga kuma ya yi kyakkyawan ra'ayi na farko a lokacin kafin kakar wasa; duk da haka, yana fuskantar manyan matsalolin tattalin arziki, an sake komawa kulob din zuwa rukuni na uku kuma ya rasa dukkan 'yan wasan sa masu sana'a. Moretto daga nan ya shiga F.C. Felgueiras kuma a matakin na biyu. A can, ya buga wasanni takwas kuma ya ba da kwallaye goma. === Vitória Setúbal === A watan Janairun shekara ta 2005, Moretto ya koma Vitória F.C. na Firayim Minista a kwangilar shekara biyu da rabi, inda ya maye gurbin [[Ricardo Batista]] na Fulham. Ba da daɗewa ba ya zama zaɓi na farko yayin da ƙungiyar ta yi sama da duk tsammanin, ta lashe Kofin Portugal bayan ta doke S.L. Benfica a wasan karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matos Pereira |first=Rui |date=29 May 2005 |title=Meyong magic seals Setúbal joy |url=https://www.uefa.com/news/01a9-0e6cce067d61-0ec17f4c66e2-1000--meyong-magic-seals-setubal-joy/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> A farkon kakar 2005-06, Moretto ya bayyana a wasanni 17 kuma ya ba da kwallaye biyar kawai; duk da haka, duka kocin Vitória Luís Norton na Matos da wasu 'yan wasan sun yi murabus jim kadan bayan haka saboda albashin da ba a biya shi ba, kamar yadda ya kasance a lokacin mai tsaron gida tare da mafi ƙarancin kwallaye da aka ba da aka ba a kowane minti a duk wasannin Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Calhau |first=Pedro |date=21 November 2005 |title=Moretto (V. Setúbal) é o menos batido da Europa, mas reparte louros com «grupo que quer ter um lugar ao sol» |trans-title=Moretto (V. Setúbal) is Europe's least beaten, but shares laurels with "group who wants to find place in the sun" |url=http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/moretto-v-setubal-e-o-menos-batido-da-europa-mas-reparte-louros-com-grupo-que-quer-ter-um-lugar-ao-sol |access-date=18 October 2017 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=Portuguese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2005 |title=Liga 2005/06: Moretto passa a ser guarda-redes mais tempo em branco |trans-title=2005/06 League: Moretto is now cleanest goalkeeper |url=http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/liga-2005-06-moretto-passa-a-ser-guarda-redes-mais-tempo-em-branco |access-date=9 January 2018 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=Portuguese}}</ref> === Benfica === A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005, jita-jita sun tashi game da canja wurin Moretto zuwa Benfica ko FC Porto. A cikin wani yunkuri mai rikitarwa, ya shiga cikin tsohon wanda ake zargi da "mummunan hali" daga wakilin sa da kwamitin daraktocin kulob din na baya; ya amince da yarjejeniya har zuwa Yuni 2011, don Yuro miliyan 1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2016 |title=Moretto recorda como o Benfica 'tirou-o' do FC Porto |trans-title=Moretto remembers how Benfica 'took him' from FC Porto |url=https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/primeira-liga/artigos/moretto-recorda-como-o-benfica-tirou-o-do-fc-porto |access-date=18 October 2017 |publisher=[[SAPO (company)|SAPO]] |language=Portuguese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2006 |title=Benfica build for title surge |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/01b1-0e6d5618f68f-71250184c507-1000--benfica-build-for-title-surge/ |access-date=6 June 2010 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> Lokacin da Moretto ya isa Estádio da Luz, duka José Moreira da Quim sun ji rauni, don haka nan da nan aka saka shi a cikin kocin [[Ronald Koeman]] na farawa XI.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2006 |title=Ronald Koeman mantém Moretto no jogo contra Tourizense |trans-title=Ronald Koeman will keep Moretto in match against Tourizense |url=https://tvi.iol.pt/noticias/portugal/europa/ronald-koeman-mantem-moretto-no-jogo-contra-tourizense |access-date=20 February 2024 |publisher=[[Televisão Independente]] |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Ya buga wasanni 23 a dukkan wasannin har zuwa karshen yakin (18 a gasar, daya a gasar cin kofin da hudu a [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]], ba tare da ya ci kwallo ba a kan zakarun da ke mulki [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] a zagaye na 16 kuma an zabe shi dan wasan wasan wasan wasan a wasan kusa da na karshe na farko da [[FC Barcelona]]). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=Simon |date=8 March 2006 |title=Simão sends Liverpool crashing out |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/01b3-0e6d6fd0076d-6cb9ee4bc1bc-1000--simao-sends-liverpool-crashing-out/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saffer |first=Paul |date=28 March 2006 |title=Barça denied by Moretto magic |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/01b3-0e6d76ede0a1-d6f32898c86a-1000--barca-denied-by-moretto-magic/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> Moretto bai samu sauƙi ba bayan ya koma Benfica saboda, yana sauya wasanni sama da matsakaici tare da waɗanda ba su da kyau, ya sha wahala daga ƙiyayyar magoya bayansu, wanda hakan ya rage masa kwarin gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2007 |title=Benfica: «A opção é Moretto», afirma Fernando Santos |trans-title=Benfica: "Moretto is the choice", says Fernando Santos |url=https://www.futebol365.pt/artigo/15926-benfica-a-opcao-e-moretto-afirma-fernando-santos/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |publisher=Futebol 365 |language=Portuguese}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2014 |title=Não desejo a ninguém o que passei no Benfica |trans-title="I wish to no one what happened to me in Benfica" |url=https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/primeira-liga/artigos/nao-desejo-a-ninguem-o-que-passei-no-benfica |access-date=18 October 2017 |publisher=SAPO |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Bayan tafiyar Koeman da kuma isowar wanda ya maye gurbinsa Fernando Santos, an mayar da shi kan matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, inda Quim ya sake zama ɗan wasan farko; a lokacin 2006-07 ya buga wasa sau ɗaya kawai, sau da yawa yana raba benci da Moreira. A ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2007, Moretto ya amince da aro a AEK Athens FC na Super League Girka, tare da zaɓi don yin tafiya ta dindindin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2007 |title=Moretto in AEK loan move |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/01c3-0ea89a8553af-d99782abc506-1000--moretto-in-aek-loan-move/ |access-date=6 June 2010 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] ==manazarta== ehrk376n0q63xlztnvwmex28jn0x0g0 0 150173 841762 833131 2026-05-28T17:16:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lerin Duarte''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Agusta 1990) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Holland wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . Bayan ya zo sashen matasa na Sparta Rotterdam, ya fara babban aikinsa a ƙungiyar, kafin ya koma Heracles Almelo . Ya yi kakar wasa biyu a can, kafin ya koma zakarun Eredivisie Ajax a 2013. Bayan ya karɓi aro sau biyu daga [[SC Heerenveen]] da NAC Breda, ya koma Heracles Almelo a lokacin bazara na 2016. == Aikin kulob == === Sparta da Heracles === An haife shi a [[Rotterdam]], Duarte ya fara aiki a sashen matasa na Sparta Rotterdam. Ya ci gaba da makarantar matasa kuma ya fara buga wasa na farko a ƙungiyar a Eredivisie a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2009, a wasan da FC Twente ta sha kashi a gida da ci 0-2. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sparta Rotterdam – FC Twente (01-08-2009) |url=http://www.vi.nl/Wedstrijden/Wedstrijd.htm?dbid=195287&typeofpage=84140 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910055658/http://www.vi.nl/Wedstrijden/Wedstrijd.htm?dbid=195287&typeofpage=84140 |archive-date=10 September 2009 |access-date=30 December 2010 |website=[[Voetbal International]]}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da bugawa a ƙungiyar farko a kakar wasa ta 2009-2010 kuma ya kammala da wasanni 9. A ƙarshen kakar wasa, Sparta ta koma ƙungiyar Eerste Divisie . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sparta suffer relegation |url=http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/news/Sparta-suffer-relegation-article428913.html |access-date=30 December 2010 |website=Mirror Football}}</ref> Bayan ya buga kakar wasa ta 2010-11 da ƙungiyar, ya koma Heracles Almelo, don haka ya koma Eredivisie. Duarte ya amince da kwantiragin shekaru uku, tare da zaɓin ƙarin shekara, tare da ƙungiyar Eredivisie Heracles Almelo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lerin Duarte and Leon van Dijk to Heracles |url=http://www.twentesport.com/voetbal/heracles/lerin-duarte-en-leon-van-dijk-naar-heracles-almelo/ |access-date=2026-05-09 |archive-date=2017-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029064819/http://www.twentesport.com/voetbal/heracles/lerin-duarte-en-leon-van-dijk-naar-heracles-almelo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> bayan ya yi gwajin lafiya a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2011. Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 6 ga Agusta 2011 a wasan da suka yi da RKC Waalwijk wanda ya shigo a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 60. === Ajax === A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2013, a ƙarshen wasan Eredivisie tsakanin Heracles Almelo da ADO Den Haag, Jan Smit ya sanar da cewa Ajax da Heracles Almelo sun amince da sharuɗɗan canja wurin Duarte kai tsaye zuwa babban birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jan Smit: 'Er is een deal met Ajax' |url=http://foxsports.nl/video/153172-jan-smit-er-is-een-deal-met-ajax.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116213817/http://foxsports.nl/video/153172-jan-smit-er-is-een-deal-met-ajax.html |archive-date=16 January 2014 |access-date=31 August 2013 |website=FOX Sports}}</ref> Duarte ya shiga Amsterdammers akan kuɗin Yuro miliyan 2.5 daga Almelo, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu da zai ɗaure shi da sabuwar ƙungiyarsa har zuwa 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official: Ajax brings Lerin Duarte for the sum of 2 500 000 euros |url=http://www.soccerfame.com/transfer/22123/lerin-duarte |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706161813/http://www.soccerfame.com/transfer/22123/lerin-duarte |archive-date=6 July 2018 |access-date=1 September 2013 |website=Soccerfame.com}}</ref> An ba shi rigar lamba 8 da Christian Eriksen ya saka a baya lokacin da ya iso. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajax contracteert Lerin Duarte |url=http://www.rtlnieuws.nl/economie/beurs/ajax-contracteert-lerin-duarte |access-date=2 September 2013 |website=RTL Nieuws}}</ref> Duarte ya fara bugawa Ajax wasa a ranar 14 ga Satumba 2013 a wasan da suka tashi 2-1 a gida da [[PEC Zwolle]] . Ya fara buga wasa a nahiyar Turai a [[Camp Nou]] a wasan da suka sha kashi 4-0 a hannun [[FC Barcelona]], inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 na wasan matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA na 2013-14 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lerin Duarte verliest in Nou Camp |url=http://www.regiorijnmondvoetbal.nl/betaald-voetbal/lerin-duarte-verliest-nou-camp/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706190505/http://www.regiorijnmondvoetbal.nl/betaald-voetbal/lerin-duarte-verliest-nou-camp/ |archive-date=6 July 2018 |access-date=29 September 2010 |website=Regio Rijnmond Voetbal}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Satumba, Duarte ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar Ajax, a wasan da suka doke Go Ahead Eagles da ci 6-0 a gida, inda ya zura kwallo ta biyar a minti na 64 na wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajax met ruime cijfers langs Go Ahead |url=http://www.ajax.nl/Ajax-Nieuws/Ajax-nieuwsarchief/Ajax-nieuwsartikel/Ajax-met-ruime-cijfers-langs-Go-Ahead.htm |access-date=29 September 2010 |website=Ajax.nl}}</ref> === Heerenveen, NAC da Heracles === Bayan komawar Daley Sinkgraven zuwa Ajax, an tura Duarte aro zuwa [[SC Heerenveen]] don sauran kakar wasa ta 2014-2015 A watan Janairun 2015. Bayan da Ajax ta sallame shi, Duarte, wanda ke zaman aro a yanzu, ya koma tsohuwar kungiyarsa Heracles Almelo, inda ya amince da kwantiragin shekaru uku da kungiyar. === Aris, ASWH da Noordwijk === A ranar 2 ga Yuni 2019, Duarte ya amince ya koma Aris kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. A ranar 1 ga Yuli 2020 a wasan waje da Panathinaikos, ya ji mummunan rauni a gwiwa. A ƙarshen Janairun 2023, Duarte ya sanya hannu da ƙungiyar Derde Divisie ASWH daga Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht . [1] Bayan horo mai yawa kuma bayan ya zauna wasa ɗaya kacal a kan benci na ASWH a lokacin wasan hukuma, ya bar ASWH. [2] A farkon kakar wasa mai zuwa, Duarte ya koma ƙungiyar Tweede Divisie VV Noordwijk . Ya tafi bayan rashin samun lokacin wasa, yana lura da rashin jin daɗin horo da yamma. [3] == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An haifi Duarte a Netherlands kuma asalinsa ɗan [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] ne, saboda haka, Netherlands da Cape Verde sun cancanci shiga gasar. Ya wakilci Netherlands a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 bayan an kira shi a ranar 4 ga Satumba 2011 don wasan da za su yi da Luxembourg a gasar cin kofin UEFA Under-21 . Duarte ya fara wasa a benci kafin a maye gurbinsa a minti na 76 don fara wasa a ƙasashen waje, wasan ya ƙare da nasara 4-0 ga Netherlands. A watan Mayun 2013, an gayyaci Duarte cikin manyan 'yan wasan Holland don buga wasannin sada zumunci guda biyu, da China da Indonesia, duk da haka ya ci gaba da zama a benci a dukkan wasannin biyu a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Duk da sunansa na ƙarshe, wurin haihuwa da kuma ƙasar da ya fito; Duarte ba shi da alaƙa da ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa Laros Duarte . <ref>{{Cite web |title=PSV contracteert Duarte van Sparta |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2023040-psv-contracteert-duarte-van-sparta}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 1 July 2020}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vi.nl/spelers/carriere/lerin-duarte.htm |title=Lerin Duarte Voetbal International profile |publisher=Voetbal International}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" |Sparta Rotterdam |2009–10 |Eredivisie |9 |0 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 |16 |1 |- |2010–11 |Eerste Divisie |33 |6 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |34 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !42 !6 !4 !1 !0 !0 !4 !0 !50 !7 |- | rowspan="4" |Heracles Almelo |2011–12 |Eredivisie |31 |4 |6 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |37 |4 |- |2012–13 |Eredivisie |30 |6 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |34 |6 |- |2013–14 |Eredivisie |5 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |5 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !66 !12 !10 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !76 !12 |- | rowspan="3" |Ajax |2013–14 |Eredivisie |14 |3 |3 |0 |5 |0 |0 |0 |22 |3 |- |2014–15 |Eredivisie |4 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !18 !3 !3 !0 !5 !0 !0 !0 !26 !3 |- | rowspan="3" |Jong Ajax |2013–14 |Eerste Divisie |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |- |2014–15 |Eerste Divisie |8 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |8 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !11 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !11 !0 |- |[[SC Heerenveen]] (loan) |2014–15 |Eredivisie |12 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |12 |1 |- |NAC (loan) |2015–16 |Eerste Divisie |8 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 |12 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Heracles Almelo |2016–17 |Eredivisie |18 |1 |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |21 |1 |- |2017–18 |Eredivisie |14 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |15 |0 |- |2018–19 |Eredivisie |30 |6 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |31 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !62 !7 !5 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !67 !7 |- | rowspan="4" |Aris |2019–20 |Super League Greece |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |- |2020–21 |Super League Greece |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- |2021–22 |Super League Greece |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !3 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !3 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !222 !23 !22 !1 !5 !0 !8 !0 !257 !30 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] np3dm5mhbs8uvnoxuplw3yfz9yvp1wv 0 150330 841904 833555 2026-05-28T21:45:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luis Acosta Mena''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1994) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke buga wa Marbella a matsayin mai tsaron gida.<ref>{{Soccerway|luis-acosta-mena/359425|Luis Acosta}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == An haife shi a Cádiz, [[Andalusia]], Acosta ya shiga kungiyar matasa ta [[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]] a 2008 yana da shekaru 14, daga Cádiz CF . <ref name="FM">{{Cite web |date=11 December 2013 |title=El central Luis Acosta cedido al Real Carabanchel |trans-title=Stopper Luis Acosta loaned to Real Carabanchel |url=http://www.futmadrid.com/noticia/el-central-luis-acosta-cedido-al-real-carabanchel.html |access-date=12 November 2016 |publisher=FutMadrid |language=es |archive-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113035304/http://www.futmadrid.com/noticia/el-central-luis-acosta-cedido-al-real-carabanchel.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ci gaba da shi zuwa ƙungiyar C a watan Yulin 2013, amma bai taɓa bayyana a gefe ba saboda rauni. A ranar 19 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013 aka ba da rancen Acosta ga kungiyar RCD Carabanchel ta Tercera División, har zuwa karshen kakar.<ref name="FM"/> A ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, ya shiga CD Olímpic de Xàtiva na Segunda División B . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2014 |title=Luis Acosta ficha por el Olímpic de Xàtiva |trans-title=Luis Acosta signs for Olímpic de Xàtiva |url=https://www.vavel.com/es/futbol/segunda-b/377643-luis-acosta-ficha-por-el-olimpic-de-xtiva.html |access-date=12 November 2016 |publisher=Vavel |language=es}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2015 Acosta ya sanya hannu ga wata kungiya mai ajiya, CF Pobla de Mafumet kuma na rukuni na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2015 |title=El CF Pobla de Mafumet fa pública la plantilla de la propera temporada |trans-title=CF Pobla de Mafumet turn public the squad for the next season |url=http://diaridigital.tarragona21.com/el-cf-pobla-de-mafumet-fa-public-la-plantilla-de-la-propera-temporada/ |access-date=12 November 2016 |publisher=Tarragona 21 |language=es}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa ya koma Getafe CF B na matakin na huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2016 |title=Movimientos en la plantilla del Getafe C.F. "B" de Nano Rivas |trans-title=Movements in Nano Rivas' Getafe C.F. "B" squad |url=http://www.futmadrid.com/noticia/movimientos-en-la-plantilla-del-getafe-c-dot-f-b-de-nano-rivas.html |access-date=12 November 2016 |publisher=FutMadrid |language=es |archive-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113035550/http://www.futmadrid.com/noticia/movimientos-en-la-plantilla-del-getafe-c-dot-f-b-de-nano-rivas.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Acosta ya fara buga wasan farko a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba 2016, ya fara kuma an yi rajista a wasan 0-1 da aka yi da Gimnàstic de Tarragona a Segunda División . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2016 |title=Juan Muñiz vale por seis |trans-title=Juan Muñiz worths for six |url=http://www.marca.com/futbol/segunda-division/2016/11/12/58274ad0ca4741b9698b45a1.html |access-date=12 November 2016 |publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]] |language=es}}</ref> Ya bar ''Geta'' a cikin 24 ga watan Agusta, ya sanya hannu ga CD Eldense a cikin rukuni na huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2017 |title=Luis Acosta, nuevo central para el CD Eldense |trans-title=Luis Acosta, new stopper for CD Eldense |url=http://www.cdeldense.es/luis-acosta-nuevo-central-para-el-cd-eldense/ |access-date=11 September 2018 |publisher=CD Eldense |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Janairun 2018, Acosta ya koma rukuni na uku bayan ya amince da kwangila tare da CDA Navalcarnero . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2018 |title=Luis Acosta, nuevo jugador del CDA Navalcarnero |trans-title=Luis Acosta, new player of CDA Navalcarnero |url=http://www.cdanavalcarnero.es/luis-acosta-nuevo-jugador-del-cda-navalcarnero/ |access-date=11 September 2018 |publisher=CDA Navalcarnero |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Yulin, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da 'yan wasan league Burgos CF, amma ya koma CD Guijuelo a aro a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2018 |title=Luis Acosta firma por dos temporadas con el Burgos CF |trans-title=Luis Acosta signs for two seasons with Burgos CF |url=http://www.burgoscf.es/ficha/ZC0E5D015-CD9D-68B1-6603CE9881DEE2B8/luis-acosta-firma-por-dos-temporadas-con-el-burgos-cf |access-date=11 September 2018 |publisher=Burgos CF |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2018 |title=El central Luis Acosta, cedido al Guijuelo |trans-title=Stopper Luis Acosta, loaned to Guijuelo |url=https://www.salamanca24horas.com/texto-diario/mostrar/1290468/central-luis-acosta-cedido-guijuelo |publisher=Salamanca 24 Horas |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2019, bayan ya kwashe watanni na farko na kakar ba tare da kulob ba, Acosta ya sanya hannu ga Kungiyar B ta Albacete Balompié a kashi na huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2019 |title=El Atlético Albacete se ejercita con novedades |trans-title=Atlético Albacete train with novelties |url=http://www.aupaalba.es/2019/11/01/el-atletico-albacete-se-ejercita-con-novedades/ |access-date=19 June 2020 |publisher=Aúpa Alba |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Satumba, ya koma matsayi na uku bayan ya amince da yarjejeniya da Unionistas de Salamanca CF.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2020 |title=PLANTILLA {{!}} Luis Acosta, nuevo refuerzo para el primer equipo |trans-title=SQUAD {{!}} Luis Acosta, new addition for the first team |url=https://www.unionistascf.com/plantilla-luis-acosta-nuevo-refuerzo-para-el-primer-equipo/ |access-date=25 September 2020 |publisher=Unionistas de Salamanca CF |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yulin 2024, Acosta ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kakar wasa biyu tare da Marbella a matakin na uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2024 |title=FICHAJE: LUIS ACOSTA |trans-title=SIGNING: LUIS ACOSTA |url=https://marbellafc.es/fichaje-luis-acosta/ |access-date=12 October 2024 |publisher=Marbella |language=es}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] o04qnp8h3qdgwjyhzpchzat5r82ykro 0 150424 841819 836148 2026-05-28T19:31:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841819 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Loide Pashukeni Shinavene''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1945) 'yar siyasar Namibia ce mai ritaya ta [[SWAPO|Jam'iyyar SWAPO]] . Ta kasance memba a Majalisar Dokokin Jamhuriyar Namibia a shekarar 2015 har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2020.{{Reflist}} == Ilimi == A shekara ta 1964 Shinavene ta halarci Kwalejin Horarwa a Okahao, Namibia inda ta sami Takardar shaidar Koyarwa a shekarar 1966. Ta ci gaba da bin kuma ta sami takardar shaidar a cikin jagorancin mata na Pan-African a Kitwe, Zambia a 1975 inda ta ci gaba da samun difloma ta kasa a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a da Gudanar da Shari'a da Kula da Jama'ar a Cibiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Namibia a Lusaka, Zambia . A shekara ta 1986 Shinavene ta kammala karatu daga Hague, Netherlands inda ta sami difloma a Bincike kan Mata da Ci gaba da kuma digiri na biyu na Arts wanda ya fi dacewa da Mata / Jima'i da Ci Gaban A shekarar 1989. == Ayyuka == Shinavene ta fara aikinta a matsayin malama a shekarar 1970 a makarantar firamare ta Mandume sannan daga baya a makarantar sakandare ta Ondobe a shekarar 1967. Ta fara aikin siyasa ne a shekarar 1980 lokacin da aka nada ta a matsayin Jami'in Bayanai na Majalisar Mata ta SWAPO da Kungiyar Mata ta Pan-African na tsawon shekaru biyar, ta ci gaba da aiki a Majalisar Mata ta Jam'iyyar SWAPO a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Kudi da Ayyuka a 1991. A shekara ta 1992 an nada Shinavene a matsayin mai tsara ci gaba a Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona Ruwa da Ci gaban Karkara sannan daga baya a matsayin mai horar da manyan jami'an Aikin Goma a kan Jima'i a shekara ta 1997 har zuwa shekara ta 2005 lokacin da ta yi ritaya a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gwamnati ga Gwamnatin Namibia. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015 ta kasance daga cikin mambobin Majalisar Dokokin Jamhuriyar Namibia na yanzu waɗanda aka zaba don aiki a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaba Hage Geingob na tsawon shekaru biyar wanda ya fara a shekara ta 2015 kuma ya ƙare a shekarar 2020. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} * http://www.parliament.na {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225121547/https://parliament.na/ |date=2020-02-25 }} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.newera.com.na/2016/06/13/mp-loide-pashukeni-shinavene-swapo-party/ Taken labarin]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}  [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] g1gmmdmtfhtt95pdd93gxwx42rv7553 0 150432 841788 836126 2026-05-28T18:01:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841788 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Lidwina Ndeshimona Shapwa''' ƙwararren lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa na [[Namibiya]] wanda ya yi aiki a wurare daban-daban. An haife ta ne a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 1962, a Outapi, Yankin Omusati a Namibia . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Shapwa, Lidwina Ndeshimona |url=https://www.parliament.na/dt_team/shapwa-lidwina-ndeshimona/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Namibian Parliament |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi == Tushen ilimi na Shapwa ya fito ne daga samun Master of Laws (LLM) a cikin Dokar Maritime daga Cibiyar Shari'ar Maritime a [[Malta]], Bachelor of Laws, tare da girmamawa daga Jami'ar Warwick a Burtaniya, da kuma Diploma a Ci Gaban daga wannan ma'aikatar. Ta kuma sami difloma a Nazarin Ci Gaban daga Cibiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Namibia . <ref name=":0"/> == Ayyukan sana'a == Shapwa ta fara aikinta a cikin aikin jama'a a matsayin Jami'in Kulawa a Harkokin Ruwa a Ma'aikatar Ayyuka, Sufuri, da Sadarwa daga 1992 zuwa 1994. Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar darakta na Harkokin Ruwa daga 1994 zuwa 1998 kuma a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare na Dindindin daga 1998 zuwa 2000. Daga nan aka nada ta a matsayin Sakatariyar Dindindin na Ma'aikatar Shari'a, inda ta yi aiki daga 2000 zuwa 2007. Bayan haka, ta yi aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Dindindin na Ma'aikatar Lands da Resettlement daga 2007 zuwa 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Villager Newspaper Namibia |url=https://www.thevillager.com.na/articles/13290/warrants-of-arrest-near-100-000-justice/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=www.thevillager.com.na |archive-date=2023-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221140017/https://www.thevillager.com.na/articles/13290/warrants-of-arrest-near-100-000-justice/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Keɓewar Shapwa da aiki tuƙuru sun ba ta matsayi a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Shari'a a cikin 2019, inda ta yi aiki har zuwa 2020. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin shugabar Hukumar Daraktoci ta Kasa ta Namibia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Disability council gets new boss after nine years |url=https://neweralive.na/posts/disability-council-gets-new-boss-after-nine-years |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Truth, for its own sake. |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221140022/https://neweralive.na/posts/disability-council-gets-new-boss-after-nine-years |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Disability council board sent packing |url=https://neweralive.na/posts/disability-council-board-sent-packing |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Truth, for its own sake. |language=en}}</ref> Shapwa ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa daga 2015 har zuwa 2020 a matsayin memba na [[SWAPO]] . <ref name=":0"/> == Abubuwan da suke so == A cikin aikinta, Shapwa ta mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi tashin hankali na jinsi, yara masu rauni, da kawar da talauci. Abubuwan da take so na majalisa sun nuna jajircewarta ga adalci na zamantakewa da haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shapwa demands commitment from justice staff |url=https://neweralive.na/posts/shapwa-demands-commitment-from-justice-staff |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Truth, for its own sake. |language=en}}</ref> Kwarewar Shapwa a fannin shari'a da sha'awarta ga adalci na zamantakewa sun sa ta zama muhimmiyar mutum a siyasar Namibia. Ta sadaukar da aikinta don yin hidima ga ƙasar ta da kuma ba da shawara ga waɗanda suka fi bukata. Gudummawar da ta bayar ga hidimar jama'a da kuma jajircewarta na inganta hanyar adalci sun sami girmamawa da sha'awa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] m7qvdr861gb3rho08gundpvsa2md2vb 0 150462 841869 833936 2026-05-28T21:11:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lubos Adamec''' (an haife shi 27 Afrilu 1994) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Czech wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida. == Ayyuka == Wani matashi dan wasan Juventus da Sparta Prague, <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2011 |title=Adamec neuspěl v Juventusu, zkouší záložní plán - Spartu |url=https://www.idnes.cz/fotbal/prvni-liga/adamec-neuspel-v-juventusu-zkousi-zalozni-plan-spartu.A110630_161559_fotbal_jok |website=iDNES.cz}}</ref> Adamec ya fara buga wasan farko yayin da yake aro a Prední Kopanina. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mach |first=Pavel |title=Za dvě minuty dva góly a rozhodnuto! Kopanina prohrála v divizi s Admirou. |url=http://www.fcpk.cz/zapas.php?event_akce=zapas_detail&id_zapas=2012000130 |website=fcpkweb}}</ref> A shekara ta 2013, ya sanya hannu a Śląsk Wrocław a cikin Ekstraklasa na Poland, inda ya buga wasanni biyu kuma ya zira kwallaye daya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Luboš Adamec zawodnikiem Śląska Wrocław |url=http://slaskwroclaw.pl/strona/aktualnosci/lubos-adamec-zawodnikiem-slaska-wroclaw-10790224 |website=slaskwroclaw.pl |access-date=2026-05-11 |archive-date=2020-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818163121/http://slaskwroclaw.pl/strona/aktualnosci/lubos-adamec-zawodnikiem-slaska-wroclaw-10790224 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Soccerway|lubo-adamec/180596}}</ref> Bayan haka, ya buga wa RKSV Leonidas, Stadlau, Xewkija Tigers, Naxxar Lions, Qormi, Oberlausitz Neugersdorf, da Pietà Hotspurs, inda yake wasa yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leonidas voegt nieuwe spelers aan selectie toe |url=http://www.hethaagsamateurvoetbal.nl/laatste-nieuws/4817/leonidas-voegt-nieuwe-spelers-aan-selectie-toe/pagina161 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2015 |title=FC Stadlau ist in der Ostliga "angekommen", … |url=https://www.donaustadtecho.at/fc-stadlau-ist-der-ostliga-angekommen/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Busuttil |first=Antoine |date=7 September 2017 |title=Qormi FC present new signings |url=https://www.maltafootball.com/2017/09/07/qormi-fc-present-new-signings/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] grb80hp69v9oh0tg89auj3s1obeledw 0 150661 842237 834345 2026-05-29T07:21:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Manuela Giugliano''' ( ; an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Agusta 1997) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Italiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Serie A ta Roma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Manuela Giugliano |url=https://www.asroma.com/it/as-roma-women/players-and-staff/manuela-giugliano |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.asroma.com |language=it |archive-date=2022-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719171307/https://www.asroma.com/it/as-roma-women/players-and-staff/manuela-giugliano |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Italiya . == Aikin kulob == Giugliano ya buga wa [[ACFD Pordenone]] wasa kafin ya koma ASD Torres Calcio a shekarar 2014. <ref name="move">{{Cite web |title=Manuela Giugliano Signs With Torres Calcio |url=http://lta-agency.com/manuela-guigliano-signs-with-torres-calcio/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808081014/http://lta-agency.com/manuela-guigliano-signs-with-torres-calcio/ |archive-date=8 August 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> A shekarar da ta biyo baya ta sanya hannu a ASD Mozzanica . A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2016, Giugliano ta amince ta koma ƙasar waje ta buga wa ƙungiyar Primera Iberdrola Atlético Madrid wasa amma daga baya ta sauya shawararta ta komawa Spain saboda wasu dalilai na kashin kanta. A ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2016, ta koma ƙasarta ta asali Italiya don sanya hannu a AGSM Verona . Daga nan ta koma ACF Brescia a shekarar 2017 kafin ta koma Milan a kakar wasa mai zuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na sayen lasisin Brescia na Serie A na Milan. Bayan kakar wasa ɗaya da ya yi da AC Milan, Giugliano ya koma Roma a ranar 16 ga Yuli 2019. An ɗauki matakin a matsayin juyin mulki ga Roma, <ref>{{Cite web |last=bren |date=2019-07-16 |title=Official: Roma Signs Manuela Giugliano |url=https://www.chiesaditotti.com/2019/7/16/20696210/official-roma-signs-manuela-giugliano |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=Chiesa Di Totti |language=en}}</ref> ganin cewa ƙungiyar Serie A tana siyan Giugliano daga abokan hamayyarta AC Milan kuma tana bin diddigin rawar da Giugliano ya taka a Italiya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2019 . [[Fayil:Manuela_Giugliano.jpg|left|thumb|Giugliano yana taka leda a Roma a 2024]] A kakar wasa ta farko da ta yi da Roma, kuma galibi saboda rawar da ta taka a Italiya a lokacin gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2019, Giugliano ta lashe kyautar 'yar wasan mata ta shekara ta ƙwallon ƙafa ta Italiya a gasar Gran Galà del Calcio ta 2019. A halin yanzu, Roma ita ce ƙungiya ta farko kuma tilo da Giugliano ta taɓa yi a cikin shekarunta na farko inda ta zaɓi ta zauna fiye da watanni 12, har zuwa lokacin da za ta tsawaita kwangilar shekaru uku a watan Agusta na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=bren |date=2020-08-10 |title=Official: Manuela Giugliano Extends Roma Contract Through 2023 |url=https://www.chiesaditotti.com/2020/8/10/21361892/official-manuela-giguliano-extends-roma-contract-through-2023 |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=Chiesa Di Totti |language=en}}</ref> Daga nan Giugliano ya zama ɓangare na nasarar da Roma ta samu a Coppa Italia a 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |last=bren |date=2021-05-31 |title=Roma Wins 2021 Coppa Italia in Penalty Shootout |url=https://www.chiesaditotti.com/2021/5/31/22460983/roma-wins-2021-coppa-italia-in-penalty-shootout |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=Chiesa Di Totti |language=en}}</ref> ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar lashe babban kofi na farko tun lokacin da aka kafa AS Roma a 2018. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An kira Giugliano don zama memba na ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Italiya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta 2014, inda ta buga wasanni shida kuma ta zura kwallaye uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Squad List |url=https://www.fifa.com/u17womensworldcup/teams/team=1914906/squadlist.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308085643/http://www.fifa.com/u17womensworldcup/teams/team=1914906/squadlist.html |archive-date=March 8, 2014 |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> An kira ta don ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar ƙasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 a gasar cin kofin UEFA ta mata ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta 2014. <ref name="move"/> Ta fara buga wasa a matakin 'yan ƙasa a wasan farko da ta yi da Ukraine da ci 2-1 a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UEFA play-off semi-final, First leg |url=https://www.uefa.com/womensworldcup/match/2015243--italy-vs-ukraine/ |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> Ta zura ƙwallonta ta farko a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa a wasan da suka yi da Georgia da ci 6-1 a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2015, inda ta zura kwallaye a minti na 23. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Qualifying group stage - Group 6 |url=https://www.uefa.com/womenseuropeanqualifiers/match/2016561--italy-vs-georgia/ |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> Manaja Antonio Cabrini ta saka ta a cikin tawagar Italiya don gasar cin kofin mata ta UEFA Euro 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2017 |title=Ufficializzata la lista delle 23 Azzurre convocate per il Campionato Europeo |url=http://www.figc.it/it/204/2538463/2017/07/News.shtml |access-date=19 August 2017 |publisher=FIGC.it |language=Italian}}</ref> An kuma kira Giugliano a cikin tawagar Milena Bertolini ta Italiya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2019, bayan shekaru 20 da ba ta halarci gasar ba a ''Azzurre'', inda rawar da Giugliano ta taka a tsakiyar Italiya ta burge mutane a duk duniya kuma ta taimaka wa Italiya ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe. A cikin wata hira da ta yi da Marco Migaleddu a watan Afrilun 2020, Giugliano ta yi ikirarin cewa rawar da ta taka a gasar cin kofin duniya da Brazil a matakin rukuni ta sa magoya bayanta da yawa na Brazil suka yi nasara a kan su, wadanda har yanzu suna bin aikinta a yau. A shekarar 2021, Giugliano na cikin tawagar Bertolini ta Italiya da ta cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA Euro 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Manuela Giugliano - Italy - WEURO |url=https://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/teams/players/250054546--manuela-giugliano/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=[[UEFA]] |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Yuni 2022, an sanar da Giugliano a cikin tawagar Italiya don gasar cin kofin mata ta UEFA 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2022 |title=Confirmed the 23 players for Euro 2022 |url=https://figc.it/en/national-teams/news/ufficializzata-la-lista-delle-23-azzurre-che-parteciperanno-all-europeo-domani-il-via-all-ultima-fase-del-raduno/ |website=Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Yuli 2023, an kira Giugliano cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 23 ta Italiya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2023 |title=Ufficializzata la lista delle 25 Azzurre in partenza per la Nuova Zelanda |trans-title=The list of 25 players leaving for New Zealand has been made official |url=https://www.figc.it/it/nazionali/news/verso-il-mondiale-ufficializzata-la-lista-delle-25-azzurre-in-partenza-per-la-nuova-zelanda/ |publisher=[[Italian Football Federation]] |language=it}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Yuni 2025, an kira Giugliano cikin tawagar Italiya don gasar cin kofin mata ta UEFA ta 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clancy, Conor |date=25 June 2025 |title=Confirmed: Italy's 23-player Women's Euro 2025 squad announced |url=https://total-italianfootball.com/italy-womens-euro-2025-squad-confirmed/ |publisher=Total Italian Football}}</ref> == Salon wasan == [[Fayil:Manuela_Giugliano_(cropped).png|thumb|Giugliano yana shan kusurwa yayin Euro 2025]] Manuela Giugliano baiwa ce mai iya yin amfani da fasahar kariya, kai hari da kuma canza wasan zuwa wani babban mataki na aiwatarwa. Da farko ta dogara da dabarun buga ƙwallo da dabarar buga ƙwallo don tsara kanta a matsayin ƴar wasan tsakiya mai kai hari a matakin matasa da manya. Duk da haka, komawarta Brescia ce ta sake tunani game da aikinta, yayin da Giugliano ta zaɓi komawa cikin tsakiyar wasa ta kuma dogara da iyawarta na katse ƙwallo don yin tasiri ga wasanni. Ta ambaci Andrea Pirlo a matsayin abin koyi a wannan matakin na aikinta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Giugliano, faro della Roma e delle Nazionale: "È Pirlo il più grande" |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/calcio/calcio-femminile/06-05-2020/giugliano-roma-pirlo-370759654688.shtml |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it-IT}}</ref> Halayyar tsaron Giugliano ta sa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a ƙungiyar Milena Bertolini ta Italiya, da kuma gadon rigar lamba 10 tare da Roma. Tana da hangen nesa na yin ƙwallo mai kyau da sauri zuwa ga filin daga, daga tsakiyar tsakiya, da kuma ikon nemo ƙwallo mai mahimmanci a cikin akwatin lokacin da Giugliano ya matsa gaba a filin. Kwarewarta ta yin ƙwallo mai ƙarfi ta sa ta zama mai yawan taimakawa daga kusurwa, ga ƙungiyar da kuma ƙasar. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Giugliano 'yar madigo ce. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mês do orgulho LGBTQ+: Conheça os casais da Copa do Mundo de Futebol Feminino |url=https://www.msn.com/pt-br/noticias/lgbt/m%C3%AAs-do-orgulho-lgbtqplus-conhe%C3%A7a-os-casais-da-copa-do-mundo-de-futebol-feminino/ss-AADb2vY#image=9 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> Ta girma a Istrana, a yankin Treviso, amma duk iyalinta sun fito ne daga [[Napoli|Naples]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Big Interview: AS Roma x Manuela Giugliano |url=https://www.asroma.com/en/news/2020/8/the-big-interview-as-roma-x-manuela-giugliano |access-date=2021-10-11 |website=www.asroma.com |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028165700/https://www.asroma.com/en/news/2020/8/the-big-interview-as-roma-x-manuela-giugliano |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Coppa Italia ! colspan="2" |Continental{{Efn|includes [[UEFA Women's Champions League]]}} ! colspan="2" |Other{{Efn|includes [[Supercoppa Italiana (women)|Supercoppa Italiana]]}} ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |[[:it:Associazione_Calcio_Femminile_Dilettantistica_Graphistudio_Pordenone|Pordenone]] |2013–14 |Serie A |16 |1 |? |? | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |16 |1 |- |Torres |2014–15 |Serie A |23 |3 |2 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |28 |4 |- |Mozzanica |2015–16 |Serie A |15 |10 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |18 |11 |- |Verona |2016–17 |Serie A |21 |15 |3 |2 |1 |0 |1 |0 |26 |17 |- |Brescia |2017–18 |Serie A |22 |3 |6 |0 |4 |0 |1 |0 |33 |3 |- |A.C. Milan |2018–19 |Serie A |20 |3 |4 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |24 |6 |- | rowspan="6" |A.S. Roma |2019–20 |Serie A |12 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |13 |2 |- |2020–21 |Serie A |21 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |23 |4 |- |2021–22 |Serie A |19 |4 |6 |2 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |26 |6 |- |2022–23 |Serie A |23 |6 |4 |1 |12 |3 |1 |0 |40 |10 |- |2023–24 |Serie A |22 |10 |4 |1 |8 |5 |1 |0 |35 |16 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !97 !26 !16 !4 !20 !8 !3 !0 !137 !38 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !214 !61 !34 !11 !28 !8 !6 !0 !282 !70 |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta== kp7c98eeyze9g7t3o5050mywq9urfw3 0 151074 841722 835475 2026-05-28T16:27:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lebogang Brenda Motsumi''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1989) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sekudu |first=Bonolo |title=Women who lived off blessers tell their story |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/News/women-who-lived-off-blessers-tell-their-story-he-gave-me-hiv-20190423 |access-date=2021-04-13 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> 'yar gwagwarmayar cutar kanjamau ce ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma marubuciya. Ƙungiyar Afirka ta ba ta suna "Jam'iyyar Matasa", kuma tana cikin kwamitin ba da shawara na matasa a duka UNFPA da [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == An haifi Lebogang Motsumi a Parktown, wani yanki na [[Johannesburg]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Juma |first=Ali |date=2018-07-11 |title=There's life after HIV: Lady living positively with HIV gave birth to HIV-negative daughter |url=https://briefly.co.za/14113-living-positively-hiv-positive-lady-gave-birth-hiv-negative-child.html |access-date=2021-04-13 |website=Briefly |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, 2009, ta san cewa ta kamu da cutar kanjamau daga wani mutum mai shekaru 10 da ya girme ta, mawaƙi mai daraja wanda daga baya ya mutu. Bayan kamuwa da cuta, ta shiga cikin gwagwarmayar HIV / AIDS. Ta fara raba labarin rayuwarta a taron cutar kanjamau na kasa da kasa na XXI, 2016, musamman ta haskaka abin da ta bayyana a matsayin matsalar da ke da iyaye sukari, ko 'blessers' a cikin gida, waɗanda ke kamuwa da 'yan mata da mata da cutar kanjamaun daji. <ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |date=July 21, 2016 |title='I thought HIV had a face - and I wasn't that face' |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/i-thought-hiv-had-a-face-and-i-wasnt-that-face-2047767 |access-date=2021-04-13 |website=IOL |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-02 |title=Young African Women More Vulnerable to HIV |url=https://www.ipsnews.net/2016/06/young-african-women-more-vulnerable-to-hiv/ |access-date=2021-04-13 |website=Inter Press Service}}</ref> Tana aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun da kuma koci a Afirka ta Kudu, [1] kuma tana da niyyar karfafa wasu matasan mata a kasar su kasance lafiya, da kuma zama a makarantu. Tana gudanar da ƙungiyar tallafi a asibiti, kuma tana inganta ƙiyayya da ƙin matsin lamba tsakanin 'yan mata da yara maza.[2] Ta kuma ba da shawara ga Ilimin jima'i, kuma tana ba da jawabai da jawabai game da cutar ga wasu matasa. [3][4] Saboda aikinta, Tarayyar Afirka ta girmama ta a matsayin jarumi na matasa, kuma tana cikin kwamitin ba da shawara na matasa a UNFPA da Tarayyar Afrika.[5][6] Har ila yau, jakada ce ga Zazi, kamfen ɗin Afirka ta Kudu don ƙarfafa 'yan mata da mata.[6] Ta rubuta tarihin rayuwa I'm Still Here! [1]''Har yanzu ina nan! <ref name=":0"/>'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3zm1k12k3jh6q6zi5lh4ner9riatlmg 0 151154 841750 835882 2026-05-28T16:45:48Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352624831|Nathan Tella]]" 841750 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nathan Adewale Temitayo Tella''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Yuli 1999) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nathan Tella |url=https://www.arsenal.com/historic/players/nathan-tella |access-date=1 March 2022 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na dama]] ko kuma ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Bundesliga ta Bayer Leverkusen . An haife shi a Ingila, kuma yana buga wa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya wasa]] . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Tella ta girma a Stevenage, Hertfordshire kuma ta yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Edwinstree sannan ta yi karatunta a Kwalejin Freman, dukkansu a garin Buntingford . Ya tafi bayan jarrabawarsa ta GCSE a shekarar 2015. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">an yi amfani da ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Bayan shekaru goma da [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], Tella ya shafe lokaci yana gwaji a Reading <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=Reading FC transfers: Arsenal winger on trial with Royals |url=https://www.getreading.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/reading-fc-transfers-arsenal-winger-12564572 |access-date=23 June 2020 |website=getreading.co.uk}}</ref> da Norwich City, kafin ya koma Southampton a watan Afrilun 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2017 |title=Saints sign youngster Tella |url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2017-04-21/announcement-signing-southampton-nathan-tella |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427210456/https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2017-04-21/announcement-signing-southampton-nathan-tella |archive-date=27 April 2017 |access-date=23 June 2020 |publisher=[[Southampton F.C.]]}}</ref> === Southampton === A watan Yulin 2019, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da kulob din na tsawon shekara guda, <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2019 |title=Academy youngsters secure fresh deals |url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2019-07-07/southampton-fc-academy-contract-extensions-nlundulu-tella-olufunwa-freeman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708110430/https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2019-07-07/southampton-fc-academy-contract-extensions-nlundulu-tella-olufunwa-freeman |archive-date=8 July 2019 |access-date=23 June 2020 |publisher=[[Southampton F.C.]]}}</ref> kafin ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiraginsa na tsawon shekaru uku a watan Yulin 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2020 |title=Tella commits long-term future |url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2020-07-02/nathan-tella-contract-extension-southampton-football-club-2-july-2020 |access-date=8 July 2020 |publisher=Southampton FC}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Yunin 2020, Tella ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Norwich City da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2020 |title=Norwich 0–3 Southampton |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51779559 |access-date=23 June 2020 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2021, ya bayar da gudummawar kwallaye ta farko ta hanyar taimakawa kwallon da Stuart Armstrong ya ci a wasan da suka doke Wolverhampton Wanderers da ci 2-0 a zagaye na biyar na gasar cin kofin FA . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2021 |title=Wolverhampton Wanderers 0–2 Southampton: Hasenhuttl says Saints want cup |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/56014860 |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, Tella ya fara buga [[Premier League|gasar Premier]] a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Dan |date=25 February 2021 |title=Hasenhuttl says Tella 'takes responsibility' after earning his first Premier League start |url=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/19115937.hasenhuttl-says-tella-takes-responsibility-earning-first-premier-league-start/ |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=Southern Daily Echo}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Mayu, Tella ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a [[Premier League|gasar Premier]] a wasan da suka doke Fulham da ci 3-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2021 |title=Tella scores as Southampton beat Fulham |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/57129203 |access-date=13 May 2021 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Janairu 2022, Tella ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru uku da rabi tare da Southampton. <ref>{{Cite web |last=House |first=Alfie |date=6 January 2022 |title=Nathan Tella signs brand-new contract with Southampton |url=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/19829959.nathan-tella-signs-brand-new-contract-southampton/ |access-date=7 January 2022 |website=Southern Daily Echo}}</ref> ==== Burnley (Aro) ==== A ranar 11 ga Agusta 2022, Tella ya koma Burnley a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. [1] A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 2023, ya zura kwallaye uku a karon farko a rayuwarsa a wasan da suka doke Preston North End da ci 3-0, wanda hakan ya ba kungiyarsa nasara ta goma a jere a gasar, [2] kuma wata guda bayan haka ya zura kwallaye uku a wasan da suka doke Hull City da ci 3-1. [3] === Bayer Leverkusen === A ranar 27 ga Agusta 2023, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bundesliga , Bayer Leverkusen, ta sanar da siyan Tella a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar, <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2023 |title=New winger for the Werkself: Bayer 04 sign Nathan Tella |url=https://www.bayer04.de/en-us/news/bayer04/new-winger-for-the-werkself-bayer-04-sign-nathan-tella |access-date=2023-08-31 |publisher=Bayer 04 Leverkusen |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2023 |title=Tella departs for Bayer Leverkusen |url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/en/news/article/tella-departs-for-bayer-leverkusen |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=Southampton FC}}</ref> akan kuɗin da aka ruwaito na fam miliyan 20. Ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar 2 ga Satumba 2023 a wasan da suka doke Darmstadt 98 da ci 5-1, inda ya maye gurbin [[Jeremie Frimpong]] a minti na 72. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayer Leverkusen 5–1 SV Darmstadt 98 |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/match/_/gameId/677603 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2023, Tella ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko ga Bayer Leverkusen a wasan da suka tashi 1-2 da Molde a gasar Europa League . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2023 |title=2–1 in Molde – early double whammy paves the way |url=https://www.bayer04.de/en-us/news/europa-league/2-1-in-molde-early-double-whammy-paves-the-way |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=Bayer Leverkusen FC}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2023, babban kocin [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]], [[José Peseiro]] ya kira Tella don buga wasan neman gurbin shiga [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA]] ta 2026 da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Lesotho|Lesotho]] da Zimbabwe . == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haife Tella a Ingila, kuma asalinta ɗan Najeriya ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Promising Arsenal Winger Nathan Tella Eager To Play For Nigeria Ahead Of England :: All Nigeria Soccer - The Complete Nigerian Football Portal |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=21682 |website=www.allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 2 May 2026}}<ref name=SWAY>{{cite web|url= https://int.soccerway.com/players/nathan-tella/376599/|title=Nathan Tella|website=Soccerway|access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[FA Cup]], [[DFB-Pokal]]}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[EFL Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |Southampton U23 |2017–18 | colspan="3" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[EFL Trophy]]}} |0 |2 |0 |- |2018–19 | colspan="3" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3[c] |0 |3 |0 |- |2020–21<ref name="sb2020" /> | colspan="3" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1[c] |0 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !6 !0 !6 !0 |- | rowspan="5" |Southampton |2019–20 |[[Premier League]] |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- |2020–21 |Premier League |18 |1 |3 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |22 |1 |- |2021–22 |Premier League |14 |0 |1 |0 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |18 |1 |- |2023–24 |Championship |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !36 !2 !4 !0 !4 !1 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !44 !3 |- |Burnley (loan) |2022–23 |Championship |39 |17 |5 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |45 |19 |- | rowspan="4" |Bayer Leverkusen |2023–24 |Bundesliga |24 |5 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— |11{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |1 | colspan="2" |— |39 |6 |- |2024–25 |Bundesliga |27 |2 |5 |1 | colspan="2" |— |7{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |1 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[DFL-Supercup]]}} |0 |40 |4 |- |2025–26 |Bundesliga |17 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2[e] |0 | colspan="2" |— |21 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !68 !8 !11 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !20 !2 !1 !0 !100 !11 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !143 !27 !20 !3 !5 !1 !20 !2 !7 !0 !195 !33 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] ryzoe6brl5nuuxpbu8te8m5ylfs2wuj 841751 841750 2026-05-28T16:46:32Z Sardeeq 39275 841751 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Nathan Adewale Temitayo Tella''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Yuli 1999) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nathan Tella |url=https://www.arsenal.com/historic/players/nathan-tella |access-date=1 March 2022 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na dama]] ko kuma ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Bundesliga ta Bayer Leverkusen . An haife shi a Ingila, kuma yana buga wa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya wasa]] . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Tella ta girma a Stevenage, Hertfordshire kuma ta yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Edwinstree sannan ta yi karatunta a Kwalejin Freman, dukkansu a garin Buntingford . Ya tafi bayan jarrabawarsa ta GCSE a shekarar 2015. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">an yi amfani da ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Bayan shekaru goma da [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], Tella ya shafe lokaci yana gwaji a Reading <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=Reading FC transfers: Arsenal winger on trial with Royals |url=https://www.getreading.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/reading-fc-transfers-arsenal-winger-12564572 |access-date=23 June 2020 |website=getreading.co.uk}}</ref> da Norwich City, kafin ya koma Southampton a watan Afrilun 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2017 |title=Saints sign youngster Tella |url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2017-04-21/announcement-signing-southampton-nathan-tella |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427210456/https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2017-04-21/announcement-signing-southampton-nathan-tella |archive-date=27 April 2017 |access-date=23 June 2020 |publisher=[[Southampton F.C.]]}}</ref> === Southampton === A watan Yulin 2019, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da kulob din na tsawon shekara guda, <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2019 |title=Academy youngsters secure fresh deals |url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2019-07-07/southampton-fc-academy-contract-extensions-nlundulu-tella-olufunwa-freeman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708110430/https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2019-07-07/southampton-fc-academy-contract-extensions-nlundulu-tella-olufunwa-freeman |archive-date=8 July 2019 |access-date=23 June 2020 |publisher=[[Southampton F.C.]]}}</ref> kafin ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiraginsa na tsawon shekaru uku a watan Yulin 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2020 |title=Tella commits long-term future |url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2020-07-02/nathan-tella-contract-extension-southampton-football-club-2-july-2020 |access-date=8 July 2020 |publisher=Southampton FC}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Yunin 2020, Tella ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Norwich City da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2020 |title=Norwich 0–3 Southampton |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51779559 |access-date=23 June 2020 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2021, ya bayar da gudummawar kwallaye ta farko ta hanyar taimakawa kwallon da Stuart Armstrong ya ci a wasan da suka doke Wolverhampton Wanderers da ci 2-0 a zagaye na biyar na gasar cin kofin FA . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2021 |title=Wolverhampton Wanderers 0–2 Southampton: Hasenhuttl says Saints want cup |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/56014860 |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, Tella ya fara buga [[Premier League|gasar Premier]] a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Dan |date=25 February 2021 |title=Hasenhuttl says Tella 'takes responsibility' after earning his first Premier League start |url=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/19115937.hasenhuttl-says-tella-takes-responsibility-earning-first-premier-league-start/ |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=Southern Daily Echo}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Mayu, Tella ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a [[Premier League|gasar Premier]] a wasan da suka doke Fulham da ci 3-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2021 |title=Tella scores as Southampton beat Fulham |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/57129203 |access-date=13 May 2021 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Janairu 2022, Tella ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru uku da rabi tare da Southampton. <ref>{{Cite web |last=House |first=Alfie |date=6 January 2022 |title=Nathan Tella signs brand-new contract with Southampton |url=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/19829959.nathan-tella-signs-brand-new-contract-southampton/ |access-date=7 January 2022 |website=Southern Daily Echo}}</ref> ==== Burnley (Aro) ==== A ranar 11 ga Agusta 2022, Tella ya koma Burnley a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. [1] A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 2023, ya zura kwallaye uku a karon farko a rayuwarsa a wasan da suka doke Preston North End da ci 3-0, wanda hakan ya ba kungiyarsa nasara ta goma a jere a gasar, [2] kuma wata guda bayan haka ya zura kwallaye uku a wasan da suka doke Hull City da ci 3-1. [3] === Bayer Leverkusen === A ranar 27 ga Agusta 2023, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bundesliga , Bayer Leverkusen, ta sanar da siyan Tella a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar, <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2023 |title=New winger for the Werkself: Bayer 04 sign Nathan Tella |url=https://www.bayer04.de/en-us/news/bayer04/new-winger-for-the-werkself-bayer-04-sign-nathan-tella |access-date=2023-08-31 |publisher=Bayer 04 Leverkusen |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2023 |title=Tella departs for Bayer Leverkusen |url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/en/news/article/tella-departs-for-bayer-leverkusen |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=Southampton FC}}</ref> akan kuɗin da aka ruwaito na fam miliyan 20. Ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar 2 ga Satumba 2023 a wasan da suka doke Darmstadt 98 da ci 5-1, inda ya maye gurbin [[Jeremie Frimpong]] a minti na 72. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayer Leverkusen 5–1 SV Darmstadt 98 |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/match/_/gameId/677603 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2023, Tella ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko ga Bayer Leverkusen a wasan da suka tashi 1-2 da Molde a gasar Europa League . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2023 |title=2–1 in Molde – early double whammy paves the way |url=https://www.bayer04.de/en-us/news/europa-league/2-1-in-molde-early-double-whammy-paves-the-way |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=Bayer Leverkusen FC}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2023, babban kocin [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]], [[José Peseiro]] ya kira Tella don buga wasan neman gurbin shiga [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA]] ta 2026 da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Lesotho|Lesotho]] da Zimbabwe . == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haife Tella a Ingila, kuma asalinta ɗan Najeriya ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Promising Arsenal Winger Nathan Tella Eager To Play For Nigeria Ahead Of England :: All Nigeria Soccer - The Complete Nigerian Football Portal |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=21682 |website=www.allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 2 May 2026}}<ref name=SWAY>{{cite web|url= https://int.soccerway.com/players/nathan-tella/376599/|title=Nathan Tella|website=Soccerway|access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[FA Cup]], [[DFB-Pokal]]}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[EFL Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |Southampton U23 |2017–18 | colspan="3" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[EFL Trophy]]}} |0 |2 |0 |- |2018–19 | colspan="3" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3[c] |0 |3 |0 |- |2020–21<ref name="sb2020" /> | colspan="3" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1[c] |0 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !6 !0 !6 !0 |- | rowspan="5" |Southampton |2019–20 |[[Premier League]] |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- |2020–21 |Premier League |18 |1 |3 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |22 |1 |- |2021–22 |Premier League |14 |0 |1 |0 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |18 |1 |- |2023–24 |Championship |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !36 !2 !4 !0 !4 !1 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !44 !3 |- |Burnley (loan) |2022–23 |Championship |39 |17 |5 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |45 |19 |- | rowspan="4" |Bayer Leverkusen |2023–24 |Bundesliga |24 |5 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— |11{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |1 | colspan="2" |— |39 |6 |- |2024–25 |Bundesliga |27 |2 |5 |1 | colspan="2" |— |7{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |1 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[DFL-Supercup]]}} |0 |40 |4 |- |2025–26 |Bundesliga |17 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2[e] |0 | colspan="2" |— |21 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !68 !8 !11 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !20 !2 !1 !0 !100 !11 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !143 !27 !20 !3 !5 !1 !20 !2 !7 !0 !195 !33 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] khlbqdf6i6eror06jvcu0o6zdw6wdbg 841754 841751 2026-05-28T16:48:23Z Sardeeq 39275 841754 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Nathan Adewale Temitayo Tella''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Yuli 1999) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nathan Tella |url=https://www.arsenal.com/historic/players/nathan-tella |access-date=1 March 2022 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na dama]] ko kuma ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Bundesliga ta Bayer Leverkusen . An haife shi a Ingila, kuma yana buga wa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya wasa]] . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Tella ta girma a Stevenage, Hertfordshire kuma ta yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Edwinstree sannan ta yi karatunta a Kwalejin Freman, dukkansu a garin Buntingford . Ya tafi bayan jarrabawarsa ta GCSE a shekarar 2015. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> Bayan shekaru goma da [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], Tella ya shafe lokaci yana gwaji a Reading <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=Reading FC transfers: Arsenal winger on trial with Royals |url=https://www.getreading.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/reading-fc-transfers-arsenal-winger-12564572 |access-date=23 June 2020 |website=getreading.co.uk}}</ref> da Norwich City, kafin ya koma Southampton a watan Afrilun 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2017 |title=Saints sign youngster Tella |url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2017-04-21/announcement-signing-southampton-nathan-tella |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427210456/https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2017-04-21/announcement-signing-southampton-nathan-tella |archive-date=27 April 2017 |access-date=23 June 2020 |publisher=[[Southampton F.C.]]}}</ref> === Southampton === A watan Yulin 2019, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da kulob din na tsawon shekara guda, <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2019 |title=Academy youngsters secure fresh deals |url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2019-07-07/southampton-fc-academy-contract-extensions-nlundulu-tella-olufunwa-freeman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708110430/https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2019-07-07/southampton-fc-academy-contract-extensions-nlundulu-tella-olufunwa-freeman |archive-date=8 July 2019 |access-date=23 June 2020 |publisher=[[Southampton F.C.]]}}</ref> kafin ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiraginsa na tsawon shekaru uku a watan Yulin 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2020 |title=Tella commits long-term future |url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2020-07-02/nathan-tella-contract-extension-southampton-football-club-2-july-2020 |access-date=8 July 2020 |publisher=Southampton FC}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Yunin 2020, Tella ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Norwich City da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2020 |title=Norwich 0–3 Southampton |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51779559 |access-date=23 June 2020 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2021, ya bayar da gudummawar kwallaye ta farko ta hanyar taimakawa kwallon da Stuart Armstrong ya ci a wasan da suka doke Wolverhampton Wanderers da ci 2-0 a zagaye na biyar na gasar cin kofin FA . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2021 |title=Wolverhampton Wanderers 0–2 Southampton: Hasenhuttl says Saints want cup |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/56014860 |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, Tella ya fara buga [[Premier League|gasar Premier]] a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Dan |date=25 February 2021 |title=Hasenhuttl says Tella 'takes responsibility' after earning his first Premier League start |url=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/19115937.hasenhuttl-says-tella-takes-responsibility-earning-first-premier-league-start/ |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=Southern Daily Echo}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Mayu, Tella ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a [[Premier League|gasar Premier]] a wasan da suka doke Fulham da ci 3-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2021 |title=Tella scores as Southampton beat Fulham |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/57129203 |access-date=13 May 2021 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Janairu 2022, Tella ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru uku da rabi tare da Southampton. <ref>{{Cite web |last=House |first=Alfie |date=6 January 2022 |title=Nathan Tella signs brand-new contract with Southampton |url=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/19829959.nathan-tella-signs-brand-new-contract-southampton/ |access-date=7 January 2022 |website=Southern Daily Echo}}</ref> ==== Burnley (Aro) ==== A ranar 11 ga Agusta 2022, Tella ya koma Burnley a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. [1] A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 2023, ya zura kwallaye uku a karon farko a rayuwarsa a wasan da suka doke Preston North End da ci 3-0, wanda hakan ya ba kungiyarsa nasara ta goma a jere a gasar, [2] kuma wata guda bayan haka ya zura kwallaye uku a wasan da suka doke Hull City da ci 3-1. [3] === Bayer Leverkusen === A ranar 27 ga Agusta 2023, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bundesliga , Bayer Leverkusen, ta sanar da siyan Tella a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar, <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2023 |title=New winger for the Werkself: Bayer 04 sign Nathan Tella |url=https://www.bayer04.de/en-us/news/bayer04/new-winger-for-the-werkself-bayer-04-sign-nathan-tella |access-date=2023-08-31 |publisher=Bayer 04 Leverkusen |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2023 |title=Tella departs for Bayer Leverkusen |url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/en/news/article/tella-departs-for-bayer-leverkusen |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=Southampton FC}}</ref> akan kuɗin da aka ruwaito na fam miliyan 20. Ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar 2 ga Satumba 2023 a wasan da suka doke Darmstadt 98 da ci 5-1, inda ya maye gurbin [[Jeremie Frimpong]] a minti na 72. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayer Leverkusen 5–1 SV Darmstadt 98 |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/match/_/gameId/677603 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2023, Tella ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko ga Bayer Leverkusen a wasan da suka tashi 1-2 da Molde a gasar Europa League . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2023 |title=2–1 in Molde – early double whammy paves the way |url=https://www.bayer04.de/en-us/news/europa-league/2-1-in-molde-early-double-whammy-paves-the-way |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=Bayer Leverkusen FC}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2023, babban kocin [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]], [[José Peseiro]] ya kira Tella don buga wasan neman gurbin shiga [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA]] ta 2026 da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Lesotho|Lesotho]] da Zimbabwe . == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haife Tella a Ingila, kuma asalinta ɗan Najeriya ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Promising Arsenal Winger Nathan Tella Eager To Play For Nigeria Ahead Of England :: All Nigeria Soccer - The Complete Nigerian Football Portal |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=21682 |website=www.allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 2 May 2026}}<ref name=SWAY>{{cite web|url= https://int.soccerway.com/players/nathan-tella/376599/|title=Nathan Tella|website=Soccerway|access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[FA Cup]], [[DFB-Pokal]]}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[EFL Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |Southampton U23 |2017–18 | colspan="3" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[EFL Trophy]]}} |0 |2 |0 |- |2018–19 | colspan="3" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3[c] |0 |3 |0 |- |2020–21<ref name="sb2020" /> | colspan="3" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1[c] |0 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !6 !0 !6 !0 |- | rowspan="5" |Southampton |2019–20 |[[Premier League]] |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- |2020–21 |Premier League |18 |1 |3 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |22 |1 |- |2021–22 |Premier League |14 |0 |1 |0 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |18 |1 |- |2023–24 |Championship |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !36 !2 !4 !0 !4 !1 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !44 !3 |- |Burnley (loan) |2022–23 |Championship |39 |17 |5 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |45 |19 |- | rowspan="4" |Bayer Leverkusen |2023–24 |Bundesliga |24 |5 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— |11{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |1 | colspan="2" |— |39 |6 |- |2024–25 |Bundesliga |27 |2 |5 |1 | colspan="2" |— |7{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |1 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[DFL-Supercup]]}} |0 |40 |4 |- |2025–26 |Bundesliga |17 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2[e] |0 | colspan="2" |— |21 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !68 !8 !11 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !20 !2 !1 !0 !100 !11 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !143 !27 !20 !3 !5 !1 !20 !2 !7 !0 !195 !33 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] <references /> c6ldv8xyctsaez310apo509af8ivjae 0 151351 842139 836398 2026-05-29T06:27:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Malumfashi FC | image = | fullname = Malumfashi Football Club | nickname = | founded = | ground = Filin wasa na Malumfashi | capacity = | owner = | chairman = | manager = | league = Najeriya | season = | position = | website = }} '''Malumfashi FC''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce daga garin [[Malumfashi]], a [[Jihar Katsina]], [[Najeriya]]. Ƙungiyar tana daga cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida da suka taka rawa wajen bunƙasa wasanni da haɓaka matasan ‘yan wasa a yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng |title=Goal Nigeria Football News |website=Goal.com |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}</ref> An san ƙungiyar da bai wa matasa damar shiga harkar ƙwallon ƙafa ta hanyar shirya horo da wasannin sada zumunci a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin cikin gida. Malumfashi FC ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke taimakawa wajen gano hazikan ‘yan wasa daga ƙananan hukumomin Jihar Katsina.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brila.net |title=Brila FM Sports News |website=Brila.net |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Ƙungiyar tana gudanar da wasanninta a garin Malumfashi, inda take samun goyon bayan al’umma da masoya ƙwallon ƙafa na yankin. Duk da cewa ba ta daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin da ke taka leda a babbar gasar Najeriya, ƙungiyar tana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa a matakin cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://npfl.ng/ |title=Nigeria Premier Football League |website=NPFL |access-date=15 Mayu 2026 |archive-date=2026-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305231352/http://npfl.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, Malumfashi FC ta shiga gasanni daban-daban na cikin gida tare da baje kolin ƙwarewar ‘yan wasanta. Wasu daga cikin ‘yan wasan da suka fara daga ƙungiyar sun ci gaba da taka leda a wasu ƙungiyoyi mafi girma a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Grassroots Football Development in Northern Nigeria |newspaper=Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Malumfashi FC domin ƙarfafa harkokin wasanni da kuma bai wa matasa dama wajen nuna basirarsu a ƙwallon ƙafa. Tun bayan kafuwarta, ƙungiyar ta mayar da hankali kan ci gaban matasa da horar da ‘yan wasa masu tasowa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenff.com |title=Nigeria Football Federation |website=NFF |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Filin wasa == Ƙungiyar tana amfani da filayen wasa na cikin garin Malumfashi domin gudanar da atisaye da wasanni. Filin wasan yana karɓar magoya baya daga sassa daban-daban na Jihar Katsina lokacin wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.katsinastate.gov.ng |title=Katsina State Government Official Website |website=Katsina State Government |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Gudummawa ga matasa == Malumfashi FC tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke ƙoƙarin rage zaman banza tsakanin matasa ta hanyar shigar da su cikin harkokin wasanni. Hakan ya taimaka wajen haɓaka zaman lafiya da haɗin kai a tsakanin al’ummar yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org |title=Sports and Youth Development |website=UNESCO |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya]] * [[Jihar Katsina]] * [[Najeriya Football Federation]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Jihar Katsina]] lxcrh5wl9sn39vat1n0msjw4wxr4o60 0 152026 841808 839368 2026-05-28T18:43:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lindsey Collen''' an haife ta a shekara ta 1948 a Mqanduli, Umtata, Transkei, Afirka ta Kudu, marubuci ce ta Mauritian, kuma mai fafutuka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Felicity Hand (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona) |date=2010-08-26 |title=Literary Encyclopedia &#124; Lindsey Collen |url=https://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=12828 |access-date=2014-08-22 |publisher=Litencyc.com}}</ref> Ta lashe kyautar marubuta ta Commonwealth ta 1994 da 2005, Littafin Mafi Kyawu, Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Commonwealth Prize |date= |title=Commonwealth Prize |url=http://www.africabookclub.com/?page_id=1139 |access-date=2014-08-22 |publisher=Africabookclub.com}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin New Internationalist . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |date= |title=Lindsey Collen - New Internationalist |url=http://www.newint.org/contributors/lindsey-collen/ |access-date=2014-08-22 |publisher=Newint.org}}</ref> Ita memba ce ta Lalit na Klas . <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Lindsey Collen - International Viewpoint - online socialist magazine |url=http://www.internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?auteur567 |access-date=2014-08-22 |publisher=International Viewpoint}}</ref> Ta auri Ram Seegobin . Tana zaune a Mauritius . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-03 |title=Lindsey Collen |url=http://www.feministpress.org/books/lindsey-collen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113724/http://www.feministpress.org/books/lindsey-collen |archive-date=2014-08-26 |access-date=2014-08-22 |publisher=The Feminist Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Lindsey Collen - Lindsey Collen |url=http://www.bloomsbury.com/Lindsey-Collen/authors/512 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510170137/http://www.bloomsbury.com/Lindsey-Collen/authors/512 |archive-date=2012-05-10 |access-date=2014-08-22 |publisher=Bloomsbury}}</ref> == Ayyuka == * ''Akwai Ruwa'', Port Louis, Mauritius: Ledikasyon pu Travayer, 1990 *   * Getting Rid of it, London: Granta Books, 1997, .{{ISBN|978-1-86207-079-0}} * Mutiny, London: Bloomsbury, 2001, .{{ISBN|978-0-7475-5265-9}} * Boy, London: Bloomsbury, 2004, .{{ISBN|978-0-7475-6387-7}} * ''Mutumin Malaria da Makwabtanta'', Port Louis, Mauritius: Ledikasyon pu Travayer, 2010, .{{ISBN|978-99903-33-67-1}} === Littattafai === *   *   === Tarihin Tarihi === * Wheelwright, Julie (27 Yuli 2001). "Mutiny by Lindsey Collen". Mai zaman kansa. An samo shi daga asali a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2008. (Binciken) {{Cite web |last=Wheelwright |first=Julie |author-link=Julie Wheelwright |date=27 July 2001 |title=Mutiny by Lindsey Collen |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/mutiny-by-lindsey-collen-752971.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427045604/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/mutiny-by-lindsey-collen-752971.html |archive-date=April 27, 2008 |website=The Independent}} * "The [http://litbit.wordpress.com/2007/12/18/the-rape-of-sita-by-lindsey-collen/ "Rape of Sita by Lindsey Collen"]", ''litbrit'', Disamba 18, 2007 (Bincike) * [http://www.&#x3C;i&#x20;id= defimedia.info/articles/722/1/Lindsey-Collen-Emancipation-is-the-freeing-from-patriarchy/Page1.html" id="mwmQ" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Lindsey Collen: "Yanci shine 'yanci daga shugabanci"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051223083554/http://www.<i/ |date=2005-12-23 }} [mafi kyawun hanyar haɗi], defimedia, Noor Adam Essack, 03/4/2011 (tambayar) {{Dead link|date=December 2017|fix-attempted=yes}} *   * [http://www.lalitmauritius.org/viewnews.php?id=1226 "Lindsey Collen a Tattaunawa"], Littattafai & Siyasa, Jami'ar Reunion * [http://www.mellenpress.com/mellenpress.cfm?bookid=8261&pc=9 "The Subversion of Class and Jender Roles in the Novels of Lindsey Collen (1948-), Mauritian Social Activist and Writer"] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * ''Komye fwa mo finn trap enn pikan ursen'', Ledikasyon pu travayer, 1997, {{ISBN|978-99903-33-18-3}}. * ''Natir imin: Mauritian Creole & English versions'', Ledikasyon pu travayer, 2000, {{ISBN|978-99903-33-31-2}}. {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] girfu08l2atxqsnd5b4o738pw61j5n9 0 152051 841899 839231 2026-05-28T21:34:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Lucy Sichone | birth_date = 15 May 1954 | birth_place = [[Kitwe]] | death_date = August 24, 1998 | death_place = [[University Teaching Hospital]], [[Lusaka]] | citizenship = Zambia | education = Politics, Philosophy and Economics | alma_mater = [[ Somerville College, Oxford]] | occupation = Civil right activist | awards = Rhodes Scholarship }} '''Lucy Banda-Sichone''' (1954-1998) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama ta [[Zambiya]] wacce ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen wakiltar mutanen Zambiya waɗanda Gwamnati ta keta hakkinsu a lokacin. An haife ta kuma ta girma a birni na biyu mafi girma a Zambia, [[Kitwe]], ta zama mace ta farko ta Zambiya da ta sami Rhodes Scholarship kuma ita ce mace ta farko da aka nuna hotonta a bangon babban Gidan Rhodes na Jami'ar Oxford.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Austin |first=Henry |date=2015 |title=Zambian activist Lucy Banda becomes first female Rhodes scholar to have portrait displayed at Oxford University |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/zambian-activist-lucy-banda-becomes-first-female-rhodes-scholar-to-have-portrait-displayed-at-oxford-a6766946.html |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=Somervillian becomes the first female Rhodes Scholar to have portrait displayed at Rhodes House |url=http://www.some.ox.ac.uk/news/somervillian-becomes-the-first-female-rhodes-scholar-to-have-portrait-displayed-at-rhodes-house/ |website=[[Somerville College, Oxford]] }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan samun BA a cikin Siyasa, Falsafa da Tattalin Arziki a Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucy Banda Sichone Profile |url=http://rhodesproject.com/lucy-banda-sichone-profile/ |access-date=7 September 2018 |website=rhodesproject.com}}</ref> Sichone ta koma Zambia inda ta fara aiki a matsayin lauya mai mayar da hankali kan batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Ta wakilci wasu ƙauyawa da aka raba da muhallansu waɗanda aka zarga da mamaye ƙasa ba bisa ƙa’ida ba, sannan ta kare su a kotu kyauta ba tare da karɓar kuɗi ba. A shekarar 1993, Sichone ta kafa ƙungiyar '''Zambia Civic Education Association (ZCEA)'''. Manufar ƙungiyar ita ce yaɗa ilimin haƙƙin ɗan Adam da na dimokuraɗiyya tare da tunatar da ‘yan Zambia cewa bai isa dimokuraɗiyya ta kasance a rubuce kawai ba, dole ne a aiwatar da ita a zahiri. Ƙungiyar ta kafa kungiyoyin wayar da kai da dama a makarantun sakandare a faɗin ƙasar. Manufar ta ita ce ta ƙarfafa tunanin matasa tun suna ƙanana, a lokacin da har yanzu suke da burika da mafarkai masu kyau..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chelwa |first=Grieve |date=2015 |title=Remembering Zambia's Lucy Sichone, conscience of the nation |url=http://africasacountry.com/2015/12/remembering-zambias-lucy-sichone-conscience-of-the-nation/}}</ref> Sichone ta kuma shiga harkar siyasa. Ta shiga jam’iyyar '''United National Independence Party (UNIP)''' jim kaɗan bayan jam’iyyar ta sha kaye a hannun jam’iyyar '''Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD)''' a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 1991. Duk da cewa ta riƙe muƙamai daban-daban a gwamnati, sau da yawa tana sukar gwamnati saboda neman muƙamin siyasa bai kasance babban burinta ba. Ta fice daga jam’iyyar UNIP a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucy Sichone - IWMF |url=https://www.iwmf.org/community/lucy-sichone/ |access-date=2021-12-02 |website=www.iwmf.org |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Lucy Sichone a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1954. Ta girma tare da mahaifin da ke da tsauri sosai game da iliminta. Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da dangin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, ya yi sha'awar samun 'ya'yansa mata ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Lucy Banda Sichone Profile |url=http://rhodesproject.com/lucy-banda-sichone-profile/ |website=Rhodes Project}}</ref> Lucy ta ci gaba da karatunta a makarantar sakandare ta mata. A shekara ta 1978 an yarda da ita a [[Jami'ar Zambia]] don karatun digiri na shari'a. Ta sami digiri a shekarar 1981 kuma ta sami tallafin karatu na Rhodes don yin karatu don digiri na Falsafa da Tattalin Arziki a Jami'ar Oxford a Ingila. Sichone ta auri mijinta na farko a 1979, bayan 'yarsu, Martha, ta cika shekaru biyar. Bayan rasuwar mijinta ta fuskanci abin da ake kira "karɓar dukiya," al'ada ce da har yanzu ta zama ruwan dare a Afirka tare da kayan gida da dangin marigayi mijinta ke karɓa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Stop Violence Against Women |url=http://www.stopvaw.org/definition_of_property_grabbing_and_adverse_possession_3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Izumi |first=Kaori |year=2007 |title=Gender-based violence and property grabbing in Africa: A denial of women's liberty and security |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13552070601178823?journalCode=cgde20 |journal=Gender & Development |volume=15 |pages=11–23 |doi=10.1080/13552070601178823 |s2cid=145399609 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> "Hanyar da aka bar ni matalauta," Lucy ta rubuta wa Shugaban Kwalejin Somerville a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] bayan ta lashe [[Tallafin karatu na Rhodes|Kyautar Rhodes]], "ta ba ni ra'ayin abin da nake so in yi... fara asibitin shari'a ga gwauraye da marayu. " Bugu da ƙari, saboda ta kasance cikin al'umma mai laushi 'ya'yanta na gefen mijinta na iyali. Koyaya, saboda iliminta na shari'a da gogewa, ta sami nasarar samun kula da 'ya'yanta huɗu. Shekaru goma bayan mutuwar mijinta na farko, Sichone ta auri mijinta na biyu. == Yunkurin zamantakewa == Lucy Sichone ta wakilci abokan ciniki da yawa da ke rufe batutuwa daban-daban ciki har da rikice-rikicen ƙasa na gwamnati da batutuwan sirri kamar waɗanda ta fuskanta a matsayin gwauruwa. A shekara ta 1993, ta kafa The Zambia Civic Education Association (ZCEA), kungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta da nufin karfafa 'yan ƙasar Zambiya wajen magance haƙƙin jama'a da alhakin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netzkraft Movement |url=https://www.netzkraft.net/profil.php?teilnehmer=880&lg=en |access-date=2021-12-02 |website=www.netzkraft.net}}</ref> An kafa ZCEA don inganta ci gaban tsarin dimokuradiyya a Zambia da kuma inganta adalci ta hanyar kara wayar da kan jama'a game da ayyukansu da alhakinsu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Sichone ya yi imanin cewa aiwatar da ayyuka da alhakin ne ke ba da hakkoki, gata da daidaito ga kowa a gaban doka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Women for Change |url=http://www.zla.org.zm/2014/07/zambia-civic-education-association-zcea/ |access-date=2026-05-23 |archive-date=2018-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909121122/http://www.zla.org.zm/2014/07/zambia-civic-education-association-zcea/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sichone ya yanke shawarar shiga siyasa. Lokacin da mutane da yawa suka goyi bayan Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD), jam'iyyar da ta lashe babban zaben 1991 wanda ya cire [[Kenneth Kaunda]] daga mulki, Sichone ya yanke shawarar shiga jam'iyyar United National Independence Party (UNIP). UNIP, bayan ta mallaki Zambia na tsawon shekaru 27 kuma ta rasa zaben 1991, tana raguwa. Koyaya, lokacin da ta bar jam'iyyar a cikin 1994, ta fara fuskantar matsaloli tare da 'yan uwan kwamitin tsakiya. A shekara ta 1993 ta fara ba da gudummawa ga jaridar yau da kullun mai zaman kanta ''The Post'' . Yayinda ginshiƙanta suka kalubalanci gwamnatin MMD da kuma yadda take amfani da tanadin kundin tsarin mulki, abubuwan da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba sun faru wadanda suka sa ta shiga cikin haske kuma suka tabbatar da matsayinta. A watan Fabrairun 1996, Sichone ya rubuta wani labarin mai taken "Miyanda ya manta game da bukatar adalci". Godfrey Miyanda ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban kasa kuma shugaban kasuwancin gwamnati a majalisa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Remembering Zambia's Lucy Sichone, conscience of the nation |url=http://africasacountry.com/2015/12/remembering-zambias-lucy-sichone-conscience-of-the-nation/}}</ref> An bayar da umarni don kama Sichone tare da manajan editan jaridar da babban editan. Sichone da abokan aikinta guda biyu, manajan edita da babban edita na takarda, an tilasta su ɓoye don kauce wa ɗaurin kurkuku kan zargin raina majalisar bayan Majalisar Dokokin Zambiya. Bayan umarnin, akwai matsin lamba na kasa da kasa daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, 'yan jarida da kungiyoyin shari'a don yafe mata saboda tana da jariri mai watanni uku a wannan lokacin. Sauran biyu sun mika wuya ga hukumomi, amma Sichone bai yi ba kuma ya kasance yana ɓoye. Yayinda take da yawa, ta ci gaba da rubuta ginshiƙai ga The Post, kuma ta bayyana cewa ba za ta miƙa wuya ga dokar da ba ta dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba. Ta rubuta, "Yanci da aka keɓe a cikin Dokar 'Yancin ya sa ya zama aiki mai tsarki a gare ni don kare su har zuwa mutuwa. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=1996 |title=iwmf.org |url=http://www.iwmf.org/blog/1996/10/16/lucy-sichone-1996-courage-in-journalism-award/}}</ref> Ta zama Zambiya ta farko da ta lashe kyautar Gidauniyar Media ta Duniya Courage in Journalism a cikin 1996 don wannan labarin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Courage in journalism Award |url=http://rhodesproject.com/lucy-banda-sichone-profile/}}</ref> Daga bisani ta ba da kanta kuma wani nau'i na tsagaita wuta ya kasance tsakanin ita da hukumomi. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1998, bayan mutuwarta, an dakatar da karar da Gwamnati ta yi wa masu gyara da marigayi Sichone bayan Kotun Koli ta kasa samar da quorum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia: Appeal Against Post Editors Adjourned |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/199812110035.html |website=[[All Africa]]}}</ref> == Mutuwa da gado == Lucy Sichone ta mutu tana da shekaru 44 a [[Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'a (Lusaka, Zambiya)|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar (UTH)]] a [[Lusaka]], a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1998. Babban editan ''The Post'', Fred M'membe, wanda shi ma aboki ne na kusa, ya ce Zambia ta rasa daya daga cikin 'ya'yanta mata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Post |date=1998 |title=Zambia Mourns Sichone |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/199808250065.html}}</ref> A cikin harajinsa, ɗan jarida Bright Mwape ya ce game da ita shekara guda kafin mutuwarsa a 1999, "Lucy ta yi wa kanta wasan kwaikwayo ga ƙananan mutane waɗanda suka yi mamakin kuma suka yi mamaki da ƙarfin zuciyarta ba tare da isasshen ƙarfin hali don ba da hannu ba. Ta yi yaƙi don kare rayukan wasu koda kuwa nata ta kasa. Mu mutane ne masu magana kuma wannan shine abin da Lucy ba ta kasance ba. Yaushe wata Lucy za ta rayu? ”<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999-01-01 |title=Chola Bright Mwape Dies in Car Crash |url=https://cpj.org/1999/01/chola-bright-mwape-dies-in-car-crash/ |access-date=2021-12-02 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists |language=en-US}}</ref> Grieve Chelwa ya rubuta a cikin 2015, "Ina da damar saduwa da Lucy Sichone a cikin 1998, shekarar da ta mutu, yayin bikin bayar da kyaututtuka ga ɗaliban da suka yi abubuwa da yawa don inganta ilimin jama'a a makarantun su. Ta ba ni takardar shaidar da ke ɗauke da sa hannun ta kuma ta nemi duk masu karɓa a wannan rana su ci gaba da mafarkinta. " A cikin 2015, abokiyar Lucy kuma lauya Dokta Ann Olivarius ya ba da izinin hoto na Lucy don ratayewa a Rhodes House, gidan Oxford na tallafin karatu. The Rhodes Project kuma ya buga wani abin tunawa na Lucy da 'yarta, Martha Sichone Cameron.<ref>"Memory and perspective: Two accounts of the life of Lucy Banda Sichone," http://rhodesproject.com/lucy-banda-two-perspectives. The other account was by Colette Gunn-Graffy.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0jid9le0oep0jbmh7ilovq6gion7deu 0 152054 841807 839239 2026-05-28T18:36:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 7 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Linda Masarira | image = Linda Masarira AfriqUPrising! Protest Movements.jpg | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|10|03}} | birth_place = Harare | children = 5 | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --> | death_place = | alma_mater = | other_names = Tsungirirayi | occupation = Politician | years_active = 2015 to present | known_for = Human Rights Activism | notable_works = | website = }} '''Linda Tsungirirai Masarira''' ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Zimbabwe wadda ta taɓa zama mai magana da yawun ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ɓangarorin jam’iyyun adawa a Zimbabwe, wato MDC-T ƙarƙashin jagorancin Thokozani Khupe.. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2018 |title=Newly Appointed MDC T Spokesperson, Linda Masarira Issues Maiden Press Statement |url=https://www.zimeye.net/2018/04/26/newly-appointed-mdc-t-spokesperson-linda-masarira-issues-maiden-press-statement/ |access-date=19 July 2018 |website=Zimeye.net}}</ref> Linda Masarira kuma mai kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam ce wadda aka sani saboda rawar da take takawa wajen fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuraɗiyya, daidaito, daidaiton jinsi, haƙƙin mata da yara mata, haɗa kowa cikin al’amuran ƙasa, da kuma ‘yancin tattalin arziki da siyasa ga al’ummomin da aka ware a cikin jama’a. Ita ce ta kafa kuma shugabar jam’iyyar siyasa ta Zimbabwe mai suna '''Labor Economists and African Democrats (LEAD)''', sannan kuma memba ce ta ƙungiyar '''Political Actors Dialogue (POLAD)'''. Masarira ta ja hankalin jama’a a kafafen yaɗa labarai lokacin da ta soki Marry Mubaiwa, wadda ba ta da lafiya, bayan rabuwarta da tsohon mijinta. Marry Mubaiwa ta taɓa kasancewa matar ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa Shingi Kawondera. Bayan rabuwarsu, ta auri tsohon Janar na rundunar sojin Zimbabwe, Constantino Guvheya Nyikadzino Chiwenga, wanda a yanzu yake mataimakin shugaban ƙasar Zimbabwe. Daga baya Mary da Chiwenga sun rabu. == Tarihi == Linda Masarira ta girma a Harare inda ta kasance kafin ta koma [[Bulawayo]], Hwange da [[Mutare]] inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mace mai jirgin kasa. Ta koma Harare a shekarar 2015 sannan ta kafa kungiyar Zimbabwe Women In Politics Alliance . == Yunkurin kare hakkin dan adam == Bayan jerin zanga-zangar, korafe-korafe da zanga-zambe game da take hakkin dan adam da Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta yi a lokacin mulkin Mugabe wanda ta shirya, an tsare ta sama da kwanaki 80 a gidan yarin Chikurubhi Maximum saboda kalubalantar gwamnati don girmama bil'adama. A lokacin da take cikin kurkuku, Masarira ta tattara 'yan fursunoni mata kuma ta jagoranci zanga-zangar fursunoni game da yanayin talauci da mata ke fuskanta ciki har da rashin tsabtace tsabta da kuma samun damar samun sabis na kiwon lafiya. Saboda gwagwarmayarta, an zalunta Masarira kuma an tura ta kurkuku na maza inda aka sanya ta a kurkuku har sai an ba ta belin ta babban kotun a watan Satumbar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Linda Masarira finally released from prison - Zimbabwe Latest News |url=http://zimbabwelatestnews.net/linda-masarira-finally-released-from-prison/#sthash.8tYwVuUK.dpbs |access-date=19 July 2018 |website=Zimbabwelatestnews.net }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2016 |title=HORROR PICTURES: Zimbabwe Pro-democracy activist Linda Masarira Appeared In Court |url=https://www.zambianobserver.com/horror-pictures-zimbabwe-pro-democracy-activist-linda-masarira-appeared-in-court/ |access-date=19 July 2018 |website=Zambianobserver.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Linda Masarira ta shirya jerin kamfen ɗin da suka ci nasara da yawa ciki har da kamfen ɗin "Ka dawo da matanmu daga [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]]" inda ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yin kira ga gwamnatin [[Zimbabwe]] da Ofishin Jakadancin Kuwait don hanzarta tsarin dawowa ga matan Zimbabwe da suka makale waɗanda suka fada cikin fataucin mutane. Bayan wannan kamfen ɗin, gwamnatin Zimbabwe daga baya ta zo da shirin fitar da mutane a waje da Zimbabwe wanda ya ga mata sama da 200 da suka mutu suna dawowa gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=More women arrive from Kuwait |url=https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2016/05/15/more-women-arrive-from-kuwait |access-date=19 July 2018 |website=Dailynews.co.zw }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Linda Masarira da wasu abokanta 5 ciki har da Lynette Tendai Mudehwe na Zimbabwe Activists Alliance sun kaddamar da Kamfen ɗin Unity Square na Occupy Africa a watan Yunin 2016, wanda aka shirya don gudana na kwanaki 16. 'Yan sanda na Jamhuriyar Zimbabwe sun murkushe yakin neman zabe wanda ya kama dan gwagwarmaya Patson Dzamara da wasu mambobin yakin neman zabe da yawa saboda zargin fashi. Daga nan aka kama Linda a kan zargin hana hanyar adalci. A lokacin da take a National Railways of Zimbabwe and Systems Technology, Linda ta kuma shiga cikin ƙungiyar kwadago inda ta tattara wasu ma'aikata don yin gwagwarmaya don haƙƙin ma'aikata, wanda ya sa aka kore ta daga kungiyoyin. Ta ce kalubalen da ta fuskanta a matsayin matashiyar Zimbabwe shine abin da ya tsara ra'ayinta kuma waɗannan kalubalen sun haɗa da jinsi da adalci, aiki da adalci gami da rashin adalci na zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mashate |first=Fredy |date=1 November 2020 |title=Linda Tsungirirai Masarira _ Activism and Politics in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATb2lIoq0aI |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Masarira tsohuwar memba ce ta kwamitin gudanarwa na Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a (PDP) da ke da alhakin daukar ma'aikata da tattarawa. Ita ce mai magana da yawun jam'iyyar Movement for Democratic Change (MDC-T) karkashin jagorancin Shugaba Dr Thokozani Khupe . A watan Yunin 2018, Linda ta yi nasarar yin rajista don yin takara a matsayin dan majalisa na Harare ta tsakiya a zaben 2018 wanda ya haifar da daidaito tsakanin jinsi da kuma amincewa da cewa za ta iya canzawa ga duk ma'aikatan da ke fuskantar rashin adalci a [[Zimbabwe]]. A watan Oktoba na 2021, Masarira ta yi jayayya a kan twitter cewa Hukumar Zabe ta Zimbabwe ya kamata ta kara kudaden gabatarwa, daga 25,000 zuwa 50,000 USD, don ƙirƙirar sararin siyasa cike da dabi'u na ra'ayi mafi girma. Koyaya, ita kanta ta kasa tara asusun gabatarwa, wanda ya haifar da hana ta yin takara a zaben 2023 da kuma karɓar ba'a akan kafofin sada zumunta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=African feminist activism and democracy: Social media publics and Zimbabwean women in politics online - African Journal of Inclusive Societies |url=https://www.si-ajis.org/articles/african-feminist-activism-and-democracy-social-media-publics-and-zimbabwean-women-in-politics-online/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rikici == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015, Linda ta bayyana a gaban majistare na Mutare Annia Ndiraya saboda zargin zagi da shugaban kasar Zimbabwe na lokacin [[Robert Mugabe]] ta hanyar ambaton shi a matsayin shit wanda ta musanta zarge-zargen da ta nuna cewa an tsara ta. An tsare ta daga tsare a kan beli kyauta. 2016 a watan Disamba, Masarira ya ruwaito cewa "mutane na Ndebele matsoraci ne kuma jarirai masu kuka" a wani taron Crisis a Zimbabwe Coalition wanda aka gudanar a Harare. Sanarwar ta bazu a kafofin sada zumunta kuma an zarge ta da wariyar launin fata. Masarira ta bayyana cewa tana nufin yawancin Mutanen Ndebele ba sa son shiga cikin kokarin fuskantar gwamnatin Mugabe wajen yaki da hakkinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Am not fazed by Ndebele coward remarks,' Linda Masarira vows |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-local-byo-101345.html |access-date=19 July 2018 |website=Bulawayo24.com}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Linda Masarira ta kai karar manyan jami'an gwamnati ciki har da shugaban Zimbabwe na yanzu [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] wanda ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban kasa da kuma ministan harkokin cikin gida na lokacin Ignatius Chombo, kwamishinan ZRP Augustine Chihuri da shugaban kurkuku Paradzai Zimondi. Ta shigar da karar $ 150,000 don tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba game da takardar izinin kamawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Linda Masarira sues Mnangagwa - NewsDay Zimbabwe |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2017/06/linda-masarira-sues-mnangagwa/ |access-date=19 July 2018 |website=Newsday.co.zw }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018 ta gabatar da takardu a kotun kundin tsarin mulki da ke kalubalantar halattaccen Shugaba [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] wanda ya hau mulki bayan juyin mulkin Zimbabwe na 2017 a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Coup - Linda Masarira Drags Mnangagwa to Court - Zimbabwe Today |url=https://zimbabwe-today.com/coup-linda-masarira-drags-mnangagwa-court/ |access-date=19 July 2018 |website=zimbabwe-today.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.nigerianwatch.com/tag/linda-masarira/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423205637/http://www.nigerianwatch.com/tag/linda-masarira |archive-date=2025-04-23 |access-date=2018-07-11}}</ref> A lokacin bukukuwan Ranar Ma'aikata ta 2018, an hana Linda Masarira shiga alfarwar VIP ta Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions, Peter Mutasa shugaban ZCTU ya ce sun hana mai magana da yawun MDC-T zama a cikin alfarwar GI saboda tana so ta rushe bukukuwan ranar Ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2018 |title=ZCTU Reveals Why Linda Masarira Was Barred From VIP Tent |url=http://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/zctu-reveals-why-linda-masarira-was-barred-from-vip-tent/ |access-date=19 July 2018 |website=Thezimbabwemail.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Agustan 2019, ta yi tambaya game da shigar Julius Malema cikin siyasar Zimbabwe kuma ta bayyana cewa "Zimbabwe kasa ce mai cin gashin kanta ba fadada Afirka ta Kudu ba". Ta bukaci shi da ya sauƙaƙe maganin COVID ga 'yan kasashen waje a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma bayar da takardun Visa maimakon tsoma baki cikin siyasar Zimbabwe. Fadzai Mahere ta yi tambaya game da wannan yunkuri da ta yi wanda ya haifar da jayayya a Twitter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-04 |title=Mahere Puzzled By Masarira's Attack On Malema Over Castigation Of Human Rights Abuses In Zimbabwe ⋆ Pindula News |url=https://news.pindula.co.zw/2020/08/04/mahere-puzzled-by-masariras-attack-on-malema-over-castigation-of-human-rights-abuses-in-zimbabwe/ |access-date=2020-08-26 |website=Pindula News |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Masarira ta sha wahala daga "kasuwancin ƙiyayya" saboda zargin da take da shi da jam'iyyar ZANU-PF. Hare-haren sun kunshi kunyar jiki da kuma ikirarin cewa ba ta yi wanka ba.<ref name=":0"/> == Matsayi da aka riƙe == * Wanda ya kafa kuma mai kula da kasa ga Zimbabwe Women in Politics Alliance . * Mai kula da kasa don Taron Jagorancin Matasan Afirka (Zimbabwean Chapter). * Wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaban kungiyar ma'aikatan da aka dakatar da su. * Shugaban 'yan gwagwarmayar' yancin juyin juya hali. * Shugaban kungiyar STAR fellowship cohort 3. * FES Alumni. * Tsohon Shugaban kungiyar ma'aikatan Trainmen (2008-2013). == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == * Zimrights Mata mai kare hakkin dan adam na shekara ta 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Human rights defenders to be honoured |url=https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2016/11/24/human-rights-defenders-to-be-honoured |access-date=19 July 2018 |website=Dailynews.co.zw }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Kyautar Giraffe don 'Yancin Dan Adam <ref>{{Cite web |title=Linda Masarira |url=https://www.giraffe.org/linda-masarira |access-date=19 July 2018 |website=Giraffe.org}}</ref> * Fortune Magazine 2016 5th Mafi Iko a Duniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=The World's Most Powerful Women: December 5 |url=https://fortune.com/2016/12/05/the-worlds-most-powerful-women-december-5/ |access-date=19 July 2018 |website=Fortune.com}}</ref> * Matar Afirka mai ban mamaki Oktoba 2017 == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o6rfjsmtg8mafhrh0hx22tultfh84jc 0 152486 842020 840909 2026-05-28T23:33:07Z Sirjat 20447 842020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === {{Further|Drinking water#Global access}} [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> ==== Ruwan ƙasa ==== {{main|Groundwater|Groundwater recharge}} Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === {{Main|Sanitation|Improved sanitation}} Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== {{Main|Fecal sludge management|Sanitation worker}} Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === {{main|Hygiene|Hand washing}} [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Manazarta == 26m14t24gzfx3u9ijdtsx19x95cqjan 842021 842020 2026-05-28T23:33:53Z Sirjat 20447 /* Sassa */ 842021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> ==== Ruwan ƙasa ==== Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Manazarta == 0c36c1a2bltktrtmoz5rckodvgas60o 842026 842021 2026-05-28T23:40:22Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tsabtar jiki */ 842026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> ==== Ruwan ƙasa ==== Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> == Manazarta == iup4xh3xvv3fkcv5fdv28eimyyhtijh 842027 842026 2026-05-28T23:40:45Z Sirjat 20447 /* Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa */ 842027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> ==== Ruwan ƙasa ==== Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> == Manazarta == t2zr58vym155a9n631u91xg3t521jvw 842028 842027 2026-05-28T23:41:10Z Sirjat 20447 /* Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma */ 842028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> ==== Ruwan ƙasa ==== Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Manazarta == 9bldoml1jqxbzqy2grse4z7jluqy8u2 842029 842028 2026-05-28T23:41:37Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ingancin shirin WASH */ 842029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '<nowiki/>'''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin kananan hukumomi, wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> ==== Ruwan ƙasa ==== Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Tasirin jinsi na rashin WASH == Mata da ’yan mata suna ɗaukar nauyi sosai daga rashin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Concept mapping: Engaging stakeholders |journal=SSM - Population Health |year=2019}}</ref> Rashin ruwa mai aminci yana rage == Manazarta == 756mfjeqh4jx58stqshymibzdc4arr6 0 152736 841486 2026-05-28T12:07:28Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1241678407|Malagarasi River]]" 841486 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Malagarasi''' kogi ne a yammacin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], yana ratsawa ta [[yankin Kigoma]], kodayake ɗaya daga cikin magudanan ruwansa ya fito ne daga kudu maso gabashin [[Burundi]] . Kogin kuma ya samar da iyakar yamma ta Yankin Tabora, iyakar kudu ta Yankin Kagera da kuma iyakar kudu maso yammacin Yankin Geita . Shi ne kogi na biyu mafi tsayi a Tanzania bayan Rufiji - Babban Ruaha, kuma yana da mafi girman magudanan ruwa fiye da kowace kogi da ke kwarara zuwa [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] . <ref name="geoariz">{{Cite web |last=Shick, Kate |last2=Flaccus, Kathy |title=Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika |url=http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf |access-date=30 May 2012 |publisher=Geology Department of the [[University of Arizona]]}}</ref> '''Wuraren dausayi na Malagarasi-Muyovozi''' wuri ne da aka keɓe don zama Ramsar . Kabilun yankin sun yi wa Malagarasi lakabi da "kogin miyagun ruhohi". == Yanayin ƙasa == Kogin Malagarasi shine kogi na biyu mafi tsayi a Tanzaniya, mai tsawon {{Convert|475|km}} . Tushen kogin yana kusa da iyakar Tanzania da Burundi. <ref name="geoariz">{{Cite web |last=Shick, Kate |last2=Flaccus, Kathy |title=Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika |url=http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf |access-date=30 May 2012 |publisher=Geology Department of the [[University of Arizona]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShick,_KateFlaccus,_Kathy">Shick, Kate; Flaccus, Kathy. [http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf "Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Geology Department of the [[University of Arizona]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> {{Convert|80|km}} na kogin ya samar da iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa tsakanin Tanzaniya da [[Burundi]] . Magudanan ruwa da dama daga tsaunukan Burundi sun haɗu da gefen dama na kogin. Bayan haɗuwa da Kogin Lumpungu, Malagarasi ya shiga Tanzaniya, ya yi da'ira ya kuma kwarara zuwa gefen gabashin Tafkin Tanganyika kimanin {{Convert|25|miles}} kudu da Kigoma, kusa da Ilagala . Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwararar ruwan tafkin. [[Moyowosi River|Kogin Moyowosi]] shine babban rafi, tare da wadatar [[Nikongo River|Kogin Nikongo]] ; sauran rafi sun haɗa da [[Ugalla River|Kogin Ugalla]], [[Gombe River|Kogin Gombe]], [[Ruchugi River|Kogin Ruchugi]], Kogin Lumpungu, da [[Nguya River|Kogin Nguya]] . An siffanta shi da kogin rafi mai ƙarancin ruwa, kuma magudanar ruwansa ta haɗa da halittu huɗu: yankuna masu dausayi, hanyoyin kogi, kogi mai gudana tare da 'yan raƙuman ruwa masu matsakaici, da kuma babban delta mai rassan biyu. Gudun kogin ya bambanta sosai tsakanin zagayowar shekara-shekara na damina da bushewa, kuma a wasu lokutan yana iya zama mai sauƙin kamuwa da ambaliya ko kuma ya ragu zuwa ƙaramin rafi; haka nan kwararar ruwan tana shafar noma da sare dazuzzuka na gida wanda ke ƙara yawan laka a cikin kogin. <ref name="geoariz" /> A [[Mberagule]], an auna kwararar kogin zuwa kilomita cubic 6.9 a kowace shekara. <ref name="geoariz" /> Kimanin {{Convert|80|km}} daga bakin kogin, kogin yana gudana ta cikin fadama na Moyowosi, yanki mai "fadamai masu faɗi da filayen ambaliyar ruwa" da kuma "labyrinth mai dausayi". Yana ratsa [[Dodoma Belt]], wani yanki na ilimin ƙasa na zamanin Archaean da Proterozoic duwatsu masu lu'ulu'u na Precambrian. === Tashar ruwa === Tana da fadin kwarin kwarin {{Convert|130,000|km2}}, Malagarasi tana da mafi girman magudanar ruwa daga dukkan kogunan da ke kwarara zuwa [[tafkin Tanganyika]] . <ref name="geoariz">{{Cite web |last=Shick, Kate |last2=Flaccus, Kathy |title=Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika |url=http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf |access-date=30 May 2012 |publisher=Geology Department of the [[University of Arizona]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShick,_KateFlaccus,_Kathy">Shick, Kate; Flaccus, Kathy. [http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf "Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Geology Department of the [[University of Arizona]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> Magudanar ruwa ta Malagarasi ta ƙunshi kashi 30% na jimillar yankin magudanar ruwa na tafkin Tanganyika. Ruwan Malagarasi yana da iyaka da [[tafkin Victoria]] a arewa, a gabas da [[Endorheic Basin|kwarin da ke rufe]] da [[Kudancin Gabas|yankin Kudancin Gabas]], a kudu da kwarin da ke rufe da tafkin Rukwa, a gabas kuma da tafkin Tanganyika. == Tarihi == A cewar masanin muhalli Rosemary Lowe-McConnell, "ana ɗaukar cewa Malagarasi da [[Rungwa River|Kogin Rungwa]] sune tushen tushen tsarin [[Kogin Congo|Zaire]] mai faɗi ". Malagarasi ya kasance tun kafin Tafkin Tanganyika kuma a zamanin kafin lokacin ya kasance magudanar ruwa ta [[Kogin Congo]] a yamma. Tun daga lokacin, Tafkin Tanganyika ya ce "ya fuskanci keta haddi da koma-baya, yana ajiye sabbin laka, yana canza delta, da kuma canza hanyar kogin". <ref name="geoariz">{{Cite web |last=Shick, Kate |last2=Flaccus, Kathy |title=Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika |url=http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf |access-date=30 May 2012 |publisher=Geology Department of the [[University of Arizona]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShick,_KateFlaccus,_Kathy">Shick, Kate; Flaccus, Kathy. [http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf "Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Geology Department of the [[University of Arizona]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> A tsawon tarihinsa, matakin tafkin ya canza sosai tsakanin {{Convert|100|and|200|m}} ; tarihin tarihi daga ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara ya nuna cewa tsayinsa ya kai kimanin {{Convert|10|m}} sama da yadda yake a yau. <ref name="geoariz" /> == Al'adu == Kabilun yankin sun yi wa Malagarasi lakabi da "kogin miyagun ruhohi". A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, mutanen Wavinza, waɗanda ke gudanar da hidimar jiragen ruwa na kogin daga gefen hagu, sun guji haɗuwa da mutanen Wanyamwezi saboda shingen halitta da Malagarasi ya gina. Haka kuma a ɗayan gefen akwai Wangoni (Watutu Zulus). Henry Morton Stanley, wanda ya ɗauki masu wa'azin bishara da muhimmanci ga "tsarin wayewa na [[Afirka]] ", ya bayyana cewa masu wa'azin bishara za su iya bin Malagarasi su shiga cikin "tafiye-tafiyen komawa zuwa Uvinza, Uha, da Ugala". == Wuraren Dausayi na Malagarasi-Muyovozi == Dausayin Malagarasi-Muyovozi suna tsakiyar kwarin, a tsayin mita 1200 a mahadar Malagarasi da kogunan Gombe, Muyovozi, Ugalla, da sauran kogunan ruwa. Yankin dausayin ya ƙunshi {{Convert|250,000|ha}} na tafkuna na lokacin rani da ruwa mai buɗewa, gami da tafkunan Sagara da Nyamagoma, da kuma {{Convert|200,000|ha}} na dausayin papyrus na dindindin. Ciyawar da ambaliyar ruwa ke yi a lokacin damina ta mamaye ta bambanta a yanayi da kuma ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, kuma tana iya mamaye har zuwa {{Convert|1.5|e6ha}} . Yankunan papyrus sun mamaye ''Cyperus papyrus'' da ciyawa ''[[Lallaki|Oryza barthii]]''. Yankunan da ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa sun haɗa da ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Hyparrhenia]''_rufa" id="mwAQs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hyparrhenia rufa">Hyparrhenia rufa da ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Echinochloa]''_pyramidalis" id="mwAQ0" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Echinochloa pyramidalis">Echinochloa pyramidalis, tare da Hyparrahenia da ke rinjaye a yankunan da ba su da ambaliya, Echinochaloa a yankunan ambaliyar sau da yawa, da ''Vossia'' mafi kusa da wuraren da ke kusa da ruwa na dindindin. == Yankunan da aka kare == Wuraren dausayi na Malagarasi-Muyovozi sun zama wuraren da aka keɓe don zama Ramsar a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2000. <ref name="wetlands.org">{{Cite web |title=TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF Ramsar Site 1024;(WI Site 1TZ001) |url=http://www.wetlands.org/RSIS/_COP9Directory/Directory/1TZ001.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416030414/http://www.wetlands.org/RSIS/_COP9Directory/Directory/1TZ001.html |archive-date=16 April 2013 |access-date=2 June 2012 |publisher=Wetlands International}}</ref> Wannan shine wurin Ramsar na farko a ƙasar. Yana da {{Convert|35000|km2}} shine Wurin Ramsar na uku mafi girma a duniya. <ref name="ramsar.org">{{Cite web |date=March 2007 |title=The Project for Sustainable and Integrated Management of the Malagarasi-Muyovozi Ramsar Site (SIMMORS) |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:qr7qByMsiXQJ:www.ramsar.org/pdf/outreach_actionplan_tanzania_malagarasi_statusreport.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShv4AVoNWD24D-q21LMoToWI-GT-CNDr7AHmIPXrq5cvokJ3uwXF7fkhKyyhNcViDa_GqIg_ZWcvAijo-yD3l2Chg9UmY5mC95Fk3kTVmMRa1RAktPz7H95FsXryJDK3xBquJwh&sig=AHIEtbQnxPur0go__exKQF2GIS2F7he4nA |access-date=2 June 2012 |publisher=Ramsar}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t3bx4bm52btox6hlka3b8ex4isn01m6 841487 841486 2026-05-28T12:09:09Z Engineer014 44591 841487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gudun kogin ya bambanta sosai tsakanin zagayowar shekara-shekara na damina da bushewa, kuma a wasu lokutan yana iya zama mai sauƙin kamuwa da ambaliya ko kuma ya ragu zuwa ƙaramin rafi; haka nan kwararar ruwan tana shafar noma da sare dazuzzuka na gida wanda ke ƙara yawan laka a cikin kogin. [1] A Mberagule, an auna kwararar kogin zuwa kilomita cubic 6.9 a kowace shekara. [1] Kimanin 80 kilometres (50 mi) daga bakin kogin, kogin yana gudana ta cikin fadama na Moyowosi, yanki mai "fadamai masu faɗi da filayen ambaliyar ruwa" da kuma "labyrinth mai dausayi". [2] [3] Yana ratsa Dodoma Belt, wani yanki na ilimin ƙasa na zamanin Archaean da Proterozoic duwatsu masu lu'ulu'u na Precambrian. '''Kogin Malagarasi''' kogi ne a yammacin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], yana ratsawa ta [[yankin Kigoma]], kodayake ɗaya daga cikin magudanan ruwansa ya fito ne daga kudu maso gabashin [[Burundi]] . Kogin kuma ya samar da iyakar yamma ta Yankin Tabora, iyakar kudu ta Yankin Kagera da kuma iyakar kudu maso yammacin Yankin Geita . Shi ne kogi na biyu mafi tsayi a Tanzania bayan Rufiji - Babban Ruaha, kuma yana da mafi girman magudanan ruwa fiye da kowace kogi da ke kwarara zuwa [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] . <ref name="geoariz">{{Cite web |last=Shick, Kate |last2=Flaccus, Kathy |title=Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika |url=http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf |access-date=30 May 2012 |publisher=Geology Department of the [[University of Arizona]]}}</ref> '''Wuraren dausayi na Malagarasi-Muyovozi''' wuri ne da aka keɓe don zama Ramsar . Kabilun yankin sun yi wa Malagarasi lakabi da "kogin miyagun ruhohi". == Yanayin ƙasa == Kogin Malagarasi shine kogi na biyu mafi tsayi a Tanzaniya, mai tsawon {{Convert|475|km}} . Tushen kogin yana kusa da iyakar Tanzania da Burundi. <ref name="geoariz">{{Cite web |last=Shick, Kate |last2=Flaccus, Kathy |title=Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika |url=http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf |access-date=30 May 2012 |publisher=Geology Department of the [[University of Arizona]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShick,_KateFlaccus,_Kathy">Shick, Kate; Flaccus, Kathy. [http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf "Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Geology Department of the [[University of Arizona]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> {{Convert|80|km}} na kogin ya samar da iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa tsakanin Tanzaniya da [[Burundi]] . Magudanan ruwa da dama daga tsaunukan Burundi sun haɗu da gefen dama na kogin. Bayan haɗuwa da Kogin Lumpungu, Malagarasi ya shiga Tanzaniya, ya yi da'ira ya kuma kwarara zuwa gefen gabashin Tafkin Tanganyika kimanin {{Convert|25|miles}} kudu da Kigoma, kusa da Ilagala . Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwararar ruwan tafkin. [[Moyowosi River|Kogin Moyowosi]] shine babban rafi, tare da wadatar [[Nikongo River|Kogin Nikongo]] ; sauran rafi sun haɗa da [[Ugalla River|Kogin Ugalla]], [[Gombe River|Kogin Gombe]], [[Ruchugi River|Kogin Ruchugi]], Kogin Lumpungu, da [[Nguya River|Kogin Nguya]] . An siffanta shi da kogin rafi mai ƙarancin ruwa, kuma magudanar ruwansa ta haɗa da halittu huɗu: yankuna masu dausayi, hanyoyin kogi, kogi mai gudana tare da 'yan raƙuman ruwa masu matsakaici, da kuma babban delta mai rassan biyu. Gudun kogin ya bambanta sosai tsakanin zagayowar shekara-shekara na damina da bushewa, kuma a wasu lokutan yana iya zama mai sauƙin kamuwa da ambaliya ko kuma ya ragu zuwa ƙaramin rafi; haka nan kwararar ruwan tana shafar noma da sare dazuzzuka na gida wanda ke ƙara yawan laka a cikin kogin. <ref name="geoariz" /> A [[Mberagule]], an auna kwararar kogin zuwa kilomita cubic 6.9 a kowace shekara. <ref name="geoariz" /> Kimanin {{Convert|80|km}} daga bakin kogin, kogin yana gudana ta cikin fadama na Moyowosi, yanki mai "fadamai masu faɗi da filayen ambaliyar ruwa" da kuma "labyrinth mai dausayi". Yana ratsa [[Dodoma Belt]], wani yanki na ilimin ƙasa na zamanin Archaean da Proterozoic duwatsu masu lu'ulu'u na Precambrian. === Tashar ruwa === Tana da fadin kwarin kwarin {{Convert|130,000|km2}}, Malagarasi tana da mafi girman magudanar ruwa daga dukkan kogunan da ke kwarara zuwa [[tafkin Tanganyika]] . <ref name="geoariz">{{Cite web |last=Shick, Kate |last2=Flaccus, Kathy |title=Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika |url=http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf |access-date=30 May 2012 |publisher=Geology Department of the [[University of Arizona]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShick,_KateFlaccus,_Kathy">Shick, Kate; Flaccus, Kathy. [http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf "Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Geology Department of the [[University of Arizona]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> Magudanar ruwa ta Malagarasi ta ƙunshi kashi 30% na jimillar yankin magudanar ruwa na tafkin Tanganyika. Ruwan Malagarasi yana da iyaka da [[tafkin Victoria]] a arewa, a gabas da [[Endorheic Basin|kwarin da ke rufe]] da [[Kudancin Gabas|yankin Kudancin Gabas]], a kudu da kwarin da ke rufe da tafkin Rukwa, a gabas kuma da tafkin Tanganyika. == Tarihi == A cewar masanin muhalli Rosemary Lowe-McConnell, "ana ɗaukar cewa Malagarasi da [[Rungwa River|Kogin Rungwa]] sune tushen tushen tsarin [[Kogin Congo|Zaire]] mai faɗi ". Malagarasi ya kasance tun kafin Tafkin Tanganyika kuma a zamanin kafin lokacin ya kasance magudanar ruwa ta [[Kogin Congo]] a yamma. Tun daga lokacin, Tafkin Tanganyika ya ce "ya fuskanci keta haddi da koma-baya, yana ajiye sabbin laka, yana canza delta, da kuma canza hanyar kogin". <ref name="geoariz">{{Cite web |last=Shick, Kate |last2=Flaccus, Kathy |title=Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika |url=http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf |access-date=30 May 2012 |publisher=Geology Department of the [[University of Arizona]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShick,_KateFlaccus,_Kathy">Shick, Kate; Flaccus, Kathy. [http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf "Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Geology Department of the [[University of Arizona]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> A tsawon tarihinsa, matakin tafkin ya canza sosai tsakanin {{Convert|100|and|200|m}} ; tarihin tarihi daga ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara ya nuna cewa tsayinsa ya kai kimanin {{Convert|10|m}} sama da yadda yake a yau. <ref name="geoariz" /> == Al'adu == Kabilun yankin sun yi wa Malagarasi lakabi da "kogin miyagun ruhohi". A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, mutanen Wavinza, waɗanda ke gudanar da hidimar jiragen ruwa na kogin daga gefen hagu, sun guji haɗuwa da mutanen Wanyamwezi saboda shingen halitta da Malagarasi ya gina. Haka kuma a ɗayan gefen akwai Wangoni (Watutu Zulus). Henry Morton Stanley, wanda ya ɗauki masu wa'azin bishara da muhimmanci ga "tsarin wayewa na [[Afirka]] ", ya bayyana cewa masu wa'azin bishara za su iya bin Malagarasi su shiga cikin "tafiye-tafiyen komawa zuwa Uvinza, Uha, da Ugala". == Wuraren Dausayi na Malagarasi-Muyovozi == Dausayin Malagarasi-Muyovozi suna tsakiyar kwarin, a tsayin mita 1200 a mahadar Malagarasi da kogunan Gombe, Muyovozi, Ugalla, da sauran kogunan ruwa. Yankin dausayin ya ƙunshi {{Convert|250,000|ha}} na tafkuna na lokacin rani da ruwa mai buɗewa, gami da tafkunan Sagara da Nyamagoma, da kuma {{Convert|200,000|ha}} na dausayin papyrus na dindindin. Ciyawar da ambaliyar ruwa ke yi a lokacin damina ta mamaye ta bambanta a yanayi da kuma ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, kuma tana iya mamaye har zuwa {{Convert|1.5|e6ha}} . Yankunan papyrus sun mamaye ''Cyperus papyrus'' da ciyawa ''[[Lallaki|Oryza barthii]]''. Yankunan da ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa sun haɗa da ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Hyparrhenia]''_rufa" id="mwAQs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hyparrhenia rufa">Hyparrhenia rufa da ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Echinochloa]''_pyramidalis" id="mwAQ0" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Echinochloa pyramidalis">Echinochloa pyramidalis, tare da Hyparrahenia da ke rinjaye a yankunan da ba su da ambaliya, Echinochaloa a yankunan ambaliyar sau da yawa, da ''Vossia'' mafi kusa da wuraren da ke kusa da ruwa na dindindin. == Yankunan da aka kare == Wuraren dausayi na Malagarasi-Muyovozi sun zama wuraren da aka keɓe don zama Ramsar a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2000. <ref name="wetlands.org">{{Cite web |title=TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF Ramsar Site 1024;(WI Site 1TZ001) |url=http://www.wetlands.org/RSIS/_COP9Directory/Directory/1TZ001.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416030414/http://www.wetlands.org/RSIS/_COP9Directory/Directory/1TZ001.html |archive-date=16 April 2013 |access-date=2 June 2012 |publisher=Wetlands International}}</ref> Wannan shine wurin Ramsar na farko a ƙasar. Yana da {{Convert|35000|km2}} shine Wurin Ramsar na uku mafi girma a duniya. <ref name="ramsar.org">{{Cite web |date=March 2007 |title=The Project for Sustainable and Integrated Management of the Malagarasi-Muyovozi Ramsar Site (SIMMORS) |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:qr7qByMsiXQJ:www.ramsar.org/pdf/outreach_actionplan_tanzania_malagarasi_statusreport.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShv4AVoNWD24D-q21LMoToWI-GT-CNDr7AHmIPXrq5cvokJ3uwXF7fkhKyyhNcViDa_GqIg_ZWcvAijo-yD3l2Chg9UmY5mC95Fk3kTVmMRa1RAktPz7H95FsXryJDK3xBquJwh&sig=AHIEtbQnxPur0go__exKQF2GIS2F7he4nA |access-date=2 June 2012 |publisher=Ramsar}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] emyb1qevv6r2k9iiha18jmmay6cc1c2 0 152737 841488 2026-05-28T12:10:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271127766|Wemmer Pan]]" 841488 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wemmer Pan''' tafki ne da kuma wurin shakatawa a [[Johannesburg]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tana kudu da tsakiyar gari, a cikin unguwar La Rochelle. == Tarihi == "Pan" kalma ce ta [[Afrikaans]] da Afirka ta Kudu don tafkin da ba shi da zurfi. An sanya sunan Wemmer Pan ne bayan Sam Wemmer . Da farko ma'adinai ne, kuma daga baya City Deep Mine ta karbe shi wanda ke buƙatar ruwa don dalilai na hakar ma'adanai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Wemmer Pan Rowing Club |url=http://www.wemmer.org.za/Documents/Wemmer-History-1911-1939.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102721/http://www.wemmer.org.za/Documents/Wemmer-History-1911-1939.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-19 |access-date=2014-08-18}}</ref> Wemmer Pan wani bangare ne na Pioneers' Park, wanda aka gina a farkon karni na 20. An buɗe wurin shakatawa na Pioneers a hukumance a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1924 ta Gwamna Janar, Earl na Athlone, a ƙasar da Majalisar Birnin ta saya. An sanya sunan wurin shakatawa ne don tunawa da wadanda suka kafa Johannesburg da kuma masana'antar hakar zinariya wacce ita ce cibiyarta.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Wemmer Pan/Pioneer Park |url=http://www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=51&Itemid=28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005063910/www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=51&Itemid=28 |archive-date=2011-10-05}}</ref> == Abubuwan more rayuwa == Wemmer Pan gida ne ga kungiyoyi masu yawa na motsa jiki, gami da Wemmer pan Rowing Club <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://wemmer.org.za/ |website=WPRC &#124; #WemmerBlues}}</ref> (wanda aka kafa a 1911), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wemmer History |url=http://www.wemmer.org.za/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085719/http://www.wemmer.org.za/history.html |archive-date=2014-08-19 |access-date=2014-08-18}}</ref> kuma yana karbar bakuncin wasu gajerun regattas, gami le Wemmer Sprint Regatta na shekara-shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wemmer Sprint 2011 - 100 years at the Pan! |url=http://www.wemmer.org.za/Sprint.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084408/http://www.wemmer.org.za/Sprint.html |archive-date=2014-08-19 |access-date=2014-08-18}}</ref> Har ila yau, gida ne na shekara-shekara Dragon Boat Corporate Spring Festival Regatta . Gidan shakatawa yana ba da sarari don yin biki da ayyukan ruwa, kuma yana da maɓuɓɓugar kiɗa masu haske.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joburgnews.co.za |url=http://www.joburgnews.co.za/oct_2002/oct11_wemmer.stm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wemmer Pan's musical fountains brought back to life : Property News from Property360 |url=http://www.iolproperty.co.za/roller/news/entry/wemmer_pan_s_musical_fountains |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=www.iolproperty.co.za}}</ref> Gidan tseren Turffontein na Johannesburg yana gaban Wemmer Pan. A bakin tafkin akwai [[Santarama Miniland]], wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin nau'ikan sikelin 80 na sanannun gine-gine da wurare daga Afirka ta Kudu, a sikelin 1:25. Wadannan sun hada da samfurin sikelin Tsibirin Robben, inda aka tsare [[Nelson Mandela]] a kurkuku, Union Buildings da Hillbrow Tower. Cikakken kwatankwacin jirgin Jan van Riebeeck, [[Dromedarus]], yana ɗaukar baƙi a kan jirgin ruwa kyauta a kan tafkin. Har ila yau an haɗa su da karamin golf, ƙananan layin dogo, ƙaramin tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma hanyar kebul.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2016 |title=Santarama Miniland – The broken Lilliput of the South |url=https://joburg.co.za/santarama-miniland-broken-lilliput-south/ |access-date=2023-11-04}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Wemmer Pan/Pioneer Park |url=http://www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=51&Itemid=28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005063910/www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=51&Itemid=28 |archive-date=2011-10-05}}</ref> Ƙofar da ke kusa da ita ita ce Gidan Tarihin Sufuri na James Hall, wanda shine mafi girman gidan kayan gargajiya na sufuri a Afirka. Jimmie Hall ne ya kafa shi a shekarar 1964, kuma yana adanawa da inganta tarihin sama da shekaru 400 na sufuri a Afirka ta Kudu musamman da Afirka gabaɗaya. Tarin ya haɗa da fiye da shekaru 400 na hanyoyi daban-daban na sufuri na ƙasa waɗanda suka fara daga motocin tururi, jiragen ƙasa, trams da bas din trolley, zuwa motocin da aka jawo dabbobi, kekuna da motoci na farko. Gidan yana da motocin tururi da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.jhmt.org.za/ |website=jhmt.org.za}}</ref> == Sauran abubuwan da suka faru == Mai kisan kai Cedric Maake, wanda ya aikata akalla kisan kai 27 a cikin 1996 da 1997, an san shi da Wemmer Pan Killer saboda an sami yawancin wadanda ya kashe a kusa. == Manazarta == 6amr2651108b31x85zzex4umj42p8e4 841489 841488 2026-05-28T12:10:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 841489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wemmer Pan''' tafki ne da kuma wurin shakatawa a [[Johannesburg]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tana kudu da tsakiyar gari, a cikin unguwar La Rochelle. == Tarihi == "Pan" kalma ce ta [[Afrikaans]] da Afirka ta Kudu don tafkin da ba shi da zurfi. An sanya sunan Wemmer Pan ne bayan Sam Wemmer . Da farko ma'adinai ne, kuma daga baya City Deep Mine ta karbe shi wanda ke buƙatar ruwa don dalilai na hakar ma'adanai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Wemmer Pan Rowing Club |url=http://www.wemmer.org.za/Documents/Wemmer-History-1911-1939.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102721/http://www.wemmer.org.za/Documents/Wemmer-History-1911-1939.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-19 |access-date=2014-08-18}}</ref> Wemmer Pan wani bangare ne na Pioneers' Park, wanda aka gina a farkon karni na 20. An buɗe wurin shakatawa na Pioneers a hukumance a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1924 ta Gwamna Janar, Earl na Athlone, a ƙasar da Majalisar Birnin ta saya. An sanya sunan wurin shakatawa ne don tunawa da wadanda suka kafa Johannesburg da kuma masana'antar hakar zinariya wacce ita ce cibiyarta.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Wemmer Pan/Pioneer Park |url=http://www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=51&Itemid=28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005063910/www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=51&Itemid=28 |archive-date=2011-10-05}}</ref> == Abubuwan more rayuwa == Wemmer Pan gida ne ga kungiyoyi masu yawa na motsa jiki, gami da Wemmer pan Rowing Club <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://wemmer.org.za/ |website=WPRC &#124; #WemmerBlues}}</ref> (wanda aka kafa a 1911), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wemmer History |url=http://www.wemmer.org.za/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085719/http://www.wemmer.org.za/history.html |archive-date=2014-08-19 |access-date=2014-08-18}}</ref> kuma yana karbar bakuncin wasu gajerun regattas, gami le Wemmer Sprint Regatta na shekara-shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wemmer Sprint 2011 - 100 years at the Pan! |url=http://www.wemmer.org.za/Sprint.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084408/http://www.wemmer.org.za/Sprint.html |archive-date=2014-08-19 |access-date=2014-08-18}}</ref> Har ila yau, gida ne na shekara-shekara Dragon Boat Corporate Spring Festival Regatta . Gidan shakatawa yana ba da sarari don yin biki da ayyukan ruwa, kuma yana da maɓuɓɓugar kiɗa masu haske.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joburgnews.co.za |url=http://www.joburgnews.co.za/oct_2002/oct11_wemmer.stm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wemmer Pan's musical fountains brought back to life : Property News from Property360 |url=http://www.iolproperty.co.za/roller/news/entry/wemmer_pan_s_musical_fountains |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=www.iolproperty.co.za}}</ref> Gidan tseren Turffontein na Johannesburg yana gaban Wemmer Pan. A bakin tafkin akwai [[Santarama Miniland]], wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin nau'ikan sikelin 80 na sanannun gine-gine da wurare daga Afirka ta Kudu, a sikelin 1:25. Wadannan sun hada da samfurin sikelin Tsibirin Robben, inda aka tsare [[Nelson Mandela]] a kurkuku, Union Buildings da Hillbrow Tower. Cikakken kwatankwacin jirgin Jan van Riebeeck, [[Dromedarus]], yana ɗaukar baƙi a kan jirgin ruwa kyauta a kan tafkin. Har ila yau an haɗa su da karamin golf, ƙananan layin dogo, ƙaramin tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma hanyar kebul.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2016 |title=Santarama Miniland – The broken Lilliput of the South |url=https://joburg.co.za/santarama-miniland-broken-lilliput-south/ |access-date=2023-11-04}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Wemmer Pan/Pioneer Park |url=http://www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=51&Itemid=28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005063910/www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=51&Itemid=28 |archive-date=2011-10-05}}</ref> Ƙofar da ke kusa da ita ita ce Gidan Tarihin Sufuri na James Hall, wanda shine mafi girman gidan kayan gargajiya na sufuri a Afirka. Jimmie Hall ne ya kafa shi a shekarar 1964, kuma yana adanawa da inganta tarihin sama da shekaru 400 na sufuri a Afirka ta Kudu musamman da Afirka gabaɗaya. Tarin ya haɗa da fiye da shekaru 400 na hanyoyi daban-daban na sufuri na ƙasa waɗanda suka fara daga motocin tururi, jiragen ƙasa, trams da bas din trolley, zuwa motocin da aka jawo dabbobi, kekuna da motoci na farko. Gidan yana da motocin tururi da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.jhmt.org.za/ |website=jhmt.org.za}}</ref> == Sauran abubuwan da suka faru == Mai kisan kai Cedric Maake, wanda ya aikata akalla kisan kai 27 a cikin 1996 da 1997, an san shi da Wemmer Pan Killer saboda an sami yawancin wadanda ya kashe a kusa. == Manazarta == eygy84xhvawspk3ij6tte990t07db8p 0 152738 841490 2026-05-28T12:11:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303839230|Zeekoevlei]]" 841490 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zeekoe''Vlei''''' tafki ne na Ruwa mai laushi a Kudancin Cape Town, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZEEKOEVLEI |url=http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-17.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222081349/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-17.html |archive-date=2009-12-22 |access-date=2009-11-20}}</ref> [[Tafki|tafkin]] yana da kadada 258 (640 acres) a yankin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Module 6 - South Reserves - Zeekoevlei Nature Reserve |url=http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/bdc321/ekapa%20cape%20towns%20lowlands/module6/Reserves/zeekoevleireserve.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218084912/http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/bdc321/ekapa%20cape%20towns%20lowlands/module6/Reserves/zeekoevleireserve.htm |archive-date=2019-12-18 |access-date=2019-12-12 |website=planet.botany.uwc.ac.za}}</ref> Sunansa yana nufin tafkin Hippopotamus ko tafki, daga kalmomin [[Afrikaans]] ''Seekoei'' (a zahiri "cow na teku") da vlei. Zeekoevlei Nature Reserve (wanda aka kafa a watan Yunin 2000) ya dogara ne akan tafkin. Jimlar yankin ajiyar ita ce kadada 344 (acre 850).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Module 6 - South Reserves - Zeekoevlei Nature Reserve |url=http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/bdc321/ekapa%20cape%20towns%20lowlands/module6/Reserves/zeekoevleireserve.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218084912/http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/bdc321/ekapa%20cape%20towns%20lowlands/module6/Reserves/zeekoevleireserve.htm |archive-date=2019-12-18 |access-date=2019-12-12 |website=planet.botany.uwc.ac.za}}</ref> An raba shi da tsibirin daga Rondevlei Nature Reserve kuma yana adana yanayin halittu na Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland. Ana amfani da Zeekoevlei don yin motsa jiki da tafiya. == Dubi kuma == * Biodiversity of Cape Town - Bambancin yanayin yanayi na Cape Town * List of nature reserves in Cape Town * Rondevlei Nature Reserve - Yankunan da aka kare a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu * Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland - Nau'in shuke-shuke da ke cikin Yammacin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == qynujxavdycl3n7hfyyni9aohcoka9m 841491 841490 2026-05-28T12:11:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 841491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zeekoe''Vlei''''' tafki ne na Ruwa mai laushi a Kudancin Cape Town, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZEEKOEVLEI |url=http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-17.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222081349/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-17.html |archive-date=2009-12-22 |access-date=2009-11-20}}</ref> [[Tafki|tafkin]] yana da kadada 258 (640 acres) a yankin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Module 6 - South Reserves - Zeekoevlei Nature Reserve |url=http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/bdc321/ekapa%20cape%20towns%20lowlands/module6/Reserves/zeekoevleireserve.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218084912/http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/bdc321/ekapa%20cape%20towns%20lowlands/module6/Reserves/zeekoevleireserve.htm |archive-date=2019-12-18 |access-date=2019-12-12 |website=planet.botany.uwc.ac.za}}</ref> Sunansa yana nufin tafkin Hippopotamus ko tafki, daga kalmomin [[Afrikaans]] ''Seekoei'' (a zahiri "cow na teku") da vlei. Zeekoevlei Nature Reserve (wanda aka kafa a watan Yunin 2000) ya dogara ne akan tafkin. Jimlar yankin ajiyar ita ce kadada 344 (acre 850).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Module 6 - South Reserves - Zeekoevlei Nature Reserve |url=http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/bdc321/ekapa%20cape%20towns%20lowlands/module6/Reserves/zeekoevleireserve.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218084912/http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/bdc321/ekapa%20cape%20towns%20lowlands/module6/Reserves/zeekoevleireserve.htm |archive-date=2019-12-18 |access-date=2019-12-12 |website=planet.botany.uwc.ac.za}}</ref> An raba shi da tsibirin daga Rondevlei Nature Reserve kuma yana adana yanayin halittu na Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland. Ana amfani da Zeekoevlei don yin motsa jiki da tafiya. == Dubi kuma == * Biodiversity of Cape Town - Bambancin yanayin yanayi na Cape Town * List of nature reserves in Cape Town * Rondevlei Nature Reserve - Yankunan da aka kare a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu * Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland - Nau'in shuke-shuke da ke cikin Yammacin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == l058szcz8vz3jleorql1pqmr4u6o3sc 0 152739 841492 2026-05-28T12:11:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314822618|Zoo Lake]]" 841492 wikitext text/x-wiki Zoo Lake sanannen tafki ne da wurin shakatawa na jama'a a [[Johannesburg]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yana daga cikin Hermann Eckstein Park kuma yana gaban gidan zoo na Johannesburg. '''Tafkin Zoo''' ya ƙunshi madatsun ruwa guda biyu, madatsar ruwa ta sama, da kuma madatsar ruwan da ta fi girma, dukansu an gina su a cikin marshland na halitta wanda [[Parktown Spruit]] ke shayarwa. == Tarihi == Asalin ƙasar wani ɓangare ne na gonar Braamfontein, kuma wani babban jami'in banki da haƙar ma'adinai Hermann Eckstein ne ya saya shi don yiwuwar amfani da ma'adanai. <ref name="Saxon" /> Lokacin da wannan burin ya gaza, Eckstein ya shimfida shi a matsayin gonar katako ya sanya masa suna Sachsenwald, bayan gidan [[Otto von Bismarck]] da ke Jamus. <ref name="Saxon">{{Cite web |title=SAPRA History: Origins of Saxonwold & Parkwood |url=http://www.sapra.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17&Itemid=225 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123021634/http://www.sapra.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17&Itemid=225 |archive-date=23 January 2016 |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=Saxonwold & Parkwood Residents Association of Johannesburg}}</ref> An fara dasa wannan shukar a shekarar 1891, kuma an dasa bishiyoyi kusan miliyan uku a yankin. Dajin ya zama wurin nishaɗi da aka fi so ga masu kuɗi Randlords da iyalansu. Kimanin shekaru 10 bayan mutuwar Eckstein, a watan Agusta 1903, Magajin Garin Johannesburg, W. St. John Carr, ya sami wasiƙa daga abokan kasuwancinsa (kamfanin Messrs. Wernher Beit & Co da Max Michaelis) tare da tayin eka 200 na filin zama na 'yanci ga Majalisar Garin Johannesburg don gina Gidan Zoo na Johannesburg da Herman Eckstein Park. <ref name="Shorten" /> {{Rp|124}}Kyautar ƙasa ta haɗa da ƙaramin tarin dabbobin gida. Rundunar Dawaki Mai Haske ta Imperial ce za ta yi amfani da eka 20 na ƙasar da aka ba wa kyauta, kuma yanzu ita ce wurin da Gidan Tarihi na Yaƙi da kuma Tunawa da Rand Regiments suka gina . {{Rp|650}}An gina sauran ƙasar Sachsenwald zuwa yankunan karkara na Johannesburg na yanzu na Saxonwold da Forest Town . An kara tafkin wucin gadi a cikin wurin shakatawa a cikin 1908. Har ila yau, yana alfahari da Maɓuɓɓugar Coronation, "maɓuɓɓugar kiɗa" da kuma alamar al'adun Johannesburg, wanda aka gina a 1937 don tunawa da naɗa Sarki George VI da Sarauniya Elizabeth. Lokacin da Johannesburg ta yi bikin cika shekaru 70 a 1956, a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin garin Margot Fonteyn ta yi rawa da Swan Lake tare da Lake a matsayin bango. An ba da kyautar ƙasa a ƙarƙashin yanayin cewa wuraren za su kasance a buɗe ga mutane na kowane kabila, wanda ba sabon abu ba ne a Afirka ta Kudu ta mulkin mallaka. Yanayin launin fata da yawa na wurin shakatawa ya jimre a duk zamanin wariyar launin fata.<ref name="Joburg01">{{Cite web |title=Finding a green heaven in Joburg |url=http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2038&Itemid=168 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205043118/http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2038&Itemid=168 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=30 January 2016 |website=City of Johannesburg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Johannesburg City Parks and Zoo |url=http://www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=53&Itemid=28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208225249/http://www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php/2015-04-29-12-30-27/find-a-park-contents-64?task=view&id=53 |archive-date=2016-02-08}}</ref> Daga baya Wernher, Beit da Kamfanin za su ba da ƙarin ƙasa don hanyar mota a kusa da wurin shakatawa, don motsa jiki ko tafiya kuma tituna za su zama sanannun Upper da Lower Park Drives. : 650 {{Rp|650}} == Abubuwan more rayuwa == Zoo Lake sanannen wuri ne don yin biki, karnuka masu tafiya, tsere da kuma yin jirgin ruwa. Hakanan akwai ƙananan jiragen ruwa don hayar. Zoo Lake yana da [[Agwagwa|Ducks]] da sauran tsuntsayen ruwa, waɗanda ke zaune a tsibirin a tsakiyar tafkin, kuma ciyar da waɗannan tsuntsaye (ko da yake a hukumance an hana su) aikin iyali ne na yau da kullun. Koyaya ruwa ya shiga Tafkin bayan ya wuce ta cikin filin Zoo da ke kusa, kuma a halin yanzu an gurbata shi sosai don ba da izinin yin kifi ko yin iyo. Ana ci gaba da ƙoƙari don aiwatar da tsarin tacewa mai ɗorewa. Gidan shakatawa yana da gidajen cin abinci, kuma shine wurin zama na bikin Jazz on the Lake na shekara-shekara, abubuwan da suka faru na Carols by Candlelight da Artists a karkashin Nunin bude iska. Yankin ya haɗa da Zoo Lake Bowling Club, Zoo Lake Swimming Pool da Zoo Lake Sports Club, kuma yana kusa da Gidan Tarihin Soja na Afirka ta Kudu. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == fdah1xa132tbczno9wipw5ry8gn3oe1 841493 841492 2026-05-28T12:12:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 841493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zoo Lake''' sanannen tafki ne da wurin shakatawa na jama'a a [[Johannesburg]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yana daga cikin Hermann Eckstein Park kuma yana gaban gidan zoo na Johannesburg. '''Tafkin Zoo''' ya ƙunshi madatsun ruwa guda biyu, madatsar ruwa ta sama, da kuma madatsar ruwan da ta fi girma, dukansu an gina su a cikin marshland na halitta wanda [[Parktown Spruit]] ke shayarwa. == Tarihi == Asalin ƙasar wani ɓangare ne na gonar Braamfontein, kuma wani babban jami'in banki da haƙar ma'adinai Hermann Eckstein ne ya saya shi don yiwuwar amfani da ma'adanai. <ref name="Saxon" /> Lokacin da wannan burin ya gaza, Eckstein ya shimfida shi a matsayin gonar katako ya sanya masa suna Sachsenwald, bayan gidan [[Otto von Bismarck]] da ke Jamus. <ref name="Saxon">{{Cite web |title=SAPRA History: Origins of Saxonwold & Parkwood |url=http://www.sapra.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17&Itemid=225 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123021634/http://www.sapra.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17&Itemid=225 |archive-date=23 January 2016 |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=Saxonwold & Parkwood Residents Association of Johannesburg}}</ref> An fara dasa wannan shukar a shekarar 1891, kuma an dasa bishiyoyi kusan miliyan uku a yankin. Dajin ya zama wurin nishaɗi da aka fi so ga masu kuɗi Randlords da iyalansu. Kimanin shekaru 10 bayan mutuwar Eckstein, a watan Agusta 1903, Magajin Garin Johannesburg, W. St. John Carr, ya sami wasiƙa daga abokan kasuwancinsa (kamfanin Messrs. Wernher Beit & Co da Max Michaelis) tare da tayin eka 200 na filin zama na 'yanci ga Majalisar Garin Johannesburg don gina Gidan Zoo na Johannesburg da Herman Eckstein Park. <ref name="Shorten" /> {{Rp|124}}Kyautar ƙasa ta haɗa da ƙaramin tarin dabbobin gida. Rundunar Dawaki Mai Haske ta Imperial ce za ta yi amfani da eka 20 na ƙasar da aka ba wa kyauta, kuma yanzu ita ce wurin da Gidan Tarihi na Yaƙi da kuma Tunawa da Rand Regiments suka gina . {{Rp|650}}An gina sauran ƙasar Sachsenwald zuwa yankunan karkara na Johannesburg na yanzu na Saxonwold da Forest Town . An kara tafkin wucin gadi a cikin wurin shakatawa a cikin 1908. Har ila yau, yana alfahari da Maɓuɓɓugar Coronation, "maɓuɓɓugar kiɗa" da kuma alamar al'adun Johannesburg, wanda aka gina a 1937 don tunawa da naɗa Sarki George VI da Sarauniya Elizabeth. Lokacin da Johannesburg ta yi bikin cika shekaru 70 a 1956, a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin garin Margot Fonteyn ta yi rawa da Swan Lake tare da Lake a matsayin bango. An ba da kyautar ƙasa a ƙarƙashin yanayin cewa wuraren za su kasance a buɗe ga mutane na kowane kabila, wanda ba sabon abu ba ne a Afirka ta Kudu ta mulkin mallaka. Yanayin launin fata da yawa na wurin shakatawa ya jimre a duk zamanin wariyar launin fata.<ref name="Joburg01">{{Cite web |title=Finding a green heaven in Joburg |url=http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2038&Itemid=168 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205043118/http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2038&Itemid=168 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=30 January 2016 |website=City of Johannesburg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Johannesburg City Parks and Zoo |url=http://www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=53&Itemid=28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208225249/http://www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php/2015-04-29-12-30-27/find-a-park-contents-64?task=view&id=53 |archive-date=2016-02-08}}</ref> Daga baya Wernher, Beit da Kamfanin za su ba da ƙarin ƙasa don hanyar mota a kusa da wurin shakatawa, don motsa jiki ko tafiya kuma tituna za su zama sanannun Upper da Lower Park Drives. : 650 {{Rp|650}} == Abubuwan more rayuwa == Zoo Lake sanannen wuri ne don yin biki, karnuka masu tafiya, tsere da kuma yin jirgin ruwa. Hakanan akwai ƙananan jiragen ruwa don hayar. Zoo Lake yana da [[Agwagwa|Ducks]] da sauran tsuntsayen ruwa, waɗanda ke zaune a tsibirin a tsakiyar tafkin, kuma ciyar da waɗannan tsuntsaye (ko da yake a hukumance an hana su) aikin iyali ne na yau da kullun. Koyaya ruwa ya shiga Tafkin bayan ya wuce ta cikin filin Zoo da ke kusa, kuma a halin yanzu an gurbata shi sosai don ba da izinin yin kifi ko yin iyo. Ana ci gaba da ƙoƙari don aiwatar da tsarin tacewa mai ɗorewa. Gidan shakatawa yana da gidajen cin abinci, kuma shine wurin zama na bikin Jazz on the Lake na shekara-shekara, abubuwan da suka faru na Carols by Candlelight da Artists a karkashin Nunin bude iska. Yankin ya haɗa da Zoo Lake Bowling Club, Zoo Lake Swimming Pool da Zoo Lake Sports Club, kuma yana kusa da Gidan Tarihin Soja na Afirka ta Kudu. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == kg5rkqyjwbw8tyd49b87kg9mubqisre 0 152740 841494 2026-05-28T12:12:26Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336498404|Mano River]]" 841494 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Mano''' kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] . Yana tashi a tsaunukan Guinea a [[Laberiya|Liberia]] kuma yana cikin iyakar Liberia [[Saliyo|da Sierra Leone]] . Gundumomin da kogin ke ratsawa sun haɗa da yankin [[Parrot's Beak (Guinea)|Parrot's Beak]] na [[Gini|Guinea]], Gundumar Lofa ta Liberia da kuma Gundumar Kono da Kailahun ta Sierra Leone. Haƙar lu'u-lu'u babbar masana'antu ce a waɗannan yankuna. Sarrafa arzikin yankin da rashin zaman lafiya na gwamnatocin ƙasashe uku ya haifar da jerin rikice-rikice masu tsanani da suka shafi waɗannan gundumomi a shekarun 1990 (Duba [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|Yaƙin Basasa na Sierra Leone]], Yaƙin Basasa na Farko na Liberia, Yaƙin Basasa na Biyu na Liberia ). Liberia da Sierra Leone sun kafa Mano River Union a shekarar 1973. <ref name="Declaration">{{Cite web |title=No. 13608 (Mano River Declaration) |url=http://wits.worldbank.org/GPTAD/PDF/archive/MRU.pdf |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> Guinea ta shiga a shekarar 1980. An sake kunna ta a shekarar 2004 a matsayin kungiyar kwastam da tattalin arziki; Cote d'Ivoire ta shiga a shekarar 2008. <ref name="ADBG">{{Cite web |title=MANO River Union Capacity Building and Technical Assistance for Institutional Strengthening |url=http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-z1-kf0-019/ |publisher=[[African Development Bank|African Development Bank Group]]}}</ref> 8hp7mtoohng0xow6t0l1yva8r5zfsje 841497 841494 2026-05-28T12:13:06Z Engineer014 44591 841497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Mano''' kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] . Yana tashi a tsaunukan Guinea a [[Laberiya|Liberia]] kuma yana cikin iyakar Liberia [[Saliyo|da Sierra Leone]] . Gundumomin da kogin ke ratsawa sun haɗa da yankin [[Parrot's Beak (Guinea)|Parrot's Beak]] na [[Gini|Guinea]], Gundumar Lofa ta Liberia da kuma Gundumar Kono da Kailahun ta Sierra Leone. Haƙar lu'u-lu'u babbar masana'antu ce a waɗannan yankuna. Sarrafa arzikin yankin da rashin zaman lafiya na gwamnatocin ƙasashe uku ya haifar da jerin rikice-rikice masu tsanani da suka shafi waɗannan gundumomi a shekarun 1990 (Duba [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|Yaƙin Basasa na Sierra Leone]], Yaƙin Basasa na Farko na Liberia, Yaƙin Basasa na Biyu na Liberia ). Liberia da Sierra Leone sun kafa Mano River Union a shekarar 1973. <ref name="Declaration">{{Cite web |title=No. 13608 (Mano River Declaration) |url=http://wits.worldbank.org/GPTAD/PDF/archive/MRU.pdf |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> Guinea ta shiga a shekarar 1980. An sake kunna ta a shekarar 2004 a matsayin kungiyar kwastam da tattalin arziki; Cote d'Ivoire ta shiga a shekarar 2008. <ref name="ADBG">{{Cite web |title=MANO River Union Capacity Building and Technical Assistance for Institutional Strengthening |url=http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-z1-kf0-019/ |publisher=[[African Development Bank|African Development Bank Group]]}}</ref> j6esb9djlwz86e6h2lmwxiq8qo72daf 841506 841497 2026-05-28T12:16:23Z Engineer014 44591 841506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Mano''' kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] . Yana tashi a tsaunukan Guinea a [[Laberiya|Liberia]] kuma yana cikin iyakar Liberia [[Saliyo|da Sierra Leone]] . Gundumomin da kogin ke ratsawa sun haɗa da yankin [[Parrot's Beak (Guinea)|Parrot's Beak]] na [[Gini|Guinea]], Gundumar Lofa ta Liberia da kuma Gundumar Kono da Kailahun ta Sierra Leone. Haƙar lu'u-lu'u babbar masana'antu ce a waɗannan yankuna. Sarrafa arzikin yankin da rashin zaman lafiya na gwamnatocin ƙasashe uku ya haifar da jerin rikice-rikice masu tsanani da suka shafi waɗannan gundumomi a shekarun 1990 (Duba [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|Yaƙin Basasa na Sierra Leone]], Yaƙin Basasa na Farko na Liberia, Yaƙin Basasa na Biyu na Liberia ). Liberia da Sierra Leone sun kafa Mano River Union a shekarar 1973. <ref name="Declaration">{{Cite web |title=No. 13608 (Mano River Declaration) |url=http://wits.worldbank.org/GPTAD/PDF/archive/MRU.pdf |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> Guinea ta shiga a shekarar 1980. An sake kunna ta a shekarar 2004 a matsayin kungiyar kwastam da tattalin arziki; Cote d'Ivoire ta shiga a shekarar 2008. =Manazarta= <ref name="ADBG">{{Cite web |title=MANO River Union Capacity Building and Technical Assistance for Institutional Strengthening |url=http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-z1-kf0-019/ |publisher=[[African Development Bank|African Development Bank Group]]}}</ref> nd487fb52tbv5c0fbl9xqm1daa54kii 0 152741 841495 2026-05-28T12:12:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321348505|Lake Ambadi]]" 841495 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Tafkin Ambadi''' tafki ne na [[Sudan ta Kudu]] . Yana daya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ke cikin duniya, kuma gida ne ga adadi mai yawa na Shoebill mai ban mamaki.<ref>Dupuis, C. E. (1904). Report upon the basin of the Upper Nile: with proposals for the improvement of that river. National Printing Department. p. 130. Retrieved 4 August 2011.</ref> == Manazarta == 2f4t07kon7z4b5ctijcx66mem4c8tu9 841496 841495 2026-05-28T12:13:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 841496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Ambadi''' tafki ne na [[Sudan ta Kudu]] . Yana daya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ke cikin duniya, kuma gida ne ga adadi mai yawa na Shoebill mai ban mamaki.<ref>Dupuis, C. E. (1904). Report upon the basin of the Upper Nile: with proposals for the improvement of that river. National Printing Department. p. 130. Retrieved 4 August 2011.</ref> == Manazarta == l98wjb0qkk5j9nvfi3p568598udzwek 0 152742 841498 2026-05-28T12:13:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321366532|Lake No]]" 841498 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin A'a''' <ref name="Pease1909">{{Cite book|last3=Alfred Edward Pease}}</ref> shine tafkin mafi girma a [[Sudan ta Kudu]], wanda aka sani da Dhoo Lake ta al'ummar Ruweng Panaruu. Tana kusa da arewacin babban tafkin Sudd, a wurin haɗuwar kogin Bahr al Jabal da [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]], kuma yana nuna canji tsakanin Bahr al Yabal da White Nile. Tafkin No yana da kusan kilomita 1,156 daga [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]] na [[Uganda]], babban tafkin a kan White Nile wanda ke gaban Tafkin No. An dauki tafkin a matsayin cibiyar Mutanen Ruweng na sashin Panaruu na Mutanen Dinka.<ref> The Nuer of Sudan and Ethiopia by Orville Boyd Jenkins, March 1997.(hosted by strategyleader.org)</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Gabashin Afirka]] * [[Arewa maso gabashin Afirka]] == Manazarta == 46j22tgo6zjnxf2t7l9v50iwr4hibqy 841499 841498 2026-05-28T12:13:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 841499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin A'a''' <ref name="Pease1909">{{Cite book|last3=Alfred Edward Pease}}</ref> shine tafkin mafi girma a [[Sudan ta Kudu]], wanda aka sani da Dhoo Lake ta al'ummar Ruweng Panaruu. Tana kusa da arewacin babban tafkin Sudd, a wurin haɗuwar kogin Bahr al Jabal da [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]], kuma yana nuna canji tsakanin Bahr al Yabal da White Nile. Tafkin No yana da kusan kilomita 1,156 daga [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]] na [[Uganda]], babban tafkin a kan White Nile wanda ke gaban Tafkin No. An dauki tafkin a matsayin cibiyar Mutanen Ruweng na sashin Panaruu na Mutanen Dinka.<ref> The Nuer of Sudan and Ethiopia by Orville Boyd Jenkins, March 1997.(hosted by strategyleader.org)</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Gabashin Afirka]] * [[Arewa maso gabashin Afirka]] == Manazarta == lud47eaftiov3m48t64ahwp7b5gsitj 0 152743 841500 2026-05-28T12:14:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302188272|Lake Ptolemy]]" 841500 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Ptolemy''' tsohon tafki ne a [[Sudan]] . Wannan tafkin ya samo asali ne a lokacin [[Holocene]] a yankin Darfur, a lokacin da ruwan sama a Afirka ya fi karfi. Kasancewar tafkin ya kasance tsakanin kimanin shekaru 9,100-2,400 kafin yanzu. Wannan tafkin na iya kaiwa yanki na kilomita 30,750 (11,870 sq , ya fi girma fiye da Tafkin Erie na yanzu, kodayake kimantawa game da girmansa ya bambanta kuma yana iya zama karami sosai. Yankunan bakin teku a wasu wurare, gwargwadon yadda za'a iya gane su, suna da shimfidar wurare da kara. Tafkin tafkin ruwa ne mai laushi wanda aka cika da ruwa mai zurfi da [[Kwararar ruwa|runoff]] daga tsaunuka makwabta kuma yana iya kasancewa tushen Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System. Tafkin ya ƙunshi tsarin halittu daban-daban tare da nau'o'i da yawa, kuma mai yiwuwa ya sauƙaƙe yaduwar nau'o-in tsakanin Nilu da [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]]. == Sunan da tarihin bincike == An fara gane ajiyar tafkin ne a cikin 1985-1986, amma "marshes na Chelonide" ko "turtle marsh" na Ptolemy kusan tabbas yana nufin tsohon tafkin.{{Sfn|Kropelin|2009}} An kuma san shi da "West Nubian lake", "West Nuvian Paleolake" da "Northern Darfur Megalake". {{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}}{{Sfn|Elsheikh|Abdelsalam|Mickus|2011}} "Ptolemy lake archipelago" yana nufin filayen dune waɗanda aka nutse lokaci-lokaci a gefen gabas, suna samar da tsibirai.{{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}} An fara ambata sunan tafkin a taswirar 1858, amma wanzuwarsa ta bayyana ne kawai a cikin 1980-1982.{{Sfn|Pachur|1997}} == Geomorphology == === Yanayi === A lokacin farkon da tsakiyar [[Holocene]], manyan tabkuna kamar Lake Chad da Lake Ptolemy sun bunkasa a cikin [[Sahara]] kuma tsarin kogi kamar Wadi Howar ya gudana, kodayake ba a bayyana ba idan suna gudana ta cikin wani wuri mai faɗi. {{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}}{{Sfn|Pachur|1997}} Samun waɗannan paleolakes an haɗa su da karfi mai karfi na Afirka wanda ya haifar da karkatacciyar axial da perihelion na Duniya wanda ya dace da ƙarshen Yuli kuma ta haka ne lokacin monsoon.{{Sfn|Hoelzmann|Keding|Berke|Kröpelin|2001}} A yau gabashin Sahara yana daga cikin wuraren da suka fi bushewa a Duniya saboda yana da nisa daga tushen danshi na teku. {{Sfn|Elsheikh|Abdelsalam|Mickus|2011}}{{Sfn|Pachur|1997}} === Tafkin === Tafkin Ptolemy yana cikin yankin [[Sudan]] na yanzu.{{Sfn|Gossel|Ebraheem|Wycisk|2004}} Kimanin girmansa ya canza yayin da ingancin taswirar yanki ya canza: Da farko, an yi imanin cewa ya kai yankunan sama na kimanin kilomita 27,000 (10,000 sq ; daga baya bincike bisa ga taswirar tsawo da suka fi dacewa ya ba da shawarar cewa bai fi murabba'i kilomita 5,330 (2,060 sq ba; daga baya har yanzu, sabbin taswirar sun nuna manyan yankuna na murabba'ir kilomita 8,1333,140 sq da kuma kilomita 11,230 (4,340 sq da kuma girman murabba'ina kilomita 37230 mi.{{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}}{{Sfn|Hoelzmann|Keding|Berke|Kröpelin|2001}}{{Sfn|Elsheikh|Abdelsalam|Mickus|2011}} Dangane da wurin, an sami shaidar matakan ruwa na mita 550 (1,800 ko ma mita 555 (1,821 sama da matakin teku; a cikin tsohon yanayin tafkin na iya mamaye yanki na kilomita 17,864 (6,897 sq . {{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}} Har ila yau, akwai shaidar bakin teku a tsawo na mita 570-576 (1,870-1,890 sama da matakin teku; idan sun nuna tafkin ya kai wannan tsawo, wannan tsayawa zai kai saman kilomita 30,750 (11,870 sq da kuma girman kilomita 2,530 (610 cu a wannan matakin. {{Sfn|Ghoneim|El-Baz|2007}} Irin wannan girman ya yi daidai da tafkin da ya fi girma a [[Kanada]], Great Bear Lake, kuma ya fi Lake Erie girma.{{Sfn|Ghoneim|El-Baz|2007}} Zai kasance har zuwa zurfin mita 83 (272 .{{Sfn|Ghoneim|El-Baz|2007}} Ƙananan matakan tafkin na iya kaiwa mita 565 (1,854 da mita 560 (1,840 tsawo, kuma akwai shaidar burbushin halittu cewa abubuwan da suka faru na matakin ruwa mai zurfi sun faru a cikin tafkin.{{Sfn|Ghoneim|El-Baz|2007}} Ruwan tafkin a bangarorin kudanci da yamma ya kai mita 549 (1,801 sama da matakin teku.{{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}} Shorelines sun bunkasa a kan Tekun Ptolemy na arewa kuma tafkin ya nutse kwari biyu a can; ci gaban filayen dune a bakin yammacin ya sa gano bakin teku ya zama da wahala kuma rashin su ya haifar da tambayoyi game da ko tafkin ya wanzu a irin wannan girman.{{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}}{{Sfn|Pachur|1997}}{{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}}{{Sfn|Quade|Dente|Armon|Dor|2018}} Yankin bakin teku a gefen kudu da yamma sun haɓaka yankin kogi tare da ciyayi da tafkin da ba daidai ba. Kogin da aka kafa inda wadis ya shiga Tafkin Ptolemy, kuma an gano magoya bayan alluvial a bakin tekun arewa maso yamma.{{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}}{{Sfn|Ghoneim|El-Baz|2007}} Chalks da aka kafa a cikin Tafkin Ptolemy ya samar da Yardangs, kuma Aragonite, calcite da goethite sun samar da ajiya a cikin hamada da ke kusa, sau da yawa a wuraren maras kyau.{{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}} Tufa pinnacles sun samo asali a cikin tafkin, kuma a lokacin da aka bushe an bar ajiyar rairayin bakin teku a baya.{{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}} == Manazarta == ct5sb6yq5t7w3hvrgzsl1yi4935e7tj 841501 841500 2026-05-28T12:14:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 841501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Ptolemy''' tsohon tafki ne a [[Sudan]] . Wannan tafkin ya samo asali ne a lokacin [[Holocene]] a yankin Darfur, a lokacin da ruwan sama a Afirka ya fi karfi. Kasancewar tafkin ya kasance tsakanin kimanin shekaru 9,100-2,400 kafin yanzu. Wannan tafkin na iya kaiwa yanki na kilomita 30,750 (11,870 sq , ya fi girma fiye da Tafkin Erie na yanzu, kodayake kimantawa game da girmansa ya bambanta kuma yana iya zama karami sosai. Yankunan bakin teku a wasu wurare, gwargwadon yadda za'a iya gane su, suna da shimfidar wurare da kara. Tafkin tafkin ruwa ne mai laushi wanda aka cika da ruwa mai zurfi da [[Kwararar ruwa|runoff]] daga tsaunuka makwabta kuma yana iya kasancewa tushen Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System. Tafkin ya ƙunshi tsarin halittu daban-daban tare da nau'o'i da yawa, kuma mai yiwuwa ya sauƙaƙe yaduwar nau'o-in tsakanin Nilu da [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]]. == Sunan da tarihin bincike == An fara gane ajiyar tafkin ne a cikin 1985-1986, amma "marshes na Chelonide" ko "turtle marsh" na Ptolemy kusan tabbas yana nufin tsohon tafkin.{{Sfn|Kropelin|2009}} An kuma san shi da "West Nubian lake", "West Nuvian Paleolake" da "Northern Darfur Megalake". {{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}}{{Sfn|Elsheikh|Abdelsalam|Mickus|2011}} "Ptolemy lake archipelago" yana nufin filayen dune waɗanda aka nutse lokaci-lokaci a gefen gabas, suna samar da tsibirai.{{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}} An fara ambata sunan tafkin a taswirar 1858, amma wanzuwarsa ta bayyana ne kawai a cikin 1980-1982.{{Sfn|Pachur|1997}} == Geomorphology == === Yanayi === A lokacin farkon da tsakiyar [[Holocene]], manyan tabkuna kamar Lake Chad da Lake Ptolemy sun bunkasa a cikin [[Sahara]] kuma tsarin kogi kamar Wadi Howar ya gudana, kodayake ba a bayyana ba idan suna gudana ta cikin wani wuri mai faɗi. {{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}}{{Sfn|Pachur|1997}} Samun waɗannan paleolakes an haɗa su da karfi mai karfi na Afirka wanda ya haifar da karkatacciyar axial da perihelion na Duniya wanda ya dace da ƙarshen Yuli kuma ta haka ne lokacin monsoon.{{Sfn|Hoelzmann|Keding|Berke|Kröpelin|2001}} A yau gabashin Sahara yana daga cikin wuraren da suka fi bushewa a Duniya saboda yana da nisa daga tushen danshi na teku. {{Sfn|Elsheikh|Abdelsalam|Mickus|2011}}{{Sfn|Pachur|1997}} === Tafkin === Tafkin Ptolemy yana cikin yankin [[Sudan]] na yanzu.{{Sfn|Gossel|Ebraheem|Wycisk|2004}} Kimanin girmansa ya canza yayin da ingancin taswirar yanki ya canza: Da farko, an yi imanin cewa ya kai yankunan sama na kimanin kilomita 27,000 (10,000 sq ; daga baya bincike bisa ga taswirar tsawo da suka fi dacewa ya ba da shawarar cewa bai fi murabba'i kilomita 5,330 (2,060 sq ba; daga baya har yanzu, sabbin taswirar sun nuna manyan yankuna na murabba'ir kilomita 8,1333,140 sq da kuma kilomita 11,230 (4,340 sq da kuma girman murabba'ina kilomita 37230 mi.{{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}}{{Sfn|Hoelzmann|Keding|Berke|Kröpelin|2001}}{{Sfn|Elsheikh|Abdelsalam|Mickus|2011}} Dangane da wurin, an sami shaidar matakan ruwa na mita 550 (1,800 ko ma mita 555 (1,821 sama da matakin teku; a cikin tsohon yanayin tafkin na iya mamaye yanki na kilomita 17,864 (6,897 sq . {{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}} Har ila yau, akwai shaidar bakin teku a tsawo na mita 570-576 (1,870-1,890 sama da matakin teku; idan sun nuna tafkin ya kai wannan tsawo, wannan tsayawa zai kai saman kilomita 30,750 (11,870 sq da kuma girman kilomita 2,530 (610 cu a wannan matakin. {{Sfn|Ghoneim|El-Baz|2007}} Irin wannan girman ya yi daidai da tafkin da ya fi girma a [[Kanada]], Great Bear Lake, kuma ya fi Lake Erie girma.{{Sfn|Ghoneim|El-Baz|2007}} Zai kasance har zuwa zurfin mita 83 (272 .{{Sfn|Ghoneim|El-Baz|2007}} Ƙananan matakan tafkin na iya kaiwa mita 565 (1,854 da mita 560 (1,840 tsawo, kuma akwai shaidar burbushin halittu cewa abubuwan da suka faru na matakin ruwa mai zurfi sun faru a cikin tafkin.{{Sfn|Ghoneim|El-Baz|2007}} Ruwan tafkin a bangarorin kudanci da yamma ya kai mita 549 (1,801 sama da matakin teku.{{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}} Shorelines sun bunkasa a kan Tekun Ptolemy na arewa kuma tafkin ya nutse kwari biyu a can; ci gaban filayen dune a bakin yammacin ya sa gano bakin teku ya zama da wahala kuma rashin su ya haifar da tambayoyi game da ko tafkin ya wanzu a irin wannan girman.{{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}}{{Sfn|Pachur|1997}}{{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}}{{Sfn|Quade|Dente|Armon|Dor|2018}} Yankin bakin teku a gefen kudu da yamma sun haɓaka yankin kogi tare da ciyayi da tafkin da ba daidai ba. Kogin da aka kafa inda wadis ya shiga Tafkin Ptolemy, kuma an gano magoya bayan alluvial a bakin tekun arewa maso yamma.{{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}}{{Sfn|Ghoneim|El-Baz|2007}} Chalks da aka kafa a cikin Tafkin Ptolemy ya samar da Yardangs, kuma Aragonite, calcite da goethite sun samar da ajiya a cikin hamada da ke kusa, sau da yawa a wuraren maras kyau.{{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}} Tufa pinnacles sun samo asali a cikin tafkin, kuma a lokacin da aka bushe an bar ajiyar rairayin bakin teku a baya.{{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006}} == Manazarta == 0gq05xfsp8a5o31jlmqqws1twl6w9oz 0 152744 841502 2026-05-28T12:15:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1158206483|Lake Kundi]]" 841502 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Kundi''' ([[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]: "ƙungiya") yan Kudancin Darfur, [[Sudan]], [[Afirka]]. Tafkin mai ɗorewa, <ref name="ramsar.wetlands.org">{{Cite web |title=2.8 Sudan |url=http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/SUDAN.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924181544/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/SUDAN.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2012 |access-date=6 August 2011 |website=ramsar.wetlands.org |pages=3}}</ref> yana bakin [[Kogin Ibrah]], kusa da Bahr al-Arab na yanayi. Garin da ya fi kusa shi ne Al-Fashir, kilomita 350 (220 zuwa arewa. Tafkin kilomita 20 (7.7 sq ya kai hekta 1,200 (acre 3,000) a babban ruwa, yana raguwa zuwa hekta 100-200 (250-490 acres) a lokacin fari. Tafkin bai da zurfi, mita 2-3 (6 in - 9 in) a zurfi, dangane da lokacin. Tafkin yana da tsawo na mita 460 (1,510 sama da matakin teku.<ref name="birdlife.org">{{Cite web |title=SD010 Lake Kundi |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6809 |access-date=6 August 2011 |website=birdlife.org}}</ref> Gidan shakatawa na Radom yana kudu maso yamma.<ref name="birdlife.orgRadom">{{Cite web |title=SD012 Radom |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6811 |access-date=6 August 2011 |website=birdlife.org}}</ref> == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == Shuke-shuke suna dauke da ''Ceratophyllum demersum'' da ''Nymphaea lotus''. Ana samun nau'in kifi na ''Clarias lazera'' da ''Tilapia zillii'' a nan, kuma akwai Kifi na sana'a. Tafkin Kundi ya haɗa da protomonad ''[[Rhipidodendron huxleyi]]'', nau'in dabbobi da ba a rubuta su a Afirka ba.<ref name="GreenMoghraby1984">{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=J. |last2=A. I. Moghraby |last3=O. M. M. Ali |year=1984 |title=A faunistic reconnaissance of Lakes Kundi and Keilak, western Sudan |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=110 |issue=1 |pages=33–44 |doi=10.1007/BF00025773}}</ref> Daga cikin avifauna, an bayar da rahoton 5000-7000 Sudan crowned crane. Sauran rayuwar tsuntsaye sun hada da [[Tsagagi|Tsuntsu mai launin rawaya]], tsutsa mai suna Abdim, tsutsa na Afirka, kurciya mai launin rawaye na Afirka, tsutsa da zinariya, mai cin ƙudan zuma mai launin ja, shrike mai launin rawaya, Piapiac, cisticola mai launin ja-pate, cisticòla mai tsayi, tsayi mai tsayi mai laushi mai tsayi na cricket, Senegal eremomela, starling mai tsayi-tsaki mai tsayi.<ref name="birdlife.org">{{Cite web |title=SD010 Lake Kundi |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6809 |access-date=6 August 2011 |website=birdlife.org}}</ref> == Karewa == An rarraba Tafkin Kundi a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye.<ref name="africanbirdclub.org">{{Cite web |title=Sudan Important Bird Areas |url=http://www.africanbirdclub.org/countries/Sudan/ibas.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406195308/http://www.africanbirdclub.org/countries/Sudan/ibas.html |archive-date=6 April 2012 |access-date=6 August 2011 |website=africanbirdclub.org}}</ref> Gidan Tsaro na Tsuntsaye na Lake Kundi wuri ne mai tsarki na dabbobi wanda ke da kadada 2,000 (acre 4,900) wanda ya haɗa da tafkin. == Manazarta == 34l9tvd8rwiy3u8awkutky8jse7k2r3 841503 841502 2026-05-28T12:15:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 841503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Kundi''' ([[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]: "ƙungiya") yan Kudancin Darfur, [[Sudan]], [[Afirka]]. Tafkin mai ɗorewa, <ref name="ramsar.wetlands.org">{{Cite web |title=2.8 Sudan |url=http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/SUDAN.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924181544/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/SUDAN.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2012 |access-date=6 August 2011 |website=ramsar.wetlands.org |pages=3}}</ref> yana bakin [[Kogin Ibrah]], kusa da Bahr al-Arab na yanayi. Garin da ya fi kusa shi ne Al-Fashir, kilomita 350 (220 zuwa arewa. Tafkin kilomita 20 (7.7 sq ya kai hekta 1,200 (acre 3,000) a babban ruwa, yana raguwa zuwa hekta 100-200 (250-490 acres) a lokacin fari. Tafkin bai da zurfi, mita 2-3 (6 in - 9 in) a zurfi, dangane da lokacin. Tafkin yana da tsawo na mita 460 (1,510 sama da matakin teku.<ref name="birdlife.org">{{Cite web |title=SD010 Lake Kundi |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6809 |access-date=6 August 2011 |website=birdlife.org}}</ref> Gidan shakatawa na Radom yana kudu maso yamma.<ref name="birdlife.orgRadom">{{Cite web |title=SD012 Radom |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6811 |access-date=6 August 2011 |website=birdlife.org}}</ref> == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == Shuke-shuke suna dauke da ''Ceratophyllum demersum'' da ''Nymphaea lotus''. Ana samun nau'in kifi na ''Clarias lazera'' da ''Tilapia zillii'' a nan, kuma akwai Kifi na sana'a. Tafkin Kundi ya haɗa da protomonad ''[[Rhipidodendron huxleyi]]'', nau'in dabbobi da ba a rubuta su a Afirka ba.<ref name="GreenMoghraby1984">{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=J. |last2=A. I. Moghraby |last3=O. M. M. Ali |year=1984 |title=A faunistic reconnaissance of Lakes Kundi and Keilak, western Sudan |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=110 |issue=1 |pages=33–44 |doi=10.1007/BF00025773}}</ref> Daga cikin avifauna, an bayar da rahoton 5000-7000 Sudan crowned crane. Sauran rayuwar tsuntsaye sun hada da [[Tsagagi|Tsuntsu mai launin rawaya]], tsutsa mai suna Abdim, tsutsa na Afirka, kurciya mai launin rawaye na Afirka, tsutsa da zinariya, mai cin ƙudan zuma mai launin ja, shrike mai launin rawaya, Piapiac, cisticola mai launin ja-pate, cisticòla mai tsayi, tsayi mai tsayi mai laushi mai tsayi na cricket, Senegal eremomela, starling mai tsayi-tsaki mai tsayi.<ref name="birdlife.org">{{Cite web |title=SD010 Lake Kundi |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6809 |access-date=6 August 2011 |website=birdlife.org}}</ref> == Karewa == An rarraba Tafkin Kundi a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye.<ref name="africanbirdclub.org">{{Cite web |title=Sudan Important Bird Areas |url=http://www.africanbirdclub.org/countries/Sudan/ibas.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406195308/http://www.africanbirdclub.org/countries/Sudan/ibas.html |archive-date=6 April 2012 |access-date=6 August 2011 |website=africanbirdclub.org}}</ref> Gidan Tsaro na Tsuntsaye na Lake Kundi wuri ne mai tsarki na dabbobi wanda ke da kadada 2,000 (acre 4,900) wanda ya haɗa da tafkin. == Manazarta == n7lihdmnbggce8i784bgh3pjq6w11ml 0 152745 841504 2026-05-28T12:16:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1234478376|Golo reservoir]]" 841504 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rashin ruwa na Golo''' wani tafki ne wanda ke da nisan kilomita bakwai a yammacin El Fasher a arewa maso yammacin [[Sudan]] . <ref name="SudanTribune">{{Cite web |last=SudanTribune |date=2024-05-27 |title=Darfur joint forces recapture crucial water reservoir from RSF in El-Fasher |url=https://sudantribune.com/article286204/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> An gina [[madatsar ruwa]] da ke dauke da tafkin a 1947 don samar da ruwa ga El Fasher. Yana aiki a matsayin tushen ruwa na farko ga kimanin mutane 270,000 a cikin birni da al'ummomin da ke kusa da shi kuma yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar jama'ar yankin, samar da ruwa mai aminci da isasshen ruwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fighting around the Golo water reservoir jeopardizes main water source for over 130,000 children |url=https://www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/fighting-around-the-golo-water-reservoir-jeopardizes-main-water-source-for-over-130000-children/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=UNICEF UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, UNAMID ta ba da rahoton cewa tafkin ya rasa kusan kashi 80% na ƙarfinsa daga [[Zaizayar Kasa|rushewa]] da ajiyar yashi, tare da inganta madatsar ruwan da ake sa ran a nan gaba. == Yaƙin basasar Sudan == Wannan tafkin ya kasance cibiyar rikice-rikice a cikin [[Rikicin Sudan, 2023|Yaƙin basasar Sudan]] da ke gudana, wanda ya sanya shi cikin babban haɗarin lalacewa ko hallakawa. A cewar [[UNICEF]], halin da ake ciki na tsaro da rikici mai tsanani a ciki da kewayen El Fasher, Darfur, sun haifar da karuwar yawan fararen hula daga yankin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fighting around the Golo water reservoir jeopardizes main water source for over 130,000 children |url=https://www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/fighting-around-the-golo-water-reservoir-jeopardizes-main-water-source-for-over-130000-children/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=UNICEF UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> Rashin ruwan sha mai kyau da kiwon lafiya yana haifar da mummunar barazana ga wadanda suka rasa muhallinsu, marasa lafiya, wadanda suka ji rauni, da yara. UNICEF ta ba da rahoton cewa fada a kan tafkin yana sanya iyalai da yara cikin haɗarin yankewa daga ruwa mai aminci da isasshen ruwa, yana ƙara haɗarin cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fighting around the Golo water reservoir jeopardizes main water source for over 130,000 children |url=https://www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/fighting-around-the-golo-water-reservoir-jeopardizes-main-water-source-for-over-130000-children/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=UNICEF UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> Yara da ke fama da [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] da kuma raunana Tsarin rigakafi suna cikin haɗari musamman. A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2024, Sojojin Taimako na Rapid sun mamaye tafkin, wadanda suka rufe tsarin tsarkake ruwa zuwa El Fasher. Sojojin hadin gwiwa na Darfur sun sake kwace tafkin.<ref name="SudanTribune">{{Cite web |last=SudanTribune |date=2024-05-27 |title=Darfur joint forces recapture crucial water reservoir from RSF in El-Fasher |url=https://sudantribune.com/article286204/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sanarwar UNICEF == A ranar 31 ga Mayu 2024, UNICEF ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke kira ga dukkan bangarorin da ke cikin yakin basasar Sudan da su kawo karshen dukkan hare-hare kusa da tafkin da sauran [[Infrastructure|ababen more rayuwa]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fighting around the Golo water reservoir jeopardizes main water source for over 130,000 children |url=https://www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/fighting-around-the-golo-water-reservoir-jeopardizes-main-water-source-for-over-130000-children/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=UNICEF UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == 1ezft9e2no7uhmxw1h7924mzpf0apuy 841505 841504 2026-05-28T12:16:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 841505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rashin ruwa na Golo''' wani tafki ne wanda ke da nisan kilomita bakwai a yammacin El Fasher a arewa maso yammacin [[Sudan]] . <ref name="SudanTribune">{{Cite web |last=SudanTribune |date=2024-05-27 |title=Darfur joint forces recapture crucial water reservoir from RSF in El-Fasher |url=https://sudantribune.com/article286204/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> An gina [[madatsar ruwa]] da ke dauke da tafkin a 1947 don samar da ruwa ga El Fasher. Yana aiki a matsayin tushen ruwa na farko ga kimanin mutane 270,000 a cikin birni da al'ummomin da ke kusa da shi kuma yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar jama'ar yankin, samar da ruwa mai aminci da isasshen ruwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fighting around the Golo water reservoir jeopardizes main water source for over 130,000 children |url=https://www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/fighting-around-the-golo-water-reservoir-jeopardizes-main-water-source-for-over-130000-children/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=UNICEF UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, UNAMID ta ba da rahoton cewa tafkin ya rasa kusan kashi 80% na ƙarfinsa daga [[Zaizayar Kasa|rushewa]] da ajiyar yashi, tare da inganta madatsar ruwan da ake sa ran a nan gaba. == Yaƙin basasar Sudan == Wannan tafkin ya kasance cibiyar rikice-rikice a cikin [[Rikicin Sudan, 2023|Yaƙin basasar Sudan]] da ke gudana, wanda ya sanya shi cikin babban haɗarin lalacewa ko hallakawa. A cewar [[UNICEF]], halin da ake ciki na tsaro da rikici mai tsanani a ciki da kewayen El Fasher, Darfur, sun haifar da karuwar yawan fararen hula daga yankin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fighting around the Golo water reservoir jeopardizes main water source for over 130,000 children |url=https://www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/fighting-around-the-golo-water-reservoir-jeopardizes-main-water-source-for-over-130000-children/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=UNICEF UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> Rashin ruwan sha mai kyau da kiwon lafiya yana haifar da mummunar barazana ga wadanda suka rasa muhallinsu, marasa lafiya, wadanda suka ji rauni, da yara. UNICEF ta ba da rahoton cewa fada a kan tafkin yana sanya iyalai da yara cikin haɗarin yankewa daga ruwa mai aminci da isasshen ruwa, yana ƙara haɗarin cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fighting around the Golo water reservoir jeopardizes main water source for over 130,000 children |url=https://www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/fighting-around-the-golo-water-reservoir-jeopardizes-main-water-source-for-over-130000-children/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=UNICEF UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> Yara da ke fama da [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] da kuma raunana Tsarin rigakafi suna cikin haɗari musamman. A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2024, Sojojin Taimako na Rapid sun mamaye tafkin, wadanda suka rufe tsarin tsarkake ruwa zuwa El Fasher. Sojojin hadin gwiwa na Darfur sun sake kwace tafkin.<ref name="SudanTribune">{{Cite web |last=SudanTribune |date=2024-05-27 |title=Darfur joint forces recapture crucial water reservoir from RSF in El-Fasher |url=https://sudantribune.com/article286204/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sanarwar UNICEF == A ranar 31 ga Mayu 2024, UNICEF ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke kira ga dukkan bangarorin da ke cikin yakin basasar Sudan da su kawo karshen dukkan hare-hare kusa da tafkin da sauran [[Infrastructure|ababen more rayuwa]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fighting around the Golo water reservoir jeopardizes main water source for over 130,000 children |url=https://www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/fighting-around-the-golo-water-reservoir-jeopardizes-main-water-source-for-over-130000-children/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=UNICEF UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == gob6w22lk9mflz9secfrb91c469mh2d 0 152746 841507 2026-05-28T12:16:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354356245|Arbaat Dam collapse]]" 841507 wikitext text/x-wiki Dam din Arbaat, arewacin Port [[Sudan]], Sudan, ya rushe a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2024, inda ya kashe akalla mutane 148 tare da wasu da yawa da suka ɓace.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-28 |title=Sudan flood death toll climbs to 148, aid access hampered |url=https://sudantribune.com/article290115/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> Ruwan ya haifar da ruwan sama mai tsanani, ambaliyar ruwa da kuma mummunar kula da madatsar ruwan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=More than 60 reported killed in northeast Sudan dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/26/a-dam-collapsed-in-northeast-sudan-killing-four |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Dam din Arbaat yana da nisan kilomita 38 (24 zuwa arewa maso yammacin birnin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] na Port Sudan, kuma yana daga cikin kayan aikin kula da ambaliyar ruwa na Sudan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Sudan: Collapse of Arba'at Dam in Port Sudan, Red Sea State (26 August 2024) - Sudan |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-collapse-arbaat-dam-port-sudan-red-sea-state-26-august-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827170917/https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-collapse-arbaat-dam-port-sudan-red-sea-state-26-august-2024-enar |archive-date=2024-08-27 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> An gudanar da ayyukan kulawa a madatsar ruwan a shekarar 2017.<ref name="dabanga">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Swath of death and destruction in wake of Sudan dam collapse |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/swath-of-death-and-destruction-in-wake-of-sudan-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827171040/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/swath-of-death-and-destruction-in-wake-of-sudan-dam-collapse |archive-date=2024-08-27 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, madatsar ruwan Arbaat ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar hanyar samar da Ruwa mai laushi ga Port Sudan, wanda ya zama babban birnin Sudan bayan fara fada a [[Khartoum]] tsakanin sojojin gwamnati da Sojojin Taimako da Saurin A lokacin [[Rikicin Sudan, 2023|Yaƙin basasar Sudan]] da ke gudana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=More than 60 reported killed in northeast Sudan dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/26/a-dam-collapsed-in-northeast-sudan-killing-four |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sudan ta ƙunshi tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma ta Bahar Maliya da filin jirgin sama mai gudana, kuma ta karɓi mafi yawan kayan agaji na ƙasashen waje don samar da taimako ga 'yan ƙasar Sudan da mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu da yakin basasa ya shafa. A cikin 2024, [[Sudan]] ta fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan sama mai yawa ya haifar. Ambaliyar da ta fara a watan Yuli ta haifar da mutuwar akalla mutane goma sha biyu, tare da wasu mutane bakwai da suka ji rauni kuma akalla mutane 12,506 ne suka kamu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 28, 2024 |title=Sudan - Floods: People & areas affected (August 2024) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-floods-people-areas-affected-26-july-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827171054/https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-floods-people-areas-affected-august-2024 |archive-date=August 27, 2024 |access-date=July 28, 2024 |website=[[Reliefweb]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 28, 2024 |title=Floods kill at least 12 in eastern Sudan |url=https://ilkha.com/english/world/floods-kill-at-least-12-in-eastern-sudan-407209 |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Ilkha}}</ref> == Rushewa == Jami'an Sudan sun ba da rahoton cewa madatsar ruwan Arbaat ta fara rushewa sakamakon ruwan sama mai tsawo da ya zo a baya dangane da farawar ruwan sama a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Bugu da kari, ruwan sama ya haifar da laka don gina a kan madatsar ruwan. A cikin 2019 wani binciken bankin duniya ya ba da shawarar gyara madatsar ruwan. Nazarin ya kimanta tasirin gina sabon tsari na mafita a madatsar ruwan Arbaat yana zaton cewa ba za a hako tafkin gaba ɗaya ba, kuma za a gina sabbin mafita a matakin da ya fi girma, daidai da ƙirar madatsar a cikin 2013. Binciken ya ba da shawarar cire datti da aka tara a gaban madatsar ruwan. Ya kuma ba da shawarar gina sabon madatsar ruwa a saman madatsar ruwan da ke akwai. A cikin wannan mahallin ana iya ganin rushewar madatsar ruwan sakamakon mummunar kula da madatsar ruwa. Bayani: [http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/650011609914976904/pdf/Management-of-Critical-Water-Supply-Sources-near-Port-Sudan-Sudan-Arbaat-Dam-and-Well-Fields-at-Arbaat-and-Moj.pdf http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/650011609914976904/pdf/Management-of-Critical-Water-Supply-Sources-near-Port-Sudan-Sudan'Arbaat-Dam-and-Well-Fields-at-Arbaat -and-Moj.pdf] A yammacin ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2024, madatsar ruwan Arbaat ta rushe sakamakon lalacewar da ruwan sama ya haifar, wanda ya sa duk tafkin madatsar ya zama babu komai kuma ya fara ambaliyar ruwa a yankunan da ke ƙasa da shi. Shaidu da ido sun ba da rahoton cewa manyan motoci da yawa da ke dauke da fararen hula da tsofaffi, yara, da iyalai sun makale kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta biyo baya ta kwashe su, kuma gidaje da yawa sun kwashe su da sakamakon.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=More than 60 reported killed in northeast Sudan dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/26/a-dam-collapsed-in-northeast-sudan-killing-four |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/26/a-dam-collapsed-in-northeast-sudan-killing-four "More than 60 reported killed in northeast Sudan dam collapse"]. </cite></ref> An bayar da rahoton cewa wasu da yawa sun ɓace. An tilasta wa mazauna da yawa hawa tuddai zuwa wuri mafi tsawo don tserewa daga ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=A dam collapses in eastern Sudan after heavy rainfall and local media report dozens missing |url=https://apnews.com/article/sudan-dam-collapse-arbaat-b9496246506a4871c21b3f0354fbd88a |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> An kuma kwashe motoci bakwai a madatsar ruwan, tare da ƙungiyar masu hakar ma'adinai da ke shirin haye shi.<ref name="dabanga">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Swath of death and destruction in wake of Sudan dam collapse |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/swath-of-death-and-destruction-in-wake-of-sudan-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827171040/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/swath-of-death-and-destruction-in-wake-of-sudan-dam-collapse |archive-date=2024-08-27 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/swath-of-death-and-destruction-in-wake-of-sudan-dam-collapse "Swath of death and destruction in wake of Sudan dam collapse"]. </cite></ref> Cikakken bayani game da rushewar madatsar ruwan ya kasance da wahala a dawo da shi saboda lalacewar da rushewa da ambaliyar ruwa ta haifar da hanyoyin sadarwa na yanki da kuma lalacewar hanyoyin da ke kaiwa wurin bala'in.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Sudan: Collapse of Arba'at Dam in Port Sudan, Red Sea State (26 August 2024) - Sudan |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-collapse-arbaat-dam-port-sudan-red-sea-state-26-august-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827170917/https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-collapse-arbaat-dam-port-sudan-red-sea-state-26-august-2024-enar |archive-date=2024-08-27 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-collapse-arbaat-dam-port-sudan-red-sea-state-26-august-2024 "Sudan: Collapse of Arba'at Dam in Port Sudan, Red Sea State (26 August 2024) - Sudan"]. </cite></ref> Ruwan ya kara muni da ruwan sama a yankin Cooper Dolabiyai, wanda ya haifar da karin yankuna kusa da madatsar ruwan da ta rushe.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-28 |title=Sudan flood death toll climbs to 148, aid access hampered |url=https://sudantribune.com/article290115/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://sudantribune.com/article290115/ "Sudan flood death toll climbs to 148, aid access hampered"]. </cite></ref> == Tasirin == Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da rahoton cewa ambaliyar ruwa ta lalata ko lalata gidajen kusan fararen hula 50,000. Ambaliyar ruwa ta shafi ƙauyuka saba'in, kuma daga cikin waɗannan, ƙauyuka ashirin a yankin sun lalace. Yankunan da yawa a gabashin madatsar ruwan sun zama marasa isa saboda lalacewar da ke lalata hanyoyin da ke haifar da su wanda hakan ya haifar da iyalai 100 da ke makale. Daga cikin mutane 65,000 da suka hada da iyalai 13,000 da ke zaune a yammacin madatsar ruwan, gidajen kimanin mutane 50,000 da suka hada le iyalai 10,000 sun lalace ko lalata. Ramin ruwa tamanin da hudu sun rushe; an ba da rahoton dabbobi dubu goma da suka ɓace; an ba le rahoton katsewar wutar lantarki, kuma makarantu saba'in sun lalace ko lalace. Ruwan ambaliyar ruwa daga tafkin ya ɗauki adadi mai yawa na laka wanda ya lalata manyan filayen noma kuma ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga ababen more [[Rijiyar burtsatse|ramuka]] da mazauna.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Sudan: Collapse of Arba'at Dam in Port Sudan, Red Sea State (26 August 2024) - Sudan |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-collapse-arbaat-dam-port-sudan-red-sea-state-26-august-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827170917/https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-collapse-arbaat-dam-port-sudan-red-sea-state-26-august-2024-enar |archive-date=2024-08-27 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Port Sudan dam collapse kills 13, threatens water supply |url=https://sudantribune.com/article290038/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827170928/https://sudantribune.com/article290038/ |archive-date=2024-08-27 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Dam din Derna ya rushe * Rashin madatsar ruwa ta Patel * [[Madatsar Ruwa ta Gusau|Ruwan ruwa na Gusau]] * Ambaliyar ruwa ta Kudu ta 2024 == Manazarta == kula1xrqrsmcboaoirswsa7wmqn1dp2 841508 841507 2026-05-28T12:17:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 841508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Arbaat''', arewacin Port [[Sudan]], Sudan, ya rushe a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2024, inda ya kashe akalla mutane 148 tare da wasu da yawa da suka ɓace.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-28 |title=Sudan flood death toll climbs to 148, aid access hampered |url=https://sudantribune.com/article290115/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> Ruwan ya haifar da ruwan sama mai tsanani, ambaliyar ruwa da kuma mummunar kula da madatsar ruwan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=More than 60 reported killed in northeast Sudan dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/26/a-dam-collapsed-in-northeast-sudan-killing-four |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Dam din Arbaat yana da nisan kilomita 38 (24 zuwa arewa maso yammacin birnin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] na Port Sudan, kuma yana daga cikin kayan aikin kula da ambaliyar ruwa na Sudan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Sudan: Collapse of Arba'at Dam in Port Sudan, Red Sea State (26 August 2024) - Sudan |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-collapse-arbaat-dam-port-sudan-red-sea-state-26-august-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827170917/https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-collapse-arbaat-dam-port-sudan-red-sea-state-26-august-2024-enar |archive-date=2024-08-27 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> An gudanar da ayyukan kulawa a madatsar ruwan a shekarar 2017.<ref name="dabanga">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Swath of death and destruction in wake of Sudan dam collapse |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/swath-of-death-and-destruction-in-wake-of-sudan-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827171040/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/swath-of-death-and-destruction-in-wake-of-sudan-dam-collapse |archive-date=2024-08-27 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, madatsar ruwan Arbaat ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar hanyar samar da Ruwa mai laushi ga Port Sudan, wanda ya zama babban birnin Sudan bayan fara fada a [[Khartoum]] tsakanin sojojin gwamnati da Sojojin Taimako da Saurin A lokacin [[Rikicin Sudan, 2023|Yaƙin basasar Sudan]] da ke gudana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=More than 60 reported killed in northeast Sudan dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/26/a-dam-collapsed-in-northeast-sudan-killing-four |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sudan ta ƙunshi tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma ta Bahar Maliya da filin jirgin sama mai gudana, kuma ta karɓi mafi yawan kayan agaji na ƙasashen waje don samar da taimako ga 'yan ƙasar Sudan da mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu da yakin basasa ya shafa. A cikin 2024, [[Sudan]] ta fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan sama mai yawa ya haifar. Ambaliyar da ta fara a watan Yuli ta haifar da mutuwar akalla mutane goma sha biyu, tare da wasu mutane bakwai da suka ji rauni kuma akalla mutane 12,506 ne suka kamu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 28, 2024 |title=Sudan - Floods: People & areas affected (August 2024) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-floods-people-areas-affected-26-july-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827171054/https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-floods-people-areas-affected-august-2024 |archive-date=August 27, 2024 |access-date=July 28, 2024 |website=[[Reliefweb]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 28, 2024 |title=Floods kill at least 12 in eastern Sudan |url=https://ilkha.com/english/world/floods-kill-at-least-12-in-eastern-sudan-407209 |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Ilkha}}</ref> == Rushewa == Jami'an Sudan sun ba da rahoton cewa madatsar ruwan Arbaat ta fara rushewa sakamakon ruwan sama mai tsawo da ya zo a baya dangane da farawar ruwan sama a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Bugu da kari, ruwan sama ya haifar da laka don gina a kan madatsar ruwan. A cikin 2019 wani binciken bankin duniya ya ba da shawarar gyara madatsar ruwan. Nazarin ya kimanta tasirin gina sabon tsari na mafita a madatsar ruwan Arbaat yana zaton cewa ba za a hako tafkin gaba ɗaya ba, kuma za a gina sabbin mafita a matakin da ya fi girma, daidai da ƙirar madatsar a cikin 2013. Binciken ya ba da shawarar cire datti da aka tara a gaban madatsar ruwan. Ya kuma ba da shawarar gina sabon madatsar ruwa a saman madatsar ruwan da ke akwai. A cikin wannan mahallin ana iya ganin rushewar madatsar ruwan sakamakon mummunar kula da madatsar ruwa. Bayani: [http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/650011609914976904/pdf/Management-of-Critical-Water-Supply-Sources-near-Port-Sudan-Sudan-Arbaat-Dam-and-Well-Fields-at-Arbaat-and-Moj.pdf http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/650011609914976904/pdf/Management-of-Critical-Water-Supply-Sources-near-Port-Sudan-Sudan'Arbaat-Dam-and-Well-Fields-at-Arbaat -and-Moj.pdf] A yammacin ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2024, madatsar ruwan Arbaat ta rushe sakamakon lalacewar da ruwan sama ya haifar, wanda ya sa duk tafkin madatsar ya zama babu komai kuma ya fara ambaliyar ruwa a yankunan da ke ƙasa da shi. Shaidu da ido sun ba da rahoton cewa manyan motoci da yawa da ke dauke da fararen hula da tsofaffi, yara, da iyalai sun makale kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta biyo baya ta kwashe su, kuma gidaje da yawa sun kwashe su da sakamakon.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=More than 60 reported killed in northeast Sudan dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/26/a-dam-collapsed-in-northeast-sudan-killing-four |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/26/a-dam-collapsed-in-northeast-sudan-killing-four "More than 60 reported killed in northeast Sudan dam collapse"]. </cite></ref> An bayar da rahoton cewa wasu da yawa sun ɓace. An tilasta wa mazauna da yawa hawa tuddai zuwa wuri mafi tsawo don tserewa daga ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=A dam collapses in eastern Sudan after heavy rainfall and local media report dozens missing |url=https://apnews.com/article/sudan-dam-collapse-arbaat-b9496246506a4871c21b3f0354fbd88a |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> An kuma kwashe motoci bakwai a madatsar ruwan, tare da ƙungiyar masu hakar ma'adinai da ke shirin haye shi.<ref name="dabanga">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Swath of death and destruction in wake of Sudan dam collapse |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/swath-of-death-and-destruction-in-wake-of-sudan-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827171040/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/swath-of-death-and-destruction-in-wake-of-sudan-dam-collapse |archive-date=2024-08-27 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/swath-of-death-and-destruction-in-wake-of-sudan-dam-collapse "Swath of death and destruction in wake of Sudan dam collapse"]. </cite></ref> Cikakken bayani game da rushewar madatsar ruwan ya kasance da wahala a dawo da shi saboda lalacewar da rushewa da ambaliyar ruwa ta haifar da hanyoyin sadarwa na yanki da kuma lalacewar hanyoyin da ke kaiwa wurin bala'in.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Sudan: Collapse of Arba'at Dam in Port Sudan, Red Sea State (26 August 2024) - Sudan |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-collapse-arbaat-dam-port-sudan-red-sea-state-26-august-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827170917/https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-collapse-arbaat-dam-port-sudan-red-sea-state-26-august-2024-enar |archive-date=2024-08-27 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-collapse-arbaat-dam-port-sudan-red-sea-state-26-august-2024 "Sudan: Collapse of Arba'at Dam in Port Sudan, Red Sea State (26 August 2024) - Sudan"]. </cite></ref> Ruwan ya kara muni da ruwan sama a yankin Cooper Dolabiyai, wanda ya haifar da karin yankuna kusa da madatsar ruwan da ta rushe.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-28 |title=Sudan flood death toll climbs to 148, aid access hampered |url=https://sudantribune.com/article290115/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://sudantribune.com/article290115/ "Sudan flood death toll climbs to 148, aid access hampered"]. </cite></ref> == Tasirin == Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da rahoton cewa ambaliyar ruwa ta lalata ko lalata gidajen kusan fararen hula 50,000. Ambaliyar ruwa ta shafi ƙauyuka saba'in, kuma daga cikin waɗannan, ƙauyuka ashirin a yankin sun lalace. Yankunan da yawa a gabashin madatsar ruwan sun zama marasa isa saboda lalacewar da ke lalata hanyoyin da ke haifar da su wanda hakan ya haifar da iyalai 100 da ke makale. Daga cikin mutane 65,000 da suka hada da iyalai 13,000 da ke zaune a yammacin madatsar ruwan, gidajen kimanin mutane 50,000 da suka hada le iyalai 10,000 sun lalace ko lalata. Ramin ruwa tamanin da hudu sun rushe; an ba da rahoton dabbobi dubu goma da suka ɓace; an ba le rahoton katsewar wutar lantarki, kuma makarantu saba'in sun lalace ko lalace. Ruwan ambaliyar ruwa daga tafkin ya ɗauki adadi mai yawa na laka wanda ya lalata manyan filayen noma kuma ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga ababen more [[Rijiyar burtsatse|ramuka]] da mazauna.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Sudan: Collapse of Arba'at Dam in Port Sudan, Red Sea State (26 August 2024) - Sudan |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-collapse-arbaat-dam-port-sudan-red-sea-state-26-august-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827170917/https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-collapse-arbaat-dam-port-sudan-red-sea-state-26-august-2024-enar |archive-date=2024-08-27 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Port Sudan dam collapse kills 13, threatens water supply |url=https://sudantribune.com/article290038/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827170928/https://sudantribune.com/article290038/ |archive-date=2024-08-27 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Dam din Derna ya rushe * Rashin madatsar ruwa ta Patel * [[Madatsar Ruwa ta Gusau|Ruwan ruwa na Gusau]] * Ambaliyar ruwa ta Kudu ta 2024 == Manazarta == ocp9f2frblpusny5gc1ewny69kb6300 0 152747 841509 2026-05-28T12:17:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353641707|Jebel Aulia Dam]]" 841509 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Sudan._Jebel_Awlia,_to_Malakal._Air_view._Dam_south_of_Khartoum,_largest_engineering_project_on_the_Nile_LOC_matpc.17377.jpg|thumb|Hoton sararin samaniya na madatsar ruwan Jebal Aulia a cikin gini a 1936]] Dam din Jebal Aulia madatsar ruwa ce a kan White Nile kusa da [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]] . An fara gina shi a 1933 kuma an kammala shi a 1937. Lokacin da aka kammala shi ne madatsar ruwa mafi girma a duniya. Gibson da Pauling (Foreign) Ltd ne suka gina madatsar ruwan, wanda ya kasance haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kamfanin injiniyan farar hula na Burtaniya Pauling &amp;amp; Co. da injiniyan fararen hula John Watson Gibson. A shekarar 2003, an yi wani aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa mai {{Convert|30|MW}} an kammala cikakken ƙarfin madatsar ruwa a kan madatsar ruwa. Wannan ya ƙara darajar dabarun ginin, don haka yanzu ana ci gaba da tsare shi a hannun Sojojin Sudan. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023 an lalata gadar Jebel Aulia, wani ɓangare na madatsar ruwan Jebel Aulie, a cikin gwagwarmaya mai tsanani a Jabal Awliya. Wani Jami'in Sudan ya ce madatsar ruwan kanta ta kasance ba tare da lalacewa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2023 |title=Jebel Aulia dam is not damaged by bridge destruction: official |url=https://sudantribune.com/article279489/ |access-date=24 December 2024 |publisher=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, Sojojin Taimako da Saurin sun zargi Sojojin Sudan da lalata madatsar ruwan a hare-haren sama, wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a Jihar White Nile. SAF ta zargi RSF da haifar da ambaliyar ruwa ta hanyar rufe madatsar ruwan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2024 |title=White Nile floodwaters engulf new areas, RSF blames army |url=https://sudantribune.com/article295013/ |access-date=24 December 2024 |publisher=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> == Manazarta == euju3gmu47l0ntq04jaypi46wuxe6k1 841510 841509 2026-05-28T12:18:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 841510 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Sudan._Jebel_Awlia,_to_Malakal._Air_view._Dam_south_of_Khartoum,_largest_engineering_project_on_the_Nile_LOC_matpc.17377.jpg|thumb|Hoton sararin samaniya na madatsar ruwan Jebal Aulia a cikin gini a 1936]]{{Databox}} '''Dam din Jebal Aulia''' madatsar ruwa ce a kan White Nile kusa da [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]]. An fara gina shi a 1933 kuma an kammala shi a 1937. Lokacin da aka kammala shi ne madatsar ruwa mafi girma a duniya. Gibson da Pauling (Foreign) Ltd ne suka gina madatsar ruwan, wanda ya kasance haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kamfanin injiniyan farar hula na Burtaniya Pauling &amp;amp; Co. da injiniyan fararen hula John Watson Gibson. A shekarar 2003, an yi wani aikin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa mai {{Convert|30|MW}} an kammala cikakken ƙarfin madatsar ruwa a kan madatsar ruwa. Wannan ya ƙara darajar dabarun ginin, don haka yanzu ana ci gaba da tsare shi a hannun Sojojin Sudan. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023 an lalata gadar Jebel Aulia, wani ɓangare na madatsar ruwan Jebel Aulie, a cikin gwagwarmaya mai tsanani a Jabal Awliya. Wani Jami'in Sudan ya ce madatsar ruwan kanta ta kasance ba tare da lalacewa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2023 |title=Jebel Aulia dam is not damaged by bridge destruction: official |url=https://sudantribune.com/article279489/ |access-date=24 December 2024 |publisher=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, Sojojin Taimako da Saurin sun zargi Sojojin Sudan da lalata madatsar ruwan a hare-haren sama, wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a Jihar White Nile. SAF ta zargi RSF da haifar da ambaliyar ruwa ta hanyar rufe madatsar ruwan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2024 |title=White Nile floodwaters engulf new areas, RSF blames army |url=https://sudantribune.com/article295013/ |access-date=24 December 2024 |publisher=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> == Manazarta == q58vohv42rax89ewrpx4xxhskxgbzja 0 152748 841511 2026-05-28T12:18:38Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1218647465|Kajbar Power Station]]" 841511 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kajbar''' ita ce tashar wutar lantarki da aka tsara a kan [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a arewacin [[Sudan]] . Ruwan ruwa na uku, zai sami ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na 360 MW, wanda ya isa ya ba da wutar lantarki sama da gidaje 202,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-25 |title=1150 MW Merove Hydro Power Plant built in Sudan as per the design by Institute Hydroproject |url=http://www.powereng.ru/eng/data/press/news/2009_04_03.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710010749/http://www.powereng.ru/eng/data/press/news/2009_04_03.php |archive-date=July 10, 2009 |access-date=2009-08-01 |publisher=www.powereng.ru}}</ref> Daga cikin sauran manufofi, madatsar ruwan tana da niyyar sauƙaƙe Masana'antu masu nauyi a yankin ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heuwel |first=Sahra |date=2013-05-23 |title=Sudan's 360 MW Kajbar hydropower scheme to proceed |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/top-stories/sudan-s-360-mw-kajbar-hydropower-scheme-to-proceed/ |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=ESI-Africa.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Tashar wutar lantarki ta Kajbar wani bangare ne na shirin samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma a duk faɗin Kogin Nilu a Sudan, wanda ya haɗa da madatsar ruwan Merowe (wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 2009), madatsar ruwa ta Shreiq da madatsarar ruwan Dal (wanda aka gabatar). Ya zuwa 2020, aikin ya tsaya kuma ba a san ranar da ake tsammani za a kammala shi ba. == Hamayya == Aikin wutar lantarki na Kajbar ya gamu da babbar adawa daga al'ummomin yankin, mafi yawansu na 'yan tsiraru na [[Nubians (ƙabila)|Nubian]] ne da ke fuskantar barazana. Rashin da madatsar ruwan Kajbar ta kirkira zai mamaye 110 km² na kwarin Nilu, yana buƙatar sake komawa mutane 10,000 daga ƙauyuka 10 zuwa 12, tare da nutsewar wasu wuraren binciken archaeological 500.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=New Chinese dam project fuels ethnic conflict in Sudan {{!}} Pambazuka News |url=https://www.pambazuka.org/human-security/new-chinese-dam-project-fuels-ethnic-conflict-sudan |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.pambazuka.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Heuwel |first=Sahra |date=2013-05-23 |title=Sudan's 360 MW Kajbar hydropower scheme to proceed |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/top-stories/sudan-s-360-mw-kajbar-hydropower-scheme-to-proceed/ |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=ESI-Africa.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, zanga-zangar da yawa game da aikin sun faru tun daga shekarun 2000, wasu daga cikinsu ana murkushe su da tashin hankali kamar a cikin 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protests against Kajbar Dam in Sudan met with violence {{!}} Business & Human Rights Resource Centre |url=https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/protests-against-kajbar-dam-in-sudan-met-with-violence |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.business-humanrights.org |language=en}}</ref> Da farko ana sa ran kammala shi a shekara ta 2016, aikin ya tsaya saboda adawa mai karfi, kuma ba a sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci ba tun daga shekarar 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/SDN |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.eia.gov}}</ref> == Manazarta == 5li9p5r2h7ppfy1bl5uz5xj29r923tq 841512 841511 2026-05-28T12:18:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 841512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kajbar''' ita ce tashar wutar lantarki da aka tsara a kan [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a arewacin [[Sudan]] . Ruwan ruwa na uku, zai sami ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na 360 MW, wanda ya isa ya ba da wutar lantarki sama da gidaje 202,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-25 |title=1150 MW Merove Hydro Power Plant built in Sudan as per the design by Institute Hydroproject |url=http://www.powereng.ru/eng/data/press/news/2009_04_03.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710010749/http://www.powereng.ru/eng/data/press/news/2009_04_03.php |archive-date=July 10, 2009 |access-date=2009-08-01 |publisher=www.powereng.ru}}</ref> Daga cikin sauran manufofi, madatsar ruwan tana da niyyar sauƙaƙe Masana'antu masu nauyi a yankin ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heuwel |first=Sahra |date=2013-05-23 |title=Sudan's 360 MW Kajbar hydropower scheme to proceed |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/top-stories/sudan-s-360-mw-kajbar-hydropower-scheme-to-proceed/ |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=ESI-Africa.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Tashar wutar lantarki ta Kajbar wani bangare ne na shirin samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma a duk faɗin Kogin Nilu a Sudan, wanda ya haɗa da madatsar ruwan Merowe (wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 2009), madatsar ruwa ta Shreiq da madatsarar ruwan Dal (wanda aka gabatar). Ya zuwa 2020, aikin ya tsaya kuma ba a san ranar da ake tsammani za a kammala shi ba. == Hamayya == Aikin wutar lantarki na Kajbar ya gamu da babbar adawa daga al'ummomin yankin, mafi yawansu na 'yan tsiraru na [[Nubians (ƙabila)|Nubian]] ne da ke fuskantar barazana. Rashin da madatsar ruwan Kajbar ta kirkira zai mamaye 110 km² na kwarin Nilu, yana buƙatar sake komawa mutane 10,000 daga ƙauyuka 10 zuwa 12, tare da nutsewar wasu wuraren binciken archaeological 500.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=New Chinese dam project fuels ethnic conflict in Sudan {{!}} Pambazuka News |url=https://www.pambazuka.org/human-security/new-chinese-dam-project-fuels-ethnic-conflict-sudan |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.pambazuka.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Heuwel |first=Sahra |date=2013-05-23 |title=Sudan's 360 MW Kajbar hydropower scheme to proceed |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/top-stories/sudan-s-360-mw-kajbar-hydropower-scheme-to-proceed/ |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=ESI-Africa.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, zanga-zangar da yawa game da aikin sun faru tun daga shekarun 2000, wasu daga cikinsu ana murkushe su da tashin hankali kamar a cikin 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protests against Kajbar Dam in Sudan met with violence {{!}} Business & Human Rights Resource Centre |url=https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/protests-against-kajbar-dam-in-sudan-met-with-violence |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.business-humanrights.org |language=en}}</ref> Da farko ana sa ran kammala shi a shekara ta 2016, aikin ya tsaya saboda adawa mai karfi, kuma ba a sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci ba tun daga shekarar 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/SDN |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.eia.gov}}</ref> == Manazarta == qjjnpbkvcr745jam8uh8mq5lnci3dvx 0 152749 841513 2026-05-28T12:19:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331728312|Khashm el-Girba Dam]]" 841513 wikitext text/x-wiki Dam din Khashm el-Girba madatsar ruwa ce mai nauyi da ruwa a kan {{Convert|4|km|mi|0}} kimanin kilomita 4 (2 kudu da Khashm El Girba a gabashin [[Sudan]] . Babban manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce ban ruwa.<ref> {{Cite web |title=Sediment case study template_Khashm El Girba.indd |url=https://www.hydropower.org/file/14291/download?token=610BvPal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030032208/https://www.hydropower.org/file/14291/download?token=610BvPal |archive-date=2020-10-30 |access-date=2020-10-26}} </ref> Dam din yana sanye take da tashar tashar, wanda ke gefen hagu, wanda ke karkatar da ruwa zuwa tashar. Lokacin da matakan ruwa a cikin tafkin ba su da yawa, famfo uku suna motsa ruwa zuwa cikin tashar. Babban bangare na madatsar ruwan shine yumbu; sassan ruwa da ban ruwa sune nauyi na kankare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Siyam |title=Assessment of The Current State of The Nile Basin Reservoir Sedimentation Problems |url=http://www.nbcbn.com/Project_Documents/Progress_Reports/RM-G1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009041327/http://www.nbcbn.com/Project_Documents/Progress_Reports/RM-G1.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2010 |access-date=16 February 2013 |publisher=Nile Basin Capacity Building Network |page=A3}}</ref> Dam din yana da karamin tashar wutar lantarki, wanda aka inganta a lokacin 2002-04 zuwa ƙarfin shigarwa na yanzu na {{Convert|10|MW}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khashm Algirba Dam |url=http://www.shgc-sd.com/khashm-dam.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411191603/http://www.shgc-sd.com/khashm-dam.html |archive-date=11 April 2013 |access-date=16 February 2013 |publisher=Sudanese Hydro Generation Co Ltd.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khashm El Girba Hydro Power Station Rehabilitation (2002-04) |url=http://heavyengineering.co.ke/KhashmHEPP200204.php |access-date=16 February 2013 |publisher=Heavy Engineering Ltd.}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   * Upper Atbara da Setit Dam Complex == Manazarta == gl79hs6m8hefryzthbz1zag6vq8mfc6 841514 841513 2026-05-28T12:20:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 841514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Khashm el-Girba''' madatsar ruwa ce mai nauyi da ruwa a kan {{Convert|4|km|mi|0}} kimanin kilomita 4 (2 kudu da Khashm El Girba a gabashin [[Sudan]] . Babban manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce ban ruwa.<ref> {{Cite web |title=Sediment case study template_Khashm El Girba.indd |url=https://www.hydropower.org/file/14291/download?token=610BvPal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030032208/https://www.hydropower.org/file/14291/download?token=610BvPal |archive-date=2020-10-30 |access-date=2020-10-26}} </ref> Dam din yana sanye take da tashar tashar, wanda ke gefen hagu, wanda ke karkatar da ruwa zuwa tashar. Lokacin da matakan ruwa a cikin tafkin ba su da yawa, famfo uku suna motsa ruwa zuwa cikin tashar. Babban bangare na madatsar ruwan shine yumbu; sassan ruwa da ban ruwa sune nauyi na kankare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Siyam |title=Assessment of The Current State of The Nile Basin Reservoir Sedimentation Problems |url=http://www.nbcbn.com/Project_Documents/Progress_Reports/RM-G1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009041327/http://www.nbcbn.com/Project_Documents/Progress_Reports/RM-G1.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2010 |access-date=16 February 2013 |publisher=Nile Basin Capacity Building Network |page=A3}}</ref> Dam din yana da karamin tashar wutar lantarki, wanda aka inganta a lokacin 2002-04 zuwa ƙarfin shigarwa na yanzu na {{Convert|10|MW}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khashm Algirba Dam |url=http://www.shgc-sd.com/khashm-dam.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411191603/http://www.shgc-sd.com/khashm-dam.html |archive-date=11 April 2013 |access-date=16 February 2013 |publisher=Sudanese Hydro Generation Co Ltd.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khashm El Girba Hydro Power Station Rehabilitation (2002-04) |url=http://heavyengineering.co.ke/KhashmHEPP200204.php |access-date=16 February 2013 |publisher=Heavy Engineering Ltd.}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   * Upper Atbara da Setit Dam Complex == Manazarta == ahqukh78haaj0qcngf4luzl9p6x31au 0 152750 841515 2026-05-28T12:21:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340134252|Merowe Dam]]" 841515 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Merowe''', wanda aka fi sani da Merowe High Dam, Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project ko Hamdab Dam, babban madatsar ruwan ne kusa da garin Merowe a arewacin [[Sudan]], kimanin kilomita 350 (220 arewacin babban birnin [[Khartoum]] . Girmansa ya sa ya zama aikin samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma a [[Afirka]]. Tana kan [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], kusa da kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta 4th Cataract inda kogin ya kasu kashi da yawa karami rassa tare da manyan tsibirai a tsakanin. Merowe birni ne mai nisan kilomita 40 (25 daga wurin gini a Hamdab . Babban manufar gina madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da wutar lantarki. == Bayani game da fasaha == Dam din yana da tsawon kimanin kilomita 9 (5.6 da tsawo har zuwa mita 67 (220 . Ya ƙunshi [[madatsar ruwa]] mai cike da dutse a kowane bakin kogi (madatsar ruwa ta dama ita ce mafi girman bangare na aikin, tsawon kilomita 4.3 da tsayi 53m; bankin hagu yana da tsawon mita 1590 da tsayi 50), mita 883 (2,897 -tsawon mita 67 (220 - babban madatsar ruwan ƙasa (babban madatsar) a cikin tashar kogi ta hagu, da kuma [[Hanyar Zube|Rashin ruwa]] mai rai a cikin tashwar kogi ta dama (slu, hanyar zubar ruwa da kuma madatsar da madatsar wutar lantarki ta mita 300). <ref name="structure">{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi tafkin {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}} , ko kuma kusan 15% na kwararar shekara-shekara ta Nilu na 84 cubic kilometers (68,000,000 ·ft); matakin tafkin da aka nufa yana da mita 300 sama da matakin teku, tare da matakin Nilu a cikin madatsar ruwan yana da kimanin mita 265. An shirya tafkin don fadada kilomita 174 (108 daga sama.&nbsp; == Gidan wutar lantarki == Gidan wutar lantarki yana sanye take da Turbines na Francis guda goma 125 (168,000 , kowannensu an tsara shi don ƙimar fitarwa ta mita 300 a kowace dakika, kuma kowannensu yana tuka janareta {{Nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{Nowrap|15 kV}} synchronous. Masu tsarawa suna sa ran samar da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara na {{Convert|5.5|TWh}} , wanda ya dace da matsakaicin nauyin {{Convert|625|MW}} hp), ko 50% na nauyin da aka kiyasta. Don amfani da ƙarin ƙarfin ƙarni, za a inganta wutar lantarki ta Sudan kuma a faɗaɗa ta a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin, tare da kusan kilomita 500 (310 na sabon layin watsa iska na {{Nowrap|500 kV}} a Dajin Bayudah Desert zuwa Atbara, ci gaba zuwa [[Omdurman]] / Khartoum, da kuma kusan kilomita 1,000 (620 na layin {{Nowrap|220 kV}} zuwa gabas zuwa Port Sudan da yamma tare da Nilu, suna haɗawa da Merowe, Dabba da [[Dongola]]. == Shirye-shiryen da gini == [[Fayil:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Hoton mai ba da sararin samaniya na madatsar ruwan Merowe]] Tunanin madatsar ruwan Nilu a karo na 4 ya tsufa sosai. Hukumomin Anglo-Masar Sudan sun ba da shawarar sau da yawa a farkon rabin karni na 20. Ya kamata ya daidaita manyan sauye-sauyen kwararar Nilu na shekara-shekara, ya haifar da yiwuwar girma [[auduga]] da samar da kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa ga ƙananan kwarin Nilu. Bayan Sudan ta sami 'yancin kai a 1956, Masar ta yanke shawarar sarrafa kwararar ruwan Nilu wanda ya kai yankinta ta hanyar gina madatsar ruwa da ƙirƙirar tafki - madatsar ruwan Aswan da [[Tafkin Nasser]]. Gwamnatin soja ta Sudan a karkashin Shugaba Nimeiri ta farfado da shirin a shekarar 1979, yanzu tare da niyyar samar da wutar lantarki don karuwar bukatar Sudan. Shekaru goma masu zuwa sun ga masana'antu na kasa da kasa da ofisoshin tsarawa suna aiki, suna samar da jimlar nazarin yiwuwar guda huɗu [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Koyaya, rashin isasshen kuɗi da rashin sha'awar masu saka hannun jari ya dakatar da aikin a matakin tsarawa. Wannan ya bayyana ya canza sosai tun lokacin da kasar ta fara fitar da mai a cikin adadin kasuwanci a cikin shekarun 1999/2000. Ingantaccen bashi ya kawo kwararar saka hannun jari na kasashen waje, kuma an sanya hannu kan kwangila don gina abin da yanzu ake kira aikin madatsar ruwan Merowe a cikin 2002 da 2003. Manyan 'yan kwangila sune: * China International Water & Electric Corp., China National Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Corp. (ginin madatsar ruwa, ayyukan hydromechanical) * Lahmeyer International (Jamus - tsarawa, gudanar da aikin, aikin injiniya) * Alstom (Faransa - janareto, turbines) * Kamfanin Injiniyan Wutar Lantarki na Harbin, Kamfanin Yankin Jilin Transmission da Substation Project Company (duka China - fadada tsarin watsawa) A lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan kwangilar, madatsar ruwan Merowe ita ce aikin kasa da kasa mafi girma da masana'antar kasar Sin ta taba shiga ciki. An fara karkatar da kogi da aiki a kan madatsar ruwa a farkon shekara ta 2004. An rufe tashar kogin hagu a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005; jadawalin aikin ya tsara tafkin don farawa a tsakiyar shekara ta 2006 kuma na'urar samar da wutar lantarki ta farko don shiga kan layi a tsakiyar shekara a shekara ta 2007. An kaddamar da madatsar ruwan a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2009, a wannan lokacin tafkin ya cika kuma duk ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki a kan layi. == Manazarta == 5ft7mkk2mwactbb968t7auke5a9p8j5 841516 841515 2026-05-28T12:21:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 841516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Merowe''', wanda aka fi sani da Merowe High Dam, Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project ko Hamdab Dam, babban madatsar ruwan ne kusa da garin Merowe a arewacin [[Sudan]], kimanin kilomita 350 (220 arewacin babban birnin [[Khartoum]] . Girmansa ya sa ya zama aikin samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma a [[Afirka]]. Tana kan [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], kusa da kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta 4th Cataract inda kogin ya kasu kashi da yawa karami rassa tare da manyan tsibirai a tsakanin. Merowe birni ne mai nisan kilomita 40 (25 daga wurin gini a Hamdab . Babban manufar gina madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da wutar lantarki. == Bayani game da fasaha == Dam din yana da tsawon kimanin kilomita 9 (5.6 da tsawo har zuwa mita 67 (220 . Ya ƙunshi [[madatsar ruwa]] mai cike da dutse a kowane bakin kogi (madatsar ruwa ta dama ita ce mafi girman bangare na aikin, tsawon kilomita 4.3 da tsayi 53m; bankin hagu yana da tsawon mita 1590 da tsayi 50), mita 883 (2,897 -tsawon mita 67 (220 - babban madatsar ruwan ƙasa (babban madatsar) a cikin tashar kogi ta hagu, da kuma [[Hanyar Zube|Rashin ruwa]] mai rai a cikin tashwar kogi ta dama (slu, hanyar zubar ruwa da kuma madatsar da madatsar wutar lantarki ta mita 300). <ref name="structure">{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi tafkin {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}} , ko kuma kusan 15% na kwararar shekara-shekara ta Nilu na 84 cubic kilometers (68,000,000 ·ft); matakin tafkin da aka nufa yana da mita 300 sama da matakin teku, tare da matakin Nilu a cikin madatsar ruwan yana da kimanin mita 265. An shirya tafkin don fadada kilomita 174 (108 daga sama.&nbsp; == Gidan wutar lantarki == Gidan wutar lantarki yana sanye take da Turbines na Francis guda goma 125 (168,000 , kowannensu an tsara shi don ƙimar fitarwa ta mita 300 a kowace dakika, kuma kowannensu yana tuka janareta {{Nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{Nowrap|15 kV}} synchronous. Masu tsarawa suna sa ran samar da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara na {{Convert|5.5|TWh}} , wanda ya dace da matsakaicin nauyin {{Convert|625|MW}} hp), ko 50% na nauyin da aka kiyasta. Don amfani da ƙarin ƙarfin ƙarni, za a inganta wutar lantarki ta Sudan kuma a faɗaɗa ta a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin, tare da kusan kilomita 500 (310 na sabon layin watsa iska na {{Nowrap|500 kV}} a Dajin Bayudah Desert zuwa Atbara, ci gaba zuwa [[Omdurman]] / Khartoum, da kuma kusan kilomita 1,000 (620 na layin {{Nowrap|220 kV}} zuwa gabas zuwa Port Sudan da yamma tare da Nilu, suna haɗawa da Merowe, Dabba da [[Dongola]]. == Shirye-shiryen da gini == [[Fayil:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Hoton mai ba da sararin samaniya na madatsar ruwan Merowe]] Tunanin madatsar ruwan Nilu a karo na 4 ya tsufa sosai. Hukumomin Anglo-Masar Sudan sun ba da shawarar sau da yawa a farkon rabin karni na 20. Ya kamata ya daidaita manyan sauye-sauyen kwararar Nilu na shekara-shekara, ya haifar da yiwuwar girma [[auduga]] da samar da kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa ga ƙananan kwarin Nilu. Bayan Sudan ta sami 'yancin kai a 1956, Masar ta yanke shawarar sarrafa kwararar ruwan Nilu wanda ya kai yankinta ta hanyar gina madatsar ruwa da ƙirƙirar tafki - madatsar ruwan Aswan da [[Tafkin Nasser]]. Gwamnatin soja ta Sudan a karkashin Shugaba Nimeiri ta farfado da shirin a shekarar 1979, yanzu tare da niyyar samar da wutar lantarki don karuwar bukatar Sudan. Shekaru goma masu zuwa sun ga masana'antu na kasa da kasa da ofisoshin tsarawa suna aiki, suna samar da jimlar nazarin yiwuwar guda huɗu [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Koyaya, rashin isasshen kuɗi da rashin sha'awar masu saka hannun jari ya dakatar da aikin a matakin tsarawa. Wannan ya bayyana ya canza sosai tun lokacin da kasar ta fara fitar da mai a cikin adadin kasuwanci a cikin shekarun 1999/2000. Ingantaccen bashi ya kawo kwararar saka hannun jari na kasashen waje, kuma an sanya hannu kan kwangila don gina abin da yanzu ake kira aikin madatsar ruwan Merowe a cikin 2002 da 2003. Manyan 'yan kwangila sune: * China International Water & Electric Corp., China National Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Corp. (ginin madatsar ruwa, ayyukan hydromechanical) * Lahmeyer International (Jamus - tsarawa, gudanar da aikin, aikin injiniya) * Alstom (Faransa - janareto, turbines) * Kamfanin Injiniyan Wutar Lantarki na Harbin, Kamfanin Yankin Jilin Transmission da Substation Project Company (duka China - fadada tsarin watsawa) A lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan kwangilar, madatsar ruwan Merowe ita ce aikin kasa da kasa mafi girma da masana'antar kasar Sin ta taba shiga ciki. An fara karkatar da kogi da aiki a kan madatsar ruwa a farkon shekara ta 2004. An rufe tashar kogin hagu a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005; jadawalin aikin ya tsara tafkin don farawa a tsakiyar shekara ta 2006 kuma na'urar samar da wutar lantarki ta farko don shiga kan layi a tsakiyar shekara a shekara ta 2007. An kaddamar da madatsar ruwan a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2009, a wannan lokacin tafkin ya cika kuma duk ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki a kan layi. == Manazarta == newg6zx2iqgg95smc7akjl636xnb5wk 0 152751 841517 2026-05-28T12:22:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353219139|Roseires Dam]]" 841517 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam din Roseires''' ( Arabic ) madatsar ruwa ce a kan Blue Nile a Ad Damazin, kusa da garin Er Roseires, a [[Sudan]] . Ta ƙunshi madatsar ruwa ta siminti 1&nbsp;faɗin kilomita tare da matsakaicin tsayin kilomita 68&nbsp;m, da kuma madatsar ruwa a kowane gefe. Madatsar ruwa a gefen gabas tana da tsawon mita 4.&nbsp;tsawon kilomita, kuma wanda ke gefen yamma shine 8.5 km.&nbsp;Tsawon kilomita. Madatsar ruwan tana da faɗin fili na kimanin 290&nbsp;km ² . [[Fayil:Roseires_Reservoir.jpg|thumb|Roseires tafkin tafkin]] An kammala madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1966, da farko don dalilai na ban ruwa. An kara tashar samar da wutar lantarki, tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin 280 megawatts, a cikin 1971. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan Vision Daily - Details |url=http://news.sudanvisiondaily.com/details.html?rsnpid=217795 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105119/http://news.sudanvisiondaily.com/details.html?rsnpid=217795 |archive-date=2013-12-24 |access-date=2013-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Heightening of the Roseires Dam Rehabilitation Project - OPEC Fund for International Development |url=https://opecfund.org/operations/list/heightening-of-the-roseires-dam-rehabilitation-project |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=opecfund.org |language=en}}</ref> Bayan kammala aikin Hidase na Ethiopian, madatsar ruwan Roseires ta zama tashar wutar lantarki mai hanawa. '''Shirin fadadawa''' Matsakaicin tsawo na madatsar ruwan ya kasance 68 m, wanda ya karu zuwa 78 m a cikin 201³ kuma madatsar ruwa yanzu tana da tsawon kilomita 25. Dam din ya ƙunshi ƙofofi biyar na ³ m × 5 m da aka tsara don wuce ambaliyar ruwa da kuma bargo. Dam din ya ƙunshi hanyar zubar da ruwa mai ƙofar tare da ƙarfin fitarwa na 694 m³/s. Bugu da kari, an tsara madatsar ruwan tare da ƙananan tashoshin biyar tare da ƙarfin fitarwa na 5,208 m³/s don wuce ambaliyar ruwa da sharar gida ta hanyar tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan - Roseires |url=https://www.hydropower.org/sediment-management-case-studies/sudan-roseires |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.hydropower.org |language=en}}</ref> Tsawaitawar ta ba da damar ƙirar tafkin ta ƙara daga 3 km3 zuwa 7.4 km3, don haka ƙara ƙimar kula da ambaliyar ruwa na madatsar ruwan. == Manazarta == gkcbqm191atudt36k882qldh4lbbxg4 841518 841517 2026-05-28T12:22:38Z Pharouqenr 25549 841518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Roseires''' ( Arabic ) madatsar ruwa ce a kan Blue Nile a Ad Damazin, kusa da garin Er Roseires, a [[Sudan]] . Ta ƙunshi madatsar ruwa ta siminti 1&nbsp;faɗin kilomita tare da matsakaicin tsayin kilomita 68&nbsp;m, da kuma madatsar ruwa a kowane gefe. Madatsar ruwa a gefen gabas tana da tsawon mita 4.&nbsp;tsawon kilomita, kuma wanda ke gefen yamma shine 8.5 km.&nbsp;Tsawon kilomita. Madatsar ruwan tana da faɗin fili na kimanin 290&nbsp;km ² . [[Fayil:Roseires_Reservoir.jpg|thumb|Roseires tafkin tafkin]] An kammala madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1966, da farko don dalilai na ban ruwa. An kara tashar samar da wutar lantarki, tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin 280 megawatts, a cikin 1971. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan Vision Daily - Details |url=http://news.sudanvisiondaily.com/details.html?rsnpid=217795 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105119/http://news.sudanvisiondaily.com/details.html?rsnpid=217795 |archive-date=2013-12-24 |access-date=2013-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Heightening of the Roseires Dam Rehabilitation Project - OPEC Fund for International Development |url=https://opecfund.org/operations/list/heightening-of-the-roseires-dam-rehabilitation-project |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=opecfund.org |language=en}}</ref> Bayan kammala aikin Hidase na Ethiopian, madatsar ruwan Roseires ta zama tashar wutar lantarki mai hanawa. '''Shirin fadadawa''' Matsakaicin tsawo na madatsar ruwan ya kasance 68 m, wanda ya karu zuwa 78 m a cikin 201³ kuma madatsar ruwa yanzu tana da tsawon kilomita 25. Dam din ya ƙunshi ƙofofi biyar na ³ m × 5 m da aka tsara don wuce ambaliyar ruwa da kuma bargo. Dam din ya ƙunshi hanyar zubar da ruwa mai ƙofar tare da ƙarfin fitarwa na 694 m³/s. Bugu da kari, an tsara madatsar ruwan tare da ƙananan tashoshin biyar tare da ƙarfin fitarwa na 5,208 m³/s don wuce ambaliyar ruwa da sharar gida ta hanyar tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan - Roseires |url=https://www.hydropower.org/sediment-management-case-studies/sudan-roseires |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.hydropower.org |language=en}}</ref> Tsawaitawar ta ba da damar ƙirar tafkin ta ƙara daga 3 km3 zuwa 7.4 km3, don haka ƙara ƙimar kula da ambaliyar ruwa na madatsar ruwan. == Manazarta == lxib451u1v19clsx38wzmfkzovye299 0 152752 841519 2026-05-28T12:23:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1282466204|Shereyk Power Station]]" 841519 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Shereyk''' ita ce tashar wutar lantarki da aka tsara ta [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a [[Sudan]] . Yana da ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na {{Convert|350|MW}} wanda ya isa ya ba da wutar lantarki sama da gidaje 235,000 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-25 |title=1150 MW Merove Hydro Power Plant built in Sudan as per the design by Institute Hydroproject |url=http://www.powereng.ru/eng/data/press/news/2009_04_03.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710010749/http://www.powereng.ru/eng/data/press/news/2009_04_03.php |archive-date=July 10, 2009 |access-date=2009-08-01 |publisher=www.powereng.ru}}</ref> == Manazarta == hci0dcfex5vlajfpmt7wmmyg7gc1lz9 841520 841519 2026-05-28T12:23:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 841520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Shereyk''' ita ce tashar wutar lantarki da aka tsara ta [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a [[Sudan]] . Yana da ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na {{Convert|350|MW}} wanda ya isa ya ba da wutar lantarki sama da gidaje 235,000 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-25 |title=1150 MW Merove Hydro Power Plant built in Sudan as per the design by Institute Hydroproject |url=http://www.powereng.ru/eng/data/press/news/2009_04_03.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710010749/http://www.powereng.ru/eng/data/press/news/2009_04_03.php |archive-date=July 10, 2009 |access-date=2009-08-01 |publisher=www.powereng.ru}}</ref> == Manazarta == kyk8l85p9e9ysaoszcsqr8plgikzhpl 0 152753 841521 2026-05-28T12:23:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338150858|Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]]" 841521 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Upper Atbara da Setit Dam Complex''' wani [[madatsar ruwa]] ne wanda ya ƙunshi madatsar ruwan Rumela a kan Kogin Upper Atbarah da Burdana Dam a kan Koginsa Setit (Tekezé) a gabashin [[Sudan]] . Shafin madatsar ruwan tagwaye yana da nisan kilomita 20 (12 daga saman Kogin Atbarah da Setit da kuma nisan kilomita 80 (50 kudu da madatsar ruwa ta Khashm el-Girba. Ginin ya fara ne a shekara ta 2011 ana sa ran za a kammala shi a watan Maris na shekara ta 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2012 |title=Twin Dam in Eastern Sudan: Rumela Dam on Upper Atbara and Burdana Dam on Setit |url=http://preservethemiddlenile.wordpress.com/2012/04/24/twin-dam-in-eastern-sudan-rumela-dam-on-upper-atbara-and-burdana-dam-on-setit |access-date=8 February 2013 |publisher=Preserve the Middle Nile}}</ref> Shugaba [[Omar al-Bashir]] ne ya kaddamar da madatsar ruwan ta 320 MW a watan Fabrairun 2017, tare da kammala matakai na ƙarshe a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gregory B. Poindexter |date=2 February 2017 |title=Sudan inaugurates US$1.9 billion Upper Atbara and Setit Dam hydropower project |url=https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2017/02/sudan-inaugurates-us-1-9-billion-upper-atbara-and-setit-dam-hydropower-project.html |access-date=4 November 2018 |publisher=HydroWorld}}</ref> == Tsarin == [[Fayil:Upper_Atbara_and_Setit_Dam_Complex_Power_Plant.jpg|left|thumb|Upper Atbara da Setit Dam Complex Power Plant]] Rumela Dam a kan Atbarah yana da mita 55 (180 tsawo kuma Burdana Dam a kan Setit yana da mita 50 (160 tsaunuka. An haɗa madatsun ruwa guda biyu kuma suna da jimlar tsawon kilomita 13 (8.1 . Gidan madatsar ruwan tagwaye yana da tafkin da aka haɗa tare da ƙarfin ajiya na kimanin mita cubic biliyan {{Convert|3.7|e9m3|acre.ft}} (3,000,000 na ruwa.<ref name="Eastern Nile Report">{{Cite web |date=October 2019 |title=Eastern Nile Irrigation Systems Performance Assessments and Options for Improvement - Sudan Country Report - NBI ENTRO |url=https://entrospace.nilebasin.org/handle/20.500.12351/566}}</ref> Matsakaicin matakin cikawa shine mita 517.5 (1,698 ft) sama da matakin teku. Aikin ya haɗa da gina tashoshin wutar lantarki a kan madatsar ruwa ta Rumela da Burdana tare da jimlar ƙarfin shigarwa na 320 MW, da kuma makamashi na shekara-shekara na {{Convert|834|GWh}}. == Manufofin aikin == An sanar da aikin ne a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010 tare da manufar tallafawa ci gaban gabashin Sudan ta hanyar samar da ban ruwa ga aikin gona na gida, samar da ruwan sha, da samar da wutar lantarki. Har ila yau, aikin ya yi niyyar kara yawan aikin gona a yankin New Halfa na Kassala a halin yanzu ana ban ruwa da madatsar ruwan Khashm el-Girba, da kuma ci gaban sabuwar ƙasa da ta kunshi hekta 504,200 (1,246,000 acres) a Upper Atbara.<ref name="Eastern Nile Report">{{Cite web |date=October 2019 |title=Eastern Nile Irrigation Systems Performance Assessments and Options for Improvement - Sudan Country Report - NBI ENTRO |url=https://entrospace.nilebasin.org/handle/20.500.12351/566}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana sa ran madatsun ruwa za su samar da matakan kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa a bakin kogin ta hanyar daidaita kwararar kogin a yankin aikin. == Kudin aikin == Jimlar kudin madatsar ruwan an kiyasta shi da dala biliyan 1.9, daga cikinsu dala miliyan 838 don gina madatsar ruwa daga China Three Gorges Corporation (CTG) da kuma kamfanin kwangila na kasashen waje, China International Water & Electric Corporation (CWE). <ref>{{Cite web |title=China signs $838 million hydro junction contract with Sudan - People's Daily Online |url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90778/90861/6944255.html}}</ref> Baya ga farashin aiwatarwa na aikin shine farashin hydroelectric da lantarki, farashin sabis na fasaha da shawarwari, farashin mallakar ƙasa da yawan jama'a, da kuma gudanar da aiwatarwa da farashin kulawa ta Sudan's Dams Implementation Unit (DIU). Mai ba da shawara ga aikin shine kamfanin Faransa Sogreah, wanda kuma ya tsara kuma ya kula da aiwatar da madatsar ruwan Khashm el-Girba a cikin shekarun 1960. Kamfanin Lahmeyer International na Jamus ne ya sake fasalin zane-zanen madatsar ruwan Rumela da Burdana, wannan kamfani ne wanda ake zargin ya sake fashewa kuma ya kula da ƙirar madatsar ruwa ta Merowe. == Manazarta == kmi8cpqbg60xyuqm02aw8pnbfhsolcg 841522 841521 2026-05-28T12:24:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 841522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Upper Atbara da Setit Dam Complex''' wani [[madatsar ruwa]] ne wanda ya ƙunshi madatsar ruwan Rumela a kan Kogin Upper Atbarah da Burdana Dam a kan Koginsa Setit (Tekezé) a gabashin [[Sudan]] . Shafin madatsar ruwan tagwaye yana da nisan kilomita 20 (12 daga saman Kogin Atbarah da Setit da kuma nisan kilomita 80 (50 kudu da madatsar ruwa ta Khashm el-Girba. Ginin ya fara ne a shekara ta 2011 ana sa ran za a kammala shi a watan Maris na shekara ta 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2012 |title=Twin Dam in Eastern Sudan: Rumela Dam on Upper Atbara and Burdana Dam on Setit |url=http://preservethemiddlenile.wordpress.com/2012/04/24/twin-dam-in-eastern-sudan-rumela-dam-on-upper-atbara-and-burdana-dam-on-setit |access-date=8 February 2013 |publisher=Preserve the Middle Nile}}</ref> Shugaba [[Omar al-Bashir]] ne ya kaddamar da madatsar ruwan ta 320 MW a watan Fabrairun 2017, tare da kammala matakai na ƙarshe a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gregory B. Poindexter |date=2 February 2017 |title=Sudan inaugurates US$1.9 billion Upper Atbara and Setit Dam hydropower project |url=https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2017/02/sudan-inaugurates-us-1-9-billion-upper-atbara-and-setit-dam-hydropower-project.html |access-date=4 November 2018 |publisher=HydroWorld}}</ref> == Tsarin == [[Fayil:Upper_Atbara_and_Setit_Dam_Complex_Power_Plant.jpg|left|thumb|Upper Atbara da Setit Dam Complex Power Plant]] Rumela Dam a kan Atbarah yana da mita 55 (180 tsawo kuma Burdana Dam a kan Setit yana da mita 50 (160 tsaunuka. An haɗa madatsun ruwa guda biyu kuma suna da jimlar tsawon kilomita 13 (8.1 . Gidan madatsar ruwan tagwaye yana da tafkin da aka haɗa tare da ƙarfin ajiya na kimanin mita cubic biliyan {{Convert|3.7|e9m3|acre.ft}} (3,000,000 na ruwa.<ref name="Eastern Nile Report">{{Cite web |date=October 2019 |title=Eastern Nile Irrigation Systems Performance Assessments and Options for Improvement - Sudan Country Report - NBI ENTRO |url=https://entrospace.nilebasin.org/handle/20.500.12351/566}}</ref> Matsakaicin matakin cikawa shine mita 517.5 (1,698 ft) sama da matakin teku. Aikin ya haɗa da gina tashoshin wutar lantarki a kan madatsar ruwa ta Rumela da Burdana tare da jimlar ƙarfin shigarwa na 320 MW, da kuma makamashi na shekara-shekara na {{Convert|834|GWh}}. == Manufofin aikin == An sanar da aikin ne a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010 tare da manufar tallafawa ci gaban gabashin Sudan ta hanyar samar da ban ruwa ga aikin gona na gida, samar da ruwan sha, da samar da wutar lantarki. Har ila yau, aikin ya yi niyyar kara yawan aikin gona a yankin New Halfa na Kassala a halin yanzu ana ban ruwa da madatsar ruwan Khashm el-Girba, da kuma ci gaban sabuwar ƙasa da ta kunshi hekta 504,200 (1,246,000 acres) a Upper Atbara.<ref name="Eastern Nile Report">{{Cite web |date=October 2019 |title=Eastern Nile Irrigation Systems Performance Assessments and Options for Improvement - Sudan Country Report - NBI ENTRO |url=https://entrospace.nilebasin.org/handle/20.500.12351/566}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana sa ran madatsun ruwa za su samar da matakan kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa a bakin kogin ta hanyar daidaita kwararar kogin a yankin aikin. == Kudin aikin == Jimlar kudin madatsar ruwan an kiyasta shi da dala biliyan 1.9, daga cikinsu dala miliyan 838 don gina madatsar ruwa daga China Three Gorges Corporation (CTG) da kuma kamfanin kwangila na kasashen waje, China International Water & Electric Corporation (CWE). <ref>{{Cite web |title=China signs $838 million hydro junction contract with Sudan - People's Daily Online |url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90778/90861/6944255.html}}</ref> Baya ga farashin aiwatarwa na aikin shine farashin hydroelectric da lantarki, farashin sabis na fasaha da shawarwari, farashin mallakar ƙasa da yawan jama'a, da kuma gudanar da aiwatarwa da farashin kulawa ta Sudan's Dams Implementation Unit (DIU). Mai ba da shawara ga aikin shine kamfanin Faransa Sogreah, wanda kuma ya tsara kuma ya kula da aiwatar da madatsar ruwan Khashm el-Girba a cikin shekarun 1960. Kamfanin Lahmeyer International na Jamus ne ya sake fasalin zane-zanen madatsar ruwan Rumela da Burdana, wannan kamfani ne wanda ake zargin ya sake fashewa kuma ya kula da ƙirar madatsar ruwa ta Merowe. == Manazarta == pw96kd0k1jejy3tb9m3ioqerv7n70zq 0 152754 841523 2026-05-28T12:24:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349539192|List of lakes of Tanzania]]" 841523 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Rift_en.svg|thumb|306x306px|Manyan tabkuna a gefen Babban Rift Valley]] Tanzania tana cikin yankin Great Lakes na Afirka kuma tana alfahari da sama da km2 sq na yankin da tabkuna suka rufe. Wannan ya kai kashi 6% na yankin ƙasa kuma kashi 88% na wannan yanki an rufe shi da manyan tabkuna uku. Tafkin Victoria da [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] suna daga cikin manyan tabkuna biyu a cikin wannan al'umma, tare da Tafkin Victoria shine mafi girman tafkin ruwa mai laushi a Afirka kuma Tafkin Tanganica shine tafkin na biyu mafi zurfi a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa Vol. 1 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E09.htm |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> == Jerin tabkuna == Teburin ya lissafa bayanai game da kowane tafki: : '''Sunan:''' kamar yadda kwamitin Tarihin Duniya ya lissafa : '''Yankin saman:''' Yankin saman tafkin (lura: tabkuna da yawa suna canza yankin su na sama dangane da yanayi) : Al'ummai masu iyaka: Al'umman da iyakarsu ta ratsa tafkin : '''Bayyanawa:''' Takaitaccen Bayani na tafkin : <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{Legend|#FFE6BD|{{dagger}} Disputed Lake"|outline=silver}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; border:0px;text-align:left;line-height:150%;" ! scope="col" |Name ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Image ! scope="col" |Surface Area ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bordering Nations ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Reference |- |Lake Victoria |[[Fayil:2010-09-14_06-08-34_Tanzania_Mwanza_Mwanza.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|68800|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size: 90%;" |{{Flag|Tanzania}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Kenya}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Uganda}} |Lake Victoria is the largest of the African Great Lakes and is the largest freshwater lake in Africa. The Lake is also the second-largest freshwater lake in the world and spans across three countries. The lake is the solely drained by the [[Nil|Nile]] river at Jinja. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} lake, Africa |url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> |- |[[Lake Amboseli]] | |{{Convert|189|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size: 90%;" |{{Flag|Tanzania}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Kenya}} |Lake Amboseli is a seasonal water body, fed by the Namanga River. At its maximum size, it covers {{Convert|189|km2|sqmi}}, with {{Convert|12|km2|sqmi}} in Tanzania and the majority of the area ({{Convert|177|km2|sqmi}}) in Kenya. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Source book for the inland fisheries of Africa vol. 1 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E09.htm |publisher=FAO}}</ref> |- |[[Tafkin Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]] |[[Fayil:Fisherman_on_Lake_Tanganyika.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|32900|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size: 90%;" |{{Flag|Tanzania}}<br /><br />{{Flag|DRC}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Burundi}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Zambia}} |Lake Tanganyika is an African Great Lake and is the second-deepest lake in the world and the second-biggest lake by volume. The lake borders four nations and is vital for trade and commerce for societies living along the lake. The lake is home to the oldest-running ferry in the world, MV <nowiki><i id="mwdQ">Liemba</i></nowiki> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=LakeNet - Lake Tanganyika |url=http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8362 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030926042628/http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8362 |archive-date=September 26, 2003 |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=www.worldlakes.org}}</ref> |- | style="background-color:#FFE6BD" |[[Tabkin Malawi|Lake Nyasa]] | style="background-color:#FFE6BD" |[[Fayil:Canoes_on_Lake_Malawi.jpg|150x150px]] | style="background-color:#FFE6BD" |{{Convert|29600|km2|sqmi}} | style="background-color:#FFE6BD; font-size: 90;" |{{Flag|Tanzania}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Malawi}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Mozambique}} | style="background-color:#FFE6BD" |Tanzania has over {{Convert|800|km}} of coastline with the lake; however, the border with Malawi is disputed and currently the lake is not entirely part of Tanzania. The lake is also known as '''Lake Malawi'''. | style="background-color:#FFE6BD" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyasa Facts, information, pictures {{!}} Encyclopedia.com articles about Lake Nyasa |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Lake_Nyasa.aspx |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LakeNet - Lake Malawi |url=http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8350 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030926042606/http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8350 |archive-date=September 26, 2003 |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=www.worldlakes.org}}</ref> |- |Lake Rukwa |[[Fayil:Lake_Rukwa.png|150x150px]] |~ {{Convert|5760|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Rukwa is an [[Endorheic Basin|Endorheic]] lake in the Rukwa Valley in southwest Tanzania. The lake is an alkaline lake and lies at about {{Convert|800|m}} of altitude along the Great Rift Valley system. |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ricardo |first=C. K. |date=1939-12-01 |title=The fishes of Lake Rukwa. |journal=Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology |volume=40 |issue=275 |pages=625–657 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1939.tb01695.x |issn=1096-3642}}</ref> |- |Lake Eyasi |[[Fayil:Lake_Eyasi-1.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|1050|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Eyasi is an [[Endorheic Basin|endorheic]] salt lake on the floor of the Great Rift Valley. The lake has dramatic seasonal fluctuations in water and almost dries up in the dry season. | |- |Lake Natron |[[Fayil:Lesser_Flamingo_Phoeniconaias_minor_in_Tanzania_2081_cropped_Nevit.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|1,040|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Natron is a salt and soda lake. The lake is in the Arusha region near the famous [[Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. The lake is famous for its red alkaline layer and its pH fluctuates between 10.5 and 12. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake That Turns Animals to Stone? Not Quite : DNews |url=http://news.discovery.com/earth/photographer-rick-brandt-lake-natron-131003.htm |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=DNews}}</ref> |- |Lake Manyara |[[Fayil:Lake_Manyara.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|470|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Manyara is shallow alkaline lake in the East African Rift Valley and is partly within the {{Convert|127|sqmi|km2}} Lake Manyara National Park. It forms a major part of the national park, covering about {{Convert|89|sqmi|km2}} of the park in the wet season, shrinking significantly in the dry season. | |- |Lake Burigi |[[Fayil:Lake_Burigi.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|70|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |The lake is located in the Kagera Region of Northern [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. The lake spans {{Convert|18|km}} long and it is so narrow that the other side is always visible from one side. Part of the lake is located along the Burigi-Chato National Park and has several wildlife living around the lake. | |- |Lake Balangida | |{{Convert|33|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Balangida is an alkaline lake in the Natron-Manyara-Balangida branch of the East African Rift in north-central Tanzania. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Source book for the inland fisheries of Africa vol. 1 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E09.htm |publisher=FAO}}</ref> |- |Lake Jipe |[[Fayil:Lake_Jipe.png|150x150px]] |{{Convert|30|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Kenya}} |Lake Jipe is in the Mwanga District in the Kilimanjaro Region on the border with [[Kenya]]. The lake is mainly in Kenya and is protected on the Kenyan side by the Tsavo West National Park and on the Tanzanian side it is near to Mkomazi National Park. | |- |Lake Babati |[[Fayil:Morning_sun,_Lake_Babati.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|21|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Babati is located in Babati District in Arusha Region to the west of the Tarangire National Park. The lake is known for its large hippo population. | |- |Lake Ambussel |[[Fayil:Lake_Ambussel.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|19|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Ambussel is one of the four water bodies in the Pangani Basin. | |- |Lake Chala |[[Fayil:Lake_Chala.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|4.2|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Kenya}} |Lake Chala is a crater lake at the edge of [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]]. The lake is surrounded by a {{Convert|100|km}} crater rim and is home to the endangered Lake Chala tilapia. The lake once had Nile crocodiles; however, they were considered a nuisance to the local population and have been entirely wiped out over the years. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Chala, Moshi, Tanzania. The Lake Chala Safari Camp |url=http://www.lakechalasafaricamp.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206200649/http://www.lakechalasafaricamp.com/ |archive-date=2016-02-06 |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=www.lakechalasafaricamp.com}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == 7l5tphbtaedwp7pbhkfarrz1k4p53cm 841524 841523 2026-05-28T12:25:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 841524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Rift_en.svg|thumb|306x306px|Manyan tabkuna a gefen Babban Rift Valley]] Tanzania tana cikin yankin Great Lakes na Afirka kuma tana alfahari da sama da km2 sq na yankin da tabkuna suka rufe. Wannan ya kai kashi 6% na yankin ƙasa kuma kashi 88% na wannan yanki an rufe shi da manyan tabkuna uku. Tafkin Victoria da [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] suna daga cikin manyan tabkuna biyu a cikin wannan al'umma, tare da Tafkin Victoria shine mafi girman tafkin ruwa mai laushi a Afirka kuma Tafkin Tanganica shine tafkin na biyu mafi zurfi a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa Vol. 1 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E09.htm |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> == Jerin tabkuna == Teburin ya lissafa bayanai game da kowane tafki: : '''Sunan:''' kamar yadda kwamitin Tarihin Duniya ya lissafa : '''Yankin saman:''' Yankin saman tafkin (lura: tabkuna da yawa suna canza yankin su na sama dangane da yanayi) : Al'ummai masu iyaka: Al'umman da iyakarsu ta ratsa tafkin : '''Bayyanawa:''' Takaitaccen Bayani na tafkin : <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{Legend|#FFE6BD|{{dagger}} Disputed Lake"|outline=silver}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; border:0px;text-align:left;line-height:150%;" ! scope="col" |Name ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Image ! scope="col" |Surface Area ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bordering Nations ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Reference |- |Lake Victoria |[[Fayil:2010-09-14_06-08-34_Tanzania_Mwanza_Mwanza.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|68800|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size: 90%;" |{{Flag|Tanzania}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Kenya}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Uganda}} |Lake Victoria is the largest of the African Great Lakes and is the largest freshwater lake in Africa. The Lake is also the second-largest freshwater lake in the world and spans across three countries. The lake is the solely drained by the [[Nil|Nile]] river at Jinja. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} lake, Africa |url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> |- |[[Lake Amboseli]] | |{{Convert|189|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size: 90%;" |{{Flag|Tanzania}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Kenya}} |Lake Amboseli is a seasonal water body, fed by the Namanga River. At its maximum size, it covers {{Convert|189|km2|sqmi}}, with {{Convert|12|km2|sqmi}} in Tanzania and the majority of the area ({{Convert|177|km2|sqmi}}) in Kenya. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Source book for the inland fisheries of Africa vol. 1 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E09.htm |publisher=FAO}}</ref> |- |[[Tafkin Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]] |[[Fayil:Fisherman_on_Lake_Tanganyika.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|32900|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size: 90%;" |{{Flag|Tanzania}}<br /><br />{{Flag|DRC}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Burundi}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Zambia}} |Lake Tanganyika is an African Great Lake and is the second-deepest lake in the world and the second-biggest lake by volume. The lake borders four nations and is vital for trade and commerce for societies living along the lake. The lake is home to the oldest-running ferry in the world, MV <nowiki><i id="mwdQ">Liemba</i></nowiki> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=LakeNet - Lake Tanganyika |url=http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8362 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030926042628/http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8362 |archive-date=September 26, 2003 |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=www.worldlakes.org}}</ref> |- | style="background-color:#FFE6BD" |[[Tabkin Malawi|Lake Nyasa]] | style="background-color:#FFE6BD" |[[Fayil:Canoes_on_Lake_Malawi.jpg|150x150px]] | style="background-color:#FFE6BD" |{{Convert|29600|km2|sqmi}} | style="background-color:#FFE6BD; font-size: 90;" |{{Flag|Tanzania}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Malawi}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Mozambique}} | style="background-color:#FFE6BD" |Tanzania has over {{Convert|800|km}} of coastline with the lake; however, the border with Malawi is disputed and currently the lake is not entirely part of Tanzania. The lake is also known as '''Lake Malawi'''. | style="background-color:#FFE6BD" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyasa Facts, information, pictures {{!}} Encyclopedia.com articles about Lake Nyasa |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Lake_Nyasa.aspx |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LakeNet - Lake Malawi |url=http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8350 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030926042606/http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8350 |archive-date=September 26, 2003 |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=www.worldlakes.org}}</ref> |- |Lake Rukwa |[[Fayil:Lake_Rukwa.png|150x150px]] |~ {{Convert|5760|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Rukwa is an [[Endorheic Basin|Endorheic]] lake in the Rukwa Valley in southwest Tanzania. The lake is an alkaline lake and lies at about {{Convert|800|m}} of altitude along the Great Rift Valley system. |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ricardo |first=C. K. |date=1939-12-01 |title=The fishes of Lake Rukwa. |journal=Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology |volume=40 |issue=275 |pages=625–657 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1939.tb01695.x |issn=1096-3642}}</ref> |- |Lake Eyasi |[[Fayil:Lake_Eyasi-1.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|1050|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Eyasi is an [[Endorheic Basin|endorheic]] salt lake on the floor of the Great Rift Valley. The lake has dramatic seasonal fluctuations in water and almost dries up in the dry season. | |- |Lake Natron |[[Fayil:Lesser_Flamingo_Phoeniconaias_minor_in_Tanzania_2081_cropped_Nevit.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|1,040|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Natron is a salt and soda lake. The lake is in the Arusha region near the famous [[Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. The lake is famous for its red alkaline layer and its pH fluctuates between 10.5 and 12. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake That Turns Animals to Stone? Not Quite : DNews |url=http://news.discovery.com/earth/photographer-rick-brandt-lake-natron-131003.htm |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=DNews}}</ref> |- |Lake Manyara |[[Fayil:Lake_Manyara.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|470|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Manyara is shallow alkaline lake in the East African Rift Valley and is partly within the {{Convert|127|sqmi|km2}} Lake Manyara National Park. It forms a major part of the national park, covering about {{Convert|89|sqmi|km2}} of the park in the wet season, shrinking significantly in the dry season. | |- |Lake Burigi |[[Fayil:Lake_Burigi.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|70|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |The lake is located in the Kagera Region of Northern [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. The lake spans {{Convert|18|km}} long and it is so narrow that the other side is always visible from one side. Part of the lake is located along the Burigi-Chato National Park and has several wildlife living around the lake. | |- |Lake Balangida | |{{Convert|33|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Balangida is an alkaline lake in the Natron-Manyara-Balangida branch of the East African Rift in north-central Tanzania. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Source book for the inland fisheries of Africa vol. 1 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E09.htm |publisher=FAO}}</ref> |- |Lake Jipe |[[Fayil:Lake_Jipe.png|150x150px]] |{{Convert|30|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Kenya}} |Lake Jipe is in the Mwanga District in the Kilimanjaro Region on the border with [[Kenya]]. The lake is mainly in Kenya and is protected on the Kenyan side by the Tsavo West National Park and on the Tanzanian side it is near to Mkomazi National Park. | |- |Lake Babati |[[Fayil:Morning_sun,_Lake_Babati.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|21|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Babati is located in Babati District in Arusha Region to the west of the Tarangire National Park. The lake is known for its large hippo population. | |- |Lake Ambussel |[[Fayil:Lake_Ambussel.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|19|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |Lake Ambussel is one of the four water bodies in the Pangani Basin. | |- |Lake Chala |[[Fayil:Lake_Chala.jpg|150x150px]] |{{Convert|4.2|km2|sqmi}} | style="font-size:" |{{Flag|Tanzania}}<br /><br />{{Flag|Kenya}} |Lake Chala is a crater lake at the edge of [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]]. The lake is surrounded by a {{Convert|100|km}} crater rim and is home to the endangered Lake Chala tilapia. The lake once had Nile crocodiles; however, they were considered a nuisance to the local population and have been entirely wiped out over the years. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Chala, Moshi, Tanzania. The Lake Chala Safari Camp |url=http://www.lakechalasafaricamp.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206200649/http://www.lakechalasafaricamp.com/ |archive-date=2016-02-06 |access-date=2016-01-05 |website=www.lakechalasafaricamp.com}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == fpcfxxnaxj2qka8rurpz74ndo4olxl4 0 152755 841525 2026-05-28T12:25:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/958347840|Lake Ambussel]]" 841525 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Ambussel''' tafki ne a kan Lossogonoi Plateau a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Tare da Reservoir na Nyumba ya Mungu, Lake Chala da Lake Jipe, yana ɗaya daga cikin [[Jikin Ruwa|ruwa]] huɗu a cikin kwandon Pangani.<ref>IUCN Eastern Africa Programme (2003). Pangani basin: a situation analysis. IUCN. pp. 21–. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-8317-0760-0</nowiki>. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</ref> == Manazarta == kzmej9f6fq3o0hjy8rowr3vwjv01hpc 841526 841525 2026-05-28T12:25:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 841526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Ambussel''' tafki ne a kan Lossogonoi Plateau a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Tare da Reservoir na Nyumba ya Mungu, Lake Chala da Lake Jipe, yana ɗaya daga cikin [[Jikin Ruwa|ruwa]] huɗu a cikin kwandon Pangani.<ref>IUCN Eastern Africa Programme (2003). Pangani basin: a situation analysis. IUCN. pp. 21–. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-8317-0760-0</nowiki>. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</ref> == Manazarta == lrq8ulonkk5c9e09ps9ifmpju26g5ab 0 152756 841527 2026-05-28T12:26:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349874150|Lake Babati]]" 841527 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Babati''' tafki ne a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] wanda aka sani da yawan Hippos. Rashin ruwa na baya-bayan nan ya haifar da raguwar yawan ganin hippos, wanda ya haifar da damuwa ga masu otal-otal na gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourists favor farm resorts as safer and cheaper option – eTurboNews &#124; Travel News & more |url=http://www.eturbonews.com/13335/hotel-operators-lake-babati-concerned-over-drought}}</ref> Tafkin yana kusa da garin Babati, a cikin Gundumar Babati ta Yankin Manyara. == Manazarta == 7lnsimhpiw4g5uttxtwz3zb5weeuqlt 841528 841527 2026-05-28T12:26:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 841528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Babati''' tafki ne a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] wanda aka sani da yawan Hippos. Rashin ruwa na baya-bayan nan ya haifar da raguwar yawan ganin hippos, wanda ya haifar da damuwa ga masu otal-otal na gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourists favor farm resorts as safer and cheaper option – eTurboNews &#124; Travel News & more |url=http://www.eturbonews.com/13335/hotel-operators-lake-babati-concerned-over-drought}}</ref> Tafkin yana kusa da garin Babati, a cikin Gundumar Babati ta Yankin Manyara. == Manazarta == 0fa0dc0n21dxsodu43qx094rj749rci 0 152757 841529 2026-05-28T12:26:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1123921522|Lake Balangida]]" 841529 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Balangida''' tafki ne mai zurfi a cikin Gundumar Hanang ta yammacin Yankin Manyara a cikin reshen Natron-Manyara-Balangida na Gabashin Afirka Rift a arewa maso tsakiyar [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]].<ref> Kamukala, G.L.; Crafter, S.A. (1993). Wetlands of Tanzania: Proceedings of a Seminar on the Wetlands of Tanzania, Morogoro, Tanzania, 27-29 November, 1991. IUCN</ref> Yankin da ke kewaye da Tafkin Balangida ana amfani dashi don noma da kiwo. == Manazarta == ct14hnjuzau45c3mirllvl1ye2btmmq 841530 841529 2026-05-28T12:27:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 841530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Balangida''' tafki ne mai zurfi a cikin Gundumar Hanang ta yammacin Yankin Manyara a cikin reshen Natron-Manyara-Balangida na Gabashin Afirka Rift a arewa maso tsakiyar [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]].<ref> Kamukala, G.L.; Crafter, S.A. (1993). Wetlands of Tanzania: Proceedings of a Seminar on the Wetlands of Tanzania, Morogoro, Tanzania, 27-29 November, 1991. IUCN</ref> Yankin da ke kewaye da Tafkin Balangida ana amfani dashi don noma da kiwo. == Manazarta == gjfgduhtohmw9hacghsh94cbhhzrrci 0 152758 841531 2026-05-28T12:27:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350801571|Lake Burigi]]" 841531 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Burigi''' (asalin '''Lueor-lo-Urigi''', ma'ana "White Lake of Urigi") tafki ne a cikin gundumar Karagwe, Yankin Kagera na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Sassan tafkin da gabarsa suna cikin Burigi-Chato National Park.<ref>John Hanning Speke (2 October 2006). The Discovery of the Source of the Nile. Echo Library. pp. 108–. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4068-3008-8</nowiki>. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</ref> == Tarihi == Dokta Hans Meyer ya ziyarci balaguron Gabashin Afirka, sunansa a kan taswirar lokacin shine Urigi. Binciken tafkin an danganta shi ga Kyaftin John Hanning Speke, wanda ya ba shi suna Lueor-lo-Urigi ("White Lake of Urigi"). == Yanayin ƙasa == Tafkin yana da tsawon kilomita 18 (11 da faɗin kilomita 4 (2.5 . Yana da siffar mai tsawo, mafi girman nisan tsakanin iyakar biyu yana da kusan kilomita 30 (19 . Yana da ƙanƙanta sosai cewa daga gefe ɗaya, ɗayan koyaushe ana iya ganinsa a sarari. Ruwan tafkin yana da launi mai haske. Yankin ya kai kimanin hekta 7,000 (acre 17,000). Koguna ne ke ciyar da shi daga tuddai da ke kewaye, mafi girma shine [[Ruiza River|Kogin Ruiza]]. Ana iya ganin tafkin daga Useni ko Kavari. Yankunan Papyrus da wuraren gandun daji na karkashin ruwa suna faruwa a kusa da tafkin. Duwatsun da ke kewaye da su suna da launin ruwan kasa, tare da yaduwar bishiyoyi masu duhu. Ruwan da ke raguwa ya bar manyan filayen filayen a bangarorin da ke kewaye da bayin da ke gudana cikin kwari. Tafkin ya nutse kusan {{Convert|1200|ft}} a ƙasa da matsakaicin matakin tsaunuka masu ciyawa da ke kewaye da shi. Akwai wani karamin kwandon a kan tafkin. Yankin ta ya karye ta hanyar shigarwa da yawa. Gundumar Yanghiro, wacce ke kan gabar gabashin Urigi, yanki ne mai tuddai, wanda ya warwatse da ƙauyuka da gonakin noma, da kuma itatuwan ayaba. Yankin binciken ya sami matsakaicin ruwan sama na 964.36 mm a kowace shekara, mafi girman da aka rubuta a 1951. Halin ruwan sama ya nuna cewa shekaru da yawa suna da ruwan sama a ƙasa da matsakaici yayin da aka gano zafin jiki ya karu daga shekara zuwa shekara, halin da ake ciki wanda ke nuna kasancewar canjin yanayi a yankin binciken. == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == Tsuntsaye suna son bakin tekun da ruwa, kamar su cranes, herons, pelicans, African jacanas, egrets da waders, waɗanda ke samun kyakkyawan abinci a kan manyan sarari kusa da iyaka da layin bakin teku. Wadannan an rufe su da tsire-tsire masu tsayi na tsire-shuke na ''Pistia stratiotes rigl''. ''Kobus ellipsiprymnus'' da ''Hippopotamus amphibius'' suna yawan zuwa yankin. Akwai rundunonin sauro baƙi. Kifi na tafkin ya cika da tsutsotsi a lokacin tafiyar Stanley. == Manazarta == bggxzx7r7g3yg0m3vo8wpovyfil8q8h 841532 841531 2026-05-28T12:28:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 841532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Burigi''' (asalin '''Lueor-lo-Urigi''', ma'ana "White Lake of Urigi") tafki ne a cikin gundumar Karagwe, Yankin Kagera na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Sassan tafkin da gabarsa suna cikin Burigi-Chato National Park.<ref>John Hanning Speke (2 October 2006). The Discovery of the Source of the Nile. Echo Library. pp. 108–. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4068-3008-8</nowiki>. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</ref> == Tarihi == Dokta Hans Meyer ya ziyarci balaguron Gabashin Afirka, sunansa a kan taswirar lokacin shine Urigi. Binciken tafkin an danganta shi ga Kyaftin John Hanning Speke, wanda ya ba shi suna Lueor-lo-Urigi ("White Lake of Urigi"). == Yanayin ƙasa == Tafkin yana da tsawon kilomita 18 (11 da faɗin kilomita 4 (2.5 . Yana da siffar mai tsawo, mafi girman nisan tsakanin iyakar biyu yana da kusan kilomita 30 (19 . Yana da ƙanƙanta sosai cewa daga gefe ɗaya, ɗayan koyaushe ana iya ganinsa a sarari. Ruwan tafkin yana da launi mai haske. Yankin ya kai kimanin hekta 7,000 (acre 17,000). Koguna ne ke ciyar da shi daga tuddai da ke kewaye, mafi girma shine [[Ruiza River|Kogin Ruiza]]. Ana iya ganin tafkin daga Useni ko Kavari. Yankunan Papyrus da wuraren gandun daji na karkashin ruwa suna faruwa a kusa da tafkin. Duwatsun da ke kewaye da su suna da launin ruwan kasa, tare da yaduwar bishiyoyi masu duhu. Ruwan da ke raguwa ya bar manyan filayen filayen a bangarorin da ke kewaye da bayin da ke gudana cikin kwari. Tafkin ya nutse kusan {{Convert|1200|ft}} a ƙasa da matsakaicin matakin tsaunuka masu ciyawa da ke kewaye da shi. Akwai wani karamin kwandon a kan tafkin. Yankin ta ya karye ta hanyar shigarwa da yawa. Gundumar Yanghiro, wacce ke kan gabar gabashin Urigi, yanki ne mai tuddai, wanda ya warwatse da ƙauyuka da gonakin noma, da kuma itatuwan ayaba. Yankin binciken ya sami matsakaicin ruwan sama na 964.36 mm a kowace shekara, mafi girman da aka rubuta a 1951. Halin ruwan sama ya nuna cewa shekaru da yawa suna da ruwan sama a ƙasa da matsakaici yayin da aka gano zafin jiki ya karu daga shekara zuwa shekara, halin da ake ciki wanda ke nuna kasancewar canjin yanayi a yankin binciken. == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == Tsuntsaye suna son bakin tekun da ruwa, kamar su cranes, herons, pelicans, African jacanas, egrets da waders, waɗanda ke samun kyakkyawan abinci a kan manyan sarari kusa da iyaka da layin bakin teku. Wadannan an rufe su da tsire-tsire masu tsayi na tsire-shuke na ''Pistia stratiotes rigl''. ''Kobus ellipsiprymnus'' da ''Hippopotamus amphibius'' suna yawan zuwa yankin. Akwai rundunonin sauro baƙi. Kifi na tafkin ya cika da tsutsotsi a lokacin tafiyar Stanley. == Manazarta == bbdcmasl4vulczpx0ibw2afvpzghl03 0 152759 841533 2026-05-28T12:28:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305019840|Lake Duluti]]" 841533 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Dulutit''' wani [[Tafkin dutse mai aman wuta|tafki ne mai aman wuta]] a yankin Arusha <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arusha Region |url=https://arusha.go.tz/}}</ref> na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], a gefen gabashin reshen gabas na Babban Kwarin Rift . Yana cikin gundumar Meru kusa da garin Tengeru kuma yana da {{Convert|14|km}} daga tsakiyar birnin [[Arusha]] da {{Convert|1.31|km}} daga hanyar Arusha-Moshi. Tafkin Duluti ya rufe kimanin hekta 63 (acre 160), kuma kewaye da shi na Duluti Forestry Reserve ya rufe kimanin kadada 1{{Convert|9|m}} (acre 47) na ƙasa. Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin, a tsakiya, yana da zurfin 9 m (30 ; sassan da ba su da zurfi suna a bakin tafkin, inda zurfin ya bambanta daga gefe zuwa gefe. Hanyar daga hanyar Arusha-Moshi tana kaiwa gidan cin abinci a gefen arewacin tafkin, inda za'a iya hayar jiragen ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=lake duluti |url=https://lost-inafrica.blogspot.de/2012/04/lake-duluti-forest-reserve-19-63.html}}</ref> == Manazarta == nwk5rir7wo326l12gs054z8a5wzqh8s 841534 841533 2026-05-28T12:28:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 841534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Dulutit''' wani [[Tafkin dutse mai aman wuta|tafki ne mai aman wuta]] a yankin Arusha <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arusha Region |url=https://arusha.go.tz/}}</ref> na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], a gefen gabashin reshen gabas na Babban Kwarin Rift . Yana cikin gundumar Meru kusa da garin Tengeru kuma yana da {{Convert|14|km}} daga tsakiyar birnin [[Arusha]] da {{Convert|1.31|km}} daga hanyar Arusha-Moshi. Tafkin Duluti ya rufe kimanin hekta 63 (acre 160), kuma kewaye da shi na Duluti Forestry Reserve ya rufe kimanin kadada 1{{Convert|9|m}} (acre 47) na ƙasa. Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin, a tsakiya, yana da zurfin 9 m (30 ; sassan da ba su da zurfi suna a bakin tafkin, inda zurfin ya bambanta daga gefe zuwa gefe. Hanyar daga hanyar Arusha-Moshi tana kaiwa gidan cin abinci a gefen arewacin tafkin, inda za'a iya hayar jiragen ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=lake duluti |url=https://lost-inafrica.blogspot.de/2012/04/lake-duluti-forest-reserve-19-63.html}}</ref> == Manazarta == 80boh4z5yx30covzmu4tns52g9ncqq5 0 152760 841535 2026-05-28T12:29:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333467758|Lake Eyasi]]" 841535 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lake Eyasi''' ( Swahili ; a da German , "Tafkin Njarasa", da ''Hohenlohesee'', "Tafkin Hohenlohe ") tafki ne da ke gundumar Karatu ta yankin Arusha a arewacin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Tafkin Eyasi shine mafi girman ruwa a yankin Arusha. Tafki ne mai ƙarancin gishiri [[Endorheic Basin|na]] yanayi a ƙasan Babban Kwarin Rift a gindin Filayen Serengeti, kusa da kudu da Serengeti National Park kuma nan take kudu maso yammacin Kwarin Ngorongoro a cikin tsaunukan Crater na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Tafkin yana da tsayi, yana fuskantar kudu maso yamma zuwa arewa maso gabas, kuma yana cikin reshen Eyasi- Wembere na Babban Kwarin Rift. <ref name="FosterEtAl1997">{{Cite journal |last=Foster, A. and C. Ebinger and E. Mbede and D. Rex |date=August 1997 |title=Tectonic development of the northern Tanzanian sector of the East African Rift System |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=154 |pages=689–700 |doi=10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0689}}</ref> [[Fayil:Lake_Eyasi,_Tanzania_satellite_image.png|left|thumb|250x250px|Hoton allo na Tafkin Eyasi da aka ɗauka daga NASA's WorldWind.]] Babban shigarwa shine Kogin Sibiti, wanda ke shiga ƙarshen kudu maso yamma. Kogin na iya ci gaba da gudana a cikin shekara, aƙalla a cikin shekaru masu laushi; sauran hanyoyin duk na yanayi ne. Na biyu mafi girma shi ne Baray, a arewa maso gabas. Ruwan da Baray ya ɗauka ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda lalacewar gandun daji na Crater Highlands. Yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Mount Oldeani|Dutsen Oldeani]], ɗaya daga cikin tsaunukan Ngorongoro, yana gudana kai tsaye zuwa ƙarshen arewa maso gabashin tafkin. Gudun ruwa daga Kogin Budahaya / Wadaaya, wanda ke gudana cikin Yaeda Swamp zuwa kudu maso gabashin tafkin, ya kasance na biyu, amma ya ragu saboda karkatar da ruwa a cikin tsaunuka na Mbulu. Ruwan ruwa daga Serengeti karami ne; mafi girman rafi shine Sayu. Canjin matakin ruwa na yanayi a cikin tafkin yana da ban mamaki, kodayake iyakar arewa maso yammacin ta ƙuntata ta dutsen Serengeti Plateau. A lokacin fari tafkin na iya bushewa kusan gaba ɗaya, musamman a cikin shekarun da suka bushe, don makiyaya na Datooga da masu neman abinci na [[Mutanen Hadza|Hadza]] za su haye tafkin da ƙafa, amma a cikin shekarun [[El Niño-Kudancin Oscillation|El Niño]] yana iya ambaliya bankunan sa kuma ya jawo hankalin Hippopotamus daga Serengeti. Yana da tsayawa ta yanayi don ƙaura flamingos. Tafkin yana tallafawa ƙananan kamun Kifi na gida a cikin shekaru masu laushi, amma galibi ana ɗaukar catfish da lungfish daga rafi da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa waɗanda ke ciyar da tafkin. Ko da a lokacin rigar, zurfin tafkin yawanci ya kasance ƙasa da mita ɗaya. [[Mutanen Hadza|Hadza]] su ne 'yan asalin tafkin. Ana samun su a mafi yawan kewayon, kodayake sansanoni kaɗan ne a mafi yawan Serengeti, wanda shine yankin [[Mutanen Maasai|Maasai]]. Datooga suna zaune a Kwarin Yaeda zuwa kudu maso gabas, Isanzu a kudu, da Sukuma a fadin Kogin Sibiti a kudu maso yamma. Iraqiwa a al'adance suna zaune a wancan gefen Yaeda, amma sun zo da yawa zuwa Baray, wanda yanzu shine yankin farko na shuka albasa na Gabashin Afirka. Mumba Cave wani wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne wanda ke bakin tekun Eyasi . Shafin ya samar da kayan tarihi da yawa na Middle Stone Age da Late Stone Age. == Manazarta == l2yqx5ngn7kgze2yh3ix3ph4yddhrqk 841536 841535 2026-05-28T12:29:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 841536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Eyasi''' ( Swahili ; a da German , "Tafkin Njarasa", da ''Hohenlohesee'', "Tafkin Hohenlohe ") tafki ne da ke gundumar Karatu ta yankin Arusha a arewacin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Tafkin Eyasi shine mafi girman ruwa a yankin Arusha. Tafki ne mai ƙarancin gishiri [[Endorheic Basin|na]] yanayi a ƙasan Babban Kwarin Rift a gindin Filayen Serengeti, kusa da kudu da Serengeti National Park kuma nan take kudu maso yammacin Kwarin Ngorongoro a cikin tsaunukan Crater na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Tafkin yana da tsayi, yana fuskantar kudu maso yamma zuwa arewa maso gabas, kuma yana cikin reshen Eyasi- Wembere na Babban Kwarin Rift. <ref name="FosterEtAl1997">{{Cite journal |last=Foster, A. and C. Ebinger and E. Mbede and D. Rex |date=August 1997 |title=Tectonic development of the northern Tanzanian sector of the East African Rift System |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=154 |pages=689–700 |doi=10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0689}}</ref> [[Fayil:Lake_Eyasi,_Tanzania_satellite_image.png|left|thumb|250x250px|Hoton allo na Tafkin Eyasi da aka ɗauka daga NASA's WorldWind.]] Babban shigarwa shine Kogin Sibiti, wanda ke shiga ƙarshen kudu maso yamma. Kogin na iya ci gaba da gudana a cikin shekara, aƙalla a cikin shekaru masu laushi; sauran hanyoyin duk na yanayi ne. Na biyu mafi girma shi ne Baray, a arewa maso gabas. Ruwan da Baray ya ɗauka ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda lalacewar gandun daji na Crater Highlands. Yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Mount Oldeani|Dutsen Oldeani]], ɗaya daga cikin tsaunukan Ngorongoro, yana gudana kai tsaye zuwa ƙarshen arewa maso gabashin tafkin. Gudun ruwa daga Kogin Budahaya / Wadaaya, wanda ke gudana cikin Yaeda Swamp zuwa kudu maso gabashin tafkin, ya kasance na biyu, amma ya ragu saboda karkatar da ruwa a cikin tsaunuka na Mbulu. Ruwan ruwa daga Serengeti karami ne; mafi girman rafi shine Sayu. Canjin matakin ruwa na yanayi a cikin tafkin yana da ban mamaki, kodayake iyakar arewa maso yammacin ta ƙuntata ta dutsen Serengeti Plateau. A lokacin fari tafkin na iya bushewa kusan gaba ɗaya, musamman a cikin shekarun da suka bushe, don makiyaya na Datooga da masu neman abinci na [[Mutanen Hadza|Hadza]] za su haye tafkin da ƙafa, amma a cikin shekarun [[El Niño-Kudancin Oscillation|El Niño]] yana iya ambaliya bankunan sa kuma ya jawo hankalin Hippopotamus daga Serengeti. Yana da tsayawa ta yanayi don ƙaura flamingos. Tafkin yana tallafawa ƙananan kamun Kifi na gida a cikin shekaru masu laushi, amma galibi ana ɗaukar catfish da lungfish daga rafi da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa waɗanda ke ciyar da tafkin. Ko da a lokacin rigar, zurfin tafkin yawanci ya kasance ƙasa da mita ɗaya. [[Mutanen Hadza|Hadza]] su ne 'yan asalin tafkin. Ana samun su a mafi yawan kewayon, kodayake sansanoni kaɗan ne a mafi yawan Serengeti, wanda shine yankin [[Mutanen Maasai|Maasai]]. Datooga suna zaune a Kwarin Yaeda zuwa kudu maso gabas, Isanzu a kudu, da Sukuma a fadin Kogin Sibiti a kudu maso yamma. Iraqiwa a al'adance suna zaune a wancan gefen Yaeda, amma sun zo da yawa zuwa Baray, wanda yanzu shine yankin farko na shuka albasa na Gabashin Afirka. Mumba Cave wani wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne wanda ke bakin tekun Eyasi . Shafin ya samar da kayan tarihi da yawa na Middle Stone Age da Late Stone Age. == Manazarta == d4ehayoo137c1ub463pksc14mxlsdw4 0 152761 841537 2026-05-28T12:29:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334029306|Lake Magadi (Ngorongoro)]]" 841537 wikitext text/x-wiki ''''''Tafkin Magad'''''', wanda kuma ake kira Tafkin Magad, Tafkin soda ne mai zurfi a kudu maso yammacin kogin Ngorogoro a arewa maso gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], sau da yawa dubban ƙananan flamingoes ne ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindat.org |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-155390.html |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref> Sunan tafkin ya fito ne daga kalmar ''gishiri'' a cikin [[Harshen Maasai]]. Yana da mita 1730 sama da matakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Magadi crater lake, Arusha, Tanzania |url=https://tz.geoview.info/lake_magadi,155390 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=tz.geoview.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=polly |date=2019-07-29 |title=Crater Lake in Ngorongoro Lake Magadi - ngorongoro crater |url=https://www.ngorongorocratertanzania.org/crater-lake-in-ngorongoro-lake-magadi/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Ngorongoro Crater Tanzania |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == c0njoah9yyj2kri15jj7pp6dmy41tjr 841539 841537 2026-05-28T12:30:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 841539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Tafkin Magad'''''', wanda kuma ake kira Tafkin Magad, Tafkin soda ne mai zurfi a kudu maso yammacin kogin Ngorogoro a arewa maso gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], sau da yawa dubban ƙananan flamingoes ne ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindat.org |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-155390.html |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref> Sunan tafkin ya fito ne daga kalmar ''gishiri'' a cikin [[Harshen Maasai]]. Yana da mita 1730 sama da matakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Magadi crater lake, Arusha, Tanzania |url=https://tz.geoview.info/lake_magadi,155390 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=tz.geoview.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=polly |date=2019-07-29 |title=Crater Lake in Ngorongoro Lake Magadi - ngorongoro crater |url=https://www.ngorongorocratertanzania.org/crater-lake-in-ngorongoro-lake-magadi/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Ngorongoro Crater Tanzania |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == 0412zdals0i8913xzlnsk1rz16kwsqa 0 152762 841538 2026-05-28T12:29:59Z Umar2z 18668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355706380|Iriama Rose]]" 841538 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Iriama Rose''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1967) 'yar siyasar Uganda ce. Ta kasance memba Yan majalisa a Majalisar dokokin Uganda ta takwas da ta tara tana wakiltar Gundumar Nakapiripirit a matsayin yar takara mai zaman kanta. kuje zuwa zan cire wannan gefen == Rayuwar siyasa == Ta yi aiki a majalisar dokokin Uganda ta takwas da ta tara a matsayin memba na gundumar Nakapiripirit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament |url=https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006082731/https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html |archive-date=2022-10-06 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=EveryPolitician}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-05 |title=Mbabazi, Suruma face political end |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/mbabazi-suruma-face-political-end/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-07 |title=Members of 9th Parliament |url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |archive-date=2018-08-15 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Yayinda take aiki a majalisar dokoki ta tara, an zabe ta daga cikin 'yan majalisa waɗanda suka yi magana kasa da sau biyar a majalisar bisa ga binciken Daily Monitor da Hansard ya gudanar akan rikodin hukuma na majalisar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-22 |title=Silent MPs exposed |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/silent-mps-exposed-1546614 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Binciken ya gano cewa 'yan majalisa 34 sun yi magana kasa da sau biyar a bene na majalisar dokoki a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata yayin da wasu' yan majalisa 105 suka ba da gudummawa kasa da sau 15 ga muhawara.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-22 |title=Silent MPs exposed |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/silent-mps-exposed-1546614 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin da take rike da ofishinta na siyasa a shekara ta 2007, ta shawarci mayaƙan Karimojong da su bi aikin gwamnati na ci gaba da zubar da makamai don ci gaban zakarun a yankin. Ta kuma yi adawa da kashe mutane marasa laifi, musamman mata da kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga ke yi a yankin wanda hakan ya shafi ci gaba a Karamoja.<ref name=":0" /> Iriama na daga cikin 'Yan majalisa da suka yanke shawarar saduwa da tsohon Firayim Minista, Amama Mbabazi wanda ya ba su lokaci a yayin da Uwargidan Shugaban kasa kuma Ministan Harkokin Karamoja, [[Janet Museveni]], ta ki saduwa da' yan majalisa daga yankin Karamoja game da tattaunawar yankin su wanda shine yankin da ya fi talauci a Uganda.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=KAKAIRE |first=DAVID TASH LUMU & SULAIMAN |title=Why Janet, Karamoja MPs fell out |url=https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=18958:why-janet-karamoja-mps-fell-out |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006082735/https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=18958:why-janet-karamoja-mps-fell-out |archive-date=2022-10-06 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb}}</ref> 'Yan majalisa da suka sadu da tsohon Firayim Minista sun hada da Rose Akello (Kaabong), Modest Juliana Auma (Abim), Rose Iriama (Nakapiripirit) da Margaret Iriama (Moroto).<ref name=":2" /> Bayan ofishinta na siyasa a majalisar dokoki ta tara, ta yi rahar barazanar kai hari kan shanu na [[Yoweri Museveni|Shugaba Museveni]] idan ba a biya yan mazabar ta ba saboda dabbobin da suka rasa a lokacin da aka ajiye makamai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-29 |title=Opinion: Why are the Karimojong so little understood outside of Karamoja? |url=http://nilepost.co.ug/2020/09/29/opinion-why-are-the-karimojong-so-little-understood-outside-of-karamoja/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Nile Post |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, Iriama ta gaya wa Gabashin Afirka game da ra'ayinta na tunanin cewa Janet Museveni za ta kawo chigaba a yankin kamar a coci a baya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-14 |title=First Lady must tread carefully on Karamoja Development Agency |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/first-lady-must-tread-carefully-on-karamoja-development-agency-1294012 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref> Ta kasance daga cikin 'yan majalisa wadanda suka gabatar da takardun zabe 118 da za a ji a kotuna daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar bayan babban zaben 18 ga Fabrairu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=118 Parliamentary Election Petitions Cause-listed for Hearing |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/118-parliamentary-election-petitions-cause-listed-for-hearing |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mambobin majalisar dokokin Uganda ta takwas * Jerin mambobin majalisar dokokin Uganda ta tara == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[Iriama Rose Narotha V Anyakun Esther Davinia & Anor: Karatun Zabe; Rashin Bi Dokokin Zabe; Burden & Standard of Tabbacin; Cin hanci An adana 2022-04-16 a]] * [http://uipe.co.ug/files/downloads/List%20of%20Applicants%20considered%20by%20the%20497th%20Council%20Meeting%20on%2011th%20May%202021.pdf Jerin masu nema da aka yi la'akari da taron majalisa na 497 a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2021 a karkashin fannoni daban-daban]{{Dead link|date=December 2025}} * [https://ldc.ac.ug/sites/files/Result%20Adm.%20Mbale%20Wkd%20%28March%20-%20May%2C%202018%29.pdf Bayani Bayani ga Ofisoshin Administory" LAW COURSE MBALE WEEKEND PROGRAM: 3 Maris - 27 Mayu, 2018] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] 5grvnhofu1i0xxw7m0nkywppi5uj0qk 841540 841538 2026-05-28T12:30:26Z Umar2z 18668 841540 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Iriama Rose''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1967) 'yar siyasar Uganda ce. Ta kasance memba Yan majalisa a Majalisar dokokin Uganda ta takwas da ta tara tana wakiltar Gundumar Nakapiripirit a matsayin yar takara mai zaman kanta. == Rayuwar siyasa == Ta yi aiki a majalisar dokokin Uganda ta takwas da ta tara a matsayin memba na gundumar Nakapiripirit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament |url=https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006082731/https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html |archive-date=2022-10-06 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=EveryPolitician}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-05 |title=Mbabazi, Suruma face political end |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/mbabazi-suruma-face-political-end/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-07 |title=Members of 9th Parliament |url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |archive-date=2018-08-15 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Yayinda take aiki a majalisar dokoki ta tara, an zabe ta daga cikin 'yan majalisa waɗanda suka yi magana kasa da sau biyar a majalisar bisa ga binciken Daily Monitor da Hansard ya gudanar akan rikodin hukuma na majalisar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-22 |title=Silent MPs exposed |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/silent-mps-exposed-1546614 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Binciken ya gano cewa 'yan majalisa 34 sun yi magana kasa da sau biyar a bene na majalisar dokoki a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata yayin da wasu' yan majalisa 105 suka ba da gudummawa kasa da sau 15 ga muhawara.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-22 |title=Silent MPs exposed |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/silent-mps-exposed-1546614 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin da take rike da ofishinta na siyasa a shekara ta 2007, ta shawarci mayaƙan Karimojong da su bi aikin gwamnati na ci gaba da zubar da makamai don ci gaban zakarun a yankin. Ta kuma yi adawa da kashe mutane marasa laifi, musamman mata da kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga ke yi a yankin wanda hakan ya shafi ci gaba a Karamoja.<ref name=":0" /> Iriama na daga cikin 'Yan majalisa da suka yanke shawarar saduwa da tsohon Firayim Minista, Amama Mbabazi wanda ya ba su lokaci a yayin da Uwargidan Shugaban kasa kuma Ministan Harkokin Karamoja, [[Janet Museveni]], ta ki saduwa da' yan majalisa daga yankin Karamoja game da tattaunawar yankin su wanda shine yankin da ya fi talauci a Uganda.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=KAKAIRE |first=DAVID TASH LUMU & SULAIMAN |title=Why Janet, Karamoja MPs fell out |url=https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=18958:why-janet-karamoja-mps-fell-out |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006082735/https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=18958:why-janet-karamoja-mps-fell-out |archive-date=2022-10-06 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb}}</ref> 'Yan majalisa da suka sadu da tsohon Firayim Minista sun hada da Rose Akello (Kaabong), Modest Juliana Auma (Abim), Rose Iriama (Nakapiripirit) da Margaret Iriama (Moroto).<ref name=":2" /> Bayan ofishinta na siyasa a majalisar dokoki ta tara, ta yi rahar barazanar kai hari kan shanu na [[Yoweri Museveni|Shugaba Museveni]] idan ba a biya yan mazabar ta ba saboda dabbobin da suka rasa a lokacin da aka ajiye makamai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-29 |title=Opinion: Why are the Karimojong so little understood outside of Karamoja? |url=http://nilepost.co.ug/2020/09/29/opinion-why-are-the-karimojong-so-little-understood-outside-of-karamoja/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Nile Post |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, Iriama ta gaya wa Gabashin Afirka game da ra'ayinta na tunanin cewa Janet Museveni za ta kawo chigaba a yankin kamar a coci a baya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-14 |title=First Lady must tread carefully on Karamoja Development Agency |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/first-lady-must-tread-carefully-on-karamoja-development-agency-1294012 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref> Ta kasance daga cikin 'yan majalisa wadanda suka gabatar da takardun zabe 118 da za a ji a kotuna daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar bayan babban zaben 18 ga Fabrairu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=118 Parliamentary Election Petitions Cause-listed for Hearing |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/118-parliamentary-election-petitions-cause-listed-for-hearing |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mambobin majalisar dokokin Uganda ta takwas * Jerin mambobin majalisar dokokin Uganda ta tara == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[Iriama Rose Narotha V Anyakun Esther Davinia & Anor: Karatun Zabe; Rashin Bi Dokokin Zabe; Burden & Standard of Tabbacin; Cin hanci An adana 2022-04-16 a]] * [http://uipe.co.ug/files/downloads/List%20of%20Applicants%20considered%20by%20the%20497th%20Council%20Meeting%20on%2011th%20May%202021.pdf Jerin masu nema da aka yi la'akari da taron majalisa na 497 a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2021 a karkashin fannoni daban-daban]{{Dead link|date=December 2025}} * [https://ldc.ac.ug/sites/files/Result%20Adm.%20Mbale%20Wkd%20%28March%20-%20May%2C%202018%29.pdf Bayani Bayani ga Ofisoshin Administory" LAW COURSE MBALE WEEKEND PROGRAM: 3 Maris - 27 Mayu, 2018] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] 3idkczu6g0xyzobum31crrqpld28l8z 841545 841540 2026-05-28T12:32:57Z Umar2z 18668 841545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Iriama Rose | image = Iriama, Rose.jpg | birth_date = 5 January 1967 | citizenship = Ugandan | occupation = [[Siyasa]] | years_active = 2006-2016 | political_party = Independent candidate }} '''Iriama Rose''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1967) 'yar siyasar Uganda ce. Ta kasance memba Yan majalisa a Majalisar dokokin Uganda ta takwas da ta tara tana wakiltar Gundumar Nakapiripirit a matsayin yar takara mai zaman kanta. == Rayuwar siyasa == Ta yi aiki a majalisar dokokin Uganda ta takwas da ta tara a matsayin memba na gundumar Nakapiripirit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament |url=https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006082731/https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html |archive-date=2022-10-06 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=EveryPolitician}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-05 |title=Mbabazi, Suruma face political end |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/mbabazi-suruma-face-political-end/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-07 |title=Members of 9th Parliament |url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |archive-date=2018-08-15 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Yayinda take aiki a majalisar dokoki ta tara, an zabe ta daga cikin 'yan majalisa waɗanda suka yi magana kasa da sau biyar a majalisar bisa ga binciken Daily Monitor da Hansard ya gudanar akan rikodin hukuma na majalisar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-22 |title=Silent MPs exposed |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/silent-mps-exposed-1546614 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Binciken ya gano cewa 'yan majalisa 34 sun yi magana kasa da sau biyar a bene na majalisar dokoki a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata yayin da wasu' yan majalisa 105 suka ba da gudummawa kasa da sau 15 ga muhawara.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-22 |title=Silent MPs exposed |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/silent-mps-exposed-1546614 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin da take rike da ofishinta na siyasa a shekara ta 2007, ta shawarci mayaƙan Karimojong da su bi aikin gwamnati na ci gaba da zubar da makamai don ci gaban zakarun a yankin. Ta kuma yi adawa da kashe mutane marasa laifi, musamman mata da kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga ke yi a yankin wanda hakan ya shafi ci gaba a Karamoja.<ref name=":0" /> Iriama na daga cikin 'Yan majalisa da suka yanke shawarar saduwa da tsohon Firayim Minista, Amama Mbabazi wanda ya ba su lokaci a yayin da Uwargidan Shugaban kasa kuma Ministan Harkokin Karamoja, [[Janet Museveni]], ta ki saduwa da' yan majalisa daga yankin Karamoja game da tattaunawar yankin su wanda shine yankin da ya fi talauci a Uganda.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=KAKAIRE |first=DAVID TASH LUMU & SULAIMAN |title=Why Janet, Karamoja MPs fell out |url=https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=18958:why-janet-karamoja-mps-fell-out |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006082735/https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=18958:why-janet-karamoja-mps-fell-out |archive-date=2022-10-06 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb}}</ref> 'Yan majalisa da suka sadu da tsohon Firayim Minista sun hada da Rose Akello (Kaabong), Modest Juliana Auma (Abim), Rose Iriama (Nakapiripirit) da Margaret Iriama (Moroto).<ref name=":2" /> Bayan ofishinta na siyasa a majalisar dokoki ta tara, ta yi rahar barazanar kai hari kan shanu na [[Yoweri Museveni|Shugaba Museveni]] idan ba a biya yan mazabar ta ba saboda dabbobin da suka rasa a lokacin da aka ajiye makamai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-29 |title=Opinion: Why are the Karimojong so little understood outside of Karamoja? |url=http://nilepost.co.ug/2020/09/29/opinion-why-are-the-karimojong-so-little-understood-outside-of-karamoja/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Nile Post |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, Iriama ta gaya wa Gabashin Afirka game da ra'ayinta na tunanin cewa Janet Museveni za ta kawo chigaba a yankin kamar a coci a baya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-14 |title=First Lady must tread carefully on Karamoja Development Agency |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/first-lady-must-tread-carefully-on-karamoja-development-agency-1294012 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref> Ta kasance daga cikin 'yan majalisa wadanda suka gabatar da takardun zabe 118 da za a ji a kotuna daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar bayan babban zaben 18 ga Fabrairu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=118 Parliamentary Election Petitions Cause-listed for Hearing |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/118-parliamentary-election-petitions-cause-listed-for-hearing |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mambobin majalisar dokokin Uganda ta takwas * Jerin mambobin majalisar dokokin Uganda ta tara == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[Iriama Rose Narotha V Anyakun Esther Davinia & Anor: Karatun Zabe; Rashin Bi Dokokin Zabe; Burden & Standard of Tabbacin; Cin hanci An adana 2022-04-16 a]] * [http://uipe.co.ug/files/downloads/List%20of%20Applicants%20considered%20by%20the%20497th%20Council%20Meeting%20on%2011th%20May%202021.pdf Jerin masu nema da aka yi la'akari da taron majalisa na 497 a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2021 a karkashin fannoni daban-daban]{{Dead link|date=December 2025}} * [https://ldc.ac.ug/sites/files/Result%20Adm.%20Mbale%20Wkd%20%28March%20-%20May%2C%202018%29.pdf Bayani Bayani ga Ofisoshin Administory" LAW COURSE MBALE WEEKEND PROGRAM: 3 Maris - 27 Mayu, 2018] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] j9wi01yj2dkcliod7w07srt61wn4xx2 841627 841545 2026-05-28T13:07:50Z Umar2z 18668 841627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Iriama Rose | image = Iriama, Rose.jpg | birth_date = 5 January 1967 | citizenship = Ugandan | occupation = [[Siyasa]] | years_active = 2006-2016 | political_party = Independent candidate }} '''Iriama Rose''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1967) 'yar siyasar Uganda ce. Ta kasance memba Yan majalisa a Majalisar dokokin Uganda ta takwas da ta tara tana wakiltar Gundumar Nakapiripirit a matsayin yar takara mai zaman kanta. == Rayuwar siyasa == Ta yi aiki a majalisar dokokin Uganda ta takwas da ta tara<ref>Mugerwa, Yasiin (26 March 2007). [https://allafrica.com/stories/200703260492.html "Uganda: Nakapiripirit MP Urges Warriors to Surrender"]. ''AllAfrica''. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</ref> a matsayin memba na gundumar Nakapiripirit.<ref name=":0">Mugerwa, Yasiin (26 March 2007). [https://allafrica.com/stories/200703260492.html "Uganda: Nakapiripirit MP Urges Warriors to Surrender"]. ''AllAfrica''. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221006082731/https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html "EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament". ''EveryPolitician'']. Archived from [https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html the original] on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.ug/mbabazi-suruma-face-political-end/ "Mbabazi, Suruma face political end"]. ''The Independent Uganda''. 2008-11-05. Retrieved 2022-03-30.</ref> Yayinda take aiki a majalisar dokoki ta tara, an zabe ta daga cikin 'yan majalisa waɗanda suka yi magana kasa da sau biyar a majalisar bisa ga binciken Daily Monitor da Hansard ya gudanar akan rikodin hukuma na majalisar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-22 |title=Silent MPs exposed |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/silent-mps-exposed-1546614 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Binciken ya gano cewa 'yan majalisa 34 sun yi magana kasa da sau biyar a bene na majalisar dokoki a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata yayin da wasu' yan majalisa 105 suka ba da gudummawa kasa da sau 15 ga muhawara.<ref name=":1" /> A lokacin da take rike da ofishinta na siyasa a shekara ta 2007, ta shawarci mayaƙan Karimojong da su bi aikin gwamnati na ci gaba da zubar da makamai don ci gaban zakarun a yankin.<ref name=":0" /> Ta kuma yi adawa da kashe mutane marasa laifi, musamman mata da kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga ke yi a yankin wanda hakan ya shafi ci gaba a Karamoja.<ref name=":0" /> Iriama na daga cikin 'Yan majalisa da suka yanke shawarar saduwa da tsohon Firayim Minista, Amama Mbabazi wanda ya ba su lokaci a yayin da Uwargidan Shugaban kasa kuma Ministan Harkokin Karamoja, [[Janet Museveni]], ta ki saduwa da' yan majalisa daga yankin Karamoja game da tattaunawar yankin su wanda shine yankin da ya fi talauci a Uganda.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=KAKAIRE |first=DAVID TASH LUMU & SULAIMAN |title=Why Janet, Karamoja MPs fell out |url=https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=18958:why-janet-karamoja-mps-fell-out |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006082735/https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=18958:why-janet-karamoja-mps-fell-out |archive-date=2022-10-06 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb}}</ref> 'Yan majalisa da suka sadu da tsohon Firayim Minista sun hada da Rose Akello (Kaabong), Modest Juliana Auma (Abim), Rose Iriama (Nakapiripirit) da Margaret Iriama (Moroto).<ref name=":2" /> Bayan ofishinta na siyasa a majalisar dokoki ta tara, ta yi rahar barazanar kai hari kan shanu na [[Yoweri Museveni|Shugaba Museveni]] idan ba a biya yan mazabar ta ba saboda dabbobin da suka rasa a lokacin da aka ajiye makamai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-29 |title=Opinion: Why are the Karimojong so little understood outside of Karamoja? |url=http://nilepost.co.ug/2020/09/29/opinion-why-are-the-karimojong-so-little-understood-outside-of-karamoja/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Nile Post |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, Iriama ta gaya wa Gabashin Afirka game da ra'ayinta na tunanin cewa Janet Museveni za ta kawo chigaba a yankin kamar a coci a baya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-14 |title=First Lady must tread carefully on Karamoja Development Agency |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/first-lady-must-tread-carefully-on-karamoja-development-agency-1294012 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref> Ta kasance daga cikin 'yan majalisa wadanda suka gabatar da takardun zabe 118 da za a ji a kotuna daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar bayan babban zaben 18 ga Fabrairu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=118 Parliamentary Election Petitions Cause-listed for Hearing |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/118-parliamentary-election-petitions-cause-listed-for-hearing |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mambobin majalisar dokokin Uganda ta takwas * Jerin mambobin majalisar dokokin Uganda ta tara == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://ealidt.co.ug/2021/02/13/iriama-rose-narotha-v-anyakun-esther-davinia-anor-election-petition-no-4-of-2016/ Iriama Rose Narotha V Anyakun Esther Davinia & Anor: Karatun Zabe; Rashin Bi Dokokin Zabe; Burden & Standard of Tabbacin; Cin hanci An adana 2022-04-16 a] * [http://uipe.co.ug/files/downloads/List%20of%20Applicants%20considered%20by%20the%20497th%20Council%20Meeting%20on%2011th%20May%202021.pdf Jerin masu nema da aka yi la'akari da taron majalisa na 497 a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2021 a karkashin fannoni daban-daban]{{Dead link|date=December 2025}} * [https://ldc.ac.ug/sites/files/Result%20Adm.%20Mbale%20Wkd%20%28March%20-%20May%2C%202018%29.pdf Bayani Bayani ga Ofisoshin Administory" LAW COURSE MBALE WEEKEND PROGRAM: 3 Maris - 27 Mayu, 2018] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] swse0a3tuef77dambprcnqbhvd7db8l 0 152763 841541 2026-05-28T12:30:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349874153|Lake Manyara]]" 841541 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Lake_Manyara1.jpg|alt=Lake Manyara, the shores and cliff after dusk.|thumb|Tafkin Manyara, dutsen bayan faɗuwar rana.]] '''Tafkin Manyara''' wanda aka fi sani da Tafkin Moya a tsakanin [[Mutanen Iraqw|Mutanen Iraki]] tafkin ne da ke cikin Gundumar Monduli ta Yankin Arusha, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] kuma ita ce tafkin na bakwai mafi girma a Tanzania ta hanyar farfajiyar, a kilomita 470 (180 sq . Yana da tafki mai zurfi, alkaline a cikin reshen Natron-Manyara-Balangida na Gabashin Afirka Rift.<ref name="FosterEtAl1997">{{Cite journal |last=Foster, A. and C. Ebinger and E. Mbede and D. Rex |date=August 1997 |title=Tectonic development of the northern Tanzanian sector of the East African Rift System |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=154 |pages=689–700 |doi=10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0689 |s2cid=128697181}}</ref> Yankin arewa maso yammacin tafkin (kimanin 200 sq, km.) an haɗa shi a cikin Lake Manyara National Park kuma yana daga cikin Lake Manyari Biosphere Reserve, wanda UNESCO ta kafa a 1981 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Mutum da Biosphere. <ref name="tanz">{{Cite web |title=Lake Manyara National Park — - Tanzania Tourism |url=https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/manyara-national-park |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127152350/https://tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/manyara-national-park |archive-date=2022-01-27 |access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref> Akwai bayani daban-daban game da yadda Tafkin Manyara ya sami sunansa. Sunan Manyara na iya fitowa daga kalmar [[Harshen Maasai|Maasai]] "emanyara", wanda shine ƙuƙwalwa, kariya a kusa da gidan iyali (boma). Wataƙila tsaunuka masu tsawo 600 m a cikin tafkin, kamar kewaye da Maasai boma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanzania, Lake Manyara National Park |url=http://www.tanzania.eu/showpage-tanzania-lake_manyara_national_park.html}}</ref> Wata ka'ida ita ce kabilar Mbugwe, waɗanda ke zaune a yankin Tafkin Manyara, na iya ba tafkin sunansa bisa ga kalmar Mbugwe manyero, ma'ana rami ko wurin da dabbobi ke shan ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maana ya Manyara |url=https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/maana-ya-manyara.60552/}}</ref> == Hydrology da kwandon ruwa == Tafkin Manyara yana da yanki na kimanin 18,37² km2 tare da tsawo tsakanin 938 m da 3633 m sama da matakin teku. Tafkin yana cikin wani kwandon da aka rufe ba tare da fitowa ba, inda ruwa ya ɓace ne kawai ta hanyar evaporation. Ana ciyar da shi ta hanyar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na karkashin kasa, amma yawancin shigarwar ta fito ne daga ruwan sama da aka ciyar da koguna na dindindin da na ɗan lokaci waɗanda ke zubar da ruwa a kewaye da shi.<ref name="Deus2013">{{Cite journal |last=Deus |first=Dorothea |last2=Richard Gloaguen and Peter Krause |year=2013 |title=Water Balance Modeling in a Semi-Arid Environment with Limited in situ Data Using Remote Sensing in Lake Manyara, East African Rift, Tanzania |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=1651–1680 |bibcode=2013RemS....5.1651D |doi=10.3390/rs5041651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin zurfin tafkin da yankin da ya rufe yana canzawa sosai.<ref name="Deus2013" /> A matsakaicin lokacinsa, a lokacin rigar, tafkin yana da faɗin kilomita 40 da kilomita 15 tare da matsakaicin zurfin 3.7 m. A cikin shekara ta 2010, binciken wanka ya nuna tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin 0.81 m, kuma matsakaicin قووڵایی kusan 1.18 m.<ref name="Deus2013" /> A cikin matsanancin lokacin bushewa yankin tafkin yana raguwa yayin da ruwan ya bushe kuma a wasu lokuta tafkin ya bushe gaba ɗaya.<ref name="Deus2013" /> Tafkin Manyara tafkin soda ne ko alkaline tare da pH kusa da 9.5, kuma yana da yawa a cikin gishiri. Ruwa yana ƙara zama mai laushi a lokacin fari yayin da ruwa ke narkewa kuma gishiri ke tarawa.<ref name="lubber">{{Cite web |title=Lake Manyara, Manyara, Tanzania Vacation Info - LakeLubbers |url=https://www.lakelubbers.com/lake-manyara-1672/}}</ref> A lokacin bushewa, manyan wuraren laka suna fallasawa a bakin tekun.<ref name="Hughes1992" /> Wadannan filayen alkaline suna tsiro a cikin ciyawa, suna jan hankalin dabbobi masu kiwo, gami da manyan garken buffalo, wildebeest da zebra.<ref name="tanz">{{Cite web |title=Lake Manyara National Park — - Tanzania Tourism |url=https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/manyara-national-park |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127152350/https://tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/manyara-national-park |archive-date=2022-01-27 |access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref> Yammacin gefen tafkin yana gefen tsaunuka masu tsawo, zuwa Arewa akwai tsaunuka na Ngorongoro, yayin da a Gabas da Kudu maso Gabas wani fili mai tsawo tare da tsaunuka mai fitattun wuta ya ba da hanya ga wani fili. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da yawa, rafi, wuraren da ke da ruwa da ƙananan tabkuna, duka na yau da kullun da na yanayi, suna shiga cikin tafkin. Yankin tafkin saline yana karbar bakuncin garin Mto wa Mbu tare da aikin gona na ban ruwa. A gefen Yammacinsa akwai gandun daji na ruwa wanda ke tsakanin bakin tafkin da rift escarpment kuma an rufe shi da mafi yawan National Park har zuwa gandun daji Marang. A cikin kwarin rift Kudancin tafkin ana amfani da manyan ambaliyar kogi don aikin gona na ban ruwa. Yankunan da suka fi dacewa da kuma mafi yawan amfanin gona a duk faɗin wurin ana amfani da su don aikin gona mai ruwan sama ta kabilun daban-daban dangane da ƙaura na tarihi da tsarin sake zama. Ana amfani da savannah masu bushewa da ba a iya tsammani ba don kiwon dabbobi ta makiyaya (musamman Maasai). Kudu maso gabashin LM wani babban kuma sanannen wurin shakatawa na kasa (Tarangire) yana nan. Bugu da ƙari, a duk faɗin wurin akwai wuraren ajiyar wasanni da yawa, wuraren kiyayewa, wuraren ajiyar gandun daji, wuraren kula da namun daji da ƙauyuka da yawa da kayan aikin yawon bude ido (hanyoyi, gidaje da sansanonin tanti).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Barazanar da kariya == Tafkin Manyara an kare shi a cikin Lake Manyara National Park kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin tanzanian, UNESCO Man da Biosphere reserves guda bakwai. Tsarin zamantakewar muhalli na tafkin Manyara yana fama da matsalolin muhalli da yawa saboda rashin amfani da ƙasa da ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssens de Bisthoven |first=Luc |date=2020-08-01 |title=Social-ecological assessment of Lake Manyara basin, Tanzania: A mixed method approach |url=https://research.ou.nl/files/61859129/1_s2.0_S0301479720305272_main.pdf |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |volume=267 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110594 |pmid=32349949 |s2cid=217592412}}</ref> Tafkin Manyara ya sami hanyar hawa gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙimar sedimentation a cikin shekaru 120 da suka gabata tare da tsaunuka daban-daban a cikin shekarun 1960 da 2010.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wynants |first=Maarten |date=2020-05-15 |title=Determining tributary sources of increased sedimentation in East-African Rift Lakes |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=717 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.717m7266W |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137266 |pmid=32084693 |s2cid=211246435}}</ref> Karin ƙimar sedimentation galibi sakamakon mu'amala ce mai rikitarwa tsakanin karuwar rushewar ƙasa bayan canje-canjen rufe ƙasa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wynants |first=Maarten |date=2018-09-01 |title=Pinpointing areas of increased soil erosion risk following land cover change in the Lake Manyara catchment, Tanzania |journal=International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation |volume=71 |pages=1–8 |bibcode=2018IJAEO..71....1W |doi=10.1016/j.jag.2018.05.008 |s2cid=51873764 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> da sauye-sauyen ruwan sama na halitta. [[Fayil:Manyara_basin.jpg|thumb|509x509px|Taswirar tafkin ruwa na Manyara (layin baki mai ƙarfi) (wanda aka daidaita daga Bachofer et al. 2014 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bachofer |first=Felix |last2=Quénéhervé |first2=Geraldine |last3=Märker |first3=Michael |date=2014 |title=The Delineation of Paleo-Shorelines in the Lake Manyara Basin Using TerraSAR-X Data |journal=Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=2195–2212 |doi=10.3390/rs6032195 |issn=2072-4292 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref>) ]] == Manazarta == emmrf91d6uc9iwqjpnc29we9d0milzs 841542 841541 2026-05-28T12:31:02Z Pharouqenr 25549 841542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Lake_Manyara1.jpg|alt=Lake Manyara, the shores and cliff after dusk.|thumb|Tafkin Manyara, dutsen bayan faɗuwar rana.]] '''Tafkin Manyara''' wanda aka fi sani da Tafkin Moya a tsakanin [[Mutanen Iraqw|Mutanen Iraki]] tafkin ne da ke cikin Gundumar Monduli ta Yankin Arusha, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] kuma ita ce tafkin na bakwai mafi girma a Tanzania ta hanyar farfajiyar, a kilomita 470 (180 sq . Yana da tafki mai zurfi, alkaline a cikin reshen Natron-Manyara-Balangida na Gabashin Afirka Rift.<ref name="FosterEtAl1997">{{Cite journal |last=Foster, A. and C. Ebinger and E. Mbede and D. Rex |date=August 1997 |title=Tectonic development of the northern Tanzanian sector of the East African Rift System |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=154 |pages=689–700 |doi=10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0689 |s2cid=128697181}}</ref> Yankin arewa maso yammacin tafkin (kimanin 200 sq, km.) an haɗa shi a cikin Lake Manyara National Park kuma yana daga cikin Lake Manyari Biosphere Reserve, wanda UNESCO ta kafa a 1981 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Mutum da Biosphere. <ref name="tanz">{{Cite web |title=Lake Manyara National Park — - Tanzania Tourism |url=https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/manyara-national-park |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127152350/https://tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/manyara-national-park |archive-date=2022-01-27 |access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref> Akwai bayani daban-daban game da yadda Tafkin Manyara ya sami sunansa. Sunan Manyara na iya fitowa daga kalmar [[Harshen Maasai|Maasai]] "emanyara", wanda shine ƙuƙwalwa, kariya a kusa da gidan iyali (boma). Wataƙila tsaunuka masu tsawo 600 m a cikin tafkin, kamar kewaye da Maasai boma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanzania, Lake Manyara National Park |url=http://www.tanzania.eu/showpage-tanzania-lake_manyara_national_park.html}}</ref> Wata ka'ida ita ce kabilar Mbugwe, waɗanda ke zaune a yankin Tafkin Manyara, na iya ba tafkin sunansa bisa ga kalmar Mbugwe manyero, ma'ana rami ko wurin da dabbobi ke shan ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maana ya Manyara |url=https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/maana-ya-manyara.60552/}}</ref> == Hydrology da kwandon ruwa == Tafkin Manyara yana da yanki na kimanin 18,37² km2 tare da tsawo tsakanin 938 m da 3633 m sama da matakin teku. Tafkin yana cikin wani kwandon da aka rufe ba tare da fitowa ba, inda ruwa ya ɓace ne kawai ta hanyar evaporation. Ana ciyar da shi ta hanyar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na karkashin kasa, amma yawancin shigarwar ta fito ne daga ruwan sama da aka ciyar da koguna na dindindin da na ɗan lokaci waɗanda ke zubar da ruwa a kewaye da shi.<ref name="Deus2013">{{Cite journal |last=Deus |first=Dorothea |last2=Richard Gloaguen and Peter Krause |year=2013 |title=Water Balance Modeling in a Semi-Arid Environment with Limited in situ Data Using Remote Sensing in Lake Manyara, East African Rift, Tanzania |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=1651–1680 |bibcode=2013RemS....5.1651D |doi=10.3390/rs5041651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin zurfin tafkin da yankin da ya rufe yana canzawa sosai.<ref name="Deus2013" /> A matsakaicin lokacinsa, a lokacin rigar, tafkin yana da faɗin kilomita 40 da kilomita 15 tare da matsakaicin zurfin 3.7 m. A cikin shekara ta 2010, binciken wanka ya nuna tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin 0.81 m, kuma matsakaicin قووڵایی kusan 1.18 m.<ref name="Deus2013" /> A cikin matsanancin lokacin bushewa yankin tafkin yana raguwa yayin da ruwan ya bushe kuma a wasu lokuta tafkin ya bushe gaba ɗaya.<ref name="Deus2013" /> Tafkin Manyara tafkin soda ne ko alkaline tare da pH kusa da 9.5, kuma yana da yawa a cikin gishiri. Ruwa yana ƙara zama mai laushi a lokacin fari yayin da ruwa ke narkewa kuma gishiri ke tarawa.<ref name="lubber">{{Cite web |title=Lake Manyara, Manyara, Tanzania Vacation Info - LakeLubbers |url=https://www.lakelubbers.com/lake-manyara-1672/}}</ref> A lokacin bushewa, manyan wuraren laka suna fallasawa a bakin tekun.<ref name="Hughes1992" /> Wadannan filayen alkaline suna tsiro a cikin ciyawa, suna jan hankalin dabbobi masu kiwo, gami da manyan garken buffalo, wildebeest da zebra.<ref name="tanz">{{Cite web |title=Lake Manyara National Park — - Tanzania Tourism |url=https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/manyara-national-park |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127152350/https://tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/manyara-national-park |archive-date=2022-01-27 |access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref> Yammacin gefen tafkin yana gefen tsaunuka masu tsawo, zuwa Arewa akwai tsaunuka na Ngorongoro, yayin da a Gabas da Kudu maso Gabas wani fili mai tsawo tare da tsaunuka mai fitattun wuta ya ba da hanya ga wani fili. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da yawa, rafi, wuraren da ke da ruwa da ƙananan tabkuna, duka na yau da kullun da na yanayi, suna shiga cikin tafkin. Yankin tafkin saline yana karbar bakuncin garin Mto wa Mbu tare da aikin gona na ban ruwa. A gefen Yammacinsa akwai gandun daji na ruwa wanda ke tsakanin bakin tafkin da rift escarpment kuma an rufe shi da mafi yawan National Park har zuwa gandun daji Marang. A cikin kwarin rift Kudancin tafkin ana amfani da manyan ambaliyar kogi don aikin gona na ban ruwa. Yankunan da suka fi dacewa da kuma mafi yawan amfanin gona a duk faɗin wurin ana amfani da su don aikin gona mai ruwan sama ta kabilun daban-daban dangane da ƙaura na tarihi da tsarin sake zama. Ana amfani da savannah masu bushewa da ba a iya tsammani ba don kiwon dabbobi ta makiyaya (musamman Maasai). Kudu maso gabashin LM wani babban kuma sanannen wurin shakatawa na kasa (Tarangire) yana nan. Bugu da ƙari, a duk faɗin wurin akwai wuraren ajiyar wasanni da yawa, wuraren kiyayewa, wuraren ajiyar gandun daji, wuraren kula da namun daji da ƙauyuka da yawa da kayan aikin yawon bude ido (hanyoyi, gidaje da sansanonin tanti).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Barazanar da kariya == Tafkin Manyara an kare shi a cikin Lake Manyara National Park kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin tanzanian, UNESCO Man da Biosphere reserves guda bakwai. Tsarin zamantakewar muhalli na tafkin Manyara yana fama da matsalolin muhalli da yawa saboda rashin amfani da ƙasa da ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssens de Bisthoven |first=Luc |date=2020-08-01 |title=Social-ecological assessment of Lake Manyara basin, Tanzania: A mixed method approach |url=https://research.ou.nl/files/61859129/1_s2.0_S0301479720305272_main.pdf |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |volume=267 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110594 |pmid=32349949 |s2cid=217592412}}</ref> Tafkin Manyara ya sami hanyar hawa gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙimar sedimentation a cikin shekaru 120 da suka gabata tare da tsaunuka daban-daban a cikin shekarun 1960 da 2010.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wynants |first=Maarten |date=2020-05-15 |title=Determining tributary sources of increased sedimentation in East-African Rift Lakes |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=717 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.717m7266W |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137266 |pmid=32084693 |s2cid=211246435}}</ref> Karin ƙimar sedimentation galibi sakamakon mu'amala ce mai rikitarwa tsakanin karuwar rushewar ƙasa bayan canje-canjen rufe ƙasa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wynants |first=Maarten |date=2018-09-01 |title=Pinpointing areas of increased soil erosion risk following land cover change in the Lake Manyara catchment, Tanzania |journal=International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation |volume=71 |pages=1–8 |bibcode=2018IJAEO..71....1W |doi=10.1016/j.jag.2018.05.008 |s2cid=51873764 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> da sauye-sauyen ruwan sama na halitta. [[Fayil:Manyara_basin.jpg|thumb|509x509px|Taswirar tafkin ruwa na Manyara (layin baki mai ƙarfi) (wanda aka daidaita daga Bachofer et al. 2014 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bachofer |first=Felix |last2=Quénéhervé |first2=Geraldine |last3=Märker |first3=Michael |date=2014 |title=The Delineation of Paleo-Shorelines in the Lake Manyara Basin Using TerraSAR-X Data |journal=Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=2195–2212 |doi=10.3390/rs6032195 |issn=2072-4292 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref>) ]] == Manazarta == 845yc9qkx9n4n0a8mh1031nz97a4vpu 0 152764 841543 2026-05-28T12:31:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1293741362|Momela Lakes]]" 841543 wikitext text/x-wiki Tafkunan Momela (ko Momella) tabkuna ne guda bakwai da ba su da zurfi da ke cikin Arusha National Park wato: Big Momela, Small Momela, El Kekhotoito, Kusare, Rishateni, Lekandiro da Tulusia . <ref name="pp01">{{Cite web |title=The ''Momela Lakes'' |url=https://www.exploring-africa.com/en/tanzania/arusha-national-park/momela-lakes |publisher=Exploring Africa}}</ref> Ƙofar wurin shakatawa tana cikin ''Ƙauyen Momella'', Gundumar Meru ta Yankin Arusha, Tanzania <ref><templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|3|13|S|36|52|E}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Tafkunan suna da alkaline wanda aka kafa daga tarkacewar dutsen da aka kirkira lokacin da Dutsen Meru ya hura saman shekaru 250,000 da suka gabata.<ref name="pp02">{{Cite web |last=Jens Finke |date=2003 |title=Tanzania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16--sm53nX4C&pg=PA401 |access-date=2 April 2019 |publisher=[[Rough Guides]]}}</ref> Kamar yadda tabkuna suna da alkaline, dabbobi ba sa shan ruwa daga ruwan su, amma zaka iya ganin zebras da tsuntsaye a bakin kogin su.<ref name="pp01">{{Cite web |title=The ''Momela Lakes'' |url=https://www.exploring-africa.com/en/tanzania/arusha-national-park/momela-lakes |publisher=Exploring Africa}}</ref><ref name="pp02" /> Tafkuna sune manyan abubuwan da ke cikin ɓangaren Gabas na Gidan shakatawa na Arusha, <ref name="pp02" /> wanda ke rufe gandun daji na Dutsen Meru. == Dubi kuma == * [[Rayuwar namun daji a Tanzaniya|Dabbobin daji na Tanzania]] == Manazarta == 8ohyhafltkqij893wawvg2mjoy7krov 841544 841543 2026-05-28T12:31:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 841544 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkunan Momela''' (ko Momella) tabkuna ne guda bakwai da ba su da zurfi da ke cikin Arusha National Park wato: Big Momela, Small Momela, El Kekhotoito, Kusare, Rishateni, Lekandiro da Tulusia . <ref name="pp01">{{Cite web |title=The ''Momela Lakes'' |url=https://www.exploring-africa.com/en/tanzania/arusha-national-park/momela-lakes |publisher=Exploring Africa}}</ref> Ƙofar wurin shakatawa tana cikin ''Ƙauyen Momella'', Gundumar Meru ta Yankin Arusha, Tanzania <ref><templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|3|13|S|36|52|E}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Tafkunan suna da alkaline wanda aka kafa daga tarkacewar dutsen da aka kirkira lokacin da Dutsen Meru ya hura saman shekaru 250,000 da suka gabata.<ref name="pp02">{{Cite web |last=Jens Finke |date=2003 |title=Tanzania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16--sm53nX4C&pg=PA401 |access-date=2 April 2019 |publisher=[[Rough Guides]]}}</ref> Kamar yadda tabkuna suna da alkaline, dabbobi ba sa shan ruwa daga ruwan su, amma zaka iya ganin zebras da tsuntsaye a bakin kogin su.<ref name="pp01">{{Cite web |title=The ''Momela Lakes'' |url=https://www.exploring-africa.com/en/tanzania/arusha-national-park/momela-lakes |publisher=Exploring Africa}}</ref><ref name="pp02" /> Tafkuna sune manyan abubuwan da ke cikin ɓangaren Gabas na Gidan shakatawa na Arusha, <ref name="pp02" /> wanda ke rufe gandun daji na Dutsen Meru. == Dubi kuma == * [[Rayuwar namun daji a Tanzaniya|Dabbobin daji na Tanzania]] == Manazarta == 64n8yjy38791e23nm240zml7ckvzt4l 0 152765 841546 2026-05-28T12:33:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353126940|Lake Natron]]" 841546 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:LakeNatron_satellite_labelled.jpg|right|thumb|Rabin kudancin Tafkin Natron (sama). Hakanan ana iya ganin ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa da Dutsen Gelai. Yawancin kusan-fararen gishiri-ƙasa "ƙwarewa" suna yin amfani da ƙananan sassan tafkin (wanda aka saka).]] '''Tafkin Natron''' tafkin gishiri ne mai yawan alkaline wanda ke arewacin Gundumar Ngorongoro ta Yankin Arusha a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] tare da iyakar arewacinsa zuwa cikin Kajiado County da Narok County a [[Kenya]]. Yana cikin Gregory Rift, wanda shine reshen gabashin Rift na Gabashin Afirka.<ref name="WWF">{{Cite web |title=Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 |website=World Wildlife Fund}}</ref> Tafkin yana cikin Tafkin Natron Basin, wani wuri mai laushi na Ramsar na muhimmancin duniya. == Bayyanawa == Wannan tafkin yana ciyar da shi musamman daga Kogin Ewaso Ng'iro na Kudancin, wanda ke tasowa a tsakiyar [[Kenya]], da kuma maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu zafi.<ref name="WWF">{{Cite web |title=Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 |website=World Wildlife Fund}}</ref> Ba shi da zurfi, ƙasa da mita uku (9.8 zurfi, kuma ya bambanta da faɗin dangane da matakin ruwa. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin kilomita 57 (35 tsawo da kilomita 22 (14 faɗin.<ref name="WWF" /> Yankin da ke kewaye da shi yana samun ruwan sama na yanayi mara kyau, galibi tsakanin Disamba da Mayu jimlar millimita 800 (31 in) a kowace shekara.<ref name="WWF" /> Yanayin zafi a tafkin yana sama da {{Convert|40|°C|°F}} ° C (104 ° F). <ref name="WWF" /> Babban matakan evaporation sun bar natron (sodium carbonate decahydrate) da trona (sodius sesquicarbonate dihydrate). Alkalinity na tafkin na iya kaiwa pH sama da 12. A cewar Kimiyya Mai Rayuwa, babban alkalinity na tafkin ya samo asali ne daga sodium carbonate da sauran ma'adanai da ke gudana cikin ruwa daga mahalli da ke kewaye. Dutsen da ke kewaye da shi ya ƙunshi alkaline, sodium-dominated trachyte lavas waɗanda aka shimfiɗa a lokacin Pleistocene. Lavas suna da adadi mai yawa na carbonate amma ƙananan matakan calcium da magnesium, wanda ya ba da damar tafkin ya mai da hankali ga alkaline saline. Wadannan matsanancin yanayin sunadarai suna haifar da yanayi mai tsanani inda kawai kwayoyin halitta na musamman zasu iya rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=Marc Lallanilla published in |date=2013-10-02 |title=Lake That Turns Animals to Stone? Not Quite |url=https://www.livescience.com/40135-photographer-rick-brandt-lake-natron.html |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Live Science |language=en}}</ref> An san sunadarai na ruwa don calcify jikin kowane abu mai rai wanda ya mutu a tafkin. == Tsire-tsire == Launi na tafkin alama ce ta waɗanda ke da ƙimar evaporation mai yawa. Yayin da ruwa ke narkewa a lokacin fari, matakan salinity suna ƙaruwa har zuwa lokacin da kwayoyin da ke son gishiri suka fara bunƙasa. Irin waɗannan kwayoyin halophile sun haɗa da wasu cyanobacteria waɗanda ke yin nasu abinci tare da [[photosynthesis]] kamar yadda shuke-shuke ke yi. Red accessory photosynthesizing pigment a cikin cyanobacteria yana samar da zurfin ja na ruwa mai budewa na tafkin da launuka orange na ƙananan sassan tafkin. Yankin gishiri na alkali a saman tafkin kuma sau da yawa yana da launin ja ko ruwan hoda ta hanyar halophilic microorganisms da ke zaune a can. Yankunan gishiri da wuraren ruwa mai laushi a gefen tafkin suna tallafawa tsire-tsire iri-iri. == Dabbobi == Yawancin dabbobi suna samun yawan zafin jiki na tafkin (har zuwa {{Convert|60|C|F}} ° C [140 ° F]) da kuma yawan gishiri mai yawa da canji mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swancer |first=Brent |date=20 April 2015 |title=The Bizarre Medusa Lake of Africa |url=https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2015/04/the-bizarre-medusa-lake-of-africa/ |access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref> Duk da haka, Tafkin Natron gida ne ga wasu algae, invertebrates, da [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]]. A cikin ruwa mai ɗan gishiri a gefen gefen, wasu kifaye na iya rayuwa. Tafkin shine kawai yankin kiwo na yau da kullun a Gabashin Afirka don ƙananan flamingoes miliyan 2.5, wanda matsayin "kusan barazana" ya haifar da dogaro da wannan wuri ɗaya. Lokacin da salinity ya karu, haka ne cyanobacteria, kuma tafkin na iya tallafawa ƙarin gidaje. Wadannan flamingoes, babban garken guda daya a Gabashin Afirka, sun taru tare da tabkuna masu gishiri da ke kusa don cin abinci a kan ''Spirulina'' (algae mai launin shudi-kore tare da jan launi). Tafkin Natron wuri ne mai aminci na kiwo saboda yanayin da yake ciki shine shingen da ke fuskantar masu cin nama da ke ƙoƙarin isa ga gidajensu a kan tsibirai masu tasowa. Har ila yau, manyan flamingoes suna haifuwa a kan filayen laka.&nbsp; == Barazanar da adanawa == Yankin da ke kusa da tafkin gishiri ba a zaune ba amma akwai wasu kiwo da wasu noma na yanayi. Barazanar ma'aunin salinity daga karuwar yaduwar yaduwar zai zo ne daga karin katako da aka tsara a cikin ruwa na Natron da kuma shirin samar da wutar lantarki a kan Ewaso Ng'iro a fadin iyaka a [[Kenya]]. Kodayake shirye-shiryen ci gaba sun haɗa da gine-ginen dike a arewacin ƙarshen tafkin don ƙunshe da ruwa mai laushi, barazanar narkewa ga wannan wurin kiwo na iya zama mai tsanani. Babu kariya ta musamman. Sabuwar barazana ga Tafkin Natron ita ce gabatar da ci gaban shuka ta soda ash a bakin tekun. Shuka za ta yi amfani da ruwa daga tafkin kuma ta cire sodium carbonate don canzawa zuwa wanke foda don fitarwa. Tare da shuka zai zama gidaje ga ma'aikata sama da 1000, da kuma tashar wutar lantarki mai amfani da kwal don samar da makamashi ga masana'antar. Bugu da kari, akwai yiwuwar masu haɓakawa na iya gabatar da shrimp na saline don kara ingancin cirewa. A cewar Chris Magin, jami'in kasa da kasa na [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds|RSPB]] na Afirka, "Halin karamin flamingoes da ke ci gaba da haifuwa a fuskar irin wannan rikici yana kusa da sifili. Wannan ci gaban zai bar karamin flamingos a Gabashin Afirka da ke fuskantar halaka". Kashi saba'in da biyar na ƙananan flamingoes na duniya an haife su ne a Tafkin Natron . A halin yanzu wani rukuni na fiye da hamsin na kiyayewa da cibiyoyin muhalli na Gabashin Afirka suna gudanar da kamfen na duniya don dakatar da shirin gina masana'antar soda ash ta Tata Chemicals Ltd na Mumbai, Indiya, da Kamfanin Ci Gaban Kasa na Tanzania. Kungiyar da ke aiki a karkashin sunan laima na Lake Natron Consultative Group [[Ken Mwathe]] ne ke tsara shi, Manajan Shirin Karewa a Sakatariyar Afirka ta BirdLife International. == Manazarta == q2tkjjt3ox41cy6j6lsea0f15klhkdk 841547 841546 2026-05-28T12:34:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 841547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:LakeNatron_satellite_labelled.jpg|right|thumb|Rabin kudancin Tafkin Natron (sama). Hakanan ana iya ganin ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa da Dutsen Gelai. Yawancin kusan-fararen gishiri-ƙasa "ƙwarewa" suna yin amfani da ƙananan sassan tafkin (wanda aka saka).]] '''Tafkin Natron''' tafkin gishiri ne mai yawan alkaline wanda ke arewacin Gundumar Ngorongoro ta Yankin Arusha a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] tare da iyakar arewacinsa zuwa cikin Kajiado County da Narok County a [[Kenya]]. Yana cikin Gregory Rift, wanda shine reshen gabashin Rift na Gabashin Afirka.<ref name="WWF">{{Cite web |title=Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 |website=World Wildlife Fund}}</ref> Tafkin yana cikin Tafkin Natron Basin, wani wuri mai laushi na Ramsar na muhimmancin duniya. == Bayyanawa == Wannan tafkin yana ciyar da shi musamman daga Kogin Ewaso Ng'iro na Kudancin, wanda ke tasowa a tsakiyar [[Kenya]], da kuma maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu zafi.<ref name="WWF">{{Cite web |title=Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 |website=World Wildlife Fund}}</ref> Ba shi da zurfi, ƙasa da mita uku (9.8 zurfi, kuma ya bambanta da faɗin dangane da matakin ruwa. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin kilomita 57 (35 tsawo da kilomita 22 (14 faɗin.<ref name="WWF" /> Yankin da ke kewaye da shi yana samun ruwan sama na yanayi mara kyau, galibi tsakanin Disamba da Mayu jimlar millimita 800 (31 in) a kowace shekara.<ref name="WWF" /> Yanayin zafi a tafkin yana sama da {{Convert|40|°C|°F}} ° C (104 ° F). <ref name="WWF" /> Babban matakan evaporation sun bar natron (sodium carbonate decahydrate) da trona (sodius sesquicarbonate dihydrate). Alkalinity na tafkin na iya kaiwa pH sama da 12. A cewar Kimiyya Mai Rayuwa, babban alkalinity na tafkin ya samo asali ne daga sodium carbonate da sauran ma'adanai da ke gudana cikin ruwa daga mahalli da ke kewaye. Dutsen da ke kewaye da shi ya ƙunshi alkaline, sodium-dominated trachyte lavas waɗanda aka shimfiɗa a lokacin Pleistocene. Lavas suna da adadi mai yawa na carbonate amma ƙananan matakan calcium da magnesium, wanda ya ba da damar tafkin ya mai da hankali ga alkaline saline. Wadannan matsanancin yanayin sunadarai suna haifar da yanayi mai tsanani inda kawai kwayoyin halitta na musamman zasu iya rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=Marc Lallanilla published in |date=2013-10-02 |title=Lake That Turns Animals to Stone? Not Quite |url=https://www.livescience.com/40135-photographer-rick-brandt-lake-natron.html |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Live Science |language=en}}</ref> An san sunadarai na ruwa don calcify jikin kowane abu mai rai wanda ya mutu a tafkin. == Tsire-tsire == Launi na tafkin alama ce ta waɗanda ke da ƙimar evaporation mai yawa. Yayin da ruwa ke narkewa a lokacin fari, matakan salinity suna ƙaruwa har zuwa lokacin da kwayoyin da ke son gishiri suka fara bunƙasa. Irin waɗannan kwayoyin halophile sun haɗa da wasu cyanobacteria waɗanda ke yin nasu abinci tare da [[photosynthesis]] kamar yadda shuke-shuke ke yi. Red accessory photosynthesizing pigment a cikin cyanobacteria yana samar da zurfin ja na ruwa mai budewa na tafkin da launuka orange na ƙananan sassan tafkin. Yankin gishiri na alkali a saman tafkin kuma sau da yawa yana da launin ja ko ruwan hoda ta hanyar halophilic microorganisms da ke zaune a can. Yankunan gishiri da wuraren ruwa mai laushi a gefen tafkin suna tallafawa tsire-tsire iri-iri. == Dabbobi == Yawancin dabbobi suna samun yawan zafin jiki na tafkin (har zuwa {{Convert|60|C|F}} ° C [140 ° F]) da kuma yawan gishiri mai yawa da canji mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swancer |first=Brent |date=20 April 2015 |title=The Bizarre Medusa Lake of Africa |url=https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2015/04/the-bizarre-medusa-lake-of-africa/ |access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref> Duk da haka, Tafkin Natron gida ne ga wasu algae, invertebrates, da [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]]. A cikin ruwa mai ɗan gishiri a gefen gefen, wasu kifaye na iya rayuwa. Tafkin shine kawai yankin kiwo na yau da kullun a Gabashin Afirka don ƙananan flamingoes miliyan 2.5, wanda matsayin "kusan barazana" ya haifar da dogaro da wannan wuri ɗaya. Lokacin da salinity ya karu, haka ne cyanobacteria, kuma tafkin na iya tallafawa ƙarin gidaje. Wadannan flamingoes, babban garken guda daya a Gabashin Afirka, sun taru tare da tabkuna masu gishiri da ke kusa don cin abinci a kan ''Spirulina'' (algae mai launin shudi-kore tare da jan launi). Tafkin Natron wuri ne mai aminci na kiwo saboda yanayin da yake ciki shine shingen da ke fuskantar masu cin nama da ke ƙoƙarin isa ga gidajensu a kan tsibirai masu tasowa. Har ila yau, manyan flamingoes suna haifuwa a kan filayen laka.&nbsp; == Barazanar da adanawa == Yankin da ke kusa da tafkin gishiri ba a zaune ba amma akwai wasu kiwo da wasu noma na yanayi. Barazanar ma'aunin salinity daga karuwar yaduwar yaduwar zai zo ne daga karin katako da aka tsara a cikin ruwa na Natron da kuma shirin samar da wutar lantarki a kan Ewaso Ng'iro a fadin iyaka a [[Kenya]]. Kodayake shirye-shiryen ci gaba sun haɗa da gine-ginen dike a arewacin ƙarshen tafkin don ƙunshe da ruwa mai laushi, barazanar narkewa ga wannan wurin kiwo na iya zama mai tsanani. Babu kariya ta musamman. Sabuwar barazana ga Tafkin Natron ita ce gabatar da ci gaban shuka ta soda ash a bakin tekun. Shuka za ta yi amfani da ruwa daga tafkin kuma ta cire sodium carbonate don canzawa zuwa wanke foda don fitarwa. Tare da shuka zai zama gidaje ga ma'aikata sama da 1000, da kuma tashar wutar lantarki mai amfani da kwal don samar da makamashi ga masana'antar. Bugu da kari, akwai yiwuwar masu haɓakawa na iya gabatar da shrimp na saline don kara ingancin cirewa. A cewar Chris Magin, jami'in kasa da kasa na [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds|RSPB]] na Afirka, "Halin karamin flamingoes da ke ci gaba da haifuwa a fuskar irin wannan rikici yana kusa da sifili. Wannan ci gaban zai bar karamin flamingos a Gabashin Afirka da ke fuskantar halaka". Kashi saba'in da biyar na ƙananan flamingoes na duniya an haife su ne a Tafkin Natron . A halin yanzu wani rukuni na fiye da hamsin na kiyayewa da cibiyoyin muhalli na Gabashin Afirka suna gudanar da kamfen na duniya don dakatar da shirin gina masana'antar soda ash ta Tata Chemicals Ltd na Mumbai, Indiya, da Kamfanin Ci Gaban Kasa na Tanzania. Kungiyar da ke aiki a karkashin sunan laima na Lake Natron Consultative Group [[Ken Mwathe]] ne ke tsara shi, Manajan Shirin Karewa a Sakatariyar Afirka ta BirdLife International. == Manazarta == pg3r9vv1oavon63i5xstt240kuz4xjm 0 152766 841548 2026-05-28T12:35:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340381631|Lake Rukwa]]" 841548 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Rukwa''' tafki ne mai suna Rukwa Valley na Yankin Rukwa, Yankin Songwe da Yankin Katavi a kudu maso yammacin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Tafkin shine na uku mafi girma a cikin ƙasa a cikin ƙasar. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tafkin alkaline Rukwa yana tsakiyar tsakanin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a tsawo na kimanin mita 800 (2,600 , a cikin reshe mai layi daya na tsarin rift. Kusan rabin tafkin yana cikin Uwanda Game Reserve.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rukwa Uwanda Game Reserve |url=http://www.utalii.com/Rukwa/Uwanda_Game_Reserve.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122200601/http://www.utalii.com/Rukwa/Uwanda_Game_Reserve.htm |archive-date=22 November 2011 |access-date=29 October 2010 |publisher=Utalii Travel and Safari}}</ref> == Ilimin ruwa == Tafkin ya ga manyan canji a cikin girmansa a tsawon shekaru, saboda bambancin kwarara na rafi. A halin yanzu yana da kima kilomita 180 (110 tsawo kuma matsakaicin kusan kilomita 3 (20 faɗin, yana mai da shi kusan murabba'in kilomita 5,760 (2,220 mi2) a girman. A shekara ta 1929 yana da kimanin kilomita 48 (30 kawai, amma a shekara ta 1939 yana da kimanin kilometres 128 (80 tsawo da kilomita 40 (25 mi) fadi. A lokacin farkon rifting na wannan ɓangaren Afirka, tafkin Rukwa na iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na babban tafki wanda ya haɗa da tafkin Tafkin Tanganyika tare da Tafkin Malawi; tsoffin bakin teku suna ba da shawarar kwanan wata na ƙarshe na cikawa cikin Tafkin Tanganica na 33,000 BP Kafin Yanzu. Don sake cikawa, tsawo na tafkin zai buƙaci wuce mita 900. Ruwan ruwa zuwa cikin Tafkin Malawi ba zai yiwu ba a yanzu, tunda wucewa tsakanin kwandon biyu yana tsaye a sama da mita 2000 tsawo. (Ba Lake Tanganyika ko Lake Malawi ba za su iya cikawa cikin Lake Rukwa ba tunda sun riga sun cika cikin Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Indiya bi da bi.) &nbsp; Akwai tarin ƙarfe mai nauyi kamar zinc, mercury, jan ƙarfe, gubar, chromium, da nickel a cikin turɓaya, ruwa, da ƙwayoyin tsoka na Clarias gariepinus (Afirka catfish) da <nowiki><i id="mwTw">Oreochromis esculentus</i></nowiki> (Singida tilapia) a cikin Tafkin Rukwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mapenzi |first=Levinus Leonard |last2=Shimba |first2=Moses Joel |last3=Moto |first3=Edward Angelo |last4=Maghembe |first4=Reuben Silas |last5=Mmochi |first5=Aviti John |date=January 2020 |title=Heavy metals bio-accumulation in tilapia and catfish species in Lake Rukwa ecosystem Tanzania |journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration |volume=208 |doi=10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.106413 |issn=0375-6742 |doi-access=}}</ref> == Binciken Helium == A cikin 2016, an gano kimanin cubic mita biliyan 1.53 (ma'auni cubic feet biliyan 54.2) na iskar helium a cikin Tafkin Rukwa wanda ya kai dala biliyan 3.5. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2016 |title=Helium 'could earn Tanzania $3.5bn' |url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Helium--could-earn-Tanzania--3-5bn-/-/1840340/3284646/-/awfffj/-/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828202951/http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Helium--could-earn-Tanzania--3-5bn-/-/1840340/3284646/-/awfffj/-/index.html |archive-date=August 28, 2016 |access-date=July 10, 2016 |website=www.thecitizen.co.tz}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tafkunan Rift Valley == Manazarta == e8x510sr5jcgml06leazo833hk58j7o 841550 841548 2026-05-28T12:35:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 841550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Rukwa''' tafki ne mai suna Rukwa Valley na Yankin Rukwa, Yankin Songwe da Yankin Katavi a kudu maso yammacin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Tafkin shine na uku mafi girma a cikin ƙasa a cikin ƙasar. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tafkin alkaline Rukwa yana tsakiyar tsakanin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a tsawo na kimanin mita 800 (2,600 , a cikin reshe mai layi daya na tsarin rift. Kusan rabin tafkin yana cikin Uwanda Game Reserve.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rukwa Uwanda Game Reserve |url=http://www.utalii.com/Rukwa/Uwanda_Game_Reserve.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122200601/http://www.utalii.com/Rukwa/Uwanda_Game_Reserve.htm |archive-date=22 November 2011 |access-date=29 October 2010 |publisher=Utalii Travel and Safari}}</ref> == Ilimin ruwa == Tafkin ya ga manyan canji a cikin girmansa a tsawon shekaru, saboda bambancin kwarara na rafi. A halin yanzu yana da kima kilomita 180 (110 tsawo kuma matsakaicin kusan kilomita 3 (20 faɗin, yana mai da shi kusan murabba'in kilomita 5,760 (2,220 mi2) a girman. A shekara ta 1929 yana da kimanin kilomita 48 (30 kawai, amma a shekara ta 1939 yana da kimanin kilometres 128 (80 tsawo da kilomita 40 (25 mi) fadi. A lokacin farkon rifting na wannan ɓangaren Afirka, tafkin Rukwa na iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na babban tafki wanda ya haɗa da tafkin Tafkin Tanganyika tare da Tafkin Malawi; tsoffin bakin teku suna ba da shawarar kwanan wata na ƙarshe na cikawa cikin Tafkin Tanganica na 33,000 BP Kafin Yanzu. Don sake cikawa, tsawo na tafkin zai buƙaci wuce mita 900. Ruwan ruwa zuwa cikin Tafkin Malawi ba zai yiwu ba a yanzu, tunda wucewa tsakanin kwandon biyu yana tsaye a sama da mita 2000 tsawo. (Ba Lake Tanganyika ko Lake Malawi ba za su iya cikawa cikin Lake Rukwa ba tunda sun riga sun cika cikin Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Indiya bi da bi.) &nbsp; Akwai tarin ƙarfe mai nauyi kamar zinc, mercury, jan ƙarfe, gubar, chromium, da nickel a cikin turɓaya, ruwa, da ƙwayoyin tsoka na Clarias gariepinus (Afirka catfish) da <nowiki><i id="mwTw">Oreochromis esculentus</i></nowiki> (Singida tilapia) a cikin Tafkin Rukwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mapenzi |first=Levinus Leonard |last2=Shimba |first2=Moses Joel |last3=Moto |first3=Edward Angelo |last4=Maghembe |first4=Reuben Silas |last5=Mmochi |first5=Aviti John |date=January 2020 |title=Heavy metals bio-accumulation in tilapia and catfish species in Lake Rukwa ecosystem Tanzania |journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration |volume=208 |doi=10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.106413 |issn=0375-6742 |doi-access=}}</ref> == Binciken Helium == A cikin 2016, an gano kimanin cubic mita biliyan 1.53 (ma'auni cubic feet biliyan 54.2) na iskar helium a cikin Tafkin Rukwa wanda ya kai dala biliyan 3.5. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2016 |title=Helium 'could earn Tanzania $3.5bn' |url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Helium--could-earn-Tanzania--3-5bn-/-/1840340/3284646/-/awfffj/-/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828202951/http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Helium--could-earn-Tanzania--3-5bn-/-/1840340/3284646/-/awfffj/-/index.html |archive-date=August 28, 2016 |access-date=July 10, 2016 |website=www.thecitizen.co.tz}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tafkunan Rift Valley == Manazarta == 051dnev7hm756ycogx6bbqnag57vyy3 0 152767 841549 2026-05-28T12:35:27Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349479210|Ripon Falls]]" 841549 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ripon Falls''' jerin magudanan ruwa ne da a da suke a gabar tekun arewacin [[Tafkin Victoria]], kusa da Jinja, a gabashin [[Uganda]] . Magudanan ruwan sun nuna inda Tafkin Victoria ya malale cikin kogin Victoria kuma an daɗe ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tushen gargajiya na [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] . An nutsar da Ripon Falls a tsakiyar ƙarni ^{na 20} bayan gina Madatsar Ruwa ta Nalubaale (Owen Falls Dam) . <ref>{{Cite web |last=polly |date=2024-02-16 |title=Ripon Falls Uganda {{!}} Uganda Safarus {{!}} Focus East Africa Tours |url=https://www.focuseastafricatours.com/blog/ripon-falls-uganda/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Client |first=U. B. |date=2023-08-25 |title=Ripon Falls {{!}} |url=https://www.ugandabudgetsafaris.com/blog/ripon-falls/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Uganda Budget Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ripon Falls, the Source of River Nile in Jinja Uganda |url=https://www.animalviewsafaris.com/ripon-falls/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Animal View Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Ripon Falls |url=https://becc.bristol.gov.uk/records/1995/076/1/1/16/8 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=British Empire & Commonwealth Collection |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Nile: a river of mysteries |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/nile-a-river-of-mysteries-1586676 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa da wurin da ake == Ripon Falls yana nan a mashigin arewa na Tafkin Victoria, kusa da Jinja na yanzu. Ruwan yana kan hanyar Victoria Nile, wanda ke gudana arewa daga Tafkin Victoria zuwa Tafkin Kyoga sannan daga ƙarshe ya haɗu da White Nile . <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Polly |date=2025-06-03 |title=Ripon Falls {{!}} River Nile {{!}} Lake Victoria {{!}} Uganda Hiking Safaris |url=https://www.choppertourandtravel.com/travel-blogs/ripon-falls/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Chopper Tour and Travel |language=en-US}}</ref> == Muhimmancin tarihi == In the 19th century, Ripon Falls gained international recognition after being visited by British explorer John Hanning Speke in 1862. Speke identified the falls as the outlet of Lake Victoria and believed them to be the Nile's source.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Ripon Falls |url=https://becc.bristol.gov.uk/records/1995/076/1/1/16/8 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=British Empire & Commonwealth Collection |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://becc.bristol.gov.uk/records/1995/076/1/1/16/8 "Ripon Falls"]. ''British Empire & Commonwealth Collection''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> His findings contributed significantly to European understanding of the Nile geography.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Client |first=U. B. |date=2023-08-25 |title=Ripon Falls {{!}} |url=https://www.ugandabudgetsafaris.com/blog/ripon-falls/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Uganda Budget Safaris |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClient2023">Client, U. B. (2023-08-25). [https://www.ugandabudgetsafaris.com/blog/ripon-falls/ "Ripon Falls |"]. ''Uganda Budget Safaris''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-14 |title=Rippon Falls |url=https://travelug.home.blog/water-bodies/water-falls/rippon-falls/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=TOUR UGANDA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ripon Falls, Kampala, Uganda - Reviews, Ratings, Tips and Why You Should Go |url=https://wanderlog.com/place/details/10525744/ripon-falls |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Wanderlog |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Not Authorized - Granger - Historical Picture Archive |url=https://www.granger.com/bad-request.asp |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.granger.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ripon Falls Uganda {{!}} Memphis Tours |url=https://www.memphistours.com/african-safari/africa-travel-guide/best-places-to-visit-in-uganda/wiki/history-of-ribbon-fall/?page=amp |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.memphistours.com}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Nile: a river of mysteries |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/nile-a-river-of-mysteries-1586676 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/nile-a-river-of-mysteries-1586676 "Nile: a river of mysteries"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> An sanya wa magudanan ruwa suna ne bayan George Robinson, Marquess na farko na Ripon, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Sararin Samaniya tsakanin 1859 da 1860. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ripon Falls Uganda {{!}} Memphis Tours |url=https://www.memphistours.com/african-safari/africa-travel-guide/best-places-to-visit-in-uganda/wiki/history-of-ribbon-fall/?page=amp |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.memphistours.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.memphistours.com/african-safari/africa-travel-guide/best-places-to-visit-in-uganda/wiki/history-of-ribbon-fall/?page=amp "Ripon Falls Uganda | Memphis Tours"]. ''www.memphistours.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=gorostrek |date=2025-04-17 |title=Ripon Falls Uganda |url=https://www.gorillatrekkinginafrica.com/ripon-falls-uganda/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Matsayin tashar jirgin ruwa ta Lake Victoria == Kafin gina madatsar ruwa ta Owen Falls, Ripon Falls ta yi aiki a matsayin kwararar ruwa ta halitta ta Tafkin Victoria, tana daidaita kwararar ruwa zuwa cikin Kogin Nilu. Guduwar ruwa a kan madatsar ruwa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye matakan koguna da yanayin halittu na ƙasa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ripon Falls Uganda {{!}} Memphis Tours |url=https://www.memphistours.com/african-safari/africa-travel-guide/best-places-to-visit-in-uganda/wiki/history-of-ribbon-fall/?page=amp |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.memphistours.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.memphistours.com/african-safari/africa-travel-guide/best-places-to-visit-in-uganda/wiki/history-of-ribbon-fall/?page=amp "Ripon Falls Uganda | Memphis Tours"]. ''www.memphistours.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ruwa cikin ruwa da madatsar ruwa ta Owen Falls == An fara gina madatsar ruwa ta Owen Falls a farkon shekarun 1950 kuma an kammala ta a shekarar 1954. Madatsar ruwan ta faɗaɗa mashigar tafkin Victoria, ta nutse cikin ruwan Ripon har abada sannan ta faɗaɗa yankin tafkin. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙara na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki a shekarar 1968. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Know Uganda: The Owen Falls Dam at 58 |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/know-uganda-the-owen-falls-dam-at-58--1511104 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan, wacce aka fi sani da Madatsar ruwan Nalubaale, an gina ta ne da siminti kuma ta ƙunshi ƙofofi da injinan turbine da yawa waɗanda ke daidaita fitar ruwa daga Tafkin Victoria. Idan aka buɗe ta gaba ɗaya, madatsar ruwan tana da ƙarfin zubewa na kimanin mita 1,200 a kowace daƙiƙa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ripon Falls Uganda {{!}} Memphis Tours |url=https://www.memphistours.com/african-safari/africa-travel-guide/best-places-to-visit-in-uganda/wiki/history-of-ribbon-fall/?page=amp |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.memphistours.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.memphistours.com/african-safari/africa-travel-guide/best-places-to-visit-in-uganda/wiki/history-of-ribbon-fall/?page=amp "Ripon Falls Uganda | Memphis Tours"]. ''www.memphistours.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ripon Falls, the Source of River Nile in Jinja Uganda |url=https://www.animalviewsafaris.com/ripon-falls/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Animal View Safaris |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.animalviewsafaris.com/ripon-falls/ "Ripon Falls, the Source of River Nile in Jinja Uganda"]. ''Animal View Safaris''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=gorostrek |date=2025-04-17 |title=Ripon Falls Uganda |url=https://www.gorillatrekkinginafrica.com/ripon-falls-uganda/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFgorostrek2025">gorostrek (2025-04-17). [https://www.gorillatrekkinginafrica.com/ripon-falls-uganda/ "Ripon Falls Uganda"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Know Uganda: The Owen Falls Dam at 58 |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/know-uganda-the-owen-falls-dam-at-58--1511104 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/know-uganda-the-owen-falls-dam-at-58--1511104 "Know Uganda: The Owen Falls Dam at 58"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Yawon shakatawa da nishaɗi == Duk da cewa Ripon Falls ba ya wanzuwa a matsayin wata alama ta halitta, yankin da ke kewaye da Jinja ya zama babban cibiyar yawon bude ido da nishaɗi a gefen Kogin Nilu. Ayyukan da aka fi dangantawa da yankin sun haɗa da yin rafting a cikin ruwa mai launin fari, tsalle-tsalle a kan bungee, hawa keken quad, kamun kifi a wasanni, yin kwale-kwale da kayak, da kuma ɗaukar hotunan yanayi . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=gorostrek |date=2025-04-17 |title=Ripon Falls Uganda |url=https://www.gorillatrekkinginafrica.com/ripon-falls-uganda/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFgorostrek2025">gorostrek (2025-04-17). [https://www.gorillatrekkinginafrica.com/ripon-falls-uganda/ "Ripon Falls Uganda"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Polly |date=2025-06-03 |title=Ripon Falls {{!}} River Nile {{!}} Lake Victoria {{!}} Uganda Hiking Safaris |url=https://www.choppertourandtravel.com/travel-blogs/ripon-falls/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Chopper Tour and Travel |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPolly2025">Polly (2025-06-03). [https://www.choppertourandtravel.com/travel-blogs/ripon-falls/ "Ripon Falls | River Nile | Lake Victoria | Uganda Hiking Safaris"]. ''Chopper Tour and Travel''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Duba kuma == * Owen Falls * [[Murchison Falls]] * [[Sipi Falls]] * [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] * [[Tafkin Victoria]] * Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nalubaale * John Hanning Speke == Manazarta == l3xmj2c9jo8cp7xuk2zxu06axsg4ji8 841551 841549 2026-05-28T12:36:10Z Engineer014 44591 841551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ripon Falls''' jerin magudanan ruwa ne da a da suke a gabar tekun arewacin [[Tafkin Victoria]], kusa da Jinja, a gabashin [[Uganda]] . Magudanan ruwan sun nuna inda Tafkin Victoria ya malale cikin kogin Victoria kuma an daɗe ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tushen gargajiya na [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] . An nutsar da Ripon Falls a tsakiyar ƙarni ^{na 20} bayan gina Madatsar Ruwa ta Nalubaale (Owen Falls Dam) . <ref>{{Cite web |last=polly |date=2024-02-16 |title=Ripon Falls Uganda {{!}} Uganda Safarus {{!}} Focus East Africa Tours |url=https://www.focuseastafricatours.com/blog/ripon-falls-uganda/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Client |first=U. B. |date=2023-08-25 |title=Ripon Falls {{!}} |url=https://www.ugandabudgetsafaris.com/blog/ripon-falls/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Uganda Budget Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ripon Falls, the Source of River Nile in Jinja Uganda |url=https://www.animalviewsafaris.com/ripon-falls/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Animal View Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Ripon Falls |url=https://becc.bristol.gov.uk/records/1995/076/1/1/16/8 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=British Empire & Commonwealth Collection |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Nile: a river of mysteries |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/nile-a-river-of-mysteries-1586676 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa da wurin da ake == Ripon Falls yana nan a mashigin arewa na Tafkin Victoria, kusa da Jinja na yanzu. Ruwan yana kan hanyar Victoria Nile, wanda ke gudana arewa daga Tafkin Victoria zuwa Tafkin Kyoga sannan daga ƙarshe ya haɗu da White Nile . <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Polly |date=2025-06-03 |title=Ripon Falls {{!}} River Nile {{!}} Lake Victoria {{!}} Uganda Hiking Safaris |url=https://www.choppertourandtravel.com/travel-blogs/ripon-falls/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Chopper Tour and Travel |language=en-US}}</ref> == Muhimmancin tarihi == In the 19th century, Ripon Falls gained international recognition after being visited by British explorer John Hanning Speke in 1862. Speke identified the falls as the outlet of Lake Victoria and believed them to be the Nile's source.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Ripon Falls |url=https://becc.bristol.gov.uk/records/1995/076/1/1/16/8 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=British Empire & Commonwealth Collection |language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://becc.bristol.gov.uk/records/1995/076/1/1/16/8 "Ripon Falls"]. ''British Empire & Commonwealth Collection''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> His findings contributed significantly to European understanding of the Nile geography.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Client |first=U. B. |date=2023-08-25 |title=Ripon Falls {{!}} |url=https://www.ugandabudgetsafaris.com/blog/ripon-falls/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Uganda Budget Safaris |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClient2023">Client, U. B. (2023-08-25). [https://www.ugandabudgetsafaris.com/blog/ripon-falls/ "Ripon Falls |"]. ''Uganda Budget Safaris''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-14 |title=Rippon Falls |url=https://travelug.home.blog/water-bodies/water-falls/rippon-falls/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=TOUR UGANDA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ripon Falls, Kampala, Uganda - Reviews, Ratings, Tips and Why You Should Go |url=https://wanderlog.com/place/details/10525744/ripon-falls |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Wanderlog |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Not Authorized - Granger - Historical Picture Archive |url=https://www.granger.com/bad-request.asp |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.granger.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ripon Falls Uganda {{!}} Memphis Tours |url=https://www.memphistours.com/african-safari/africa-travel-guide/best-places-to-visit-in-uganda/wiki/history-of-ribbon-fall/?page=amp |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.memphistours.com}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Nile: a river of mysteries |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/nile-a-river-of-mysteries-1586676 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/nile-a-river-of-mysteries-1586676 "Nile: a river of mysteries"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> An sanya wa magudanan ruwa suna ne bayan George Robinson, Marquess na farko na Ripon, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Sararin Samaniya tsakanin 1859 da 1860. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ripon Falls Uganda {{!}} Memphis Tours |url=https://www.memphistours.com/african-safari/africa-travel-guide/best-places-to-visit-in-uganda/wiki/history-of-ribbon-fall/?page=amp |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.memphistours.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.memphistours.com/african-safari/africa-travel-guide/best-places-to-visit-in-uganda/wiki/history-of-ribbon-fall/?page=amp "Ripon Falls Uganda | Memphis Tours"]. ''www.memphistours.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=gorostrek |date=2025-04-17 |title=Ripon Falls Uganda |url=https://www.gorillatrekkinginafrica.com/ripon-falls-uganda/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Matsayin tashar jirgin ruwa ta Lake Victoria == Kafin gina madatsar ruwa ta Owen Falls, Ripon Falls ta yi aiki a matsayin kwararar ruwa ta halitta ta Tafkin Victoria, tana daidaita kwararar ruwa zuwa cikin Kogin Nilu. Guduwar ruwa a kan madatsar ruwa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye matakan koguna da yanayin halittu na ƙasa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ripon Falls Uganda {{!}} Memphis Tours |url=https://www.memphistours.com/african-safari/africa-travel-guide/best-places-to-visit-in-uganda/wiki/history-of-ribbon-fall/?page=amp |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.memphistours.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.memphistours.com/african-safari/africa-travel-guide/best-places-to-visit-in-uganda/wiki/history-of-ribbon-fall/?page=amp "Ripon Falls Uganda | Memphis Tours"]. ''www.memphistours.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ruwa cikin ruwa da madatsar ruwa ta Owen Falls == An fara gina madatsar ruwa ta Owen Falls a farkon shekarun 1950 kuma an kammala ta a shekarar 1954. Madatsar ruwan ta faɗaɗa mashigar tafkin Victoria, ta nutse cikin ruwan Ripon har abada sannan ta faɗaɗa yankin tafkin. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙara na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki a shekarar 1968. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Know Uganda: The Owen Falls Dam at 58 |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/know-uganda-the-owen-falls-dam-at-58--1511104 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan, wacce aka fi sani da Madatsar ruwan Nalubaale, an gina ta ne da siminti kuma ta ƙunshi ƙofofi da injinan turbine da yawa waɗanda ke daidaita fitar ruwa daga Tafkin Victoria. Idan aka buɗe ta gaba ɗaya, madatsar ruwan tana da ƙarfin zubewa na kimanin mita 1,200 a kowace daƙiƙa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ripon Falls Uganda {{!}} Memphis Tours |url=https://www.memphistours.com/african-safari/africa-travel-guide/best-places-to-visit-in-uganda/wiki/history-of-ribbon-fall/?page=amp |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.memphistours.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.memphistours.com/african-safari/africa-travel-guide/best-places-to-visit-in-uganda/wiki/history-of-ribbon-fall/?page=amp "Ripon Falls Uganda | Memphis Tours"]. ''www.memphistours.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ripon Falls, the Source of River Nile in Jinja Uganda |url=https://www.animalviewsafaris.com/ripon-falls/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Animal View Safaris |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.animalviewsafaris.com/ripon-falls/ "Ripon Falls, the Source of River Nile in Jinja Uganda"]. ''Animal View Safaris''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=gorostrek |date=2025-04-17 |title=Ripon Falls Uganda |url=https://www.gorillatrekkinginafrica.com/ripon-falls-uganda/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFgorostrek2025">gorostrek (2025-04-17). [https://www.gorillatrekkinginafrica.com/ripon-falls-uganda/ "Ripon Falls Uganda"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Know Uganda: The Owen Falls Dam at 58 |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/know-uganda-the-owen-falls-dam-at-58--1511104 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/know-uganda-the-owen-falls-dam-at-58--1511104 "Know Uganda: The Owen Falls Dam at 58"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Yawon shakatawa da nishaɗi == Duk da cewa Ripon Falls ba ya wanzuwa a matsayin wata alama ta halitta, yankin da ke kewaye da Jinja ya zama babban cibiyar yawon bude ido da nishaɗi a gefen Kogin Nilu. Ayyukan da aka fi dangantawa da yankin sun haɗa da yin rafting a cikin ruwa mai launin fari, tsalle-tsalle a kan bungee, hawa keken quad, kamun kifi a wasanni, yin kwale-kwale da kayak, da kuma ɗaukar hotunan yanayi . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=gorostrek |date=2025-04-17 |title=Ripon Falls Uganda |url=https://www.gorillatrekkinginafrica.com/ripon-falls-uganda/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFgorostrek2025">gorostrek (2025-04-17). [https://www.gorillatrekkinginafrica.com/ripon-falls-uganda/ "Ripon Falls Uganda"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Polly |date=2025-06-03 |title=Ripon Falls {{!}} River Nile {{!}} Lake Victoria {{!}} Uganda Hiking Safaris |url=https://www.choppertourandtravel.com/travel-blogs/ripon-falls/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Chopper Tour and Travel |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPolly2025">Polly (2025-06-03). [https://www.choppertourandtravel.com/travel-blogs/ripon-falls/ "Ripon Falls | River Nile | Lake Victoria | Uganda Hiking Safaris"]. ''Chopper Tour and Travel''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-12-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Duba kuma == * Owen Falls * [[Murchison Falls]] * [[Sipi Falls]] * [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] * [[Tafkin Victoria]] * Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nalubaale * John Hanning Speke == Manazarta == nhkrlgxe9s1jvv0avt0x5u10zx4z0qn 0 152768 841552 2026-05-28T12:36:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340218954|Bahiret el Bibane]]" 841552 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ben_Gardane-07-shoshot.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Kogin Bibane]] Baya ga babban tafkin, wurin da aka kare Ramsar na hekta 39.266 kuma ya rufe ruwan bakin teku a waje da tafkin, wani karamin tafki da ake kira Bahar Alouane (teku mai launuka) tare da bakin teku zuwa birnin Zarzis, da kuma "sebkhets" biyu ko gishiri a Yammacin babban tafkin.<ref name="Direction Générale des Forêts, Ministère de l'Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques-2007">{{Cite web |last=Direction Générale des Forêts, Ministère de l'Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques |date=2007 |title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TN1697RISformer_141121.pdf |access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Babban tafkin ya rabu da teku ta hanyar yankuna biyu (Solb el-Gharbi da Solb ech-Charki) wanda kusan ya hadu. Wadannan yankuna biyu na karstic na tsawon kilomita 12 kowannensu <ref name="medwet.org-2007">{{Cite web |date=2007-12-03 |title=Tunisia names 19 new Ramsar sites {{!}} MedWet |url=https://medwet.org/2007/12/tunisia-names-19-new-ramsar-sites/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=medwet.org |language=en-US}}</ref> an yi su ne da dutse mai laushi kuma ƙananan tsibirai tara suna cikin buɗewa tsakanin su. Wannan tsari mai ban mamaki inda bude teku ke sadarwa tare da ciki na tafkin ana kiransa "el bibane" (ƙofofin a cikin Larabci na Tunisiya), wanda ke ba da sunan shafin "ƙaramin teku (Bahiret) na Ƙofofin" <ref name="Direction Générale des Forêts, Ministère de l'Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques-2007">{{Cite web |last=Direction Générale des Forêts, Ministère de l'Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques |date=2007 |title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TN1697RISformer_141121.pdf |access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>&nbsp; Lagun yana da zurfin zurfi wanda ya kunshi tsakanin 5.5. da kuma 6.5m. Duk da kasancewa cikin sadarwa ta dindindin tare da teku, yana da hypersaline (a matsakaita 44 PSU amma ya bambanta dangane da wurin da ke cikin laguna da kuma tsawon lokaci a cikin shekara). Ana ciyar da tafkin tare da ruwa mai laushi daga wadi Fessi (hawan gudummawar shekara-shekara na miliyan 10): Babban gado mai laushi ya samo asali ne daga Dutsen Matmata zuwa Kudu. A cikin ambaliyar ruwa mai ban mamaki, tafkin yana sarrafa ambaliyar kuma yana kama turɓaya, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita bakin tekun. Wani karamin ruwa mai laushi yana nan a gefen kudancin tafkin.<ref name="Ministry of Agriculture-2016">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Agriculture |date=25 November 2016 |title=Fiche descriptive Ramsar - Publiée le 25 novembre 2016 - Version mise à jour, date de publication antérieure 7 novembre 2007 |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TN1697RIS_1611_fr.pdf}}</ref> Bahiret el bibane yana ƙarƙashin tasirin ruwa: Shafukan ruwa suna da matukar wuya a cikin Bahar Rum kuma suna da mahimmanci ga tsuntsaye, kifi da kifi.<ref name="medwet.org-2007">{{Cite web |date=2007-12-03 |title=Tunisia names 19 new Ramsar sites {{!}} MedWet |url=https://medwet.org/2007/12/tunisia-names-19-new-ramsar-sites/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=medwet.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Bahiret el Bibane yana cikin ɗayan yankuna biyu kawai a cikin Bahar Rum tare da girman ruwa mai yawa, a cikin ɗayan da ya kai daga Sfax zuwa iyakar Libya ta hanyar tafkin Farwa (Wani yana cikin Tekun Adriatic na Arewa kuma ya haɗa da Lagoon na Venice ).<ref name="Direction Générale des Forêts, Ministère de l'Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques-2007">{{Cite web |last=Direction Générale des Forêts, Ministère de l'Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques |date=2007 |title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TN1697RISformer_141121.pdf |access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref> Matsakaicin kewayon ruwa a cikin tafkin shine 0.7 m, wani lokacin iska ce ke karawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=E. B |last2=Trousset |first2=P. |last3=Paskoff |first3=R. |date=1991-12-01 |title=Biban (Les Portes) |url=https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1756?lang=en |journal=Encyclopédie berbère |language=fr |issue=10 |pages=1488–1492 |doi=10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1756 |issn=1015-7344 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kodayake wannan girman ruwa ya fi na kusa da Gabes, yanayin ƙasa na musamman na tafkin yana haifar da ruwa mai ƙarfi na teku a buɗewar inda ya haɗu da teku. Wannan yana jan hankalin kifi wanda a dabi'a yana son yin iyo a kan karfi mai karfi.<ref name="Ministry of Agriculture-2016">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Agriculture |date=25 November 2016 |title=Fiche descriptive Ramsar - Publiée le 25 novembre 2016 - Version mise à jour, date de publication antérieure 7 novembre 2007 |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TN1697RIS_1611_fr.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Agriculture2016">Ministry of Agriculture (25 November 2016). </cite></ref> == Yanayin muhalli == === Gishiri - ''Sebkha-''-s === Boujmel Sebakh (a cikin NW) da El Medeïna (a ƙarshen SE na tafkin) sun bushe a lokacin rani, tare da ƙasa ta juya gishiri-farin. A cikin hunturu, a lokacin ruwan sama, suna kama da wani bangare na fadada tafkin. Shuke-shuke na shekara-shekara sun hada da ''[[species:Salicornia arabica|Salicornia arabica]]'' da Salicoronia fructicosa. A yankuna da kuma lokacin bushewa lokacin da chloride ko sulphate cust ya samo asali a kan ƙasa mai bushe, Salicornias sun ba da damar ''Halocnemum strobilaceum''. Inda kuma lokacin da ruwa ya fi zurfi fiye da 1m, an maye gurbin waɗannan tsire-tsire da ''Arthrocnemum indicum''. Cibiyar da ta fi zurfi a yankunan sebkha gabaɗaya ba ta da ciyayi sai dai a lokacin fari lokacin da ''Halopeplis amplexicaulis'' ke mamaye shi. === Yanayin ruwa === Rashin iskar oxygen yana nan a cikin wadataccen adadi a ko'ina cikin tafkin, saboda ƙarfin raƙuman ruwa da ke shiga tafkin da kuma kasancewar shuke-shuke masu yawa a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Matsakaicin satar oxygen shine kashi 109 kuma zai iya kaiwa kashi 133. Muhimmancin aikin photosynthetic na gadajen Magnoliophyte na ruwa an nuna shi ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa ƙimar iskar oxygen da aka narke sun fi girma a rana fiye da waɗanda aka auna da dare.<ref name="J.-P.-1984" /> Koyaya, tafkin yana riƙe da kyakkyawar bayyanar ruwa (kuma yawan chlorophyll ba ya fi 1.47 μg / L) saboda ƙarfin raƙuman ruwa. Yawan nau'ikan macrophyte da aka rubuta a cikin tafkin shine nau'ikan 22 ciki har da 3 magnolithophytes da 19 macroalgae. === Kifi === Lagun yana ba da wuri mai aminci ga kifi a wani mataki mai mahimmanci na rayuwarsu: ƙananan kifi suna shiga cikin tafkin, suna tasowa a cikin ruwa mai wadata da kariya kuma da zarar sun girma don sake shiga cikin teku. === Tsuntsaye === Abubuwan da ke cikin haɗari masu laushi masu laushi na ''Numenius tenuirostris'' sun zama da yawa a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slender-billed Curlew (Numenius tenuirostris) - BirdLife species factsheet |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/slender-billed-curlew-numenius-tenuirostris/text |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=datazone.birdlife.org}}</ref> An lura da kungiyoyin curlews a cikin 1979 da shekaru da suka gabata a cikin yankin da aka kiyaye. Ana lura da yawan tsuntsaye masu hunturu da suka kai 35,000 a kai a kai. Yawancin abubuwan lura na shekara-shekara (ba a buga su a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya ba) ana yin su ne ta hanyar kungiyar ba da agaji ta Tunisia "Association les amis des Oiseaux". Ga wasu nau'ikan tsuntsaye, lambobin da ke cikin hunturu a kusa da Bahiret el Bibane sun wuce 1% na yawan mutanen duniya, muhimmiyar ma'auni a cikin yarjejeniyar Ramsar don yadda shafin yake da mahimmanci ga jinsin. Irin wannan shine yanayin: babban cormorant ''Phalacrocorax carbo'' wanda lambobin ya bambanta tsakanin mutane 3,000 da 10,000, da kuma mafi girma flamingo ''Phoenicopterus (ruber) roseus'' wanda lambobin da aka lura sun bambanta tsakanin 1,000 (1%) da 3,000 (3% na yawan duniya). <ref name="rsis.ramsar.org">{{Cite web |title=Bahiret el Bibane {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1697 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=rsis.ramsar.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == pk6mwpburv41txkv3pipgdmkxamabhj 841553 841552 2026-05-28T12:37:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 841553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Ben_Gardane-07-shoshot.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Kogin Bibane]] Baya ga babban tafkin, wurin da aka kare Ramsar na hekta 39.266 kuma ya rufe ruwan bakin teku a waje da tafkin, wani karamin tafki da ake kira Bahar Alouane (teku mai launuka) tare da bakin teku zuwa birnin Zarzis, da kuma "sebkhets" biyu ko gishiri a Yammacin babban tafkin.<ref name="Direction Générale des Forêts, Ministère de l'Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques-2007">{{Cite web |last=Direction Générale des Forêts, Ministère de l'Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques |date=2007 |title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TN1697RISformer_141121.pdf |access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Babban tafkin ya rabu da teku ta hanyar yankuna biyu (Solb el-Gharbi da Solb ech-Charki) wanda kusan ya hadu. Wadannan yankuna biyu na karstic na tsawon kilomita 12 kowannensu <ref name="medwet.org-2007">{{Cite web |date=2007-12-03 |title=Tunisia names 19 new Ramsar sites {{!}} MedWet |url=https://medwet.org/2007/12/tunisia-names-19-new-ramsar-sites/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=medwet.org |language=en-US}}</ref> an yi su ne da dutse mai laushi kuma ƙananan tsibirai tara suna cikin buɗewa tsakanin su. Wannan tsari mai ban mamaki inda bude teku ke sadarwa tare da ciki na tafkin ana kiransa "el bibane" (ƙofofin a cikin Larabci na Tunisiya), wanda ke ba da sunan shafin "ƙaramin teku (Bahiret) na Ƙofofin" <ref name="Direction Générale des Forêts, Ministère de l'Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques-2007">{{Cite web |last=Direction Générale des Forêts, Ministère de l'Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques |date=2007 |title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TN1697RISformer_141121.pdf |access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>&nbsp; Lagun yana da zurfin zurfi wanda ya kunshi tsakanin 5.5. da kuma 6.5m. Duk da kasancewa cikin sadarwa ta dindindin tare da teku, yana da hypersaline (a matsakaita 44 PSU amma ya bambanta dangane da wurin da ke cikin laguna da kuma tsawon lokaci a cikin shekara). Ana ciyar da tafkin tare da ruwa mai laushi daga wadi Fessi (hawan gudummawar shekara-shekara na miliyan 10): Babban gado mai laushi ya samo asali ne daga Dutsen Matmata zuwa Kudu. A cikin ambaliyar ruwa mai ban mamaki, tafkin yana sarrafa ambaliyar kuma yana kama turɓaya, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita bakin tekun. Wani karamin ruwa mai laushi yana nan a gefen kudancin tafkin.<ref name="Ministry of Agriculture-2016">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Agriculture |date=25 November 2016 |title=Fiche descriptive Ramsar - Publiée le 25 novembre 2016 - Version mise à jour, date de publication antérieure 7 novembre 2007 |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TN1697RIS_1611_fr.pdf}}</ref> Bahiret el bibane yana ƙarƙashin tasirin ruwa: Shafukan ruwa suna da matukar wuya a cikin Bahar Rum kuma suna da mahimmanci ga tsuntsaye, kifi da kifi.<ref name="medwet.org-2007">{{Cite web |date=2007-12-03 |title=Tunisia names 19 new Ramsar sites {{!}} MedWet |url=https://medwet.org/2007/12/tunisia-names-19-new-ramsar-sites/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=medwet.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Bahiret el Bibane yana cikin ɗayan yankuna biyu kawai a cikin Bahar Rum tare da girman ruwa mai yawa, a cikin ɗayan da ya kai daga Sfax zuwa iyakar Libya ta hanyar tafkin Farwa (Wani yana cikin Tekun Adriatic na Arewa kuma ya haɗa da Lagoon na Venice ).<ref name="Direction Générale des Forêts, Ministère de l'Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques-2007">{{Cite web |last=Direction Générale des Forêts, Ministère de l'Agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques |date=2007 |title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TN1697RISformer_141121.pdf |access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref> Matsakaicin kewayon ruwa a cikin tafkin shine 0.7 m, wani lokacin iska ce ke karawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=E. B |last2=Trousset |first2=P. |last3=Paskoff |first3=R. |date=1991-12-01 |title=Biban (Les Portes) |url=https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1756?lang=en |journal=Encyclopédie berbère |language=fr |issue=10 |pages=1488–1492 |doi=10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1756 |issn=1015-7344 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kodayake wannan girman ruwa ya fi na kusa da Gabes, yanayin ƙasa na musamman na tafkin yana haifar da ruwa mai ƙarfi na teku a buɗewar inda ya haɗu da teku. Wannan yana jan hankalin kifi wanda a dabi'a yana son yin iyo a kan karfi mai karfi.<ref name="Ministry of Agriculture-2016">{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Agriculture |date=25 November 2016 |title=Fiche descriptive Ramsar - Publiée le 25 novembre 2016 - Version mise à jour, date de publication antérieure 7 novembre 2007 |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TN1697RIS_1611_fr.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Agriculture2016">Ministry of Agriculture (25 November 2016). </cite></ref> == Yanayin muhalli == === Gishiri - ''Sebkha-''-s === Boujmel Sebakh (a cikin NW) da El Medeïna (a ƙarshen SE na tafkin) sun bushe a lokacin rani, tare da ƙasa ta juya gishiri-farin. A cikin hunturu, a lokacin ruwan sama, suna kama da wani bangare na fadada tafkin. Shuke-shuke na shekara-shekara sun hada da ''[[species:Salicornia arabica|Salicornia arabica]]'' da Salicoronia fructicosa. A yankuna da kuma lokacin bushewa lokacin da chloride ko sulphate cust ya samo asali a kan ƙasa mai bushe, Salicornias sun ba da damar ''Halocnemum strobilaceum''. Inda kuma lokacin da ruwa ya fi zurfi fiye da 1m, an maye gurbin waɗannan tsire-tsire da ''Arthrocnemum indicum''. Cibiyar da ta fi zurfi a yankunan sebkha gabaɗaya ba ta da ciyayi sai dai a lokacin fari lokacin da ''Halopeplis amplexicaulis'' ke mamaye shi. === Yanayin ruwa === Rashin iskar oxygen yana nan a cikin wadataccen adadi a ko'ina cikin tafkin, saboda ƙarfin raƙuman ruwa da ke shiga tafkin da kuma kasancewar shuke-shuke masu yawa a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Matsakaicin satar oxygen shine kashi 109 kuma zai iya kaiwa kashi 133. Muhimmancin aikin photosynthetic na gadajen Magnoliophyte na ruwa an nuna shi ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa ƙimar iskar oxygen da aka narke sun fi girma a rana fiye da waɗanda aka auna da dare.<ref name="J.-P.-1984" /> Koyaya, tafkin yana riƙe da kyakkyawar bayyanar ruwa (kuma yawan chlorophyll ba ya fi 1.47 μg / L) saboda ƙarfin raƙuman ruwa. Yawan nau'ikan macrophyte da aka rubuta a cikin tafkin shine nau'ikan 22 ciki har da 3 magnolithophytes da 19 macroalgae. === Kifi === Lagun yana ba da wuri mai aminci ga kifi a wani mataki mai mahimmanci na rayuwarsu: ƙananan kifi suna shiga cikin tafkin, suna tasowa a cikin ruwa mai wadata da kariya kuma da zarar sun girma don sake shiga cikin teku. === Tsuntsaye === Abubuwan da ke cikin haɗari masu laushi masu laushi na ''Numenius tenuirostris'' sun zama da yawa a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slender-billed Curlew (Numenius tenuirostris) - BirdLife species factsheet |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/slender-billed-curlew-numenius-tenuirostris/text |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=datazone.birdlife.org}}</ref> An lura da kungiyoyin curlews a cikin 1979 da shekaru da suka gabata a cikin yankin da aka kiyaye. Ana lura da yawan tsuntsaye masu hunturu da suka kai 35,000 a kai a kai. Yawancin abubuwan lura na shekara-shekara (ba a buga su a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya ba) ana yin su ne ta hanyar kungiyar ba da agaji ta Tunisia "Association les amis des Oiseaux". Ga wasu nau'ikan tsuntsaye, lambobin da ke cikin hunturu a kusa da Bahiret el Bibane sun wuce 1% na yawan mutanen duniya, muhimmiyar ma'auni a cikin yarjejeniyar Ramsar don yadda shafin yake da mahimmanci ga jinsin. Irin wannan shine yanayin: babban cormorant ''Phalacrocorax carbo'' wanda lambobin ya bambanta tsakanin mutane 3,000 da 10,000, da kuma mafi girma flamingo ''Phoenicopterus (ruber) roseus'' wanda lambobin da aka lura sun bambanta tsakanin 1,000 (1%) da 3,000 (3% na yawan duniya). <ref name="rsis.ramsar.org">{{Cite web |title=Bahiret el Bibane {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1697 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=rsis.ramsar.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == pt9stvciglnf5ow8g602q3iafb06yq8 0 152769 841554 2026-05-28T12:37:41Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327851581|SS Kavirondo]]" 841554 wikitext text/x-wiki '''SS ''Kavirondo''''' mai jan tururi ne a [[Tafkin Victoria]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The History and Research of the East African Freshwater Fisheries Research Organization from 1946 - 1966 |url=http://aquaticcommons.org/16878/1/History%20and%20Research%20Results%20of%20EAFFRO%20from%201946-1966.pdf |access-date=11 June 2017}}</ref> An sanya mata suna ne saboda yankin Tafkin Victoria na gida kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan jiragen ruwa na Tafkin Victoria da Jirgin Ƙasa na Uganda ke sarrafawa. Bow, McLachlan da Kamfanin Paisley da ke [[Renfrewshire]], [[Scotland]] sun gina ta a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai "buga"; wato, an haɗa ta a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa da ke Paisley, dukkan sassan da aka yiwa alama da lambobi, an raba su zuwa ɗaruruwan sassa kuma an kai su cikin kayan aiki ta teku zuwa [[Mombasa]], [[Tsaro na Gabashin Afirka|Kenya]] . An jigilar kayan ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa [[Kisumu]] a bakin tafkin Victoria don sake haɗa su da kuma ƙaddamar da su a shekarar 1913. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uganda Railway |url=http://ugfacts.com/uganda-railway/ |access-date=11 June 2017 |website=UGFacts}}</ref> A [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya,]] ''Kavirondo'' ta kasance mai ɗauke da makamai a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar bindiga . <ref>{{Cite web |last=UK |first=The National Archives |title=Folio 305: telegram from The Officer Administering the Government of Uganda to the Secretary of State for the Colonies 18th September 1914 |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10763630 |access-date=11 June 2017 |website=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=23 Jan 1915 |title=Stories of the Border Fighting in Africa |journal=The Globe and Sunday Times War Pictorial |issue=Sydney, NSW |page=16}}</ref> A shekarar 1921 har yanzu ana ɗaukarta a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai aiki a Kisumu - an yi rikodin adireshin wayarta a matsayin 'Kavirontug'. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 1921 |title=Kenya Gazette |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3S63r2u-bAC&q=ss+Kavirondo&pg=PP6 |access-date=11 June 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Tsakanin 22 ga Agusta 1927 da 19 ga Fabrairu 1928, Michael Graham ne ya ɗauki hayar SS ''Kavirondo'' a madadin [[Ofishin mulkin mallaka|Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka]] na Burtaniya don gudanar da Binciken Kamun Kifi na farko a Tafkin Victoria . A wannan lokacin, an yi amfani da jirgin don jigilar nau'ikan kayan kamun kifi iri-iri da kuma samar da sufuri ga masana kimiyya. A kusan shekarar 1984, an ajiye ta a Kisumu kuma daga baya aka yi amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin ruwa na masauki. <ref name="ClydeKavirondo">{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |last2=Asprey |first2=David |date= |title=SS Kavirondo |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=22793 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821143718/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=22793 |archive-date=2009-08-21 |access-date=2011-05-22 |website=Clyde-built Database |publisher=}}</ref> Daga baya ta nutse tare da ita, amma a shekarar 2005 aka ɗaga ta. <ref name="ClydeKavirondo" /> Masu siyanta sun yi niyyar tsawaita ta da kuma sake yin amfani da ita a matsayin tanki . <ref name="ClydeKavirondo" /> == Manazarta == nxq5obn28gg4whilar7zfcvcc9kw5yl 841557 841554 2026-05-28T12:38:33Z Engineer014 44591 841557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''SS ''Kavirondo''''' mai jan tururi ne a [[Tafkin Victoria]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The History and Research of the East African Freshwater Fisheries Research Organization from 1946 - 1966 |url=http://aquaticcommons.org/16878/1/History%20and%20Research%20Results%20of%20EAFFRO%20from%201946-1966.pdf |access-date=11 June 2017}}</ref> An sanya mata suna ne saboda yankin Tafkin Victoria na gida kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan jiragen ruwa na Tafkin Victoria da Jirgin Ƙasa na Uganda ke sarrafawa. Bow, McLachlan da Kamfanin Paisley da ke [[Renfrewshire]], [[Scotland]] sun gina ta a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai "buga"; wato, an haɗa ta a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa da ke Paisley, dukkan sassan da aka yiwa alama da lambobi, an raba su zuwa ɗaruruwan sassa kuma an kai su cikin kayan aiki ta teku zuwa [[Mombasa]], [[Tsaro na Gabashin Afirka|Kenya]] . An jigilar kayan ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa [[Kisumu]] a bakin tafkin Victoria don sake haɗa su da kuma ƙaddamar da su a shekarar 1913. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uganda Railway |url=http://ugfacts.com/uganda-railway/ |access-date=11 June 2017 |website=UGFacts}}</ref> A [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya,]] ''Kavirondo'' ta kasance mai ɗauke da makamai a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar bindiga . <ref>{{Cite web |last=UK |first=The National Archives |title=Folio 305: telegram from The Officer Administering the Government of Uganda to the Secretary of State for the Colonies 18th September 1914 |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10763630 |access-date=11 June 2017 |website=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=23 Jan 1915 |title=Stories of the Border Fighting in Africa |journal=The Globe and Sunday Times War Pictorial |issue=Sydney, NSW |page=16}}</ref> A shekarar 1921 har yanzu ana ɗaukarta a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai aiki a Kisumu - an yi rikodin adireshin wayarta a matsayin 'Kavirontug'. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 1921 |title=Kenya Gazette |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3S63r2u-bAC&q=ss+Kavirondo&pg=PP6 |access-date=11 June 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Tsakanin 22 ga Agusta 1927 da 19 ga Fabrairu 1928, Michael Graham ne ya ɗauki hayar SS ''Kavirondo'' a madadin [[Ofishin mulkin mallaka|Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka]] na Burtaniya don gudanar da Binciken Kamun Kifi na farko a Tafkin Victoria . A wannan lokacin, an yi amfani da jirgin don jigilar nau'ikan kayan kamun kifi iri-iri da kuma samar da sufuri ga masana kimiyya. A kusan shekarar 1984, an ajiye ta a Kisumu kuma daga baya aka yi amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin ruwa na masauki. <ref name="ClydeKavirondo">{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |last2=Asprey |first2=David |date= |title=SS Kavirondo |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=22793 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821143718/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=22793 |archive-date=2009-08-21 |access-date=2011-05-22 |website=Clyde-built Database |publisher=}}</ref> Daga baya ta nutse tare da ita, amma a shekarar 2005 aka ɗaga ta. <ref name="ClydeKavirondo" /> Masu siyanta sun yi niyyar tsawaita ta da kuma sake yin amfani da ita a matsayin tanki . <ref name="ClydeKavirondo" /> == Manazarta == r8bcxhd4yux5be9j2b9tovo0t77yhyk 0 152770 841555 2026-05-28T12:38:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1309848670|Bizerte Lake]]" 841555 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Bizerte''' tafki ne da ke arewacin [[Tunisiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=بنزرت |url=https://www.reseau-euromed.org/ar/ville-membre/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%AA/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Euromed |language=ar}}</ref> Koguna da yawa da suka samo asali daga babban kwandon ruwa ne ke ciyar da shi. An yi tasiri sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ta hanyar sauye-sauyen yanayi da karuwar ayyukan tattalin arziki, waɗanda sune manyan abubuwan da ke tasiri ga kwararar ruwa a cikin tafkin. A sakamakon haka, tafkin yana fama da gurɓataccen masana'antu. Bugu da ƙari, tafkin yana aiki a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa ta tattalin arziki na birnin Bizerte. Tafkin ya rufe yanki na murabba'in kilomita 120 kuma yana da matsakaicin zurfin mita 7, tare da zurfin da ya kai mita 12 a wasu yankuna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bizerte Parc d'activités économiques de Bizerte |url=https://www.paeb.tn/ar/bizerte.php |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=www.paeb.tn}}</ref> Tafkin Bizerte yana da tashar jiragen ruwa guda biyu: na farko yana cikin arewa maso gabas, yayin da na biyu ke cikin kudu maso yamma a Menzel Bourguiba, inda ake samun tashar gyaran jirgi. Bugu da ƙari, yankin yana cikin ayyukan Kiwon kifi, kodayake waɗannan sun ci gaba a hankali. A arewa maso yamma, akwai aikin kiwon kifi, yayin da a arewa maso gabas, akwai masana'antar girbi na kifi mai aiki, wanda ke samar da kimanin tan 120 na oysters da mussels a kowace shekara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bizerte Parc d'activités économiques de Bizerte |url=https://www.paeb.tn/ar/bizerte.php |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=www.paeb.tn}}</ref> Tafkin yana cikin birni da masana'antu. Biranen Bizerte, Menzel Bourguiba, Menzel Abderrahman, da Menzel Jemil, da ke gefen tafkin, gaba ɗaya suna da mazauna sama da 200,000. Tattalin arzikin yankin ya dogara ne da masana'antu. Wadannan sun hada da wani karfe hadaddun a Menzel Bourguiba, wani mai refinery a Bizerte gudanar da kamfanin STIR, wani kayan aiki don sarrafa mai amfani mallakar kamfanin Sotulub, da kuma wani siminti plant (Bizerte Cement). Bugu da ƙari, yankin cinikayya kyauta a bakin tekun.<ref>{{Cite web |title="إتفاق بحيرة بنزرت" خطوة نحو تحقيق التنمية المستدامة مبادرة أفق 2020 تعزز مشاركة أصحاب المصلحة من أجل الإدارة المتكاملة لبحيرة بنزرت في تونس |url=https://www.h2020.net/ar/news-and-events/news/415-the-lake-bizerte-charter-a-step-towards-its-sustainable-development-horizon-2020-enhances-stakeholder-participation-for-the-integrated-management-of-lake-bizerte-in-tunisia |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=www.h2020.net}}</ref> [[Fayil:Lacs_Tunis,_Bizerte,_Ichkeul.jpg|center|thumb|542x542px|Hoton tauraron dan adam da ke nuna Tafkin Bizerte (tsakiya na sama) a arewa maso gabashin Tunisia]] == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == 55m9lxul2emtz468r3fkb065w2tf6r8 841556 841555 2026-05-28T12:38:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 841556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Bizerte''' tafki ne da ke arewacin [[Tunisiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=بنزرت |url=https://www.reseau-euromed.org/ar/ville-membre/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%AA/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Euromed |language=ar}}</ref> Koguna da yawa da suka samo asali daga babban kwandon ruwa ne ke ciyar da shi. An yi tasiri sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ta hanyar sauye-sauyen yanayi da karuwar ayyukan tattalin arziki, waɗanda sune manyan abubuwan da ke tasiri ga kwararar ruwa a cikin tafkin. A sakamakon haka, tafkin yana fama da gurɓataccen masana'antu. Bugu da ƙari, tafkin yana aiki a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa ta tattalin arziki na birnin Bizerte. Tafkin ya rufe yanki na murabba'in kilomita 120 kuma yana da matsakaicin zurfin mita 7, tare da zurfin da ya kai mita 12 a wasu yankuna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bizerte Parc d'activités économiques de Bizerte |url=https://www.paeb.tn/ar/bizerte.php |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=www.paeb.tn}}</ref> Tafkin Bizerte yana da tashar jiragen ruwa guda biyu: na farko yana cikin arewa maso gabas, yayin da na biyu ke cikin kudu maso yamma a Menzel Bourguiba, inda ake samun tashar gyaran jirgi. Bugu da ƙari, yankin yana cikin ayyukan Kiwon kifi, kodayake waɗannan sun ci gaba a hankali. A arewa maso yamma, akwai aikin kiwon kifi, yayin da a arewa maso gabas, akwai masana'antar girbi na kifi mai aiki, wanda ke samar da kimanin tan 120 na oysters da mussels a kowace shekara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bizerte Parc d'activités économiques de Bizerte |url=https://www.paeb.tn/ar/bizerte.php |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=www.paeb.tn}}</ref> Tafkin yana cikin birni da masana'antu. Biranen Bizerte, Menzel Bourguiba, Menzel Abderrahman, da Menzel Jemil, da ke gefen tafkin, gaba ɗaya suna da mazauna sama da 200,000. Tattalin arzikin yankin ya dogara ne da masana'antu. Wadannan sun hada da wani karfe hadaddun a Menzel Bourguiba, wani mai refinery a Bizerte gudanar da kamfanin STIR, wani kayan aiki don sarrafa mai amfani mallakar kamfanin Sotulub, da kuma wani siminti plant (Bizerte Cement). Bugu da ƙari, yankin cinikayya kyauta a bakin tekun.<ref>{{Cite web |title="إتفاق بحيرة بنزرت" خطوة نحو تحقيق التنمية المستدامة مبادرة أفق 2020 تعزز مشاركة أصحاب المصلحة من أجل الإدارة المتكاملة لبحيرة بنزرت في تونس |url=https://www.h2020.net/ar/news-and-events/news/415-the-lake-bizerte-charter-a-step-towards-its-sustainable-development-horizon-2020-enhances-stakeholder-participation-for-the-integrated-management-of-lake-bizerte-in-tunisia |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=www.h2020.net}}</ref> [[Fayil:Lacs_Tunis,_Bizerte,_Ichkeul.jpg|center|thumb|542x542px|Hoton tauraron dan adam da ke nuna Tafkin Bizerte (tsakiya na sama) a arewa maso gabashin Tunisia]] == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == 513aleqjf9oj94yqc7knd9juxmt5mv3 0 152771 841558 2026-05-28T12:38:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339847769|Bou-Hedma National Park]]" 841558 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gidan shakatawa na Bou-Hedma''' yana cikin Gwamnatin Gafsa da Gwamnatin Sidi Bouzid, a [[Tunisiya]]. An kirkiro wurin shakatawa a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 1980, kuma ya kasance a cikin jerin [[UNESCO]] na wuraren tarihi na duniya tun daga ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2008 Gidan shakatawa na kasa yafi mahimmanci saboda tsire-tsire da dabbobi. Dabbobi masu haɗari waɗanda aka sake gabatar da su a nan sun haɗa da scimitar oryx (''Oryx dammah''), addax (''Addax nasomaculatus''), Ostrich na Arewacin Afirka (''Struthio camelus camelus'') da dama gazelle (''Gazella dama mhorr''). Bou-Hedma wani muhimmin wuri ne na binciken kayan tarihi. Ya haɗa da, a tsakanin wasu, ragowar tsoffin ƙauyukan Romawa, kamar ƙauyukansu na Romawa, gadar Romawa ta Wadi Bautista, tafkunan Romawa na dā da sauran hanyoyin ruwa na Romawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bou-Hedma National Park, TUNISIA |url=https://medomed.org/featured_item/bou-hedma-national-park-and-its-archaeological-landscape-tunisia/ |access-date=2020-09-21 |website=Med-O-Med |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2zmplbyr2k3zw32dhron28besx3pkzk 841559 841558 2026-05-28T12:39:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 841559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan shakatawa na Bou-Hedma''' yana cikin Gwamnatin Gafsa da Gwamnatin Sidi Bouzid, a [[Tunisiya]]. An kirkiro wurin shakatawa a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 1980, kuma ya kasance a cikin jerin [[UNESCO]] na wuraren tarihi na duniya tun daga ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2008 Gidan shakatawa na kasa yafi mahimmanci saboda tsire-tsire da dabbobi. Dabbobi masu haɗari waɗanda aka sake gabatar da su a nan sun haɗa da scimitar oryx (''Oryx dammah''), addax (''Addax nasomaculatus''), Ostrich na Arewacin Afirka (''Struthio camelus camelus'') da dama gazelle (''Gazella dama mhorr''). Bou-Hedma wani muhimmin wuri ne na binciken kayan tarihi. Ya haɗa da, a tsakanin wasu, ragowar tsoffin ƙauyukan Romawa, kamar ƙauyukansu na Romawa, gadar Romawa ta Wadi Bautista, tafkunan Romawa na dā da sauran hanyoyin ruwa na Romawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bou-Hedma National Park, TUNISIA |url=https://medomed.org/featured_item/bou-hedma-national-park-and-its-archaeological-landscape-tunisia/ |access-date=2020-09-21 |website=Med-O-Med |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == mn01fqtatf8mun6xb5mznn62b5y8kkz 0 152772 841560 2026-05-28T12:39:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343177632|Chott el Djerid]]" 841560 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chott el Djerid''' ( Arabic ''{{Transl|ar|DIN|Šoṭṭ el-Jarīd}}'' ) kuma an rubuta shi da ''Sciott Gerid'' da ''Shott el Jerid'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaţţ al Jarīd: Tunisia |url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1030236&fid=6152&c=tunisia |access-date=2011-05-23 |website=Geographical Names}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sciott Gerid: Tunisia |url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1028284&fid=6130&c=tunisia |access-date=2011-05-23 |website=Geographical Names}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chott el Jerid: Tunisia |url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=12050&fid=6147&c=tunisia |access-date=2011-05-23 |website=Geographical Names}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shott el Jerid: Tunisia |url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1030305&fid=6143&c=tunisia |access-date=2011-05-23 |website=Geographical Names}}</ref> wani babban tafki ne mai suna chott, wani babban tafki mai suna [[Endorheic Basin|endorheic]] gishiri a tsakiyar [[Tunisiya]] . Ana iya fassara sunan daga Larabci zuwa Turanci a matsayin "Tago na Ƙasar Dabino". == Yanayin ƙasa == Ƙasa ta Chott el Djerid tana tsakanin mita 15 zuwa 25 (kimanin ƙafa 50 zuwa 80) sama da matakin teku.<ref> {{Cite web |title=GPS Elevation Calculator - Online Location (Lat/Long) Altitude Finder |url=https://www.dcode.fr/earth-elevation}}</ref> Faɗin tafkin ya bambanta sosai; a mafi ƙanƙanta, yana da nisan {{Convert|20|km|mi}} kawai (12 a fadin, idan aka kwatanta da tsawonsa na kilomita {{Convert|250|km|mi}} (160 . A wasu lokuta, sassansa suna bayyana a cikin inuwa daban-daban na fari, kore da purple.<ref name="tixit">{{Cite web |title=البحيرة شط ايل الجريد - تونس |url=http://ar.tixik.com/jezero-chott-el-jerid-2365605.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110815164459/http://ar.tixik.com/jezero-chott-el-jerid-2365605.htm |archive-date=2011-08-15 |access-date=2011-05-23 |website=Tixik.com}}</ref> Ƙananan ƙofar gabas na chott kuma an san shi da Chott el Fejej . Ita ce mafi girman gishiri na hamadar Sahara, tare da yanki na sama da 7,000 km² (wasu kafofin sun bayyana 5,000 km²). Shafin yana da Yanayin hamada mai zafi. Saboda mummunan yanayi tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na ƙasa da 100 mm da [[Temperature|Yanayin zafi]] na rana wani lokacin yakan kai 50 ° C (122 ° F) ko fiye a lokacin rani tare da Hasken rana mai yawa, ruwa yana narkewa daga tafkin. A lokacin rani Chott el Djerid kusan ya bushe gaba ɗaya, kuma yawancin fata morganas suna Haɗuwa. Tana a 33°42′N 8°26′E / 33.700°N 8.433°E / 33. 700; 8.433 a tsakiyar yammacin kasar, tsakanin biranen Tozeur da Kebili.&nbsp; Jama'ar Relict na Yammacin Afirka sun ci gaba a cikin Chott el Djerid har zuwa farkon karni na 20. An san flamingos da amfani da bakin tekun a matsayin wuraren zama a lokacin bazara. == Sunayen sunaye == Chott el Djerid shine sunan '''Jerid Lacuna''', tafkin hydrocarbon a kan wata Saturn Titan . Wannan tafkin yana a 66.7 ° N da 221 ° W kuma yana dauke da ruwa methane da ethane maimakon ruwa. == Aikin ambaliyar ruwa == Akwai karuwar sha'awar haɗa Chott el Djerid zuwa [[Bahar Rum]] har abada don ƙirƙirar Tekun Sahara tun daga tsakiyar 2010s tare da kirkirar kungiyar Cooperation Road wanda a cikin 2018 ya sami amincewar gwamnatin Tunisia. An kuma yi la'akari da irin wannan aikin a cikin karni na 19 da 20 ta [[Faransa]] a Faransa Tunisia. == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == [[Fayil:Chott_el_Djerid_-_Lars_homestead.jpg|thumb|Gidan Lars ya samo asali ne daga ''Star Wars'' a Chott el Djerid .]] An yi amfani da Chott el Djerid a matsayin wurin yin fim don jerin ''Star Wars'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope film locations |url=http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/s/starwars.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704234318/http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/s/starwars.html |archive-date=2012-07-04 |access-date=2011-05-23 |website=The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations: Exploring film locations around the world |publisher=movie-locations.com}}</ref> da sauransu. A cewar wani labari, shi ne inda aka haifi allahiyar Girka Athena. An bayyana shi a cikin littafin Jules Verne na ƙarshe, Invasion of the Sea. Tafkin shine wurin da littafin Frank Heller ya rubuta The Thousand and Second Night, An Arabesque. Littafin In The Desert na marubucin littafin Jamus Karl May ya fara ne kusa da tafkin kuma ya bayyana wani yunkuri mai haɗari na ƙetare. == Dubi kuma == * Chott * Djerid * Gafsa Oases * Tekun Sahara * Tafkin Tritonis * Tashar tafkuna == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ndio2vo40kae7pam1uy4vt6pgggkeml 841561 841560 2026-05-28T12:40:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 841561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chott el Djerid''' ( Arabic ''{{Transl|ar|DIN|Šoṭṭ el-Jarīd}}'' ) kuma an rubuta shi da ''Sciott Gerid'' da ''Shott el Jerid'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaţţ al Jarīd: Tunisia |url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1030236&fid=6152&c=tunisia |access-date=2011-05-23 |website=Geographical Names}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sciott Gerid: Tunisia |url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1028284&fid=6130&c=tunisia |access-date=2011-05-23 |website=Geographical Names}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chott el Jerid: Tunisia |url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=12050&fid=6147&c=tunisia |access-date=2011-05-23 |website=Geographical Names}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shott el Jerid: Tunisia |url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1030305&fid=6143&c=tunisia |access-date=2011-05-23 |website=Geographical Names}}</ref> wani babban tafki ne mai suna chott, wani babban tafki mai suna [[Endorheic Basin|endorheic]] gishiri a tsakiyar [[Tunisiya]] . Ana iya fassara sunan daga Larabci zuwa Turanci a matsayin "Tago na Ƙasar Dabino". == Yanayin ƙasa == Ƙasa ta Chott el Djerid tana tsakanin mita 15 zuwa 25 (kimanin ƙafa 50 zuwa 80) sama da matakin teku.<ref> {{Cite web |title=GPS Elevation Calculator - Online Location (Lat/Long) Altitude Finder |url=https://www.dcode.fr/earth-elevation}}</ref> Faɗin tafkin ya bambanta sosai; a mafi ƙanƙanta, yana da nisan {{Convert|20|km|mi}} kawai (12 a fadin, idan aka kwatanta da tsawonsa na kilomita {{Convert|250|km|mi}} (160 . A wasu lokuta, sassansa suna bayyana a cikin inuwa daban-daban na fari, kore da purple.<ref name="tixit">{{Cite web |title=البحيرة شط ايل الجريد - تونس |url=http://ar.tixik.com/jezero-chott-el-jerid-2365605.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110815164459/http://ar.tixik.com/jezero-chott-el-jerid-2365605.htm |archive-date=2011-08-15 |access-date=2011-05-23 |website=Tixik.com}}</ref> Ƙananan ƙofar gabas na chott kuma an san shi da Chott el Fejej . Ita ce mafi girman gishiri na hamadar Sahara, tare da yanki na sama da 7,000 km² (wasu kafofin sun bayyana 5,000 km²). Shafin yana da Yanayin hamada mai zafi. Saboda mummunan yanayi tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na ƙasa da 100 mm da [[Temperature|Yanayin zafi]] na rana wani lokacin yakan kai 50 ° C (122 ° F) ko fiye a lokacin rani tare da Hasken rana mai yawa, ruwa yana narkewa daga tafkin. A lokacin rani Chott el Djerid kusan ya bushe gaba ɗaya, kuma yawancin fata morganas suna Haɗuwa. Tana a 33°42′N 8°26′E / 33.700°N 8.433°E / 33. 700; 8.433 a tsakiyar yammacin kasar, tsakanin biranen Tozeur da Kebili.&nbsp; Jama'ar Relict na Yammacin Afirka sun ci gaba a cikin Chott el Djerid har zuwa farkon karni na 20. An san flamingos da amfani da bakin tekun a matsayin wuraren zama a lokacin bazara. == Sunayen sunaye == Chott el Djerid shine sunan '''Jerid Lacuna''', tafkin hydrocarbon a kan wata Saturn Titan . Wannan tafkin yana a 66.7 ° N da 221 ° W kuma yana dauke da ruwa methane da ethane maimakon ruwa. == Aikin ambaliyar ruwa == Akwai karuwar sha'awar haɗa Chott el Djerid zuwa [[Bahar Rum]] har abada don ƙirƙirar Tekun Sahara tun daga tsakiyar 2010s tare da kirkirar kungiyar Cooperation Road wanda a cikin 2018 ya sami amincewar gwamnatin Tunisia. An kuma yi la'akari da irin wannan aikin a cikin karni na 19 da 20 ta [[Faransa]] a Faransa Tunisia. == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == [[Fayil:Chott_el_Djerid_-_Lars_homestead.jpg|thumb|Gidan Lars ya samo asali ne daga ''Star Wars'' a Chott el Djerid .]] An yi amfani da Chott el Djerid a matsayin wurin yin fim don jerin ''Star Wars'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope film locations |url=http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/s/starwars.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704234318/http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/s/starwars.html |archive-date=2012-07-04 |access-date=2011-05-23 |website=The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations: Exploring film locations around the world |publisher=movie-locations.com}}</ref> da sauransu. A cewar wani labari, shi ne inda aka haifi allahiyar Girka Athena. An bayyana shi a cikin littafin Jules Verne na ƙarshe, Invasion of the Sea. Tafkin shine wurin da littafin Frank Heller ya rubuta The Thousand and Second Night, An Arabesque. Littafin In The Desert na marubucin littafin Jamus Karl May ya fara ne kusa da tafkin kuma ya bayyana wani yunkuri mai haɗari na ƙetare. == Dubi kuma == * Chott * Djerid * Gafsa Oases * Tekun Sahara * Tafkin Tritonis * Tashar tafkuna == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 90uf07dnfq5y39j3f2fd45u0q6sa7x3 0 152773 841562 2026-05-28T12:40:36Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1323306424|Lubigi]]" 841562 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Water_flowing_through_Lubigi_swamp_in_Namongona_Catchment_along_Kampala_Northern_Bypass.jpg|thumb|Lambun Lubigi a Uganda]] '''Lubigi''' wani yanki ne [[Fadama|mai dausayi]] a gefen arewa da yamma na [[Kampala]], babban birni kuma birni mafi girma a [[Uganda]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=ARO |date=23 February 2016 |title=A Rocha Uganda: Lubigi Wetland |url=http://www.arocha.org/en/a-rocha-uganda/ |access-date=23 February 2016 |publisher=Arocha.org (ARO)}}</ref> Lubigi ta samar da wani yanki mai zagaye mara tsari a kewayen birnin Kampala, wanda ya fara daga kewayen Kisaasi a arewa, ya miƙe zuwa yamma, ya ratsa ta Bwaise da Kawaala, sannan ya miƙe zuwa kudu ta Busega . Fadamar tana da wuraren ciyarwa waɗanda suka miƙe a kan titin Kampala-Mityana zuwa Buloba, tare da titin Kampala-Masaka zuwa Kyengera, tare da titin [[Kampala]] - Hoima zuwa [[Nansana]] da kuma kan ''titin Sentema'' wanda ya miƙe daga Mengo zuwa Sentema . An gina babbar hanyar wucewa ta arewacin Kampala a cikin dausayin fiye da rabin tsawonsa. An gina unguwar Bwaise gaba ɗaya a cikin dausayin Lubigi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abimanyi |first=John |date=30 May 2011 |title=Wetland under siege |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/-/691232/1171480/-/pd0poz/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> Daidaito na yanki na dausayin Lubigi sune:0°19'12.0"N, 32°31'12.0"E (Latitude:0°19'12.0"N; Longitude:32°31'12.0"E). == Bayani == Yankin dausayi na Lubigi yanki ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci na magudanar ruwa, wanda ke hidima ga birnin Kampala da yankunan da ke kewaye da gundumar Wakiso . Ruwan sama daga yankunan arewa da yamma na birnin yana malalowa, ta hanyar magudanar ruwa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kuma kwararar ruwa, zuwa cikin fadama, inda yake tallafawa namun daji na musamman, ciki har da nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 200, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine crane crested, tsuntsun ƙasa . Mafi yawan ciyayi shine ciyawar papyrus . <ref name="Danger">{{Cite web |last=Abigaba |first=Zahra |date=27 April 2010 |title=Lubigi wetland faces extinction |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/907322/-/wy0r8c/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> A arewa, a kusa da Kisaasi da Ntinda, ƙasar dausayin ta haɗu da magudanar ruwa ta Nakivubo Channel, wani yanki mai dausayi wanda ke malala zuwa [[Tafkin Victoria]], kudu maso yammacin Port Bell . A kudu, a kusa da Busega, wasu daga cikin ruwan dausayin suna malala kudu maso gabas zuwa Tafkin Victoria, yayin da sauran ke malala arewa maso yamma, tare da Titin Kampala-Mityana zuwa Buloba . Yammacin Buloba, magudanar ruwa tana juyawa arewa a matsayin magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Mayanja, wanda ke zama wani ɓangare na [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwa ta]] Tafkin Kyoga . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph Miti, Zahra Abigaba |first=and Juliet Kigongo |date=3 October 2010 |title=City wetlands vanish as government looks on |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/-/688342/1024640/-/u8chbw/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yankin dausayin ya fuskanci matsin lamba daga masu kutse a cikin mutane. Gwamnatin Uganda ta gina manyan ayyuka uku a yankin dausayin, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen lalata shi: * An gina babbar hanyar Kampala Northern Bypass, wacce aka buɗe a shekarar 2009, ta cikin dausayin. <ref name="Danger">{{Cite web |last=Abigaba |first=Zahra |date=27 April 2010 |title=Lubigi wetland faces extinction |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/907322/-/wy0r8c/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAbigaba2010">Abigaba, Zahra (27 April 2010). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/907322/-/wy0r8c/-/index.html "Lubigi wetland faces extinction"]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> * Kebulan lantarki masu ƙarfi da ke ɗauke da wutar lantarki daga tashar Kawanda zuwa tashar Mutundwe suna ratsawa ta Lubigi. An ƙaddamar da wannan layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin kilovolt 132 a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Musisi |first=Frederic |date=28 February 2014 |title=Transmission company to demolish structures built under power lines |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Transmission-company-to-demolish-structures/-/688334/2224582/-/8isgmpz/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> * Kamfanin Ruwa da Najasa na Ƙasa ya gina tashar tace najasa a tsakiyar yankin dausayi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mugalu |first=Moses |date=30 March 2014 |title=Lubigi plant to tame Bwaise sewage |url=http://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=30965:-lubigi-plant-to-tame-bwaise-sewage |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bwambale |first=Taddeo |date=29 March 2014 |title=Museveni commissions Sh53 billion Lubigi plant |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1339156/museveni-commissions-sh53b-lubigi-plant |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Namagembe |first=Lilian |date=24 February 2016 |title=How Lubigi women have found gold in human waste |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Lubigi-women-found-gold-human-waste/-/691232/3089840/-/item/0/-/auw9g4z/-/index.html |access-date=24 February 2016}}</ref> == Maidowa == A watan Maris na 2016, ma'aikata daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Uganda sun fara cire gonakin da masu satar shanu suka shuka da masara, doya, ayaba, da rake. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tajuba |first=Paul |date=10 March 2016 |title=NEMA begins Lubigi wetland restoration |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/NEMA-begins-Lubigi-wetland-restoration/-/688334/3110232/-/146dph5/-/index.html |access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> A cikin watan Yunin 2024, mutane da yawa sun rasa matsuguni da rashin aikin yi sakamakon rushe gidaje da shaguna da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Uganda (NEMA) ta yi a yankunan dausayi na Lubigi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |date=2024-06-18 |title=NEMA soiled by selective and unjust evictions in Lubigi |url=https://observer.ug/index.php/viewpoint/81646-nema-soiled-by-selective-and-unjust-evictions-in-lubigi |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb}}</ref> Saboda haka an keta haƙƙin rayuwa da matsuguni na mazauna da abin ya shafa. Saboda waɗannan korar da aka yi musu da ƙarfi, wasu daga cikin 'yan majalisar sun fito don yi wa NEMA tambayoyi game da wannan nau'in aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-19 |title=Among condemns force used in Lubigi evictions, demands govt response |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/among-condemns-force-used-in-lubigi-evictions-demands-govt-response-4662788 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Hukumar Birnin Kampala == Manazarta == javvohq7x2c4w2ssmbwvr3uvehuqi8z 841565 841562 2026-05-28T12:41:26Z Engineer014 44591 841565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lubigi''' wani yanki ne [[Fadama|mai dausayi]] a gefen arewa da yamma na [[Kampala]], babban birni kuma birni mafi girma a [[Uganda]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=ARO |date=23 February 2016 |title=A Rocha Uganda: Lubigi Wetland |url=http://www.arocha.org/en/a-rocha-uganda/ |access-date=23 February 2016 |publisher=Arocha.org (ARO)}}</ref> Lubigi ta samar da wani yanki mai zagaye mara tsari a kewayen birnin Kampala, wanda ya fara daga kewayen Kisaasi a arewa, ya miƙe zuwa yamma, ya ratsa ta Bwaise da Kawaala, sannan ya miƙe zuwa kudu ta Busega . Fadamar tana da wuraren ciyarwa waɗanda suka miƙe a kan titin Kampala-Mityana zuwa Buloba, tare da titin Kampala-Masaka zuwa Kyengera, tare da titin [[Kampala]] - Hoima zuwa [[Nansana]] da kuma kan ''titin Sentema'' wanda ya miƙe daga Mengo zuwa Sentema . An gina babbar hanyar wucewa ta arewacin Kampala a cikin dausayin fiye da rabin tsawonsa. An gina unguwar Bwaise gaba ɗaya a cikin dausayin Lubigi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abimanyi |first=John |date=30 May 2011 |title=Wetland under siege |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/-/691232/1171480/-/pd0poz/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> Daidaito na yanki na dausayin Lubigi sune:0°19'12.0"N, 32°31'12.0"E (Latitude:0°19'12.0"N; Longitude:32°31'12.0"E). == Bayani == Yankin dausayi na Lubigi yanki ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci na magudanar ruwa, wanda ke hidima ga birnin Kampala da yankunan da ke kewaye da gundumar Wakiso . Ruwan sama daga yankunan arewa da yamma na birnin yana malalowa, ta hanyar magudanar ruwa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kuma kwararar ruwa, zuwa cikin fadama, inda yake tallafawa namun daji na musamman, ciki har da nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 200, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine crane crested, tsuntsun ƙasa . Mafi yawan ciyayi shine ciyawar papyrus . <ref name="Danger">{{Cite web |last=Abigaba |first=Zahra |date=27 April 2010 |title=Lubigi wetland faces extinction |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/907322/-/wy0r8c/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> A arewa, a kusa da Kisaasi da Ntinda, ƙasar dausayin ta haɗu da magudanar ruwa ta Nakivubo Channel, wani yanki mai dausayi wanda ke malala zuwa [[Tafkin Victoria]], kudu maso yammacin Port Bell . A kudu, a kusa da Busega, wasu daga cikin ruwan dausayin suna malala kudu maso gabas zuwa Tafkin Victoria, yayin da sauran ke malala arewa maso yamma, tare da Titin Kampala-Mityana zuwa Buloba . Yammacin Buloba, magudanar ruwa tana juyawa arewa a matsayin magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Mayanja, wanda ke zama wani ɓangare na [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwa ta]] Tafkin Kyoga . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph Miti, Zahra Abigaba |first=and Juliet Kigongo |date=3 October 2010 |title=City wetlands vanish as government looks on |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/-/688342/1024640/-/u8chbw/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yankin dausayin ya fuskanci matsin lamba daga masu kutse a cikin mutane. Gwamnatin Uganda ta gina manyan ayyuka uku a yankin dausayin, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen lalata shi: * An gina babbar hanyar Kampala Northern Bypass, wacce aka buɗe a shekarar 2009, ta cikin dausayin. <ref name="Danger">{{Cite web |last=Abigaba |first=Zahra |date=27 April 2010 |title=Lubigi wetland faces extinction |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/907322/-/wy0r8c/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAbigaba2010">Abigaba, Zahra (27 April 2010). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/907322/-/wy0r8c/-/index.html "Lubigi wetland faces extinction"]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> * Kebulan lantarki masu ƙarfi da ke ɗauke da wutar lantarki daga tashar Kawanda zuwa tashar Mutundwe suna ratsawa ta Lubigi. An ƙaddamar da wannan layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin kilovolt 132 a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Musisi |first=Frederic |date=28 February 2014 |title=Transmission company to demolish structures built under power lines |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Transmission-company-to-demolish-structures/-/688334/2224582/-/8isgmpz/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> * Kamfanin Ruwa da Najasa na Ƙasa ya gina tashar tace najasa a tsakiyar yankin dausayi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mugalu |first=Moses |date=30 March 2014 |title=Lubigi plant to tame Bwaise sewage |url=http://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=30965:-lubigi-plant-to-tame-bwaise-sewage |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bwambale |first=Taddeo |date=29 March 2014 |title=Museveni commissions Sh53 billion Lubigi plant |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1339156/museveni-commissions-sh53b-lubigi-plant |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Namagembe |first=Lilian |date=24 February 2016 |title=How Lubigi women have found gold in human waste |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Lubigi-women-found-gold-human-waste/-/691232/3089840/-/item/0/-/auw9g4z/-/index.html |access-date=24 February 2016}}</ref> == Maidowa == A watan Maris na 2016, ma'aikata daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Uganda sun fara cire gonakin da masu satar shanu suka shuka da masara, doya, ayaba, da rake. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tajuba |first=Paul |date=10 March 2016 |title=NEMA begins Lubigi wetland restoration |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/NEMA-begins-Lubigi-wetland-restoration/-/688334/3110232/-/146dph5/-/index.html |access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> A cikin watan Yunin 2024, mutane da yawa sun rasa matsuguni da rashin aikin yi sakamakon rushe gidaje da shaguna da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Uganda (NEMA) ta yi a yankunan dausayi na Lubigi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |date=2024-06-18 |title=NEMA soiled by selective and unjust evictions in Lubigi |url=https://observer.ug/index.php/viewpoint/81646-nema-soiled-by-selective-and-unjust-evictions-in-lubigi |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb}}</ref> Saboda haka an keta haƙƙin rayuwa da matsuguni na mazauna da abin ya shafa. Saboda waɗannan korar da aka yi musu da ƙarfi, wasu daga cikin 'yan majalisar sun fito don yi wa NEMA tambayoyi game da wannan nau'in aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-19 |title=Among condemns force used in Lubigi evictions, demands govt response |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/among-condemns-force-used-in-lubigi-evictions-demands-govt-response-4662788 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Hukumar Birnin Kampala == Manazarta == 75g3d9gxnanyqbvpkqr3fbgepj56lu1 841568 841565 2026-05-28T12:42:07Z Uncle Bash007 9891 841568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lubigi''' wani yanki ne [[Fadama|mai dausayi]] a gefen arewa da yamma ga [[Kampala]], babban birni kuma birni mafi girma a [[Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ARO |date=23 February 2016 |title=A Rocha Uganda: Lubigi Wetland |url=http://www.arocha.org/en/a-rocha-uganda/ |access-date=23 February 2016 |publisher=Arocha.org (ARO)}}</ref> Lubigi ta samar da wani yanki mai zagaye mara tsari a kewayen birnin Kampala, wanda ya fara daga kewayen Kisaasi a arewa, ya miƙe zuwa yamma, ya ratsa ta Bwaise da Kawaala, sannan ya miƙe zuwa kudu ta Busega . Fadamar tana da wuraren ciyarwa waɗanda suka miƙe a kan titin Kampala-Mityana zuwa Buloba, tare da titin Kampala-Masaka zuwa Kyengera, tare da titin [[Kampala]] - Hoima zuwa [[Nansana]] da kuma kan ''titin Sentema'' wanda ya miƙe daga Mengo zuwa Sentema. An gina babbar hanyar wucewa ta arewacin Kampala a cikin dausayin fiye da rabin tsawonsa. An gina unguwar Bwaise gaba ɗaya a cikin dausayin Lubigi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abimanyi |first=John |date=30 May 2011 |title=Wetland under siege |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/-/691232/1171480/-/pd0poz/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> Daidaito na yanki na dausayin Lubigi sune:0°19'12.0"N, 32°31'12.0"E (Latitude:0°19'12.0"N; Longitude:32°31'12.0"E). == Bayani == Yankin dausayi na Lubigi yanki ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci na magudanar ruwa, wanda ke hidima ga birnin Kampala da yankunan da ke kewaye da gundumar Wakiso . Ruwan sama daga yankunan arewa da yamma na birnin yana malalowa, ta hanyar magudanar ruwa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kuma kwararar ruwa, zuwa cikin fadama, inda yake tallafawa namun daji na musamman, ciki har da nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 200, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine crane crested, tsuntsun ƙasa . Mafi yawan ciyayi shine ciyawar papyrus . <ref name="Danger">{{Cite web |last=Abigaba |first=Zahra |date=27 April 2010 |title=Lubigi wetland faces extinction |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/907322/-/wy0r8c/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> A arewa, a kusa da Kisaasi da Ntinda, ƙasar dausayin ta haɗu da magudanar ruwa ta Nakivubo Channel, wani yanki mai dausayi wanda ke malala zuwa [[Tafkin Victoria]], kudu maso yammacin Port Bell . A kudu, a kusa da Busega, wasu daga cikin ruwan dausayin suna malala kudu maso gabas zuwa Tafkin Victoria, yayin da sauran ke malala arewa maso yamma, tare da Titin Kampala-Mityana zuwa Buloba . Yammacin Buloba, magudanar ruwa tana juyawa arewa a matsayin magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Mayanja, wanda ke zama wani ɓangare na [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwa ta]] Tafkin Kyoga . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph Miti, Zahra Abigaba |first=and Juliet Kigongo |date=3 October 2010 |title=City wetlands vanish as government looks on |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/-/688342/1024640/-/u8chbw/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yankin dausayin ya fuskanci matsin lamba daga masu kutse a cikin mutane. Gwamnatin Uganda ta gina manyan ayyuka uku a yankin dausayin, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen lalata shi: * An gina babbar hanyar Kampala Northern Bypass, wacce aka buɗe a shekarar 2009, ta cikin dausayin. <ref name="Danger">{{Cite web |last=Abigaba |first=Zahra |date=27 April 2010 |title=Lubigi wetland faces extinction |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/907322/-/wy0r8c/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAbigaba2010">Abigaba, Zahra (27 April 2010). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/907322/-/wy0r8c/-/index.html "Lubigi wetland faces extinction"]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> * Kebulan lantarki masu ƙarfi da ke ɗauke da wutar lantarki daga tashar Kawanda zuwa tashar Mutundwe suna ratsawa ta Lubigi. An ƙaddamar da wannan layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin kilovolt 132 a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Musisi |first=Frederic |date=28 February 2014 |title=Transmission company to demolish structures built under power lines |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Transmission-company-to-demolish-structures/-/688334/2224582/-/8isgmpz/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> * Kamfanin Ruwa da Najasa na Ƙasa ya gina tashar tace najasa a tsakiyar yankin dausayi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mugalu |first=Moses |date=30 March 2014 |title=Lubigi plant to tame Bwaise sewage |url=http://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=30965:-lubigi-plant-to-tame-bwaise-sewage |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bwambale |first=Taddeo |date=29 March 2014 |title=Museveni commissions Sh53 billion Lubigi plant |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1339156/museveni-commissions-sh53b-lubigi-plant |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Namagembe |first=Lilian |date=24 February 2016 |title=How Lubigi women have found gold in human waste |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Lubigi-women-found-gold-human-waste/-/691232/3089840/-/item/0/-/auw9g4z/-/index.html |access-date=24 February 2016}}</ref> == Maidowa == A watan Maris na 2016, ma'aikata daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Uganda sun fara cire gonakin da masu satar shanu suka shuka da masara, doya, ayaba, da rake. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tajuba |first=Paul |date=10 March 2016 |title=NEMA begins Lubigi wetland restoration |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/NEMA-begins-Lubigi-wetland-restoration/-/688334/3110232/-/146dph5/-/index.html |access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> A cikin watan Yunin 2024, mutane da yawa sun rasa matsuguni da rashin aikin yi sakamakon rushe gidaje da shaguna da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Uganda (NEMA) ta yi a yankunan dausayi na Lubigi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |date=2024-06-18 |title=NEMA soiled by selective and unjust evictions in Lubigi |url=https://observer.ug/index.php/viewpoint/81646-nema-soiled-by-selective-and-unjust-evictions-in-lubigi |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb}}</ref> Saboda haka an keta haƙƙin rayuwa da matsuguni na mazauna da abin ya shafa. Saboda waɗannan korar da aka yi musu da ƙarfi, wasu daga cikin 'yan majalisar sun fito don yi wa NEMA tambayoyi game da wannan nau'in aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-19 |title=Among condemns force used in Lubigi evictions, demands govt response |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/among-condemns-force-used-in-lubigi-evictions-demands-govt-response-4662788 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Hukumar Birnin Kampala == Manazarta == 055ayz2j195hy9l2b8u82slg3v3rzki 841577 841568 2026-05-28T12:45:11Z Uncle Bash007 9891 841577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lubigi''' wani yanki ne [[Fadama|mai dausayi]] a gefen arewa da yammacin [[Kampala]], babban birni kuma birni mafi girma a [[Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ARO |date=23 February 2016 |title=A Rocha Uganda: Lubigi Wetland |url=http://www.arocha.org/en/a-rocha-uganda/ |access-date=23 February 2016 |publisher=Arocha.org (ARO)}}</ref> Lubigi ta samar da wani yanki mai zagaye mara tsari a kewayen birnin Kampala, wanda ya fara daga kewayen Kisaasi a arewa, ya miƙe zuwa yamma, ya ratsa ta Bwaise da Kawaala, sannan ya miƙe zuwa kudu ta Busega . Fadamar tana da wuraren ciyarwa waɗanda suka miƙe a kan titin Kampala-Mityana zuwa Buloba, tare da titin Kampala-Masaka zuwa Kyengera, tare da titin [[Kampala]] - Hoima zuwa [[Nansana]] da kuma kan ''titin Sentema'' wanda ya miƙe daga Mengo zuwa Sentema. An gina babbar hanyar wucewa ta arewacin Kampala a cikin dausayin fiye da rabin tsawonsa. An gina unguwar Bwaise gaba ɗaya a cikin dausayin Lubigi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abimanyi |first=John |date=30 May 2011 |title=Wetland under siege |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/-/691232/1171480/-/pd0poz/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> Daidaito na yanki na dausayin Lubigi sune:0°19'12.0"N, 32°31'12.0"E (Latitude:0°19'12.0"N; Longitude:32°31'12.0"E). == Bayani == Yankin dausayi na Lubigi yanki ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci na magudanar ruwa, wanda ke hidima ga birnin Kampala da yankunan da ke kewaye da gundumar Wakiso . Ruwan sama daga yankunan arewa da yamma na birnin yana malalowa, ta hanyar magudanar ruwa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kuma kwararar ruwa, zuwa cikin fadama, inda yake tallafawa namun daji na musamman, ciki har da nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 200, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine crane crested, tsuntsun ƙasa . Mafi yawan ciyayi shine ciyawar papyrus . <ref name="Danger">{{Cite web |last=Abigaba |first=Zahra |date=27 April 2010 |title=Lubigi wetland faces extinction |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/907322/-/wy0r8c/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> A arewa, a kusa da Kisaasi da Ntinda, ƙasar dausayin ta haɗu da magudanar ruwa ta Nakivubo Channel, wani yanki mai dausayi wanda ke malala zuwa [[Tafkin Victoria]], kudu maso yammacin Port Bell . A kudu, a kusa da Busega, wasu daga cikin ruwan dausayin suna malala kudu maso gabas zuwa Tafkin Victoria, yayin da sauran ke malala arewa maso yamma, tare da Titin Kampala-Mityana zuwa Buloba . Yammacin Buloba, magudanar ruwa tana juyawa arewa a matsayin magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Mayanja, wanda ke zama wani ɓangare na [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwa ta]] Tafkin Kyoga . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph Miti, Zahra Abigaba |first=and Juliet Kigongo |date=3 October 2010 |title=City wetlands vanish as government looks on |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/-/688342/1024640/-/u8chbw/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yankin dausayin ya fuskanci matsin lamba daga masu kutse a cikin mutane. Gwamnatin Uganda ta gina manyan ayyuka uku a yankin dausayin, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen lalata shi: * An gina babbar hanyar Kampala Northern Bypass, wacce aka buɗe a shekarar 2009, ta cikin dausayin. <ref name="Danger">{{Cite web |last=Abigaba |first=Zahra |date=27 April 2010 |title=Lubigi wetland faces extinction |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/907322/-/wy0r8c/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAbigaba2010">Abigaba, Zahra (27 April 2010). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/907322/-/wy0r8c/-/index.html "Lubigi wetland faces extinction"]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> * Kebulan lantarki masu ƙarfi da ke ɗauke da wutar lantarki daga tashar Kawanda zuwa tashar Mutundwe suna ratsawa ta Lubigi. An ƙaddamar da wannan layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin kilovolt 132 a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Musisi |first=Frederic |date=28 February 2014 |title=Transmission company to demolish structures built under power lines |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Transmission-company-to-demolish-structures/-/688334/2224582/-/8isgmpz/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> * Kamfanin Ruwa da Najasa na Ƙasa ya gina tashar tace najasa a tsakiyar yankin dausayi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mugalu |first=Moses |date=30 March 2014 |title=Lubigi plant to tame Bwaise sewage |url=http://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=30965:-lubigi-plant-to-tame-bwaise-sewage |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bwambale |first=Taddeo |date=29 March 2014 |title=Museveni commissions Sh53 billion Lubigi plant |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1339156/museveni-commissions-sh53b-lubigi-plant |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Namagembe |first=Lilian |date=24 February 2016 |title=How Lubigi women have found gold in human waste |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Lubigi-women-found-gold-human-waste/-/691232/3089840/-/item/0/-/auw9g4z/-/index.html |access-date=24 February 2016}}</ref> == Maidowa == A watan Maris na 2016, ma'aikata daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Uganda sun fara cire gonakin da masu satar shanu suka shuka da masara, doya, ayaba, da rake. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tajuba |first=Paul |date=10 March 2016 |title=NEMA begins Lubigi wetland restoration |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/NEMA-begins-Lubigi-wetland-restoration/-/688334/3110232/-/146dph5/-/index.html |access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> A cikin watan Yunin 2024, mutane da yawa sun rasa matsuguni da rashin aikin yi sakamakon rushe gidaje da shaguna da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Uganda (NEMA) ta yi a yankunan dausayi na Lubigi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |date=2024-06-18 |title=NEMA soiled by selective and unjust evictions in Lubigi |url=https://observer.ug/index.php/viewpoint/81646-nema-soiled-by-selective-and-unjust-evictions-in-lubigi |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb}}</ref> Saboda haka an keta haƙƙin rayuwa da matsuguni na mazauna da abin ya shafa. Saboda waɗannan korar da aka yi musu da ƙarfi, wasu daga cikin 'yan majalisar sun fito don yi wa NEMA tambayoyi game da wannan nau'in aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-19 |title=Among condemns force used in Lubigi evictions, demands govt response |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/among-condemns-force-used-in-lubigi-evictions-demands-govt-response-4662788 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Hukumar Birnin Kampala == Manazarta == hjb8cnnia4yxaq610cuzleqy6gt2f88 841611 841577 2026-05-28T13:00:07Z Uncle Bash007 9891 841611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lubigi''' wani yanki ne [[Fadama|mai dausayi]] a gefen arewa da yammacin [[Kampala]], babban birni kuma birni mafi girma a [[Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ARO |date=23 February 2016 |title=A Rocha Uganda: Lubigi Wetland |url=http://www.arocha.org/en/a-rocha-uganda/ |access-date=23 February 2016 |publisher=Arocha.org (ARO)}}</ref> == Wuri == Lubigi ta samar da wani yanki mai zagaye mara tsari a kewayen birnin Kampala, wanda ya fara daga kewayen Kisaasi a arewa, ya miƙe zuwa yamma, ya ratsa ta Bwaise da Kawaala, sannan ya miƙe zuwa kudu ta Busega . Fadamar tana da wuraren ciyarwa waɗanda suka miƙe a kan titin Kampala-Mityana zuwa Buloba, tare da titin Kampala-Masaka zuwa Kyengera, tare da titin [[Kampala]] - Hoima zuwa [[Nansana]] da kuma kan ''titin Sentema'' wanda ya miƙe daga Mengo zuwa Sentema. An gina babbar hanyar wucewa ta arewacin Kampala a cikin dausayin fiye da rabin tsawonsa. An gina unguwar Bwaise gaba ɗaya a cikin dausayin Lubigi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abimanyi |first=John |date=30 May 2011 |title=Wetland under siege |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/-/691232/1171480/-/pd0poz/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> Daidaito na yanki na dausayin Lubigi sune:0°19'12.0"N, 32°31'12.0"E (Latitude:0°19'12.0"N; Longitude:32°31'12.0"E). == Bayani == Yankin dausayi na Lubigi yanki ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci na magudanar ruwa, wanda ke hidima ga birnin Kampala da yankunan da ke kewaye da gundumar Wakiso . Ruwan sama daga yankunan arewa da yamma na birnin yana malalowa, ta hanyar magudanar ruwa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kuma kwararar ruwa, zuwa cikin fadama, inda yake tallafawa namun daji na musamman, ciki har da nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 200, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine crane crested, tsuntsun ƙasa . Mafi yawan ciyayi shine ciyawar papyrus . <ref name="Danger">{{Cite web |last=Abigaba |first=Zahra |date=27 April 2010 |title=Lubigi wetland faces extinction |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/907322/-/wy0r8c/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> A arewa, a kusa da Kisaasi da Ntinda, ƙasar dausayin ta haɗu da magudanar ruwa ta Nakivubo Channel, wani yanki mai dausayi wanda ke malala zuwa [[Tafkin Victoria]], kudu maso yammacin Port Bell . A kudu, a kusa da Busega, wasu daga cikin ruwan dausayin suna malala kudu maso gabas zuwa Tafkin Victoria, yayin da sauran ke malala arewa maso yamma, tare da Titin Kampala-Mityana zuwa Buloba . Yammacin Buloba, magudanar ruwa tana juyawa arewa a matsayin magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Mayanja, wanda ke zama wani ɓangare na [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwa ta]] Tafkin Kyoga . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph Miti, Zahra Abigaba |first=and Juliet Kigongo |date=3 October 2010 |title=City wetlands vanish as government looks on |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/-/688342/1024640/-/u8chbw/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yankin dausayin ya fuskanci matsin lamba daga masu kutse a cikin mutane. Gwamnatin Uganda ta gina manyan ayyuka uku a yankin dausayin, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen lalata shi: * An gina babbar hanyar Kampala Northern Bypass, wacce aka buɗe a shekarar 2009, ta cikin dausayin. <ref name="Danger">{{Cite web |last=Abigaba |first=Zahra |date=27 April 2010 |title=Lubigi wetland faces extinction |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/907322/-/wy0r8c/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAbigaba2010">Abigaba, Zahra (27 April 2010). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/907322/-/wy0r8c/-/index.html "Lubigi wetland faces extinction"]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> * Kebulan lantarki masu ƙarfi da ke ɗauke da wutar lantarki daga tashar Kawanda zuwa tashar Mutundwe suna ratsawa ta Lubigi. An ƙaddamar da wannan layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin kilovolt 132 a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Musisi |first=Frederic |date=28 February 2014 |title=Transmission company to demolish structures built under power lines |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Transmission-company-to-demolish-structures/-/688334/2224582/-/8isgmpz/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> * Kamfanin Ruwa da Najasa na Ƙasa ya gina tashar tace najasa a tsakiyar yankin dausayi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mugalu |first=Moses |date=30 March 2014 |title=Lubigi plant to tame Bwaise sewage |url=http://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=30965:-lubigi-plant-to-tame-bwaise-sewage |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bwambale |first=Taddeo |date=29 March 2014 |title=Museveni commissions Sh53 billion Lubigi plant |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1339156/museveni-commissions-sh53b-lubigi-plant |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Namagembe |first=Lilian |date=24 February 2016 |title=How Lubigi women have found gold in human waste |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Lubigi-women-found-gold-human-waste/-/691232/3089840/-/item/0/-/auw9g4z/-/index.html |access-date=24 February 2016}}</ref> == Maidowa == A watan Maris na 2016, ma'aikata daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Uganda sun fara cire gonakin da masu satar shanu suka shuka da masara, doya, ayaba, da rake. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tajuba |first=Paul |date=10 March 2016 |title=NEMA begins Lubigi wetland restoration |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/NEMA-begins-Lubigi-wetland-restoration/-/688334/3110232/-/146dph5/-/index.html |access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> A cikin watan Yunin 2024, mutane da yawa sun rasa matsuguni da rashin aikin yi sakamakon rushe gidaje da shaguna da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Uganda (NEMA) ta yi a yankunan dausayi na Lubigi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |date=2024-06-18 |title=NEMA soiled by selective and unjust evictions in Lubigi |url=https://observer.ug/index.php/viewpoint/81646-nema-soiled-by-selective-and-unjust-evictions-in-lubigi |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb}}</ref> Saboda haka an keta haƙƙin rayuwa da matsuguni na mazauna da abin ya shafa. Saboda waɗannan korar da aka yi musu da ƙarfi, wasu daga cikin 'yan majalisar sun fito don yi wa NEMA tambayoyi game da wannan nau'in aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-19 |title=Among condemns force used in Lubigi evictions, demands govt response |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/among-condemns-force-used-in-lubigi-evictions-demands-govt-response-4662788 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Hukumar Birnin Kampala == Manazarta == 71h6472vpi0saco7621syrwsnllk3wk 841613 841611 2026-05-28T13:00:56Z Uncle Bash007 9891 patrolled✅ 841613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lubigi''' wani yanki ne [[Fadama|mai dausayi]] a gefen arewa da yammacin [[Kampala]], babban birni kuma birni mafi girma a [[Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ARO |date=23 February 2016 |title=A Rocha Uganda: Lubigi Wetland |url=http://www.arocha.org/en/a-rocha-uganda/ |access-date=23 February 2016 |publisher=Arocha.org (ARO)}}</ref> == Wuri == Lubigi ta samar da wani yanki mai zagaye mara tsari a kewayen birnin Kampala, wanda ya fara daga kewayen Kisaasi a arewa, ya miƙe zuwa yamma, ya ratsa ta Bwaise da Kawaala, sannan ya miƙe zuwa kudu ta Busega . Fadamar tana da wuraren ciyarwa waɗanda suka miƙe a kan titin Kampala-Mityana zuwa Buloba, tare da titin Kampala-Masaka zuwa Kyengera, tare da titin [[Kampala]] - Hoima zuwa [[Nansana]] da kuma kan ''titin Sentema'' wanda ya miƙe daga Mengo zuwa Sentema. An gina babbar hanyar wucewa ta arewacin Kampala a cikin dausayin fiye da rabin tsawonsa. An gina unguwar Bwaise gaba ɗaya a cikin dausayin Lubigi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abimanyi |first=John |date=30 May 2011 |title=Wetland under siege |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/-/691232/1171480/-/pd0poz/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> Daidaito na yanki na dausayin Lubigi sune Latitude: 0°19'12.0"N; Longitude: 32°31'12.0"E. == Bayani == Yankin dausayi na Lubigi yanki ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci na magudanar ruwa, wanda ke hidima ga birnin Kampala da yankunan da ke kewaye da gundumar Wakiso . Ruwan sama daga yankunan arewa da yamma na birnin yana malalowa, ta hanyar magudanar ruwa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kuma kwararar ruwa, zuwa cikin fadama, inda yake tallafawa namun daji na musamman, ciki har da nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 200, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine crane crested, tsuntsun ƙasa . Mafi yawan ciyayi shine ciyawar papyrus . <ref name="Danger">{{Cite web |last=Abigaba |first=Zahra |date=27 April 2010 |title=Lubigi wetland faces extinction |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/907322/-/wy0r8c/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> A arewa, a kusa da Kisaasi da Ntinda, ƙasar dausayin ta haɗu da magudanar ruwa ta Nakivubo Channel, wani yanki mai dausayi wanda ke malala zuwa [[Tafkin Victoria]], kudu maso yammacin Port Bell . A kudu, a kusa da Busega, wasu daga cikin ruwan dausayin suna malala kudu maso gabas zuwa Tafkin Victoria, yayin da sauran ke malala arewa maso yamma, tare da Titin Kampala-Mityana zuwa Buloba . Yammacin Buloba, magudanar ruwa tana juyawa arewa a matsayin magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Mayanja, wanda ke zama wani ɓangare na [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwa ta]] Tafkin Kyoga . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph Miti, Zahra Abigaba |first=and Juliet Kigongo |date=3 October 2010 |title=City wetlands vanish as government looks on |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/-/688342/1024640/-/u8chbw/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yankin dausayin ya fuskanci matsin lamba daga masu kutse a cikin mutane. Gwamnatin Uganda ta gina manyan ayyuka uku a yankin dausayin, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen lalata shi: * An gina babbar hanyar Kampala Northern Bypass, wacce aka buɗe a shekarar 2009, ta cikin dausayin. <ref name="Danger">{{Cite web |last=Abigaba |first=Zahra |date=27 April 2010 |title=Lubigi wetland faces extinction |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/907322/-/wy0r8c/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAbigaba2010">Abigaba, Zahra (27 April 2010). [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/907322/-/wy0r8c/-/index.html "Lubigi wetland faces extinction"]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> * Kebulan lantarki masu ƙarfi da ke ɗauke da wutar lantarki daga tashar Kawanda zuwa tashar Mutundwe suna ratsawa ta Lubigi. An ƙaddamar da wannan layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin kilovolt 132 a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Musisi |first=Frederic |date=28 February 2014 |title=Transmission company to demolish structures built under power lines |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Transmission-company-to-demolish-structures/-/688334/2224582/-/8isgmpz/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> * Kamfanin Ruwa da Najasa na Ƙasa ya gina tashar tace najasa a tsakiyar yankin dausayi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mugalu |first=Moses |date=30 March 2014 |title=Lubigi plant to tame Bwaise sewage |url=http://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=30965:-lubigi-plant-to-tame-bwaise-sewage |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bwambale |first=Taddeo |date=29 March 2014 |title=Museveni commissions Sh53 billion Lubigi plant |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1339156/museveni-commissions-sh53b-lubigi-plant |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Namagembe |first=Lilian |date=24 February 2016 |title=How Lubigi women have found gold in human waste |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Lubigi-women-found-gold-human-waste/-/691232/3089840/-/item/0/-/auw9g4z/-/index.html |access-date=24 February 2016}}</ref> == Maidowa == A watan Maris na 2016, ma'aikata daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Uganda sun fara cire gonakin da masu satar shanu suka shuka da masara, doya, ayaba, da rake. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tajuba |first=Paul |date=10 March 2016 |title=NEMA begins Lubigi wetland restoration |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/NEMA-begins-Lubigi-wetland-restoration/-/688334/3110232/-/146dph5/-/index.html |access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> A cikin watan Yunin 2024, mutane da yawa sun rasa matsuguni da rashin aikin yi sakamakon rushe gidaje da shaguna da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Uganda (NEMA) ta yi a yankunan dausayi na Lubigi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |date=2024-06-18 |title=NEMA soiled by selective and unjust evictions in Lubigi |url=https://observer.ug/index.php/viewpoint/81646-nema-soiled-by-selective-and-unjust-evictions-in-lubigi |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb}}</ref> Saboda haka an keta haƙƙin rayuwa da matsuguni na mazauna da abin ya shafa. Saboda waɗannan korar da aka yi musu da ƙarfi, wasu daga cikin 'yan majalisar sun fito don yi wa NEMA tambayoyi game da wannan nau'in aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-19 |title=Among condemns force used in Lubigi evictions, demands govt response |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/among-condemns-force-used-in-lubigi-evictions-demands-govt-response-4662788 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Hukumar Birnin Kampala == Manazarta == p1og3grpvtrk7gfeqav6yfrxpc9dgn9 841864 841613 2026-05-28T21:06:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 841864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lubigi''' wani yanki ne [[Fadama|mai dausayi]] a gefen arewa da yammacin [[Kampala]], babban birni kuma birni mafi girma a [[Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ARO |date=23 February 2016 |title=A Rocha Uganda: Lubigi Wetland |url=http://www.arocha.org/en/a-rocha-uganda/ |access-date=23 February 2016 |publisher=Arocha.org (ARO) }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Wuri == Lubigi ta samar da wani yanki mai zagaye mara tsari a kewayen birnin Kampala, wanda ya fara daga kewayen Kisaasi a arewa, ya miƙe zuwa yamma, ya ratsa ta Bwaise da Kawaala, sannan ya miƙe zuwa kudu ta Busega . Fadamar tana da wuraren ciyarwa waɗanda suka miƙe a kan titin Kampala-Mityana zuwa Buloba, tare da titin Kampala-Masaka zuwa Kyengera, tare da titin [[Kampala]] - Hoima zuwa [[Nansana]] da kuma kan ''titin Sentema'' wanda ya miƙe daga Mengo zuwa Sentema. An gina babbar hanyar wucewa ta arewacin Kampala a cikin dausayin fiye da rabin tsawonsa. An gina unguwar Bwaise gaba ɗaya a cikin dausayin Lubigi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abimanyi |first=John |date=30 May 2011 |title=Wetland under siege |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/-/691232/1171480/-/pd0poz/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> Daidaito na yanki na dausayin Lubigi sune Latitude: 0°19'12.0"N; Longitude: 32°31'12.0"E. == Bayani == Yankin dausayi na Lubigi yanki ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci na magudanar ruwa, wanda ke hidima ga birnin Kampala da yankunan da ke kewaye da gundumar Wakiso . Ruwan sama daga yankunan arewa da yamma na birnin yana malalowa, ta hanyar magudanar ruwa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kuma kwararar ruwa, zuwa cikin fadama, inda yake tallafawa namun daji na musamman, ciki har da nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 200, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine crane crested, tsuntsun ƙasa . Mafi yawan ciyayi shine ciyawar papyrus . <ref name="Danger">{{Cite web |last=Abigaba |first=Zahra |date=27 April 2010 |title=Lubigi wetland faces extinction |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/907322/-/wy0r8c/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A arewa, a kusa da Kisaasi da Ntinda, ƙasar dausayin ta haɗu da magudanar ruwa ta Nakivubo Channel, wani yanki mai dausayi wanda ke malala zuwa [[Tafkin Victoria]], kudu maso yammacin Port Bell . A kudu, a kusa da Busega, wasu daga cikin ruwan dausayin suna malala kudu maso gabas zuwa Tafkin Victoria, yayin da sauran ke malala arewa maso yamma, tare da Titin Kampala-Mityana zuwa Buloba . Yammacin Buloba, magudanar ruwa tana juyawa arewa a matsayin magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Mayanja, wanda ke zama wani ɓangare na [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwa ta]] Tafkin Kyoga . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph Miti, Zahra Abigaba |first=and Juliet Kigongo |date=3 October 2010 |title=City wetlands vanish as government looks on |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/-/688342/1024640/-/u8chbw/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yankin dausayin ya fuskanci matsin lamba daga masu kutse a cikin mutane. Gwamnatin Uganda ta gina manyan ayyuka uku a yankin dausayin, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen lalata shi: * An gina babbar hanyar Kampala Northern Bypass, wacce aka buɗe a shekarar 2009, ta cikin dausayin. <ref name="Danger"/> * Kebulan lantarki masu ƙarfi da ke ɗauke da wutar lantarki daga tashar Kawanda zuwa tashar Mutundwe suna ratsawa ta Lubigi. An ƙaddamar da wannan layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin kilovolt 132 a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Musisi |first=Frederic |date=28 February 2014 |title=Transmission company to demolish structures built under power lines |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Transmission-company-to-demolish-structures/-/688334/2224582/-/8isgmpz/-/index.html |access-date=23 February 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303154802/http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Transmission-company-to-demolish-structures/-/688334/2224582/-/8isgmpz/-/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kamfanin Ruwa da Najasa na Ƙasa ya gina tashar tace najasa a tsakiyar yankin dausayi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mugalu |first=Moses |date=30 March 2014 |title=Lubigi plant to tame Bwaise sewage |url=http://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=30965:-lubigi-plant-to-tame-bwaise-sewage |access-date=23 February 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304143731/http://observer.ug/component/content/article?id=30965:-lubigi-plant-to-tame-bwaise-sewage |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bwambale |first=Taddeo |date=29 March 2014 |title=Museveni commissions Sh53 billion Lubigi plant |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1339156/museveni-commissions-sh53b-lubigi-plant |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Namagembe |first=Lilian |date=24 February 2016 |title=How Lubigi women have found gold in human waste |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Lubigi-women-found-gold-human-waste/-/691232/3089840/-/item/0/-/auw9g4z/-/index.html |access-date=24 February 2016}}</ref> == Maidowa == A watan Maris na 2016, ma'aikata daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Uganda sun fara cire gonakin da masu satar shanu suka shuka da masara, doya, ayaba, da rake. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tajuba |first=Paul |date=10 March 2016 |title=NEMA begins Lubigi wetland restoration |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/NEMA-begins-Lubigi-wetland-restoration/-/688334/3110232/-/146dph5/-/index.html |access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> A cikin watan Yunin 2024, mutane da yawa sun rasa matsuguni da rashin aikin yi sakamakon rushe gidaje da shaguna da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Uganda (NEMA) ta yi a yankunan dausayi na Lubigi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |date=2024-06-18 |title=NEMA soiled by selective and unjust evictions in Lubigi |url=https://observer.ug/index.php/viewpoint/81646-nema-soiled-by-selective-and-unjust-evictions-in-lubigi |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb}}</ref> Saboda haka an keta haƙƙin rayuwa da matsuguni na mazauna da abin ya shafa. Saboda waɗannan korar da aka yi musu da ƙarfi, wasu daga cikin 'yan majalisar sun fito don yi wa NEMA tambayoyi game da wannan nau'in aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-19 |title=Among condemns force used in Lubigi evictions, demands govt response |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/among-condemns-force-used-in-lubigi-evictions-demands-govt-response-4662788 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Hukumar Birnin Kampala == Manazarta == sc8xf8g7xo3t05ooar4hyk7cabgz098 0 152774 841563 2026-05-28T12:40:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291990806|Chott el Fejej]]" 841563 wikitext text/x-wiki ''''''Chott el Fejaj'''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Chott da Fedjedj''' da Chott al Fejaj, tsayi ne mai tsawo, mai kunkuntar ruwa na tafkin gishiri na [[Endorheic Basin|endorheic]] Chott el Djerid a kudancin [[Tunisiya]]. == Tarihi da yanayin ƙasa == Ƙashin Chott el Fejej yana ƙasa da [[Sea level|matakin teku]] kuma yana gudana a cikin ƙanƙanin hanya daga babban jikin Chott el Djerid zuwa hamadar hamadar Tunisiya ta El Hamma, kusa da Tekun Gabès a kan Bahar Rum. Tsakanin daga inda Chott el Fejej ya haɗu da Chott el Djerid zuwa ƙarshen kusa da El Hamma kusan mil 70 ne (kilomita 110). Tare da tsawonsa, Chott el Fejej ba ya faɗaɗa fiye da kilomita 20 (32) kuma a wurare da yawa ya fi ƙanƙanta. Ƙarshen gabas na Chott el Fejej ya rabu da Bahar Rum ta kusan kilomita 13 (21 mai faɗi na yashi kusa da El Hamma .<ref name="National Waterways">{{Cite journal |last=Plummer |first=Harry Chapin |year=1913 |title=A Sea in the Sahara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80-GYpTlVMsC |journal=National Waterways: A Magazine of Transportation |publisher=National Rivers and Harbors Congress |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=131–138 |access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref> Wannan karamin yashi ne, wanda ke raba Chott el Fejej daga Bahar Rum, wanda ya kawo shi ga masu ilimin ƙasa daban-daban, injiniyoyi da diflomasiyya. Wadannan adadi sun nemi ƙirƙirar "Teku na Sahara" ta hanyar tura ruwan Bahar Rum zuwa cikin tafkin hamadar Sahara wanda ke ƙasa da matakin teku. An gabatar da wata sananniyar shawara game da wannan sakamako a ƙarshen 1800s daga masanin ilimin ƙasa na Faransa François Élie Roudaire da mahaliccin [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]], Ferdinand na Lesseps, amma ya tsaya bayan gwamnatin Faransa ta janye kudade.<ref name="National Waterways">{{Cite journal |last=Plummer |first=Harry Chapin |year=1913 |title=A Sea in the Sahara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80-GYpTlVMsC |journal=National Waterways: A Magazine of Transportation |publisher=National Rivers and Harbors Congress |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=131–138 |access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="Geographical Review">{{Cite journal |last=McKay |first=Donald Vernon |year=1943 |title=Colonialism in the French geographical movement 1871-1881 |journal=Geographical Review |publisher=American Geographical Society |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.2307/209775 |jstor=209775}}</ref> Daga baya shawarwari, waɗanda aka yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Operation Plowshare, sun nuna cewa za a iya amfani da fashewar nukiliya don tono tashar da aka tsara daga Bahar Rum zuwa Chott el Fejej da sauran wuraren da ke ƙasa da Sahara; waɗannan shawarwari ma ba su da amfani. == Ilimin ƙasa == chott el Fejej wani tafki ne na musamman, ko tafkin bushe, na Sahara. Duk da haka, babban anticline da aka sani da Fejej Dome ne ya kafa shi. Wannan anticline da sauran tsarin da ke kewaye da su ana jayayya da su ne sakamakon rifting a lokacin Cretaceous.<ref name="Journal of African Earth Sciences">{{Cite journal |last=Gharbi |first=Mohamed |last2=Masrouhi |first2=Amara |last3=Espurt |first3=Nicolas |last4=Bellier |first4=Olivier |last5=Amari |first5=El Amjed |last6=Ben Youssef |first6=Mohamed |last7=Ghanmi |first7=Mohamed |date=March 2013 |title=New tectono-sedimentary evidences for Aptian to Santonian extension of the Cretaceous rifting in the Northern Chotts range (Southern Tunisia) |url=https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01837215/file/Gharbi_JAES_2013.pdf |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |publisher=Elsevier Ltd. |volume=79 |pages=58–73 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2012.09.017}}</ref> == Manazarta == gps0jnvq020ki3tsa3rvkofhhbjke2k 841564 841563 2026-05-28T12:41:02Z Pharouqenr 25549 841564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Chott el Fejaj'''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Chott da Fedjedj''' da Chott al Fejaj, tsayi ne mai tsawo, mai kunkuntar ruwa na tafkin gishiri na [[Endorheic Basin|endorheic]] Chott el Djerid a kudancin [[Tunisiya]]. == Tarihi da yanayin ƙasa == Ƙashin Chott el Fejej yana ƙasa da [[Sea level|matakin teku]] kuma yana gudana a cikin ƙanƙanin hanya daga babban jikin Chott el Djerid zuwa hamadar hamadar Tunisiya ta El Hamma, kusa da Tekun Gabès a kan Bahar Rum. Tsakanin daga inda Chott el Fejej ya haɗu da Chott el Djerid zuwa ƙarshen kusa da El Hamma kusan mil 70 ne (kilomita 110). Tare da tsawonsa, Chott el Fejej ba ya faɗaɗa fiye da kilomita 20 (32) kuma a wurare da yawa ya fi ƙanƙanta. Ƙarshen gabas na Chott el Fejej ya rabu da Bahar Rum ta kusan kilomita 13 (21 mai faɗi na yashi kusa da El Hamma .<ref name="National Waterways">{{Cite journal |last=Plummer |first=Harry Chapin |year=1913 |title=A Sea in the Sahara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80-GYpTlVMsC |journal=National Waterways: A Magazine of Transportation |publisher=National Rivers and Harbors Congress |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=131–138 |access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref> Wannan karamin yashi ne, wanda ke raba Chott el Fejej daga Bahar Rum, wanda ya kawo shi ga masu ilimin ƙasa daban-daban, injiniyoyi da diflomasiyya. Wadannan adadi sun nemi ƙirƙirar "Teku na Sahara" ta hanyar tura ruwan Bahar Rum zuwa cikin tafkin hamadar Sahara wanda ke ƙasa da matakin teku. An gabatar da wata sananniyar shawara game da wannan sakamako a ƙarshen 1800s daga masanin ilimin ƙasa na Faransa François Élie Roudaire da mahaliccin [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]], Ferdinand na Lesseps, amma ya tsaya bayan gwamnatin Faransa ta janye kudade.<ref name="National Waterways">{{Cite journal |last=Plummer |first=Harry Chapin |year=1913 |title=A Sea in the Sahara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80-GYpTlVMsC |journal=National Waterways: A Magazine of Transportation |publisher=National Rivers and Harbors Congress |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=131–138 |access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="Geographical Review">{{Cite journal |last=McKay |first=Donald Vernon |year=1943 |title=Colonialism in the French geographical movement 1871-1881 |journal=Geographical Review |publisher=American Geographical Society |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=214–232 |doi=10.2307/209775 |jstor=209775}}</ref> Daga baya shawarwari, waɗanda aka yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Operation Plowshare, sun nuna cewa za a iya amfani da fashewar nukiliya don tono tashar da aka tsara daga Bahar Rum zuwa Chott el Fejej da sauran wuraren da ke ƙasa da Sahara; waɗannan shawarwari ma ba su da amfani. == Ilimin ƙasa == chott el Fejej wani tafki ne na musamman, ko tafkin bushe, na Sahara. Duk da haka, babban anticline da aka sani da Fejej Dome ne ya kafa shi. Wannan anticline da sauran tsarin da ke kewaye da su ana jayayya da su ne sakamakon rifting a lokacin Cretaceous.<ref name="Journal of African Earth Sciences">{{Cite journal |last=Gharbi |first=Mohamed |last2=Masrouhi |first2=Amara |last3=Espurt |first3=Nicolas |last4=Bellier |first4=Olivier |last5=Amari |first5=El Amjed |last6=Ben Youssef |first6=Mohamed |last7=Ghanmi |first7=Mohamed |date=March 2013 |title=New tectono-sedimentary evidences for Aptian to Santonian extension of the Cretaceous rifting in the Northern Chotts range (Southern Tunisia) |url=https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01837215/file/Gharbi_JAES_2013.pdf |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |publisher=Elsevier Ltd. |volume=79 |pages=58–73 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2012.09.017}}</ref> == Manazarta == d2vezcl904uisux4sbdetucjhoewguw 0 152775 841566 2026-05-28T12:41:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348022212|Lac de Gafsa]]" 841566 wikitext text/x-wiki Lac de Gafsa, wanda kuma ake kira 'Mysterious Lake', ya bayyana ba zato ba tsammani a cikin 2014 tare da Om Laryes Road, kilomita 25 daga garin Gafsa a [[Tunisiya]]. Asalin ko kafa tafkin ba a bayyane yake ba. Dalilin da ya fi dacewa shi ne cewa ƙaramin girgizar ƙasa ya fashe dutsen sama da teburin ruwa, yana aika miliyoyin cubic mita na ruwa har zuwa farfajiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lac de Gafsa: Tunisia's Mysterious Lake That Appeared Overnight |url=http://www.amusingplanet.com/2015/11/lac-de-gafsa-tunisias-mysterious-lake.html |access-date=2017-05-16 |website=www.amusingplanet.com}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{Cite web |title=Mysterious lake in Tunisian desert turns from turquoise to green sludge |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/01/mysterious-lake-tunisian-desert-turquoise-green-sludge |access-date=2 August 2014 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> == Halin da aka yi == Tun lokacin da makiyaya na hamada suka gano tafkin, Tafkin Gafsa ya zama abin sha'awa ga mazauna yankin da kuma [[Abubuwan jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido|jin daɗin yawon bude ido]] na duniya. Daruruwan mutane sun tafi kawai don ganin tafkin, don nutsewa daga duwatsu masu kyau da yin iyo a cikin tafkin, da / ko nutsewa a ciki tun lokacin da aka gano shi. Mutanen Tunisiya da ke zaune a yankin hamada mai cike da fari na Lake de Gafsa suna kiran halittarsa da bayyanarsa mu'ujiza ko la'ana.<ref name="guardian">{{Cite web |title=Mysterious lake in Tunisian desert turns from turquoise to green sludge |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/01/mysterious-lake-tunisian-desert-turquoise-green-sludge |access-date=2 August 2014 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> == Gwaje-gwaje na rediyo == Yankin yana da wadataccen phosphate kuma akwai fargabar cewa ruwa na iya zama mai cutar kansa saboda yana iya ƙunsar ragowar rediyo. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, masana suna gwada ruwa don gurɓata; duk da haka, a wannan lokacin babu haramtacciyar hukuma daga yin iyo a cikin sabon tafkin. [buyi sabuntawa] Tafkin, wanda aka kiyasta yana tsakanin mita 18 zuwa 20 (59 da 66 mai zurfi, ya canza daga launi mai launin shudi (kamar yadda aka gano) zuwa ɗan duhu mai duhu, ma'ana ruwan da ya kwarara ya ƙare kuma ruwan yanzu ya tsayawa. == Manazarta == bns1ne3vzr56bdp757ikzyww7sp61nt 841567 841566 2026-05-28T12:41:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 841567 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lac de Gafsa''', wanda kuma ake kira 'Mysterious Lake', ya bayyana ba zato ba tsammani a cikin 2014 tare da Om Laryes Road, kilomita 25 daga garin Gafsa a [[Tunisiya]]. Asalin ko kafa tafkin ba a bayyane yake ba. Dalilin da ya fi dacewa shi ne cewa ƙaramin girgizar ƙasa ya fashe dutsen sama da teburin ruwa, yana aika miliyoyin cubic mita na ruwa har zuwa farfajiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lac de Gafsa: Tunisia's Mysterious Lake That Appeared Overnight |url=http://www.amusingplanet.com/2015/11/lac-de-gafsa-tunisias-mysterious-lake.html |access-date=2017-05-16 |website=www.amusingplanet.com}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{Cite web |title=Mysterious lake in Tunisian desert turns from turquoise to green sludge |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/01/mysterious-lake-tunisian-desert-turquoise-green-sludge |access-date=2 August 2014 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> == Halin da aka yi == Tun lokacin da makiyaya na hamada suka gano tafkin, Tafkin Gafsa ya zama abin sha'awa ga mazauna yankin da kuma [[Abubuwan jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido|jin daɗin yawon bude ido]] na duniya. Daruruwan mutane sun tafi kawai don ganin tafkin, don nutsewa daga duwatsu masu kyau da yin iyo a cikin tafkin, da / ko nutsewa a ciki tun lokacin da aka gano shi. Mutanen Tunisiya da ke zaune a yankin hamada mai cike da fari na Lake de Gafsa suna kiran halittarsa da bayyanarsa mu'ujiza ko la'ana.<ref name="guardian">{{Cite web |title=Mysterious lake in Tunisian desert turns from turquoise to green sludge |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/01/mysterious-lake-tunisian-desert-turquoise-green-sludge |access-date=2 August 2014 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> == Gwaje-gwaje na rediyo == Yankin yana da wadataccen phosphate kuma akwai fargabar cewa ruwa na iya zama mai cutar kansa saboda yana iya ƙunsar ragowar rediyo. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, masana suna gwada ruwa don gurɓata; duk da haka, a wannan lokacin babu haramtacciyar hukuma daga yin iyo a cikin sabon tafkin. [buyi sabuntawa] Tafkin, wanda aka kiyasta yana tsakanin mita 18 zuwa 20 (59 da 66 mai zurfi, ya canza daga launi mai launin shudi (kamar yadda aka gano) zuwa ɗan duhu mai duhu, ma'ana ruwan da ya kwarara ya ƙare kuma ruwan yanzu ya tsayawa. == Manazarta == mlwy8z6riknhn4ic0h4ezat28zukwwb 0 152776 841571 2026-05-28T12:43:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1308244275|Sebkha Kelbia]]" 841571 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sebkha Kelbia''' (سبخة الكلبية) tafki ne mai saurin wucewa a [[Tunisiya]] wanda ke rufe hekta 8000 a Gwamnatin Sousse, a 35°50'34"North, 10°16'18"East, [[kudu]] da Kondar.<ref>"Sebkhet Kelbia". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.</ref> An yi la'akari da wuri na biyu mafi muhimmanci a kasar bayan Tafkin Ichkeul, an rarraba shi a matsayin ajiyar yanayi ta hanyar dokar Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta 18 ga Disamba 1993. Kogin Oued Nebhana, Oued Merguellil da Oued Zeroud suna gudana cikin tafkin bushe a lokacin [[Ruwan sama]], amma yanzu ana sarrafa su ta madatsun ruwa da ke kare filin daga [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]]. Dam din tare da aikin manyan tsarin ban ruwa na noma sun yi tasiri ga muhalli a kan sebkha, wanda ba a yi nazari ba har zuwa yau. Yawan manoma da ke zaune a kusa da Sebkha Kelbia an kiyasta su mutane 23,000. == Manazarta == embamd625dfasxr22x6wx1j0b8dlbgy 841572 841571 2026-05-28T12:43:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 841572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sebkha Kelbia''' (سبخة الكلبية) tafki ne mai saurin wucewa a [[Tunisiya]] wanda ke rufe hekta 8000 a Gwamnatin Sousse, a 35°50'34"North, 10°16'18"East, [[kudu]] da Kondar.<ref>"Sebkhet Kelbia". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.</ref> An yi la'akari da wuri na biyu mafi muhimmanci a kasar bayan Tafkin Ichkeul, an rarraba shi a matsayin ajiyar yanayi ta hanyar dokar Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta 18 ga Disamba 1993. Kogin Oued Nebhana, Oued Merguellil da Oued Zeroud suna gudana cikin tafkin bushe a lokacin [[Ruwan sama]], amma yanzu ana sarrafa su ta madatsun ruwa da ke kare filin daga [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]]. Dam din tare da aikin manyan tsarin ban ruwa na noma sun yi tasiri ga muhalli a kan sebkha, wanda ba a yi nazari ba har zuwa yau. Yawan manoma da ke zaune a kusa da Sebkha Kelbia an kiyasta su mutane 23,000. == Manazarta == g70p5u4tcnh8zpa66ly2yxc31gycj1o 0 152777 841573 2026-05-28T12:43:53Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303143860|Buchosa District]]" 841573 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gundumar Buchosa''', gunduma ce a Yankin Mwanza a gabar tekun kudancin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Gundumar tana bakin tekun kudu na [[Tafkin Victoria]] a yammacin birnin [[Mwanza]] da kuma arewacin Yankin Geita . Yawancin gundumar manyan tsibirai ne a cikin tafkin. An kafa gundumar a shekarar 2015, Amma tsarin ya fara ne a shekarar 2000. {{R|BuchosaDC_hist}} == Yanayin ƙasa == Gundumar tana kan tsibirai da kuma bakin tekun kudu na Tafkin Victoria. A gabas akwai Gundumar Sengerema wacce ita ma take cikin Yankin Mwanza. A kudu da yamma akwai Gundumar Geita ta Yankin Geita . Daga cikin {{Convert|4480|km2}} yankin gundumar mafi yawa, {{Convert|2945|km2}} , ruwa ne kuma {{Convert|1535|km2}} ne kawai ƙasa ce. {{R|MwanzaRC_invGuide}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">&#x3A;&#x200A;7&#x200A;</span></sup>{{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} === Yanayi === Yanayin gundumar shine savanna na wurare masu zafi tare da rarrabuwar tsarin Aw [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Koppen-Geiger]] . Akwai yanayi biyu na damina, da kuma lokacin rani ɗaya. Babban lokacin damina shine Oktoba zuwa Disamba, kuma lokacin damina na biyu shine Maris da Afrilu. Lokacin damina yana farawa daga ƙarshen Yuni zuwa farkon Satumba. Matsakaicin ruwan sama shine {{Convert|1414|mm|in}} kowace shekara, kuma matsakaicin zafin jiki shine {{Convert|22.3|C|F}} . {{R|Buchosa_climate}} === Yankunan gudanarwa === Gundumar ta ƙunshi sassa biyu, gundumomi 22, ƙauyuka 82, da ƙauyuka 410. {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">&#x3A;&#x200A;7&#x200A;</span></sup>{{R|BuchosaDC_data}}<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Alƙaluma == A shekarar 2016, Hukumar Kididdiga ta Kasa ta Tanzania ta bayar da rahoton cewa akwai mutane 369,201 a gundumar, daga 327.767 a shekarar 2012. Gundumar ta ƙunshi galibin mutanen ƙabilun Zinza, Jita, Kerewe, Kara da Sukuma . Matsakaicin girman gida a cikin mutane 6.9. {{R|2016_census}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 145">&#x3A;&#x200A;145&#x200A;</span></sup>{{R|BuchosaDC_profile}} {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} == Tattalin Arziki == Tattalin arzikin gundumar Buchosa galibi noma ne kuma dabbobi suna riƙe da kashi 80% na tattalin arzikin noma ne. Daga cikin {{Convert|153510|ha}} na filaye a gundumar, {{Convert|132019|ha}}, wanda shine kashi 83%, ana iya noma shi. Daga cikin wannan, {{Convert|62049|ha}}, wanda shine kashi 47% na ƙasar noma, a halin yanzu. Buchosa ita ce mafi girman mai samar da [[masara]] a yankunan, kuma ta biyu mafi girma wajen samar da [[rogo]] . Sauran amfanin gonakin abinci sun haɗa da [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]], kuma ita ce kawai gundumar da ke noman [[shinkafa]] a yankin. Noman da ake samu daga riba sune masara da auduga. {{R|BuchosaDC_profile}} {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">&#x3A;&#x200A;55&#x200A;</span></sup> Gundumar Buchosa tana da babban yanki na [[Gandun Daji|dazuzzukan]] yankin. Gundumar tana da {{Convert|14964|ha}} na yankuna {{Convert|32901|ha}} dazuzzukan halitta, da kuma {{Convert|33000|ha}} na yankuna {{Convert|35634|ha}}gonakin dazuzzuka na . {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 107">&#x3A;&#x200A;107&#x200A;</span></sup> Gundumar ba ta da manyan masana'antu, matsakaici ko ƙarami. Akwai kamun kifi a gundumar da ke da tan 1,280,503 a shekarar 2015. {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 113,119">&#x3A;&#x200A;113,119&#x200A;</span></sup> == Hanyoyi == Gundumar Buchosa ba ta da hanyoyin da aka shimfida. Ga hanyoyin da ba a shimfida ba, gundumar tana da {{Convert|22.3|km}} na hanyoyin tsakuwa na yanki, {{Convert|79.4|km}} na hanyoyin tsakuwa ko na ƙasa na gundumar, da kuma {{Convert|627.2|km}} na hanyoyin datti masu ciyarwa. Gundumar tana da hanyoyin da ba a shimfida su ba a yankin {{Convert|728.9|km}} waɗanda a lokacin damina ba za a iya amfani da su ba. {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 124">&#x3A;&#x200A;124&#x200A;</span></sup> == Wuraren shakatawa == Wasu sassan wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na tsibirin Rubondo yana cikin gundumar. Wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi tsibirin Rubondo, na yankin Geita, da sauran tsibiran da ke kusa da bakin tekun kudancin tafkin Victoria. Namun daji a tsibiran sune [[Giwa|giwaye]], raƙuman ruwa, chimpanzees, dorinar ruwa, kada, sitatunga, bushbucks, suni, [[Mesa|pythons]], da aladu . Akwai kuma tsuntsayen ruwa da gaggafa na kifi da yawa a wurin shakatawa. {{R|RubondoNP}} {{R|RubondoNP_TANAPA}} == Manazarta == j1wu45awixj4r26azghfmv0p8iddjim 841574 841573 2026-05-28T12:44:21Z Engineer014 44591 841574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gundumar Buchosa''', gunduma ce a Yankin Mwanza a gabar tekun kudancin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Gundumar tana bakin tekun kudu na [[Tafkin Victoria]] a yammacin birnin [[Mwanza]] da kuma arewacin Yankin Geita . Yawancin gundumar manyan tsibirai ne a cikin tafkin. An kafa gundumar a shekarar 2015, Amma tsarin ya fara ne a shekarar 2000. {{R|BuchosaDC_hist}} == Yanayin ƙasa == Gundumar tana kan tsibirai da kuma bakin tekun kudu na Tafkin Victoria. A gabas akwai Gundumar Sengerema wacce ita ma take cikin Yankin Mwanza. A kudu da yamma akwai Gundumar Geita ta Yankin Geita . Daga cikin {{Convert|4480|km2}} yankin gundumar mafi yawa, {{Convert|2945|km2}} , ruwa ne kuma {{Convert|1535|km2}} ne kawai ƙasa ce. {{R|MwanzaRC_invGuide}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">&#x3A;&#x200A;7&#x200A;</span></sup>{{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} === Yanayi === Yanayin gundumar shine savanna na wurare masu zafi tare da rarrabuwar tsarin Aw [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Koppen-Geiger]] . Akwai yanayi biyu na damina, da kuma lokacin rani ɗaya. Babban lokacin damina shine Oktoba zuwa Disamba, kuma lokacin damina na biyu shine Maris da Afrilu. Lokacin damina yana farawa daga ƙarshen Yuni zuwa farkon Satumba. Matsakaicin ruwan sama shine {{Convert|1414|mm|in}} kowace shekara, kuma matsakaicin zafin jiki shine {{Convert|22.3|C|F}} . {{R|Buchosa_climate}} === Yankunan gudanarwa === Gundumar ta ƙunshi sassa biyu, gundumomi 22, ƙauyuka 82, da ƙauyuka 410. {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">&#x3A;&#x200A;7&#x200A;</span></sup>{{R|BuchosaDC_data}}<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Alƙaluma == A shekarar 2016, Hukumar Kididdiga ta Kasa ta Tanzania ta bayar da rahoton cewa akwai mutane 369,201 a gundumar, daga 327.767 a shekarar 2012. Gundumar ta ƙunshi galibin mutanen ƙabilun Zinza, Jita, Kerewe, Kara da Sukuma . Matsakaicin girman gida a cikin mutane 6.9. {{R|2016_census}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 145">&#x3A;&#x200A;145&#x200A;</span></sup>{{R|BuchosaDC_profile}} {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} == Tattalin Arziki == Tattalin arzikin gundumar Buchosa galibi noma ne kuma dabbobi suna riƙe da kashi 80% na tattalin arzikin noma ne. Daga cikin {{Convert|153510|ha}} na filaye a gundumar, {{Convert|132019|ha}}, wanda shine kashi 83%, ana iya noma shi. Daga cikin wannan, {{Convert|62049|ha}}, wanda shine kashi 47% na ƙasar noma, a halin yanzu. Buchosa ita ce mafi girman mai samar da [[masara]] a yankunan, kuma ta biyu mafi girma wajen samar da [[rogo]] . Sauran amfanin gonakin abinci sun haɗa da [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]], kuma ita ce kawai gundumar da ke noman [[shinkafa]] a yankin. Noman da ake samu daga riba sune masara da auduga. {{R|BuchosaDC_profile}} {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">&#x3A;&#x200A;55&#x200A;</span></sup> Gundumar Buchosa tana da babban yanki na [[Gandun Daji|dazuzzukan]] yankin. Gundumar tana da {{Convert|14964|ha}} na yankuna {{Convert|32901|ha}} dazuzzukan halitta, da kuma {{Convert|33000|ha}} na yankuna {{Convert|35634|ha}}gonakin dazuzzuka na . {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 107">&#x3A;&#x200A;107&#x200A;</span></sup> Gundumar ba ta da manyan masana'antu, matsakaici ko ƙarami. Akwai kamun kifi a gundumar da ke da tan 1,280,503 a shekarar 2015. {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 113,119">&#x3A;&#x200A;113,119&#x200A;</span></sup> == Hanyoyi == Gundumar Buchosa ba ta da hanyoyin da aka shimfida. Ga hanyoyin da ba a shimfida ba, gundumar tana da {{Convert|22.3|km}} na hanyoyin tsakuwa na yanki, {{Convert|79.4|km}} na hanyoyin tsakuwa ko na ƙasa na gundumar, da kuma {{Convert|627.2|km}} na hanyoyin datti masu ciyarwa. Gundumar tana da hanyoyin da ba a shimfida su ba a yankin {{Convert|728.9|km}} waɗanda a lokacin damina ba za a iya amfani da su ba. {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 124">&#x3A;&#x200A;124&#x200A;</span></sup> == Wuraren shakatawa == Wasu sassan wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na tsibirin Rubondo yana cikin gundumar. Wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi tsibirin Rubondo, na yankin Geita, da sauran tsibiran da ke kusa da bakin tekun kudancin tafkin Victoria. Namun daji a tsibiran sune [[Giwa|giwaye]], raƙuman ruwa, chimpanzees, dorinar ruwa, kada, sitatunga, bushbucks, suni, [[Mesa|pythons]], da aladu . Akwai kuma tsuntsayen ruwa da gaggafa na kifi da yawa a wurin shakatawa. {{R|RubondoNP}} {{R|RubondoNP_TANAPA}} == Manazarta == 47psknwzhuzuhm44w0k8b26w6gc536s 841644 841574 2026-05-28T13:17:24Z Uncle Bash007 9891 841644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gundumar Buchosa''', gunduma ce a Yankin Mwanza a gabar tekun kudancin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Gundumar tana bakin tekun kudu na [[Tafkin Victoria]] a yammacin birnin [[Mwanza]] da kuma arewacin Yankin Geita . Yawancin gundumar manyan tsibirai ne a cikin tafkin. An kafa gundumar a shekarar 2015, Amma tsarin ya fara ne a shekarar 2000. {{r|BuchosaDC_hist}} == Yanayin ƙasa == Gundumar tana kan tsibirai da kuma bakin tekun kudu na Tafkin Victoria. A gabas akwai Gundumar Sengerema wacce ita ma take cikin Yankin Mwanza. A kudu da yamma akwai Gundumar Geita ta Yankin Geita . Daga cikin {{Convert|4480|km2}} yankin gundumar mafi yawa, {{Convert|2945|km2}} , ruwa ne kuma {{Convert|1535|km2}} ne kawai ƙasa ce. {{R|MwanzaRC_invGuide}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">&#x3A;&#x200A;7&#x200A;</span></sup>{{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} === Yanayi === Yanayin gundumar shine savanna na wurare masu zafi tare da rarrabuwar tsarin Aw [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Koppen-Geiger]] . Akwai yanayi biyu na damina, da kuma lokacin rani ɗaya. Babban lokacin damina shine Oktoba zuwa Disamba, kuma lokacin damina na biyu shine Maris da Afrilu. Lokacin damina yana farawa daga ƙarshen Yuni zuwa farkon Satumba. Matsakaicin ruwan sama shine {{Convert|1414|mm|in}} kowace shekara, kuma matsakaicin zafin jiki shine {{Convert|22.3|C|F}} . {{R|Buchosa_climate}} === Yankunan gudanarwa === Gundumar ta ƙunshi sassa biyu, gundumomi 22, ƙauyuka 82, da ƙauyuka 410. {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">&#x3A;&#x200A;7&#x200A;</span></sup>{{R|BuchosaDC_data}}<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Alƙaluma == A shekarar 2016, Hukumar Kididdiga ta Kasa ta Tanzania ta bayar da rahoton cewa akwai mutane 369,201 a gundumar, daga 327.767 a shekarar 2012. Gundumar ta ƙunshi galibin mutanen ƙabilun Zinza, Jita, Kerewe, Kara da Sukuma . Matsakaicin girman gida a cikin mutane 6.9. {{R|2016_census}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 145">&#x3A;&#x200A;145&#x200A;</span></sup>{{R|BuchosaDC_profile}} {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} == Tattalin Arziki == Tattalin arzikin gundumar Buchosa galibi noma ne kuma dabbobi suna riƙe da kashi 80% na tattalin arzikin noma ne. Daga cikin {{Convert|153510|ha}} na filaye a gundumar, {{Convert|132019|ha}}, wanda shine kashi 83%, ana iya noma shi. Daga cikin wannan, {{Convert|62049|ha}}, wanda shine kashi 47% na ƙasar noma, a halin yanzu. Buchosa ita ce mafi girman mai samar da [[masara]] a yankunan, kuma ta biyu mafi girma wajen samar da [[rogo]] . Sauran amfanin gonakin abinci sun haɗa da [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]], kuma ita ce kawai gundumar da ke noman [[shinkafa]] a yankin. Noman da ake samu daga riba sune masara da auduga. {{R|BuchosaDC_profile}} {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">&#x3A;&#x200A;55&#x200A;</span></sup> Gundumar Buchosa tana da babban yanki na [[Gandun Daji|dazuzzukan]] yankin. Gundumar tana da {{Convert|14964|ha}} na yankuna {{Convert|32901|ha}} dazuzzukan halitta, da kuma {{Convert|33000|ha}} na yankuna {{Convert|35634|ha}}gonakin dazuzzuka na . {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 107">&#x3A;&#x200A;107&#x200A;</span></sup> Gundumar ba ta da manyan masana'antu, matsakaici ko ƙarami. Akwai kamun kifi a gundumar da ke da tan 1,280,503 a shekarar 2015. {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 113,119">&#x3A;&#x200A;113,119&#x200A;</span></sup> == Hanyoyi == Gundumar Buchosa ba ta da hanyoyin da aka shimfida. Ga hanyoyin da ba a shimfida ba, gundumar tana da {{Convert|22.3|km}} na hanyoyin tsakuwa na yanki, {{Convert|79.4|km}} na hanyoyin tsakuwa ko na ƙasa na gundumar, da kuma {{Convert|627.2|km}} na hanyoyin datti masu ciyarwa. Gundumar tana da hanyoyin da ba a shimfida su ba a yankin {{Convert|728.9|km}} waɗanda a lokacin damina ba za a iya amfani da su ba. {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 124">&#x3A;&#x200A;124&#x200A;</span></sup> == Wuraren shakatawa == Wasu sassan wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na tsibirin Rubondo yana cikin gundumar. Wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi tsibirin Rubondo, na yankin Geita, da sauran tsibiran da ke kusa da bakin tekun kudancin tafkin Victoria. Namun daji a tsibiran sune [[Giwa|giwaye]], raƙuman ruwa, chimpanzees, dorinar ruwa, kada, sitatunga, bushbucks, suni, [[Mesa|pythons]], da aladu . Akwai kuma tsuntsayen ruwa da gaggafa na kifi da yawa a wurin shakatawa. {{R|RubondoNP}} {{R|RubondoNP_TANAPA}} == Manazarta == nhn5qsxuu8rj5ud4yz9vir9dvj1qg57 841645 841644 2026-05-28T13:19:07Z Uncle Bash007 9891 841645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gundumar Buchosa''', gunduma ce a Yankin Mwanza a gabar tekun kudancin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Gundumar tana bakin tekun kudu na [[Tafkin Victoria]] a yammacin birnin [[Mwanza]] da kuma arewacin Yankin Geita . Yawancin gundumar manyan tsibirai ne a cikin tafkin. An kafa gundumar a shekarar 2015, Amma tsarin ya fara ne a shekarar 2000.<ref>"Historia". ''buchosadc.go.tz'' (in English and Swahili). Buchosa: Buchosa District. Archivedfrom the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Gundumar tana kan tsibirai da kuma bakin tekun kudu na Tafkin Victoria. A gabas akwai Gundumar Sengerema wacce ita ma take cikin Yankin Mwanza. A kudu da yamma akwai Gundumar Geita ta Yankin Geita . Daga cikin {{Convert|4480|km2}} yankin gundumar mafi yawa, {{Convert|2945|km2}} , ruwa ne kuma {{Convert|1535|km2}} ne kawai ƙasa ce. {{R|MwanzaRC_invGuide}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">&#x3A;&#x200A;7&#x200A;</span></sup>{{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} === Yanayi === Yanayin gundumar shine savanna na wurare masu zafi tare da rarrabuwar tsarin Aw [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Koppen-Geiger]] . Akwai yanayi biyu na damina, da kuma lokacin rani ɗaya. Babban lokacin damina shine Oktoba zuwa Disamba, kuma lokacin damina na biyu shine Maris da Afrilu. Lokacin damina yana farawa daga ƙarshen Yuni zuwa farkon Satumba. Matsakaicin ruwan sama shine {{Convert|1414|mm|in}} kowace shekara, kuma matsakaicin zafin jiki shine {{Convert|22.3|C|F}} . {{R|Buchosa_climate}} === Yankunan gudanarwa === Gundumar ta ƙunshi sassa biyu, gundumomi 22, ƙauyuka 82, da ƙauyuka 410. {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">&#x3A;&#x200A;7&#x200A;</span></sup>{{R|BuchosaDC_data}}<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Alƙaluma == A shekarar 2016, Hukumar Kididdiga ta Kasa ta Tanzania ta bayar da rahoton cewa akwai mutane 369,201 a gundumar, daga 327.767 a shekarar 2012. Gundumar ta ƙunshi galibin mutanen ƙabilun Zinza, Jita, Kerewe, Kara da Sukuma . Matsakaicin girman gida a cikin mutane 6.9. {{R|2016_census}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 145">&#x3A;&#x200A;145&#x200A;</span></sup>{{R|BuchosaDC_profile}} {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} == Tattalin Arziki == Tattalin arzikin gundumar Buchosa galibi noma ne kuma dabbobi suna riƙe da kashi 80% na tattalin arzikin noma ne. Daga cikin {{Convert|153510|ha}} na filaye a gundumar, {{Convert|132019|ha}}, wanda shine kashi 83%, ana iya noma shi. Daga cikin wannan, {{Convert|62049|ha}}, wanda shine kashi 47% na ƙasar noma, a halin yanzu. Buchosa ita ce mafi girman mai samar da [[masara]] a yankunan, kuma ta biyu mafi girma wajen samar da [[rogo]] . Sauran amfanin gonakin abinci sun haɗa da [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]], kuma ita ce kawai gundumar da ke noman [[shinkafa]] a yankin. Noman da ake samu daga riba sune masara da auduga. {{R|BuchosaDC_profile}} {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">&#x3A;&#x200A;55&#x200A;</span></sup> Gundumar Buchosa tana da babban yanki na [[Gandun Daji|dazuzzukan]] yankin. Gundumar tana da {{Convert|14964|ha}} na yankuna {{Convert|32901|ha}} dazuzzukan halitta, da kuma {{Convert|33000|ha}} na yankuna {{Convert|35634|ha}}gonakin dazuzzuka na . {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 107">&#x3A;&#x200A;107&#x200A;</span></sup> Gundumar ba ta da manyan masana'antu, matsakaici ko ƙarami. Akwai kamun kifi a gundumar da ke da tan 1,280,503 a shekarar 2015. {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 113,119">&#x3A;&#x200A;113,119&#x200A;</span></sup> == Hanyoyi == Gundumar Buchosa ba ta da hanyoyin da aka shimfida. Ga hanyoyin da ba a shimfida ba, gundumar tana da {{Convert|22.3|km}} na hanyoyin tsakuwa na yanki, {{Convert|79.4|km}} na hanyoyin tsakuwa ko na ƙasa na gundumar, da kuma {{Convert|627.2|km}} na hanyoyin datti masu ciyarwa. Gundumar tana da hanyoyin da ba a shimfida su ba a yankin {{Convert|728.9|km}} waɗanda a lokacin damina ba za a iya amfani da su ba. {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 124">&#x3A;&#x200A;124&#x200A;</span></sup> == Wuraren shakatawa == Wasu sassan wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na tsibirin Rubondo yana cikin gundumar. Wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi tsibirin Rubondo, na yankin Geita, da sauran tsibiran da ke kusa da bakin tekun kudancin tafkin Victoria. Namun daji a tsibiran sune [[Giwa|giwaye]], raƙuman ruwa, chimpanzees, dorinar ruwa, kada, sitatunga, bushbucks, suni, [[Mesa|pythons]], da aladu . Akwai kuma tsuntsayen ruwa da gaggafa na kifi da yawa a wurin shakatawa. {{R|RubondoNP}} {{R|RubondoNP_TANAPA}} == Manazarta == o551c3hwecl5trctomj39wjnbxvg8o8 841646 841645 2026-05-28T13:20:16Z Uncle Bash007 9891 841646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gundumar Buchosa''', gunduma ce a Yankin Mwanza a gabar tekun kudancin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Gundumar tana bakin tekun kudu na [[Tafkin Victoria]] a yammacin birnin [[Mwanza]] da kuma arewacin Yankin Geita . Yawancin gundumar manyan tsibirai ne a cikin tafkin. An kafa gundumar a shekarar 2015, Amma tsarin ya fara ne a shekarar 2000.<ref>"Historia". ''buchosadc.go.tz'' (in English and Swahili). Buchosa: Buchosa District. Archivedfrom the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Gundumar tana kan tsibirai da kuma bakin tekun kudu na Tafkin Victoria. A gabas akwai Gundumar Sengerema wacce ita ma take cikin Yankin Mwanza. A kudu da yamma akwai Gundumar Geita ta Yankin Geita . Daga cikin {{Convert|4480|km2}} yankin gundumar mafi yawa, {{Convert|2945|km2}} , ruwa ne kuma {{Convert|1535|km2}} ne kawai ƙasa ce.<ref>"Mwanza Region Investment Guide" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.</ref> <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">&#x3A;&#x200A;7&#x200A;</span></sup>{{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} === Yanayi === Yanayin gundumar shine savanna na wurare masu zafi tare da rarrabuwar tsarin Aw [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Koppen-Geiger]] . Akwai yanayi biyu na damina, da kuma lokacin rani ɗaya. Babban lokacin damina shine Oktoba zuwa Disamba, kuma lokacin damina na biyu shine Maris da Afrilu. Lokacin damina yana farawa daga ƙarshen Yuni zuwa farkon Satumba. Matsakaicin ruwan sama shine {{Convert|1414|mm|in}} kowace shekara, kuma matsakaicin zafin jiki shine {{Convert|22.3|C|F}} . {{R|Buchosa_climate}} === Yankunan gudanarwa === Gundumar ta ƙunshi sassa biyu, gundumomi 22, ƙauyuka 82, da ƙauyuka 410. {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">&#x3A;&#x200A;7&#x200A;</span></sup>{{R|BuchosaDC_data}}<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Alƙaluma == A shekarar 2016, Hukumar Kididdiga ta Kasa ta Tanzania ta bayar da rahoton cewa akwai mutane 369,201 a gundumar, daga 327.767 a shekarar 2012. Gundumar ta ƙunshi galibin mutanen ƙabilun Zinza, Jita, Kerewe, Kara da Sukuma . Matsakaicin girman gida a cikin mutane 6.9. {{R|2016_census}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 145">&#x3A;&#x200A;145&#x200A;</span></sup>{{R|BuchosaDC_profile}} {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} == Tattalin Arziki == Tattalin arzikin gundumar Buchosa galibi noma ne kuma dabbobi suna riƙe da kashi 80% na tattalin arzikin noma ne. Daga cikin {{Convert|153510|ha}} na filaye a gundumar, {{Convert|132019|ha}}, wanda shine kashi 83%, ana iya noma shi. Daga cikin wannan, {{Convert|62049|ha}}, wanda shine kashi 47% na ƙasar noma, a halin yanzu. Buchosa ita ce mafi girman mai samar da [[masara]] a yankunan, kuma ta biyu mafi girma wajen samar da [[rogo]] . Sauran amfanin gonakin abinci sun haɗa da [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]], kuma ita ce kawai gundumar da ke noman [[shinkafa]] a yankin. Noman da ake samu daga riba sune masara da auduga. {{R|BuchosaDC_profile}} {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">&#x3A;&#x200A;55&#x200A;</span></sup> Gundumar Buchosa tana da babban yanki na [[Gandun Daji|dazuzzukan]] yankin. Gundumar tana da {{Convert|14964|ha}} na yankuna {{Convert|32901|ha}} dazuzzukan halitta, da kuma {{Convert|33000|ha}} na yankuna {{Convert|35634|ha}}gonakin dazuzzuka na . {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 107">&#x3A;&#x200A;107&#x200A;</span></sup> Gundumar ba ta da manyan masana'antu, matsakaici ko ƙarami. Akwai kamun kifi a gundumar da ke da tan 1,280,503 a shekarar 2015. {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 113,119">&#x3A;&#x200A;113,119&#x200A;</span></sup> == Hanyoyi == Gundumar Buchosa ba ta da hanyoyin da aka shimfida. Ga hanyoyin da ba a shimfida ba, gundumar tana da {{Convert|22.3|km}} na hanyoyin tsakuwa na yanki, {{Convert|79.4|km}} na hanyoyin tsakuwa ko na ƙasa na gundumar, da kuma {{Convert|627.2|km}} na hanyoyin datti masu ciyarwa. Gundumar tana da hanyoyin da ba a shimfida su ba a yankin {{Convert|728.9|km}} waɗanda a lokacin damina ba za a iya amfani da su ba. {{R|MwanzaRC_scoEco}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 124">&#x3A;&#x200A;124&#x200A;</span></sup> == Wuraren shakatawa == Wasu sassan wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na tsibirin Rubondo yana cikin gundumar. Wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi tsibirin Rubondo, na yankin Geita, da sauran tsibiran da ke kusa da bakin tekun kudancin tafkin Victoria. Namun daji a tsibiran sune [[Giwa|giwaye]], raƙuman ruwa, chimpanzees, dorinar ruwa, kada, sitatunga, bushbucks, suni, [[Mesa|pythons]], da aladu . Akwai kuma tsuntsayen ruwa da gaggafa na kifi da yawa a wurin shakatawa. {{R|RubondoNP}} {{R|RubondoNP_TANAPA}} == Manazarta == e19k9vtyg0tulyqk2b8dw9cfni1olc9 0 152778 841575 2026-05-28T12:44:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290748508|Sebkha Sidi El Hani]]" 841575 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sebkha Sidi El Hani''' ({{Lang|tg-Arab|سبخة سيدي الهاني}}) tafkin gishiri ne a cikin Gwamnatin Sousse ta [[Tunisiya]], kilomita 25 (16 kudu maso yamma birnin Sousse da kilomita 25 (16 kudu maso gabashin birnin Kairouan . Ya mamaye yanki na hekta 36,000 kuma ya ƙunshi ɓarkewa uku: Sidi El Hani sebkha stricto sensu, Sebkha Souassi da Sekha Dkhila . An ba da wadis da yawa, kamar Wadi Chrita, Wadi Mansoura da Wadi Oum El Mellah, yana riƙe da ruwa duk shekara kawai a wasu lokuta. Yankin yana da kilomita 360 (140 sq mi) kuma tsarin ya shiga cikin Bahar Rum.<ref>Sebkhet Sidi Elhani". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.</ref> [[Fayil:Oued_Zeroud_Merguellil_Nebhana_drainage_basin-fr.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar Sebkhet daga Sidi El Hani]] <gallery> Fayil:Sebkhet_Sidi_Alhani_Salt.jpg|Sebkhet Sidi Alhani Salt pan Fayil:Sebkhet_Sidi_Alhani_Structure.jpg|Sebkhet Sidi Alhani Structure </gallery> == Manazarta == nzkyqa5s66jkgh0q4u8elgzenhzekb6 841576 841575 2026-05-28T12:45:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 841576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sebkha Sidi El Hani''' ({{Lang|tg-Arab|سبخة سيدي الهاني}}) tafkin gishiri ne a cikin Gwamnatin Sousse ta [[Tunisiya]], kilomita 25 (16 kudu maso yamma birnin Sousse da kilomita 25 (16 kudu maso gabashin birnin Kairouan . Ya mamaye yanki na hekta 36,000 kuma ya ƙunshi ɓarkewa uku: Sidi El Hani sebkha stricto sensu, Sebkha Souassi da Sekha Dkhila . An ba da wadis da yawa, kamar Wadi Chrita, Wadi Mansoura da Wadi Oum El Mellah, yana riƙe da ruwa duk shekara kawai a wasu lokuta. Yankin yana da kilomita 360 (140 sq mi) kuma tsarin ya shiga cikin Bahar Rum.<ref>Sebkhet Sidi Elhani". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.</ref> [[Fayil:Oued_Zeroud_Merguellil_Nebhana_drainage_basin-fr.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar Sebkhet daga Sidi El Hani]] <gallery> Fayil:Sebkhet_Sidi_Alhani_Salt.jpg|Sebkhet Sidi Alhani Salt pan Fayil:Sebkhet_Sidi_Alhani_Structure.jpg|Sebkhet Sidi Alhani Structure </gallery> == Manazarta == si8y040j3qrh4xkdzaz9xnj5s7pd8nx 0 152779 841578 2026-05-28T12:45:35Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311259455|Sebkhet Cherita]]" 841578 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Oued_Zeroud_Merguellil_Nebhana_drainage_basin-fr.svg|right|thumb|taswirar Sebkhet Cherita.]] '''Sebkhet Cherita''' wani yanki ne mai dausayi a tafkin gishiri a cikin Gundumar Sousse ta [[Tunisiya]], kilomita 25 kudu maso yammacin birnin Sousse da kilomita 25 kudu maso gabashin birnin Kairouan. Ya mamaye yanki mai fadin hekta 11600 kuma faɗinsa kilomita 17 da 9. Ana samar da mai da rafuka da dama, kamar Oued Merguellil, Oued Nebhana da Oued Zeroud. Duk da cewa tafkin yana cikin yankin [[Sahel]], yana tallafawa yanayin halittu daban-daban na flora da nau'ikan tsuntsayen ruwa daban-daban. Yankin tsarin kama ruwa shine 360&nbsp;km ² kuma tsarin ya kwarara zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] . == Manazarta == 9x6ke17b8kv4qobuh55bpfxcyv6lhdb 841579 841578 2026-05-28T12:46:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311259455|Sebkhet Cherita]]" 841579 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Oued_Zeroud_Merguellil_Nebhana_drainage_basin-fr.svg|right|thumb|taswirar Sebkhet Cherita.]] '''Sebkhet Cherita''' wani yanki ne mai dausayi a tafkin gishiri a cikin Gundumar Sousse ta [[Tunisiya]], kilomita 25 kudu maso yammacin birnin Sousse da kilomita 25 kudu maso gabashin birnin Kairouan. Ya mamaye yanki mai fadin hekta 11600 kuma faɗinsa kilomita 17 da 9. Ana samar da mai da rafuka da dama, kamar Oued Merguellil, Oued Nebhana da Oued Zeroud.<ref>Sylvie Franquet , Tunisia (Mair Dumont Spirallo, 2009 ) p181.</ref> Duk da cewa tafkin yana cikin yankin [[Sahel]], yana tallafawa yanayin halittu daban-daban na flora da nau'ikan tsuntsayen ruwa daban-daban. Yankin tsarin kama ruwa shine 360&nbsp;km ² kuma tsarin ya kwarara zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] . == Manazarta == dfugvpeef3irnd40a0pa294q9ncm0sc 841580 841579 2026-05-28T12:46:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 841580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Oued_Zeroud_Merguellil_Nebhana_drainage_basin-fr.svg|right|thumb|taswirar Sebkhet Cherita.]] '''Sebkhet Cherita''' wani yanki ne mai dausayi a tafkin gishiri a cikin Gundumar Sousse ta [[Tunisiya]], kilomita 25 kudu maso yammacin birnin Sousse da kilomita 25 kudu maso gabashin birnin Kairouan. Ya mamaye yanki mai fadin hekta 11600 kuma faɗinsa kilomita 17 da 9. Ana samar da mai da rafuka da dama, kamar Oued Merguellil, Oued Nebhana da Oued Zeroud.<ref>Sylvie Franquet , Tunisia (Mair Dumont Spirallo, 2009 ) p181.</ref> Duk da cewa tafkin yana cikin yankin [[Sahel]], yana tallafawa yanayin halittu daban-daban na flora da nau'ikan tsuntsayen ruwa daban-daban. Yankin tsarin kama ruwa shine 360&nbsp;km ² kuma tsarin ya kwarara zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] . == Manazarta == 0uqvp67jwm95u42jclodsgpm8wx89e7 0 152780 841581 2026-05-28T12:47:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331201341|Shatt al Gharsah]]" 841581 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shatt al Gharsah''', '''Chott el Gharsa''' ( Arabic ) wani kwarin ruwa ne mai laushi da kuma tafkin gishiri mai ɗan lokaci ( chott ) a [[Tunisiya]], kusa da kan iyaka da [[Aljeriya]] . Tana da faɗin {{Convert|20|km}} da tsawon {{Convert|50|km}} . A tsayin {{Convert|17|m}} ƙasa da matakin teku, yana a mafi ƙasƙanci a ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chott El-Jarid lake, Tunisia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chott-El-Jarid |access-date=20 February 2018 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6ujx3ov8uuiwbthrnphjeuid2vq1cjb 841582 841581 2026-05-28T12:47:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 841582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shatt al Gharsah''', '''Chott el Gharsa''' ( Arabic ) wani kwarin ruwa ne mai laushi da kuma tafkin gishiri mai ɗan lokaci ( chott ) a [[Tunisiya]], kusa da kan iyaka da [[Aljeriya]] . Tana da faɗin {{Convert|20|km}} da tsawon {{Convert|50|km}} . A tsayin {{Convert|17|m}} ƙasa da matakin teku, yana a mafi ƙasƙanci a ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chott El-Jarid lake, Tunisia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chott-El-Jarid |access-date=20 February 2018 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == e84o8r481rajxrgjwn7055akw510pms 0 152781 841583 2026-05-28T12:47:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322599951|Sebkhet el Kourzia]]" 841583 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sebkhet el Kourzia''' tafki ne mai saurin wucewa a [[Tunisiya]] kusa da Jebel Zebes da [[Koudiat er Roha|Koudiat da Roha]] . Tana a 36°25′57′′N 9°46′14′′E / 36.43250°N 9.77056°E / 36.33250; 9.77056.<ref>Sebkhet el Kourzia, Tunisia - Geographical Names, map, geographic </ref> == Manazarta == ed5ik4m94m4r30fb6ep8he98ea7joje 841584 841583 2026-05-28T12:48:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 841584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sebkhet el Kourzia''' tafki ne mai saurin wucewa a [[Tunisiya]] kusa da Jebel Zebes da [[Koudiat er Roha|Koudiat da Roha]] . Tana a 36°25′57′′N 9°46′14′′E / 36.43250°N 9.77056°E / 36.33250; 9.77056.<ref>Sebkhet el Kourzia, Tunisia - Geographical Names, map, geographic </ref> == Manazarta == d55zxsgedzapjvsohndyzt41rc42p0w 0 152782 841585 2026-05-28T12:49:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355301853|Lake Tritonis]]" 841585 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Triton''' (Girkanci) babban ruwa ne mai laushi a [[Arewacin Afirka]] wanda aka bayyana a cikin matani da yawa na dā. Marubutan Girka na zamanin d ̄ a sun sanya tafkin a Tsohon Libya. A cikin cikakkun bayanai game da tatsuniyoyin marigayi da abubuwan lura da kansu da waɗannan masana tarihi suka danganta, an ce an sanya sunan tafkin ne bayan Triton. A cewar Herodotus ya ƙunshi tsibirai biyu, [[Phla (island)|Phla]], wanda Lacedaemonians suka mallaki, a cewar wani annabi, da [[Mene (island)|Mene]].<ref>Herodotus, iv. 179; "he supposed it to be a lake like any other, and that a lake of such extent should have a large river as its feeder was but a natural assumption" remarked Edward Herbert Bunbury, A History of Ancient Geography among the Greeks and Romans vol. I (1883) note S, p. 315</ref> == Wurin da yake == Ba a san wurin ba. An ambaci tafkin a matsayin wanda ke cikin Libya, ƙasar da Helenawa na dā suka yi imanin cewa ta kewaye duniyarsu, "an wanke ta a kowane bangare da teku", in ji Herodotus, "sai dai inda aka haɗa shi da Asiya". "A cikin iliminsu, Libya ta kai daga Tsohon Misira, [[Nil|Kwarin Nilu]] da kwarinsa, Aljeriya da kudancin Tsohon Misir. " Herodotus a ƙarni na biyar kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa da Diodorus a ƙarni na farko bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa sun bayyana tafkin. A cikin ''Periplus na Pseudo-Scylax'', wanda ake tsammanin ya samo asali ne daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an ce yana da kewaye na stades 1000, wanda ya ba shi faɗin kusan 2,300.&nbsp;km ² (900)&nbsp;mi ² ), ko kuma, rabin girman jihar Rhode Island ta Amurka ta yanzu. Herodotus ya ɗauka cewa dole ne a sami babban kogi da ke gudana a cikinsa, wanda ya kira Triton. == Tarihi == Sunan tafkin ya bayyana a tattaunawar yanayin da ke cikin tatsuniyoyin Girka. Lokacin da aka kira Athena a matsayin ''Athene Tritogeneia'' ("an haife shi daga Trito"), an bayyana kalmar archaic ta hanyar labarin inda, bayan da ya fito cikakke daga kai - ko cinya - na Zeus - wanda ya haɗiye mahaifiyarta mai ciki don hana kansa faduwa daga mulkin da ke kan pantheon na Girka na yanzu, kamar yadda zuriyarta ta yi hasashen - allahiya ta kai ta Lake Trito kuma ta halarta. Wani fassarar daban, yana la'akari da tatsuniyoyin Girkanci da Minoan da suka gabata, ya jagoranci mai fassara Robert Graves don ba da shawarar cewa juyawa na tasirin addini ya faru, tare da Neith kasancewa allahn da ya rinjayi ci gaban ra'ayin Girkanci ga allahiya Athene. Neith tsohuwar allah ce lokacin da ta fara bayyana a cikin farkon masallacin Masar, kuma ana zargin ta samo asali ne daga cikin Berbers. Labarin Argonauts ya sanya gidan Triton a bakin tekun Bahar Rum na Libya. Kafin tarihin ''Argonautika'' na Apollonius, Herodotus ya san wannan al'adar Jason, inda iskõki<blockquote>"ya dauke shi daga hanyarsa zuwa gabar tekun Libya; inda, kafin ya gano ƙasar, ya shiga cikin zurfin Tafkin Tritonis. Yayin da yake juyawa a cikin tunaninsa yadda ya kamata ya sami hanyar fita, Triton (sun ce) ya bayyana a gare shi, kuma ya ba shi damar komawa lafiya, idan ya ba shi furod. Jason ya bi shi, wanda ya nuna shi a kusa da tafkin ya ɓoye, bayan haka allahn ya yi amfani da shi, kuma, ya cika shi da shi da kansa, ya zama saninsa.</blockquote>Kamar yadda Apollonius na Rhodes ya ba da labarin, lokacin da guguwa mai tsanani ta kori Argo zuwa bakin teku a kan Lesser Syrtes yayin da suke dawowa daga Colchis, Argonauts sun sami kansu a cikin "yanki da yashi ke kewaye da su". Sun yi tafiyar da jirginsu na kwanaki goma sha biyu zuwa Tafkin Tritonis, amma ruwan tafkin yana da gishiri kuma ba za a iya sha ba. Tun da ba su iya samun hanyar fita daga Tafkin Tritonis zuwa teku ba, ba za su iya yin komai ba. Sa'an nan kuma suka yi wa alloli kwantar da hankali tare da tripod na zinariya a bakin teku kuma Triton, allahn yankin, ya bayyana a gare su a matsayin matashi, don nuna musu hanyar da aka ɓoye zuwa teku. Wannan labari na baya-bayan nan ya ba da labarin cewa wata yarinya mai suna Tritonis ta sanya tafkin gidanta kuma, bisa ga tsohuwar al'ada, ita ce mahaifiyar Athena ta Poseidon. (Herodotus, iv. 180; Pindar. Pytli. iv. 20.) Ta hanyar Amphithemis, ta zama mahaifiyar Nasamon da Caphaurus. == Manazarta == 50aebm8v2m37tl46ycjxwyg25167zdn 841586 841585 2026-05-28T12:49:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 841586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Triton''' (Girkanci) babban ruwa ne mai laushi a [[Arewacin Afirka]] wanda aka bayyana a cikin matani da yawa na dā. Marubutan Girka na zamanin d ̄ a sun sanya tafkin a Tsohon Libya. A cikin cikakkun bayanai game da tatsuniyoyin marigayi da abubuwan lura da kansu da waɗannan masana tarihi suka danganta, an ce an sanya sunan tafkin ne bayan Triton. A cewar Herodotus ya ƙunshi tsibirai biyu, [[Phla (island)|Phla]], wanda Lacedaemonians suka mallaki, a cewar wani annabi, da [[Mene (island)|Mene]].<ref>Herodotus, iv. 179; "he supposed it to be a lake like any other, and that a lake of such extent should have a large river as its feeder was but a natural assumption" remarked Edward Herbert Bunbury, A History of Ancient Geography among the Greeks and Romans vol. I (1883) note S, p. 315</ref> == Wurin da yake == Ba a san wurin ba. An ambaci tafkin a matsayin wanda ke cikin Libya, ƙasar da Helenawa na dā suka yi imanin cewa ta kewaye duniyarsu, "an wanke ta a kowane bangare da teku", in ji Herodotus, "sai dai inda aka haɗa shi da Asiya". "A cikin iliminsu, Libya ta kai daga Tsohon Misira, [[Nil|Kwarin Nilu]] da kwarinsa, Aljeriya da kudancin Tsohon Misir. " Herodotus a ƙarni na biyar kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa da Diodorus a ƙarni na farko bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa sun bayyana tafkin. A cikin ''Periplus na Pseudo-Scylax'', wanda ake tsammanin ya samo asali ne daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an ce yana da kewaye na stades 1000, wanda ya ba shi faɗin kusan 2,300.&nbsp;km ² (900)&nbsp;mi ² ), ko kuma, rabin girman jihar Rhode Island ta Amurka ta yanzu. Herodotus ya ɗauka cewa dole ne a sami babban kogi da ke gudana a cikinsa, wanda ya kira Triton. == Tarihi == Sunan tafkin ya bayyana a tattaunawar yanayin da ke cikin tatsuniyoyin Girka. Lokacin da aka kira Athena a matsayin ''Athene Tritogeneia'' ("an haife shi daga Trito"), an bayyana kalmar archaic ta hanyar labarin inda, bayan da ya fito cikakke daga kai - ko cinya - na Zeus - wanda ya haɗiye mahaifiyarta mai ciki don hana kansa faduwa daga mulkin da ke kan pantheon na Girka na yanzu, kamar yadda zuriyarta ta yi hasashen - allahiya ta kai ta Lake Trito kuma ta halarta. Wani fassarar daban, yana la'akari da tatsuniyoyin Girkanci da Minoan da suka gabata, ya jagoranci mai fassara Robert Graves don ba da shawarar cewa juyawa na tasirin addini ya faru, tare da Neith kasancewa allahn da ya rinjayi ci gaban ra'ayin Girkanci ga allahiya Athene. Neith tsohuwar allah ce lokacin da ta fara bayyana a cikin farkon masallacin Masar, kuma ana zargin ta samo asali ne daga cikin Berbers. Labarin Argonauts ya sanya gidan Triton a bakin tekun Bahar Rum na Libya. Kafin tarihin ''Argonautika'' na Apollonius, Herodotus ya san wannan al'adar Jason, inda iskõki<blockquote>"ya dauke shi daga hanyarsa zuwa gabar tekun Libya; inda, kafin ya gano ƙasar, ya shiga cikin zurfin Tafkin Tritonis. Yayin da yake juyawa a cikin tunaninsa yadda ya kamata ya sami hanyar fita, Triton (sun ce) ya bayyana a gare shi, kuma ya ba shi damar komawa lafiya, idan ya ba shi furod. Jason ya bi shi, wanda ya nuna shi a kusa da tafkin ya ɓoye, bayan haka allahn ya yi amfani da shi, kuma, ya cika shi da shi da kansa, ya zama saninsa.</blockquote>Kamar yadda Apollonius na Rhodes ya ba da labarin, lokacin da guguwa mai tsanani ta kori Argo zuwa bakin teku a kan Lesser Syrtes yayin da suke dawowa daga Colchis, Argonauts sun sami kansu a cikin "yanki da yashi ke kewaye da su". Sun yi tafiyar da jirginsu na kwanaki goma sha biyu zuwa Tafkin Tritonis, amma ruwan tafkin yana da gishiri kuma ba za a iya sha ba. Tun da ba su iya samun hanyar fita daga Tafkin Tritonis zuwa teku ba, ba za su iya yin komai ba. Sa'an nan kuma suka yi wa alloli kwantar da hankali tare da tripod na zinariya a bakin teku kuma Triton, allahn yankin, ya bayyana a gare su a matsayin matashi, don nuna musu hanyar da aka ɓoye zuwa teku. Wannan labari na baya-bayan nan ya ba da labarin cewa wata yarinya mai suna Tritonis ta sanya tafkin gidanta kuma, bisa ga tsohuwar al'ada, ita ce mahaifiyar Athena ta Poseidon. (Herodotus, iv. 180; Pindar. Pytli. iv. 20.) Ta hanyar Amphithemis, ta zama mahaifiyar Nasamon da Caphaurus. == Manazarta == m841992ubhtypo96hpyzcn7tfbvcuu9 0 152783 841587 2026-05-28T12:50:51Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310283344|Lake of Tunis]]" 841587 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Lac_de_Tunis_1.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Tafkin Tunis]] '''Tafkin Tunis''' ( Arabic ''Buhayra Tunis'' ; French ) wani tafkin ruwa ne na halitta wanda ke tsakanin babban birnin [[Tunisiya|Tunis]] na [[Tunis]] da Tekun Tunis ( [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] ). Tafkin ya mamaye jimillar murabba'in kilomita 37, sabanin girmansa, zurfinsa bai kai zurfin da ake buƙata ba. A da can tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta Tunis.<ref>Complexe Lac de Tunis". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:La_Vera_descrittione_del_sito_della_citta_di_Tunisi_et_della_Goleta_sua_fortezza,_con_il_novo_forte_fatto_dalli_Turchi_nell'assedio_di_essa_nel_mese_d'Agosto_1574.jpg|left|thumb|Tunis a cikin 1574, tare da tafkin, tashar da La Goulette .]] Haɗin Tunis-Carthage yana da mahimmanci ga Romawa, saboda yana nufin iko a kan yankin da ke da kyau. Tafkin arewa ya haɗa da tsibirin Chikly, wanda ya taɓa zama gida ga sansanin Romawa da [[Ispaniya|Mutanen Espanya]], kuma yanzu (tun daga 1993) ajiyar yanayi. Tafkin yana da alaƙa da teku ta hanyar tashar La Goulette . A cewar marubucin tarihin Prudencio de Sandoval, tafkin ya kama sharar Tunis kuma bai isa ba don mutum mai tsayi zai iya tafiya. Ƙananan jiragen ruwa ne kawai za su iya shiga, suna amfani da zurfin tashar da aka tono daga La Goulette zuwa wancan gefen kuma suna da alamomi da sanduna na katako. Galleys na iya shiga tafkin, amma maza ne kawai ke jan su. A lokacin da aka ci Tunis, Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa ya sanya mafi yawan rundunoninsa a cikin tafkin, yana taimakawa sansanin Goulette tare da bindigogin su, kodayake an kama su duka. Tafkin ya ci gaba da raguwa (ƙaruwa a tsawo na ƙasa, a wannan yanayin na tafkin, saboda zubar da turɓaya) a cikin karni na 19. Sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun ratsa tafkin tare da tsawon kilomita 10, faɗin mita 450, da zurfin mita 6. Ana amfani da madatsar ruwan a yau a matsayin babbar hanyar mota da hanyar jirgin kasa da ke haɗa Tunis zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa, La Goulette, da biranen bakin teku na Carthage, Sidi Bou Said, da La Marsa. == Manazarta == ip5uxxqsjcvsilkj9m4zxhz1gzmjld1 841588 841587 2026-05-28T12:51:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 841588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Lac_de_Tunis_1.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Tafkin Tunis]] '''Tafkin Tunis''' ( Arabic ''Buhayra Tunis'' ; French ) wani tafkin ruwa ne na halitta wanda ke tsakanin babban birnin [[Tunisiya|Tunis]] na [[Tunis]] da Tekun Tunis ( [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] ). Tafkin ya mamaye jimillar murabba'in kilomita 37, sabanin girmansa, zurfinsa bai kai zurfin da ake buƙata ba. A da can tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta Tunis.<ref>Complexe Lac de Tunis". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:La_Vera_descrittione_del_sito_della_citta_di_Tunisi_et_della_Goleta_sua_fortezza,_con_il_novo_forte_fatto_dalli_Turchi_nell'assedio_di_essa_nel_mese_d'Agosto_1574.jpg|left|thumb|Tunis a cikin 1574, tare da tafkin, tashar da La Goulette .]] Haɗin Tunis-Carthage yana da mahimmanci ga Romawa, saboda yana nufin iko a kan yankin da ke da kyau. Tafkin arewa ya haɗa da tsibirin Chikly, wanda ya taɓa zama gida ga sansanin Romawa da [[Ispaniya|Mutanen Espanya]], kuma yanzu (tun daga 1993) ajiyar yanayi. Tafkin yana da alaƙa da teku ta hanyar tashar La Goulette . A cewar marubucin tarihin Prudencio de Sandoval, tafkin ya kama sharar Tunis kuma bai isa ba don mutum mai tsayi zai iya tafiya. Ƙananan jiragen ruwa ne kawai za su iya shiga, suna amfani da zurfin tashar da aka tono daga La Goulette zuwa wancan gefen kuma suna da alamomi da sanduna na katako. Galleys na iya shiga tafkin, amma maza ne kawai ke jan su. A lokacin da aka ci Tunis, Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa ya sanya mafi yawan rundunoninsa a cikin tafkin, yana taimakawa sansanin Goulette tare da bindigogin su, kodayake an kama su duka. Tafkin ya ci gaba da raguwa (ƙaruwa a tsawo na ƙasa, a wannan yanayin na tafkin, saboda zubar da turɓaya) a cikin karni na 19. Sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun ratsa tafkin tare da tsawon kilomita 10, faɗin mita 450, da zurfin mita 6. Ana amfani da madatsar ruwan a yau a matsayin babbar hanyar mota da hanyar jirgin kasa da ke haɗa Tunis zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa, La Goulette, da biranen bakin teku na Carthage, Sidi Bou Said, da La Marsa. == Manazarta == l1xxlzs7ixql2jfgmmhsmxv00ajkjch 0 152784 841589 2026-05-28T12:51:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1284324181|List of lakes of Uganda]]" 841589 wikitext text/x-wiki Wadannan sune '''jerin [[Tafki|tabkuna]] a [[Uganda]].'''<ref> For a more comprehensive list, see: sw:Orodha ya maziwa ya Uganda.</ref> == Tafkuna == * [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]] * Tafkin Bisina * [[Lake Bugondo|Tafkin Bugondo]] * [[Lake Buhera|Tafkin Buhera]] * Tafkin Bujuku * Tafkin Bunyonyi * Tafkin Edward * Tafkin George * Tafkin Kabaka * Tafkin Kachera * Tafkin Katwe * Tafkin Kayumbu * [[Lake Kitandra|Tafkin Kitandra]] * Tafkin Kamunzuku * Tafkin Kwania * [[Lake Kyahafi|Tafkin Kyahafi]] * Tafkin Kyoga * Tafkin Mburo * Tafkin Mutanda * Tafkin Mulehe * Tafkin Nabugabo * [[Lake Nakuwa|Tafkin Nakuwa]] * Tafkin Nkugute * Tafkin Nyabihoko * Tafkin Nyamusingire * Tafkin Opeta * Tafkin Saka * [[Lake Nyungu|Tafkin Nyungu]] * [[Lake Rutoto|Tafkin Rutoto]] * Tafkin Nakivale * Tafkin Victoria (wanda aka raba tare da [[Kenya]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]) * Tafkin Wamala == Manazarta == jz1o4o7n93mo5pjo2lypzl78a71td2y 841590 841589 2026-05-28T12:51:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 841590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wadannan sune '''jerin [[Tafki|tabkuna]] a [[Uganda]].'''<ref> For a more comprehensive list, see: sw:Orodha ya maziwa ya Uganda.</ref> == Tafkuna == * [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]] * Tafkin Bisina * [[Lake Bugondo|Tafkin Bugondo]] * [[Lake Buhera|Tafkin Buhera]] * Tafkin Bujuku * Tafkin Bunyonyi * Tafkin Edward * Tafkin George * Tafkin Kabaka * Tafkin Kachera * Tafkin Katwe * Tafkin Kayumbu * [[Lake Kitandra|Tafkin Kitandra]] * Tafkin Kamunzuku * Tafkin Kwania * [[Lake Kyahafi|Tafkin Kyahafi]] * Tafkin Kyoga * Tafkin Mburo * Tafkin Mutanda * Tafkin Mulehe * Tafkin Nabugabo * [[Lake Nakuwa|Tafkin Nakuwa]] * Tafkin Nkugute * Tafkin Nyabihoko * Tafkin Nyamusingire * Tafkin Opeta * Tafkin Saka * [[Lake Nyungu|Tafkin Nyungu]] * [[Lake Rutoto|Tafkin Rutoto]] * Tafkin Nakivale * Tafkin Victoria (wanda aka raba tare da [[Kenya]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]) * Tafkin Wamala == Manazarta == 3mwuq8l9d9xvdiid5mejx13glt45px3 0 152785 841591 2026-05-28T12:52:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328198262|Lake Bisina]]" 841591 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Bisina''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Tafkin Salisbury''' da '''Tafkin Bisinia''', tafki ne mai ruwa-ruwa a gabashin [[Uganda]] . Tafkin tauraron dan adam ne na Tafkin Kyoga, wanda yake malalawa a ciki, kuma su biyun sun haɗu kai tsaye da dausayin papyrus. A lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa, Tafkin Bisina zai iya kaiwa har zuwa {{Cvt|6|m}} mai zurfi kuma sau da yawa yana haɗuwa kai tsaye da ƙaramin tafkin Opeta, amma a lokacin rani, an raba su biyun a sarari. == Karewa da muhalli == Tafkin Bisina yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna 33 masu muhimmanci na tsuntsaye na Uganda kuma tun daga shekara ta 2006 wani wuri ne mai laushi na Ramsar na muhimmancin duniya.<ref name="Ramsar 12">{{Cite web |last=Ramsar Convention on Wetlands |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Uganda |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-annotated-ramsar-15873/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E15873_4000_0__ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107023855/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-annotated-ramsar-15873/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E15873_4000_0__ |archive-date=7 January 2013 |access-date=28 June 2012}}</ref> Tafkin yana da mahimmanci ga Kifi, musamman wasu haplochromine cichlids masu barazana kamar ''Haplochromis orthostoma'', ''H. argenteus'' (yana bayyana cewa ya ɓace daga babban kewayonsa a Tafkin Victoria), ''H. latifasciatus'', ''H. lividus'', ''H. martini'' (yana bayyana sun ɓace daga manyan kewayenta a Tafkin Victorian), ''H. maxillaris'', ''H. nubilus'', H".''[[Haplochromis parvidens|H. parvidens]]'', ''H. phytophagus'' da wasu nau'ikan da ba a bayyana su ba.<ref name="Wanda2011">{{Cite journal |last=Wanda, F. |last2=B. Gidudu |last3=S. Wandera |last4=R.S. Copeland |last5=J.P. Cuda |last6=W.A. Overholt |year=2011 |title=Herbivory of Hydrilla verticillata by Cichlid Fish in Lake Bisina, Uganda |journal=Journal of East African Natural History |volume=100 |issue=1&2 |pages=113–121}}</ref> Kodayake an gabatar da perch na Nilu zuwa Tafkin Bisina a farkon shekarun 1970, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan bai gano wannan nau'in ba, wanda aka haɗa shi da lalacewar cichlids da yawa na haplochromine a wasu wurare. An kuma gabatar da wasu nau'ikan tilapia a Tafkin Bisina kuma har yanzu suna nan, tare da 'yan asalin Singida da Victoria tilapias.<ref name="Mbabazi2009" /><ref name="Wanda2011" /> Sauran, nau'ikan kifi da aka samo a Tafkin Bisina sun haɗa da kifin marmara, da nau'ikan nau'ikan catfish, Tetras na Afirka da Kifi giwa.<ref name="Mbabazi2009" /> [[Fayil:Lake_Bisinia_along_Soroti_Mbale_Highway.jpg|alt=Lake Bisinia along Soroti Mbale Highway,|thumb|'''Tafkin Bisinia tare da Hanyar Soroti Mbale''']] Binciken tsire-tsire na ruwa na Lake Bisina ya rubuta nau'ikan tsire-shuke na ruwa 15 tare da ''Chara'' spp. (algae mai launin kore mai yawa). Wannan binciken ya tsara tsarin tsire-tsire na ruwa a fadin tafkin kuma ya ba da rahoton al'ummomin tsire-shuke da ke da alaƙa da zurfin ruwa da tsabtace ruwa. Yankunan tafkin Bisina suna tallafawa ƙwararrun tsuntsaye. Binciken NatureUganda ya lura da aikin kiwo da mahimmancin kiyayewa na papyrus da wuraren da ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin tafkin Bisina. Wani rahoto na binciken da aka yi niyya ya rubuta Fox's Weaver (''Ploceus spekeoides'') a matsayin nau'in da aka ƙuntata sosai da ke da alaƙa da wuraren da ke da ambaliyar ruwa a arewa maso gabashin Uganda, gami da tafkin Bisina da gefen. Rahoton asalin NatureUganda ya nuna matsin lamba daga noma, kiwo, jujjuyawar wuri mai laushi da kuma zama a matsayin manyan haɗari ga ayyukan wuri mai lauri da bambancin halittu a cikin tsarin Bisina-Opeta. Rahotanni na filin da aka mayar da hankali ga jinsuna sun kuma nuna asarar mazaunin da gyare-gyare a cikin wuraren da ambaliyar ruwa ke faruwa a lokacin a matsayin babbar barazana ga tsuntsayen da aka ƙuntata da aka rubuta a cikin tafkin Bisina. == Yanayin ƙasa da ilimin ruwa == Tafkin Bisina yana da nisan kilomita 15 a arewacin garin Kumi kuma kimanin kilomita 20 a gabashin Soroti . Tafkin ya rufe kimanin 192 km2 kuma yana zaune a kusa da 1,050 m sama da matakin teku. An kewaye shi da tafkin papyrus da kuma babban filin ambaliyar ruwa da ke da alaƙa da Kogin Apedura, wanda ke zubar da sassa na Karamoja zuwa tsarin tafkin. Tafkin bai da zurfi. A cikin samfurori tsakanin Fabrairu 2008 da Agusta 2009, zurfin a wuraren samfurori ya kasance daga 0.6 zuwa 5.0 m, tare da matsakaicin 2.89 m. == Matsayin Ramsar da Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye == An sanya tsarin tafkin Bisina a matsayin shafin Ramsar a ranar 15 ga Satumba 2006. Gidan Ramsar ya rufe hekta 54,229 kuma an jera shi don gundumomin Kumi, Katakwi da Soroti. Tafkin Bisina da mafi girman yankin Bisina-Opeta an kuma bayyana su a matsayin Muhimman Yankunan Tsuntsaye a cikin aikin kiyayewa na Uganda. == Mutane da hanyoyin rayuwa == Al'ummomin da ke kewaye da tsarin Bisina-Opeta sun dogara da albarkatun ƙasa. Amfani na cikin gida da aka rubuta a cikin aikin tushe sun haɗa da kamun kifi, shayar da dabbobi, da girbi kayan ruwa, tare da fadada zama da noma a yankunan da ke cikin ruwa. Rahoton tushe kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙara yaduwa da rage ayyukan ambaliyar ruwa zuwa ƙasa da matsin lamba, gami da lalacewa a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa da ke ciyar da tsarin. == Manazarta == 82azrevrt1lg7ays8titg5fwve4igrq 841592 841591 2026-05-28T12:52:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 841592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Bisina''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Tafkin Salisbury''' da '''Tafkin Bisinia''', tafki ne mai ruwa-ruwa a gabashin [[Uganda]] . Tafkin tauraron dan adam ne na Tafkin Kyoga, wanda yake malalawa a ciki, kuma su biyun sun haɗu kai tsaye da dausayin papyrus. A lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa, Tafkin Bisina zai iya kaiwa har zuwa {{Cvt|6|m}} mai zurfi kuma sau da yawa yana haɗuwa kai tsaye da ƙaramin tafkin Opeta, amma a lokacin rani, an raba su biyun a sarari. == Karewa da muhalli == Tafkin Bisina yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna 33 masu muhimmanci na tsuntsaye na Uganda kuma tun daga shekara ta 2006 wani wuri ne mai laushi na Ramsar na muhimmancin duniya.<ref name="Ramsar 12">{{Cite web |last=Ramsar Convention on Wetlands |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Uganda |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-annotated-ramsar-15873/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E15873_4000_0__ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107023855/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-annotated-ramsar-15873/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E15873_4000_0__ |archive-date=7 January 2013 |access-date=28 June 2012}}</ref> Tafkin yana da mahimmanci ga Kifi, musamman wasu haplochromine cichlids masu barazana kamar ''Haplochromis orthostoma'', ''H. argenteus'' (yana bayyana cewa ya ɓace daga babban kewayonsa a Tafkin Victoria), ''H. latifasciatus'', ''H. lividus'', ''H. martini'' (yana bayyana sun ɓace daga manyan kewayenta a Tafkin Victorian), ''H. maxillaris'', ''H. nubilus'', H".''[[Haplochromis parvidens|H. parvidens]]'', ''H. phytophagus'' da wasu nau'ikan da ba a bayyana su ba.<ref name="Wanda2011">{{Cite journal |last=Wanda, F. |last2=B. Gidudu |last3=S. Wandera |last4=R.S. Copeland |last5=J.P. Cuda |last6=W.A. Overholt |year=2011 |title=Herbivory of Hydrilla verticillata by Cichlid Fish in Lake Bisina, Uganda |journal=Journal of East African Natural History |volume=100 |issue=1&2 |pages=113–121}}</ref> Kodayake an gabatar da perch na Nilu zuwa Tafkin Bisina a farkon shekarun 1970, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan bai gano wannan nau'in ba, wanda aka haɗa shi da lalacewar cichlids da yawa na haplochromine a wasu wurare. An kuma gabatar da wasu nau'ikan tilapia a Tafkin Bisina kuma har yanzu suna nan, tare da 'yan asalin Singida da Victoria tilapias.<ref name="Mbabazi2009" /><ref name="Wanda2011" /> Sauran, nau'ikan kifi da aka samo a Tafkin Bisina sun haɗa da kifin marmara, da nau'ikan nau'ikan catfish, Tetras na Afirka da Kifi giwa.<ref name="Mbabazi2009" /> [[Fayil:Lake_Bisinia_along_Soroti_Mbale_Highway.jpg|alt=Lake Bisinia along Soroti Mbale Highway,|thumb|'''Tafkin Bisinia tare da Hanyar Soroti Mbale''']] Binciken tsire-tsire na ruwa na Lake Bisina ya rubuta nau'ikan tsire-shuke na ruwa 15 tare da ''Chara'' spp. (algae mai launin kore mai yawa). Wannan binciken ya tsara tsarin tsire-tsire na ruwa a fadin tafkin kuma ya ba da rahoton al'ummomin tsire-shuke da ke da alaƙa da zurfin ruwa da tsabtace ruwa. Yankunan tafkin Bisina suna tallafawa ƙwararrun tsuntsaye. Binciken NatureUganda ya lura da aikin kiwo da mahimmancin kiyayewa na papyrus da wuraren da ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin tafkin Bisina. Wani rahoto na binciken da aka yi niyya ya rubuta Fox's Weaver (''Ploceus spekeoides'') a matsayin nau'in da aka ƙuntata sosai da ke da alaƙa da wuraren da ke da ambaliyar ruwa a arewa maso gabashin Uganda, gami da tafkin Bisina da gefen. Rahoton asalin NatureUganda ya nuna matsin lamba daga noma, kiwo, jujjuyawar wuri mai laushi da kuma zama a matsayin manyan haɗari ga ayyukan wuri mai lauri da bambancin halittu a cikin tsarin Bisina-Opeta. Rahotanni na filin da aka mayar da hankali ga jinsuna sun kuma nuna asarar mazaunin da gyare-gyare a cikin wuraren da ambaliyar ruwa ke faruwa a lokacin a matsayin babbar barazana ga tsuntsayen da aka ƙuntata da aka rubuta a cikin tafkin Bisina. == Yanayin ƙasa da ilimin ruwa == Tafkin Bisina yana da nisan kilomita 15 a arewacin garin Kumi kuma kimanin kilomita 20 a gabashin Soroti . Tafkin ya rufe kimanin 192 km2 kuma yana zaune a kusa da 1,050 m sama da matakin teku. An kewaye shi da tafkin papyrus da kuma babban filin ambaliyar ruwa da ke da alaƙa da Kogin Apedura, wanda ke zubar da sassa na Karamoja zuwa tsarin tafkin. Tafkin bai da zurfi. A cikin samfurori tsakanin Fabrairu 2008 da Agusta 2009, zurfin a wuraren samfurori ya kasance daga 0.6 zuwa 5.0 m, tare da matsakaicin 2.89 m. == Matsayin Ramsar da Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye == An sanya tsarin tafkin Bisina a matsayin shafin Ramsar a ranar 15 ga Satumba 2006. Gidan Ramsar ya rufe hekta 54,229 kuma an jera shi don gundumomin Kumi, Katakwi da Soroti. Tafkin Bisina da mafi girman yankin Bisina-Opeta an kuma bayyana su a matsayin Muhimman Yankunan Tsuntsaye a cikin aikin kiyayewa na Uganda. == Mutane da hanyoyin rayuwa == Al'ummomin da ke kewaye da tsarin Bisina-Opeta sun dogara da albarkatun ƙasa. Amfani na cikin gida da aka rubuta a cikin aikin tushe sun haɗa da kamun kifi, shayar da dabbobi, da girbi kayan ruwa, tare da fadada zama da noma a yankunan da ke cikin ruwa. Rahoton tushe kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙara yaduwa da rage ayyukan ambaliyar ruwa zuwa ƙasa da matsin lamba, gami da lalacewa a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa da ke ciyar da tsarin. == Manazarta == d3znqd97io4vbby1d5m1kapso6k1oce 0 152786 841593 2026-05-28T12:53:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331162971|Lake Bunyonyi]]" 841593 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Rivers_of_South_West_Uganda.png|thumb|Koguna da tabkuna na kudu maso yammacin Uganda. Bunyonyi ita ce mafi girma daga cikin tabkuna a gefen kudu maso yammacin Uganda, a gaban (a kan wannan taswirar) irin wannan Tafkin Burera a Rwanda.]] '''Tafkin Bunyonyi''' ("Wurin ƙananan tsuntsaye da yawa") yana cikin kudu maso yammacin [[Uganda]] tsakanin Kisoro da Kabale, <ref name="denny73a">{{Cite journal |last=Denny |first=Patrick |date=April 1973 |title=Lakes of south-western Uganda: II. Vegetation studies on Lake Bunyonyi |journal=Freshwater Biology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=123–135 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.1973.tb00067.x |issn=0046-5070}}</ref> kusa da iyakar da [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . Tafkin ya bayyana daga 2004 zuwa 2009 a kan [[Shilling na Uganda|USh&nbsp;]] 5,000/= bayanin kula a ƙarƙashin taken "Lake Bunyonyi da terraces".<ref>{{Cite web |title=5.000 Shillings banknote of Uganda |url=http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/UGA/UGA0044.htm |access-date=2019-09-13 |website=banknote.ws |language=en}}</ref> "Littattafai" na kimiyya gabaɗaya suna ambaton matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} ,<ref name="Denny1972">{{Cite journal |last=Denny, Patrick |year=1972 |title=The significance of a pygnocline in tropical lakes |journal=The African Journal of Tropical Hydrobiology and Fisheries |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=85–89}}</ref><ref name="Tibihika2016">{{Cite journal |last=Tibihika, P.D.M. |last2=W. Okello |last3=A. Barekye |last4=D. Mbabazi |last5=J. Omony |last6=V. Kiggundu |year=2016 |title=Status of Kigezi minor Lakes: A limnological survey in the Lakes of Kisoro, Kabale and Rukungiri Districts |journal=International Journal of Water Resources |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=60–73}}</ref> amma wasu jagororin yawon bude ido da mazauna yankin sun nace cewa yana da zurfi sosai, game da {{Cvt|900|m|ft}} m (3,000 , wanda zai sa ya zama tafkin na biyu mafi zurfi a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Bunyonyi Islands Guide, Where To Stay, Getting There, Activities Attractions |url=https://www.bunyonyi.org/ |access-date=2019-05-09 |website=Lake Bunyonyi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LAKE BUNYONYI UGANDA |url=https://lakebunyonyiuganda.com/ |access-date=2019-05-09 |website=Lake Bunyonyi Uganda |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa's second deepest lake, Bunyonyi decreases by two metres |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Africa-s-second-deepest-lake--Bunyonyi-decreases-by-two-metres/688334-3918038-bvvyj2z/index.html |access-date=2019-05-09 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Garuruwa a bakin tekun sun hada da [[Kyevu]] da [[Muko, Uganda|Muko]], yayin da tsibirai 29 suka hada da Punishment Island da Bushara Island. == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Market_day_in_Uganda.jpg|left|thumb|Ranar kasuwa a tafkin Bunyonyi]] Tafkin Bunyonyi ruwa ne a cikin Gundumar Kabale kuma kimanin kilomita 7 (4.3 yammacin garin Kabale . Ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi girma daga cikin ƙananan tabkuna uku (waɗansu Lake Mutanda da Lake Mulehe) a cikin tsaunuka na Kigezi waɗanda suke cikin ɓangaren Nilu. An kafa tafkin ne kimanin shekaru 18,000 da suka gabata ta hanyar fashewar dutsen da ta toshe kwari a cikin tsaunukan Rukiga kusa da ƙauyen Muko na yanzu a arewa maso yammacin tafkin.<ref name="denny72a">{{Cite journal |last=Denny |first=Patrick |date=1972 |title=Lakes of south-western Uganda: I. Physical and chemical studies on Lake Bunyonyi |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1972.tb00367.x |journal=Freshwater Biology |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=143–158 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.1972.tb00367.x |issn=0046-5070 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-01-17}}</ref> Hanyar tafkin na yanzu karamin rafi ne kuma a cikin Muko wanda ke gudana cikin tafkin Ruvuma (wannan kuma yana gudana cikin kogin Ruhezaminda wanda ya ƙare a Tafkin Mutanda). Tafkin yana da kimanin kilomita 22 da kilomita 6 a mafi faɗin kuma a tsawo na kimanin 1973 m. An kewaye shi da duwatsu waɗanda suka kai tsawo na 600 m sama da tafkin. <ref name="denny72a" /> &nbsp;&nbsp; == Manyan tsibirai == === Akampene (Tsibiran azabtarwa) === [[Fayil:Punishment_Island.jpg|thumb|Tsibirin azabtarwa a cikin Tafkin Bunyonyi]] Bakiga ta kasance tana barin 'yan mata masu juna biyu marasa aure a wannan karamin tsibirin - don mutuwa daga yunwa ko yayin ƙoƙarin yin iyo zuwa ƙasar (ƙwarewar yin iyo ba ta da yawa). Wannan ya kasance don tsoratar da sauran, don nuna musu kada su yi haka. Mutumin da ba shi da shanu don biyan kuɗin amarya zai iya zuwa tsibirin ya ɗauki yarinya.<ref name="Atuhaire" /> An watsar da aikin a farkon rabin karni na 20. <ref name="Atuhaire" /> [[Fayil:Lake_Bunyonyi_camp_(8218595593).jpg|thumb|Sansanin a bakin Tekun Bunyonyi]] === Bwama da Njuyeera (Sharp's Island) === A cikin 1921, mishan na Ingila Leonard Sharp ya zo wannan ɓangaren Uganda kuma a cikin 1931 ya kafa cibiyar kula da kuturta a tsibirin Bwama wanda ba a zaune a lokacin. An gina coci, ɗakunan marasa lafiya (ƙauyuka masu kyau), da kuma wurin kiwon lafiya, yayin da Sharp ya zauna a tsibirin Njuyeera (watakila ma'anar "farin gida" bayan kamanceceniyar ƙaramin gidan likita da gidan mahaifin Sharp a Shanklin, yanzu Otal din White House). Dalilin mulkin kutare shine na "rabuwa ta son rai", inda samar da al'umma mai farin ciki don zama a ciki zai jawo hankalin masu fama da kutare, don haka cire su daga al'ummomin inda zasu iya kamuwa da wasu. == Manazarta == hdozquqyoe29fkp4i6quposl3sd3q23 841594 841593 2026-05-28T12:53:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 841594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Rivers_of_South_West_Uganda.png|thumb|Koguna da tabkuna na kudu maso yammacin Uganda. Bunyonyi ita ce mafi girma daga cikin tabkuna a gefen kudu maso yammacin Uganda, a gaban (a kan wannan taswirar) irin wannan Tafkin Burera a Rwanda.]] '''Tafkin Bunyonyi''' ("Wurin ƙananan tsuntsaye da yawa") yana cikin kudu maso yammacin [[Uganda]] tsakanin Kisoro da Kabale, <ref name="denny73a">{{Cite journal |last=Denny |first=Patrick |date=April 1973 |title=Lakes of south-western Uganda: II. Vegetation studies on Lake Bunyonyi |journal=Freshwater Biology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=123–135 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.1973.tb00067.x |issn=0046-5070}}</ref> kusa da iyakar da [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . Tafkin ya bayyana daga 2004 zuwa 2009 a kan [[Shilling na Uganda|USh&nbsp;]] 5,000/= bayanin kula a ƙarƙashin taken "Lake Bunyonyi da terraces".<ref>{{Cite web |title=5.000 Shillings banknote of Uganda |url=http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/UGA/UGA0044.htm |access-date=2019-09-13 |website=banknote.ws |language=en}}</ref> "Littattafai" na kimiyya gabaɗaya suna ambaton matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} ,<ref name="Denny1972">{{Cite journal |last=Denny, Patrick |year=1972 |title=The significance of a pygnocline in tropical lakes |journal=The African Journal of Tropical Hydrobiology and Fisheries |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=85–89}}</ref><ref name="Tibihika2016">{{Cite journal |last=Tibihika, P.D.M. |last2=W. Okello |last3=A. Barekye |last4=D. Mbabazi |last5=J. Omony |last6=V. Kiggundu |year=2016 |title=Status of Kigezi minor Lakes: A limnological survey in the Lakes of Kisoro, Kabale and Rukungiri Districts |journal=International Journal of Water Resources |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=60–73}}</ref> amma wasu jagororin yawon bude ido da mazauna yankin sun nace cewa yana da zurfi sosai, game da {{Cvt|900|m|ft}} m (3,000 , wanda zai sa ya zama tafkin na biyu mafi zurfi a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Bunyonyi Islands Guide, Where To Stay, Getting There, Activities Attractions |url=https://www.bunyonyi.org/ |access-date=2019-05-09 |website=Lake Bunyonyi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LAKE BUNYONYI UGANDA |url=https://lakebunyonyiuganda.com/ |access-date=2019-05-09 |website=Lake Bunyonyi Uganda |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa's second deepest lake, Bunyonyi decreases by two metres |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Africa-s-second-deepest-lake--Bunyonyi-decreases-by-two-metres/688334-3918038-bvvyj2z/index.html |access-date=2019-05-09 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Garuruwa a bakin tekun sun hada da [[Kyevu]] da [[Muko, Uganda|Muko]], yayin da tsibirai 29 suka hada da Punishment Island da Bushara Island. == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Market_day_in_Uganda.jpg|left|thumb|Ranar kasuwa a tafkin Bunyonyi]] Tafkin Bunyonyi ruwa ne a cikin Gundumar Kabale kuma kimanin kilomita 7 (4.3 yammacin garin Kabale . Ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi girma daga cikin ƙananan tabkuna uku (waɗansu Lake Mutanda da Lake Mulehe) a cikin tsaunuka na Kigezi waɗanda suke cikin ɓangaren Nilu. An kafa tafkin ne kimanin shekaru 18,000 da suka gabata ta hanyar fashewar dutsen da ta toshe kwari a cikin tsaunukan Rukiga kusa da ƙauyen Muko na yanzu a arewa maso yammacin tafkin.<ref name="denny72a">{{Cite journal |last=Denny |first=Patrick |date=1972 |title=Lakes of south-western Uganda: I. Physical and chemical studies on Lake Bunyonyi |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1972.tb00367.x |journal=Freshwater Biology |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=143–158 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.1972.tb00367.x |issn=0046-5070 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-01-17}}</ref> Hanyar tafkin na yanzu karamin rafi ne kuma a cikin Muko wanda ke gudana cikin tafkin Ruvuma (wannan kuma yana gudana cikin kogin Ruhezaminda wanda ya ƙare a Tafkin Mutanda). Tafkin yana da kimanin kilomita 22 da kilomita 6 a mafi faɗin kuma a tsawo na kimanin 1973 m. An kewaye shi da duwatsu waɗanda suka kai tsawo na 600 m sama da tafkin. <ref name="denny72a" /> &nbsp;&nbsp; == Manyan tsibirai == === Akampene (Tsibiran azabtarwa) === [[Fayil:Punishment_Island.jpg|thumb|Tsibirin azabtarwa a cikin Tafkin Bunyonyi]] Bakiga ta kasance tana barin 'yan mata masu juna biyu marasa aure a wannan karamin tsibirin - don mutuwa daga yunwa ko yayin ƙoƙarin yin iyo zuwa ƙasar (ƙwarewar yin iyo ba ta da yawa). Wannan ya kasance don tsoratar da sauran, don nuna musu kada su yi haka. Mutumin da ba shi da shanu don biyan kuɗin amarya zai iya zuwa tsibirin ya ɗauki yarinya.<ref name="Atuhaire" /> An watsar da aikin a farkon rabin karni na 20. <ref name="Atuhaire" /> [[Fayil:Lake_Bunyonyi_camp_(8218595593).jpg|thumb|Sansanin a bakin Tekun Bunyonyi]] === Bwama da Njuyeera (Sharp's Island) === A cikin 1921, mishan na Ingila Leonard Sharp ya zo wannan ɓangaren Uganda kuma a cikin 1931 ya kafa cibiyar kula da kuturta a tsibirin Bwama wanda ba a zaune a lokacin. An gina coci, ɗakunan marasa lafiya (ƙauyuka masu kyau), da kuma wurin kiwon lafiya, yayin da Sharp ya zauna a tsibirin Njuyeera (watakila ma'anar "farin gida" bayan kamanceceniyar ƙaramin gidan likita da gidan mahaifin Sharp a Shanklin, yanzu Otal din White House). Dalilin mulkin kutare shine na "rabuwa ta son rai", inda samar da al'umma mai farin ciki don zama a ciki zai jawo hankalin masu fama da kutare, don haka cire su daga al'ummomin inda zasu iya kamuwa da wasu. == Manazarta == ooxs4qq9ik2yntbfohfrvaorrj9s520 0 152787 841595 2026-05-28T12:54:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340912507|Lake George (Uganda)]]" 841595 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin George''' ko '''Tafkin Katunguru''' tafki ne a [[Uganda]] . Yana da yanki na murabba'in kilomita (97 mi2) kuma yana daga cikin tsarin Great Lakes na Afirka, kodayake ba a dauke shi daya daga cikin Great Lakes ba. Kamar sauran tabkuna a yankin, an sake masa suna bayan wa memba na dangin sarauta na Burtaniya, a wannan yanayin, Yarima George, daga baya ya zama Sarki George V. Tafkin George ya zubar zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa Tafkin Edward ta hanyar Kazinga Channel. Yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin yana cike da mutanen [[Masarautar Tooro|Batooro]], Basongora, [[Banyampaka]] da Banyankore, da sauransu. Dukkanin wadannan kasashe suna magana da yarukan da ke da alaƙa da juna waɗanda galibi ake kira yaren Runyakitara. ''A''Katunguru'''' kalma ce wacce ke nufin 'onion' kuma duk waɗannan mutane daban-daban suna amfani da ita. Don haka, an san tafkin da Katunguru saboda siffarsa mai kama da albasa. Mai binciken Welsh Henry Morton Stanley shine Turai na farko da ya ga tafkin a 1875, bayan ya bi hanyar Kogin Katonga daga Tafkin Victoria a lokacin tafiyarsa ta Afirka. Da yake tunanin wani bangare ne na [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]], ya sake masa suna '''''Beatrice Gulf''''' . <ref name="CBH">Newman, James L.(2004) ''Imperial Footprints'', Potomac Books, {{ISBN|1-574-88597-9}}, p. 121</ref> An zubar da shirye-shiryen bincike saboda barazanar rikici da masarautar Bunyoro. A ziyararsa ta biyu zuwa yankin, a cikin 1888 a lokacin Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, Stanley ya gano Tafkin Edward, kuma ya fahimci cewa akwai tabkuna biyu masu zaman kansu, ya ba Tafkin George sunansa na yanzu. Tafkin George yana a 0°0'N, 30°12'E kuma yana da tsawo na 914 m sama da matakin teku.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake George {{!}} Lake George {{!}} World Lake Database - ILEC |url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3591 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=wldb.ilec.or.jp}}</ref> Kogin da ke gudana daga Dutsen Rwenzori waɗannan sune Rumi, Mubuku da Nsonge tare da fitowa zuwa Tashar Kaziga wanda ke haɗa Tafkin George da Tafkin Edward. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-05 |title=Explore the Beauty of Lake George {{!}}Uganda {{!}}Boat rides {{!}}Adventure |url=https://abundadiscoveriesuganda.com/explore-the-beauty-of-lake-george/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Abunda Discoveries Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |Yankin saman [km2] | align="center" |250 |- |Girma [km3] | align="center" |0.8 |- |Mafi zurfin zurfi [m] | align="center" |4.5 |- |Matsakaicin zurfin [m] | align="center" |2.4 |- |Matsayin ruwa | align="center" |Ba a tsara shi ba |- |Yankin al'ada na sauye-sauyen matakin ruwa na shekara-shekara [m] | align="center" |0.1 |- |Lokacin zama [shekara][yr] | align="center" |0.3 |- |Yankin da aka kama [km2] | align="center" |9,705 |} == Muhalli da bambancin halittu == [[Fayil:Lakes_and_mountains_of_western_Uganda_ESA298477.tiff|thumb|304x304px|Tafkuna da duwatsu na yammacin Uganda]] A watan Maris na shekara ta 1988, an sanya Tafkin George a matsayin yankin Ramsar na farko na Uganda na Muhimmancin Duniya don haka yana jaddada muhimmancin bambancin halittu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lake George, Uganda |url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2020/01/Lake_George_Uganda |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref> Tafkin yana da eutrophic kuma alkaline saboda algae mai launin shudi-kore wanda ke da nauyi tare da abubuwan gina jiki kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga halayensa na launin kore kamar yadda aka kalli daga tauraron dan adam.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lake George, Uganda |url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2020/01/Lake_George_Uganda |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ganf |first=G. G. |date=1974 |title=Phytoplankton Biomass and Distribution in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake (Lake George, Uganda) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4214981 |journal=Oecologia |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=9–29 |issn=0029-8549}}</ref> Yana tallafawa filayen ruwa da bakin teku waɗanda ke da mazauna fiye da nau'in tsuntsaye 150 waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun da ba a saba gani ba da kuma Hippopotamuses, [[Giwa|giwaye]], crocodiles na Nilu da sitatunga antelopes.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Lake George |url=https://www.gorillaugandasafaris.com/lake-george/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Gorilla Trekking Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake George |url=https://www.insidequeenelizabethnationalpark.com/lake-george.html |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Inside Queen Elizabeth National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana da nau'o'in nau'o-nau'i masu mahimmanci ga kamun kifi ciki har da tilapia, nau'o"in cichlids da yawa, da kuma kifi na lung (Protopterus aethiopicus) da nau'ikan kifi da yawa (Bagrus docmac da Clarias gariepinus). <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=The Case of Lakes Edward-George and Kazinga Channel |url=https://docslib.org/doc/7318261/the-case-of-lakes-edward-george-and-kazinga-channel |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Docslib |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan ɗan adam da yawon shakatawa == Wurin Lake George yana cikin Gidan shakatawa na Sarauniya Elizabeth wanda ya sa ya zama muhimmiyar alama ga yawon shakatawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-05 |title=Explore the Beauty of Lake George {{!}}Uganda {{!}}Boat rides {{!}}Adventure |url=https://abundadiscoveriesuganda.com/explore-the-beauty-of-lake-george/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Abunda Discoveries Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Mutanen da ke kewaye da yankin suna rayuwa ne daga kamun kifi kuma don haka sun dogara da sanannun wuraren kamun kiɗa na yankin.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=The Case of Lakes Edward-George and Kazinga Channel |url=https://docslib.org/doc/7318261/the-case-of-lakes-edward-george-and-kazinga-channel |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Docslib |language=en}}</ref> Mutane kuma na iya zuwa tafiyar jirgin ruwa, kallon tsuntsaye, tafiyar jirgin sama, da kuma kallon namun daji kamar hippos, tsuntsaye har ma da antelopes a cikin filayen ruwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Lake George |url=https://www.gorillaugandasafaris.com/lake-george/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Gorilla Trekking Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=polly |date=2019-02-25 |title=Lake George - lake geroge community tour , uganda sites |url=https://www.queenelizabethparkuganda.com/information/lake-george-community-tour/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Queen Elizabeth National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> == Hotuna == <gallery widths="300" heights="200"> Fayil:Wild_Life_at_the_banks_of_Kazinga_channel,_Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park_15.jpg|Wild Life at the banks of Kazinga channel, Queen Elizabeth National Park Fayil:A_bloat_of_Hippos_in_Kazinga_Channel,_Western_Uganda.jpg|Kazinga Channel linking Lake George and Lake Edward Fayil:Feathers_in_Flight;_Birds_Flock_Behind_Our_Boat,_Seizing_Opportunities_on_Kazinga_Channel_01.jpg|Feathers in Flight; Birds Flock Behind Our Boat, Seizing Opportunities on Kazinga Channel. Fayil:Kazinga_Channel_in_Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park.jpg|Kazinga Channel in Queen Elizabeth National Park watching wildlife. Fayil:Passenger_boats_at_Kazinga_Channel_in_Kasese_district_in_western_Uganda_04.jpg|Passenger boats at Kazinga Channel in Kasese district in western Uganda </gallery> == Manazarta == dyaoj7i768azfjzire2k0i7sfws074k 841596 841595 2026-05-28T12:55:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 841596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin George''' ko '''Tafkin Katunguru''' tafki ne a [[Uganda]] . Yana da yanki na murabba'in kilomita (97 mi2) kuma yana daga cikin tsarin Great Lakes na Afirka, kodayake ba a dauke shi daya daga cikin Great Lakes ba. Kamar sauran tabkuna a yankin, an sake masa suna bayan wa memba na dangin sarauta na Burtaniya, a wannan yanayin, Yarima George, daga baya ya zama Sarki George V. Tafkin George ya zubar zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa Tafkin Edward ta hanyar Kazinga Channel. Yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin yana cike da mutanen [[Masarautar Tooro|Batooro]], Basongora, [[Banyampaka]] da Banyankore, da sauransu. Dukkanin wadannan kasashe suna magana da yarukan da ke da alaƙa da juna waɗanda galibi ake kira yaren Runyakitara. ''A''Katunguru'''' kalma ce wacce ke nufin 'onion' kuma duk waɗannan mutane daban-daban suna amfani da ita. Don haka, an san tafkin da Katunguru saboda siffarsa mai kama da albasa. Mai binciken Welsh Henry Morton Stanley shine Turai na farko da ya ga tafkin a 1875, bayan ya bi hanyar Kogin Katonga daga Tafkin Victoria a lokacin tafiyarsa ta Afirka. Da yake tunanin wani bangare ne na [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]], ya sake masa suna '''''Beatrice Gulf''''' . <ref name="CBH">Newman, James L.(2004) ''Imperial Footprints'', Potomac Books, {{ISBN|1-574-88597-9}}, p. 121</ref> An zubar da shirye-shiryen bincike saboda barazanar rikici da masarautar Bunyoro. A ziyararsa ta biyu zuwa yankin, a cikin 1888 a lokacin Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, Stanley ya gano Tafkin Edward, kuma ya fahimci cewa akwai tabkuna biyu masu zaman kansu, ya ba Tafkin George sunansa na yanzu. Tafkin George yana a 0°0'N, 30°12'E kuma yana da tsawo na 914 m sama da matakin teku.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake George {{!}} Lake George {{!}} World Lake Database - ILEC |url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3591 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=wldb.ilec.or.jp}}</ref> Kogin da ke gudana daga Dutsen Rwenzori waɗannan sune Rumi, Mubuku da Nsonge tare da fitowa zuwa Tashar Kaziga wanda ke haɗa Tafkin George da Tafkin Edward. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-05 |title=Explore the Beauty of Lake George {{!}}Uganda {{!}}Boat rides {{!}}Adventure |url=https://abundadiscoveriesuganda.com/explore-the-beauty-of-lake-george/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Abunda Discoveries Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |Yankin saman [km2] | align="center" |250 |- |Girma [km3] | align="center" |0.8 |- |Mafi zurfin zurfi [m] | align="center" |4.5 |- |Matsakaicin zurfin [m] | align="center" |2.4 |- |Matsayin ruwa | align="center" |Ba a tsara shi ba |- |Yankin al'ada na sauye-sauyen matakin ruwa na shekara-shekara [m] | align="center" |0.1 |- |Lokacin zama [shekara][yr] | align="center" |0.3 |- |Yankin da aka kama [km2] | align="center" |9,705 |} == Muhalli da bambancin halittu == [[Fayil:Lakes_and_mountains_of_western_Uganda_ESA298477.tiff|thumb|304x304px|Tafkuna da duwatsu na yammacin Uganda]] A watan Maris na shekara ta 1988, an sanya Tafkin George a matsayin yankin Ramsar na farko na Uganda na Muhimmancin Duniya don haka yana jaddada muhimmancin bambancin halittu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lake George, Uganda |url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2020/01/Lake_George_Uganda |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref> Tafkin yana da eutrophic kuma alkaline saboda algae mai launin shudi-kore wanda ke da nauyi tare da abubuwan gina jiki kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga halayensa na launin kore kamar yadda aka kalli daga tauraron dan adam.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lake George, Uganda |url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2020/01/Lake_George_Uganda |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ganf |first=G. G. |date=1974 |title=Phytoplankton Biomass and Distribution in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake (Lake George, Uganda) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4214981 |journal=Oecologia |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=9–29 |issn=0029-8549}}</ref> Yana tallafawa filayen ruwa da bakin teku waɗanda ke da mazauna fiye da nau'in tsuntsaye 150 waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun da ba a saba gani ba da kuma Hippopotamuses, [[Giwa|giwaye]], crocodiles na Nilu da sitatunga antelopes.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Lake George |url=https://www.gorillaugandasafaris.com/lake-george/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Gorilla Trekking Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake George |url=https://www.insidequeenelizabethnationalpark.com/lake-george.html |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Inside Queen Elizabeth National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana da nau'o'in nau'o-nau'i masu mahimmanci ga kamun kifi ciki har da tilapia, nau'o"in cichlids da yawa, da kuma kifi na lung (Protopterus aethiopicus) da nau'ikan kifi da yawa (Bagrus docmac da Clarias gariepinus). <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=The Case of Lakes Edward-George and Kazinga Channel |url=https://docslib.org/doc/7318261/the-case-of-lakes-edward-george-and-kazinga-channel |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Docslib |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan ɗan adam da yawon shakatawa == Wurin Lake George yana cikin Gidan shakatawa na Sarauniya Elizabeth wanda ya sa ya zama muhimmiyar alama ga yawon shakatawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-05 |title=Explore the Beauty of Lake George {{!}}Uganda {{!}}Boat rides {{!}}Adventure |url=https://abundadiscoveriesuganda.com/explore-the-beauty-of-lake-george/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Abunda Discoveries Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Mutanen da ke kewaye da yankin suna rayuwa ne daga kamun kifi kuma don haka sun dogara da sanannun wuraren kamun kiɗa na yankin.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=The Case of Lakes Edward-George and Kazinga Channel |url=https://docslib.org/doc/7318261/the-case-of-lakes-edward-george-and-kazinga-channel |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Docslib |language=en}}</ref> Mutane kuma na iya zuwa tafiyar jirgin ruwa, kallon tsuntsaye, tafiyar jirgin sama, da kuma kallon namun daji kamar hippos, tsuntsaye har ma da antelopes a cikin filayen ruwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Lake George |url=https://www.gorillaugandasafaris.com/lake-george/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Gorilla Trekking Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=polly |date=2019-02-25 |title=Lake George - lake geroge community tour , uganda sites |url=https://www.queenelizabethparkuganda.com/information/lake-george-community-tour/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Queen Elizabeth National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> == Hotuna == <gallery widths="300" heights="200"> Fayil:Wild_Life_at_the_banks_of_Kazinga_channel,_Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park_15.jpg|Wild Life at the banks of Kazinga channel, Queen Elizabeth National Park Fayil:A_bloat_of_Hippos_in_Kazinga_Channel,_Western_Uganda.jpg|Kazinga Channel linking Lake George and Lake Edward Fayil:Feathers_in_Flight;_Birds_Flock_Behind_Our_Boat,_Seizing_Opportunities_on_Kazinga_Channel_01.jpg|Feathers in Flight; Birds Flock Behind Our Boat, Seizing Opportunities on Kazinga Channel. Fayil:Kazinga_Channel_in_Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park.jpg|Kazinga Channel in Queen Elizabeth National Park watching wildlife. Fayil:Passenger_boats_at_Kazinga_Channel_in_Kasese_district_in_western_Uganda_04.jpg|Passenger boats at Kazinga Channel in Kasese district in western Uganda </gallery> == Manazarta == o701nt2wi7n1l7j6qsncf336vftcmbs 0 152788 841597 2026-05-28T12:55:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1293372756|Lake Bujuku]]" 841597 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ruwenzori_Lake_Bujuku_2.jpg|alt=Lake Bujuku|thumb|Tafkin Bujuku]] '''Tafkin Bujuku''' tafki ne a cikin tsaunukan Rwenzori, Gundumar Kasese, yammacin [[Uganda]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=Lake Bujuku {{!}} Rwenzori Expeditions |url=https://www.rwenzoriexpeditions.com/things-to-do/lake-bujuku/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana da wurin yawon bude ido. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tours |first=Bujuku Eco |title=Lake Bujuku {{!}} Gorilla trekking, Wildlife safaris, Rwenzori mountains climbing, Chimpanzee tracking, Uganda safaris Bujuku Eco Tours |url=https://bujukuecotours.com/destination/lake-bujuku/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-21 |title=Lake Bujuku - Places to Visit - Rwenzori National Park |url=https://www.rwenzorinationalpark.com/places/lake-bujuku/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> Hanyar tafiya zuwa Tafkin Bujuku tana ɗaukar akalla kwanaki 3.<ref name=":0" /> Tafkin yana da tsawon kilomita 1.37 (0.85 kuma yana da mita 3,963 (13,002 sama da matakin teku, a kan kwarin Bujuku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Bujuku, Bujuku Lake on Mountain Rwenzori National Park |url=https://www.insiderwenzorimountainsnationalpark.com/lake-bujuku.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Inside Rwenzori Mountains National Park |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Makanga |first=Samuel |date=2023-08-03 |title=The Lakes of Mount Rwenzori National Park |url=https://www.mountainrwenzorinationalparkuganda.com/attractions/lakes/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Rwenzori Mountains National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ruwenzori_Lake_Bujuku_1.jpg|alt=Lake Bujuku Flora and Fauna|thumb|Tafkin Bujuku Flora da Fauna]] == Dubi kuma == * Tafkin Chahafi * Tafkin Edward * Tafkin Kamunzuku == Manazarta == htbi1prdrrtrpovqp95np34a4umc4vv 841599 841597 2026-05-28T12:56:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 841599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Ruwenzori_Lake_Bujuku_2.jpg|alt=Lake Bujuku|thumb|Tafkin Bujuku]] '''Tafkin Bujuku''' tafki ne a cikin tsaunukan Rwenzori, Gundumar Kasese, yammacin [[Uganda]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=Lake Bujuku {{!}} Rwenzori Expeditions |url=https://www.rwenzoriexpeditions.com/things-to-do/lake-bujuku/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana da wurin yawon bude ido. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tours |first=Bujuku Eco |title=Lake Bujuku {{!}} Gorilla trekking, Wildlife safaris, Rwenzori mountains climbing, Chimpanzee tracking, Uganda safaris Bujuku Eco Tours |url=https://bujukuecotours.com/destination/lake-bujuku/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-21 |title=Lake Bujuku - Places to Visit - Rwenzori National Park |url=https://www.rwenzorinationalpark.com/places/lake-bujuku/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> Hanyar tafiya zuwa Tafkin Bujuku tana ɗaukar akalla kwanaki 3.<ref name=":0" /> Tafkin yana da tsawon kilomita 1.37 (0.85 kuma yana da mita 3,963 (13,002 sama da matakin teku, a kan kwarin Bujuku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Bujuku, Bujuku Lake on Mountain Rwenzori National Park |url=https://www.insiderwenzorimountainsnationalpark.com/lake-bujuku.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Inside Rwenzori Mountains National Park |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Makanga |first=Samuel |date=2023-08-03 |title=The Lakes of Mount Rwenzori National Park |url=https://www.mountainrwenzorinationalparkuganda.com/attractions/lakes/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Rwenzori Mountains National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ruwenzori_Lake_Bujuku_1.jpg|alt=Lake Bujuku Flora and Fauna|thumb|Tafkin Bujuku Flora da Fauna]] == Dubi kuma == * Tafkin Chahafi * Tafkin Edward * Tafkin Kamunzuku == Manazarta == mi1ziukdkktrhgppzvhm4p8neimr26a 0 152789 841600 2026-05-28T12:56:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1252952255|Lake Chahafi]]" 841600 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Chahafi''' tafkin rami ne wanda ke cikin Gundumar Kisoro a kudu maso yammacin Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit Lake Chahafi |url=https://www.insidemgahinganationalpark.com/visit-lake-chahafi.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Inside Mgahinga National Park}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-06 |title=Lake Chahafi - Nearby Places to Visit {{!}} Mgahinga National Park |url=https://www.mgahinganationalpark.com/places/lake-chahafi.html |access-date=2024-06-06}}</ref> Tafkin yana kawo kudaden musayar kasashen waje na Uganda ta hanyar yawon bude ido, yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arziki. Tafkin yana cikin yankin da ake kira "Switzerland of Uganda" saboda yanayin da ya kunshi tsaunukan Rwenzori tare da Yanayin Bahar Rum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit Lake Chahafi |url=https://www.insidemgahinganationalpark.com/visit-lake-chahafi.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Inside Mgahinga National Park}}</ref> == Manazarta == 1pmu8wrvr14uxtot8l0hkqmclzrnmx2 841601 841600 2026-05-28T12:56:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 841601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Chahafi''' tafkin rami ne wanda ke cikin Gundumar Kisoro a kudu maso yammacin Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit Lake Chahafi |url=https://www.insidemgahinganationalpark.com/visit-lake-chahafi.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Inside Mgahinga National Park}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-06 |title=Lake Chahafi - Nearby Places to Visit {{!}} Mgahinga National Park |url=https://www.mgahinganationalpark.com/places/lake-chahafi.html |access-date=2024-06-06}}</ref> Tafkin yana kawo kudaden musayar kasashen waje na Uganda ta hanyar yawon bude ido, yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arziki. Tafkin yana cikin yankin da ake kira "Switzerland of Uganda" saboda yanayin da ya kunshi tsaunukan Rwenzori tare da Yanayin Bahar Rum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit Lake Chahafi |url=https://www.insidemgahinganationalpark.com/visit-lake-chahafi.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Inside Mgahinga National Park}}</ref> == Manazarta == d3ei2x6asg8asd6axj0sux2cmhcqmq6 0 152790 841603 2026-05-28T12:57:38Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333654079|Lake Kachera]]" 841603 wikitext text/x-wiki ''''''Tafkin Kachra'''''' kuma an san shi da Tafkin Kachira, Tafkin Kacheera, TafkinKakyera da Tafkin Kachin tafkin ruwa ne mai laushi wanda ke cikin Gundumar Rakai da Gundumar Mbarara a Uganda.<ref name=":63">{{Cite web |date=5 January 2021 |title=Smelly water threatens livelihoods in lyantonde |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/smelly-water-threatens-livelihoods-in-lyantonde-1512590 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fred |first=Turyakira |date=4 June 2021 |title=Companies asked for support to save river Rwizi |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/agriculture/companies-asked-for-support-to-save-river-rwi-NV_105223 |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref name="OpenStreetMap">{{Cite web |title=OpenStreetMap |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/search |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307213415/https://www.openstreetmap.org/search |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=OpenStreetMap |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=Rakai launches campaign for sustainable fishing on Lake Kachera, Kijanebarola |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/rakai-launches-campaign-for-sustainable-fishing-on-lake-kachera-kijanebarola/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522103849/https://www.independent.co.ug/rakai-launches-campaign-for-sustainable-fishing-on-lake-kachera-kijanebarola/ |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachira lake, Western Region, Uganda |url=https://ug.geoview.info/lake_kachira,232904 |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=ug.geoview.info}}</ref> Yana daga cikin tsarin Mburo-Nakivale wetland kuma yana daga cikin tsarin tabkuna masu rikitarwa da aka sani da tabkuna na Koki waɗanda manyan maras kyau suka raba su.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-kachera-lake-mburo.html |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-kachera-lake-mburo.html |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, yana ɗaya daga cikin tabkuna da ke yin tabkuna na tauraron dan adam na Victoria.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":53" /> == Wurin da yake == Tafkin Kachera yana cikin Gundumar Mbarara a Yammacin [[Uganda]] . Tafkin Kachera yana cikin daidaitattun 0°35′42′′S 31°06′54′′E / 0.595°S 31.115°E / -0.595; 31.115.<ref name="OpenStreetMap">{{Cite web |title=OpenStreetMap |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/search |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307213415/https://www.openstreetmap.org/search |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=OpenStreetMap |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-kachera-lake-mburo.html |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://mbararatours.com/attractions/lake-kachera.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617142344/https://mbararatours.com/attractions/lake-kachera.html |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=Mbarara Tours |language=en-US}}</ref> Tafkin Kachera yana da tsawo na mita 1,232 (mita 4,042) sama da matakin teku.<ref name=":23" /> Tana kusa da Lake Mburo National Park.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-kachera-lake-mburo.html |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Tafkin Kachera wani bangare ne na tsarin Koki Lakes na tabkuna waɗanda aka raba su da Tafkin Victoria ta hanyar tsawo na manyan maras kyau, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin tabkuna da ke yin tabkuna na tauraron dan adam na Victoria.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-kachera-lake-mburo.html |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite web |date=5 January 2021 |title=Smelly water threatens livelihoods in lyantonde |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/smelly-water-threatens-livelihoods-in-lyantonde-1512590 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522162018/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/smelly-water-threatens-livelihoods-in-lyantonde-1512590 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Tafkin Koki ya kunshi Tafkin Kachera, Tafkin Mburo, Tafkin Kijanebalola da Tafkin Nakivali . <ref name=":52" /> == Yanayin ƙasa da kafawa == Bayan taron El Niño na 1997, Tafkin Kacheera ya rasa mafi yawan ruwansa zuwa Tafkin Victoria saboda babban ruwa mai gudana ta hanyar Tafkin Kijjanebarora kuma matakin sa ya fadi da mita 3. Tafkin Kachera kuma ya rasa tsibirin da ke iyo wanda ya kasance mafaka ga kifi.<ref name=":32" /> An rufe bakin tekun da maras kyau, bishiyoyi da gandun daji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braczkowski |first=Aleksander |last2=Schenk |first2=Ralph |last3=Samarasinghe |first3=Dinal |last4=Biggs |first4=Duan |last5=Richardson |first5=Allie |last6=Swanson |first6=Nicholas |last7=Swanson |first7=Merlin |last8=Dheer |first8=Arjun |last9=Fattebert |first9=Julien |date=27 January 2022 |title=Leopard and spotted hyena densities in the Lake Mburo National Park, southwestern Uganda |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=10 |doi=10.7717/peerj.12307 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=8801179 |pmid=35127275 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tafkin Kachera tafki ne mai zurfi tare da matsakaicin zurfin mita 5 (16 feet) kuma yana rufe yanki na murabba'in kilomita 42 (16 murabba'i miles) da kuma bakin teku na kilomita 81. Yana da matsakaicin tsawon kilomita 20 (12 miles) da faɗin kilomita 3.5 (2.2 miles). &nbsp; Kogin Ruizi yana gudana daga gundumar Bushenyi kuma yana wucewa ta Tafkin Kachera da Tafkin Kijanebalola kafin ya shiga Tafkin Mburo kuma ya ƙare a Tafkin Victoria.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Habari |date=5 January 2023 |title=Attractions in Mbarara {{!}} Mbarara City Tour {{!}} Uganda Safaris Tours |url=https://www.habariugandatours.com/attractions-in-mbarara/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522131044/https://www.habariugandatours.com/attractions-in-mbarara/ |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=www.habariugandatours.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana zubar da ruwa zuwa Tafkin Victoria ta hanyar [[Kogin Kagera]] wanda shine kawai kogin da ke fitowa. [[Kogin Rwizi]] kuma yana zuba ruwansa cikin Tafkin Victoria ta hanyar Tafkin Kachera wanda shine tsarin magudanar ruwa ga Tafkin Victoria. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2021 |title=River Rwizi on the verge of drying up |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/oped/letters/river-rwizi-on-the-verge-of-drying-up-3547386 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2020 |title=Conservationists walk 330 kilometres to save River Rwizi |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/conservationists-walk-330-kilometres-to-save-river-rwizi-1879882 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522162023/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/conservationists-walk-330-kilometres-to-save-river-rwizi-1879882 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mbarara: A city choking on plastic waste |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_160763 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> == Muhalli == Tafkin Kachera yana da nau'ikan tsuntsaye, kifi, shuke-shuke da dabbobi daban-daban.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-kachera-lake-mburo.html |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> === Nau'in kifi === Tafkin Kachera yana da nau'ikan kifi daban-daban waɗanda suka haɗa da; Nilu tilapia, ''Oreochromis esculentus'', (wanda aka sani da engege), da ''Astatoreochromis'', ''Astatotilapia'', Clarias, ''[[Haragachromis]]'', da nau'in ''Protopterus''.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-kachera-lake-mburo.html |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=Rakai launches campaign for sustainable fishing on Lake Kachera, Kijanebarola |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/rakai-launches-campaign-for-sustainable-fishing-on-lake-kachera-kijanebarola/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522103849/https://www.independent.co.ug/rakai-launches-campaign-for-sustainable-fishing-on-lake-kachera-kijanebarola/ |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-kachera-lake-mburo.html |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> === Dabbobi === ==== Zooplankton ==== Tafkin Kachera yana da nau'ikan zooplankton 22. Akwai wakilan Diplostraca; ''[[Ceriodaphnia cornuta]]'', ''[[Moina micrura]]'', ''[[Eucyclops]]'', ''Mesocyclops''. ''Toronaeus incisus'', da ''[[Toronaeus neglectus]]'', da Rotifera, ciki har da; ''Asplanchna'', ''[[Brachionus angularis]]'', ''[[Brachionus bidentatus]]'', ''[[Brachionus budapestinensis]]'', Brachionas microra, Brachions, Mesochyflorus falcatus, Brachycus, Brachyus, Trini, Lectra, Propica, Propichus, Propicta, Propi, Propiccus, Prini, Propict, Propiet, Propian, Propiat, Propicia. ==== Dabbobi masu rai da ruwa ==== Tafkin Kachera yana da nau'o'in amphibians guda 8 waɗanda suka haɗa da; ''Bufo gutturalis'' (gurasa mai zurfi), ''Hyperolius acuticeps'' (gurasa ta ƙuƙwalwa), ''Hyperolius kivuensis kivuensis'' (gurasa na Kivu), ''Hyperolius viridiflavus bayoni'', da Hyperolius viridiflaktychus viridifftychus (gurasa), ''Phrynobatrachus natalensis'' (Natal nanadland), Phrhrynophadena (Mascarnishishishish). ==== Dabbobi masu rarrafe ==== Tafkin Kachera yana da nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe guda 7 waɗanda suka haɗa da; ''Agama atricollis'' (itace na yau da kullun agama), ''Cocodylus niloticus'' (Nile crocodile), ''[[Mabuya maculilabris]]'' (sink mai laushi), ''Mabuya striata'' (sink na yau da kullum), ''Naja melanoleuca'' (ruwa mai laushi mai laushi, ''Python sebae'' (dutse python), da ''Varanus niloticus'' (mai saka idanu). ==== Dabbobi masu shayarwa ==== Tafkin Kachera yana da nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 5 wadanda suka hada da; Atilax paludinosus (marsh mongoose), ''Hippopotamus amphibius'' (hippopotamus), Lophuromys sikapusi (yawanci mai laushi), ''Lutra maculicollis'' (otter mai laushi mai laushi, da ''Praomys jacksoni'' (Jackson's soft-furred rat). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5jnoemwglb9oki8alssdwg6b2gs46eh 841604 841603 2026-05-28T12:58:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 841604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Tafkin Kachra'''''' kuma an san shi da Tafkin Kachira, Tafkin Kacheera, TafkinKakyera da Tafkin Kachin tafkin ruwa ne mai laushi wanda ke cikin Gundumar Rakai da Gundumar Mbarara a Uganda.<ref name=":63">{{Cite web |date=5 January 2021 |title=Smelly water threatens livelihoods in lyantonde |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/smelly-water-threatens-livelihoods-in-lyantonde-1512590 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fred |first=Turyakira |date=4 June 2021 |title=Companies asked for support to save river Rwizi |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/agriculture/companies-asked-for-support-to-save-river-rwi-NV_105223 |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref name="OpenStreetMap">{{Cite web |title=OpenStreetMap |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/search |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307213415/https://www.openstreetmap.org/search |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=OpenStreetMap |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=Rakai launches campaign for sustainable fishing on Lake Kachera, Kijanebarola |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/rakai-launches-campaign-for-sustainable-fishing-on-lake-kachera-kijanebarola/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522103849/https://www.independent.co.ug/rakai-launches-campaign-for-sustainable-fishing-on-lake-kachera-kijanebarola/ |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachira lake, Western Region, Uganda |url=https://ug.geoview.info/lake_kachira,232904 |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=ug.geoview.info}}</ref> Yana daga cikin tsarin Mburo-Nakivale wetland kuma yana daga cikin tsarin tabkuna masu rikitarwa da aka sani da tabkuna na Koki waɗanda manyan maras kyau suka raba su.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-kachera-lake-mburo.html |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-kachera-lake-mburo.html |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, yana ɗaya daga cikin tabkuna da ke yin tabkuna na tauraron dan adam na Victoria.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":53" /> == Wurin da yake == Tafkin Kachera yana cikin Gundumar Mbarara a Yammacin [[Uganda]] . Tafkin Kachera yana cikin daidaitattun 0°35′42′′S 31°06′54′′E / 0.595°S 31.115°E / -0.595; 31.115.<ref name="OpenStreetMap">{{Cite web |title=OpenStreetMap |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/search |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307213415/https://www.openstreetmap.org/search |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=OpenStreetMap |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-kachera-lake-mburo.html |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://mbararatours.com/attractions/lake-kachera.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617142344/https://mbararatours.com/attractions/lake-kachera.html |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=Mbarara Tours |language=en-US}}</ref> Tafkin Kachera yana da tsawo na mita 1,232 (mita 4,042) sama da matakin teku.<ref name=":23" /> Tana kusa da Lake Mburo National Park.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-kachera-lake-mburo.html |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Tafkin Kachera wani bangare ne na tsarin Koki Lakes na tabkuna waɗanda aka raba su da Tafkin Victoria ta hanyar tsawo na manyan maras kyau, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin tabkuna da ke yin tabkuna na tauraron dan adam na Victoria.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-kachera-lake-mburo.html |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite web |date=5 January 2021 |title=Smelly water threatens livelihoods in lyantonde |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/smelly-water-threatens-livelihoods-in-lyantonde-1512590 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522162018/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/smelly-water-threatens-livelihoods-in-lyantonde-1512590 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Tafkin Koki ya kunshi Tafkin Kachera, Tafkin Mburo, Tafkin Kijanebalola da Tafkin Nakivali . <ref name=":52" /> == Yanayin ƙasa da kafawa == Bayan taron El Niño na 1997, Tafkin Kacheera ya rasa mafi yawan ruwansa zuwa Tafkin Victoria saboda babban ruwa mai gudana ta hanyar Tafkin Kijjanebarora kuma matakin sa ya fadi da mita 3. Tafkin Kachera kuma ya rasa tsibirin da ke iyo wanda ya kasance mafaka ga kifi.<ref name=":32" /> An rufe bakin tekun da maras kyau, bishiyoyi da gandun daji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braczkowski |first=Aleksander |last2=Schenk |first2=Ralph |last3=Samarasinghe |first3=Dinal |last4=Biggs |first4=Duan |last5=Richardson |first5=Allie |last6=Swanson |first6=Nicholas |last7=Swanson |first7=Merlin |last8=Dheer |first8=Arjun |last9=Fattebert |first9=Julien |date=27 January 2022 |title=Leopard and spotted hyena densities in the Lake Mburo National Park, southwestern Uganda |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=10 |doi=10.7717/peerj.12307 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=8801179 |pmid=35127275 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tafkin Kachera tafki ne mai zurfi tare da matsakaicin zurfin mita 5 (16 feet) kuma yana rufe yanki na murabba'in kilomita 42 (16 murabba'i miles) da kuma bakin teku na kilomita 81. Yana da matsakaicin tsawon kilomita 20 (12 miles) da faɗin kilomita 3.5 (2.2 miles). &nbsp; Kogin Ruizi yana gudana daga gundumar Bushenyi kuma yana wucewa ta Tafkin Kachera da Tafkin Kijanebalola kafin ya shiga Tafkin Mburo kuma ya ƙare a Tafkin Victoria.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Habari |date=5 January 2023 |title=Attractions in Mbarara {{!}} Mbarara City Tour {{!}} Uganda Safaris Tours |url=https://www.habariugandatours.com/attractions-in-mbarara/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522131044/https://www.habariugandatours.com/attractions-in-mbarara/ |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=www.habariugandatours.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana zubar da ruwa zuwa Tafkin Victoria ta hanyar [[Kogin Kagera]] wanda shine kawai kogin da ke fitowa. [[Kogin Rwizi]] kuma yana zuba ruwansa cikin Tafkin Victoria ta hanyar Tafkin Kachera wanda shine tsarin magudanar ruwa ga Tafkin Victoria. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2021 |title=River Rwizi on the verge of drying up |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/oped/letters/river-rwizi-on-the-verge-of-drying-up-3547386 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2020 |title=Conservationists walk 330 kilometres to save River Rwizi |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/conservationists-walk-330-kilometres-to-save-river-rwizi-1879882 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522162023/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/conservationists-walk-330-kilometres-to-save-river-rwizi-1879882 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mbarara: A city choking on plastic waste |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_160763 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> == Muhalli == Tafkin Kachera yana da nau'ikan tsuntsaye, kifi, shuke-shuke da dabbobi daban-daban.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-kachera-lake-mburo.html |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> === Nau'in kifi === Tafkin Kachera yana da nau'ikan kifi daban-daban waɗanda suka haɗa da; Nilu tilapia, ''Oreochromis esculentus'', (wanda aka sani da engege), da ''Astatoreochromis'', ''Astatotilapia'', Clarias, ''[[Haragachromis]]'', da nau'in ''Protopterus''.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-kachera-lake-mburo.html |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=Rakai launches campaign for sustainable fishing on Lake Kachera, Kijanebarola |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/rakai-launches-campaign-for-sustainable-fishing-on-lake-kachera-kijanebarola/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522103849/https://www.independent.co.ug/rakai-launches-campaign-for-sustainable-fishing-on-lake-kachera-kijanebarola/ |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-kachera-lake-mburo.html |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> === Dabbobi === ==== Zooplankton ==== Tafkin Kachera yana da nau'ikan zooplankton 22. Akwai wakilan Diplostraca; ''[[Ceriodaphnia cornuta]]'', ''[[Moina micrura]]'', ''[[Eucyclops]]'', ''Mesocyclops''. ''Toronaeus incisus'', da ''[[Toronaeus neglectus]]'', da Rotifera, ciki har da; ''Asplanchna'', ''[[Brachionus angularis]]'', ''[[Brachionus bidentatus]]'', ''[[Brachionus budapestinensis]]'', Brachionas microra, Brachions, Mesochyflorus falcatus, Brachycus, Brachyus, Trini, Lectra, Propica, Propichus, Propicta, Propi, Propiccus, Prini, Propict, Propiet, Propian, Propiat, Propicia. ==== Dabbobi masu rai da ruwa ==== Tafkin Kachera yana da nau'o'in amphibians guda 8 waɗanda suka haɗa da; ''Bufo gutturalis'' (gurasa mai zurfi), ''Hyperolius acuticeps'' (gurasa ta ƙuƙwalwa), ''Hyperolius kivuensis kivuensis'' (gurasa na Kivu), ''Hyperolius viridiflavus bayoni'', da Hyperolius viridiflaktychus viridifftychus (gurasa), ''Phrynobatrachus natalensis'' (Natal nanadland), Phrhrynophadena (Mascarnishishishish). ==== Dabbobi masu rarrafe ==== Tafkin Kachera yana da nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe guda 7 waɗanda suka haɗa da; ''Agama atricollis'' (itace na yau da kullun agama), ''Cocodylus niloticus'' (Nile crocodile), ''[[Mabuya maculilabris]]'' (sink mai laushi), ''Mabuya striata'' (sink na yau da kullum), ''Naja melanoleuca'' (ruwa mai laushi mai laushi, ''Python sebae'' (dutse python), da ''Varanus niloticus'' (mai saka idanu). ==== Dabbobi masu shayarwa ==== Tafkin Kachera yana da nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 5 wadanda suka hada da; Atilax paludinosus (marsh mongoose), ''Hippopotamus amphibius'' (hippopotamus), Lophuromys sikapusi (yawanci mai laushi), ''Lutra maculicollis'' (otter mai laushi mai laushi, da ''Praomys jacksoni'' (Jackson's soft-furred rat). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4z9mbld9241qbg3sb5l5wlnuy5apapl 0 152791 841605 2026-05-28T12:58:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327976026|Lake Kamunzuku]]" 841605 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Kamunzuku''' tafki ne mai rami a cikin Gundumar Rubirizi, Yammacin Uganda, da ke kan iyaka da Gidan shakatawa na Sarauniya Elizabeth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=The transparent lake of Rubirizi |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/the-transparent-lake-of-rubirizi-1647686 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=NewVision |date=2021-08-20 |title=Tourism: ▶️ ECO ZONE: Lake Kamunzuku in Kasyoha-Kitomi forest |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/travel/eco-zone-lake-kamunzuku-in-kasyoha-kitomi-for-NV_112623 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Tafkin yana cikin ƙauyen Nyangororo, Bunyaruguru County, kuma an kafa shi ne ta hanyar dutsen wuta, kama da sauran tabkuna a cikin gundumar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Figure 2: Seven Sisters Country Park, and Queen Elizabeth Country Park. |doi=10.7717/peerj.17483/fig-2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Al'ummomin yankin sun yi imanin cewa tafkin yana da kaddarorin warkarwa. Tafkin Kamunzuku yanki ne mai kariya wanda Hukumar Kula da namun daji ta Uganda ke sarrafawa tare da hadin gwiwar Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido, namun daji da kayan tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourism Uganda {{!}} Ministry of Tourism Wildlife and Antiquities {{!}} Kampala |url=https://www.tourism.go.ug/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=tourismuganda |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-30 |title=Uganda Wildlife Authority - UWA |url=https://ugandawildlife.org/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=ugandawildlife.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Tafkin yana dauke da ruwa mai laushi wanda ke tallafawa rayuwar ruwa mai aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=polly |date=2024-03-15 |title=Lake Kamunzuku {{!}} Uganda Wildlife Safaris {{!}} Uganda Tours |url=https://www.queenelizabethparkuganda.com/information/lake-kamunzuku/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Queen Elizabeth National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Tafkin Kamunzuku yana da tsawo kusan mita 1,272 (4,173 ft) sama da matakin teku.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tumwebaze |first=Immaculate |last2=Clewing |first2=Catharina |last3=Dusabe |first3=Marie Claire |last4=Tumusiime |first4=Julius |last5=Kagoro-Rugunda |first5=Grace |last6=Hammoud |first6=Cyril |last7=Albrecht |first7=Christian |date=2019-11-27 |title=Molecular identification of Bulinus spp. intermediate host snails of Schistosoma spp. in crater lakes of western Uganda with implications for the transmission of the Schistosoma haematobium group parasites |journal=Parasites & Vectors |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=565 |doi=10.1186/s13071-019-3811-2 |issn=1756-3305 |pmc=6882369 |pmid=31775865 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ilimin ƙasa == Tafkin yana zaune ne a wani rami na dutsen wuta wanda aka kafa ta hanyar aikin dutsen wuta na baya wanda ke da alaƙa da reshen yammacin Gabashin Afirka Rift System. Yana daga cikin tarin tabkuna da aka samu a Bunuguruyar County. == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == Tafkin yana kewaye da gandun daji na halitta tare da itatuwa masu tsawo. Dabbobin daji da aka ruwaito a yankin sun hada da birai na vervet, birai na baki da fari, baboons, aladu na gandun daji, da nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri na yanayin halittu na [[Kyautar Albertine|Albertine Rift]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kamunzuku in Queen Elizabeth National Park |url=https://www.insidequeenelizabethnationalpark.com/lake-kamunzuku.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Inside Queen Elizabeth National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> == Muhimmancin al'adu == Daga cikin al'ummomin da ke kewaye da shi, Lake Kamunzuku an dauke shi da al'ada kamar yana da abubuwan ruhaniya ko warkarwa, kuma yana cikin al'adun baki na gida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2024-01-25 |title=Lake Kamunzuku: Is God's Bath Tab in Uganda {{!}} Guide to Uganda |url=https://www.guidetouganda.com/blog/lake-kamunzuku-gods-bath-tab/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Karewa == A matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin halittu na Sarauniya Elizabeth National Park, tafkin yana ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin kiyayewa da nufin kare bambancin halittu da hana lalacewar muhalli. == Dubi kuma == * Gidan shakatawa na Sarauniya Elizabeth * Tafkunan Uganda * Yammacin Uganda * Tafkin Chahafi * [https://beyondtravel.africa/safaris/facts-about-rubirizis-twin-lakes-katinda-and-mirambi Tafkin Mirambi] == Manazarta == j18zf7amfxq9qbmjvrhaa6q8np5ocf4 841606 841605 2026-05-28T12:58:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 841606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Kamunzuku''' tafki ne mai rami a cikin Gundumar Rubirizi, Yammacin Uganda, da ke kan iyaka da Gidan shakatawa na Sarauniya Elizabeth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=The transparent lake of Rubirizi |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/the-transparent-lake-of-rubirizi-1647686 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=NewVision |date=2021-08-20 |title=Tourism: ▶️ ECO ZONE: Lake Kamunzuku in Kasyoha-Kitomi forest |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/travel/eco-zone-lake-kamunzuku-in-kasyoha-kitomi-for-NV_112623 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=New Vision}}</ref> Tafkin yana cikin ƙauyen Nyangororo, Bunyaruguru County, kuma an kafa shi ne ta hanyar dutsen wuta, kama da sauran tabkuna a cikin gundumar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Figure 2: Seven Sisters Country Park, and Queen Elizabeth Country Park. |doi=10.7717/peerj.17483/fig-2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Al'ummomin yankin sun yi imanin cewa tafkin yana da kaddarorin warkarwa. Tafkin Kamunzuku yanki ne mai kariya wanda Hukumar Kula da namun daji ta Uganda ke sarrafawa tare da hadin gwiwar Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido, namun daji da kayan tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourism Uganda {{!}} Ministry of Tourism Wildlife and Antiquities {{!}} Kampala |url=https://www.tourism.go.ug/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=tourismuganda |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-30 |title=Uganda Wildlife Authority - UWA |url=https://ugandawildlife.org/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=ugandawildlife.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Tafkin yana dauke da ruwa mai laushi wanda ke tallafawa rayuwar ruwa mai aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=polly |date=2024-03-15 |title=Lake Kamunzuku {{!}} Uganda Wildlife Safaris {{!}} Uganda Tours |url=https://www.queenelizabethparkuganda.com/information/lake-kamunzuku/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Queen Elizabeth National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Tafkin Kamunzuku yana da tsawo kusan mita 1,272 (4,173 ft) sama da matakin teku.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tumwebaze |first=Immaculate |last2=Clewing |first2=Catharina |last3=Dusabe |first3=Marie Claire |last4=Tumusiime |first4=Julius |last5=Kagoro-Rugunda |first5=Grace |last6=Hammoud |first6=Cyril |last7=Albrecht |first7=Christian |date=2019-11-27 |title=Molecular identification of Bulinus spp. intermediate host snails of Schistosoma spp. in crater lakes of western Uganda with implications for the transmission of the Schistosoma haematobium group parasites |journal=Parasites & Vectors |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=565 |doi=10.1186/s13071-019-3811-2 |issn=1756-3305 |pmc=6882369 |pmid=31775865 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ilimin ƙasa == Tafkin yana zaune ne a wani rami na dutsen wuta wanda aka kafa ta hanyar aikin dutsen wuta na baya wanda ke da alaƙa da reshen yammacin Gabashin Afirka Rift System. Yana daga cikin tarin tabkuna da aka samu a Bunuguruyar County. == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == Tafkin yana kewaye da gandun daji na halitta tare da itatuwa masu tsawo. Dabbobin daji da aka ruwaito a yankin sun hada da birai na vervet, birai na baki da fari, baboons, aladu na gandun daji, da nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri na yanayin halittu na [[Kyautar Albertine|Albertine Rift]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kamunzuku in Queen Elizabeth National Park |url=https://www.insidequeenelizabethnationalpark.com/lake-kamunzuku.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Inside Queen Elizabeth National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> == Muhimmancin al'adu == Daga cikin al'ummomin da ke kewaye da shi, Lake Kamunzuku an dauke shi da al'ada kamar yana da abubuwan ruhaniya ko warkarwa, kuma yana cikin al'adun baki na gida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2024-01-25 |title=Lake Kamunzuku: Is God's Bath Tab in Uganda {{!}} Guide to Uganda |url=https://www.guidetouganda.com/blog/lake-kamunzuku-gods-bath-tab/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Karewa == A matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin halittu na Sarauniya Elizabeth National Park, tafkin yana ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin kiyayewa da nufin kare bambancin halittu da hana lalacewar muhalli. == Dubi kuma == * Gidan shakatawa na Sarauniya Elizabeth * Tafkunan Uganda * Yammacin Uganda * Tafkin Chahafi * [https://beyondtravel.africa/safaris/facts-about-rubirizis-twin-lakes-katinda-and-mirambi Tafkin Mirambi] == Manazarta == lmzfwxl95p72cffh1l9vgtd0gvsht5x 0 152792 841607 2026-05-28T12:59:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331163149|Lake Katwe]]" 841607 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Katwe_Salt_Lake.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Tafkin Gishiri na Katwe]] '''Tafkin Katwe''' tafkin hypersaline ne wanda ke cikin gundumar Kasese, kudu maso yammacin Uganda . An san shi da yawan gishiri kuma yana da tarihin hakar gishiri ta al'ummomin yankin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=GNF - Lake Katwe |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35621/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Katwe/resindex.aspx |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=www.globalnature.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=KATWE: The salt mining lake |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/katwe-the-salt-mining-lake-1503108 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa da kafawa == Tafkin Katwe yana cikin filin dutsen wuta na Katwe-Kikorongo, wanda ya ƙunshi rukuni na tabkuna a yankin. An samo asali ne daga aikin dutsen wuta wanda ya faru a yankin. An haɗa shi da wasu tabkuna a yankin ta hanyar tashoshin karkashin kasa kuma yana da irin waɗannan halaye na sunadarai saboda asalin dutsen wuta.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-27 |title=Lake Katwe Salt Works |url=https://www.queenelizabethparkuganda.com/information/katwe-salt-works/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Queen Elizabeth National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> == Gishiri da hakar gishiri == [[Fayil:Lake_Katwe;_The_Enchanting_Salt_Lake_of_Uganda_01.jpg|alt=Lake Katwe; The Enchanting Salt Lake of Uganda .|thumb|Tafkin Katwe; Tafkin Gishiri mai ban sha'awa na Uganda .]] Ɗaya daga cikin siffofi na musamman na Tafkin Katwe shine yanayin hypersaline. Tafkin yana da babban taro na gishiri da sauran ma'adanai, wanda ya sanya shi muhimmin wuri don hakar gishiri. Al'ummomin yankin sun shiga cikin hakar gishiri a kusa da Tafkin Katwe na ƙarni da yawa, suna amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya waɗanda suka haɗa da fitar da ruwa daga tafkin don samun [[Gishiri|lu'ulu'u na gishiri]]. Ana amfani da wannan gishiri don dalilai daban-daban, gami da dafa abinci, adana abinci, da kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-27 |title=Reviving Katwe salt factory |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/reviving-katwe-salt-factory/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Muhimmancin al'adu da tarihi == Tafkin Katwe yana da muhimmancin al'adu da tarihi ga al'ummomin yankin. Ma'adinin gishiri ya kasance aikin tattalin arziki na gargajiya a yankin, ya wuce ta hanyar tsararraki. Hanyoyin hakar ma'adinai da ilimin da ke da alaƙa da hakar gishiri na Lake Katwe an kiyaye su kuma an ba da su a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun al'adu na gida.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=GNF - Lake Katwe |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35621/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Katwe/resindex.aspx |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=www.globalnature.org}}</ref> [[Fayil:Lake_Katwe;_The_Enchanting_Salt_Lake_of_Uganda_05.jpg|thumb|tafkin katwe]] == Yawon shakatawa da kiyayewa == A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Tafkin Katwe ya ja hankalin [[Yawon bude ido|masu yawon bude ido]] da [[Bincike|masu bincike]] da ke sha'awar halaye na musamman. Baƙi na iya shaida tsarin hakar gishiri, yin hulɗa tare da al'ummomin yankin, da kuma koyo game da muhimmancin al'adu da muhalli na tafkin. Ana yin ƙoƙari don daidaita yawon bude ido tare da matakan kiyayewa don tabbatar da ci gaban yankin mai ɗorewa. An aiwatar da sa ido kan muhalli, shirye-shiryen ilimi, da shirye-shirye na shiga cikin al'umma don kare yanayin halittu na Lake Katwe da kuma adana Al'adun al'adu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-27 |title=Lake Katwe Salt Works |url=https://www.queenelizabethparkuganda.com/information/katwe-salt-works/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Queen Elizabeth National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Craters na Katwe == Manazarta == 18zdx3zt1s43itmjzkhsv1a1lxusxfr 841608 841607 2026-05-28T12:59:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 841608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Katwe_Salt_Lake.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Tafkin Gishiri na Katwe]] '''Tafkin Katwe''' tafkin hypersaline ne wanda ke cikin gundumar Kasese, kudu maso yammacin Uganda . An san shi da yawan gishiri kuma yana da tarihin hakar gishiri ta al'ummomin yankin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=GNF - Lake Katwe |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35621/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Katwe/resindex.aspx |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=www.globalnature.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=KATWE: The salt mining lake |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/katwe-the-salt-mining-lake-1503108 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa da kafawa == Tafkin Katwe yana cikin filin dutsen wuta na Katwe-Kikorongo, wanda ya ƙunshi rukuni na tabkuna a yankin. An samo asali ne daga aikin dutsen wuta wanda ya faru a yankin. An haɗa shi da wasu tabkuna a yankin ta hanyar tashoshin karkashin kasa kuma yana da irin waɗannan halaye na sunadarai saboda asalin dutsen wuta.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-27 |title=Lake Katwe Salt Works |url=https://www.queenelizabethparkuganda.com/information/katwe-salt-works/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Queen Elizabeth National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> == Gishiri da hakar gishiri == [[Fayil:Lake_Katwe;_The_Enchanting_Salt_Lake_of_Uganda_01.jpg|alt=Lake Katwe; The Enchanting Salt Lake of Uganda .|thumb|Tafkin Katwe; Tafkin Gishiri mai ban sha'awa na Uganda .]] Ɗaya daga cikin siffofi na musamman na Tafkin Katwe shine yanayin hypersaline. Tafkin yana da babban taro na gishiri da sauran ma'adanai, wanda ya sanya shi muhimmin wuri don hakar gishiri. Al'ummomin yankin sun shiga cikin hakar gishiri a kusa da Tafkin Katwe na ƙarni da yawa, suna amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya waɗanda suka haɗa da fitar da ruwa daga tafkin don samun [[Gishiri|lu'ulu'u na gishiri]]. Ana amfani da wannan gishiri don dalilai daban-daban, gami da dafa abinci, adana abinci, da kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-27 |title=Reviving Katwe salt factory |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/reviving-katwe-salt-factory/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Muhimmancin al'adu da tarihi == Tafkin Katwe yana da muhimmancin al'adu da tarihi ga al'ummomin yankin. Ma'adinin gishiri ya kasance aikin tattalin arziki na gargajiya a yankin, ya wuce ta hanyar tsararraki. Hanyoyin hakar ma'adinai da ilimin da ke da alaƙa da hakar gishiri na Lake Katwe an kiyaye su kuma an ba da su a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun al'adu na gida.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=GNF - Lake Katwe |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35621/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Katwe/resindex.aspx |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=www.globalnature.org}}</ref> [[Fayil:Lake_Katwe;_The_Enchanting_Salt_Lake_of_Uganda_05.jpg|thumb|tafkin katwe]] == Yawon shakatawa da kiyayewa == A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Tafkin Katwe ya ja hankalin [[Yawon bude ido|masu yawon bude ido]] da [[Bincike|masu bincike]] da ke sha'awar halaye na musamman. Baƙi na iya shaida tsarin hakar gishiri, yin hulɗa tare da al'ummomin yankin, da kuma koyo game da muhimmancin al'adu da muhalli na tafkin. Ana yin ƙoƙari don daidaita yawon bude ido tare da matakan kiyayewa don tabbatar da ci gaban yankin mai ɗorewa. An aiwatar da sa ido kan muhalli, shirye-shiryen ilimi, da shirye-shirye na shiga cikin al'umma don kare yanayin halittu na Lake Katwe da kuma adana Al'adun al'adu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-27 |title=Lake Katwe Salt Works |url=https://www.queenelizabethparkuganda.com/information/katwe-salt-works/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Queen Elizabeth National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Craters na Katwe == Manazarta == 76aqpaoyhgo2kum52qfyxx8urfkffsg 0 152793 841609 2026-05-28T12:59:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338650757|Lake Kayumbu]]" 841609 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Kayumbu''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Tafkin Kayumba''', tafki ne a cikin Gundumar Kisoro, Kudu maso Yammacin Uganda, arewacin iyakar [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] a tsawo na mita 1,897 (6,224 sama da matakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kayumbu /Uganda/ Summary & Stories |url=https://experts.gorillahighlands.com/daily-dose/tag/lake-kayumbu/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Gorilla Highlands Experts |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kayumba lake, Western Region, Uganda |url=https://ug.geoview.info/lake_kayumba,231700 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=ug.geoview.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kayumbu |url=http://wikimapia.org/19638199/Lake-Kayumbu |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=wikimapia.org |language=en}}</ref> [maɓuɓɓugar mai amfani] Tafkin yana aiki ne a matsayin wurin yawon bude ido wanda ke samun musayar kasashen waje na ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-17 |title=Three Upland Lakes (4-Day Hike) /Uganda/ - Gorilla Highlands - Tailor-Made Tours in Rwanda, Uganda and DR Congo for Travellers Who Want to Leave a Positive Impact |url=https://gorillahighlands.com/three-upland-lakes/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tafkin yana da nau'ikan kifi iri-iri.  Tafkin Kayumbu yana cikin tsaunuka na Gundumar Kisoro, a cikin yankin Kigezi na kudu maso yammacin [[Uganda]]. Binciken da aka yi na limnological na tabkuna shida na kudu maso yammacin Uganda ya ba da rahoton Tafkin Kayumbu a matsayin karamin tafki (yanki 2.2 km2) a kusan mita 1,890 sama da matakin teku, kusa da Tafkin Chahafi kuma kusa da iyakar [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]]. Gundumar Kisoro wani yanki ne mai tsawo tare da ruwa mai yawa da wuraren da ke da ruwa, gami da tabkuna Mutanda, Mulehe, Chahafi da Kayumbu, tare da cibiyar sadarwa ta maras kyau. == Halayen jiki == A cikin bayanan da aka buga, Tafkin Kayumbu yana da: * Yankin saman: kilomita 2.2 (0.85 sq * Mafi zurfin zurfi: mita 5 (16 * Tsayi: mita 1,890 (6,200 sama da matakin teku. == Limnology da bambancin halittu == Tafkin Kayumbu an haɗa shi a cikin lokacin rigar (Satumba 2014) binciken tushen limnological wanda ya rufe tabkuna a cikin gundumomin Kisoro, Kabale da Rukungiri. Binciken ya tattara ma'aunin filin da samfurori don sigogi kamar su iskar oxygen, zafin jiki, pH, gudanarwa, abubuwan gina jiki, phytoplankton biomass, zooplankton, da macroinvertebrates don nuna yanayin manyan jikin ruwa don tsara aikin kifi. == Amfani da Mutum == An ziyarci Tafkin Kayumbu a matsayin wani ɓangare na yawon shakatawa na gida da hanyoyin yawo a kudu maso yammacin Uganda, gami da tafiye-tafiye da ke haɗa Tafkin Bunyonyi, Dajin Echuya da yankin Kisoro.<ref name="GorillaHighlandsTrek">{{Cite web |title=Three Upland Lakes (4-Day Hike) /Uganda/ |url=https://gorillahighlands.com/three-upland-lakes/ |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Gorilla Highlands Travels}}</ref> Rubutun tafiye-tafiye galibi yana bayyana Tafkin Kayumbu da Tafkin Chahafi da ke kusa da shi a matsayin ra'ayi mai faɗi, wanda aka raba shi da [[Ridge|tudun]], tare da ra'ayoyi masu faɗi a fadin tsaunuka da ke kewaye.<ref name="TwinLakesTravel">{{Cite web |title=Lake Chahafi crater in Kisoro – Top things to do and see in Kisoro town |url=https://www.greatadventuresafaris.com/lake-chahafi-crater-in-kisoro/ |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Great Adventure Safaris}}</ref> == Kifi == Ƙananan tabkuna na Kisoro sun daɗe suna tallafawa ƙananan kamun kifi. Binciken albarkatun kamun kifi ya ba da rahoton ƙananan haɗuwa daga ƙananan tabkuna huɗu na Kisoro a cikin 1998 (ton na mita 16), tare da farashi mai yawa a lokacin da ƙananan amfani da kifi na kowane mutum da ke da alaƙa da iyakantaccen wadata.<ref name="Kamanyi1999AGRIS">{{Cite web |date=1999 |title=The Fishery Resource of Kisoro Minor Lakes |url=https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/124444/records/662916902b3930d7cdc0a699 |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=FAO AGRIS}}</ref> == Tsaro da matsin lamba == Babban matsin lamba na yawan jama'a na Gundumar Kisoro ya ba da gudummawa ga canjin amfani da ƙasa da mamayewa a kan ciyayi na halitta a wasu sassan gundumar, tare da haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da gangaren da ke da tsaunuka da kuma yanayin halittu masu tsaunuka. Bayanan gundumar sun kuma lura da muhimmancin wuraren da ke da ruwa da ruwa mai budewa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ilimin ruwa da tushen rayuwa. == Dubi kuma == * Tafkin Chahafi * Tafkin Nyagou * Tafkin Kyoga * Tafkin Edward * Jerin tabkuna na Uganda == Manazarta == q0euib386ao9ml7ywvgh8kyt0ceswcr 841612 841609 2026-05-28T13:00:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 841612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Kayumbu''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Tafkin Kayumba''', tafki ne a cikin Gundumar Kisoro, Kudu maso Yammacin Uganda, arewacin iyakar [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] a tsawo na mita 1,897 (6,224 sama da matakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kayumbu /Uganda/ Summary & Stories |url=https://experts.gorillahighlands.com/daily-dose/tag/lake-kayumbu/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Gorilla Highlands Experts |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kayumba lake, Western Region, Uganda |url=https://ug.geoview.info/lake_kayumba,231700 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=ug.geoview.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kayumbu |url=http://wikimapia.org/19638199/Lake-Kayumbu |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=wikimapia.org |language=en}}</ref> [maɓuɓɓugar mai amfani] Tafkin yana aiki ne a matsayin wurin yawon bude ido wanda ke samun musayar kasashen waje na ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-17 |title=Three Upland Lakes (4-Day Hike) /Uganda/ - Gorilla Highlands - Tailor-Made Tours in Rwanda, Uganda and DR Congo for Travellers Who Want to Leave a Positive Impact |url=https://gorillahighlands.com/three-upland-lakes/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tafkin yana da nau'ikan kifi iri-iri.  Tafkin Kayumbu yana cikin tsaunuka na Gundumar Kisoro, a cikin yankin Kigezi na kudu maso yammacin [[Uganda]]. Binciken da aka yi na limnological na tabkuna shida na kudu maso yammacin Uganda ya ba da rahoton Tafkin Kayumbu a matsayin karamin tafki (yanki 2.2 km2) a kusan mita 1,890 sama da matakin teku, kusa da Tafkin Chahafi kuma kusa da iyakar [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]]. Gundumar Kisoro wani yanki ne mai tsawo tare da ruwa mai yawa da wuraren da ke da ruwa, gami da tabkuna Mutanda, Mulehe, Chahafi da Kayumbu, tare da cibiyar sadarwa ta maras kyau. == Halayen jiki == A cikin bayanan da aka buga, Tafkin Kayumbu yana da: * Yankin saman: kilomita 2.2 (0.85 sq * Mafi zurfin zurfi: mita 5 (16 * Tsayi: mita 1,890 (6,200 sama da matakin teku. == Limnology da bambancin halittu == Tafkin Kayumbu an haɗa shi a cikin lokacin rigar (Satumba 2014) binciken tushen limnological wanda ya rufe tabkuna a cikin gundumomin Kisoro, Kabale da Rukungiri. Binciken ya tattara ma'aunin filin da samfurori don sigogi kamar su iskar oxygen, zafin jiki, pH, gudanarwa, abubuwan gina jiki, phytoplankton biomass, zooplankton, da macroinvertebrates don nuna yanayin manyan jikin ruwa don tsara aikin kifi. == Amfani da Mutum == An ziyarci Tafkin Kayumbu a matsayin wani ɓangare na yawon shakatawa na gida da hanyoyin yawo a kudu maso yammacin Uganda, gami da tafiye-tafiye da ke haɗa Tafkin Bunyonyi, Dajin Echuya da yankin Kisoro.<ref name="GorillaHighlandsTrek">{{Cite web |title=Three Upland Lakes (4-Day Hike) /Uganda/ |url=https://gorillahighlands.com/three-upland-lakes/ |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Gorilla Highlands Travels}}</ref> Rubutun tafiye-tafiye galibi yana bayyana Tafkin Kayumbu da Tafkin Chahafi da ke kusa da shi a matsayin ra'ayi mai faɗi, wanda aka raba shi da [[Ridge|tudun]], tare da ra'ayoyi masu faɗi a fadin tsaunuka da ke kewaye.<ref name="TwinLakesTravel">{{Cite web |title=Lake Chahafi crater in Kisoro – Top things to do and see in Kisoro town |url=https://www.greatadventuresafaris.com/lake-chahafi-crater-in-kisoro/ |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Great Adventure Safaris}}</ref> == Kifi == Ƙananan tabkuna na Kisoro sun daɗe suna tallafawa ƙananan kamun kifi. Binciken albarkatun kamun kifi ya ba da rahoton ƙananan haɗuwa daga ƙananan tabkuna huɗu na Kisoro a cikin 1998 (ton na mita 16), tare da farashi mai yawa a lokacin da ƙananan amfani da kifi na kowane mutum da ke da alaƙa da iyakantaccen wadata.<ref name="Kamanyi1999AGRIS">{{Cite web |date=1999 |title=The Fishery Resource of Kisoro Minor Lakes |url=https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/124444/records/662916902b3930d7cdc0a699 |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=FAO AGRIS}}</ref> == Tsaro da matsin lamba == Babban matsin lamba na yawan jama'a na Gundumar Kisoro ya ba da gudummawa ga canjin amfani da ƙasa da mamayewa a kan ciyayi na halitta a wasu sassan gundumar, tare da haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da gangaren da ke da tsaunuka da kuma yanayin halittu masu tsaunuka. Bayanan gundumar sun kuma lura da muhimmancin wuraren da ke da ruwa da ruwa mai budewa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ilimin ruwa da tushen rayuwa. == Dubi kuma == * Tafkin Chahafi * Tafkin Nyagou * Tafkin Kyoga * Tafkin Edward * Jerin tabkuna na Uganda == Manazarta == 5jgh0nrfuoqtxrsrjrays3jae63cj78 0 152794 841614 2026-05-28T13:01:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352324009|Lake Kibwera]]" 841614 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Kibwera''' tafkin crater ne na Uganda a cikin Gidan shakatawa na Sarauniya Elizabeth a Yammacin Uganda . Tafkin yana da nau'ikan kifi daban-daban wanda al'ummar da ke kewaye da shi suka fi so.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-19 |title=UWA maps out crocodile areas |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uwa-maps-out-crocodile-areas-1613974 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> An kuma san tafkin a matsayin wurin zama ga crocodiles da aka sake komawa daga tabkuna da ke kusa kamar Lake George yayin da suke haifar da barazana ga rayuwar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Makanga |first=Samuel |date=2015-06-10 |title=Residents around Lake George relieved following the relocation of a man eating crocodile – Uganda safari news |url=https://www.primeugandasafaris.com/residents-around-lake-george-relieved-following-the-relocation-of-a-man-eating-crocodile-uganda-safari-news/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Prime Uganda Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-09 |title=Uganda Wildlife Authority maps Crocodile territory |url=https://www.kfm.co.ug/news/uganda-wildlife-authority-maps-crocodile-territory.html |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=93.3 KFM |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Tafkin Kibwera''' yanki ne mai kariya wanda Hukumar Kula da namun daji ta Uganda (UWA) da Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido, namun daji da kayan tarihi ke sarrafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourism Uganda {{!}} Ministry of Tourism Wildlife and Antiquities {{!}} Kampala |url=https://www.tourism.go.ug/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=tourismuganda |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-30 |title=Uganda Wildlife Authority - UWA |url=https://ugandawildlife.org/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=ugandawildlife.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == '''Tafkin Kibwera''' yana cikin Gidan shakatawa na Sarauniya Elizabeth a Yammacin Uganda Gundumar Rubirizi a '''Latitude''' 0°15'15.6"S da Longitude 29°59'20.8"E . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Queen Elizabeth National Park {{!}} Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation |url=https://itfc.must.ac.ug/study-sites/queen-elizabeth-national-park |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=itfc.must.ac.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rubirizi District in Western Region in Uganda - Information on Rubirizi District - Uganda.Places-in-the-world.com |url=https://uganda.places-in-the-world.com/8030584-region2-rubirizi-district.html |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=uganda.places-in-the-world.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tafkin Kyema * Tafkin Nyamusingire * Tafkin Bujuku == Manazarta == j7ruft98nrqqhwvlxdmi0rlrqt5a2fw 841615 841614 2026-05-28T13:01:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 841615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Kibwera''' tafkin crater ne na Uganda a cikin Gidan shakatawa na Sarauniya Elizabeth a Yammacin Uganda . Tafkin yana da nau'ikan kifi daban-daban wanda al'ummar da ke kewaye da shi suka fi so.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-19 |title=UWA maps out crocodile areas |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uwa-maps-out-crocodile-areas-1613974 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> An kuma san tafkin a matsayin wurin zama ga crocodiles da aka sake komawa daga tabkuna da ke kusa kamar Lake George yayin da suke haifar da barazana ga rayuwar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Makanga |first=Samuel |date=2015-06-10 |title=Residents around Lake George relieved following the relocation of a man eating crocodile – Uganda safari news |url=https://www.primeugandasafaris.com/residents-around-lake-george-relieved-following-the-relocation-of-a-man-eating-crocodile-uganda-safari-news/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Prime Uganda Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-09 |title=Uganda Wildlife Authority maps Crocodile territory |url=https://www.kfm.co.ug/news/uganda-wildlife-authority-maps-crocodile-territory.html |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=93.3 KFM |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Tafkin Kibwera''' yanki ne mai kariya wanda Hukumar Kula da namun daji ta Uganda (UWA) da Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido, namun daji da kayan tarihi ke sarrafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourism Uganda {{!}} Ministry of Tourism Wildlife and Antiquities {{!}} Kampala |url=https://www.tourism.go.ug/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=tourismuganda |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-30 |title=Uganda Wildlife Authority - UWA |url=https://ugandawildlife.org/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=ugandawildlife.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == '''Tafkin Kibwera''' yana cikin Gidan shakatawa na Sarauniya Elizabeth a Yammacin Uganda Gundumar Rubirizi a '''Latitude''' 0°15'15.6"S da Longitude 29°59'20.8"E . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Queen Elizabeth National Park {{!}} Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation |url=https://itfc.must.ac.ug/study-sites/queen-elizabeth-national-park |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=itfc.must.ac.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rubirizi District in Western Region in Uganda - Information on Rubirizi District - Uganda.Places-in-the-world.com |url=https://uganda.places-in-the-world.com/8030584-region2-rubirizi-district.html |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=uganda.places-in-the-world.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tafkin Kyema * Tafkin Nyamusingire * Tafkin Bujuku == Manazarta == 8svyij0zj31koeeqmrit3ze3x745sia 0 152795 841616 2026-05-28T13:02:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329085700|Lake Kijanebalola]]" 841616 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Lake_Kijanebalora,_located_in_Rakai_District,_central_Region,_Uganda_23.jpg|right|thumb|Tafkin Kijanebalora]] ''''''Tafkin Kijanebarola'''''', wanda aka fi sani da Tafkin Ki Janbarola ko '''Tafkin Kijjanebalola''', tafkin ruwa ne mai laushi wanda ke cikin gundumar Koki, yankin Kyalulangira, Gundumar Rakai, Tsakiyar Uganda . Ya mamaye yanki na kimanin murabba'in kilomita 14, ya ƙunshi tsibirin Kisozi da tsibirin Kinoni. Tafkin yana kewaye da wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a kamar Lugando, Kisomole, Gombe, Lukondo, Kayonza, Buyanda da D__yue . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-05-18 |title=Lake Kijanebarola dries up leaving scores of fish dead |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/lake-kijanebarola-dries-up-leaving-scores-of-fish-dead/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa da ilimin ruwa == Tafkin Kijanebalola yana a 0°43′02′′S 31°19′46′′E / 0.71714°S 31.329403°E / -0.71714; 31.329303, wanda ke da kusan mita 1,200 sama da matakin teku. Rashin zurfin tafkin yana canzawa, yana riƙe da matsakaicin kusan mita 4. Tafkin yana kewaye da yankuna daban-daban, daga cikinsu akwai Kyarurangira, Majalisar Birnin Ddyango, Kagamba, Kibaale, Kibanda, Lwamaggwa, da Majalisar Birnin Rakai. Tsarin ruwa na tafkin ya haɗa da haɗin zuwa Tafkin Kacheera da [[Kogin Kagera]], wanda daga ƙarshe ya gudana cikin Tafkin Victoria.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-26 |title=Lake Kijanebarola bursts banks, cuts off major roads |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/lake-kijanebarola-bursts-banks-cuts-off-major-roads-3414958 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Muhimmancin muhalli da tattalin arziki == Tafkin wuri ne mai zaman kansa ga tsarin halittu daban-daban, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan kifi daban-daban waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga ayyukan kamun kifi na yankin da ke kusa. Yankunan da ke kusa da su da bakin teku suna ba da wurin zama ga yawancin nau'ikan rayuwar shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Dangane da tattalin arziki, tafkin wani muhimmin bangare ne na kudin shiga na al'ummomin yankin, yana sauƙaƙa ayyukan kamar kamun kifi, noma, da kiwon dabbobi. == Ƙalubalen muhalli == Tafkin Kijanebalola a halin yanzu yana fuskantar jerin ƙalubalen muhalli. An lura da shi don nuna abubuwan da suka faru na algae mai laushi, wanda ya rage ayyukan kamun kifi sosai kuma yana da tasiri sosai ga ingancin ruwan tafkin. Wannan sabon abu na girma mai yawa na algal galibi ana danganta shi da kasancewar gurɓataccen abu, musamman waɗanda aka samo daga tushen aikin gona, wanda ke gabatar da matakan nitrogen da phosphorus a cikin yanayin halittu na ruwa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Over 10,000 fishermen stranded as green algae invades Lake Kijjanebarola |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/over-10-000-fishermen-stranded-as-green-algae-invades-lake-kijjanebarola-4519510 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2022, an kuma bayar da rahoton cewa tafkin ya bushe sosai wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikicen tattalin arziki da muhalli da yawa tare da irin wannan lamarin da ya faru a cikin 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-16 |title=Fishermen stranded as lake fails to regain water level |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/fishermen-stranded-as-lake-fails-to-regain-water-level-3816972 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-05-18 |title=Lake Kijanebarola dries up leaving scores of fish dead |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/lake-kijanebarola-dries-up-leaving-scores-of-fish-dead/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, tafkin ya fuskanci lokuta na bushewa, tare da wani abin da ya faru musamman a watan Mayu 2021. Wannan ya haifar da mutuwar kifi mai yawa kuma yana da tasiri a kan lafiyar tattalin arziki na al'ummar kamun kifi na yankin.<ref name=":0" /> Tafkin ya fuskanci lokuta da yawa na cikawa, wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar hanyoyin da ke kusa da shi da kuma ƙaurawar mazauna. Mafi yawan waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane da lalacewar dukiya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-26 |title=Lake Kijanebarola bursts banks, cuts off major roads |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/lake-kijanebarola-bursts-banks-cuts-off-major-roads-3414958 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-24 |title=Three dead, scores missing after Lake Kijanebarola burst banks |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/three-dead-scores-missing-after-lake-kijanebarola-burst-banks-4065596 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Uganda |first=Watchdog |date=2022-12-27 |title=Lake Kijanebarola floods: MPs Gyaviira, Kinyamatama donate aid |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20221227/147196/lake-kijanebarola-floods-mps-gyaviira-kinyamatama-donate-aid.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Kokarin kiyayewa == A halin yanzu ana ci gaba da kokarin magance matsalolin. Dukkanin kananan hukumomi da hukumomin kasa sun ƙaddamar da shirye-shirye don ba da shawara ga hanyoyin kamun kifi masu ɗorewa da kuma sarrafa yaduwar nau'ikan mamayewa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Over 10,000 fishermen stranded as green algae invades Lake Kijjanebarola |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/over-10-000-fishermen-stranded-as-green-algae-invades-lake-kijjanebarola-4519510 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/over-10-000-fishermen-stranded-as-green-algae-invades-lake-kijjanebarola-4519510 "Over 10,000 fishermen stranded as green algae invades Lake Kijjanebarola"]. ''Monitor''. 2024-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> Bugu da ƙari, akwai ayyukan ci gaba da ke mai da hankali kan sake farfado da yanayin tafkin da kuma tabbatar da amfani da albarkatun ta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-26 |title=Lake Kijanebarola bursts banks, cuts off major roads |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/lake-kijanebarola-bursts-banks-cuts-off-major-roads-3414958 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/lake-kijanebarola-bursts-banks-cuts-off-major-roads-3414958 "Lake Kijanebarola bursts banks, cuts off major roads"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-20</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-27 |title=Rakai launches campaign for sustainable fishing on Lake Kachera, Kijanebarola |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/rakai-launches-campaign-for-sustainable-fishing-on-lake-kachera-kijanebarola/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Muhimmancin al'adu da tarihi == Tafkin Kijanebalola yana da muhimmancin al'adu ga al'ummomin yankin. Yana da wani bangare mai mahimmanci na tarihin tarihin Kooki da al'adu. Baya ga rawar da yake takawa a tattalin arziki, tafkin yana bayyana akai-akai a cikin al'adun yankin, wanda ke jaddada muhimmancinsa fiye da amfani da tattalin arziki kawai. == Dubi kuma == * Tafkin Nakivali * Tafkin Kyoga * [[Tafkin Kachera]] == Manazarta == p8ibycs4fimahka3rj2ww692xbisbsp 841617 841616 2026-05-28T13:03:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 841617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Lake_Kijanebalora,_located_in_Rakai_District,_central_Region,_Uganda_23.jpg|right|thumb|Tafkin Kijanebalora]] ''''''Tafkin Kijanebarola'''''', wanda aka fi sani da Tafkin Ki Janbarola ko '''Tafkin Kijjanebalola''', tafkin ruwa ne mai laushi wanda ke cikin gundumar Koki, yankin Kyalulangira, Gundumar Rakai, Tsakiyar Uganda . Ya mamaye yanki na kimanin murabba'in kilomita 14, ya ƙunshi tsibirin Kisozi da tsibirin Kinoni. Tafkin yana kewaye da wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a kamar Lugando, Kisomole, Gombe, Lukondo, Kayonza, Buyanda da D__yue . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-05-18 |title=Lake Kijanebarola dries up leaving scores of fish dead |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/lake-kijanebarola-dries-up-leaving-scores-of-fish-dead/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa da ilimin ruwa == Tafkin Kijanebalola yana a 0°43′02′′S 31°19′46′′E / 0.71714°S 31.329403°E / -0.71714; 31.329303, wanda ke da kusan mita 1,200 sama da matakin teku. Rashin zurfin tafkin yana canzawa, yana riƙe da matsakaicin kusan mita 4. Tafkin yana kewaye da yankuna daban-daban, daga cikinsu akwai Kyarurangira, Majalisar Birnin Ddyango, Kagamba, Kibaale, Kibanda, Lwamaggwa, da Majalisar Birnin Rakai. Tsarin ruwa na tafkin ya haɗa da haɗin zuwa Tafkin Kacheera da [[Kogin Kagera]], wanda daga ƙarshe ya gudana cikin Tafkin Victoria.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-26 |title=Lake Kijanebarola bursts banks, cuts off major roads |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/lake-kijanebarola-bursts-banks-cuts-off-major-roads-3414958 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Muhimmancin muhalli da tattalin arziki == Tafkin wuri ne mai zaman kansa ga tsarin halittu daban-daban, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan kifi daban-daban waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga ayyukan kamun kifi na yankin da ke kusa. Yankunan da ke kusa da su da bakin teku suna ba da wurin zama ga yawancin nau'ikan rayuwar shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Dangane da tattalin arziki, tafkin wani muhimmin bangare ne na kudin shiga na al'ummomin yankin, yana sauƙaƙa ayyukan kamar kamun kifi, noma, da kiwon dabbobi. == Ƙalubalen muhalli == Tafkin Kijanebalola a halin yanzu yana fuskantar jerin ƙalubalen muhalli. An lura da shi don nuna abubuwan da suka faru na algae mai laushi, wanda ya rage ayyukan kamun kifi sosai kuma yana da tasiri sosai ga ingancin ruwan tafkin. Wannan sabon abu na girma mai yawa na algal galibi ana danganta shi da kasancewar gurɓataccen abu, musamman waɗanda aka samo daga tushen aikin gona, wanda ke gabatar da matakan nitrogen da phosphorus a cikin yanayin halittu na ruwa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Over 10,000 fishermen stranded as green algae invades Lake Kijjanebarola |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/over-10-000-fishermen-stranded-as-green-algae-invades-lake-kijjanebarola-4519510 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2022, an kuma bayar da rahoton cewa tafkin ya bushe sosai wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikicen tattalin arziki da muhalli da yawa tare da irin wannan lamarin da ya faru a cikin 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-16 |title=Fishermen stranded as lake fails to regain water level |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/fishermen-stranded-as-lake-fails-to-regain-water-level-3816972 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-05-18 |title=Lake Kijanebarola dries up leaving scores of fish dead |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/lake-kijanebarola-dries-up-leaving-scores-of-fish-dead/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, tafkin ya fuskanci lokuta na bushewa, tare da wani abin da ya faru musamman a watan Mayu 2021. Wannan ya haifar da mutuwar kifi mai yawa kuma yana da tasiri a kan lafiyar tattalin arziki na al'ummar kamun kifi na yankin.<ref name=":0" /> Tafkin ya fuskanci lokuta da yawa na cikawa, wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar hanyoyin da ke kusa da shi da kuma ƙaurawar mazauna. Mafi yawan waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane da lalacewar dukiya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-26 |title=Lake Kijanebarola bursts banks, cuts off major roads |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/lake-kijanebarola-bursts-banks-cuts-off-major-roads-3414958 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-24 |title=Three dead, scores missing after Lake Kijanebarola burst banks |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/three-dead-scores-missing-after-lake-kijanebarola-burst-banks-4065596 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Uganda |first=Watchdog |date=2022-12-27 |title=Lake Kijanebarola floods: MPs Gyaviira, Kinyamatama donate aid |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20221227/147196/lake-kijanebarola-floods-mps-gyaviira-kinyamatama-donate-aid.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Kokarin kiyayewa == A halin yanzu ana ci gaba da kokarin magance matsalolin. Dukkanin kananan hukumomi da hukumomin kasa sun ƙaddamar da shirye-shirye don ba da shawara ga hanyoyin kamun kifi masu ɗorewa da kuma sarrafa yaduwar nau'ikan mamayewa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Over 10,000 fishermen stranded as green algae invades Lake Kijjanebarola |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/over-10-000-fishermen-stranded-as-green-algae-invades-lake-kijjanebarola-4519510 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/over-10-000-fishermen-stranded-as-green-algae-invades-lake-kijjanebarola-4519510 "Over 10,000 fishermen stranded as green algae invades Lake Kijjanebarola"]. ''Monitor''. 2024-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> Bugu da ƙari, akwai ayyukan ci gaba da ke mai da hankali kan sake farfado da yanayin tafkin da kuma tabbatar da amfani da albarkatun ta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-26 |title=Lake Kijanebarola bursts banks, cuts off major roads |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/lake-kijanebarola-bursts-banks-cuts-off-major-roads-3414958 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/lake-kijanebarola-bursts-banks-cuts-off-major-roads-3414958 "Lake Kijanebarola bursts banks, cuts off major roads"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-20</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-27 |title=Rakai launches campaign for sustainable fishing on Lake Kachera, Kijanebarola |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/rakai-launches-campaign-for-sustainable-fishing-on-lake-kachera-kijanebarola/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Muhimmancin al'adu da tarihi == Tafkin Kijanebalola yana da muhimmancin al'adu ga al'ummomin yankin. Yana da wani bangare mai mahimmanci na tarihin tarihin Kooki da al'adu. Baya ga rawar da yake takawa a tattalin arziki, tafkin yana bayyana akai-akai a cikin al'adun yankin, wanda ke jaddada muhimmancinsa fiye da amfani da tattalin arziki kawai. == Dubi kuma == * Tafkin Nakivali * Tafkin Kyoga * [[Tafkin Kachera]] == Manazarta == 6ojlopt6nybetjfoxzh9cby5cwmv8bz 0 152796 841618 2026-05-28T13:03:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319497029|Lake Kwania]]" 841618 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Kwania''' yana cikin gundumomin Lira, Apac da Amolatar a Yankin Arewacin [[Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Administrative Map of Uganda |url=http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/uganda-administrative-map.htm |access-date=17 January 2013 |publisher=One World Nations Online}}</ref> Yana cikin wani babban fili mai dausayi a gefen White Nile (Victoria Nile) tsakanin Tafkin Victoria da [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]] . Yankin dausayi, wanda ya haɗa da Tafkin Kwania, babban Tafkin Kyoga, da sauran wuraren ruwa da dausayi, ya ƙunshi kusan {{Convert|3420|km2|mi2}} na ruwa a bude da kuma kimanin {{Convert|2180|km2|mi2}} na dausayi na dindindin. Daga cikin wannan jimillar, Tafkin Kwania ya kai {{Convert|540|km2|mi2}} , kimanin 16&nbsp;kashi ɗaya bisa ɗari, na ruwan da ke buɗe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria Nile {{!}} Uganda, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Victoria-Nile |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Kwania_lake.jpg|alt=Kwania lake|thumb|Hoton Kwania Lake]] Ana kama tafkin sosai don tilapia na Nilu da perch na Nilu, an gabatar da nau'in da suka haifar da raguwar yawan kifaye bayan tsakiyar shekarun 1950. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, nau'in da aka gabatar sun kasance kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na kama kasuwanci daga Lake Kyoga, maƙwabcin Kwania kusa. Kodayake tashin hankali na farar hula, Yawan kamun kifi, da kuma yaduwar ruwa (daga baya aka kawo iko) a wasu lokuta sun rage kamun kifin kifi, a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 Lake Kwania yana da wuraren saukowa 34 da kuma jiragen ruwa kusan 1,500 da ke aiki da kimanin masunta 4,500.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Information on Fisheries Management in the Republic of Uganda: Lake Kyoga Complex |url=http://www.fao.org/fi/oldsite/FCP/en/UGA/body.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622131810/http://www.fao.org/fi/oldsite/FCP/en/uga/body.htm |archive-date=22 June 2013 |access-date=17 January 2013 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kwania {{!}} Kwania District Local Government |url=https://kwania.go.ug/opportunites/lake-kwania |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=kwania.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Water hyacinth invades Lake Kwania |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref>&nbsp; == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == Gidajen papyrus suna kewaye da tabkuna kuma suna mamaye wuraren da ke kewaye da su. Sassan waɗannan gadaje suna motsawa daga bakin teku kuma suna zama tsibirai masu iyo. Tsire-tsire iri-iri na ruwa suna girma da yawa a kusa da kuma a cikin tabkuna. Ana samun ciyawa da bishiyoyi a wasu sassan ruwa waɗanda ba sa yawan ambaliyar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNF - Lake Kyoga |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35625/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kyoga/resindex.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521070219/https://www.globalnature.org/35625/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kyoga/resindex.aspx |archive-date=2024-05-21 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.globalnature.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-21 |title=Lake Kyoga - Lakes in Uganda {{!}} Uganda Tourist |url=https://www.ugandatourist.com/lakes/lake-kyoga/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2018-08-30 |title=The Shallow Lake Kyoga Of Uganda {{!}} Uganda Safaris |url=https://www.junglesafarisuganda.com/blog/the-shallow-lake-kyoga-of-uganda.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke yawan zuwa tafkin sun hada da otter na Afirka, marsh mongoose, Hippopotamus, otter mai wuyan wuyan, da sitatunga (tsuntsu mai zama a cikin tafki). Crocodiles, da aka farautar zuwa kusa da halaka kusa da tabkuna, suna da ƙarancin. Baya ga kifin da aka gabatar - Nile perch da Nile tilapia - waɗanda suka mamaye tabkuna, nau'in asali ciki har da Victoria tilapia, suma suna rayuwa a cikin waɗannan ruwa. == Manazarta == gnrer8a5ca6yx7kr6dx3fncnl1xoqzu 841619 841618 2026-05-28T13:03:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 841619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Kwania''' yana cikin gundumomin Lira, Apac da Amolatar a Yankin Arewacin [[Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Administrative Map of Uganda |url=http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/uganda-administrative-map.htm |access-date=17 January 2013 |publisher=One World Nations Online}}</ref> Yana cikin wani babban fili mai dausayi a gefen White Nile (Victoria Nile) tsakanin Tafkin Victoria da [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]] . Yankin dausayi, wanda ya haɗa da Tafkin Kwania, babban Tafkin Kyoga, da sauran wuraren ruwa da dausayi, ya ƙunshi kusan {{Convert|3420|km2|mi2}} na ruwa a bude da kuma kimanin {{Convert|2180|km2|mi2}} na dausayi na dindindin. Daga cikin wannan jimillar, Tafkin Kwania ya kai {{Convert|540|km2|mi2}} , kimanin 16&nbsp;kashi ɗaya bisa ɗari, na ruwan da ke buɗe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria Nile {{!}} Uganda, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Victoria-Nile |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Kwania_lake.jpg|alt=Kwania lake|thumb|Hoton Kwania Lake]] Ana kama tafkin sosai don tilapia na Nilu da perch na Nilu, an gabatar da nau'in da suka haifar da raguwar yawan kifaye bayan tsakiyar shekarun 1950. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, nau'in da aka gabatar sun kasance kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na kama kasuwanci daga Lake Kyoga, maƙwabcin Kwania kusa. Kodayake tashin hankali na farar hula, Yawan kamun kifi, da kuma yaduwar ruwa (daga baya aka kawo iko) a wasu lokuta sun rage kamun kifin kifi, a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 Lake Kwania yana da wuraren saukowa 34 da kuma jiragen ruwa kusan 1,500 da ke aiki da kimanin masunta 4,500.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Information on Fisheries Management in the Republic of Uganda: Lake Kyoga Complex |url=http://www.fao.org/fi/oldsite/FCP/en/UGA/body.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622131810/http://www.fao.org/fi/oldsite/FCP/en/uga/body.htm |archive-date=22 June 2013 |access-date=17 January 2013 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kwania {{!}} Kwania District Local Government |url=https://kwania.go.ug/opportunites/lake-kwania |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=kwania.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Water hyacinth invades Lake Kwania |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref>&nbsp; == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == Gidajen papyrus suna kewaye da tabkuna kuma suna mamaye wuraren da ke kewaye da su. Sassan waɗannan gadaje suna motsawa daga bakin teku kuma suna zama tsibirai masu iyo. Tsire-tsire iri-iri na ruwa suna girma da yawa a kusa da kuma a cikin tabkuna. Ana samun ciyawa da bishiyoyi a wasu sassan ruwa waɗanda ba sa yawan ambaliyar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNF - Lake Kyoga |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35625/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kyoga/resindex.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521070219/https://www.globalnature.org/35625/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kyoga/resindex.aspx |archive-date=2024-05-21 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.globalnature.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-21 |title=Lake Kyoga - Lakes in Uganda {{!}} Uganda Tourist |url=https://www.ugandatourist.com/lakes/lake-kyoga/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2018-08-30 |title=The Shallow Lake Kyoga Of Uganda {{!}} Uganda Safaris |url=https://www.junglesafarisuganda.com/blog/the-shallow-lake-kyoga-of-uganda.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke yawan zuwa tafkin sun hada da otter na Afirka, marsh mongoose, Hippopotamus, otter mai wuyan wuyan, da sitatunga (tsuntsu mai zama a cikin tafki). Crocodiles, da aka farautar zuwa kusa da halaka kusa da tabkuna, suna da ƙarancin. Baya ga kifin da aka gabatar - Nile perch da Nile tilapia - waɗanda suka mamaye tabkuna, nau'in asali ciki har da Victoria tilapia, suma suna rayuwa a cikin waɗannan ruwa. == Manazarta == s0pfjo0g9olzi55wnefnatx6ltfeddr 0 152797 841620 2026-05-28T13:04:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1235076264|Lake Kyema]]" 841620 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Twin_crater_lakes_Kyema_and_Kamweru.jpg|alt=Twin crater lakes Kyema and Kamweru|thumb|Tafkunan rami guda biyu Kyema da Kamweru]] '''Tafkin Kyema''', ko '''Tafkin Chema''', [[Tafkin dutse mai aman wuta|tafkin crater]] ne na Uganda a cikin Gundumar Rubirizi, Yammacin Uganda. Tafkin yana da tagwaye da ke kusa, wanda ake kira Tafkin Kamweru, wanda ruwansa kore ne idan aka kwatanta da Tafkin Kyema, wanda ruwan sa ya fi haske.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-21 |title=The Mysterious Twin Lakes of Africa |url=https://kitararcc.com/2023/03/21/the-mysterious-twin-lakes-of-kitara-region/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Kitara Foundation for Regional Tourism |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tours |first=Trends |date=2020-07-29 |title=Mystery largely shrouds the formation of the only twin crater lakes in Africa, Lake Kyema and Lake… |url=https://medium.com/@trendstours256/mystery-largely-shrouds-the-formation-of-the-only-twin-crater-lakes-in-africa-lake-kyema-and-lake-d3f19c8e3127 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> Yankin kariya ne wanda Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido, namun daji da kayan tarihi da Hukumar Kula da namun daji ta Uganda ke sarrafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourism Uganda {{!}} Ministry of Tourism Wildlife and Antiquities {{!}} Kampala |url=https://www.tourism.go.ug/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=tourismuganda |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-30 |title=Uganda Wildlife Authority - UWA |url=https://ugandawildlife.org/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=ugandawildlife.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin tabkuna sama da 50 a cikin tsaunukan Rwenzori.<ref>{{Cite web |last=polly |date=2024-05-17 |title=Discover Uganda Crater Lakes {{!}} Uganda Safaris {{!}} Uganda Tours |url=https://www.murchisonfallsparkuganda.com/information/discover-uganda-crater-lakes/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6gp4tfoasgr7bpyne7hl0q7k5svwd1j 841621 841620 2026-05-28T13:04:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 841621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Twin_crater_lakes_Kyema_and_Kamweru.jpg|alt=Twin crater lakes Kyema and Kamweru|thumb|Tafkunan rami guda biyu Kyema da Kamweru]] '''Tafkin Kyema''', ko '''Tafkin Chema''', [[Tafkin dutse mai aman wuta|tafkin crater]] ne na Uganda a cikin Gundumar Rubirizi, Yammacin Uganda. Tafkin yana da tagwaye da ke kusa, wanda ake kira Tafkin Kamweru, wanda ruwansa kore ne idan aka kwatanta da Tafkin Kyema, wanda ruwan sa ya fi haske.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-21 |title=The Mysterious Twin Lakes of Africa |url=https://kitararcc.com/2023/03/21/the-mysterious-twin-lakes-of-kitara-region/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Kitara Foundation for Regional Tourism |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tours |first=Trends |date=2020-07-29 |title=Mystery largely shrouds the formation of the only twin crater lakes in Africa, Lake Kyema and Lake… |url=https://medium.com/@trendstours256/mystery-largely-shrouds-the-formation-of-the-only-twin-crater-lakes-in-africa-lake-kyema-and-lake-d3f19c8e3127 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> Yankin kariya ne wanda Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido, namun daji da kayan tarihi da Hukumar Kula da namun daji ta Uganda ke sarrafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourism Uganda {{!}} Ministry of Tourism Wildlife and Antiquities {{!}} Kampala |url=https://www.tourism.go.ug/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=tourismuganda |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-30 |title=Uganda Wildlife Authority - UWA |url=https://ugandawildlife.org/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=ugandawildlife.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin tabkuna sama da 50 a cikin tsaunukan Rwenzori.<ref>{{Cite web |last=polly |date=2024-05-17 |title=Discover Uganda Crater Lakes {{!}} Uganda Safaris {{!}} Uganda Tours |url=https://www.murchisonfallsparkuganda.com/information/discover-uganda-crater-lakes/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == 1u46vdy1tp06s9glypb2iaol8pepz30 0 152798 841622 2026-05-28T13:05:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338150297|Lake Kyoga]]" 841622 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Kyoga''' ko '''Tafkin Kioga''' (a zahiri 'wurin wanka' a yaren Runyoro ) babban [[Tafki|tafki ne]] mai zurfi a [[Uganda]], kimanin {{Convert|1,720|km2|sqmi}} a faɗin kuma a tsayin mita 1,033.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=Govt starts irrigation schemes in Serere |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-starts-irrigation-schemes-in-serere-4621462 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Kogin Victoria yana ratsa ta tafkin a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]] . Babban kwararar ruwa daga Tafkin Victoria tana ƙarƙashin kulawar Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nalubaale da ke Jinja . Wata hanyar samun ruwa ita ce yankin [[Dutsen Elgon]] da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Uganda da [[Kenya]]. Duk da cewa Tafkin Kyoga wani ɓangare ne na tsarin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka, ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban tafki ba. Tafkin ya kai zurfin kimanin mita 5.7, kuma mafi yawansu kasa da mita 4 ne.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=Govt starts irrigation schemes in Serere |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-starts-irrigation-schemes-in-serere-4621462 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Yankunan da ke ƙasa da mita 3 masu zurfi an rufe su gaba ɗaya da lilies na ruwa, yayin da yawancin bakin teku mai santsi an rufe su da papyrus da ruwa mai mamayewa.<ref name=":0" /> Har ila yau, papyrus ɗin ya samar da tsibirai masu iyo waɗanda ke motsawa tsakanin ƙananan tsibirai na dindindin. Yankunan da ke da ruwa masu yawa da ke kewaye da tabkuna. Yaduwar ta sun hada da; Tafkin Kwania, Tafkin Bisina, [[Lake Bugondo|Tafkin Bugondo]] da Tafkin Opeta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=Govt starts irrigation schemes in Serere |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-starts-irrigation-schemes-in-serere-4621462 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Dabbobi da kamun kifi == Yankunan Nilu suna da yawa, kamar yadda dabbobi na ruwa suke. Akwai akalla nau'in haplochromine cichlid 60, da kuma ƙananan nau'in kifi kamar Lake Victoria sardine da marbled lungfish. Yawancin haplochromine cichlids suna da alaƙa, amma suna da alaƙar kusa da nau'in Lake Victoria, <ref name="Mwanja2001">{{Cite journal |last=Mwanja, W.W. |last2=A.S. Armoudlian |last3=S.B. Wandera |last4=L. Kaufman |last5=L. Wu |last6=G.C. Booton |last7=P.A. Fuerst |year=2001 |title=The bounty of minor lakes: the role of small satellite water bodies in evolution and conservation of fishes in the Lake Victoria Region, East Africa |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=458 |issue=1 |pages=55–62 |doi=10.1023/A:1013167725047 |s2cid=6439470}}</ref> kuma suna nuna irin wannan matakin bambancin dangane da abinci. <ref name="Mbabazi2004">{{Cite journal |last=Mbabazi, D. |last2=R. Ogutu-Ohwayo |last3=S.B. Wandera |last4=Y. Kiziito |year=2004 |title=Fish species and trophic diversity of haplochromine cichlids in the Kyoga satellite lakes (Uganda) |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=59–68 |doi=10.1111/j.0141-6707.2004.00492.x}}</ref> Kyoga cichlids sun haɗa da nau'ikan da aka bayyana kamar ''Haplochromis latifasciatus'' da ''H. worthingtoni'', kuma ba a bayyana shi ba kamar <nowiki><i id="mwag">H.</i></nowiki> sp. "Kyoga flameback" da <nowiki><i id="mwbA">H.</i></nowiki> sp. "ruby". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bauman, K. |title=African Cichlids from the Lake Victoria basin |url=http://www.african-cichlid.com/Lake_Victoria.htm |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> Kamar yadda yake a Tafkin Victoria, an kashe Kyoga cichlids ta hanyar gabatar da Nilu kuma wasu nau'o'in sun riga sun ƙare. Saboda Kyoga gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi kuma yana da santsi, wasu sassan - "tabbankin tauraron dan adam" - an ware su zuwa digiri daban-daban daga babban tafkin. Adadin cichlids na haplochromine da suka tsira a kowane sashi yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da matsayin perch na Nilu. Duk da kasancewa mafi girma, kasa da nau'in haplochromine 50 sun tsira a cikin babban ɓangaren inda Nilu ya zama ruwan dare. Idan aka kwatanta, ƙananan tabkuna na tauraron dan adam Lemwa, Nyaguo da Nawampasa ba su da perch na Nilu, amma akalla nau'in haplochromine 50 sun tsira a cikin kowannensu na farko, kuma akalla 60 a cikin na ƙarshe. Sabanin haka, ƙananan tabkuna na tauraron dan adam Nakuwa da Nyasala inda Nilu ke da yawa suna da ƙasa da 30 da 5 da suka tsira haplochromines bi da bi.<ref name="Green2009" /><ref name="Mwanja2001" /> Wannan kuma yana nufin cewa kamun kifi a cikin tsarin Tafkin Kyoga ya sauya a hankali daga sau ɗaya yana mai da hankali ga nau'o'in asali da yawa, zuwa yanzu da farko yana mai da niyyar asalin Tafkin Victoria, da aka gabatar da perch na Nilu kuma ya gabatar da tilapia na Nilu (tilapia na asali guda biyu, Singida da Victoria, sun zama da wuya sosai, sai dai a wasu tabkuna na tauraron dan adam <ref name="Mwanja2001" />). A shekara ta 2006, kashi 4% ne kawai na kamawa sune haplochromine cichlids.<ref name="Witte2009" /> == Tsire-tsire == [[Fayil:Lake_Kyoga_Papyrus.jpg|alt=Lake Kyoga Papyrus|thumb|Tafkin Kyoga Papyrus]] Tafkin Kyoga yana da tsire-tsire waɗanda suka haɗa da Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce), ''Cyperus papyrus'', ''Vossia cuspidata'' (hippo grass) da lily na ruwa (''Nymphaea'' spp.).<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNF - Lake Kyoga |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35625/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kyoga/resindex.aspx#:~:text=Lake%20Kyoga%20has%20a%20rich,also%20found%20in%20the%20lake. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521070219/https://www.globalnature.org/35625/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kyoga/resindex.aspx#:~:text=Lake%20Kyoga%20has%20a%20rich,also%20found%20in%20the%20lake. |archive-date=2024-05-21 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=www.globalnature.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kyoga |url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3596 |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=World Lake Database |publisher=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> == Manazarta == 1um18ybu8ee4gpi6ojo9aarp0cvou2e 841623 841622 2026-05-28T13:05:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 841623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Kyoga''' ko '''Tafkin Kioga''' (a zahiri 'wurin wanka' a yaren Runyoro ) babban [[Tafki|tafki ne]] mai zurfi a [[Uganda]], kimanin {{Convert|1,720|km2|sqmi}} a faɗin kuma a tsayin mita 1,033.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=Govt starts irrigation schemes in Serere |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-starts-irrigation-schemes-in-serere-4621462 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Kogin Victoria yana ratsa ta tafkin a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]] . Babban kwararar ruwa daga Tafkin Victoria tana ƙarƙashin kulawar Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nalubaale da ke Jinja . Wata hanyar samun ruwa ita ce yankin [[Dutsen Elgon]] da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Uganda da [[Kenya]]. Duk da cewa Tafkin Kyoga wani ɓangare ne na tsarin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka, ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban tafki ba. Tafkin ya kai zurfin kimanin mita 5.7, kuma mafi yawansu kasa da mita 4 ne.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=Govt starts irrigation schemes in Serere |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-starts-irrigation-schemes-in-serere-4621462 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Yankunan da ke ƙasa da mita 3 masu zurfi an rufe su gaba ɗaya da lilies na ruwa, yayin da yawancin bakin teku mai santsi an rufe su da papyrus da ruwa mai mamayewa.<ref name=":0" /> Har ila yau, papyrus ɗin ya samar da tsibirai masu iyo waɗanda ke motsawa tsakanin ƙananan tsibirai na dindindin. Yankunan da ke da ruwa masu yawa da ke kewaye da tabkuna. Yaduwar ta sun hada da; Tafkin Kwania, Tafkin Bisina, [[Lake Bugondo|Tafkin Bugondo]] da Tafkin Opeta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=Govt starts irrigation schemes in Serere |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-starts-irrigation-schemes-in-serere-4621462 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Dabbobi da kamun kifi == Yankunan Nilu suna da yawa, kamar yadda dabbobi na ruwa suke. Akwai akalla nau'in haplochromine cichlid 60, da kuma ƙananan nau'in kifi kamar Lake Victoria sardine da marbled lungfish. Yawancin haplochromine cichlids suna da alaƙa, amma suna da alaƙar kusa da nau'in Lake Victoria, <ref name="Mwanja2001">{{Cite journal |last=Mwanja, W.W. |last2=A.S. Armoudlian |last3=S.B. Wandera |last4=L. Kaufman |last5=L. Wu |last6=G.C. Booton |last7=P.A. Fuerst |year=2001 |title=The bounty of minor lakes: the role of small satellite water bodies in evolution and conservation of fishes in the Lake Victoria Region, East Africa |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=458 |issue=1 |pages=55–62 |doi=10.1023/A:1013167725047 |s2cid=6439470}}</ref> kuma suna nuna irin wannan matakin bambancin dangane da abinci. <ref name="Mbabazi2004">{{Cite journal |last=Mbabazi, D. |last2=R. Ogutu-Ohwayo |last3=S.B. Wandera |last4=Y. Kiziito |year=2004 |title=Fish species and trophic diversity of haplochromine cichlids in the Kyoga satellite lakes (Uganda) |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=59–68 |doi=10.1111/j.0141-6707.2004.00492.x}}</ref> Kyoga cichlids sun haɗa da nau'ikan da aka bayyana kamar ''Haplochromis latifasciatus'' da ''H. worthingtoni'', kuma ba a bayyana shi ba kamar <nowiki><i id="mwag">H.</i></nowiki> sp. "Kyoga flameback" da <nowiki><i id="mwbA">H.</i></nowiki> sp. "ruby". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bauman, K. |title=African Cichlids from the Lake Victoria basin |url=http://www.african-cichlid.com/Lake_Victoria.htm |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> Kamar yadda yake a Tafkin Victoria, an kashe Kyoga cichlids ta hanyar gabatar da Nilu kuma wasu nau'o'in sun riga sun ƙare. Saboda Kyoga gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi kuma yana da santsi, wasu sassan - "tabbankin tauraron dan adam" - an ware su zuwa digiri daban-daban daga babban tafkin. Adadin cichlids na haplochromine da suka tsira a kowane sashi yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da matsayin perch na Nilu. Duk da kasancewa mafi girma, kasa da nau'in haplochromine 50 sun tsira a cikin babban ɓangaren inda Nilu ya zama ruwan dare. Idan aka kwatanta, ƙananan tabkuna na tauraron dan adam Lemwa, Nyaguo da Nawampasa ba su da perch na Nilu, amma akalla nau'in haplochromine 50 sun tsira a cikin kowannensu na farko, kuma akalla 60 a cikin na ƙarshe. Sabanin haka, ƙananan tabkuna na tauraron dan adam Nakuwa da Nyasala inda Nilu ke da yawa suna da ƙasa da 30 da 5 da suka tsira haplochromines bi da bi.<ref name="Green2009" /><ref name="Mwanja2001" /> Wannan kuma yana nufin cewa kamun kifi a cikin tsarin Tafkin Kyoga ya sauya a hankali daga sau ɗaya yana mai da hankali ga nau'o'in asali da yawa, zuwa yanzu da farko yana mai da niyyar asalin Tafkin Victoria, da aka gabatar da perch na Nilu kuma ya gabatar da tilapia na Nilu (tilapia na asali guda biyu, Singida da Victoria, sun zama da wuya sosai, sai dai a wasu tabkuna na tauraron dan adam <ref name="Mwanja2001" />). A shekara ta 2006, kashi 4% ne kawai na kamawa sune haplochromine cichlids.<ref name="Witte2009" /> == Tsire-tsire == [[Fayil:Lake_Kyoga_Papyrus.jpg|alt=Lake Kyoga Papyrus|thumb|Tafkin Kyoga Papyrus]] Tafkin Kyoga yana da tsire-tsire waɗanda suka haɗa da Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce), ''Cyperus papyrus'', ''Vossia cuspidata'' (hippo grass) da lily na ruwa (''Nymphaea'' spp.).<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNF - Lake Kyoga |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35625/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kyoga/resindex.aspx#:~:text=Lake%20Kyoga%20has%20a%20rich,also%20found%20in%20the%20lake. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521070219/https://www.globalnature.org/35625/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kyoga/resindex.aspx#:~:text=Lake%20Kyoga%20has%20a%20rich,also%20found%20in%20the%20lake. |archive-date=2024-05-21 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=www.globalnature.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kyoga |url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3596 |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=World Lake Database |publisher=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> == Manazarta == 9ms5o4vqjyc808jqsy0mpl9ybzx9q8a 0 152799 841624 2026-05-28T13:06:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321295454|Lake Mburo]]" 841624 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Mburo''' tafkin ruwa ne mai laushi wanda ke yammacin Uganda, wanda ke cikin Lake Mburo National Park . Babban fasalin yankin ne, wanda aka sani da kyawawan wurare da wadatattun halittu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Mburo National Park |url=https://www.lakemburo.com/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Lake Mburo National Park {{!}} Lake Mburo {{!}} wildlife tours |language=en-US}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa da kafawa == Tafkin Mburo yana cikin yankin Ankole na Uganda, kusa da garin Mbarara . Tafkin ne mai zurfi tare da matsakaicin zurfin kusan mita 5 (16 feet). Tafkin ya mamaye yanki na kimanin murabba'in kilomita 260 kuma an kewaye shi da tuddai masu juyawa, wuraren ciyawa, da wuraren daji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LAKE MBURO: A PARK FOR DOMESTIC TOURIST {{!}} Uganda Tourism Board |url=https://utb.go.ug/news-and-views/lake-mburo-park-domestic-tourist |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=utb.go.ug}}</ref> Yana da kimanin kilomita 19 (kilomita 31) a gabashin Mbarara da kilomita 150 (kilomiti 240) ta hanyar hanyar yammacin Kampala. Tafkin yana da dabbobi iri-iri, ciki har da zebras, impalas, buffaloes, giraffes, warthogs, da fiye da nau'in tsuntsaye 300. Har ila yau, sanannen wuri ne na kallon tsuntsaye, kamun kifi, da hawa jirgin ruwa. An fara buga tafkin ne a matsayin yankin farauta mai sarrafawa a 1933, kuma an inganta shi zuwa ajiyar wasanni a 1963. Daga karshe an ayyana shi a matsayin wurin shakatawa na kasa a shekarar 1983. Hukumar Kula da namun daji ta Uganda (UWA) ce ke kula da wurin shakatawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-30 |title=Uganda Wildlife Authority - UWA |url=https://ugandawildlife.org/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=ugandawildlife.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Biodiversity == [[Fayil:Laika_ac_Lake_Mburu_(6706052861).jpg|alt=Lake Mburo|thumb|Hoton Tafkin Mburo]] Tafkin da yanayin da ke kewaye da shi suna tallafawa nau'ikan shuke-shuke da dabbobi daban-daban. Tafkin Mburo sananne ne ga yawan tsuntsaye, tare da fiye da nau'in tsuntsaye 300 da aka rubuta a yankin. Za'a iya samun nau'o'in da ba a saba gani ba kamar su finfoot na Afirka da shoebill stork a nan. Tafkin kuma gida ne ga hippos, crocodiles, da nau'ikan kifi daban-daban, suna ba da gudummawa ga muhimmancin muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Mburo National Park |url=https://www.lakemburoparkuganda.com/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> == Al'ummomin gida da mahimmancin al'adu == Tafkin Mburo yana kewaye da al'ummomi waɗanda galibi suka fito daga ƙabilar Banyankole . Waɗannan al'ummomin suna yin noma, kamun kifi, da kiwon dabbobi a matsayin manyan ayyukansu na tattalin arziki. Tafkin da albarkatunsa suna da mahimmanci ga al'adu da tattalin arziki ga mazauna yankin, suna tsara al'adunsu da salon rayuwarsu. == Kifi da ayyukan tattalin arziki == Kamun kifi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar al'ummomin da ke kewaye da Tafkin Mburo. Masunta na gida sun dogara da tafkin a matsayin tushen abinci da kuɗi mai mahimmanci. Ana iya samun nau'ikan kifaye daban-daban, ciki har da tilapia, kifin huhu, kifin laka, da kifin catfish, a cikin tafkin. Hanyoyin kamun kifi sun haɗa da dabarun gargajiya na amfani da raga da ƙugiya zuwa ƙananan ayyukan kasuwanci. == Nishaɗi da yawon shakatawa == [[Fayil:Hipopótamo_común_(Hippopotamus_amphibius),_parque_nacional_del_Lago_Mburo,_Uganda,_2024-02-01,_DD_27.jpg|alt=Photo of hippos in Lake Mburo|thumb|210x210px|Hoton hippos a Tafkin Mburo]] Tafkin Mburo yana jan hankalin baƙi daga ko'ina cikin duniya waɗanda ke zuwa don bincika kyawawan dabi'unsa da namun daji. Tafkin yana ba da ayyuka masu yawa na nishaɗi, gami da safarar jirgin ruwa, kamun kifi na wasanni, da kuma jagorantar tafiye-tafiye na yanayi. Wadannan ayyukan suna ba da dama ga masu yawon bude ido don jin daɗin yanayin da ke kewaye da su da kuma lura da dabbobin daji daban-daban da ke zaune a yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-04 |title=Lake Mburo |url=https://ugandawildlife.org/national-parks/lake-mburo/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=ugandawildlife.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6fjhxk2799ew6f1o1ibevg79pv9b0ew 841625 841624 2026-05-28T13:07:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 841625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Mburo''' tafkin ruwa ne mai laushi wanda ke yammacin Uganda, wanda ke cikin Lake Mburo National Park . Babban fasalin yankin ne, wanda aka sani da kyawawan wurare da wadatattun halittu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Mburo National Park |url=https://www.lakemburo.com/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Lake Mburo National Park {{!}} Lake Mburo {{!}} wildlife tours |language=en-US}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa da kafawa == Tafkin Mburo yana cikin yankin Ankole na Uganda, kusa da garin Mbarara . Tafkin ne mai zurfi tare da matsakaicin zurfin kusan mita 5 (16 feet). Tafkin ya mamaye yanki na kimanin murabba'in kilomita 260 kuma an kewaye shi da tuddai masu juyawa, wuraren ciyawa, da wuraren daji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LAKE MBURO: A PARK FOR DOMESTIC TOURIST {{!}} Uganda Tourism Board |url=https://utb.go.ug/news-and-views/lake-mburo-park-domestic-tourist |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=utb.go.ug}}</ref> Yana da kimanin kilomita 19 (kilomita 31) a gabashin Mbarara da kilomita 150 (kilomiti 240) ta hanyar hanyar yammacin Kampala. Tafkin yana da dabbobi iri-iri, ciki har da zebras, impalas, buffaloes, giraffes, warthogs, da fiye da nau'in tsuntsaye 300. Har ila yau, sanannen wuri ne na kallon tsuntsaye, kamun kifi, da hawa jirgin ruwa. An fara buga tafkin ne a matsayin yankin farauta mai sarrafawa a 1933, kuma an inganta shi zuwa ajiyar wasanni a 1963. Daga karshe an ayyana shi a matsayin wurin shakatawa na kasa a shekarar 1983. Hukumar Kula da namun daji ta Uganda (UWA) ce ke kula da wurin shakatawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-30 |title=Uganda Wildlife Authority - UWA |url=https://ugandawildlife.org/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=ugandawildlife.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Biodiversity == [[Fayil:Laika_ac_Lake_Mburu_(6706052861).jpg|alt=Lake Mburo|thumb|Hoton Tafkin Mburo]] Tafkin da yanayin da ke kewaye da shi suna tallafawa nau'ikan shuke-shuke da dabbobi daban-daban. Tafkin Mburo sananne ne ga yawan tsuntsaye, tare da fiye da nau'in tsuntsaye 300 da aka rubuta a yankin. Za'a iya samun nau'o'in da ba a saba gani ba kamar su finfoot na Afirka da shoebill stork a nan. Tafkin kuma gida ne ga hippos, crocodiles, da nau'ikan kifi daban-daban, suna ba da gudummawa ga muhimmancin muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Mburo National Park |url=https://www.lakemburoparkuganda.com/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> == Al'ummomin gida da mahimmancin al'adu == Tafkin Mburo yana kewaye da al'ummomi waɗanda galibi suka fito daga ƙabilar Banyankole . Waɗannan al'ummomin suna yin noma, kamun kifi, da kiwon dabbobi a matsayin manyan ayyukansu na tattalin arziki. Tafkin da albarkatunsa suna da mahimmanci ga al'adu da tattalin arziki ga mazauna yankin, suna tsara al'adunsu da salon rayuwarsu. == Kifi da ayyukan tattalin arziki == Kamun kifi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar al'ummomin da ke kewaye da Tafkin Mburo. Masunta na gida sun dogara da tafkin a matsayin tushen abinci da kuɗi mai mahimmanci. Ana iya samun nau'ikan kifaye daban-daban, ciki har da tilapia, kifin huhu, kifin laka, da kifin catfish, a cikin tafkin. Hanyoyin kamun kifi sun haɗa da dabarun gargajiya na amfani da raga da ƙugiya zuwa ƙananan ayyukan kasuwanci. == Nishaɗi da yawon shakatawa == [[Fayil:Hipopótamo_común_(Hippopotamus_amphibius),_parque_nacional_del_Lago_Mburo,_Uganda,_2024-02-01,_DD_27.jpg|alt=Photo of hippos in Lake Mburo|thumb|210x210px|Hoton hippos a Tafkin Mburo]] Tafkin Mburo yana jan hankalin baƙi daga ko'ina cikin duniya waɗanda ke zuwa don bincika kyawawan dabi'unsa da namun daji. Tafkin yana ba da ayyuka masu yawa na nishaɗi, gami da safarar jirgin ruwa, kamun kifi na wasanni, da kuma jagorantar tafiye-tafiye na yanayi. Wadannan ayyukan suna ba da dama ga masu yawon bude ido don jin daɗin yanayin da ke kewaye da su da kuma lura da dabbobin daji daban-daban da ke zaune a yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-04 |title=Lake Mburo |url=https://ugandawildlife.org/national-parks/lake-mburo/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=ugandawildlife.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == 7ry1bfhfo9izwafc7srlc9hag02uw2h 0 152800 841626 2026-05-28T13:07:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1232997273|Lake Mulehe]]" 841626 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%; color:black;" |Tafkin Mulehe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |[[File:Still_on_track.jpg|264x264px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[Fayil:Uganda_relief_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|260x260px|Lake Mulehe is located in Uganda]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:92.227%;left:8.57%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Lake Mulehe]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Tafkin Mulehe</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- class="adr" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data region" |Gundumar Kisoro, [[Uganda]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span title="Geographical coordinates">Ma'auni</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Mulehe&params=1_13_05.0_S_29_43_21.9_E_type:waterbody_region:UG <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°13′05.0′′S</span> <span class="longitude">29°43′21.9′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.218056 ° S 29.722750 ° E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-1.218056; 29.722750</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Mulehe&params=1_13_05.0_S_29_43_21.9_E_type:waterbody_region:UG <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°13′05.0″S</span> <span class="longitude">29°43′21.9″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.218056°S 29.722750°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-1.218056; 29.722750</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Jikin Ruwa|Irin wannan]] | class="infobox-data category" |Tafkin Crater |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wani bangare na&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Kyautar Albertine|Albertine Rift]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasashen da ke cikin ruwa&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Uganda]] |} '''Tafkin Mulehe''' tafki ne mai rami wanda ke cikin Gundumar Kisoro ta kudu maso yammacin [[Uganda]], kusa da iyakar da Rwanda. Wannan tafkin wani bangare ne na [[Kyautar Albertine|Albertine Rift]], wanda aka sani da bambancin halittu da kuma shimfidar wurare masu ban sha'awa. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tafkin Mulehe yana kusa da 1°13'05.0"S 29°43'21.9"E kuma yana da tsawo kusan mita 1,800 sama da matakin teku. An kewaye shi da tsire-tsire masu tsayi da tsaunuka masu tsayi waɗanda ke da alamar yankin, yana da ɗan ƙarami, yana da kusan murabba'in kilomita 4.11.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tours |first=Dolphin |date=2022-06-17 |title=Lake Mulehe |url=https://www.ugandagorillatrekkingtrips.com/lake-mulehe/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Dolphin Tours & Travel |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lake Mulehe, Visit Lake Mulehe, Mulehe Lake in Uganda |url=https://www.insidemgahinganationalpark.com/visit-lake-mulehe.html |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Inside Mgahinga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> == Biodiversity == Tafkin da kewayenta sama ne da nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri, yana mai da shi wuri mai kyau don kallon tsuntsaye. Wasu sanannun nau'ikan tsuntsaye da aka samo a yankin sun haɗa da gashin gashi mai launin toka da sauran nau'ikan nau'ikan [[Kyautar Albertine|Albertine Rift]] kamar su Rwenzori turaco da Rwenzori nightjar . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lake Mulehe, Visit Lake Mulehe, Mulehe Lake in Uganda |url=https://www.insidemgahinganationalpark.com/visit-lake-mulehe.html |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Inside Mgahinga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, yanayin tafkin yana tallafawa nau'ikan ruwa daban-daban, yayin da yankunan da ke kewaye da su suna alfahari da tsire-tsire da dabbobi daban-daban.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-03-31 |title=Lake Mulehe Guide {{!}} Luxury Lodges & Experiences in Kisoro |url=https://www.africangorilla.com/information/lake-mulehe/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Gorilla Trekking Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Yawon shakatawa da ayyukan == Tafkin Mulehe, wanda ke cikin tsaunukan Virunga, kwanan nan ya sami shahara tsakanin masu yawon bude ido saboda kyawawan kyawawan abubuwan da ke ciki, dabbobin daji daban-daban, da abubuwan al'adu. Yankin yana ba da ayyuka daban-daban na nishaɗi kamar kallon tsuntsaye, Jirgin ruwa, da yawo. Yanayin da ke cikin tsaunukan Virunga, wanda ya hada da [[Dutsen Muhabura|Muhabura]], Mgahinga, da [[Dutsen Sabyinyo|Sabinyo]], ya kara ba da gudummawa ga kyawawan abubuwan da ke cikin yankin.<ref name=":0" /> Tafkin Mulehe sau da yawa yana cikin yawon shakatawa da ke bincika yankin Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, wanda aka sani da yawan gorilla na dutse.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-06 |title=Lake Mulehe Nearby PLaces to Visit {{!}} Mgahinga National Park |url=https://www.mgahinganationalpark.com/places/lake-mulehe.html |access-date=2024-06-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Muhimmancin al'adu == Al'ummomin da ke kewaye da Tafkin Mulehe suna da al'adun al'adu daban-daban, waɗanda ke da al'amuran gargajiya da salon rayuwa waɗanda ke jan hankalin yawon shakatawa na al'adu. Masu yawon bude ido galibi suna hulɗa da waɗannan al'ummomin don samun fahimta game da al'adunsu, sana'o'i, da hanyar rayuwa. Mutanen Bakiga da Bafumbira, waɗanda ke zaune a yankin, an san su da yanayin karɓar baƙi da raye-raye na al'adu. == Kokarin kiyayewa == A matsayin wani ɓangare na Albertine Rift, ana ƙoƙarin kiyayewa daban-daban don kula da kyawawan dabi'u da bambancin halittu na Tafkin Mulehe da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi. Wadannan shirye-shiryen suna da niyyar inganta yawon bude ido mai ɗorewa da kare muhalli daga tasirin tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam. Ana yin ƙoƙari don daidaita bukatun al'ummomin yankin tare da adana yanayin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Plumptre |first=Andrew J. |last2=Ayebare |first2=Sam |last3=Kujirakwinja |first3=Deo |last4=Segan |first4=Dan |date=2021 |title=Conservation planning for Africa's Albertine Rift: conserving a biodiverse region in the face of multiple threats |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/conservation-planning-for-africas-albertine-rift-conserving-a-biodiverse-region-in-the-face-of-multiple-threats/6A1DD1303BAD007C275A2471F8656D63 |journal=Oryx |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=302–310 |doi=10.1017/S0030605319000218 |issn=0030-6053 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-15 |title=Lake Mulehe turns green, Kisoro leaders ask govt to intervene |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/lake-mulehe-turns-green-kisoro-leaders-ask-govt-to-intervene-1711372 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Mulehe degradation: NEMA intervenes |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == 5r6x6zgp6d11wcxgxc2q7j9r0f2bcr9 841628 841626 2026-05-28T13:08:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 841628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Mulehe''' tafki ne mai rami wanda ke cikin Gundumar Kisoro ta kudu maso yammacin [[Uganda]], kusa da iyakar da Rwanda. Wannan tafkin wani bangare ne na [[Kyautar Albertine|Albertine Rift]], wanda aka sani da bambancin halittu da kuma shimfidar wurare masu ban sha'awa. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tafkin Mulehe yana kusa da 1°13'05.0"S 29°43'21.9"E kuma yana da tsawo kusan mita 1,800 sama da matakin teku. An kewaye shi da tsire-tsire masu tsayi da tsaunuka masu tsayi waɗanda ke da alamar yankin, yana da ɗan ƙarami, yana da kusan murabba'in kilomita 4.11.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tours |first=Dolphin |date=2022-06-17 |title=Lake Mulehe |url=https://www.ugandagorillatrekkingtrips.com/lake-mulehe/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Dolphin Tours & Travel |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lake Mulehe, Visit Lake Mulehe, Mulehe Lake in Uganda |url=https://www.insidemgahinganationalpark.com/visit-lake-mulehe.html |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Inside Mgahinga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> == Biodiversity == Tafkin da kewayenta sama ne da nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri, yana mai da shi wuri mai kyau don kallon tsuntsaye. Wasu sanannun nau'ikan tsuntsaye da aka samo a yankin sun haɗa da gashin gashi mai launin toka da sauran nau'ikan nau'ikan [[Kyautar Albertine|Albertine Rift]] kamar su Rwenzori turaco da Rwenzori nightjar . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lake Mulehe, Visit Lake Mulehe, Mulehe Lake in Uganda |url=https://www.insidemgahinganationalpark.com/visit-lake-mulehe.html |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Inside Mgahinga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, yanayin tafkin yana tallafawa nau'ikan ruwa daban-daban, yayin da yankunan da ke kewaye da su suna alfahari da tsire-tsire da dabbobi daban-daban.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-03-31 |title=Lake Mulehe Guide {{!}} Luxury Lodges & Experiences in Kisoro |url=https://www.africangorilla.com/information/lake-mulehe/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Gorilla Trekking Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Yawon shakatawa da ayyukan == Tafkin Mulehe, wanda ke cikin tsaunukan Virunga, kwanan nan ya sami shahara tsakanin masu yawon bude ido saboda kyawawan kyawawan abubuwan da ke ciki, dabbobin daji daban-daban, da abubuwan al'adu. Yankin yana ba da ayyuka daban-daban na nishaɗi kamar kallon tsuntsaye, Jirgin ruwa, da yawo. Yanayin da ke cikin tsaunukan Virunga, wanda ya hada da [[Dutsen Muhabura|Muhabura]], Mgahinga, da [[Dutsen Sabyinyo|Sabinyo]], ya kara ba da gudummawa ga kyawawan abubuwan da ke cikin yankin.<ref name=":0" /> Tafkin Mulehe sau da yawa yana cikin yawon shakatawa da ke bincika yankin Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, wanda aka sani da yawan gorilla na dutse.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-06 |title=Lake Mulehe Nearby PLaces to Visit {{!}} Mgahinga National Park |url=https://www.mgahinganationalpark.com/places/lake-mulehe.html |access-date=2024-06-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Muhimmancin al'adu == Al'ummomin da ke kewaye da Tafkin Mulehe suna da al'adun al'adu daban-daban, waɗanda ke da al'amuran gargajiya da salon rayuwa waɗanda ke jan hankalin yawon shakatawa na al'adu. Masu yawon bude ido galibi suna hulɗa da waɗannan al'ummomin don samun fahimta game da al'adunsu, sana'o'i, da hanyar rayuwa. Mutanen Bakiga da Bafumbira, waɗanda ke zaune a yankin, an san su da yanayin karɓar baƙi da raye-raye na al'adu. == Kokarin kiyayewa == A matsayin wani ɓangare na Albertine Rift, ana ƙoƙarin kiyayewa daban-daban don kula da kyawawan dabi'u da bambancin halittu na Tafkin Mulehe da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi. Wadannan shirye-shiryen suna da niyyar inganta yawon bude ido mai ɗorewa da kare muhalli daga tasirin tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam. Ana yin ƙoƙari don daidaita bukatun al'ummomin yankin tare da adana yanayin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Plumptre |first=Andrew J. |last2=Ayebare |first2=Sam |last3=Kujirakwinja |first3=Deo |last4=Segan |first4=Dan |date=2021 |title=Conservation planning for Africa's Albertine Rift: conserving a biodiverse region in the face of multiple threats |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/conservation-planning-for-africas-albertine-rift-conserving-a-biodiverse-region-in-the-face-of-multiple-threats/6A1DD1303BAD007C275A2471F8656D63 |journal=Oryx |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=302–310 |doi=10.1017/S0030605319000218 |issn=0030-6053 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-15 |title=Lake Mulehe turns green, Kisoro leaders ask govt to intervene |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/lake-mulehe-turns-green-kisoro-leaders-ask-govt-to-intervene-1711372 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Mulehe degradation: NEMA intervenes |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == 5pmd5hddfuboro075atjyorw50pf3q7 0 152801 841629 2026-05-28T13:08:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312922186|Lake Nakivali]]" 841629 wikitext text/x-wiki ''''''Tafkin Nakivale'''''', wanda aka fi sani da Tafkin Nakavale, tafkin ruwa ne mai laushi wanda ke cikin Yankin Isingiro na yammacin Uganda; yana daga cikin Tsarin tafkin Mburo-Nakivale.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakivale, Lake Mburo National Park |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-nakivale-lake-mburo.html |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Tana kusa da kilomita 40 kudu maso gabashin garin Mbarara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakivale |url=https://mbararatours.com/attractions/lake-nakivale.html |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=Mbarara Tours |language=en-US}}</ref> == Biodiversity == Tafkin Nakivale yana da nau'in kifi 9 (4 haplochromines da 5 wadanda ba haplochromins ba) an gano su. cichlids (tilapiines da Nkejje haplochromines) sun mamaye kamawa. Ta hanyar lambobi, haplochromines da Astatotilapia aeneocolor ya mamaye, (89%) shine mafi yawan jinsuna yayin da tilapias Oreochromis esculentus, Oreochromis niloticus da Oreochromis leucostictus suka biyo baya (8%). Mamba Protopterus aethiopicus (2%) ya kasance na uku. Sauran nau'in kifi na muhimmancin kasuwanci, Male Clarias gariepinus ya ba da gudummawa 0.25%. == Gidaje == [[Fayil:Isingiro_District_in_Uganda.svg|alt=Isingiro District in Uganda.|thumb|Wurin Gundumar Isingiro a Uganda.]] Tafkin yana hidimtawa 'yan gudun hijira a cikin Nakivale Refugee Settlement da ƙasashen Uganda a yankunan da ke kusa da Tafkin.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A refugees' idea to restore a degraded Ugandan lake pays off |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance a cikin barazana saboda gurɓataccen gurɓatawar da aka samu daga lalacewar daji saboda kafa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira kodayake' yan gudun hijira sun jagoranci rawar da suka taka wajen kiyayewa da kare tafkin.<ref name=":2" /> A kan dutsen dutse a kan tudu a mazaunin 'yan gudun hijira na Nakivale, ƙungiyar ma'aikata suna amfani da kayan aikin hannu don haƙa jerin ramuka, su sauka a cikin tsiro-tsire na itace sannan su rufe su don dawo da gandun daji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=4 January 2024 |title=Uganda: Refugees in Nakivale one of Africa's oldest settlements replant lost forests |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/01/04/uganda-refugees-in-nakivale-one-of-the-oldest-settlements-in-africa-replant-lost-forests/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref> Ra'ayi daga Nakivale Refugee Settlement ya nuna kwarin kore da ke kaiwa ga Tafkin Nakivale . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uganda's generosity to refugees continues despite limited resources |url=https://www.unhcr.org/africa/news/stories/ugandas-generosity-refugees-continues-despite-limited-resources |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=UNHCR Africa}}</ref> An kori wasu mutane daga yankunan kariya na Lake Nakivale . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mariam |first=Kabasongora |date=11 Mar 2013 |title=Lake Nakivale Evictees Sue Nema For Property Destruction |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/lake-nakivale-evictees-sue-nema-for-property-destruction}}</ref> == Ayyuka == * Shuka shuke-shuke a bakin tekun Nakivale yana haifar da yaduwa da raguwar matakan ruwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=L.Nakivale in danger |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> * Kashe daji <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-16 |title=Lake Nakivale Archives - Water Journalists Africa |url=https://waterjournalistsafrica.com/tag/lake-nakivale/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ya wuce gona da iri, sama da kashi 70% na mazauna da ke kusa da tafkin suna rayuwa ne akan kamun kifi.<ref name=":3" /> * Ayyukan noma kamar noma, kiwon dabbobi, yana haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa.<ref name=":3" /> * Sauran ayyukan ɗan adam kamar yin tubali a kusa da gabar tafkin yana haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa.<ref name=":3" /> * Yara suna iyo a sashin tafkin yayin da wasu ke jawo ruwa don amfani da gida <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A refugees' idea to restore a degraded Ugandan lake pays off |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> == Rushewar yanayin halittu == Gauges a cikin Tafkin Nakivale ya nuna cewa an rufe tafkin ta hanyar laka wanda ya rage zurfin tafkin da 4m kuma ban da cewa an rage yankin saman (tsawon) da 10m daga bakin teku. Ci gaba da shigowar laka a cikin tafkin Nakivale mai murabba'in kilomita 25 ya juya ruwan ya zama ruwan kasa saboda gurɓataccen laka.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Siltation and sediment is clogging up Lake Nakivale |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Siltation ya samo asali ne daga rashin kula da ciyayi misali yankan itace a kan tuddai na Ngarama da Kabingo da kuma kan kiwo, gobarar daji, konewar gawayi da rashin terraces.<ref name=":4" /> == Dubi kuma == * Tafkin Mburo * [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]] * Tafkin Bunyonyi * Tafkin Nyabihoko == Manazarta == fnnhgdmxjlnuwy6ztatzn3nsejs2cjy 841631 841629 2026-05-28T13:09:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 841631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''''''Tafkin Nakivale'''''', wanda aka fi sani da Tafkin Nakavale, tafkin ruwa ne mai laushi wanda ke cikin Yankin Isingiro na yammacin Uganda; yana daga cikin Tsarin tafkin Mburo-Nakivale.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakivale, Lake Mburo National Park |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-nakivale-lake-mburo.html |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Tana kusa da kilomita 40 kudu maso gabashin garin Mbarara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakivale |url=https://mbararatours.com/attractions/lake-nakivale.html |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=Mbarara Tours |language=en-US}}</ref> == Biodiversity == Tafkin Nakivale yana da nau'in kifi 9 (4 haplochromines da 5 wadanda ba haplochromins ba) an gano su. cichlids (tilapiines da Nkejje haplochromines) sun mamaye kamawa. Ta hanyar lambobi, haplochromines da Astatotilapia aeneocolor ya mamaye, (89%) shine mafi yawan jinsuna yayin da tilapias Oreochromis esculentus, Oreochromis niloticus da Oreochromis leucostictus suka biyo baya (8%). Mamba Protopterus aethiopicus (2%) ya kasance na uku. Sauran nau'in kifi na muhimmancin kasuwanci, Male Clarias gariepinus ya ba da gudummawa 0.25%. == Gidaje == [[Fayil:Isingiro_District_in_Uganda.svg|alt=Isingiro District in Uganda.|thumb|Wurin Gundumar Isingiro a Uganda.]] Tafkin yana hidimtawa 'yan gudun hijira a cikin Nakivale Refugee Settlement da ƙasashen Uganda a yankunan da ke kusa da Tafkin.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A refugees' idea to restore a degraded Ugandan lake pays off |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance a cikin barazana saboda gurɓataccen gurɓatawar da aka samu daga lalacewar daji saboda kafa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira kodayake' yan gudun hijira sun jagoranci rawar da suka taka wajen kiyayewa da kare tafkin.<ref name=":2" /> A kan dutsen dutse a kan tudu a mazaunin 'yan gudun hijira na Nakivale, ƙungiyar ma'aikata suna amfani da kayan aikin hannu don haƙa jerin ramuka, su sauka a cikin tsiro-tsire na itace sannan su rufe su don dawo da gandun daji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=4 January 2024 |title=Uganda: Refugees in Nakivale one of Africa's oldest settlements replant lost forests |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/01/04/uganda-refugees-in-nakivale-one-of-the-oldest-settlements-in-africa-replant-lost-forests/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref> Ra'ayi daga Nakivale Refugee Settlement ya nuna kwarin kore da ke kaiwa ga Tafkin Nakivale . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uganda's generosity to refugees continues despite limited resources |url=https://www.unhcr.org/africa/news/stories/ugandas-generosity-refugees-continues-despite-limited-resources |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=UNHCR Africa}}</ref> An kori wasu mutane daga yankunan kariya na Lake Nakivale . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mariam |first=Kabasongora |date=11 Mar 2013 |title=Lake Nakivale Evictees Sue Nema For Property Destruction |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/lake-nakivale-evictees-sue-nema-for-property-destruction}}</ref> == Ayyuka == * Shuka shuke-shuke a bakin tekun Nakivale yana haifar da yaduwa da raguwar matakan ruwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=L.Nakivale in danger |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> * Kashe daji <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-16 |title=Lake Nakivale Archives - Water Journalists Africa |url=https://waterjournalistsafrica.com/tag/lake-nakivale/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ya wuce gona da iri, sama da kashi 70% na mazauna da ke kusa da tafkin suna rayuwa ne akan kamun kifi.<ref name=":3" /> * Ayyukan noma kamar noma, kiwon dabbobi, yana haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa.<ref name=":3" /> * Sauran ayyukan ɗan adam kamar yin tubali a kusa da gabar tafkin yana haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa.<ref name=":3" /> * Yara suna iyo a sashin tafkin yayin da wasu ke jawo ruwa don amfani da gida <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A refugees' idea to restore a degraded Ugandan lake pays off |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> == Rushewar yanayin halittu == Gauges a cikin Tafkin Nakivale ya nuna cewa an rufe tafkin ta hanyar laka wanda ya rage zurfin tafkin da 4m kuma ban da cewa an rage yankin saman (tsawon) da 10m daga bakin teku. Ci gaba da shigowar laka a cikin tafkin Nakivale mai murabba'in kilomita 25 ya juya ruwan ya zama ruwan kasa saboda gurɓataccen laka.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Siltation and sediment is clogging up Lake Nakivale |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Siltation ya samo asali ne daga rashin kula da ciyayi misali yankan itace a kan tuddai na Ngarama da Kabingo da kuma kan kiwo, gobarar daji, konewar gawayi da rashin terraces.<ref name=":4" /> == Dubi kuma == * Tafkin Mburo * [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]] * Tafkin Bunyonyi * Tafkin Nyabihoko == Manazarta == c6e02ymb5cyc1lc3p5cfpdyoz6if6w0 0 152802 841632 2026-05-28T13:09:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305158909|Lake Nakuwa Wetland System]]" 841632 wikitext text/x-wiki Lake Nakuwa Wetland System wani wuri ne mai laushi da aka samo a yankin kudu maso gabashin Tsarin Kyoga wanda ke rufe gundumomin Kamuli District, Pallisa District da Soroti District a Gabashin Uganda . Yankin yana da nisan kilomita 25 (16 daga garin Pallisa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakuwa {{!}} Uganda Birding Safaris |url=https://www.africa-wilderness-safaris.com/uganda/lake-nakuwa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602165439/http://www.africa-wilderness-safaris.com/uganda/lake-nakuwa/ |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Africa Safaris {{!}} Shanrod Africa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-10-24 |title=Ramsar Sites In Uganda |url=https://www.junglesafarisuganda.com/attractions/ramsar-sites-in-uganda.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612111125/https://www.junglesafarisuganda.com/attractions/ramsar-sites-in-uganda.html |archive-date=12 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=African Jungle Adventures |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya mamaye yanki na 911.5 km2 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakuwa Wetland System |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/902979?locale=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621193756/https://www.protectedplanet.net/902979?locale=en |archive-date=21 June 2024 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> Yana da alaƙa da tabkuna da yawa na tauraron dan adam da tsarin marmara wanda ke dauke da papyrus wanda ake amfani da shi don yin mats, shinge, da sana'o'i gami da nau'in cichlid da sauran nau'ikan kifi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-25 |title=Ramsar Sites in Uganda |url=https://www.kagerasafaris.com/ramsar-sites-in-uganda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612104431/https://www.kagerasafaris.com/ramsar-sites-in-uganda/ |archive-date=12 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Kagera Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> Yankin ruwa yana taka rawa wajen hana ambaliyar ruwa da tsarkake ruwa, da kuma sake caji na ruwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2006-09-15 |title=Lake Nakuwa Wetland System |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416194117/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1635 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service}}</ref> Hakanan ana amfani dashi don kallon tsuntsaye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-19 |title=Ramsar Sites in Uganda |url=https://www.ugandabirdguides.org/places/ramsar-sites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531101321/https://www.ugandabirdguides.org/places/ramsar-sites/ |archive-date=31 May 2023 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Uganda Bird Guides |language=en-US}}</ref> Lake Nakuwa Wetland System yana cikin gundumomin Kamuli (Kagulu, Nawaikoke, Bumanya, Gudumire, da Namwiwa sub-counties), Pallisa (Gogonyo, Apopong, Buseta, da Pallisa sub-coundaries), <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakuwa {{!}} Uganda Birding Safaris |url=https://www.africa-wilderness-safaris.com/uganda/lake-nakuwa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602165439/http://www.africa-wilderness-safaris.com/uganda/lake-nakuwa/ |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Africa Safaris {{!}} Shanrod Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> da Soroti (Pingire da Kateta sub-counsties) a Gabashin Uganda, Gabashin Afirka. Tana a latitude 01° 15′ da longitude 33° 31′.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2006-09-15 |title=Lake Nakuwa Wetland System |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416194117/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1635 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service}}</ref> An kewaye shi da tabkuna daban-daban kamar su Budipa, Nawampasa, Murlu da Nkodokodo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakuwa |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lake-nakuwa-iba-uganda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701021022/https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lake-nakuwa-iba-uganda |archive-date=1 July 2024 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=[[BirdLife International]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Tafkin Nakuwa Wetland tafkin ruwa ne na halitta don Kogin Nilu, yana tallafawa kamun kifi ga al'ummar yankin, yana adana ruwa don sake caji ruwan ƙasa da kuma yankin yawon shakatawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakuwa {{!}} Uganda Birding Safaris |url=https://www.africa-wilderness-safaris.com/uganda/lake-nakuwa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602165439/http://www.africa-wilderness-safaris.com/uganda/lake-nakuwa/ |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Africa Safaris {{!}} Shanrod Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan wuri mai laushi kuma yana da dabbobi kamar nau'in tsuntsaye musamman shagon ''Balaeniceps rex'' da papyrus gonolek ''Laniarius mufumbiri.''<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan lake drying up |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428104839/https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |archive-date=28 April 2022 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> == Musammanci == Tafkin Nakuwa Wetland ya ƙunshi kudu wanda ke iyo da ciyayi wanda ke samar da tarin abubuwan da ke nuna yawancin farin Nilu. Suds suna aiki ne a matsayin cikas ga Nilu perch kuma suna hana shi shiga wannan wuri mai laushi don haka samar da mazaunin nau'in kifin haplochromine cichlid a cikin wuri mai lahi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-01 |title=Ramsar sites in Uganda – Wetland conservation |url=https://www.volcanoesnationalparkrwanda.com/ramsar-sites-in-uganda-wetland-conservation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701021022/https://www.volcanoesnationalparkrwanda.com/ramsar-sites-in-uganda-wetland-conservation/ |archive-date=1 July 2024 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Volcanoes National Park Rwanda |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-11-28 |title=Ramsar Sites In Uganda |url=https://www.ugandabudgetsafaris.com/blog/ramsar-sites-in-uganda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701021023/https://www.ugandabudgetsafaris.com/blog/ramsar-sites-in-uganda/ |archive-date=1 July 2024 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Uganda Budget Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tsarin Ruwa na Tafkin Bisina * Tsarin tafkin Opeta == Manazarta == oq4xxe1bhz3wggfe99ktcf6i74ggsae 841633 841632 2026-05-28T13:10:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 841633 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lake Nakuwa Wetland System''' wani wuri ne mai laushi da aka samo a yankin kudu maso gabashin Tsarin Kyoga wanda ke rufe gundumomin Kamuli District, Pallisa District da Soroti District a Gabashin Uganda . Yankin yana da nisan kilomita 25 (16 daga garin Pallisa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakuwa {{!}} Uganda Birding Safaris |url=https://www.africa-wilderness-safaris.com/uganda/lake-nakuwa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602165439/http://www.africa-wilderness-safaris.com/uganda/lake-nakuwa/ |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Africa Safaris {{!}} Shanrod Africa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-10-24 |title=Ramsar Sites In Uganda |url=https://www.junglesafarisuganda.com/attractions/ramsar-sites-in-uganda.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612111125/https://www.junglesafarisuganda.com/attractions/ramsar-sites-in-uganda.html |archive-date=12 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=African Jungle Adventures |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya mamaye yanki na 911.5 km2 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakuwa Wetland System |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/902979?locale=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621193756/https://www.protectedplanet.net/902979?locale=en |archive-date=21 June 2024 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> Yana da alaƙa da tabkuna da yawa na tauraron dan adam da tsarin marmara wanda ke dauke da papyrus wanda ake amfani da shi don yin mats, shinge, da sana'o'i gami da nau'in cichlid da sauran nau'ikan kifi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-25 |title=Ramsar Sites in Uganda |url=https://www.kagerasafaris.com/ramsar-sites-in-uganda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612104431/https://www.kagerasafaris.com/ramsar-sites-in-uganda/ |archive-date=12 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Kagera Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> Yankin ruwa yana taka rawa wajen hana ambaliyar ruwa da tsarkake ruwa, da kuma sake caji na ruwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2006-09-15 |title=Lake Nakuwa Wetland System |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416194117/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1635 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service}}</ref> Hakanan ana amfani dashi don kallon tsuntsaye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-19 |title=Ramsar Sites in Uganda |url=https://www.ugandabirdguides.org/places/ramsar-sites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531101321/https://www.ugandabirdguides.org/places/ramsar-sites/ |archive-date=31 May 2023 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Uganda Bird Guides |language=en-US}}</ref> Lake Nakuwa Wetland System yana cikin gundumomin Kamuli (Kagulu, Nawaikoke, Bumanya, Gudumire, da Namwiwa sub-counties), Pallisa (Gogonyo, Apopong, Buseta, da Pallisa sub-coundaries), <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakuwa {{!}} Uganda Birding Safaris |url=https://www.africa-wilderness-safaris.com/uganda/lake-nakuwa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602165439/http://www.africa-wilderness-safaris.com/uganda/lake-nakuwa/ |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Africa Safaris {{!}} Shanrod Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> da Soroti (Pingire da Kateta sub-counsties) a Gabashin Uganda, Gabashin Afirka. Tana a latitude 01° 15′ da longitude 33° 31′.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2006-09-15 |title=Lake Nakuwa Wetland System |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416194117/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1635 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service}}</ref> An kewaye shi da tabkuna daban-daban kamar su Budipa, Nawampasa, Murlu da Nkodokodo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakuwa |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lake-nakuwa-iba-uganda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701021022/https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lake-nakuwa-iba-uganda |archive-date=1 July 2024 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=[[BirdLife International]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Tafkin Nakuwa Wetland tafkin ruwa ne na halitta don Kogin Nilu, yana tallafawa kamun kifi ga al'ummar yankin, yana adana ruwa don sake caji ruwan ƙasa da kuma yankin yawon shakatawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakuwa {{!}} Uganda Birding Safaris |url=https://www.africa-wilderness-safaris.com/uganda/lake-nakuwa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602165439/http://www.africa-wilderness-safaris.com/uganda/lake-nakuwa/ |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Africa Safaris {{!}} Shanrod Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan wuri mai laushi kuma yana da dabbobi kamar nau'in tsuntsaye musamman shagon ''Balaeniceps rex'' da papyrus gonolek ''Laniarius mufumbiri.''<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan lake drying up |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428104839/https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |archive-date=28 April 2022 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> == Musammanci == Tafkin Nakuwa Wetland ya ƙunshi kudu wanda ke iyo da ciyayi wanda ke samar da tarin abubuwan da ke nuna yawancin farin Nilu. Suds suna aiki ne a matsayin cikas ga Nilu perch kuma suna hana shi shiga wannan wuri mai laushi don haka samar da mazaunin nau'in kifin haplochromine cichlid a cikin wuri mai lahi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-01 |title=Ramsar sites in Uganda – Wetland conservation |url=https://www.volcanoesnationalparkrwanda.com/ramsar-sites-in-uganda-wetland-conservation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701021022/https://www.volcanoesnationalparkrwanda.com/ramsar-sites-in-uganda-wetland-conservation/ |archive-date=1 July 2024 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Volcanoes National Park Rwanda |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-11-28 |title=Ramsar Sites In Uganda |url=https://www.ugandabudgetsafaris.com/blog/ramsar-sites-in-uganda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701021023/https://www.ugandabudgetsafaris.com/blog/ramsar-sites-in-uganda/ |archive-date=1 July 2024 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Uganda Budget Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tsarin Ruwa na Tafkin Bisina * Tsarin tafkin Opeta == Manazarta == 28dba05v1sc5ei5nvrz8yzq5oyh3pap 0 152803 841634 2026-05-28T13:10:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321295493|Lake Nkugute]]" 841634 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Lake_Nkugute.jpg|thumb|Tafkin Nkugute]] '''Tafkin Nkugute,''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Tafkin Rutoto''', tafkin ne da ke cikin Gundumar Rubirizi, [[Uganda]] . Da yake a cikin filin dutsen wuta na Bunyaruguru, an yi imanin cewa an kafa tafkin sama da shekaru 12,000 da suka gabata sakamakon aikin dutsen wuta. Ya zama wurin asiri da al'adun gida, tare da labarun da ke kewaye da asalinsa da halayensa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=Lake Nkugute, a place of mysterious tales |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/lake-nkugute-a-place-of-mysterious-tales-1499990 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Nkugutte: The lake people believe gives wealth |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/nkugutte-the-lake-people-believe-gives-wealth-1653592 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa da kafawa == Tafkin Nkugute yana da kimanin tsawo sama da matakin teku na ƙafa 4645. An tsara shi a hanyar da ta yi kama da taswirar Afirka, wanda ya jagoranci wasu mazauna yankin su kira shi "Lake Africa". Ana iya lura da iyakokin tafkin daga tudu da ke iyakarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guru |date=2021-04-20 |title=Here’s Lake Nkugute in Uganda that is shaped like the map of Africa (PHOTOs) |url=https://kenyan-post.com/2021/04/heres-lake-nkugute-in-uganda-that-is-shaped-like-the-map-of-africa-photos/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623141128/https://kenyan-post.com/2021/04/heres-lake-nkugute-in-uganda-that-is-shaped-like-the-map-of-africa-photos/ |archive-date=2023-06-23 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=DAILY POST |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Fayil:Tranquil_Beauty;_Lake_Rutoto_Shimmers_in_Serene_Splendor_04.jpg|alt=Picture of Lake Nkugute|left|thumb|Hoton Tafkin Nkugute]] An samo asali ne daga aikin dutsen wuta a filin dutsen wuta na Bunyaruguru, wanda ya bar rami wanda a hankali ya cika da ruwan sama sama sama sama da dubban shekaru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nkugute, Uganda - Geographical Names, map, geographic coordinates |url=https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2429157&fid=6445&c=uganda |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=geographic.org}}</ref> == Labarai da al'adun gargajiya == Tafkin Nkugute ya kasance batun tatsuniyoyi masu ban mamaki da tatsuniyoyi da aka raba tsakanin al'ummomin da ke zaune a ƙauyukan da ke kewaye da shi. A cewar al'adun yankin, sunan "Nkugute" a cikin harshen Runyaruguru yana nufin "ƙoƙo," wanda ke nuna yanayin tashin hankali na tafkin da kuma sha'awar mutane.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Nkugutte: The lake people believe gives wealth |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/nkugutte-the-lake-people-believe-gives-wealth-1653592 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Labaran sun nuna cewa tafkin zai haɗiye namiji da mace a kowace shekara, yana kama mutane da mamaki. An ba da labarin lokuta inda yara da ke jin daɗin yin iyo a cikin tafkin ba zato ba tsammani za su sami kansu suna ihu ba tare da taimako ba yayin da ruwa ya "haɗiye su". Ko da wadanda ke ƙoƙarin ceto mutanen da ke nutsar da su za su fuskanci irin wannan makomar. Wadannan labarun sun ba da gudummawa ga sunan tafkin a matsayin wurin asiri da haɗari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tourism |first=Kitara Foundation for Regional |date=2023-03-20 |title=The Mysterious Lake Nkugute of the great Kitara Region |url=https://kitararcc.com/2023/03/20/the-mysterious-lake-nkugute-of-the-great-kitara-region/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Kitara Foundation for Regional Tourism |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=Lake Nkugute, a place of mysterious tales |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/lake-nkugute-a-place-of-mysterious-tales-1499990 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Yawon shakatawa da al'umma == Tafkin Nkugute ya zama sanannen wuri ga masu yawon bude ido, kodayake al'ummar yankin sun sami iyakantaccen fa'idodi daga masana'antar yawon bude hankali. Masu yawon bude ido galibi suna ziyartar don kama siffar tafkin da ke kewaye da shi. Koyaya, rashin otal-otal ko wuraren zama masu dacewa a yankin ya hana ikon al'ummar yankin samun cikakken jari a kan yawon bude ido.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Nkugutte: The lake people believe gives wealth |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/nkugutte-the-lake-people-believe-gives-wealth-1653592 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> An yi ƙoƙari don adana tsabtace tafkin da kuma kare albarkatun sa. Hukumomi sun haramta ayyukan kamar wanke tufafi da motoci a cikin tafkin don tabbatar da cewa ruwa ya kasance mai tsabta. Kifi ba ya yaduwa saboda rashin kifi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=Lake Nkugute, a place of mysterious tales |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/lake-nkugute-a-place-of-mysterious-tales-1499990 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Mazaunan Bunyaruguru, musamman kabilar Banyaruguru, suna ɗaukar Tafkin Nkugute a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na al'adunsu. Mutanen Banyaruguru sun ci gaba da dangantaka mai karfi da asalin su na Baganda, kuma al'adun gargajiya da ayyukansu suna da tasiri daga al'adun Baganda da Kinyankole.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=Lake Nkugute, a place of mysterious tales |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/lake-nkugute-a-place-of-mysterious-tales-1499990 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tabkuna a Uganda == Manazarta == rad2jx4boks4lgr0sp8cmpo4dx0we77 841635 841634 2026-05-28T13:11:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 841635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Lake_Nkugute.jpg|thumb|Tafkin Nkugute]] '''Tafkin Nkugute,''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Tafkin Rutoto''', tafkin ne da ke cikin Gundumar Rubirizi, [[Uganda]] . Da yake a cikin filin dutsen wuta na Bunyaruguru, an yi imanin cewa an kafa tafkin sama da shekaru 12,000 da suka gabata sakamakon aikin dutsen wuta. Ya zama wurin asiri da al'adun gida, tare da labarun da ke kewaye da asalinsa da halayensa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=Lake Nkugute, a place of mysterious tales |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/lake-nkugute-a-place-of-mysterious-tales-1499990 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Nkugutte: The lake people believe gives wealth |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/nkugutte-the-lake-people-believe-gives-wealth-1653592 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa da kafawa == Tafkin Nkugute yana da kimanin tsawo sama da matakin teku na ƙafa 4645. An tsara shi a hanyar da ta yi kama da taswirar Afirka, wanda ya jagoranci wasu mazauna yankin su kira shi "Lake Africa". Ana iya lura da iyakokin tafkin daga tudu da ke iyakarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guru |date=2021-04-20 |title=Here’s Lake Nkugute in Uganda that is shaped like the map of Africa (PHOTOs) |url=https://kenyan-post.com/2021/04/heres-lake-nkugute-in-uganda-that-is-shaped-like-the-map-of-africa-photos/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623141128/https://kenyan-post.com/2021/04/heres-lake-nkugute-in-uganda-that-is-shaped-like-the-map-of-africa-photos/ |archive-date=2023-06-23 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=DAILY POST |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Fayil:Tranquil_Beauty;_Lake_Rutoto_Shimmers_in_Serene_Splendor_04.jpg|alt=Picture of Lake Nkugute|left|thumb|Hoton Tafkin Nkugute]] An samo asali ne daga aikin dutsen wuta a filin dutsen wuta na Bunyaruguru, wanda ya bar rami wanda a hankali ya cika da ruwan sama sama sama sama da dubban shekaru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nkugute, Uganda - Geographical Names, map, geographic coordinates |url=https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2429157&fid=6445&c=uganda |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=geographic.org}}</ref> == Labarai da al'adun gargajiya == Tafkin Nkugute ya kasance batun tatsuniyoyi masu ban mamaki da tatsuniyoyi da aka raba tsakanin al'ummomin da ke zaune a ƙauyukan da ke kewaye da shi. A cewar al'adun yankin, sunan "Nkugute" a cikin harshen Runyaruguru yana nufin "ƙoƙo," wanda ke nuna yanayin tashin hankali na tafkin da kuma sha'awar mutane.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Nkugutte: The lake people believe gives wealth |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/nkugutte-the-lake-people-believe-gives-wealth-1653592 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Labaran sun nuna cewa tafkin zai haɗiye namiji da mace a kowace shekara, yana kama mutane da mamaki. An ba da labarin lokuta inda yara da ke jin daɗin yin iyo a cikin tafkin ba zato ba tsammani za su sami kansu suna ihu ba tare da taimako ba yayin da ruwa ya "haɗiye su". Ko da wadanda ke ƙoƙarin ceto mutanen da ke nutsar da su za su fuskanci irin wannan makomar. Wadannan labarun sun ba da gudummawa ga sunan tafkin a matsayin wurin asiri da haɗari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tourism |first=Kitara Foundation for Regional |date=2023-03-20 |title=The Mysterious Lake Nkugute of the great Kitara Region |url=https://kitararcc.com/2023/03/20/the-mysterious-lake-nkugute-of-the-great-kitara-region/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Kitara Foundation for Regional Tourism |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=Lake Nkugute, a place of mysterious tales |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/lake-nkugute-a-place-of-mysterious-tales-1499990 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Yawon shakatawa da al'umma == Tafkin Nkugute ya zama sanannen wuri ga masu yawon bude ido, kodayake al'ummar yankin sun sami iyakantaccen fa'idodi daga masana'antar yawon bude hankali. Masu yawon bude ido galibi suna ziyartar don kama siffar tafkin da ke kewaye da shi. Koyaya, rashin otal-otal ko wuraren zama masu dacewa a yankin ya hana ikon al'ummar yankin samun cikakken jari a kan yawon bude ido.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Nkugutte: The lake people believe gives wealth |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/nkugutte-the-lake-people-believe-gives-wealth-1653592 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> An yi ƙoƙari don adana tsabtace tafkin da kuma kare albarkatun sa. Hukumomi sun haramta ayyukan kamar wanke tufafi da motoci a cikin tafkin don tabbatar da cewa ruwa ya kasance mai tsabta. Kifi ba ya yaduwa saboda rashin kifi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=Lake Nkugute, a place of mysterious tales |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/lake-nkugute-a-place-of-mysterious-tales-1499990 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Mazaunan Bunyaruguru, musamman kabilar Banyaruguru, suna ɗaukar Tafkin Nkugute a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na al'adunsu. Mutanen Banyaruguru sun ci gaba da dangantaka mai karfi da asalin su na Baganda, kuma al'adun gargajiya da ayyukansu suna da tasiri daga al'adun Baganda da Kinyankole.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=Lake Nkugute, a place of mysterious tales |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/lake-nkugute-a-place-of-mysterious-tales-1499990 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tabkuna a Uganda == Manazarta == tbtghshj1qoql6of3or1ifw7ugfo2vm 0 152804 841636 2026-05-28T13:13:08Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355768510|Maputo River]]" 841636 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Maputo''' ( Portuguese ), wanda kuma ake kira '''Babban Kogin Usutu''', '''Kogin Lusutfu''', ko '''Kogin Suthu''', kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Eswatini]], da [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . Sunan ''Suthu'' yana nufin mutanen Basotho waɗanda ke zaune kusa da tushen kogin, amma [[Kabilar Swazi|Swazis]] suka kai musu hari suka kore su. Ana kuma cewa yana nufin 'launin ruwan kasa mai duhu', bayanin ruwan laka na kogin. A halin yanzu, sunan Maputo yana nufin Sarki Mabhudu Tembe, wanda ya yi mulki a ƙarni na 18 a wannan yankin. == Kwas ɗin == Kogin yana tashi kusa da Amsterdam, Mpumalanga, Afirka ta Kudu, kuma yana gudana ta gabas ta cikin Eswatini, inda ya shiga tsaunukan Lebombo .&nbsp;Kwarin kilomita yana da iyaka tsakanin Eswatini da Afirka ta Kudu. Tsawon kimanin kilomita ashirin, ya samar da iyaka tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu (lardin KwaZulu-Natal ) da Mozambique. A can, a cikin Ndumo Namun Daji, yana shan babban koginsa, Kogin Pongola . Sannan ya ratsa ta cikin filayen bakin teku na Mozambique sannan ya kwarara zuwa kudancin Maputo Bay, kimanin kilomita 85 a ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rauken |first=T. |last2=Kelman |first2=I. |date=2010-10-19 |title=River flood vulnerability in Norway through the pressure and release model |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=314–322 |doi=10.1111/j.1753-318x.2010.01080.x |issn=1753-318X}}</ref> A Eswatini, ana kiran kogin da Babban Usutu ko Lusutfu kuma yana ratsa garuruwan [[Bhunya]], Luyengo, Siphofaneni, da Big Bend . Garin Big Bend yana kusa da wani wuri da kogin [[Menander|ke juyawa]] ba zato ba tsammani. Babban Usutu shine mafi girma a Eswatini, shine wurin da Eswatini ke da mafi ƙasƙanci (mita 21 sama da matakin teku), kuma an san shi da yin rafting a cikin ruwan fari. Babu manyan garuruwa da suka sami damar yin rafting a bakin tekun saboda ƙananan kwari da dazuzzuka masu yawa. Duk da haka, yana gida ga wasu filayen golf, otal-otal, da wuraren ajiyar yanayi . == Magudanar ruwa == From the origin to its mouth, in order, tributaries are the: [[Sihanahana River|Sihanahana]], [[Bonnie Brook River|Bonnie Brook]], [[Mpuluzi River|Mpuluzi]], [[Buhlungu River|Buhlungu]], [[Umvenvane River|Umvenvane]], [[Lusushwana River|Lusushwana]], [[Sidvokodvo River|Sidvokodvo]], Mkhondvo, [[Mhlamani River|Mhlamani]], [[Mzimneni River|Mzimneni]], [[Mzimphofu River|Mzimphofu]], [[Mhlathuzane River|Mhlathuzane]], [[Mtsindzekwa River|Mtsindzekwa]], [[Nyetane River|Nyetane]], [[Funuane River|Funuane]], and the Pongola Rivers. == Manazarta == aogimq65o574yrqzqxy75hfhkzseb7g 841637 841636 2026-05-28T13:13:42Z Engineer014 44591 841637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Maputo''' ( Portuguese ), wanda kuma ake kira '''Babban Kogin Usutu''', '''Kogin Lusutfu''', ko '''Kogin Suthu''', kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Eswatini]], da [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . Sunan ''Suthu'' yana nufin mutanen Basotho waɗanda ke zaune kusa da tushen kogin, amma [[Kabilar Swazi|Swazis]] suka kai musu hari suka kore su. Ana kuma cewa yana nufin 'launin ruwan kasa mai duhu', bayanin ruwan laka na kogin. A halin yanzu, sunan Maputo yana nufin Sarki Mabhudu Tembe, wanda ya yi mulki a ƙarni na 18 a wannan yankin. == Kwas ɗin == Kogin yana tashi kusa da Amsterdam, Mpumalanga, Afirka ta Kudu, kuma yana gudana ta gabas ta cikin Eswatini, inda ya shiga tsaunukan Lebombo .&nbsp;Kwarin kilomita yana da iyaka tsakanin Eswatini da Afirka ta Kudu. Tsawon kimanin kilomita ashirin, ya samar da iyaka tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu (lardin KwaZulu-Natal ) da Mozambique. A can, a cikin Ndumo Namun Daji, yana shan babban koginsa, Kogin Pongola . Sannan ya ratsa ta cikin filayen bakin teku na Mozambique sannan ya kwarara zuwa kudancin Maputo Bay, kimanin kilomita 85 a ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rauken |first=T. |last2=Kelman |first2=I. |date=2010-10-19 |title=River flood vulnerability in Norway through the pressure and release model |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=314–322 |doi=10.1111/j.1753-318x.2010.01080.x |issn=1753-318X}}</ref> A Eswatini, ana kiran kogin da Babban Usutu ko Lusutfu kuma yana ratsa garuruwan [[Bhunya]], Luyengo, Siphofaneni, da Big Bend . Garin Big Bend yana kusa da wani wuri da kogin [[Menander|ke juyawa]] ba zato ba tsammani. Babban Usutu shine mafi girma a Eswatini, shine wurin da Eswatini ke da mafi ƙasƙanci (mita 21 sama da matakin teku), kuma an san shi da yin rafting a cikin ruwan fari. Babu manyan garuruwa da suka sami damar yin rafting a bakin tekun saboda ƙananan kwari da dazuzzuka masu yawa. Duk da haka, yana gida ga wasu filayen golf, otal-otal, da wuraren ajiyar yanayi . == Magudanar ruwa == From the origin to its mouth, in order, tributaries are the: [[Sihanahana River|Sihanahana]], [[Bonnie Brook River|Bonnie Brook]], [[Mpuluzi River|Mpuluzi]], [[Buhlungu River|Buhlungu]], [[Umvenvane River|Umvenvane]], [[Lusushwana River|Lusushwana]], [[Sidvokodvo River|Sidvokodvo]], Mkhondvo, [[Mhlamani River|Mhlamani]], [[Mzimneni River|Mzimneni]], [[Mzimphofu River|Mzimphofu]], [[Mhlathuzane River|Mhlathuzane]], [[Mtsindzekwa River|Mtsindzekwa]], [[Nyetane River|Nyetane]], [[Funuane River|Funuane]], and the Pongola Rivers. == Manazarta == t1v0w0c75opsv9bypbllqlcmdeot0h2 0 152805 841638 2026-05-28T13:14:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1252929247|Lake Nshenyi]]" 841638 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Nshenyi''' tafkin crater ne na Uganda a Yammacin Uganda, Gundumar Rubirizi . Tsawon tafkin sama da matakin teku shine mita 1006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nshenyi crater lake, Western Region, Uganda |url=https://ug.geoview.info/lake_nshenyi,227684 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=ug.geoview.info}}</ref> Tafkin mazaunin ne ga Flamingos waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga [[Tafkin Nakuru]] a [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Photos and pictures of: Walking safari at Nshenyi Crater Lake in Kyambura Wildlife Reserve, Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda |url=http://www.africaimagelibrary.com/media/56793405-9667-4593-93cc-f8a35f495a0a-walking-safari-at-nshenyi-crater-lake-in-kyambura-wildlife-rese |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=The Africa Image Library |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nshenyi (Nshenyi Lake) Map, Weather and Photos - Uganda: crater lake - Lat:-0.15 and Long:30.1667 |url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/uganda/uganda_(general)/_lake_nshenyi/ |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=www.getamap.net}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2c22oi9f5p0gax81idkphr717wqx46q 841639 841638 2026-05-28T13:14:38Z Pharouqenr 25549 841639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Nshenyi''' tafkin crater ne na Uganda a Yammacin Uganda, Gundumar Rubirizi . Tsawon tafkin sama da matakin teku shine mita 1006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nshenyi crater lake, Western Region, Uganda |url=https://ug.geoview.info/lake_nshenyi,227684 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=ug.geoview.info}}</ref> Tafkin mazaunin ne ga Flamingos waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga [[Tafkin Nakuru]] a [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Photos and pictures of: Walking safari at Nshenyi Crater Lake in Kyambura Wildlife Reserve, Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda |url=http://www.africaimagelibrary.com/media/56793405-9667-4593-93cc-f8a35f495a0a-walking-safari-at-nshenyi-crater-lake-in-kyambura-wildlife-rese |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=The Africa Image Library |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nshenyi (Nshenyi Lake) Map, Weather and Photos - Uganda: crater lake - Lat:-0.15 and Long:30.1667 |url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/uganda/uganda_(general)/_lake_nshenyi/ |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=www.getamap.net}}</ref> == Manazarta == b58zusea419pepigfj01qvc869fvrjj 0 152806 841640 2026-05-28T13:14:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337010711|Lake Nyabihoko]]" 841640 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Nyabihooko_Lake_pic_3.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Wannan tafki ne a ƙauyen Kyafoora a cikin gundumar Ntungamo . Ya yi imanin cewa ya kasance tare da Kyafoora Lake amma daga baya ya rabu.]] '''Tafkin Nyabihoko''' tafki ne da ke cikin Gundumar Ntungamo, kimanin kilomita 372 a kudancin [[Kampala]], Uganda. Yankunan Nyabihoko, Bwongyera (duka biyu a cikin Kajara County), da Rubaare a cikin Rushenyi County sun raba shi. Tafkin ya rufe yanki na kimanin murabba'in kilomita 2.31.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The beautiful, historical Nyabihoko lake |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1489909 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Nyabihoko: The lake with an intriguing history |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/nyabihoko-the-lake-with-an-intriguing-history-1516164 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Labari da kafa == A cewar labari na yankin, an danganta halittar Tafkin Nyabihoko ga jerin abubuwan da suka shafi Mutuumo, manomi mai cin ganyayyaki na Muhima. An ce Mutuumo yana da ɗan maraƙi mai tsarki mai launuka da yawa, wanda alloli suka gargadi shi kada ya ci, koda kuwa ya mutu ta halitta. Koyaya, a lokacin ɗaya daga cikin tafiye-tafiyen kasuwanci a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], ɗan maraƙin ya mutu, kuma bayin Mutuumo masu fama da yunwa, ba tare da la'akari da roƙon matarsa ba, sun yi biki a kai. Wannan aikin ya saba wa rantsuwar iyali kuma ya fusata alloli. A sakamakon haka, alloli sun azabtar da Mutuumo da iyalinsa ta hanyar haifar da ruwan sama mara iyaka na kwanaki ashirin da takwas. Ambaliyar da ta haifar ta canza ƙasar, gami da gonar Mutuumo, zuwa Tafkin Nyabihoko na zamani. Yayinda Mutuumo ya tsira, matarsa, 'yarsa, bayinsa, da dukiyarsa sun ɓace. Koyaya, an ceci ɗansa marar aure, wanda ke zaune tsakanin bayin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The beautiful, historical Nyabihoko lake |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1489909 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Nyabihoko: The lake with an intriguing history |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/nyabihoko-the-lake-with-an-intriguing-history-1516164 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Muhimmancin al'adu == Tafkin Nyabihoko yana da muhimmancin al'adu da tarihi a yankin. A yau, tafkin yana da gidan Mutuumo Island Resort, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga labarin. A [[tsibirin]], ana iya samun ragowar tsohuwar gidan gargajiya na Ankole, yana ba ba baƙi damar ganin al'adun yankin.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyabihoko ~ Lake Nyabihoko Guide ~ Lake Nyabihoko Ntungamo Uganda |url=https://western-uganda.net/lake_nyabihoko.html |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=western-uganda.net}}</ref> == Yawon shakatawa da ayyukan == Tafkin Nyabihoko yana jan hankalin [[Yawon bude ido|masu yawon bude ido]] waɗanda ke da sha'awar kyawawan dabi'unsa da kwanciyar hankali. Baƙi na iya hayar jiragen ruwa ko jiragen ruwa na gargajiya don bincika tafkin, yana ba da damar lura da nau'ikan namun daji da tsuntsaye daban-daban da ke zaune a yankin. Wasu sanannun nau'ikan tsuntsaye sun haɗa da gashin gashi mai launin toka, gaggafa, da pelicans.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Nyabihoko: The lake with an intriguing history |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/nyabihoko-the-lake-with-an-intriguing-history-1516164 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Kalubale da kiyayewa == Tafkin Nyabihoko yana fuskantar ƙalubale, gami da raguwar yawan kifi saboda ɓacewar wuraren da ke kewaye da shi wanda ya haifar da ci gaba da noma. Kokarin adana yanayin halittu na tafkin da inganta ayyukan kamun kifi masu ɗorewa suna da mahimmanci ga kiyayewa na dogon lokaci.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyabihoko ~ Lake Nyabihoko Guide ~ Lake Nyabihoko Ntungamo Uganda |url=https://western-uganda.net/lake_nyabihoko.html |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=western-uganda.net}}</ref> [[Fayil:The_clouds,_vegetation_around_Lake_Nyabihoko_in_Uganda.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Girgije, tsire-tsire a kusa da Tafkin Nyabihok]] == Samun dama == Don isa Tafkin Nyabihoko, matafiya na iya ɗaukar bas ko motoci masu zaman kansu zuwa garin Ntungamo sannan su bi hanyar zuwa Rwashamaire. Daga can, kusan tafiyar kilomita 10 ne zuwa tafkin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The beautiful, historical Nyabihoko lake |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1489909 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tabkuna na Uganda == Manazarta == b87xjb66l9pkpd8iwsro4gy5mer4oq0 841641 841640 2026-05-28T13:15:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 841641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Nyabihooko_Lake_pic_3.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Wannan tafki ne a ƙauyen Kyafoora a cikin gundumar Ntungamo . Ya yi imanin cewa ya kasance tare da Kyafoora Lake amma daga baya ya rabu.]] '''Tafkin Nyabihoko''' tafki ne da ke cikin Gundumar Ntungamo, kimanin kilomita 372 a kudancin [[Kampala]], Uganda. Yankunan Nyabihoko, Bwongyera (duka biyu a cikin Kajara County), da Rubaare a cikin Rushenyi County sun raba shi. Tafkin ya rufe yanki na kimanin murabba'in kilomita 2.31.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The beautiful, historical Nyabihoko lake |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1489909 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Nyabihoko: The lake with an intriguing history |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/nyabihoko-the-lake-with-an-intriguing-history-1516164 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Labari da kafa == A cewar labari na yankin, an danganta halittar Tafkin Nyabihoko ga jerin abubuwan da suka shafi Mutuumo, manomi mai cin ganyayyaki na Muhima. An ce Mutuumo yana da ɗan maraƙi mai tsarki mai launuka da yawa, wanda alloli suka gargadi shi kada ya ci, koda kuwa ya mutu ta halitta. Koyaya, a lokacin ɗaya daga cikin tafiye-tafiyen kasuwanci a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], ɗan maraƙin ya mutu, kuma bayin Mutuumo masu fama da yunwa, ba tare da la'akari da roƙon matarsa ba, sun yi biki a kai. Wannan aikin ya saba wa rantsuwar iyali kuma ya fusata alloli. A sakamakon haka, alloli sun azabtar da Mutuumo da iyalinsa ta hanyar haifar da ruwan sama mara iyaka na kwanaki ashirin da takwas. Ambaliyar da ta haifar ta canza ƙasar, gami da gonar Mutuumo, zuwa Tafkin Nyabihoko na zamani. Yayinda Mutuumo ya tsira, matarsa, 'yarsa, bayinsa, da dukiyarsa sun ɓace. Koyaya, an ceci ɗansa marar aure, wanda ke zaune tsakanin bayin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The beautiful, historical Nyabihoko lake |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1489909 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Nyabihoko: The lake with an intriguing history |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/nyabihoko-the-lake-with-an-intriguing-history-1516164 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Muhimmancin al'adu == Tafkin Nyabihoko yana da muhimmancin al'adu da tarihi a yankin. A yau, tafkin yana da gidan Mutuumo Island Resort, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga labarin. A [[tsibirin]], ana iya samun ragowar tsohuwar gidan gargajiya na Ankole, yana ba ba baƙi damar ganin al'adun yankin.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyabihoko ~ Lake Nyabihoko Guide ~ Lake Nyabihoko Ntungamo Uganda |url=https://western-uganda.net/lake_nyabihoko.html |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=western-uganda.net}}</ref> == Yawon shakatawa da ayyukan == Tafkin Nyabihoko yana jan hankalin [[Yawon bude ido|masu yawon bude ido]] waɗanda ke da sha'awar kyawawan dabi'unsa da kwanciyar hankali. Baƙi na iya hayar jiragen ruwa ko jiragen ruwa na gargajiya don bincika tafkin, yana ba da damar lura da nau'ikan namun daji da tsuntsaye daban-daban da ke zaune a yankin. Wasu sanannun nau'ikan tsuntsaye sun haɗa da gashin gashi mai launin toka, gaggafa, da pelicans.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Nyabihoko: The lake with an intriguing history |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/nyabihoko-the-lake-with-an-intriguing-history-1516164 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Kalubale da kiyayewa == Tafkin Nyabihoko yana fuskantar ƙalubale, gami da raguwar yawan kifi saboda ɓacewar wuraren da ke kewaye da shi wanda ya haifar da ci gaba da noma. Kokarin adana yanayin halittu na tafkin da inganta ayyukan kamun kifi masu ɗorewa suna da mahimmanci ga kiyayewa na dogon lokaci.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyabihoko ~ Lake Nyabihoko Guide ~ Lake Nyabihoko Ntungamo Uganda |url=https://western-uganda.net/lake_nyabihoko.html |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=western-uganda.net}}</ref> [[Fayil:The_clouds,_vegetation_around_Lake_Nyabihoko_in_Uganda.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Girgije, tsire-tsire a kusa da Tafkin Nyabihok]] == Samun dama == Don isa Tafkin Nyabihoko, matafiya na iya ɗaukar bas ko motoci masu zaman kansu zuwa garin Ntungamo sannan su bi hanyar zuwa Rwashamaire. Daga can, kusan tafiyar kilomita 10 ne zuwa tafkin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The beautiful, historical Nyabihoko lake |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1489909 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tabkuna na Uganda == Manazarta == 3rp1b0pdw2kctceihmk1s5hkcpa2flu 0 152807 841642 2026-05-28T13:15:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1252983140|Lake Nyabikere]]" 841642 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Nyabikere''' tafki ne da ke cikin Gundumar Kabarole ta Uganda . An kuma san tafkin da "Frog Lake" tunda yana da nau'ikan frog iri-iri a cikin ruwansa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyabikere |url=https://daytrip.com/discover/location/lake-nyabikere |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613072114/https://daytrip.com/discover/location/lake-nyabikere |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=daytrip.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2022 |title=Adventures At Lake Nyabikere {{!}} Lake of Frogs {{!}} Uganda Safaris |url=https://www.achieveglobalsafaris.com/adventures-at-lake-nyabikere/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611144504/https://www.achieveglobalsafaris.com/adventures-at-lake-nyabikere/ |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=Achieve Global Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau tafkin crater ne a cikin kewayon Dutsen Rwenzori a yammacin Uganda da kuma wurin safari a Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=COMMUNITY |first=ISUNGA CULTURAL |date=26 May 2020 |title=LAKE NYABIKERE IN ISUNGA |url=https://isungacommunity.wixsite.com/website/post/lake-nyabikere-in-isunga |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613072134/https://isungacommunity.wixsite.com/website/post/lake-nyabikere-in-isunga |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=Isunga Cultural C |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyabikere Vacation Rentals & Homes - Western Region, Uganda |url=https://www.airbnb.com/lake-nyabikere-uganda/stays |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=Airbnb |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Uganda |first=Gorilla Safaris |date=23 January 2021 |title=Lake Nyabikere Crater Lake Uganda |url=https://www.gorillasafaris-uganda.com/lake-nyabikere-crater-lake-uganda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611150005/https://www.gorillasafaris-uganda.com/lake-nyabikere-crater-lake-uganda/ |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=Gorilla Safaris Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == Yankin da ke kusa da Tafkin Nyabikere yana da chimpanzees, nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri, da nau'ikan bishiyoyi daban-daban da sauran nau'ikan shuke-shuke kuma suna aiki a matsayin wurin yawon bude ido ga Uganda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyabikere |url=https://daytrip.com/discover/location/lake-nyabikere |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613072114/https://daytrip.com/discover/location/lake-nyabikere |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=daytrip.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Uganda |first=Gorilla Safaris |date=23 January 2021 |title=Lake Nyabikere Crater Lake Uganda |url=https://www.gorillasafaris-uganda.com/lake-nyabikere-crater-lake-uganda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611150005/https://www.gorillasafaris-uganda.com/lake-nyabikere-crater-lake-uganda/ |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=Gorilla Safaris Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tafkin Bujuku * Tafkin Kwania == Manazarta == mcp4cmo5qfpuyaiidaawb9srmpowwoe 841643 841642 2026-05-28T13:15:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 841643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Nyabikere''' tafki ne da ke cikin Gundumar Kabarole ta Uganda . An kuma san tafkin da "Frog Lake" tunda yana da nau'ikan frog iri-iri a cikin ruwansa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyabikere |url=https://daytrip.com/discover/location/lake-nyabikere |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613072114/https://daytrip.com/discover/location/lake-nyabikere |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=daytrip.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2022 |title=Adventures At Lake Nyabikere {{!}} Lake of Frogs {{!}} Uganda Safaris |url=https://www.achieveglobalsafaris.com/adventures-at-lake-nyabikere/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611144504/https://www.achieveglobalsafaris.com/adventures-at-lake-nyabikere/ |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=Achieve Global Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau tafkin crater ne a cikin kewayon Dutsen Rwenzori a yammacin Uganda da kuma wurin safari a Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=COMMUNITY |first=ISUNGA CULTURAL |date=26 May 2020 |title=LAKE NYABIKERE IN ISUNGA |url=https://isungacommunity.wixsite.com/website/post/lake-nyabikere-in-isunga |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613072134/https://isungacommunity.wixsite.com/website/post/lake-nyabikere-in-isunga |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=Isunga Cultural C |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyabikere Vacation Rentals & Homes - Western Region, Uganda |url=https://www.airbnb.com/lake-nyabikere-uganda/stays |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=Airbnb |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Uganda |first=Gorilla Safaris |date=23 January 2021 |title=Lake Nyabikere Crater Lake Uganda |url=https://www.gorillasafaris-uganda.com/lake-nyabikere-crater-lake-uganda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611150005/https://www.gorillasafaris-uganda.com/lake-nyabikere-crater-lake-uganda/ |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=Gorilla Safaris Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == Yankin da ke kusa da Tafkin Nyabikere yana da chimpanzees, nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri, da nau'ikan bishiyoyi daban-daban da sauran nau'ikan shuke-shuke kuma suna aiki a matsayin wurin yawon bude ido ga Uganda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyabikere |url=https://daytrip.com/discover/location/lake-nyabikere |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613072114/https://daytrip.com/discover/location/lake-nyabikere |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=daytrip.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Uganda |first=Gorilla Safaris |date=23 January 2021 |title=Lake Nyabikere Crater Lake Uganda |url=https://www.gorillasafaris-uganda.com/lake-nyabikere-crater-lake-uganda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611150005/https://www.gorillasafaris-uganda.com/lake-nyabikere-crater-lake-uganda/ |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=Gorilla Safaris Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tafkin Bujuku * Tafkin Kwania == Manazarta == ahwqt9x0l5rlrf0enqcgwfhaj7zikw7 0 152808 841648 2026-05-28T13:54:10Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1258675233|Wari River]]" 841648 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wari''' kogi ne na arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] kuma magudanar ruwa ce ta dama ta Kogin Tekezé . Yana tashi a cikin [[Gar'alta]] kuma yana kwarara zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa Tekezé a * Kogin '''[[Kogin Agefet|Agefet]]''' ** Amblo River, in ''tabia'' Addi Walka ** Kogin Azef, a kan iyakar ''tabias'' Addi Walka da Haddinnet ** [[Ab'aro]] River, in ''tabia'' Haddinnet and ''woreda'' [[Kola Tembien]] * May Leiba, a cikin ''tabia'' Ayninbirkekin, wanda ya zama Tinsehe R. a cikin Selam da Mahbere Sillasie, da kuma Kogin '''Tsaliet''', daga ƙasa daga gidan ibada na Dabba Selama ** Kogin Khunale, a cikin ''tabia'' Selam ** Kogin Harehuwa, in ''tabia'' Mahbere Sillasie ** Kidan Mihret River, in ''tabia'' Mahbere Sillasie ** Kogin Ferrey, a kan iyakar ''tabias'' Mahbere Sillasie da Degol Woyane == Duba kuma == * Jerin kogunan Habasha == Manazarta == 1fubaisumdfl3ockstlaf2te7h0kug4 841649 841648 2026-05-28T13:54:37Z Engineer014 44591 841649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wari''' kogi ne na arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] kuma magudanar ruwa ce ta dama ta Kogin Tekezé . Yana tashi a cikin [[Gar'alta]] kuma yana kwarara zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa Tekezé a * Kogin '''[[Kogin Agefet|Agefet]]''' ** Amblo River, in ''tabia'' Addi Walka ** Kogin Azef, a kan iyakar ''tabias'' Addi Walka da Haddinnet ** [[Ab'aro]] River, in ''tabia'' Haddinnet and ''woreda'' [[Kola Tembien]] * May Leiba, a cikin ''tabia'' Ayninbirkekin, wanda ya zama Tinsehe R. a cikin Selam da Mahbere Sillasie, da kuma Kogin '''Tsaliet''', daga ƙasa daga gidan ibada na Dabba Selama ** Kogin Khunale, a cikin ''tabia'' Selam ** Kogin Harehuwa, in ''tabia'' Mahbere Sillasie ** Kidan Mihret River, in ''tabia'' Mahbere Sillasie ** Kogin Ferrey, a kan iyakar ''tabias'' Mahbere Sillasie da Degol Woyane == Duba kuma == * Jerin kogunan Habasha == Manazarta == 0rjdbhimvtdwqcvhjehdqm3eb3q24tc 0 152809 841650 2026-05-28T13:58:22Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354426963|Masaka]]" 841650 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:A_street_view_in_Masaka_town_02.jpg|thumb|265x265px|Kallon titi a birnin Masaka]] '''Masaka''' birni ne, da ke a yankin Buganda a ƙasar Uganda, yamma da [[tafkin Victoria]] . <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Franklin Draku |date=22 May 2019 |title=Cabinet Elevates 15 Municipalities To Cities |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Cabinet-elevates-15-municipalities-cities/688334-5125824-5h8yw4z/index.html |access-date=1 June 2019 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> Birnin shine hedkwatar gundumar Masaka . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fields |first=Megan |date=December 2009 |title=Masaka: Big Shoes, Small Feet |url=http://www.meganda.wordpress.com/masaka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418233908/http://meganda.wordpress.com/masaka/ |archive-date=18 April 2014 |access-date=17 April 2014 |publisher=Wordpress.com (Megan Fields Blog)}}</ref> == Wuri == Masaka tana da nisan {{Convert|132|km|0}} zuwa kudu maso yammacin [[Kampala]] a kan babbar hanyar zuwa Mbarara . Birnin yana kusa da Equator . Daidaito na Masaka sune 0°20'28.0"S, 31°44'10.0"E (Latitude:-0.341111; Longitude:31.736111). Masaka yana da matsakaicin tsayin {{Convert|1288|m|0}} sama da matakin teku. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Floodmap |date=2018 |title=Elevation of Masaka, Uganda |url=http://www.floodmap.net/Elevation/ElevationMap/?gi=229380 |access-date=3 June 2019 |publisher=Floodmap.net}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Masaka a matsayin gari a shekarar 1953. Ta zama majalisar gari a shekarar 1958 da kuma ƙaramar hukuma a shekarar 1968. <ref name="CstR">{{Cite web |last=Martins Ssekweyama |date=15 June 2016 |title=Masaka Town Expands To Get City Status |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Masaka-town-expands-to-get-city-status/688334-3249600-15030upz/index.html |access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref> Masaka, kasancewarta ɗaya daga cikin gundumomi mafi ci gaba a lokacin rikicin neman iko da ya faru bayan da Uganda ta sami 'yancin kai, wuri ne mai mahimmanci a lokacin [[Yaƙin Uganda da Tanzania]] (1978-79), kuma sojojin Uganda sun yi masa kawanya . Waɗannan sojojin sun tsoratar da fararen hular yankin, wanda hakan ya sa yawancinsu suka tsere daga garin. A ranar 23-24 ga Fabrairu 1979, Rundunar Tsaron Jama'ar Tanzaniya da 'yan tawayen Uganda da ke haɗin gwiwa suka kai hari kan matsugunin, wanda ya haifar da Yaƙin Masaka . An yi wa garin ruwan bama-bamai da manyan bindigogi, kuma suka faɗa hannun sojojin da Tanzania ta jagoranta bayan sun yi amfani da ƙarfin bindiga. Daga baya 'yan Tanzaniya suka lalata mafi yawan garin don ɗaukar fansa kan ta'asar da Sojojin Uganda suka aikata a lokacin mamayar da suka yi a arewa maso yammacin Tanzania a baya. {{Sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015}} A lokacin Yaƙin Bush na Uganda, Masaka ta sake shan wahala daga yaƙi. Rundunar 'Yantar da Ƙasa ta Uganda wadda ta kasance rundunar sojojin ƙasar Uganda a wancan lokacin ta tsare garin. A ƙarshen shekarar 1985, 'yan tawayen National Resistance Army [[Siege of Masaka|sun yi wa garin kawanya]] . Bayan yaƙi mai tsanani, rundunar sojojin Masaka ta miƙa wuya a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1985. {{Sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015}} A shekarar 2019, Majalisar Ministocin Uganda, ta yanke shawarar ba wa Masaka matsayin birni, wanda zai fara aiki daga watan Yulin 2023. <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Franklin Draku |date=22 May 2019 |title=Cabinet Elevates 15 Municipalities To Cities |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Cabinet-elevates-15-municipalities-cities/688334-5125824-5h8yw4z/index.html |access-date=1 June 2019 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFranklin_Draku2019">Franklin Draku (22 May 2019). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Cabinet-elevates-15-municipalities-cities/688334-5125824-5h8yw4z/index.html "Cabinet Elevates 15 Municipalities To Cities"]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="9R">{{Cite web |last=Isa Aliga |first=and Al-Mahdi Ssenkabirwa |date=10 June 2019 |title=Kabaka Faults Government On Delayed Masaka City Status |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kabaka-faults-government-delayed--Masaka-city-status/688334-5151284-ffev8dz/index.html |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, Majalisar Ministocin ta sake duba ranar matsayin birni zuwa 1 ga Yulin 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kungu Al-Mahadi Adam |date=5 November 2019 |title=Cabinet Includes Masaka, Mbale Among New Cities To Be Operational In 2020 |url=https://www.softpower.ug/cabinet-includes-masaka-mbale-among-new-cities-to-be-operational-in-2020/ |access-date=6 November 2019 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2021, birnin Masaka ya mamaye jimillar fadin {{Convert|100|km2|acre}} . Majalisar Birnin Masaka, tare da taimakon gwamnatin tsakiyar Uganda da Bankin Duniya, tana kan aiwatar da manyan gyare-gyare a tituna da tituna, a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin Ci gaban Kayayyakin more rayuwa na Gundumar (USMID). Birnin yana da kasafin kuɗin aiki na dala biliyan 73 (kimanin dala miliyan 21), a cikin shekarar kuɗi ta 2020/2021. <ref name="UsmidR">{{Cite web |last=Wilson Kutamba |date=17 June 2021 |title=Masaka USMID roads construction starts |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/masaka-usmid-roads-construction-starts--3441042 |access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref> == Yawan Jama'a == A bisa kididdigar ƙasa ta 2002, yawan jama'ar Masaka ya kai kimanin 67,800. A shekarar 2010, Ofishin Kididdiga na Uganda (UBOS) ya kiyasta yawan jama'a ya kai 73,300. A shekarar 2011, UBOS ta kiyasta yawan jama'a na tsakiyar shekara ya kai 74,100. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Estimated Population of Masaka In 2002, 2010 & 2011 |url=http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/TP52010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707231502/http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/TP52010.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2014 |access-date=17 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2014, ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasa ta nuna cewa yawan jama'a ya kai 103,829. <ref name="Data">{{Cite web |last=UBOS |date=27 August 2014 |title=The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants |url=http://citypopulation.de/Uganda-Cities.html |access-date=22 February 2015 |publisher=Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS)}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, UBOS ta kiyasta yawan mutanen birnin Masaka a tsakiyar shekara zuwa 116,600. Hukumar yawan jama'a ta ƙididdige yawan karuwar jama'ar garin zuwa matsakaicin kashi 2.11, tsakanin 2014 da 2020. Kididdigar ƙasa ta 2024 ta ƙidaya mutanen da ke birnin Masaka a 285,509. <ref name="PopR1">{{Cite web |last=Farish Magembe |date=28 June 2024 |title=Masaka City Mayor Rejects Census Results |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/top-stories/205486/masaka-city-mayor-rejects-census-results |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=Nile Post Uganda}}</ref>{{Historical populations|1969|12,987|1980|29,123|1991|49,585|2002|67,768|2014|103,227|2020|116,600|2024|285,509||}} == Bayani == [[Fayil:Jolly_images1.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Noman masara a Masaka]] [[Fayil:Villa_Maria_Catholic_parish_Masaka.jpg|thumb|333x333px|Cocin Katolika na Villa Maria a Masaka]] [[Fayil:Masaka_city_clock_tower.jpg|alt=A clock tower in masaka city|thumb|Hasumiyar agogon birnin Masaka]] A shekarar 2016, kafin birnin ya kai matsayin birni, Masaka ya mamaye {{Convert|58|km2|0}} . An raba shi zuwa sassa uku na gudanarwa, (a) Katwe-Butego (b) Kimaanya-Kyabakuza da (c) Nyendo-Mukungwe. An kuma raba shi zuwa yankuna 54. <ref name="CstR">{{Cite web |last=Martins Ssekweyama |date=15 June 2016 |title=Masaka Town Expands To Get City Status |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Masaka-town-expands-to-get-city-status/688334-3249600-15030upz/index.html |access-date=1 June 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMartins_Ssekweyama2016">Martins Ssekweyama (15 June 2016). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Masaka-town-expands-to-get-city-status/688334-3249600-15030upz/index.html "Masaka Town Expands To Get City Status"]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Gasar tseren marathon ta Uganda wadda ake yi kowace shekara a watan Yuni, tana gudana sau biyu a cikin garin, kuma kudaden da ake samu suna tallafawa ayyukan yi da ci gaban al'umma. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Wuraren da ake sha'awa == Wuraren da suka fi jan hankali a Masaka ko kuma kusa da iyakokinta sun haɗa da ofisoshin Majalisar Birnin Masaka, babbar kasuwar Masaka, hedikwatar Brigade ta Mechanized na Rundunar Tsaron Jama'ar Uganda, Asibitin Yankin Masaka, Cibiyar Kuɗi ta Masaka (wani wurin adana kuɗi da sarrafa kuɗi mallakar Bankin Uganda ne kuma ke gudanarwa), Babban harabar [[Jami'ar Muteesa I ta Royal|Jami'ar Muteesa I Royal]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Campus Times Reporter |date=15 January 2014 |title=Courses offered at Muteesa I Royal University |url=https://www.campustimesug.com/courses-offered-at-muteesa-i-royal-university/ |access-date=1 June 2019 |publisher=Campus Times Uganda}}</ref> Yammacin harabar [[Jami'ar Kampala]] da Kwalejin St. Henry's Kitovu . Hedkwatar Radio Buddu FM suma suna nan. Tafkin Nabugabo, wani ƙaramin tafki mai ruwa mai tsafta wanda ke da nisan kimanin kilomita 23 (14)&nbsp;mi), ta hanya, gabashin Masaka. Tafkin tauraron dan adam ne na [[Tafkin Victoria]], wanda tsawonsa ya kai kilomita 4 kacal (2.5)&nbsp;mi) nesa da gabar tekun da wani yanki mai faɗi ya raba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weis |first=Almut |title=GNF - Lake Nabugabo |url=http://www.globalnature.org/docs/02_vorlage.asp?id=29837&domid=1011&sp=E&addlastid=&m1=11089&m2=28219&m3=29372&m4=29837 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120513155118/http://www.globalnature.org/docs/02_vorlage.asp?id=29837&domid=1011&sp=E&addlastid=&m1=11089&m2=28219&m3=29372&m4=29837 |archive-date=2012-05-13 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=globalnature.org}}</ref> Al'ummar yankin sun dogara sosai kan tafkin saboda yawan jama'a da ayyukan noma . Tafkin da kewayensa suna da wadataccen namun daji da tsirrai, inda [[Ruwan ruwa|yankin da ake samun furanni]] ya kasance gida ga tsirrai biyu masu fure da ba a samu a wani wuri ba, kuma nau'ikan iri goma sha huɗu a Uganda an san su ne kawai a wannan yanki; da kuma kifaye da dama na asali da kusan nau'ikan tsire-tsire 300 na musamman. == Addini A Masaka == Daga cikin kimanin mutane 1,826,286 da ke ƙarƙashin Diocese na Masaka, 1,077,508 daga cikinsu sun bayyana a matsayin Katolika . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Masaka Diocese |url=https://www.uecon.org/provinces/kampala-ecclesiastical/masaka2 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Uganda Episcopal Conference |language=en-gb}}</ref> Hedkwatar Diocese na Roman Katolika na Masaka ta dogara ne akan Masaka. Tana cikin Lardin Ecclesiastical na [[Kampala]] kuma tana aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin diocese na asali da aka kafa a Uganda wanda ba a raba shi ba tun lokacin da aka kafa ta. Diocese ɗin ya ƙunshi yanki mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 21,199 (mil murabba'in kilomita 8,188) kuma ya ƙunshi parishes 57 da cibiyoyin ruhaniya 9 da suka mamaye gundumomi 10 a Babban Yankin Masaka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-28 |title=Home Masaka Diocese |url=https://masakadiocese.org/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=masakadiocese.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Cathedral na St Paul babban coci ne na [[Cocin Uganda]] wanda ke kan tudun Kako, kimanin kilomita 10 (6.2)&nbsp;mi) a arewa maso gabashin Masaka. Hakanan yana aiki a matsayin wurin zama na Diocese na Yammacin Buganda, wanda aka sassaka daga Diocese na Namirembe a 1960. Bayan wannan bikin rantsar da shi, an ɗaga Cocin St Paul da ke Kako zuwa matsayin babban coci kuma ya zama hedikwatar diocese. == Cibiyar Sana'o'i da Zamantakewa ta Hamda == Hamda Taryam sananniyar mai taimakon jama'a ce ta Emirati a Uganda wadda ta fara ayyukan agaji daban-daban ta hanyar gidauniyarta, Hamda Foundation for Charitable Investments. A watan Maris na 2022, a bikin baje kolin Emirates Custom Show, an sanar da wani sabon aiki mai suna Hamda Vocational and Social Institute a yankin Maska na Uganda don tallafawa marayun Uganda, tare da tabbatar da cewa sun cancanci shiga kasuwa, tare da kudaden da aka samu zuwa ayyukan jin kai da na agaji wanda Gidauniyar ta dauki nauyin daukar nauyinsu. Wannan cibiya, ci gaba da aikin 'Makarantar Taryam' ga marayu, wani bangare ne na rukunin ayyukan jin kai da gidauniyar ta kammala a baya. Aikin ga marayu yana samar da ilimi kyauta ga dalibai maza da mata 350 a dukkan matakai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirati racer dies: Sharjah Ruler grants Dh1 million for Hamda Taryam's unfinished charity projects |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/emirati-racer-dies-sharjah-ruler-grants-dh1-million-for-hamda-taryams-unfinished-charity-projects}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2024 |title=Sharjah ruler allocates Rs 2 cr to complete Hamda Taryam's charitable projects |url=https://www.siasat.com/sharjah-ruler-allocates-rs-2-cr-to-complete-hamda-taryams-charitable-projects-2966277/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title=Tributes pour in for young Emirati drag racer Hamda Taryam |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/people/tributes-pour-in-for-young-emirati-drag-racer-hamda-taryam-1.100743670}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1y7ci0o0wu8o8b1eqajkjwrleynsqtu 841651 841650 2026-05-28T14:00:02Z Engineer014 44591 841651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Wuri == Masaka tana da nisan {{Convert|132|km|0}} zuwa kudu maso yammacin [[Kampala]] a kan babbar hanyar zuwa Mbarara . Birnin yana kusa da Equator . Daidaito na Masaka sune 0°20'28.0"S, 31°44'10.0"E (Latitude:-0.341111; Longitude:31.736111). Masaka yana da matsakaicin tsayin {{Convert|1288|m|0}} sama da matakin teku. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Floodmap |date=2018 |title=Elevation of Masaka, Uganda |url=http://www.floodmap.net/Elevation/ElevationMap/?gi=229380 |access-date=3 June 2019 |publisher=Floodmap.net}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Masaka a matsayin gari a shekarar 1953. Ta zama majalisar gari a shekarar 1958 da kuma ƙaramar hukuma a shekarar 1968. <ref name="CstR">{{Cite web |last=Martins Ssekweyama |date=15 June 2016 |title=Masaka Town Expands To Get City Status |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Masaka-town-expands-to-get-city-status/688334-3249600-15030upz/index.html |access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref> Masaka, kasancewarta ɗaya daga cikin gundumomi mafi ci gaba a lokacin rikicin neman iko da ya faru bayan da Uganda ta sami 'yancin kai, wuri ne mai mahimmanci a lokacin [[Yaƙin Uganda da Tanzania]] (1978-79), kuma sojojin Uganda sun yi masa kawanya . Waɗannan sojojin sun tsoratar da fararen hular yankin, wanda hakan ya sa yawancinsu suka tsere daga garin. A ranar 23-24 ga Fabrairu 1979, Rundunar Tsaron Jama'ar Tanzaniya da 'yan tawayen Uganda da ke haɗin gwiwa suka kai hari kan matsugunin, wanda ya haifar da Yaƙin Masaka . An yi wa garin ruwan bama-bamai da manyan bindigogi, kuma suka faɗa hannun sojojin da Tanzania ta jagoranta bayan sun yi amfani da ƙarfin bindiga. Daga baya 'yan Tanzaniya suka lalata mafi yawan garin don ɗaukar fansa kan ta'asar da Sojojin Uganda suka aikata a lokacin mamayar da suka yi a arewa maso yammacin Tanzania a baya. {{Sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015}} A lokacin Yaƙin Bush na Uganda, Masaka ta sake shan wahala daga yaƙi. Rundunar 'Yantar da Ƙasa ta Uganda wadda ta kasance rundunar sojojin ƙasar Uganda a wancan lokacin ta tsare garin. A ƙarshen shekarar 1985, 'yan tawayen National Resistance Army [[Siege of Masaka|sun yi wa garin kawanya]] . Bayan yaƙi mai tsanani, rundunar sojojin Masaka ta miƙa wuya a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1985. {{Sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2015}} A shekarar 2019, Majalisar Ministocin Uganda, ta yanke shawarar ba wa Masaka matsayin birni, wanda zai fara aiki daga watan Yulin 2023. <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Franklin Draku |date=22 May 2019 |title=Cabinet Elevates 15 Municipalities To Cities |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Cabinet-elevates-15-municipalities-cities/688334-5125824-5h8yw4z/index.html |access-date=1 June 2019 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFranklin_Draku2019">Franklin Draku (22 May 2019). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Cabinet-elevates-15-municipalities-cities/688334-5125824-5h8yw4z/index.html "Cabinet Elevates 15 Municipalities To Cities"]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="9R">{{Cite web |last=Isa Aliga |first=and Al-Mahdi Ssenkabirwa |date=10 June 2019 |title=Kabaka Faults Government On Delayed Masaka City Status |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kabaka-faults-government-delayed--Masaka-city-status/688334-5151284-ffev8dz/index.html |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, Majalisar Ministocin ta sake duba ranar matsayin birni zuwa 1 ga Yulin 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kungu Al-Mahadi Adam |date=5 November 2019 |title=Cabinet Includes Masaka, Mbale Among New Cities To Be Operational In 2020 |url=https://www.softpower.ug/cabinet-includes-masaka-mbale-among-new-cities-to-be-operational-in-2020/ |access-date=6 November 2019 |publisher=SoftPower Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2021, birnin Masaka ya mamaye jimillar fadin {{Convert|100|km2|acre}} . Majalisar Birnin Masaka, tare da taimakon gwamnatin tsakiyar Uganda da Bankin Duniya, tana kan aiwatar da manyan gyare-gyare a tituna da tituna, a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin Ci gaban Kayayyakin more rayuwa na Gundumar (USMID). Birnin yana da kasafin kuɗin aiki na dala biliyan 73 (kimanin dala miliyan 21), a cikin shekarar kuɗi ta 2020/2021. <ref name="UsmidR">{{Cite web |last=Wilson Kutamba |date=17 June 2021 |title=Masaka USMID roads construction starts |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/masaka-usmid-roads-construction-starts--3441042 |access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref> == Yawan Jama'a == A bisa kididdigar ƙasa ta 2002, yawan jama'ar Masaka ya kai kimanin 67,800. A shekarar 2010, Ofishin Kididdiga na Uganda (UBOS) ya kiyasta yawan jama'a ya kai 73,300. A shekarar 2011, UBOS ta kiyasta yawan jama'a na tsakiyar shekara ya kai 74,100. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Estimated Population of Masaka In 2002, 2010 & 2011 |url=http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/TP52010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707231502/http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/TP52010.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2014 |access-date=17 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2014, ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasa ta nuna cewa yawan jama'a ya kai 103,829. <ref name="Data">{{Cite web |last=UBOS |date=27 August 2014 |title=The Population of The Regions of the Republic of Uganda And All Cities And Towns of More Than 15,000 Inhabitants |url=http://citypopulation.de/Uganda-Cities.html |access-date=22 February 2015 |publisher=Citypopulation.de Quoting Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS)}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, UBOS ta kiyasta yawan mutanen birnin Masaka a tsakiyar shekara zuwa 116,600. Hukumar yawan jama'a ta ƙididdige yawan karuwar jama'ar garin zuwa matsakaicin kashi 2.11, tsakanin 2014 da 2020. Kididdigar ƙasa ta 2024 ta ƙidaya mutanen da ke birnin Masaka a 285,509. <ref name="PopR1">{{Cite web |last=Farish Magembe |date=28 June 2024 |title=Masaka City Mayor Rejects Census Results |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/top-stories/205486/masaka-city-mayor-rejects-census-results |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=Nile Post Uganda}}</ref>{{Historical populations|1969|12,987|1980|29,123|1991|49,585|2002|67,768|2014|103,227|2020|116,600|2024|285,509||}} == Bayani == [[Fayil:Jolly_images1.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Noman masara a Masaka]] [[Fayil:Villa_Maria_Catholic_parish_Masaka.jpg|thumb|333x333px|Cocin Katolika na Villa Maria a Masaka]] [[Fayil:Masaka_city_clock_tower.jpg|alt=A clock tower in masaka city|thumb|Hasumiyar agogon birnin Masaka]] A shekarar 2016, kafin birnin ya kai matsayin birni, Masaka ya mamaye {{Convert|58|km2|0}} . An raba shi zuwa sassa uku na gudanarwa, (a) Katwe-Butego (b) Kimaanya-Kyabakuza da (c) Nyendo-Mukungwe. An kuma raba shi zuwa yankuna 54. <ref name="CstR">{{Cite web |last=Martins Ssekweyama |date=15 June 2016 |title=Masaka Town Expands To Get City Status |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Masaka-town-expands-to-get-city-status/688334-3249600-15030upz/index.html |access-date=1 June 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMartins_Ssekweyama2016">Martins Ssekweyama (15 June 2016). [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Masaka-town-expands-to-get-city-status/688334-3249600-15030upz/index.html "Masaka Town Expands To Get City Status"]. ''[[Daily Monitor]]''. Kampala<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Gasar tseren marathon ta Uganda wadda ake yi kowace shekara a watan Yuni, tana gudana sau biyu a cikin garin, kuma kudaden da ake samu suna tallafawa ayyukan yi da ci gaban al'umma. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Wuraren da ake sha'awa == Wuraren da suka fi jan hankali a Masaka ko kuma kusa da iyakokinta sun haɗa da ofisoshin Majalisar Birnin Masaka, babbar kasuwar Masaka, hedikwatar Brigade ta Mechanized na Rundunar Tsaron Jama'ar Uganda, Asibitin Yankin Masaka, Cibiyar Kuɗi ta Masaka (wani wurin adana kuɗi da sarrafa kuɗi mallakar Bankin Uganda ne kuma ke gudanarwa), Babban harabar [[Jami'ar Muteesa I ta Royal|Jami'ar Muteesa I Royal]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Campus Times Reporter |date=15 January 2014 |title=Courses offered at Muteesa I Royal University |url=https://www.campustimesug.com/courses-offered-at-muteesa-i-royal-university/ |access-date=1 June 2019 |publisher=Campus Times Uganda}}</ref> Yammacin harabar [[Jami'ar Kampala]] da Kwalejin St. Henry's Kitovu . Hedkwatar Radio Buddu FM suma suna nan. Tafkin Nabugabo, wani ƙaramin tafki mai ruwa mai tsafta wanda ke da nisan kimanin kilomita 23 (14)&nbsp;mi), ta hanya, gabashin Masaka. Tafkin tauraron dan adam ne na [[Tafkin Victoria]], wanda tsawonsa ya kai kilomita 4 kacal (2.5)&nbsp;mi) nesa da gabar tekun da wani yanki mai faɗi ya raba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weis |first=Almut |title=GNF - Lake Nabugabo |url=http://www.globalnature.org/docs/02_vorlage.asp?id=29837&domid=1011&sp=E&addlastid=&m1=11089&m2=28219&m3=29372&m4=29837 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120513155118/http://www.globalnature.org/docs/02_vorlage.asp?id=29837&domid=1011&sp=E&addlastid=&m1=11089&m2=28219&m3=29372&m4=29837 |archive-date=2012-05-13 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=globalnature.org}}</ref> Al'ummar yankin sun dogara sosai kan tafkin saboda yawan jama'a da ayyukan noma . Tafkin da kewayensa suna da wadataccen namun daji da tsirrai, inda [[Ruwan ruwa|yankin da ake samun furanni]] ya kasance gida ga tsirrai biyu masu fure da ba a samu a wani wuri ba, kuma nau'ikan iri goma sha huɗu a Uganda an san su ne kawai a wannan yanki; da kuma kifaye da dama na asali da kusan nau'ikan tsire-tsire 300 na musamman. == Addini A Masaka == Daga cikin kimanin mutane 1,826,286 da ke ƙarƙashin Diocese na Masaka, 1,077,508 daga cikinsu sun bayyana a matsayin Katolika . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Masaka Diocese |url=https://www.uecon.org/provinces/kampala-ecclesiastical/masaka2 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Uganda Episcopal Conference |language=en-gb}}</ref> Hedkwatar Diocese na Roman Katolika na Masaka ta dogara ne akan Masaka. Tana cikin Lardin Ecclesiastical na [[Kampala]] kuma tana aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin diocese na asali da aka kafa a Uganda wanda ba a raba shi ba tun lokacin da aka kafa ta. Diocese ɗin ya ƙunshi yanki mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 21,199 (mil murabba'in kilomita 8,188) kuma ya ƙunshi parishes 57 da cibiyoyin ruhaniya 9 da suka mamaye gundumomi 10 a Babban Yankin Masaka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-28 |title=Home Masaka Diocese |url=https://masakadiocese.org/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=masakadiocese.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Cathedral na St Paul babban coci ne na [[Cocin Uganda]] wanda ke kan tudun Kako, kimanin kilomita 10 (6.2)&nbsp;mi) a arewa maso gabashin Masaka. Hakanan yana aiki a matsayin wurin zama na Diocese na Yammacin Buganda, wanda aka sassaka daga Diocese na Namirembe a 1960. Bayan wannan bikin rantsar da shi, an ɗaga Cocin St Paul da ke Kako zuwa matsayin babban coci kuma ya zama hedikwatar diocese. == Cibiyar Sana'o'i da Zamantakewa ta Hamda == Hamda Taryam sananniyar mai taimakon jama'a ce ta Emirati a Uganda wadda ta fara ayyukan agaji daban-daban ta hanyar gidauniyarta, Hamda Foundation for Charitable Investments. A watan Maris na 2022, a bikin baje kolin Emirates Custom Show, an sanar da wani sabon aiki mai suna Hamda Vocational and Social Institute a yankin Maska na Uganda don tallafawa marayun Uganda, tare da tabbatar da cewa sun cancanci shiga kasuwa, tare da kudaden da aka samu zuwa ayyukan jin kai da na agaji wanda Gidauniyar ta dauki nauyin daukar nauyinsu. Wannan cibiya, ci gaba da aikin 'Makarantar Taryam' ga marayu, wani bangare ne na rukunin ayyukan jin kai da gidauniyar ta kammala a baya. Aikin ga marayu yana samar da ilimi kyauta ga dalibai maza da mata 350 a dukkan matakai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirati racer dies: Sharjah Ruler grants Dh1 million for Hamda Taryam's unfinished charity projects |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/emirati-racer-dies-sharjah-ruler-grants-dh1-million-for-hamda-taryams-unfinished-charity-projects}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2024 |title=Sharjah ruler allocates Rs 2 cr to complete Hamda Taryam's charitable projects |url=https://www.siasat.com/sharjah-ruler-allocates-rs-2-cr-to-complete-hamda-taryams-charitable-projects-2966277/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title=Tributes pour in for young Emirati drag racer Hamda Taryam |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/people/tributes-pour-in-for-young-emirati-drag-racer-hamda-taryam-1.100743670}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7f1qprs1nghnn2t2xicygcmdvlh1fyz 0 152810 841653 2026-05-28T14:02:20Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355584230|Mara River]]" 841653 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Bridges-across-Mara-2012.JPG|thumb|Gadoji a kan iyakar Kenya da Tanzania]] [[Fayil:Hipp04(js).jpg|thumb|Hippo da maraƙi, Kogin Mara, Kenya]] '''Kogin Mara''' [[kogi]] ne da ya fara kwarara daga gundumar Narok da ke [[Kenya]] kuma ya ƙare a yankin Mara da ke [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Yana kan hanyar ƙaura ta ƙananan halittu a cikin tsarin [[Maasai Mara]] / Serengeti . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Serengeti Ecosystem {{!}} Management {{!}} Vancouver Island University {{!}} Canada |url=https://management.viu.ca/landscape-level/serengeti-ecosystem |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=management.viu.ca}}</ref> == Gudun Kogin == Kogin Mara ya mamaye fadin kasa mai fadin murabba'in kilomita {{Cvt|13,504|km2}} , wanda kusan kashi 65% yana cikin Kenya da kuma kashi 35% a Tanzania. Daga tushensa a tsaunukan Kenya, kogin yana gudana na kimanin {{Cvt|395|km}} kuma ya samo asali ne daga Mau Escarpment kuma ya magudanar ruwa zuwa [[tafkin Victoria]] . Ana iya raba kwarin zuwa sassa huɗu na amfani da filaye da/ko na gudanarwa. == Yankunan Mara == Mau Escarpment: Kogin Mara ya samo asali ne daga fadamar Napuiyapi (2932)&nbsp;m), tare da manyan magudanar ruwa ta dindindin sune Amala da Nyangores, waɗanda ke malalowa daga yammacin Mau Escarpment. Wannan ɓangaren na kwarin yana tallafawa baya ga dazuzzuka, duka ƙananan noma (ƙasa da eka 10) da gonaki masu matsakaicin girma (sau da yawa gonakin shayi har zuwa eka 40). Wuraren Kiwo na Kenya: A wannan yanki, kogunan Amala da Nyangores suna kwarara daga Mau Escarpment kuma suna haɗuwa don samar da Kogin Mara. Daga nan kogin ya ratsa ta cikin ciyayi masu ban sha'awa waɗanda galibin wuraren kiwon [[Mutanen Maasai|Maasai]] ne ke kula da su kuma ana amfani da su a matsayin wurin kiwo ga dabbobi da kuma ga ƙananan dabbobi.&nbsp;— da kuma babban noma (fiye da eka 40). Akwai kuma kwaruruka na magudanar ruwa guda huɗu masu muhimmanci ga kogin Mara (kogunan Talek, Engare, Sand da Engito) a wannan yanki, tare da wasu yankunan tsaunuka kamar tsaunukan Loita . Yankunan da aka Kare: Daga ƙarshe kogin ya kwarara zuwa sanannen [[Maasai Mara|wurin adana namun daji na Masai Mara]], inda ya haɗu da uku daga cikin magudanan ruwa guda huɗu da aka ambata. A kan iyakar Kenya da Tanzania, kogin yana kwarara zuwa wurin shakatawa na Serengeti kuma babban magudanan ruwa na huɗu ya haɗu da shi: Kogin Yashi (ko Longaianiet). A cikin waɗannan wuraren shakatawa na namun daji, ayyukan ɗan adam an takaita su ne ga kallon namun daji. == Tsawo da tsayi == Tsayin da ke cikin kwarin ya kama daga mita 2,932 a kusa da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa a cikin Mau Escarpment zuwa mita 1,134 a kusa da Tafkin Victoria. Yawan ruwan sama ya bambanta dangane da waɗannan tsaunuka. Mau Escarpment tana samun mafi yawan ruwan sama tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara tsakanin 1,000 da 1,750.&nbsp;mm. Ciyawan tsakiyar savannah masu iyaka suna samun matsakaicin tsakanin 900 da 1,000&nbsp;mm, da ƙananan tsaunukan Loita na ƙasar Kenya da kuma yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin Victoria kusan 700 da 850 kawai.&nbsp;mm ruwan sama a kowace shekara. Baya ga wannan bambancin ruwan sama a sararin samaniya, yankin kuma an san shi da bambancin ruwan sama a lokaci, wanda ke nufin cewa yankuna daban-daban duk suna samun ruwan sama mai canzawa a duk shekara. Lokacin ruwan sama yana da yanayi biyu, tare da ruwan sama mai tsawo yana farawa daga tsakiyar Maris zuwa Yuni tare da kololuwa a watan Afrilu, yayin da gajeren ruwan sama ke faruwa tsakanin Satumba da Disamba. [[Fayil:Masai_Mara_River_aerial.jpg|thumb|Kogin Mara a gundumar Narok]] == Tasirin Mara == Kogin yana da matukar muhimmanci ga dabbobin kiwo a cikin wurin kiwo. Ko da yake a lokacin rani yakan yi kama da mara zurfi, yana iya kumbura har sau biyu girmansa na yau da kullun bayan ruwan sama mai yawa. Wannan na iya haifar da kwararar ruwa a cikin kogin, wanda zai iya haifar da ƙarancin abinci ga masu farauta waɗanda ba za su iya ketare kogin don farauta ba. [https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?353152/Healthy-Mara-river-is-critical-to-Kenya-and-Tanzania] [https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2019_USAID_ATLAS_Vulnerability%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Mara%20River%20Basin.pdf] Archived == Manazarta == q1qcz4044v4on918100j56x8ex0f3lr 841654 841653 2026-05-28T14:03:43Z Engineer014 44591 841654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [Fayil:Bridges-across-Mara-2012.JPG|thumb|Gadoji a kan iyakar Kenya da Tanzania]] [[Fayil:Hipp04(js).jpg|thumb|Hippo da maraƙi, Kogin Mara, Kenya]] '''Kogin Mara''' [[kogi]] ne da ya fara kwarara daga gundumar Narok da ke [[Kenya]] kuma ya ƙare a yankin Mara da ke [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Yana kan hanyar ƙaura ta ƙananan halittu a cikin tsarin [[Maasai Mara]] / Serengeti . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Serengeti Ecosystem {{!}} Management {{!}} Vancouver Island University {{!}} Canada |url=https://management.viu.ca/landscape-level/serengeti-ecosystem |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=management.viu.ca}}</ref> == Gudun Kogin == Kogin Mara ya mamaye fadin kasa mai fadin muraba'in kilomita {{Cvt|13,504|km2}} , wanda kusan kashi 65% yana cikin Kenya da kuma kashi 35% a Tanzania. Daga tushensa a tsaunukan Kenya, kogin yana gudana na kimanin {{Cvt|395|km}} kuma ya samo asali ne daga Mau Escarpment kuma ya magudanar ruwa zuwa [[tafkin Victoria]] . Ana iya raba kwarin zuwa sassa huɗu na amfani da filaye da/ko na gudanarwa. == Yankunan Mara == Mau Escarpment: Kogin Mara ya samo asali ne daga fadamar Napuiyapi (2932)&nbsp;m), tare da manyan magudanar ruwa ta dindindin sune Amala da Nyangores, waɗanda ke malalowa daga yammacin Mau Escarpment. Wannan ɓangaren na kwarin yana tallafawa baya ga dazuzzuka, duka ƙananan noma (ƙasa da eka 10) da gonaki masu matsakaicin girma (sau da yawa gonakin shayi har zuwa eka 40). Wuraren Kiwo na Kenya: A wannan yanki, kogunan Amala da Nyangores suna kwarara daga Mau Escarpment kuma suna haɗuwa don samar da Kogin Mara. Daga nan kogin ya ratsa ta cikin ciyayi masu ban sha'awa waɗanda galibin wuraren kiwon [[Mutanen Maasai|Maasai]] ne ke kula da su kuma ana amfani da su a matsayin wurin kiwo ga dabbobi da kuma ga ƙananan dabbobi.&nbsp;— da kuma babban noma (fiye da eka 40). Akwai kuma kwaruruka na magudanar ruwa guda huɗu masu muhimmanci ga kogin Mara (kogunan Talek, Engare, Sand da Engito) a wannan yanki, tare da wasu yankunan tsaunuka kamar tsaunukan Loita . Yankunan da aka Kare: Daga ƙarshe kogin ya kwarara zuwa sanannen [[Maasai Mara|wurin adana namun daji na Masai Mara]], inda ya haɗu da uku daga cikin magudanan ruwa guda huɗu da aka ambata. A kan iyakar Kenya da Tanzania, kogin yana kwarara zuwa wurin shakatawa na Serengeti kuma babban magudanan ruwa na huɗu ya haɗu da shi: Kogin Yashi (ko Longaianiet). A cikin waɗannan wuraren shakatawa na namun daji, ayyukan ɗan adam an takaita su ne ga kallon namun daji. == Tsawo da tsayi == Tsayin da ke cikin kwarin ya kama daga mita 2,932 a kusa da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa a cikin Mau Escarpment zuwa mita 1,134 a kusa da Tafkin Victoria. Yawan ruwan sama ya bambanta dangane da waɗannan tsaunuka. Mau Escarpment tana samun mafi yawan ruwan sama tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara tsakanin 1,000 da 1,750.&nbsp;mm. Ciyawan tsakiyar savannah masu iyaka suna samun matsakaicin tsakanin 900 da 1,000&nbsp;mm, da ƙananan tsaunukan Loita na ƙasar Kenya da kuma yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin Victoria kusan 700 da 850 kawai.&nbsp;mm ruwan sama a kowace shekara. Baya ga wannan bambancin ruwan sama a sararin samaniya, yankin kuma an san shi da bambancin ruwan sama a lokaci, wanda ke nufin cewa yankuna daban-daban duk suna samun ruwan sama mai canzawa a duk shekara. Lokacin ruwan sama yana da yanayi biyu, tare da ruwan sama mai tsawo yana farawa daga tsakiyar Maris zuwa Yuni tare da kololuwa a watan Afrilu, yayin da gajeren ruwan sama ke faruwa tsakanin Satumba da Disamba. [[Fayil:Masai_Mara_River_aerial.jpg|thumb|Kogin Mara a gundumar Narok]] == Tasirin Mara == Kogin yana da matukar muhimmanci ga dabbobin kiwo a cikin wurin kiwo. Ko da yake a lokacin rani yakan yi kama da mara zurfi, yana iya kumbura har sau biyu girmansa na yau da kullun bayan ruwan sama mai yawa. Wannan na iya haifar da kwararar ruwa a cikin kogin, wanda zai iya haifar da ƙarancin abinci ga masu farauta waɗanda ba za su iya ketare kogin don farauta ba. [https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?353152/Healthy-Mara-river-is-critical-to-Kenya-and-Tanzania] [https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2019_USAID_ATLAS_Vulnerability%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Mara%20River%20Basin.pdf] Archived == Manazarta == t40ss7srzu1ut3082ckfaicwldy4rrx 0 152811 841655 2026-05-28T14:05:14Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320367766|Marico River]]" 841655 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Marico''' ko '''Madikwe''' kogi ne a [[Kudancin Afirka]] . Akwai madatsun ruwa da dama a cikin kwarinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Major dams in the Marico River |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNWMarico/defaultdam.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417215531/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNWMarico/defaultdam.htm |archive-date=2012-04-17 |access-date=2012-03-16}}</ref> An sanya wa garin Groot Marico suna ne bayan Kogin Marico. Bayan an haɗa shi a gefen dama na Kogin Crocodile, ana kiransa da [[Kogin Limpopo]] . == Kwas ɗin == [[Fayil:Marico_Oog.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Idon Marico, tushen Kogin Marico]] Kogin ya fara ne kamar Kogin Groot Marico a cikin Marico Oog ( [[Eye of Marico]] a cikin [[Afrikaans|Afirka]] ), kusa da Rustenburg da Swartruggens a Lardin Arewa maso Yamma na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tushen kogin shine babban ramin dolomitic a cikin ƙasa tare da ruwa mai tsabta, wanda kuma wuri ne mai ban sha'awa na nutsewa a cikin ruwa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa Information: Groot Marico |url=http://gauteng.guesthouses.co.za/Gauteng_Info-travel/south-africa-info-groot-marico.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216062129/http://gauteng.guesthouses.co.za/Gauteng_Info-travel/south-africa-info-groot-marico.html |archive-date=16 February 2017 |access-date=16 March 2012}}</ref> Yana gudana zuwa arewa yayin da Babban Marico (Groot Marico) da kuma ƙasan ƙaramin [[Klein Marico River|Kogin Klein Marico]] suka haɗu. Na ɗan lokaci ana kiransa Kogin Madikwene, amma bayan [[Sehubyane River|Kogin Suhubyane]] (Sandsloot) ya haɗu da gefen hagu, ya koma sunan Marico. Tana ci gaba da kwarara zuwa arewa, tana karkata zuwa arewa maso gabas kuma tana kafa iyaka tsakanin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Botswana]] . Bugu da ƙari, ƙarƙashin Kogin Crocodile ya haɗu da Kogin Marico daga dama kuma sunan rafin bayan haɗuwar ta zama [[Kogin Limpopo]] . Kimanin 5&nbsp;kilomita kaɗan daga mahaɗin Kogin Notune ya haɗu da Limpopo daga kudu maso yamma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Limpopo Drainage Network |url=http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/limpopo/fsheet1/drainage.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903061212/http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/limpopo/fsheet1/drainage.htm |archive-date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2012-03-16}}</ref> == Madatsun ruwa a cikin kwarin kogin == Kogin Marico wani ɓangare ne na Yankin Kula da Ruwa na Kada (Yamma) da Marico. Madatsun ruwa a cikin kogin sune: * Dam ɗin Molatedi * [[Kromellenboog Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Kromellenboog]] * Madatsar Ruwa ta Marico-Bosveld * [[Uitkyk Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Uitkyk]] * [[Klein-Maricopoort Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Klein-Maricopoort]] * [[Sehujwane Dam|Madatsar ruwa ta Sehujwane]] * Madatsar Ruwa ta Madikwe == Duba kuma == * Magudanar ruwa A * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * Marico barb == Manazarta == njsoa5picakszsk6u18i9cypk4ei58w 841656 841655 2026-05-28T14:05:50Z Engineer014 44591 841656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Marico''' ko '''Madikwe''' kogi ne a [[Kudancin Afirka]] . Akwai madatsun ruwa da dama a cikin kwarinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Major dams in the Marico River |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNWMarico/defaultdam.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417215531/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNWMarico/defaultdam.htm |archive-date=2012-04-17 |access-date=2012-03-16}}</ref> An sanya wa garin Groot Marico suna ne bayan Kogin Marico. Bayan an haɗa shi a gefen dama na Kogin Crocodile, ana kiransa da [[Kogin Limpopo]] . == Kwas ɗin == [[Fayil:Marico_Oog.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Idon Marico, tushen Kogin Marico]] Kogin ya fara ne kamar Kogin Groot Marico a cikin Marico Oog ( [[Eye of Marico]] a cikin [[Afrikaans|Afirka]] ), kusa da Rustenburg da Swartruggens a Lardin Arewa maso Yamma na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tushen kogin shine babban ramin dolomitic a cikin ƙasa tare da ruwa mai tsabta, wanda kuma wuri ne mai ban sha'awa na nutsewa a cikin ruwa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa Information: Groot Marico |url=http://gauteng.guesthouses.co.za/Gauteng_Info-travel/south-africa-info-groot-marico.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216062129/http://gauteng.guesthouses.co.za/Gauteng_Info-travel/south-africa-info-groot-marico.html |archive-date=16 February 2017 |access-date=16 March 2012}}</ref> Yana gudana zuwa arewa yayin da Babban Marico (Groot Marico) da kuma ƙasan ƙaramin [[Klein Marico River|Kogin Klein Marico]] suka haɗu. Na ɗan lokaci ana kiransa Kogin Madikwene, amma bayan [[Sehubyane River|Kogin Suhubyane]] (Sandsloot) ya haɗu da gefen hagu, ya koma sunan Marico. Tana ci gaba da kwarara zuwa arewa, tana karkata zuwa arewa maso gabas kuma tana kafa iyaka tsakanin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Botswana]] . Bugu da ƙari, ƙarƙashin Kogin Crocodile ya haɗu da Kogin Marico daga dama kuma sunan rafin bayan haɗuwar ta zama [[Kogin Limpopo]] . Kimanin 5&nbsp;kilomita kaɗan daga mahaɗin Kogin Notune ya haɗu da Limpopo daga kudu maso yamma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Limpopo Drainage Network |url=http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/limpopo/fsheet1/drainage.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903061212/http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/limpopo/fsheet1/drainage.htm |archive-date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2012-03-16}}</ref> == Madatsun ruwa a cikin kwarin kogin == Kogin Marico wani ɓangare ne na Yankin Kula da Ruwa na Kada (Yamma) da Marico. Madatsun ruwa a cikin kogin sune: * Dam ɗin Molatedi * [[Kromellenboog Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Kromellenboog]] * Madatsar Ruwa ta Marico-Bosveld * [[Uitkyk Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Uitkyk]] * [[Klein-Maricopoort Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Klein-Maricopoort]] * [[Sehujwane Dam|Madatsar ruwa ta Sehujwane]] * Madatsar Ruwa ta Madikwe == Duba kuma == * Magudanar ruwa A * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * Marico barb == Manazarta == 0mryppldh6cih5xr2te315v83lb3z7m 0 152812 841657 2026-05-28T14:16:50Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1318438666|Dawa River]]" 841657 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Dawa''' ( Somali ; Laga Daawwaa(Oromo) Italian (an samo shi a [[Gabashin Afirka]], yana da fadin ƙasa mai fadin 58,961&nbsp;km ^2. <ref name="Source 1">{{Cite journal |last=Woldemariyam |first=Fikadu |last2=Ayenew |first2=Tenalem |date=2016 |title=Application of hydrochemical and isotopic techniques to understand groundwater recharge and flow systems in the Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia |journal=Environmental Earth Sciences |volume=75 |issue=12 |doi=10.1007/s12665-016-5777-0 |s2cid=132722791}}</ref> Yana ratsa manyan ƙasashe uku: [[Kenya]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], da [[Somaliya]], inda kashi 81% ke samuwa a yankin Habasha. <ref name="Source 1" /> An san ta da yanayin ƙasa mai sarkakiya, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar nau'ikan lithology da tsarin gine-gine, wanda ya samo asali ne daga kusancin kogin da abubuwan da suka faru [[Dutsen Volcano|na aman wuta da tectonic]] da yawa. <ref name="Source 2">{{Cite journal |last=Woldemariyam |first=Fikadu |last2=Ayenew |first2=Tenalem |date=2016-07-25 |title=Identification of hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater of Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |volume=188 |issue=8 |page=481 |doi=10.1007/s10661-016-5480-3 |issn=0167-6369 |pmid=27456694 |s2cid=7744765}}</ref> Faɗin kogin yana da gangara mai laushi a kowane gefen dutsen da aka fallasa. Kogin Dawa yana gudana kudu maso gabas don zama wani ɓangare na iyakar Habasha da Somaliya da kuma iyakar Habasha da Kenya . <ref name="Source 2" /> Awata, Digati, da Mormora su ne kawai manyan koguna da ke kwarara zuwa Dawa. == Wuri da kuma yanayin jiki == Kogin Dawa yana da matsakaicin tsayi da mafi ƙaranci sama da matakin teku na {{Convert|3098|m|ft|0}} da {{Convert|169|metres|feet|0}} bi da bi. Karkatar da kwarin yana zuwa kudu maso gabas. <ref name="Source 1" /> Ainihin wurin yana tsakanin 3.92°- 6.47° N da 38.02°- 42.08° E. <ref name="Source 1" /> Wani yanki mai yawa na yankin da ke arewa da arewa maso yamma ana bambanta shi da [[Ridge|tuddai]] da kwaruruka, yayin da yankin kudu da kudu maso gabas ana bambanta shi da ƙasa mai laushi, ƙarancin sauƙi, dogayen [[Ƙorama|kwaruruka]], tuddai masu tabo da ƙasa mai tsayi da ke daidai da babban kogin. <ref name="Number3">{{Cite journal |last=Manalebish Debalike Asfaw |last2=Semu Mitiku Kassa |last3=Lungu |first3=Edward M. |last4=Woldeamlak Bewket |date=2019 |title=Effects of temperature and rainfall in plant–herbivore interactions at different altitude |journal=Ecological Modelling |volume=406 |pages=50–59 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.05.011 |issn=0304-3800}}</ref> Kogin Dawa ya ƙunshi yanki mai sanyi, yanki mai yanayi mai zafi da kuma wurare masu zafi, waɗannan su ne manyan [[Yanayin yanayi|yankuna uku na yanayin]] ƙasar. <ref name="Number3" /> Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Ƙasa ta Habasha ta tattara ruwan sama na wata-wata daga 1996 zuwa 2016 kuma ta gano cewa akwai babban bambanci tsakanin yankunan da ruwan sama ya yi yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da yankin tsaunuka masu sanyi, da ƙarancin ruwan sama a yankunan da ke da zafi na kogin Dawa. <ref name="Number3" /> Matsakaicin matsakaicin ruwan sama yana da kusan {{Convert|1500|mm|in|-1}} a ƙarshen arewa kuma yana raguwa daidai da tsayin zuwa {{Convert|200|mm|in|0}} kusa da mashigar kogin a ƙarshen kudu. <ref name="Number3" /> Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara shine kusan {{Convert|15.5|°C|°F|1}} a ƙarshen arewa da {{Convert|28|°C|°F|1}} zuwa ƙarshen kudu. [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwan ƙasa]] yawanci yana da sanyi tare da zafin jiki tsakanin {{Convert|17.1|to|29.0|°C|°F}} . <ref name="Number3" /> Ga kowace ƙasa, ingancin ruwa gabaɗaya ya bambanta sosai, tare da gishiri mafi girma a cikin ƙasa mai laushi fiye da ƙasa mai aman wuta . == Hadadden ƙasa == Kogin Dawa ya shahara da yanayin ƙasa na musamman. Yana da tsarin ilimin halittu daban-daban da tsarin gine-gine, wanda aka samar sakamakon wurin da kwarin yake kusa da abubuwan da suka faru na aman wuta da yawa. Yawanci, a gefen kogin, rukunin ginshiki yana tsaye a gefen tsakiya na kwarin, a tsakanin tsaunukan arewa maso yamma, duwatsun aman wuta da kuma kudu maso gabashin ƙwanƙolin ƙasa mai faɗi. <ref name="Source 2">{{Cite journal |last=Woldemariyam |first=Fikadu |last2=Ayenew |first2=Tenalem |date=2016-07-25 |title=Identification of hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater of Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |volume=188 |issue=8 |page=481 |doi=10.1007/s10661-016-5480-3 |issn=0167-6369 |pmid=27456694 |s2cid=7744765}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWoldemariyamAyenew2016">Woldemariyam, Fikadu; Ayenew, Tenalem (25 July 2016). </cite></ref> Tsarin ƙasa yana rufe sassan kudu maso yammacin Kogin Dawa. Karoo, wanda shine mafi tsufa a cikin jerin kuma ya ƙunshi dutse da shale, an rufe shi da Adigrat Sandstone . Mafi tsufa zuwa Cretaceous shirye-shiryen sedimentary suna rufe dutsen Adigrat. <ref name="Source 2" /> Abubuwan lura da haƙa ƙasa a yankin sun nuna cewa samuwar ta karye sosai, wanda ke haifar da samuwar ruwan ƙasa mai kyau don faruwa da motsawa. <ref name="Source 2" /> Sabbin tsarin suna mamaye da na'urori masu hana ruwa shiga waɗanda ke hana motsi na ruwan ƙasa, kamar marmara da shale . <ref name="Source 2" /> A wani ɓangare na Kogin Dawa, akwai wani yanki mai kauri wanda ba ya shiga ruwa wanda ke rufe samuwar Hamanlie kuma yana sanya wannan mai samar da ruwa ya wuce zurfin da za a iya araha don haƙa [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|rijiyar ruwa]] ta al'umma. <ref name="Source 2" /> Gabaɗaya, tsoffin duwatsu suna shiga ruwa kuma suna sha, sakamakon haka suna karɓar da kuma aika ruwa mai yawa. Duk da haka, sabbin duwatsun ba sa shiga ruwa kuma suna aiki a matsayin shinge ga kwararar ruwa a tsaye. <ref name="Source 2" /> Motsin ruwan ƙasa yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin yanayin yanayi kuma gabaɗaya yana kwarara zuwa kudu maso gabas. A yankunan tsaunuka masu danshi, kwararar ruwa tana faruwa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama na gida da fitar da ruwan ƙasa, galibi a matsayin maɓuɓɓugai. <ref name="Source 2" /> A gefe guda kuma, a yankin Semiarid a kudu maso gabas, ruwa yana faruwa a kaikaice daga ambaliyar ruwa da kuma bayan lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa, daga ruwan ƙasa mara zurfi a cikin gadajen ruwa . A mafi yawan lokuta, haƙo ruwan ƙasa ta hanyar al'ummomi yana faruwa ta hanyar wucin gadi ta hanyar tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa, ko haƙo rijiya mai sauƙi. <ref name="Source 2" /> == Namun daji == Kogin Dawa gida ne ga dubban dabbobi da tsirrai, domin koguna da rafuka da dama na yanayi suna shiga kogin. Manyan bishiyoyi a cikin dajin kogin suna kusa da ƙasan Kogin Dawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: [[Kanya|Diospyros Mespliformis]], Ficus sycamorus, Mimusops kummel, [[Tsamiya|Tamarindus indica]] da mahogany na Afirka Trichilia emetica . <ref name="Source 9">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=BirdLife Data Zone |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/dawa--wachile-iba-ethiopia |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=datazone.birdlife.org}}</ref> Bishiyoyi na Ficus capreaefolia suna rufe mafi yawan gefen kogin, yayin da daji da ƙura ke rufe mafi yawan filin Wachile. <ref name="Source 9" /> Yawancin namun daji suna da ƙarancinsu a lokacin dogon lokacin rani, suna sa tsire-tsire kamar [[Acokanthera schimperi]], Dobera glabra, Euclea racemosa schimperi da [[Ashuwaki|Salvadora persica]] su kasance masu yawa da bayyane. <ref name="Source 9" /> Mutanen Borena sun haɓaka ƙwarewar noma shanu da tumaki sakamakon amfanin gona sun bushe sosai don girma a lokacin bazara mai tsawo. <ref name="Source 9" /> === Fari === Kogin Dawa yana ratsa yankin Somaliya inda wannan yanki da sauran wurare da yawa suka fuskanci fari na kogin tsawon shekaru 3. <ref name="Source 11">{{Cite web |title=When the river dries out all life disappears {{!}} DRC |url=https://drc.ngo/news/when-the-river-dries-out-all-life-disappears |access-date=2020-05-16 |website=drc.ngo |language=da-DK}}</ref> Wanda a da ake ganinsa a matsayin ruwa da ke ratsa kogin, yanzu ya fallasa ƙasa mai zafi da bushewa, ba tare da shuke-shuke da ke tsirowa ba kuma dabbobi ba sa iya ciyar da su. <ref name="Source 11" /> Wannan ya bar Somaliya da ƙasashen da ke makwabtaka da ita a cikin wani mummunan bala'i . <ref name="Source 11" /> Lokacin da kogin ya bushe, al'ummomi ba sa iya [[Noma|noma gonaki]], kifi, amfani da tsire-tsire da ke kewaye da kogin don abinci, kuma mafi mahimmanci, suna samun ruwa mai kyau. Wannan ya bar fiye da rabin al'ummar Somaliya miliyan 6.2, cikin gaggawa na buƙatar abinci da ruwa wanda a da Kogin Dawa ya samar. <ref name="Source 11" /> == Amfani da kogin == Nemo ingantaccen ruwan karkashin kasa yana da matukar wahala a mafi yawan sassan yankin. A tsawon lokaci, mutane suna amfani da kuma haɓaka Kogin Dawa don zama babban tushen ruwa da makamashi ga al'ummomin da ke kewaye da shi. Tare da [[Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a|yawan jama'a]] da ake sa ran samu a nan gaba, za a buƙaci ƙarin ruwa. <ref name="Source 1">{{Cite journal |last=Woldemariyam |first=Fikadu |last2=Ayenew |first2=Tenalem |date=2016 |title=Application of hydrochemical and isotopic techniques to understand groundwater recharge and flow systems in the Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia |journal=Environmental Earth Sciences |volume=75 |issue=12 |doi=10.1007/s12665-016-5777-0 |s2cid=132722791}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWoldemariyamAyenew2016">Woldemariyam, Fikadu; Ayenew, Tenalem (2016). </cite></ref> === Cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa === [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Somaliya]] da [[Kenya]] a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2014 sun amince su gina [[Madatsar ruwa|madatsar ruwa mai amfani da yawa]] da kuma tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Kogin Dawa. <ref name="Source 6">{{Cite web |last=Ilolo |first=Patricia |date=2020-02-20 |title=Ethiopia inaugurates Genale Dawa III hydroelectric power plant |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2020/02/ethiopia-inaugurates-genale-dawa-iii-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=2020-04-20 |website=Construction Review Online |language=en-US}}</ref> An fara ƙaddamar da aikin ne a shekarar 2010 amma ya fuskanci koma-baya sakamakon matsalolin da suka shafi sake tsugunar da mazauna da ke zaune kusa da Madatsar. Saboda ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta wajen gano ingantaccen ruwan karkashin kasa a mafi yawan shekara, shawarar ta nemi magance matsalar fari da ta mamaye yankin da ke kewaye da kogin Dawa. A watan Fabrairun 2020, Habasha ta ƙaddamar da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Genale Dawa III. Wannan ci gaban zai taimaka wajen ƙara ƙarfin wutar lantarki na ƙasar da ke kewaye zuwa 4654 MW, yayin da kuma inganta fa'idodin tattalin arziki na al'ummomin Dawa ta hanyar ƙara haɓaka aikin ban ruwa. <ref name="Source 6">{{Cite web |last=Ilolo |first=Patricia |date=2020-02-20 |title=Ethiopia inaugurates Genale Dawa III hydroelectric power plant |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2020/02/ethiopia-inaugurates-genale-dawa-iii-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=2020-04-20 |website=Construction Review Online |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIlolo2020">Ilolo, Patricia (20 February 2020). </cite></ref> Madatsar ruwa mai tsawon mita 110 da tsawon mita 426 tana da ƙarfin ɗaukar ruwa mai girman mita biliyan 2.5. <ref name="Source 6" /> Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na samar da wutar lantarki ya sami jimillar jarin da ya kai dala miliyan 451 kuma wani kamfanin kasar Sin mai suna China Gezhouba Group ne ya gina shi. <ref name="Source 6">{{Cite web |last=Ilolo |first=Patricia |date=2020-02-20 |title=Ethiopia inaugurates Genale Dawa III hydroelectric power plant |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2020/02/ethiopia-inaugurates-genale-dawa-iii-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=2020-04-20 |website=Construction Review Online |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIlolo2020">Ilolo, Patricia (20 February 2020). </cite></ref> Firayim Ministan Habasha [[Abiy Ahmed]] ya yi ikirarin cewa "fadada ayyukan noman rani zai bai wa al'ummomin Habasha da makwabta damar ci gaba da samar da abinci." <ref name="Source 6" /> === Noman ban ruwa === Al'ummomin da ke kusa da Kogin Dawa, musamman makiyayan Borona, sun yi amfani da noman ban ruwa da noman ƙasa tun daga 1983/84, musamman gidaje a Hadhessa da Qorati. <ref name="Source 5">{{Cite journal |last=Boru |first=Did |last2=Schwartz |first2=Moshe |last3=Kam |first3=Michael |last4=Degen |first4=A. Allan |date=2015-01-31 |title=Effects of Family Size and Wealth on Size of Land Cultivated by Borana Pastoralists in Southern Ethiopia |journal=Human Ecology |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=15–28 |doi=10.1007/s10745-014-9711-3 |issn=0300-7839 |s2cid=153478205}}</ref> Kabilar Gada ta Liben Jaldessa ta fara amfani da ita a shekarar 2000. A shekarar 2008, noman ban ruwa, musamman ta amfani da famfunan mota, ya faɗaɗa a Kogin Dawa kuma makiyayan Borona a Liben sun yi amfani da shi. Gwamnati a cikin shekaru 10-20 da suka gabata ta ƙarfafa noman ban ruwa a gefen Kogin Dawa saboda fari mai tsanani, da raguwar adadin dabbobi da ya shafi dukkan al'ummomi a faɗin ƙasar. <ref name="Source 5" /> Asali, ƙabilu/al'ummomi suna da yalwar shanu kuma an haramta noman ƙasa har zuwa 1972. <ref name="Source 5" /> Yanzu mutane sun haɓaka ƙwarewar noma ta amfani da tushen kogin, don haka amfani da Kogin Dawa don noman ban ruwa. <ref name="Source 5" /> Akwai ƙananan tafkuna da mutanen yankin suka gina don samar da ruwa a faɗin yankin ga dabbobinsu. <ref name="Source 9">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=BirdLife Data Zone |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/dawa--wachile-iba-ethiopia |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=datazone.birdlife.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/dawa--wachile-iba-ethiopia "BirdLife Data Zone"]. </cite></ref> Al'ummomin da ke kewaye da Kogin Dawa dole ne su haƙa rijiyoyi masu zurfi waɗanda ke amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Waɗannan rijiyoyin suna samar da fiye da kashi huɗu cikin biyar na jimlar ruwan da ake samu a lokacin rani. Daukar ruwa daga rijiyoyin yana da matuƙar wahala, kuma yana da mahimmanci ga zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga makiyayan yankunan. <ref name="Source 12" /> Baya ga wannan muhimmin aikin tattalin arziki a duk faɗin yankunan kudu maso gabashin Borena, al'ummomin suna tattara danko da resins daga bishiyoyin Commiphora da Boswellia . <ref name="Source 9" /> Rikice-rikice tsakanin kabilun da ke kewaye da Kogin Dawa gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da [[Wurin yin Kiwo na Dabbobi|filayen kiwo]] da haƙƙin ruwa . Tare da ƙaruwar yawan fari da ke faruwa a yanzu duk bayan shekaru 1 zuwa 2, wannan yana haifar da mutuwar dabbobi da yawa. <ref name="Source 12" /> Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin ƙaruwa a noman ƙasa tsakanin ƙabilu da al'ummomi marasa galihu. == Manazarta == 1074jxz8ssj0wdc68buq8et9ont3ssb 841658 841657 2026-05-28T14:17:23Z Engineer014 44591 841658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Dawa''' ( Somali ; Laga Daawwaa(Oromo) Italian (an samo shi a [[Gabashin Afirka]], yana da fadin ƙasa mai fadin 58,961&nbsp;km ^2. <ref name="Source 1">{{Cite journal |last=Woldemariyam |first=Fikadu |last2=Ayenew |first2=Tenalem |date=2016 |title=Application of hydrochemical and isotopic techniques to understand groundwater recharge and flow systems in the Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia |journal=Environmental Earth Sciences |volume=75 |issue=12 |doi=10.1007/s12665-016-5777-0 |s2cid=132722791}}</ref> Yana ratsa manyan ƙasashe uku: [[Kenya]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], da [[Somaliya]], inda kashi 81% ke samuwa a yankin Habasha. <ref name="Source 1" /> An san ta da yanayin ƙasa mai sarkakiya, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar nau'ikan lithology da tsarin gine-gine, wanda ya samo asali ne daga kusancin kogin da abubuwan da suka faru [[Dutsen Volcano|na aman wuta da tectonic]] da yawa. <ref name="Source 2">{{Cite journal |last=Woldemariyam |first=Fikadu |last2=Ayenew |first2=Tenalem |date=2016-07-25 |title=Identification of hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater of Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |volume=188 |issue=8 |page=481 |doi=10.1007/s10661-016-5480-3 |issn=0167-6369 |pmid=27456694 |s2cid=7744765}}</ref> Faɗin kogin yana da gangara mai laushi a kowane gefen dutsen da aka fallasa. Kogin Dawa yana gudana kudu maso gabas don zama wani ɓangare na iyakar Habasha da Somaliya da kuma iyakar Habasha da Kenya . <ref name="Source 2" /> Awata, Digati, da Mormora su ne kawai manyan koguna da ke kwarara zuwa Dawa. == Wuri da kuma yanayin jiki == Kogin Dawa yana da matsakaicin tsayi da mafi ƙaranci sama da matakin teku na {{Convert|3098|m|ft|0}} da {{Convert|169|metres|feet|0}} bi da bi. Karkatar da kwarin yana zuwa kudu maso gabas. <ref name="Source 1" /> Ainihin wurin yana tsakanin 3.92°- 6.47° N da 38.02°- 42.08° E. <ref name="Source 1" /> Wani yanki mai yawa na yankin da ke arewa da arewa maso yamma ana bambanta shi da [[Ridge|tuddai]] da kwaruruka, yayin da yankin kudu da kudu maso gabas ana bambanta shi da ƙasa mai laushi, ƙarancin sauƙi, dogayen [[Ƙorama|kwaruruka]], tuddai masu tabo da ƙasa mai tsayi da ke daidai da babban kogin. <ref name="Number3">{{Cite journal |last=Manalebish Debalike Asfaw |last2=Semu Mitiku Kassa |last3=Lungu |first3=Edward M. |last4=Woldeamlak Bewket |date=2019 |title=Effects of temperature and rainfall in plant–herbivore interactions at different altitude |journal=Ecological Modelling |volume=406 |pages=50–59 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.05.011 |issn=0304-3800}}</ref> Kogin Dawa ya ƙunshi yanki mai sanyi, yanki mai yanayi mai zafi da kuma wurare masu zafi, waɗannan su ne manyan [[Yanayin yanayi|yankuna uku na yanayin]] ƙasar. <ref name="Number3" /> Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Ƙasa ta Habasha ta tattara ruwan sama na wata-wata daga 1996 zuwa 2016 kuma ta gano cewa akwai babban bambanci tsakanin yankunan da ruwan sama ya yi yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da yankin tsaunuka masu sanyi, da ƙarancin ruwan sama a yankunan da ke da zafi na kogin Dawa. <ref name="Number3" /> Matsakaicin matsakaicin ruwan sama yana da kusan {{Convert|1500|mm|in|-1}} a ƙarshen arewa kuma yana raguwa daidai da tsayin zuwa {{Convert|200|mm|in|0}} kusa da mashigar kogin a ƙarshen kudu. <ref name="Number3" /> Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara shine kusan {{Convert|15.5|°C|°F|1}} a ƙarshen arewa da {{Convert|28|°C|°F|1}} zuwa ƙarshen kudu. [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwan ƙasa]] yawanci yana da sanyi tare da zafin jiki tsakanin {{Convert|17.1|to|29.0|°C|°F}} . <ref name="Number3" /> Ga kowace ƙasa, ingancin ruwa gabaɗaya ya bambanta sosai, tare da gishiri mafi girma a cikin ƙasa mai laushi fiye da ƙasa mai aman wuta . == Hadadden ƙasa == Kogin Dawa ya shahara da yanayin ƙasa na musamman. Yana da tsarin ilimin halittu daban-daban da tsarin gine-gine, wanda aka samar sakamakon wurin da kwarin yake kusa da abubuwan da suka faru na aman wuta da yawa. Yawanci, a gefen kogin, rukunin ginshiki yana tsaye a gefen tsakiya na kwarin, a tsakanin tsaunukan arewa maso yamma, duwatsun aman wuta da kuma kudu maso gabashin ƙwanƙolin ƙasa mai faɗi. <ref name="Source 2">{{Cite journal |last=Woldemariyam |first=Fikadu |last2=Ayenew |first2=Tenalem |date=2016-07-25 |title=Identification of hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater of Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |volume=188 |issue=8 |page=481 |doi=10.1007/s10661-016-5480-3 |issn=0167-6369 |pmid=27456694 |s2cid=7744765}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWoldemariyamAyenew2016">Woldemariyam, Fikadu; Ayenew, Tenalem (25 July 2016). </cite></ref> Tsarin ƙasa yana rufe sassan kudu maso yammacin Kogin Dawa. Karoo, wanda shine mafi tsufa a cikin jerin kuma ya ƙunshi dutse da shale, an rufe shi da Adigrat Sandstone . Mafi tsufa zuwa Cretaceous shirye-shiryen sedimentary suna rufe dutsen Adigrat. <ref name="Source 2" /> Abubuwan lura da haƙa ƙasa a yankin sun nuna cewa samuwar ta karye sosai, wanda ke haifar da samuwar ruwan ƙasa mai kyau don faruwa da motsawa. <ref name="Source 2" /> Sabbin tsarin suna mamaye da na'urori masu hana ruwa shiga waɗanda ke hana motsi na ruwan ƙasa, kamar marmara da shale . <ref name="Source 2" /> A wani ɓangare na Kogin Dawa, akwai wani yanki mai kauri wanda ba ya shiga ruwa wanda ke rufe samuwar Hamanlie kuma yana sanya wannan mai samar da ruwa ya wuce zurfin da za a iya araha don haƙa [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|rijiyar ruwa]] ta al'umma. <ref name="Source 2" /> Gabaɗaya, tsoffin duwatsu suna shiga ruwa kuma suna sha, sakamakon haka suna karɓar da kuma aika ruwa mai yawa. Duk da haka, sabbin duwatsun ba sa shiga ruwa kuma suna aiki a matsayin shinge ga kwararar ruwa a tsaye. <ref name="Source 2" /> Motsin ruwan ƙasa yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin yanayin yanayi kuma gabaɗaya yana kwarara zuwa kudu maso gabas. A yankunan tsaunuka masu danshi, kwararar ruwa tana faruwa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama na gida da fitar da ruwan ƙasa, galibi a matsayin maɓuɓɓugai. <ref name="Source 2" /> A gefe guda kuma, a yankin Semiarid a kudu maso gabas, ruwa yana faruwa a kaikaice daga ambaliyar ruwa da kuma bayan lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa, daga ruwan ƙasa mara zurfi a cikin gadajen ruwa . A mafi yawan lokuta, haƙo ruwan ƙasa ta hanyar al'ummomi yana faruwa ta hanyar wucin gadi ta hanyar tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa, ko haƙo rijiya mai sauƙi. <ref name="Source 2" /> == Namun daji == Kogin Dawa gida ne ga dubban dabbobi da tsirrai, domin koguna da rafuka da dama na yanayi suna shiga kogin. Manyan bishiyoyi a cikin dajin kogin suna kusa da ƙasan Kogin Dawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: [[Kanya|Diospyros Mespliformis]], Ficus sycamorus, Mimusops kummel, [[Tsamiya|Tamarindus indica]] da mahogany na Afirka Trichilia emetica . <ref name="Source 9">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=BirdLife Data Zone |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/dawa--wachile-iba-ethiopia |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=datazone.birdlife.org}}</ref> Bishiyoyi na Ficus capreaefolia suna rufe mafi yawan gefen kogin, yayin da daji da ƙura ke rufe mafi yawan filin Wachile. <ref name="Source 9" /> Yawancin namun daji suna da ƙarancinsu a lokacin dogon lokacin rani, suna sa tsire-tsire kamar [[Acokanthera schimperi]], Dobera glabra, Euclea racemosa schimperi da [[Ashuwaki|Salvadora persica]] su kasance masu yawa da bayyane. <ref name="Source 9" /> Mutanen Borena sun haɓaka ƙwarewar noma shanu da tumaki sakamakon amfanin gona sun bushe sosai don girma a lokacin bazara mai tsawo. <ref name="Source 9" /> === Fari === Kogin Dawa yana ratsa yankin Somaliya inda wannan yanki da sauran wurare da yawa suka fuskanci fari na kogin tsawon shekaru 3. <ref name="Source 11">{{Cite web |title=When the river dries out all life disappears {{!}} DRC |url=https://drc.ngo/news/when-the-river-dries-out-all-life-disappears |access-date=2020-05-16 |website=drc.ngo |language=da-DK}}</ref> Wanda a da ake ganinsa a matsayin ruwa da ke ratsa kogin, yanzu ya fallasa ƙasa mai zafi da bushewa, ba tare da shuke-shuke da ke tsirowa ba kuma dabbobi ba sa iya ciyar da su. <ref name="Source 11" /> Wannan ya bar Somaliya da ƙasashen da ke makwabtaka da ita a cikin wani mummunan bala'i . <ref name="Source 11" /> Lokacin da kogin ya bushe, al'ummomi ba sa iya [[Noma|noma gonaki]], kifi, amfani da tsire-tsire da ke kewaye da kogin don abinci, kuma mafi mahimmanci, suna samun ruwa mai kyau. Wannan ya bar fiye da rabin al'ummar Somaliya miliyan 6.2, cikin gaggawa na buƙatar abinci da ruwa wanda a da Kogin Dawa ya samar. <ref name="Source 11" /> == Amfani da kogin == Nemo ingantaccen ruwan karkashin kasa yana da matukar wahala a mafi yawan sassan yankin. A tsawon lokaci, mutane suna amfani da kuma haɓaka Kogin Dawa don zama babban tushen ruwa da makamashi ga al'ummomin da ke kewaye da shi. Tare da [[Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a|yawan jama'a]] da ake sa ran samu a nan gaba, za a buƙaci ƙarin ruwa. <ref name="Source 1">{{Cite journal |last=Woldemariyam |first=Fikadu |last2=Ayenew |first2=Tenalem |date=2016 |title=Application of hydrochemical and isotopic techniques to understand groundwater recharge and flow systems in the Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia |journal=Environmental Earth Sciences |volume=75 |issue=12 |doi=10.1007/s12665-016-5777-0 |s2cid=132722791}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWoldemariyamAyenew2016">Woldemariyam, Fikadu; Ayenew, Tenalem (2016). </cite></ref> === Cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa === [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Somaliya]] da [[Kenya]] a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2014 sun amince su gina [[Madatsar ruwa|madatsar ruwa mai amfani da yawa]] da kuma tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Kogin Dawa. <ref name="Source 6">{{Cite web |last=Ilolo |first=Patricia |date=2020-02-20 |title=Ethiopia inaugurates Genale Dawa III hydroelectric power plant |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2020/02/ethiopia-inaugurates-genale-dawa-iii-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=2020-04-20 |website=Construction Review Online |language=en-US}}</ref> An fara ƙaddamar da aikin ne a shekarar 2010 amma ya fuskanci koma-baya sakamakon matsalolin da suka shafi sake tsugunar da mazauna da ke zaune kusa da Madatsar. Saboda ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta wajen gano ingantaccen ruwan karkashin kasa a mafi yawan shekara, shawarar ta nemi magance matsalar fari da ta mamaye yankin da ke kewaye da kogin Dawa. A watan Fabrairun 2020, Habasha ta ƙaddamar da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Genale Dawa III. Wannan ci gaban zai taimaka wajen ƙara ƙarfin wutar lantarki na ƙasar da ke kewaye zuwa 4654 MW, yayin da kuma inganta fa'idodin tattalin arziki na al'ummomin Dawa ta hanyar ƙara haɓaka aikin ban ruwa. <ref name="Source 6">{{Cite web |last=Ilolo |first=Patricia |date=2020-02-20 |title=Ethiopia inaugurates Genale Dawa III hydroelectric power plant |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2020/02/ethiopia-inaugurates-genale-dawa-iii-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=2020-04-20 |website=Construction Review Online |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIlolo2020">Ilolo, Patricia (20 February 2020). </cite></ref> Madatsar ruwa mai tsawon mita 110 da tsawon mita 426 tana da ƙarfin ɗaukar ruwa mai girman mita biliyan 2.5. <ref name="Source 6" /> Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na samar da wutar lantarki ya sami jimillar jarin da ya kai dala miliyan 451 kuma wani kamfanin kasar Sin mai suna China Gezhouba Group ne ya gina shi. <ref name="Source 6">{{Cite web |last=Ilolo |first=Patricia |date=2020-02-20 |title=Ethiopia inaugurates Genale Dawa III hydroelectric power plant |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2020/02/ethiopia-inaugurates-genale-dawa-iii-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=2020-04-20 |website=Construction Review Online |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIlolo2020">Ilolo, Patricia (20 February 2020). </cite></ref> Firayim Ministan Habasha [[Abiy Ahmed]] ya yi ikirarin cewa "fadada ayyukan noman rani zai bai wa al'ummomin Habasha da makwabta damar ci gaba da samar da abinci." <ref name="Source 6" /> === Noman ban ruwa === Al'ummomin da ke kusa da Kogin Dawa, musamman makiyayan Borona, sun yi amfani da noman ban ruwa da noman ƙasa tun daga 1983/84, musamman gidaje a Hadhessa da Qorati. <ref name="Source 5">{{Cite journal |last=Boru |first=Did |last2=Schwartz |first2=Moshe |last3=Kam |first3=Michael |last4=Degen |first4=A. Allan |date=2015-01-31 |title=Effects of Family Size and Wealth on Size of Land Cultivated by Borana Pastoralists in Southern Ethiopia |journal=Human Ecology |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=15–28 |doi=10.1007/s10745-014-9711-3 |issn=0300-7839 |s2cid=153478205}}</ref> Kabilar Gada ta Liben Jaldessa ta fara amfani da ita a shekarar 2000. A shekarar 2008, noman ban ruwa, musamman ta amfani da famfunan mota, ya faɗaɗa a Kogin Dawa kuma makiyayan Borona a Liben sun yi amfani da shi. Gwamnati a cikin shekaru 10-20 da suka gabata ta ƙarfafa noman ban ruwa a gefen Kogin Dawa saboda fari mai tsanani, da raguwar adadin dabbobi da ya shafi dukkan al'ummomi a faɗin ƙasar. <ref name="Source 5" /> Asali, ƙabilu/al'ummomi suna da yalwar shanu kuma an haramta noman ƙasa har zuwa 1972. <ref name="Source 5" /> Yanzu mutane sun haɓaka ƙwarewar noma ta amfani da tushen kogin, don haka amfani da Kogin Dawa don noman ban ruwa. <ref name="Source 5" /> Akwai ƙananan tafkuna da mutanen yankin suka gina don samar da ruwa a faɗin yankin ga dabbobinsu. <ref name="Source 9">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=BirdLife Data Zone |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/dawa--wachile-iba-ethiopia |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=datazone.birdlife.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/dawa--wachile-iba-ethiopia "BirdLife Data Zone"]. </cite></ref> Al'ummomin da ke kewaye da Kogin Dawa dole ne su haƙa rijiyoyi masu zurfi waɗanda ke amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Waɗannan rijiyoyin suna samar da fiye da kashi huɗu cikin biyar na jimlar ruwan da ake samu a lokacin rani. Daukar ruwa daga rijiyoyin yana da matuƙar wahala, kuma yana da mahimmanci ga zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga makiyayan yankunan. <ref name="Source 12" /> Baya ga wannan muhimmin aikin tattalin arziki a duk faɗin yankunan kudu maso gabashin Borena, al'ummomin suna tattara danko da resins daga bishiyoyin Commiphora da Boswellia . <ref name="Source 9" /> Rikice-rikice tsakanin kabilun da ke kewaye da Kogin Dawa gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da [[Wurin yin Kiwo na Dabbobi|filayen kiwo]] da haƙƙin ruwa . Tare da ƙaruwar yawan fari da ke faruwa a yanzu duk bayan shekaru 1 zuwa 2, wannan yana haifar da mutuwar dabbobi da yawa. <ref name="Source 12" /> Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin ƙaruwa a noman ƙasa tsakanin ƙabilu da al'ummomi marasa galihu. == Manazarta == 6yyu6rdgv3z3sdypxpsrz2vb1xiksr0 0 152813 841659 2026-05-28T14:19:07Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1243691040|Mangoky River]]" 841659 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Mangoky''' yana da tsawon kilomita 564 (350)&nbsp;mi) kogin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] a cikin yankunan Atsim-Andrefana da Anosy . [[Mananatanana]] da [[Matsiatra]] ne suka kafa ta. Wani muhimmin mawadaci shine [[kogin Zomandao]] . Yana tashi a tsaunukan Tsakiyar [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] kusa da gabashin birnin [[Fianarantsoa]] . Kogin yana gudana ta yamma daga tsaunukan, yana ratsa kudancin Filaton Bemaraha, ya isa bakin teku da kuma yankin delta, sannan ya shiga Tashar Mozambique a arewacin birnin Morombe a Yawancin Madagascar sun fuskanci [[Gandun daji|sare dazuzzuka]] masu tsanani a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata, musamman saboda ayyukan yanka da ƙonawa da 'yan asalin ƙasar suka yi. Wannan asarar dazuzzuka ya haifar da zaizayar ƙasa mai tsanani a yankin Kogin Mangoky, kamar yadda ya nuna ta hanyar sandunan yashi da yawa da ke cikin magudanar kogin. Tafkin Ihotry mai laka mai launin kore yana bayyane a kudancin kogin. Tsakanin tafkin da bakin teku akwai babban yanki mai fari mai yashi da aka haɗa da tafkuna masu laka. Yankin kudancin delta yana mamaye da tsibirin shinge da samuwar toka a jere. Akasin haka, yankin arewa, mai kariya na delta yana mamaye da hanyoyin ruwa da dausayi na mangrove . [[Fayil:Mangoky_Basin_OSM.png|thumb|Bassin Mangoky]] An fara shirye-shiryen gadar kogin Mangoky a kan RN 9 a shekarar 2020. Za ta zama gadar mafi tsayi a Madagascar mai tsawon mita 880. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Le plus long pont de Madagascar va voir le jour |url=https://laverite.mg/politique/item/12311-rn9-le-plus-long-pont-de-madagascar-va-voir-le-jour.html |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=La Vérité}}</ref> Kamfanin China Road and Bridge Corporation ne zai gina ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Travaux publics : Sept routes nationales et onze rues de Tanà à réhabiliter |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/travaux-publics-sept-routes-nationales-et-onze-rues-de-tana-a-rehabiliter/ |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=Midi Madagasikara}}</ref> == Manazarta == ksgfw12c5h39zwrdfwou4zy84myobd7 841660 841659 2026-05-28T14:19:31Z Engineer014 44591 841660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Mangoky''' yana da tsawon kilomita 564 (350)&nbsp;mi) kogin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] a cikin yankunan Atsim-Andrefana da Anosy . [[Mananatanana]] da [[Matsiatra]] ne suka kafa ta. Wani muhimmin mawadaci shine [[kogin Zomandao]] . Yana tashi a tsaunukan Tsakiyar [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] kusa da gabashin birnin [[Fianarantsoa]] . Kogin yana gudana ta yamma daga tsaunukan, yana ratsa kudancin Filaton Bemaraha, ya isa bakin teku da kuma yankin delta, sannan ya shiga Tashar Mozambique a arewacin birnin Morombe a Yawancin Madagascar sun fuskanci [[Gandun daji|sare dazuzzuka]] masu tsanani a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata, musamman saboda ayyukan yanka da ƙonawa da 'yan asalin ƙasar suka yi. Wannan asarar dazuzzuka ya haifar da zaizayar ƙasa mai tsanani a yankin Kogin Mangoky, kamar yadda ya nuna ta hanyar sandunan yashi da yawa da ke cikin magudanar kogin. Tafkin Ihotry mai laka mai launin kore yana bayyane a kudancin kogin. Tsakanin tafkin da bakin teku akwai babban yanki mai fari mai yashi da aka haɗa da tafkuna masu laka. Yankin kudancin delta yana mamaye da tsibirin shinge da samuwar toka a jere. Akasin haka, yankin arewa, mai kariya na delta yana mamaye da hanyoyin ruwa da dausayi na mangrove . [[Fayil:Mangoky_Basin_OSM.png|thumb|Bassin Mangoky]] An fara shirye-shiryen gadar kogin Mangoky a kan RN 9 a shekarar 2020. Za ta zama gadar mafi tsayi a Madagascar mai tsawon mita 880. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Le plus long pont de Madagascar va voir le jour |url=https://laverite.mg/politique/item/12311-rn9-le-plus-long-pont-de-madagascar-va-voir-le-jour.html |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=La Vérité}}</ref> Kamfanin China Road and Bridge Corporation ne zai gina ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Travaux publics : Sept routes nationales et onze rues de Tanà à réhabiliter |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/travaux-publics-sept-routes-nationales-et-onze-rues-de-tana-a-rehabiliter/ |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=Midi Madagasikara}}</ref> == Manazarta == 1nrffzt8364hd1z71y6yl6yjvfgoxcl 0 152814 841661 2026-05-28T14:23:10Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338941140|Shire River]]" 841661 wikitext text/x-wiki Kogin '''Shire''' / ˈʃiːreɪ / shine mafi girma a [[Malawi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 20, 2010 |title=The Ruins of the Moment: Shire River, Malawi — Photos by Pete McGregor |url=https://worldsenz.blogspot.com/2010/12/shire-river-malawi.html}}</ref> Shi ne kawai magudanar ruwa ta [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] kuma yana kwarara zuwa Kogin [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . Tsawonsa {{Convert|402|km|mi}}Kogin na sama yana kwarara daga tafkin Malawi kuma yana gudana kimanin {{Convert|12|mi|km}} kafin ya shiga cikin [[Tafkin Malombe]] mai zurfi. Daga nan sai ya malala tafkin Malombe ya kuma kwarara kudu ta cikin Liwonde National Park inda tarin dorinar ruwa ya zama ruwan dare a bakinsa. Tsakanin garuruwan [[Matope]] da Chikwawa, kogin tsakiya yana faɗuwa kusan {{Convert|1300|ft|m}} ta hanyar jerin magudanar ruwa da kwaruruka, gami da Kapachira Falls . An gina madatsun ruwa guda biyu masu amfani da wutar lantarki a gefen Shire arewa maso yammacin Blantyre . Bayan Chikwawa, kogin ƙasan ya juya kudu maso gabas ya shiga yankin Mozambique mai ƙasƙanci. Mafi girma kuma ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan magudanan ruwa na dindindin, Kogin Ruo, ya haɗu da Shire kusa da garin Chiromo na Malawi. Ruwan laka yana ratsawa ta cikin babban yanki da aka sani da Giwayen Marsh kafin ya isa inda [[kogin Zambezi]] yake a kudu da garin Sena, Mozambique . A shekara ta 1859, tafiyar David Livingstone ta biyu ta Zambezi ta yi tafiya zuwa kogin Shire. Kwarin kogin wani ɓangare ne na tsarin Gabashin Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Search Maps |url=http://mappoint.msn.com/(rddmzdbprlpfsl5504qmz245)/map.aspx?C=0%2c0&A=100000&L=WLD0409 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203211025/http://mappoint.msn.com/(rddmzdbprlpfsl5504qmz245)/map.aspx?C=0%2C0&A=100000&L=WLD0409 |archive-date=2007-12-03 |access-date=2007-08-09}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ferry_over_Shire_River_in_Mozambique.JPG|left|thumb|250x250px|Jirgin ruwa ya ratsa Shire a Mozambique]] == Manazarta == ie0socqfhx86n5b899q7s245mxay500 841662 841661 2026-05-28T14:23:43Z Engineer014 44591 841662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kogin '''Shire''' / ˈʃiːreɪ / shine mafi girma a [[Malawi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 20, 2010 |title=The Ruins of the Moment: Shire River, Malawi — Photos by Pete McGregor |url=https://worldsenz.blogspot.com/2010/12/shire-river-malawi.html}}</ref> Shi ne kawai magudanar ruwa ta [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] kuma yana kwarara zuwa Kogin [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . Tsawonsa {{Convert|402|km|mi}}Kogin na sama yana kwarara daga tafkin Malawi kuma yana gudana kimanin {{Convert|12|mi|km}} kafin ya shiga cikin [[Tafkin Malombe]] mai zurfi. Daga nan sai ya malala tafkin Malombe ya kuma kwarara kudu ta cikin Liwonde National Park inda tarin dorinar ruwa ya zama ruwan dare a bakinsa. Tsakanin garuruwan [[Matope]] da Chikwawa, kogin tsakiya yana faɗuwa kusan {{Convert|1300|ft|m}} ta hanyar jerin magudanar ruwa da kwaruruka, gami da Kapachira Falls . An gina madatsun ruwa guda biyu masu amfani da wutar lantarki a gefen Shire arewa maso yammacin Blantyre . Bayan Chikwawa, kogin ƙasan ya juya kudu maso gabas ya shiga yankin Mozambique mai ƙasƙanci. Mafi girma kuma ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan magudanan ruwa na dindindin, Kogin Ruo, ya haɗu da Shire kusa da garin Chiromo na Malawi. Ruwan laka yana ratsawa ta cikin babban yanki da aka sani da Giwayen Marsh kafin ya isa inda [[kogin Zambezi]] yake a kudu da garin Sena, Mozambique . A shekara ta 1859, tafiyar David Livingstone ta biyu ta Zambezi ta yi tafiya zuwa kogin Shire. Kwarin kogin wani ɓangare ne na tsarin Gabashin Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Search Maps |url=http://mappoint.msn.com/(rddmzdbprlpfsl5504qmz245)/map.aspx?C=0%2c0&A=100000&L=WLD0409 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203211025/http://mappoint.msn.com/(rddmzdbprlpfsl5504qmz245)/map.aspx?C=0%2C0&A=100000&L=WLD0409 |archive-date=2007-12-03 |access-date=2007-08-09}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ferry_over_Shire_River_in_Mozambique.JPG|left|thumb|250x250px|Jirgin ruwa ya ratsa Shire a Mozambique]] == Manazarta == 47mjen2utsvqzkn6mkm5tk43x62qpai 0 152815 841667 2026-05-28T15:22:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321295500|Lake Nyaguo]]" 841667 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Nyaguo''' tafkin ne na Uganda a cikin Gundumar Pallisa da ke gabashin Uganda. Yana daya daga cikin tabkuna a cikin tafkin Kyoga . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyaguo lake, Eastern Region, Uganda |url=https://ug.geoview.info/lake_nyaguo,227526 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=ug.geoview.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uganda freshwater biodiversity portal. |url=https://freshwaterbiodiversity.go.ug/water_body/?name=Lake%20Nyaguo |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=freshwaterbiodiversity.go.ug}}</ref> Tafkin Nyaguo yanki ne mai kariya inda aka ƙuntata ayyukan kamar kamun kifi don kare nau'in kifi a cikin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-28 |title=Pallisa, Ngora leaders suspend fishing on Lake Nyaguo over fishing gear |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/pallisa-ngora-leaders-suspend-fishing-on-lake-nyaguo-over-fishing-gear-1798766 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Safeguarding a Global Freshwater Fish Hotspot |url=https://www.rainforesttrust.org/urgent-projects/safeguarding-a-global-freshwater-fish-hotspot/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Rainforest Trust |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ᐅ Lake Nyaguo fishing reports🎣• Eastern Region, Uganda fishing |url=https://fishbrain.com/fishing-waters/Gr5ovx88/lake-nyaguo |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Fishbrain |language=en}}</ref> An kiyasta tsawo a saman matakin teku ya zama mita 1043.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyaguo lake, Eastern Region, Uganda |url=https://ug.geoview.info/lake_nyaguo,227526 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=ug.geoview.info}}</ref> Tafkin yana aiki ne a matsayin wurin zama ga kifi da nau'in tsuntsaye masu haɗari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Safeguarding a Global Freshwater Fish Hotspot |url=https://www.rainforesttrust.org/urgent-projects/safeguarding-a-global-freshwater-fish-hotspot/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Rainforest Trust |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tafkin Bujuku == Manazarta == rps0oc3pn20wn9x4nk4n7kpa99s7rea 841668 841667 2026-05-28T15:23:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 841668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Nyaguo''' tafkin ne na Uganda a cikin Gundumar Pallisa da ke gabashin Uganda. Yana daya daga cikin tabkuna a cikin tafkin Kyoga . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyaguo lake, Eastern Region, Uganda |url=https://ug.geoview.info/lake_nyaguo,227526 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=ug.geoview.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uganda freshwater biodiversity portal. |url=https://freshwaterbiodiversity.go.ug/water_body/?name=Lake%20Nyaguo |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=freshwaterbiodiversity.go.ug}}</ref> Tafkin Nyaguo yanki ne mai kariya inda aka ƙuntata ayyukan kamar kamun kifi don kare nau'in kifi a cikin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-28 |title=Pallisa, Ngora leaders suspend fishing on Lake Nyaguo over fishing gear |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/pallisa-ngora-leaders-suspend-fishing-on-lake-nyaguo-over-fishing-gear-1798766 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Safeguarding a Global Freshwater Fish Hotspot |url=https://www.rainforesttrust.org/urgent-projects/safeguarding-a-global-freshwater-fish-hotspot/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Rainforest Trust |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ᐅ Lake Nyaguo fishing reports🎣• Eastern Region, Uganda fishing |url=https://fishbrain.com/fishing-waters/Gr5ovx88/lake-nyaguo |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Fishbrain |language=en}}</ref> An kiyasta tsawo a saman matakin teku ya zama mita 1043.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyaguo lake, Eastern Region, Uganda |url=https://ug.geoview.info/lake_nyaguo,227526 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=ug.geoview.info}}</ref> Tafkin yana aiki ne a matsayin wurin zama ga kifi da nau'in tsuntsaye masu haɗari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Safeguarding a Global Freshwater Fish Hotspot |url=https://www.rainforesttrust.org/urgent-projects/safeguarding-a-global-freshwater-fish-hotspot/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Rainforest Trust |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tafkin Bujuku == Manazarta == d921y0lnpzohxaef2okbybt58ol3sfn 0 152816 841670 2026-05-28T15:23:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330290954|Lake Nyamusingire]]" 841670 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Nyamusingire''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Tafkin Nyamisigeri''', tafkin rami ne a Yammacin Uganda, Gundumar Rubirizi . Tafkin yana da tsire-tsire da dabbobi waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin abubuwan jan hankali na yawon bude ido.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nikita |date=2023-01-11 |title=Crater Lakes of Queen Elizabeth National Park-GorillaLand Safaris |url=https://www.gorillasugandasafaris.com/africa-adventure-safaris/crater-lakes-of-queen-elizabeth-national-park/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Gorillas Uganda Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyamusingire Queen Elizabeth National Park |url=https://www.insidequeenelizabethnationalpark.com/lake-nyamusingire.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Inside Queen Elizabeth National Park |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyamusingire |url=http://www.geonames.org/227386/lake-nyamusingire.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=GeoNames}}</ref> Tafkin Nyamusingire yana cikin Gundumar Rubirizi a yammacin Uganda, kusa da wasu siffofin tafkin a yankin Bunyaruguru. Wasu jagororin tafiye-tafiye sun bayyana tafkin a matsayin kusa da yankunan Chekoba da Nyakiyanja kuma a cikin yankin Sarauniya Elizabeth National Park.<ref name="InsideQENP">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyamusingire |url=https://www.insidequeenelizabethnationalpark.com/lake-nyamusingire.html |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Inside Queen Elizabeth National Park}}</ref> == Geology da kafa == Yammacin Uganda ya ƙunshi craters masu yawa na fashewar dutse, da yawa daga cikinsu sun cika da rUWA don samar da tabkuna.<ref name="VulcanicityEA">{{Cite web |title=Vulcanicity in East Africa |url=https://asbatlibrary.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/405ad492-a04b-46af-af43-a62f246ed9eb-VULCANICITY%20IN%20EAST%20AFRICA.pdf |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=ASBAT Library (S3) |format=PDF}}</ref> UWA ta bayyana Tafkin Nyamusingire a matsayin shafin da aka kafa ta tafkuna uku da aka haɗa.<ref name="UWA-QENP">{{Cite web |title=Queen Elizabeth National Park |url=https://ugandawildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/QENP-2018-4.pdf |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Uganda Wildlife Authority |format=PDF}}</ref> == Halayen jiki == Nazarin iskar gas daga ruwan cikin Afirka ya bayyana Tafkin Nyamusingire a matsayin karamin tafki mai zurfi (kimanin 3.84 km2, kimanin 3 m zurfi) tare da tsarin haɗuwa da polymictic da yanayin eutrophic. GeoNames ya lissafa tafkin a tsawo na kimanin 1,010 m sama da matakin teku. == Muhalli == UWA ta lura da Tafkin Nyamusingire a matsayin wurin zama na ƙafar Ƙafar Afirka (''Podica senegalensis''). <ref name="UWA-QENP">{{Cite web |title=Queen Elizabeth National Park |url=https://ugandawildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/QENP-2018-4.pdf |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Uganda Wildlife Authority |format=PDF}}</ref> Dajin da ke kewaye da Maramagambo yana tallafawa tsuntsayen daji da primates a kan jagorantar tafiya wanda ya haɗa da tafkin da siffofin da ke kusa da su kamar Bat Cave da Blue Lake. <ref name="UWA-QENP" /> == Lafiyar jama'a da bincike == Binciken tabkuna a yammacin Uganda da ke kimanta kwari na ruwa mai laushi da ke da alaƙa da sa ido kan [[Masasaku|schistosomiasis]] ya haɗa da Tafkin Nyamusingire daga cikin shafukan da aka samo kuma ya ba da rahoton wuri da tsawo ga tafkin a cikin teburin shafin.<ref name="Tumwebaze2019">{{Cite web |title=Molecular identification of Bulinus spp. intermediate host snails of Schistosoma spp. in crater lakes of western Uganda with implications for the transmission of the Schistosoma haematobium group parasites |url=https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13071-019-3811-2.pdf |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Parasites & Vectors (BioMed Central) |format=PDF}}</ref> == Yawon shakatawa == Masu yawon bude ido suna tallata tafkin don tafiya a kusa da gandun daji na Maramagambo, kallon tsuntsaye, da ayyukan tafkin da ba na motsi ba kamar canoeing da kayaking, sau da yawa ana haɗa su da ziyara zuwa Bat Cave da ke kusa da sauran wuraren ra'ayi na crater-lake.<ref name="InsideQENP">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyamusingire |url=https://www.insidequeenelizabethnationalpark.com/lake-nyamusingire.html |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Inside Queen Elizabeth National Park}}</ref> Jagoran otal din Uganda Hotel Owners Association ya lissafa wani gidan da ke kallon Lake Nyamusingire a cikin Gundumar Rubirizi.<ref name="UHOA-Guide">{{Cite web |title=Uganda Hotel Guide 2020–21 |url=https://www.ugandahotels.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/UHOA_UgandaHotelGuide20-21.pdf |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Uganda Hotel Owners Association |format=PDF}}</ref> == Karewa == Tafkin yana zaune a cikin wani wuri mai kariya wanda aka gudanar a karkashin tsarin Sarauniya Elizabeth National Park, kuma UWA tana inganta hanyar jagorantar ta hanyar hanyoyin gandun daji na Maramagambo waɗanda suka haɗa da Tafkin Nyamusingire da abubuwan jan hankali da ke kusa.<ref name="UWA-QENP">{{Cite web |title=Queen Elizabeth National Park |url=https://ugandawildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/QENP-2018-4.pdf |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Uganda Wildlife Authority |format=PDF}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tafkin Nyaguo * Tafkin Edward * Tafkin Bujuku * Gidan shakatawa na Sarauniya Elizabeth * Dajin Maramagambo * Jerin tabkuna na Uganda == Manazarta == ny4cryrdy8ran8gurhpgcr1ld1y9wfv 841671 841670 2026-05-28T15:24:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 841671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Nyamusingire''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Tafkin Nyamisigeri''', tafkin rami ne a Yammacin Uganda, Gundumar Rubirizi . Tafkin yana da tsire-tsire da dabbobi waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin abubuwan jan hankali na yawon bude ido.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nikita |date=2023-01-11 |title=Crater Lakes of Queen Elizabeth National Park-GorillaLand Safaris |url=https://www.gorillasugandasafaris.com/africa-adventure-safaris/crater-lakes-of-queen-elizabeth-national-park/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Gorillas Uganda Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyamusingire Queen Elizabeth National Park |url=https://www.insidequeenelizabethnationalpark.com/lake-nyamusingire.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Inside Queen Elizabeth National Park |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyamusingire |url=http://www.geonames.org/227386/lake-nyamusingire.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=GeoNames}}</ref> Tafkin Nyamusingire yana cikin Gundumar Rubirizi a yammacin Uganda, kusa da wasu siffofin tafkin a yankin Bunyaruguru. Wasu jagororin tafiye-tafiye sun bayyana tafkin a matsayin kusa da yankunan Chekoba da Nyakiyanja kuma a cikin yankin Sarauniya Elizabeth National Park.<ref name="InsideQENP">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyamusingire |url=https://www.insidequeenelizabethnationalpark.com/lake-nyamusingire.html |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Inside Queen Elizabeth National Park}}</ref> == Geology da kafa == Yammacin Uganda ya ƙunshi craters masu yawa na fashewar dutse, da yawa daga cikinsu sun cika da rUWA don samar da tabkuna.<ref name="VulcanicityEA">{{Cite web |title=Vulcanicity in East Africa |url=https://asbatlibrary.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/405ad492-a04b-46af-af43-a62f246ed9eb-VULCANICITY%20IN%20EAST%20AFRICA.pdf |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=ASBAT Library (S3) |format=PDF}}</ref> UWA ta bayyana Tafkin Nyamusingire a matsayin shafin da aka kafa ta tafkuna uku da aka haɗa.<ref name="UWA-QENP">{{Cite web |title=Queen Elizabeth National Park |url=https://ugandawildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/QENP-2018-4.pdf |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Uganda Wildlife Authority |format=PDF}}</ref> == Halayen jiki == Nazarin iskar gas daga ruwan cikin Afirka ya bayyana Tafkin Nyamusingire a matsayin karamin tafki mai zurfi (kimanin 3.84 km2, kimanin 3 m zurfi) tare da tsarin haɗuwa da polymictic da yanayin eutrophic. GeoNames ya lissafa tafkin a tsawo na kimanin 1,010 m sama da matakin teku. == Muhalli == UWA ta lura da Tafkin Nyamusingire a matsayin wurin zama na ƙafar Ƙafar Afirka (''Podica senegalensis''). <ref name="UWA-QENP">{{Cite web |title=Queen Elizabeth National Park |url=https://ugandawildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/QENP-2018-4.pdf |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Uganda Wildlife Authority |format=PDF}}</ref> Dajin da ke kewaye da Maramagambo yana tallafawa tsuntsayen daji da primates a kan jagorantar tafiya wanda ya haɗa da tafkin da siffofin da ke kusa da su kamar Bat Cave da Blue Lake. <ref name="UWA-QENP" /> == Lafiyar jama'a da bincike == Binciken tabkuna a yammacin Uganda da ke kimanta kwari na ruwa mai laushi da ke da alaƙa da sa ido kan [[Masasaku|schistosomiasis]] ya haɗa da Tafkin Nyamusingire daga cikin shafukan da aka samo kuma ya ba da rahoton wuri da tsawo ga tafkin a cikin teburin shafin.<ref name="Tumwebaze2019">{{Cite web |title=Molecular identification of Bulinus spp. intermediate host snails of Schistosoma spp. in crater lakes of western Uganda with implications for the transmission of the Schistosoma haematobium group parasites |url=https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13071-019-3811-2.pdf |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Parasites & Vectors (BioMed Central) |format=PDF}}</ref> == Yawon shakatawa == Masu yawon bude ido suna tallata tafkin don tafiya a kusa da gandun daji na Maramagambo, kallon tsuntsaye, da ayyukan tafkin da ba na motsi ba kamar canoeing da kayaking, sau da yawa ana haɗa su da ziyara zuwa Bat Cave da ke kusa da sauran wuraren ra'ayi na crater-lake.<ref name="InsideQENP">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nyamusingire |url=https://www.insidequeenelizabethnationalpark.com/lake-nyamusingire.html |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Inside Queen Elizabeth National Park}}</ref> Jagoran otal din Uganda Hotel Owners Association ya lissafa wani gidan da ke kallon Lake Nyamusingire a cikin Gundumar Rubirizi.<ref name="UHOA-Guide">{{Cite web |title=Uganda Hotel Guide 2020–21 |url=https://www.ugandahotels.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/UHOA_UgandaHotelGuide20-21.pdf |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Uganda Hotel Owners Association |format=PDF}}</ref> == Karewa == Tafkin yana zaune a cikin wani wuri mai kariya wanda aka gudanar a karkashin tsarin Sarauniya Elizabeth National Park, kuma UWA tana inganta hanyar jagorantar ta hanyar hanyoyin gandun daji na Maramagambo waɗanda suka haɗa da Tafkin Nyamusingire da abubuwan jan hankali da ke kusa.<ref name="UWA-QENP">{{Cite web |title=Queen Elizabeth National Park |url=https://ugandawildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/QENP-2018-4.pdf |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Uganda Wildlife Authority |format=PDF}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tafkin Nyaguo * Tafkin Edward * Tafkin Bujuku * Gidan shakatawa na Sarauniya Elizabeth * Dajin Maramagambo * Jerin tabkuna na Uganda == Manazarta == 868dqgnhevvs6bn6htwrg51z5v3v8ac 0 152817 841672 2026-05-28T15:24:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302146833|Lake Rwizongo]]" 841672 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Rwizongo''' tafkin crater ne na Uganda wanda ke cikin tsaunukan Rwenzori . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=safaris |first=ganyana |date=2022-04-01 |title=CRATER LAKES IN UGANDA |url=https://www.ganyanasafaris.com/blog/crater-lakes-in-uganda/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Ganyana Safaris Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Tafkin yana daga cikin tabkuna da yawa da aka samu a cikin Dutsen Rwenzori kuma waɗannan sun haɗa da Tafkin Nkuruba, Tafkin Nyabikere, da sauransu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=polly |date=2024-05-17 |title=Discover Uganda Crater Lakes {{!}} Uganda Safaris {{!}} Uganda Tours |url=https://www.murchisonfallsparkuganda.com/information/discover-uganda-crater-lakes/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-06 |title=Exploring Uganda's Crater Lakes {{!}} Uganda Safaris {{!}} Uganda Tours |url=https://www.explorerwandatours.com/travel-blog/exploring-ugandas-crater-lakes.html |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Explore Rwanda Tours |language=en-US}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Tafkin Rwizongo yana a latitude 0°16'15.90"S da longitude 30°5'20.40"E.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Machado-Schiaffino |first=Gonzalo |last2=Kautt |first2=Andreas F. |last3=Kusche |first3=Henrik |last4=Meyer |first4=Axel |date=2015 |title=Parallel evolution in Ugandan crater lakes: repeated evolution of limnetic body shapes in haplochromine cichlid fish |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=9 |bibcode=2015BMCEE..15....9M |doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0287-3 |pmc=4322459 |pmid=25648727 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi a kusa da Tafkin Rwizongo sun haɗa da hippo, nau'in tsuntsaye da ciyayi waɗanda ke da ciyayi na savannah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=polly |date=2024-05-17 |title=Discover Uganda Crater Lakes {{!}} Uganda Safaris {{!}} Uganda Tours |url=https://www.murchisonfallsparkuganda.com/information/discover-uganda-crater-lakes/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tafkin Bujuku * Tafkin Nyabikere == Manazarta == t1q9ve4j8c14z7zvi98xhu9i9nqmbvm 841673 841672 2026-05-28T15:24:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 841673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Rwizongo''' tafkin crater ne na Uganda wanda ke cikin tsaunukan Rwenzori . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=safaris |first=ganyana |date=2022-04-01 |title=CRATER LAKES IN UGANDA |url=https://www.ganyanasafaris.com/blog/crater-lakes-in-uganda/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Ganyana Safaris Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Tafkin yana daga cikin tabkuna da yawa da aka samu a cikin Dutsen Rwenzori kuma waɗannan sun haɗa da Tafkin Nkuruba, Tafkin Nyabikere, da sauransu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=polly |date=2024-05-17 |title=Discover Uganda Crater Lakes {{!}} Uganda Safaris {{!}} Uganda Tours |url=https://www.murchisonfallsparkuganda.com/information/discover-uganda-crater-lakes/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-06 |title=Exploring Uganda's Crater Lakes {{!}} Uganda Safaris {{!}} Uganda Tours |url=https://www.explorerwandatours.com/travel-blog/exploring-ugandas-crater-lakes.html |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Explore Rwanda Tours |language=en-US}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Tafkin Rwizongo yana a latitude 0°16'15.90"S da longitude 30°5'20.40"E.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Machado-Schiaffino |first=Gonzalo |last2=Kautt |first2=Andreas F. |last3=Kusche |first3=Henrik |last4=Meyer |first4=Axel |date=2015 |title=Parallel evolution in Ugandan crater lakes: repeated evolution of limnetic body shapes in haplochromine cichlid fish |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=9 |bibcode=2015BMCEE..15....9M |doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0287-3 |pmc=4322459 |pmid=25648727 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi a kusa da Tafkin Rwizongo sun haɗa da hippo, nau'in tsuntsaye da ciyayi waɗanda ke da ciyayi na savannah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=polly |date=2024-05-17 |title=Discover Uganda Crater Lakes {{!}} Uganda Safaris {{!}} Uganda Tours |url=https://www.murchisonfallsparkuganda.com/information/discover-uganda-crater-lakes/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tafkin Bujuku * Tafkin Nyabikere == Manazarta == 1pk53mh3taud5a3dx2aveykmunv3dvv 0 152818 841674 2026-05-28T15:25:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304413513|Lake Saka]]" 841674 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Lake_Saka.jpg|alt=Lake Saka in Kabarole District.|thumb|Tafkin Saka a cikin Gundumar Kabarole .]] '''Tafkin Saka''' tafkin ne na Uganda wanda aka samo a Gundumar Kabarole, yammacin Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Saka Kbale, Visit Lake Saka in KIbale Forest, Saka Lake |url=https://www.insidekibaleforestnationalpark.com/lake-saka-kibale.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Inside Kibale Forest National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana da tsawo na mita 1591 sama da matakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Saka lake, Western Region, Uganda |url=https://ug.geoview.info/lake_saka,226426 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=ug.geoview.info}}</ref> Tafkin yana aiki ne a matsayin jan hankalin yawon bude ido tare da kallon tsuntsaye da sauran ayyukan nishaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=muzungu |first=the |date=2019-10-06 |title=Billing and cooing around Lake Saka, Fort Portal |url=https://www.muzungubloguganda.com/conservation/lake-saka-birdwatching-with-roger-skeen/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Diary of a Muzungu |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-07 |title=Saka: Perfect place to invest in student accommodation |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/homes-and-property/saka-perfect-place-to-invest-in-student-accommodation-1861586 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-23 |title=Birdwatching at Lake Saka and Lake Bikere near Fort Portal |url=https://www.muzungubloguganda.com/bwg_gallery/birdwatching-at-lake-saka-and-lake-bikere-near-fort-portal/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Diary of a Muzungu |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tafkin Saka yana ɗaya daga cikin tabkuna a cikin Gundumar Kabarole tare da tsaunukan Rwenzori.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atacama Consulting |url=https://www.atacama.co.ug/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Atacama Consulting |language=en-US}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == '''Tafkin Saka''' yana cikin Gundumar Kabarole a yammacin Uganda a '''Latitude''' 0°42'0" N da Longitude 30°13'60" E. [[Fayil:Saka_järv_2012.jpg|alt=Lake Saka found in Kabarole district.|thumb|Tafkin Saka da aka samo a cikin gundumar Kabarole .]] == Dubi kuma == * Tafkin Bujuku * Tafkin Kyoga * Tafkin Nyamusingire == Manazarta == t6l8oru212wd8wdgjw4k3xx6gnfcm65 841675 841674 2026-05-28T15:25:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 841675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Lake_Saka.jpg|alt=Lake Saka in Kabarole District.|thumb|Tafkin Saka a cikin Gundumar Kabarole .]] '''Tafkin Saka''' tafkin ne na Uganda wanda aka samo a Gundumar Kabarole, yammacin Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Saka Kbale, Visit Lake Saka in KIbale Forest, Saka Lake |url=https://www.insidekibaleforestnationalpark.com/lake-saka-kibale.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Inside Kibale Forest National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana da tsawo na mita 1591 sama da matakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Saka lake, Western Region, Uganda |url=https://ug.geoview.info/lake_saka,226426 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=ug.geoview.info}}</ref> Tafkin yana aiki ne a matsayin jan hankalin yawon bude ido tare da kallon tsuntsaye da sauran ayyukan nishaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=muzungu |first=the |date=2019-10-06 |title=Billing and cooing around Lake Saka, Fort Portal |url=https://www.muzungubloguganda.com/conservation/lake-saka-birdwatching-with-roger-skeen/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Diary of a Muzungu |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-07 |title=Saka: Perfect place to invest in student accommodation |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/homes-and-property/saka-perfect-place-to-invest-in-student-accommodation-1861586 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-23 |title=Birdwatching at Lake Saka and Lake Bikere near Fort Portal |url=https://www.muzungubloguganda.com/bwg_gallery/birdwatching-at-lake-saka-and-lake-bikere-near-fort-portal/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Diary of a Muzungu |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tafkin Saka yana ɗaya daga cikin tabkuna a cikin Gundumar Kabarole tare da tsaunukan Rwenzori.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atacama Consulting |url=https://www.atacama.co.ug/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Atacama Consulting |language=en-US}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == '''Tafkin Saka''' yana cikin Gundumar Kabarole a yammacin Uganda a '''Latitude''' 0°42'0" N da Longitude 30°13'60" E. [[Fayil:Saka_järv_2012.jpg|alt=Lake Saka found in Kabarole district.|thumb|Tafkin Saka da aka samo a cikin gundumar Kabarole .]] == Dubi kuma == * Tafkin Bujuku * Tafkin Kyoga * Tafkin Nyamusingire == Manazarta == hn92qtlnfn84y3gewrdjfg6xjy4urgr 0 152819 841676 2026-05-28T15:26:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292806948|Lake Mutanda]]" 841676 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Lake_mutanda_1_LTO_-_48264358446.jpg|thumb|Tafkin Mutanda a Uganda]] '''Tafkin Mutanda''' ƙaramin tafki ne na Ruwa mai laushi a [[Uganda]]. == Wurin da yake == Tafkin yana cikin gundumar Kisoro a kudu maso yammacin Uganda, kimanin {{Convert|20|km|mi}} arewacin garin Kisoro, inda hedikwatar gundumar take. Wannan wuri yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|454|km|mi}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin [[Kampala]], babban birnin Uganda kuma birni mafi girma. Daidaito na Tafkin Mutanda sune:01 14 06S, 29 40 12E (Latitude:-1.2350; Longitude:29.6700). [[Fayil:Lake-Mutanda_Uganda(1).jpg|thumb|Tafkin Mutanda.]] An kafa shi a cikin tuddai na [[Tsaunukan Virunga|Dutsen Virunga]], a tsawo na mita 1,800 (5,900 . Ana iya kallon tsaunuka uku a cikin kewayon, waɗanda ke cikin Uganda, wato: [[Dutsen Muhabura]], [[Dutsen Sabyinyo|Dutsen Sabinyo]] da Dutsen Gahinga, daga Tafkin Mutanda. Akwai tsibirai da yawa a cikin tafkin. [[Kogin Rutshuru]], wanda ke gudana zuwa arewa zuwa Tafkin Edward ne ya zubar da tafkin. == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == Yanayin da ke kan tsibirai a cikin tafkin da yankunan da ke kewaye da su sun haɗa da gandun daji na bakin tafkin da wuraren zama na ruwa waɗanda ke ba da mafaka ga Gorilla na dutse mai haɗari. Baya ga gorilla na dutse da biri na zinariya a kusa da Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, yanayin bakin tafkin yana da nau'ikan dabbobi da shuke-shuke iri-iri, na musamman ga wannan yanki. Nau'in tsuntsaye sun haɗa da tsuntsayen kingfisher, kites, [[ibis]] da tsuntsaye na ƙasar Uganda, crested crane. Gidajen tsuntsaye na Weaver wuri ne na yau da kullun tsakanin kara a bakin tafkin. [[Kwaɗo|kwaya]] ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye masu yawa da yawa, bakin tafkin yana tallafawa nau'ikan [[maciji]] da yawa, [[Hawainiya|chameleon]], monitor lizard da nau'ikan frog. Akwai wadataccen wadataccen rayuwar kwari. Dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka samu a Tafkin Mutanda sun hada da otter na Afirka. Hippopotamus ma ya kasance a yankin, amma an gan su na karshe a Tafkin Mutanda a shekarar 1994. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Flora and Fauna at Lake Mutanda |url=https://www.mcdou.org/thefloraandfaunaoflakemutanda}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Kisoro * Gundumar Kisoro * Kigezi == Manazarta == 8w75ghzoj5x4kktsxvcq2pvrkw38x2w 841677 841676 2026-05-28T15:26:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 841677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Lake_mutanda_1_LTO_-_48264358446.jpg|thumb|Tafkin Mutanda a Uganda]] '''Tafkin Mutanda''' ƙaramin tafki ne na Ruwa mai laushi a [[Uganda]]. == Wurin da yake == Tafkin yana cikin gundumar Kisoro a kudu maso yammacin Uganda, kimanin {{Convert|20|km|mi}} arewacin garin Kisoro, inda hedikwatar gundumar take. Wannan wuri yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|454|km|mi}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin [[Kampala]], babban birnin Uganda kuma birni mafi girma. Daidaito na Tafkin Mutanda sune:01 14 06S, 29 40 12E (Latitude:-1.2350; Longitude:29.6700). [[Fayil:Lake-Mutanda_Uganda(1).jpg|thumb|Tafkin Mutanda.]] An kafa shi a cikin tuddai na [[Tsaunukan Virunga|Dutsen Virunga]], a tsawo na mita 1,800 (5,900 . Ana iya kallon tsaunuka uku a cikin kewayon, waɗanda ke cikin Uganda, wato: [[Dutsen Muhabura]], [[Dutsen Sabyinyo|Dutsen Sabinyo]] da Dutsen Gahinga, daga Tafkin Mutanda. Akwai tsibirai da yawa a cikin tafkin. [[Kogin Rutshuru]], wanda ke gudana zuwa arewa zuwa Tafkin Edward ne ya zubar da tafkin. == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == Yanayin da ke kan tsibirai a cikin tafkin da yankunan da ke kewaye da su sun haɗa da gandun daji na bakin tafkin da wuraren zama na ruwa waɗanda ke ba da mafaka ga Gorilla na dutse mai haɗari. Baya ga gorilla na dutse da biri na zinariya a kusa da Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, yanayin bakin tafkin yana da nau'ikan dabbobi da shuke-shuke iri-iri, na musamman ga wannan yanki. Nau'in tsuntsaye sun haɗa da tsuntsayen kingfisher, kites, [[ibis]] da tsuntsaye na ƙasar Uganda, crested crane. Gidajen tsuntsaye na Weaver wuri ne na yau da kullun tsakanin kara a bakin tafkin. [[Kwaɗo|kwaya]] ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye masu yawa da yawa, bakin tafkin yana tallafawa nau'ikan [[maciji]] da yawa, [[Hawainiya|chameleon]], monitor lizard da nau'ikan frog. Akwai wadataccen wadataccen rayuwar kwari. Dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka samu a Tafkin Mutanda sun hada da otter na Afirka. Hippopotamus ma ya kasance a yankin, amma an gan su na karshe a Tafkin Mutanda a shekarar 1994. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Flora and Fauna at Lake Mutanda |url=https://www.mcdou.org/thefloraandfaunaoflakemutanda}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Kisoro * Gundumar Kisoro * Kigezi == Manazarta == n8qj6wic1wuwecqwrvaoeux5f6tm56f 0 152820 841678 2026-05-28T15:27:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302747105|Lake Nabugabo]]" 841678 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Mirror-like_water_during_Lake_Nabugabo_sunrise.jpg|thumb|Ruwa mai kama da madubi a lokacin fitowar rana a Tafkin Nabugabo]] '''Tafkin Nabugabo''' wani karamin tafki ne na ruwa mai laushi a [[Uganda]]. == Wurin da yake == Tafkin yana cikin gundumar Masaka, yankin Tsakiyar Uganda, kimanin {{Convert|23|km|mi}}, ta hanya, gabashin garin Masaka. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Tafkin Nabugabo tafkin tauraron dan adam ne na Tafkin Victoria, yana da nisan kilomita 4 (2.5 daga gabarta. An zaɓi yankin a matsayin Ramsar Site (yanki mai kariya) saboda muhimmancinsa ga mutane da dabbobi. Yawan jama'a da dogaro da aikin gona na rayuwa suna nunawa a cikin dogaro mai yawa na al'ummar makwabta a kan yanayin tafkin. Ayyukan noma marasa kyau suna da tasiri ga ingancin ruwa da samar da abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Lake Nabugabo |url=http://www.globalnature.org/docs/02_vorlage.asp?id=29837&domid=1011&sp=E&addlastid=&m1=11089&m2=28219&m3=29372&m4=29837 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513155118/http://www.globalnature.org/docs/02_vorlage.asp?id=29837&domid=1011&sp=E&addlastid=&m1=11089&m2=28219&m3=29372&m4=29837 |archive-date=2012-05-13 |access-date=2009-08-18}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Tafkin Nabugabo ne sakamakon yashi wanda ya haifar da iska mai karfi. Wannan tafkin ya rabu da Tafkin Victoria ta hanyar yashi. Binciken da aka yi game da tsayin mita 2.7 (8.9 da aka tattara a kusa da tsakiyar tafkin ya nuna cewa an ware Tafkin Nabugabo daga Tafkin Victoria kimanin shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Lake Nabugabo |url=http://www.globalnature.org/docs/02_vorlage.asp?id=29837&domid=1011&sp=E&addlastid=&m1=11089&m2=28219&m3=29372&m4=29837 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513155118/http://www.globalnature.org/docs/02_vorlage.asp?id=29837&domid=1011&sp=E&addlastid=&m1=11089&m2=28219&m3=29372&m4=29837 |archive-date=2012-05-13 |access-date=2009-08-18}}</ref> == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == [[Fayil:Monkey_gymnastics.jpg|thumb]] Kusan nau'ikan shuke-shuke 300 an rubuta su. Yankin da aka tattara shi ne gida ga tsire-tsire masu fure guda biyu da ba a samu a wasu wurare ba, kuma an san nau'o'i goma sha huɗu a [[Uganda]] ne kawai a wannan yanki. Halin da ya fi ban sha'awa na tsire-tsire na Nabugabo da ba a saba gani ba shine rinjaye na tsire masu cin nama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNF - Lake Nabugabo |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35627/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Nabugabo/resindex.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303133712/https://www.globalnature.org/35627/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Nabugabo/resindex.aspx |archive-date=2022-03-03 |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=www.globalnature.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Diversity and status of carnivorous plants in Uganda: towards identification of sites most critical for their conservation {{!}} Request PDF |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305213453 |journal= |language=en |doi=10.1007/s10531-016-1177-8 |s2cid=254280764}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lake |url=http://www.lake-nabugabo.net/nabugabo.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127064959/http://lake-nabugabo.net/nabugabo.htm |archive-date=2022-01-27 |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=www.lake-nabugabo.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nabugabo declared Ramsar wetland |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1099968 |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Has Meat Eating Plants |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1069128 |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Tsarin halittu na dabbobi ya ƙunshi nau'o'in al'ummomin dabbobi masu mahimmanci. Ana samun Hippopotamus da sitatunga. Daga cikin tsuntsaye, ana samun kingfishers da launin toka mai kambi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Flora and Fauna of Lake Nabugabo |url=http://www.globalnature.org/docs/02_vorlage.asp?id=29837&domid=1011&sp=E&addlastid=&m1=11089&m2=28219&m3=29372&m4=29837 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513155118/http://www.globalnature.org/docs/02_vorlage.asp?id=29837&domid=1011&sp=E&addlastid=&m1=11089&m2=28219&m3=29372&m4=29837 |archive-date=2012-05-13 |access-date=2009-08-18}}</ref> Tafkin Nabugabo muhimmiyar wurin tsayawa ce ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye masu ƙaura. === Kifi === Tsarin tafkin Nabugabo, wanda ya haɗa da babban tafkin da kansa da tabkuna masu alaƙa da Kayanja, Kayugi da Manywa (duk sun rabu da Tafkin Nabugab da maras kyau), yana da wadataccen kifi na asali, musamman nau'ikan haplochromine cichlids guda takwas: ''Haplochromis annectidens'', ''H. beadlei'', ''H. simpsoni'', ''H. velifer'' da ''H. venator'', yayin da ''H. nubilus'', ''Astatoreochromis alluaudi'' da Pseudoclor ma suna cikin yankin.<ref name="Mwanja2001">{{Cite journal |last=Mwanja, W.W. |last2=A.S. Armoudlian |last3=S.B. Wandera |last4=L. Kaufman |last5=L. Wu |last6=G.C. Booton |last7=P.A. Fuerst |year=2001 |title=The bounty of minor lakes: the role of small satellite water bodies in evolution and conservation of fishes in the Lake Victoria Region, East Africa |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=458 |issue=1 |pages=55–62 |doi=10.1023/A:1013167725047 |s2cid=6439470}}</ref><ref name="Genner2007">{{Cite journal |last=Genner, M.J. |last2=P. Nichols |last3=G.R. Carvalho |last4=R.L. Robinson |last5=P.W. Shaw |last6=A. Smith |last7=G.F. Turner |year=2007 |title=Evolution of a cichlid fish in a Lake Malawi satellite lake |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=274 |issue=1623 |pages=2249–2257 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2007.0619 |pmc=2287380 |pmid=17623644}}</ref> Kamar yadda yake a Tafkin Victoria, an gabatar da perch na Nilu mai cin nama sosai ga Nabugabo. Koyaya, yayin da yawancin haplochromines na Lake Victoria suka ƙare, haplochromins na tsarin tafkin Nabugabo duk sun tsira, amma ana ɗaukar su barazana.<ref name="Mwanja2001" /><ref name="Namulemo2005" /> Musamman H. annectidens da ''H. venator'' sun zama da wuya, tare da ƙarshen ya bayyana ya ɓace daga Tafkin Nabugabo kanta, kodayake ya tsira aƙalla tabkuna Kayanja da Kayugi.<ref name="Namulemo2005" /> Ba a gabatar da perch na Nilu a tafkunan Kayanja, Kayugi da Manywa ba, kuma suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar haplochromines masu ban sha'awa.<ref name="Mwanja2001" /><ref name="Namulemo2005" /> Har ila yau, suna tallafawa yawan mutanen da ke fuskantar barazanar Singida tilapia, wanda ya ɓace daga Nabugabo da wasu tabkuna da yawa a Yankin Great Lakes.<ref name="Namulemo2005" /> Sauran nau'o'i biyu na yankin Great Lakes, da aka yadu ''Bagrus docmak'' da kuma barazanar Victoria tilapia, sun kasance a cikin Tafkin Nabugabo kuma a tarihi sun goyi bayan muhimman kamun kifi. Sun bayyana sun ɓace daga Tafkin Nabugabo kuma ba a san su a wani wuri a cikin tsarin tafkin Nabugab ba.<ref name="Namulemo2005" /> Wasu kifaye kaɗan ne na asali a Tafkin Nabugabo kuma har yanzu suna zaune a can, gami da marbled lungfish, ''Mastacembelus frenatus'', ''Enteromius'' barbs, Sadler's robber tetra, silver butter catfish, Fischer's Victoria squeaker, longnose stonebasher, Victoria stoneebasher da ''Petrocephalus catostoma''.<ref name="Namulemo2005" /> Baya ga perch na Nilu, an gabatar da tilapia mai launin shudi, tilapia na Nilu da tilapía mai launin ja.<ref name="Mwanja2001" /><ref name="Namulemo2005" /> == Manazarta == 6b5p5tp6jxhyz58ovbapo2pejhj6vyg 841680 841678 2026-05-28T15:28:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 841680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Mirror-like_water_during_Lake_Nabugabo_sunrise.jpg|thumb|Ruwa mai kama da madubi a lokacin fitowar rana a Tafkin Nabugabo]] '''Tafkin Nabugabo''' wani karamin tafki ne na ruwa mai laushi a [[Uganda]]. == Wurin da yake == Tafkin yana cikin gundumar Masaka, yankin Tsakiyar Uganda, kimanin {{Convert|23|km|mi}}, ta hanya, gabashin garin Masaka. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Tafkin Nabugabo tafkin tauraron dan adam ne na Tafkin Victoria, yana da nisan kilomita 4 (2.5 daga gabarta. An zaɓi yankin a matsayin Ramsar Site (yanki mai kariya) saboda muhimmancinsa ga mutane da dabbobi. Yawan jama'a da dogaro da aikin gona na rayuwa suna nunawa a cikin dogaro mai yawa na al'ummar makwabta a kan yanayin tafkin. Ayyukan noma marasa kyau suna da tasiri ga ingancin ruwa da samar da abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Lake Nabugabo |url=http://www.globalnature.org/docs/02_vorlage.asp?id=29837&domid=1011&sp=E&addlastid=&m1=11089&m2=28219&m3=29372&m4=29837 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513155118/http://www.globalnature.org/docs/02_vorlage.asp?id=29837&domid=1011&sp=E&addlastid=&m1=11089&m2=28219&m3=29372&m4=29837 |archive-date=2012-05-13 |access-date=2009-08-18}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Tafkin Nabugabo ne sakamakon yashi wanda ya haifar da iska mai karfi. Wannan tafkin ya rabu da Tafkin Victoria ta hanyar yashi. Binciken da aka yi game da tsayin mita 2.7 (8.9 da aka tattara a kusa da tsakiyar tafkin ya nuna cewa an ware Tafkin Nabugabo daga Tafkin Victoria kimanin shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Lake Nabugabo |url=http://www.globalnature.org/docs/02_vorlage.asp?id=29837&domid=1011&sp=E&addlastid=&m1=11089&m2=28219&m3=29372&m4=29837 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513155118/http://www.globalnature.org/docs/02_vorlage.asp?id=29837&domid=1011&sp=E&addlastid=&m1=11089&m2=28219&m3=29372&m4=29837 |archive-date=2012-05-13 |access-date=2009-08-18}}</ref> == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == [[Fayil:Monkey_gymnastics.jpg|thumb]] Kusan nau'ikan shuke-shuke 300 an rubuta su. Yankin da aka tattara shi ne gida ga tsire-tsire masu fure guda biyu da ba a samu a wasu wurare ba, kuma an san nau'o'i goma sha huɗu a [[Uganda]] ne kawai a wannan yanki. Halin da ya fi ban sha'awa na tsire-tsire na Nabugabo da ba a saba gani ba shine rinjaye na tsire masu cin nama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNF - Lake Nabugabo |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35627/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Nabugabo/resindex.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303133712/https://www.globalnature.org/35627/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Nabugabo/resindex.aspx |archive-date=2022-03-03 |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=www.globalnature.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Diversity and status of carnivorous plants in Uganda: towards identification of sites most critical for their conservation {{!}} Request PDF |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305213453 |journal= |language=en |doi=10.1007/s10531-016-1177-8 |s2cid=254280764}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lake |url=http://www.lake-nabugabo.net/nabugabo.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127064959/http://lake-nabugabo.net/nabugabo.htm |archive-date=2022-01-27 |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=www.lake-nabugabo.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nabugabo declared Ramsar wetland |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1099968 |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Has Meat Eating Plants |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1069128 |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Tsarin halittu na dabbobi ya ƙunshi nau'o'in al'ummomin dabbobi masu mahimmanci. Ana samun Hippopotamus da sitatunga. Daga cikin tsuntsaye, ana samun kingfishers da launin toka mai kambi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Flora and Fauna of Lake Nabugabo |url=http://www.globalnature.org/docs/02_vorlage.asp?id=29837&domid=1011&sp=E&addlastid=&m1=11089&m2=28219&m3=29372&m4=29837 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513155118/http://www.globalnature.org/docs/02_vorlage.asp?id=29837&domid=1011&sp=E&addlastid=&m1=11089&m2=28219&m3=29372&m4=29837 |archive-date=2012-05-13 |access-date=2009-08-18}}</ref> Tafkin Nabugabo muhimmiyar wurin tsayawa ce ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye masu ƙaura. === Kifi === Tsarin tafkin Nabugabo, wanda ya haɗa da babban tafkin da kansa da tabkuna masu alaƙa da Kayanja, Kayugi da Manywa (duk sun rabu da Tafkin Nabugab da maras kyau), yana da wadataccen kifi na asali, musamman nau'ikan haplochromine cichlids guda takwas: ''Haplochromis annectidens'', ''H. beadlei'', ''H. simpsoni'', ''H. velifer'' da ''H. venator'', yayin da ''H. nubilus'', ''Astatoreochromis alluaudi'' da Pseudoclor ma suna cikin yankin.<ref name="Mwanja2001">{{Cite journal |last=Mwanja, W.W. |last2=A.S. Armoudlian |last3=S.B. Wandera |last4=L. Kaufman |last5=L. Wu |last6=G.C. Booton |last7=P.A. Fuerst |year=2001 |title=The bounty of minor lakes: the role of small satellite water bodies in evolution and conservation of fishes in the Lake Victoria Region, East Africa |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=458 |issue=1 |pages=55–62 |doi=10.1023/A:1013167725047 |s2cid=6439470}}</ref><ref name="Genner2007">{{Cite journal |last=Genner, M.J. |last2=P. Nichols |last3=G.R. Carvalho |last4=R.L. Robinson |last5=P.W. Shaw |last6=A. Smith |last7=G.F. Turner |year=2007 |title=Evolution of a cichlid fish in a Lake Malawi satellite lake |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=274 |issue=1623 |pages=2249–2257 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2007.0619 |pmc=2287380 |pmid=17623644}}</ref> Kamar yadda yake a Tafkin Victoria, an gabatar da perch na Nilu mai cin nama sosai ga Nabugabo. Koyaya, yayin da yawancin haplochromines na Lake Victoria suka ƙare, haplochromins na tsarin tafkin Nabugabo duk sun tsira, amma ana ɗaukar su barazana.<ref name="Mwanja2001" /><ref name="Namulemo2005" /> Musamman H. annectidens da ''H. venator'' sun zama da wuya, tare da ƙarshen ya bayyana ya ɓace daga Tafkin Nabugabo kanta, kodayake ya tsira aƙalla tabkuna Kayanja da Kayugi.<ref name="Namulemo2005" /> Ba a gabatar da perch na Nilu a tafkunan Kayanja, Kayugi da Manywa ba, kuma suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar haplochromines masu ban sha'awa.<ref name="Mwanja2001" /><ref name="Namulemo2005" /> Har ila yau, suna tallafawa yawan mutanen da ke fuskantar barazanar Singida tilapia, wanda ya ɓace daga Nabugabo da wasu tabkuna da yawa a Yankin Great Lakes.<ref name="Namulemo2005" /> Sauran nau'o'i biyu na yankin Great Lakes, da aka yadu ''Bagrus docmak'' da kuma barazanar Victoria tilapia, sun kasance a cikin Tafkin Nabugabo kuma a tarihi sun goyi bayan muhimman kamun kifi. Sun bayyana sun ɓace daga Tafkin Nabugabo kuma ba a san su a wani wuri a cikin tsarin tafkin Nabugab ba.<ref name="Namulemo2005" /> Wasu kifaye kaɗan ne na asali a Tafkin Nabugabo kuma har yanzu suna zaune a can, gami da marbled lungfish, ''Mastacembelus frenatus'', ''Enteromius'' barbs, Sadler's robber tetra, silver butter catfish, Fischer's Victoria squeaker, longnose stonebasher, Victoria stoneebasher da ''Petrocephalus catostoma''.<ref name="Namulemo2005" /> Baya ga perch na Nilu, an gabatar da tilapia mai launin shudi, tilapia na Nilu da tilapía mai launin ja.<ref name="Mwanja2001" /><ref name="Namulemo2005" /> == Manazarta == bt2bqejc1qpb3mruaol7p46dk6mwzew 0 152821 841681 2026-05-28T15:28:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321295514|Lake Opeta]]" 841681 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Opeta''' tafki ne mai zurfi a Uganda . Yankin yana kudu da Pian Upe Wildlife Reserve kuma yana aiki a matsayin mafaka na lokacin bushewa ga duka namun daji daga wurin shakatawa da shanu na gida na mutanen Karamajong da [[Mutanen Pokot|Pokot]] da ke kewaye.<ref name="Ramsar 12">{{Cite web |last=Ramsar Convention on Wetlands |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Uganda |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-annotated-ramsar-15873/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E15873_4000_0__ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107023855/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-annotated-ramsar-15873/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E15873_4000_0__ |archive-date=7 January 2013 |access-date=28 June 2012}}</ref> == Ilimin ruwa == Tafkin Opeta an ciyar da shi da farko ta ruwan sama a [[Dutsen Elgon]] kuma yana shiga cikin Tafkin Kyoga ta hanyar Tafkin Bisina. An kewaye shi da babban tafki da ambaliyar ruwa. == Karewa == Tafkin Opeta yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna 33 masu muhimmanci na tsuntsaye na Uganda kuma tun daga shekara ta 2006 wani wuri mai laushi na Ramsar na muhimmancin duniya.<ref name="Ramsar 12">{{Cite web |last=Ramsar Convention on Wetlands |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Uganda |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-annotated-ramsar-15873/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E15873_4000_0__ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107023855/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-annotated-ramsar-15873/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E15873_4000_0__ |archive-date=7 January 2013 |access-date=28 June 2012}}</ref> Cibiyar Biodiversity da Eco-Tourism da Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya da UNDP ke ba da kuɗin tafkin.<ref name="IUCN 12">{{Cite web |last=International Union for Conservation of Nature |title=Commissioned in the Lake Opeta Ramsar Site |url=http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/esaro/?9697/A-Biodiversity-and-Eco-Tourism-Center-Commissioned-In-The-Lake-Opeta-Ramsar-Site |access-date=28 June 2012}}</ref> Tafkin Opeta da wuraren da ke kewaye da shi suna gabashin Uganda, kilomita 25 arewa maso gabashin garin Kumi. Shafin Ramsar yana tsaye 1,050 m sama da matakin teku kuma yana rufe yanki na hekta 68,913. Tsarin wuri mai laushi yana wakiltar ɓangaren gabashin tafkin Kyoga. Yana mamaye babban ambaliyar ruwa tsakanin Tafkin Bisina Ramsar Site (wanda yake gudana zuwa Tafkin Kyoga) zuwa yamma da kuma tushe na Dutsen Elgon, babban dutsen mai fitattun wuta, zuwa kudu maso gabas. Yankin tafkin Opeta yana nuna iyakokin kudancin babban yankin Karamoja wanda ya shimfiɗa tare da gabashin gabashin Uganda tsakanin Dutsen Elgon da iyakar Sudan mai nisa, kusan kilomita 300 zuwa arewa === Tsuntsaye === Fox's weaver, kawai nau'in tsuntsaye na Uganda, an san shi da zama a cikin wuri mai laushi, <ref name="Ramsar 12">{{Cite web |last=Ramsar Convention on Wetlands |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Uganda |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-annotated-ramsar-15873/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E15873_4000_0__ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107023855/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-annotated-ramsar-15873/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E15873_4000_0__ |archive-date=7 January 2013 |access-date=28 June 2012}}</ref> kamar yadda ake yi wa takalma mai barazana a duniya, kusan barazanar papyrus gonolek, da sauran nau'o'in 160.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Opeta, Visit Lake Opeta near Kidepo Valley National Park |url=https://www.insidekidepovalleynationalpark.com/lake-opeta.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Inside Kidepo Valley National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == b626vy3bfxt0n7acw6j6c1ew8qjchmn 841682 841681 2026-05-28T15:28:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 841682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Opeta''' tafki ne mai zurfi a Uganda. Yankin yana kudu da Pian Upe Wildlife Reserve kuma yana aiki a matsayin mafaka na lokacin bushewa ga duka namun daji daga wurin shakatawa da shanu na gida na mutanen Karamajong da [[Mutanen Pokot|Pokot]] da ke kewaye.<ref name="Ramsar 12">{{Cite web |last=Ramsar Convention on Wetlands |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Uganda |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-annotated-ramsar-15873/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E15873_4000_0__ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107023855/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-annotated-ramsar-15873/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E15873_4000_0__ |archive-date=7 January 2013 |access-date=28 June 2012}}</ref> == Ilimin ruwa == Tafkin Opeta an ciyar da shi da farko ta ruwan sama a [[Dutsen Elgon]] kuma yana shiga cikin Tafkin Kyoga ta hanyar Tafkin Bisina. An kewaye shi da babban tafki da ambaliyar ruwa. == Karewa == Tafkin Opeta yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna 33 masu muhimmanci na tsuntsaye na Uganda kuma tun daga shekara ta 2006 wani wuri mai laushi na Ramsar na muhimmancin duniya.<ref name="Ramsar 12">{{Cite web |last=Ramsar Convention on Wetlands |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Uganda |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-annotated-ramsar-15873/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E15873_4000_0__ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107023855/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-annotated-ramsar-15873/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E15873_4000_0__ |archive-date=7 January 2013 |access-date=28 June 2012}}</ref> Cibiyar Biodiversity da Eco-Tourism da Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya da UNDP ke ba da kuɗin tafkin.<ref name="IUCN 12">{{Cite web |last=International Union for Conservation of Nature |title=Commissioned in the Lake Opeta Ramsar Site |url=http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/esaro/?9697/A-Biodiversity-and-Eco-Tourism-Center-Commissioned-In-The-Lake-Opeta-Ramsar-Site |access-date=28 June 2012}}</ref> Tafkin Opeta da wuraren da ke kewaye da shi suna gabashin Uganda, kilomita 25 arewa maso gabashin garin Kumi. Shafin Ramsar yana tsaye 1,050 m sama da matakin teku kuma yana rufe yanki na hekta 68,913. Tsarin wuri mai laushi yana wakiltar ɓangaren gabashin tafkin Kyoga. Yana mamaye babban ambaliyar ruwa tsakanin Tafkin Bisina Ramsar Site (wanda yake gudana zuwa Tafkin Kyoga) zuwa yamma da kuma tushe na Dutsen Elgon, babban dutsen mai fitattun wuta, zuwa kudu maso gabas. Yankin tafkin Opeta yana nuna iyakokin kudancin babban yankin Karamoja wanda ya shimfiɗa tare da gabashin gabashin Uganda tsakanin Dutsen Elgon da iyakar Sudan mai nisa, kusan kilomita 300 zuwa arewa === Tsuntsaye === Fox's weaver, kawai nau'in tsuntsaye na Uganda, an san shi da zama a cikin wuri mai laushi, <ref name="Ramsar 12">{{Cite web |last=Ramsar Convention on Wetlands |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Uganda |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-annotated-ramsar-15873/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E15873_4000_0__ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107023855/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-annotated-ramsar-15873/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E15873_4000_0__ |archive-date=7 January 2013 |access-date=28 June 2012}}</ref> kamar yadda ake yi wa takalma mai barazana a duniya, kusan barazanar papyrus gonolek, da sauran nau'o'in 160.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Opeta, Visit Lake Opeta near Kidepo Valley National Park |url=https://www.insidekidepovalleynationalpark.com/lake-opeta.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Inside Kidepo Valley National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == junsgmz1yon6az6je23p6p5d0z1rm5f 0 152822 841683 2026-05-28T15:29:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1275848642|Lake Wamala]]" 841683 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Wamala''' tafkin ruwa ne a [[Uganda]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lanyero |first=Flavia |date=20 September 2013 |title=Lake Wamala in danger as boundaries are sold off |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/L--Wamala-in-danger-as-boundaries-are-sold-off/688334-2000010-cqvmwm/index.html |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> Yankunan ruwa suna dauke da nau'ikan tsuntsaye da dabbobi da ke cikin haɗari ciki har da sitatunga ("enjobe" a LUganda). <ref name="Save">{{Cite web |last=Tenywa |first=Gerald |date=2 May 2005 |title=Local green sites to get global status |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1125826/local-green-sites-global-status |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> Tafkin yana da muhimmancin gargajiya da al'adu ga mutanen [[Masarautar Buganda|Buganda]] a Tsakiyar Uganda.<ref name="Hist">{{Cite web |last=GNF |date=29 October 2016 |title=Global Nature Fund: Lake Wamala - Uganda |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35633/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Wamala/resindex.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717213041/https://www.globalnature.org/35633/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Wamala/resindex.aspx |archive-date=17 July 2018 |access-date=29 October 2016 |publisher=Global Nature Fund (GNF)}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Gundumomin Kassanda, Mityana, da Gomba a Yankin Buganda na Uganda sun raba tafkin. Tsakanin hanyar tsakanin garin Mityana da Kalyankoko, Kimuli, Gundumar Mityana, a gabashin Tekun Wamala kusan kilomita 17 ne (11 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=29 October 2016 |title=Distance between Mityana, Central Region, Uganda and Kalyankoko, Kimuli, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Mityana%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Kalyankoko%2C%20Kimuli%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJHSsBi5oZfRcRylSQTsxXUDI&dt2=ChIJCbxWjsA9fRcRCPlJSthINR4 |access-date=29 October 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Matsayin Tafkin Wamala shine 0°20'44.0"N, 31°53'16.0"E (Latitude:0.345545; Longitude:31.887778). == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Tafkin Wamala ya rufe yanki na kima murabba'in kilomita 250 (97 mi2). <ref name="Hist">{{Cite web |last=GNF |date=29 October 2016 |title=Global Nature Fund: Lake Wamala - Uganda |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35633/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Wamala/resindex.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717213041/https://www.globalnature.org/35633/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Wamala/resindex.aspx |archive-date=17 July 2018 |access-date=29 October 2016 |publisher=Global Nature Fund (GNF)}}</ref> Yana cike da tsibirai da yawa, gami da tsibirin Lwanju, tsibirin Mabo, da tsibirin Bagwe, Kiraza, Kazinga, da sauransu. Koguna da yawa suna gudana cikin tafkin, gami da Kogin Nyanzi, Kogin Kitenga, Kogin Kaabasuma, Kogin Mpamujugu, da Kogin Bbimbye. Kogin Kibimba ya zubar da tafkin zuwa Kogin Katonga, wanda hakan ya shiga cikin Tafkin Victoria. Kogin Kibimba, duk da haka, yana da yanayi sosai kuma a yawancin lokutan tafiyarsa ta kasance mai bushewa. Tafkin Wamala yana da muhimmiyar sha'awar tattalin arziki da al'adu a cikin gida kuma gundumomin Mubende, Mityana, da Mpigi ne ke gudanar da shi tare, kowannensu yana da wani ɓangare na tafkin tare da iyakoki na kowa.<ref name="Save">{{Cite web |last=Tenywa |first=Gerald |date=2 May 2005 |title=Local green sites to get global status |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1125826/local-green-sites-global-status |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> == Tarihi == Fiye da shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata Tafkin Wamala ya kasance wani ɓangare na Tafkin Victoria, amma tun daga lokacin ya koma cikin halin yanzu. Ɗaya daga cikin tatsuniyoyin apocryphal ya nuna cewa Tafkin Wamala ya samo sunansa daga Sarki Wamala, sarki na ƙarshe na daular Bachwezi kuma Sarki Wamala ya ɓace cikin tafkin a wani shafin kusa da ƙauyen kamun kifi na Lubajja da ake kira Nakyegalika kuma ruhunsa yana zaune a cikin tafkin.<ref name="Hist">{{Cite web |last=GNF |date=29 October 2016 |title=Global Nature Fund: Lake Wamala - Uganda |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35633/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Wamala/resindex.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717213041/https://www.globalnature.org/35633/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Wamala/resindex.aspx |archive-date=17 July 2018 |access-date=29 October 2016 |publisher=Global Nature Fund (GNF)}}</ref> Shuke-shuke da ke kewaye da Tafkin Wamala sun mamaye papyrus, wasu masu iyo, da tsire-tsire masu ruwa. Akwai kuma itatuwa kamar Raphia da sauran dabino. Dabbobi iri-iri kamar su sitatunga, aladu na daji, Hippopotamus, bushbuck, waterbuck, birai, baboon, guinea fowl, da turaco suna zaune kusa da tafkin. Nau'in kifaye da ke akwai sun haɗa da tilapia, catfish, da lungfish.<ref name="Hist">{{Cite web |last=GNF |date=29 October 2016 |title=Global Nature Fund: Lake Wamala - Uganda |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35633/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Wamala/resindex.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717213041/https://www.globalnature.org/35633/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Wamala/resindex.aspx |archive-date=17 July 2018 |access-date=29 October 2016 |publisher=Global Nature Fund (GNF)}}</ref> == Tsarin kamun kifi == [[Fayil:Ebyenyanja_ku_mudala.jpg|thumb|Ayyukan kamun kifi da aka yi a Tafkin Wamala.]] A cikin shekarun 1960 da farkon shekarun 1970, Tafkin Wamala muhimmiyar tushe ce ta kifi da ake siyarwa a cikin gida da kuma manyan garuruwa a Buganda. Saboda rashin kulawa da rashin sarrafawa, kamun kifi na kasuwanci a tafkin, an lalata kifin a tsakiyar shekarun 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FAO |date=May 1990 |title=The Mismanagement of Lake Wamala's Fish Resources |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/AD138E/AD138E01.htm |access-date=22 July 2014 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO)}}</ref> Canjin yanayi ya kuma kara tsananta yanayin tafkin, ga cutar da masunta na yankin da iyalansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Musinguzi |first=Laban |last2=Efitre |first2=Jackson |last3=Odongkara |first3=Konstantine |last4=Ogutu-Ohwayo |first4=Richard |last5=Muyodi |first5=Fredrick |last6=Natugonza |first6=Vianny |last7=Olokotum |first7=Mark |last8=Namboowa |first8=Sharon |last9=Naigaga |first9=Shamim |year=2016 |title=Fishers' perceptions of climate change, impacts on their livelihoods and adaptation strategies in environmental change hotspots: A case of Lake Wamala, Uganda |journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=1255–1273 |doi=10.1007/s10668-015-9690-6 |s2cid=154576359}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin tabkuna mafi tsabta a Uganda kuma tare da ruwa mai natsuwa (Binciken Ariiho Robert Kahiigi). == Dubi kuma == * Bunyoro-Kitara * Kabaka na Buganda == Manazarta == lg90637vx0x0r74dovbx5ua049po8gx 841684 841683 2026-05-28T15:30:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 841684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Wamala''' tafkin ruwa ne a [[Uganda]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lanyero |first=Flavia |date=20 September 2013 |title=Lake Wamala in danger as boundaries are sold off |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/L--Wamala-in-danger-as-boundaries-are-sold-off/688334-2000010-cqvmwm/index.html |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> Yankunan ruwa suna dauke da nau'ikan tsuntsaye da dabbobi da ke cikin haɗari ciki har da sitatunga ("enjobe" a LUganda). <ref name="Save">{{Cite web |last=Tenywa |first=Gerald |date=2 May 2005 |title=Local green sites to get global status |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1125826/local-green-sites-global-status |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> Tafkin yana da muhimmancin gargajiya da al'adu ga mutanen [[Masarautar Buganda|Buganda]] a Tsakiyar Uganda.<ref name="Hist">{{Cite web |last=GNF |date=29 October 2016 |title=Global Nature Fund: Lake Wamala - Uganda |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35633/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Wamala/resindex.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717213041/https://www.globalnature.org/35633/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Wamala/resindex.aspx |archive-date=17 July 2018 |access-date=29 October 2016 |publisher=Global Nature Fund (GNF)}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Gundumomin Kassanda, Mityana, da Gomba a Yankin Buganda na Uganda sun raba tafkin. Tsakanin hanyar tsakanin garin Mityana da Kalyankoko, Kimuli, Gundumar Mityana, a gabashin Tekun Wamala kusan kilomita 17 ne (11 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=29 October 2016 |title=Distance between Mityana, Central Region, Uganda and Kalyankoko, Kimuli, Central Region, Uganda |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Mityana%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Kalyankoko%2C%20Kimuli%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJHSsBi5oZfRcRylSQTsxXUDI&dt2=ChIJCbxWjsA9fRcRCPlJSthINR4 |access-date=29 October 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Matsayin Tafkin Wamala shine 0°20'44.0"N, 31°53'16.0"E (Latitude:0.345545; Longitude:31.887778). == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Tafkin Wamala ya rufe yanki na kima murabba'in kilomita 250 (97 mi2). <ref name="Hist">{{Cite web |last=GNF |date=29 October 2016 |title=Global Nature Fund: Lake Wamala - Uganda |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35633/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Wamala/resindex.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717213041/https://www.globalnature.org/35633/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Wamala/resindex.aspx |archive-date=17 July 2018 |access-date=29 October 2016 |publisher=Global Nature Fund (GNF)}}</ref> Yana cike da tsibirai da yawa, gami da tsibirin Lwanju, tsibirin Mabo, da tsibirin Bagwe, Kiraza, Kazinga, da sauransu. Koguna da yawa suna gudana cikin tafkin, gami da Kogin Nyanzi, Kogin Kitenga, Kogin Kaabasuma, Kogin Mpamujugu, da Kogin Bbimbye. Kogin Kibimba ya zubar da tafkin zuwa Kogin Katonga, wanda hakan ya shiga cikin Tafkin Victoria. Kogin Kibimba, duk da haka, yana da yanayi sosai kuma a yawancin lokutan tafiyarsa ta kasance mai bushewa. Tafkin Wamala yana da muhimmiyar sha'awar tattalin arziki da al'adu a cikin gida kuma gundumomin Mubende, Mityana, da Mpigi ne ke gudanar da shi tare, kowannensu yana da wani ɓangare na tafkin tare da iyakoki na kowa.<ref name="Save">{{Cite web |last=Tenywa |first=Gerald |date=2 May 2005 |title=Local green sites to get global status |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1125826/local-green-sites-global-status |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> == Tarihi == Fiye da shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata Tafkin Wamala ya kasance wani ɓangare na Tafkin Victoria, amma tun daga lokacin ya koma cikin halin yanzu. Ɗaya daga cikin tatsuniyoyin apocryphal ya nuna cewa Tafkin Wamala ya samo sunansa daga Sarki Wamala, sarki na ƙarshe na daular Bachwezi kuma Sarki Wamala ya ɓace cikin tafkin a wani shafin kusa da ƙauyen kamun kifi na Lubajja da ake kira Nakyegalika kuma ruhunsa yana zaune a cikin tafkin.<ref name="Hist">{{Cite web |last=GNF |date=29 October 2016 |title=Global Nature Fund: Lake Wamala - Uganda |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35633/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Wamala/resindex.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717213041/https://www.globalnature.org/35633/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Wamala/resindex.aspx |archive-date=17 July 2018 |access-date=29 October 2016 |publisher=Global Nature Fund (GNF)}}</ref> Shuke-shuke da ke kewaye da Tafkin Wamala sun mamaye papyrus, wasu masu iyo, da tsire-tsire masu ruwa. Akwai kuma itatuwa kamar Raphia da sauran dabino. Dabbobi iri-iri kamar su sitatunga, aladu na daji, Hippopotamus, bushbuck, waterbuck, birai, baboon, guinea fowl, da turaco suna zaune kusa da tafkin. Nau'in kifaye da ke akwai sun haɗa da tilapia, catfish, da lungfish.<ref name="Hist">{{Cite web |last=GNF |date=29 October 2016 |title=Global Nature Fund: Lake Wamala - Uganda |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35633/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Wamala/resindex.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717213041/https://www.globalnature.org/35633/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Wamala/resindex.aspx |archive-date=17 July 2018 |access-date=29 October 2016 |publisher=Global Nature Fund (GNF)}}</ref> == Tsarin kamun kifi == [[Fayil:Ebyenyanja_ku_mudala.jpg|thumb|Ayyukan kamun kifi da aka yi a Tafkin Wamala.]] A cikin shekarun 1960 da farkon shekarun 1970, Tafkin Wamala muhimmiyar tushe ce ta kifi da ake siyarwa a cikin gida da kuma manyan garuruwa a Buganda. Saboda rashin kulawa da rashin sarrafawa, kamun kifi na kasuwanci a tafkin, an lalata kifin a tsakiyar shekarun 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FAO |date=May 1990 |title=The Mismanagement of Lake Wamala's Fish Resources |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/AD138E/AD138E01.htm |access-date=22 July 2014 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO)}}</ref> Canjin yanayi ya kuma kara tsananta yanayin tafkin, ga cutar da masunta na yankin da iyalansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Musinguzi |first=Laban |last2=Efitre |first2=Jackson |last3=Odongkara |first3=Konstantine |last4=Ogutu-Ohwayo |first4=Richard |last5=Muyodi |first5=Fredrick |last6=Natugonza |first6=Vianny |last7=Olokotum |first7=Mark |last8=Namboowa |first8=Sharon |last9=Naigaga |first9=Shamim |year=2016 |title=Fishers' perceptions of climate change, impacts on their livelihoods and adaptation strategies in environmental change hotspots: A case of Lake Wamala, Uganda |journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=1255–1273 |doi=10.1007/s10668-015-9690-6 |s2cid=154576359}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin tabkuna mafi tsabta a Uganda kuma tare da ruwa mai natsuwa (Binciken Ariiho Robert Kahiigi). == Dubi kuma == * Bunyoro-Kitara * Kabaka na Buganda == Manazarta == 36fgobwjxu8aeldrk1x1ea4jxydoj7i 0 152823 841685 2026-05-28T15:30:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336807248|List of lakes of Zambia]]" 841685 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan jerin [[Tafki|tabkuna]] ne a [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. == B == * Tafkin Bangweulu * [[Lake Blue Water|Ruwa mai launin shudi]] == I == * Tafkin Ishiba Ng'andu == K == * [[Tafkin Kariba]] * [[Lake Kashiba|Tafkin Kashiba]] == M == * Kogin Mofwe * Tafkin Mweru * Tafkin Mweru Wantipa * == N == * [[Lake Ngwenya|Tafkin Ngwenya]] == R == * Tafkunan Rift Valley * [[Tafkin Tanganyika]]  cd6nf1rzyqz1ysem36n9s33novp174d 841686 841685 2026-05-28T15:31:02Z Pharouqenr 25549 841686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin [[Tafki|tabkuna]] ne a [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. == B == * Tafkin Bangweulu * [[Lake Blue Water|Ruwa mai launin shudi]] == I == * Tafkin Ishiba Ng'andu == K == * [[Tafkin Kariba]] * [[Lake Kashiba|Tafkin Kashiba]] == M == * Kogin Mofwe * Tafkin Mweru * Tafkin Mweru Wantipa * == N == * [[Lake Ngwenya|Tafkin Ngwenya]] == R == * Tafkunan Rift Valley * [[Tafkin Tanganyika]]  6cy219xzzlvjkoc3tu0ewgkpoeqv0b2 0 152824 841691 2026-05-28T16:10:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334651580|Lake Bangweulu]]" 841691 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Bangweulu''' ('inda ruwan ya haɗu da sama' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Bangweulu |url=https://www.zambia.travel/bangweulu.html |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.zambia.travel}}</ref> ) [[tafki]] ne mai tsaftataccen ruwa a arewacin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Bangweulu yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsarin dausayi a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi '''Tafkin Bangweulu''', dausayin Bangweulu da kuma filayen Bangweulu ko kuma [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliyar ruwa]] . Tsarin Bangweulu yana cikin babban kwarin [[kogin Congo]] a Zambia, yana rufe kusan faɗin fili kusan girman [[Connecticut]] ko Gabashin Anglia, a tsayin 1,140&nbsp;yana yawo a Lardin Luapula na Zambia da Lardin Arewa . Yana da matukar muhimmanci ga tattalin arziki da bambancin halittu na arewacin Zambia, da kuma ga tsuntsayen yankin da ya fi girma, kuma yana fuskantar matsalolin muhalli da kiyayewa. Tare da dogon axis na kilomita 75 da faɗin har zuwa kilomita 40, tafkin Bangweulu na dindindin yana da kusan kilomita 3,000, wanda ke fadada lokacin da tafkuna da ambaliyar ruwa ke cikin ambaliyar a ƙarshen Lokacin ruwan sama a watan Mayu. Haɗin yankin tafkin da wuraren da aka haɗa ya kai kilomita 15,000. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin 4 m kawai, [^²] kuma matsakaicin قووڵی 10 m. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tsarin Bangweulu yana ciyar da kusan koguna goma sha bakwai wanda [[Kogin Chambeshi|Chambeshi]] (maɓuɓɓugar Kogin Kongo) shine mafi girma, kuma Kogin Luapula ne ke zubar da shi. == Tarihi == === Binciken Turai === An san tafkin ga Turawa daga rahotanni daga shugabannin kamar [[Kazembe]] da kuma 'yan kasuwa na [[Mutanen Swahili|Swahili]], kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa 'Lake Bemba' daga sunan kabilar da ta fi rinjaye. A cikin 1868 mai bincike kuma mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje David Livingstone shine Turai na farko da ya ga tafkin a arewacin ƙarshen ɓangaren Tafkin Chifunabuli. An kai shi da jirgin ruwa har zuwa tsibirin Mbabala . Tafiyarsa ta ƙarshe bayan 'yan shekaru ta rushe a cikin maras kyau da kuma hanyoyin da suke canzawa yayin da yake gwagwarmaya don gano koguna da ke shiga da fita daga tafkin. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1873 a ƙauyen Cif Chitambo a gefen filin ambaliyar ruwa na kudanci, kimanin kilomita 100 daga tafkin kanta. Wannan wuri yana da alamar Livingstone Memorial (duba taswirar). Wani matafiyi na Faransa, Victor Giraud, ya binciki tafkin a 1883, kuma Poulett Weatherley ne ya fara kewayawa a 1896. [[Fayil:Lake_Bangweulu.svg|left|thumb|Tafkin Bangweulu (ja) da tsarin Kogin Kongo]] Yana da sha'awar wadatar kifi na Bangweulu da kuma ambaliyar ruwa mai wadata wanda ya sa Sarki Leopold II na Belgium ya nace, a cikin tattaunawar kan iyaka tsakanin Jihar Congo Free da [[Daular Biritaniya|Birtaniya]] a Arewacin Rhodesia, a kan hanyar ƙasa da ta kai Bangweulu daga [[Lardin Katanga|Katanga]]. Wannan ya haifar da siffar Congo Pedicle ''(34)'' wanda, kamar yadda ya zama, bai shiga yankin da ya isa ya zama darajar da ake so ba. == Manazarta == An gano cewa kamuwa da cuta tare da [[Kwayar cutar Tsargiya|Schistosoma haematobium]] a yammacin gabar Tafkin Bangweulu, Zambia, ya fi girma fiye da yadda aka ruwaito a baya.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Fig. 3. Western shores of Lake Ladoga |doi=10.31857/s0435-42812019125-37-8175}}</ref> mtrgnl27930ax98gce2i3ea3wpjn52e 841692 841691 2026-05-28T16:11:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 841692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Bangweulu''' ('inda ruwan ya haɗu da sama' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Bangweulu |url=https://www.zambia.travel/bangweulu.html |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.zambia.travel}}</ref> ) [[tafki]] ne mai tsaftataccen ruwa a arewacin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Bangweulu yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsarin dausayi a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi '''Tafkin Bangweulu''', dausayin Bangweulu da kuma filayen Bangweulu ko kuma [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliyar ruwa]] . Tsarin Bangweulu yana cikin babban kwarin [[kogin Congo]] a Zambia, yana rufe kusan faɗin fili kusan girman [[Connecticut]] ko Gabashin Anglia, a tsayin 1,140&nbsp;yana yawo a Lardin Luapula na Zambia da Lardin Arewa . Yana da matukar muhimmanci ga tattalin arziki da bambancin halittu na arewacin Zambia, da kuma ga tsuntsayen yankin da ya fi girma, kuma yana fuskantar matsalolin muhalli da kiyayewa. Tare da dogon axis na kilomita 75 da faɗin har zuwa kilomita 40, tafkin Bangweulu na dindindin yana da kusan kilomita 3,000, wanda ke fadada lokacin da tafkuna da ambaliyar ruwa ke cikin ambaliyar a ƙarshen Lokacin ruwan sama a watan Mayu. Haɗin yankin tafkin da wuraren da aka haɗa ya kai kilomita 15,000. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin 4 m kawai, [^²] kuma matsakaicin قووڵی 10 m. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tsarin Bangweulu yana ciyar da kusan koguna goma sha bakwai wanda [[Kogin Chambeshi|Chambeshi]] (maɓuɓɓugar Kogin Kongo) shine mafi girma, kuma Kogin Luapula ne ke zubar da shi. == Tarihi == === Binciken Turai === An san tafkin ga Turawa daga rahotanni daga shugabannin kamar [[Kazembe]] da kuma 'yan kasuwa na [[Mutanen Swahili|Swahili]], kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa 'Lake Bemba' daga sunan kabilar da ta fi rinjaye. A cikin 1868 mai bincike kuma mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje David Livingstone shine Turai na farko da ya ga tafkin a arewacin ƙarshen ɓangaren Tafkin Chifunabuli. An kai shi da jirgin ruwa har zuwa tsibirin Mbabala . Tafiyarsa ta ƙarshe bayan 'yan shekaru ta rushe a cikin maras kyau da kuma hanyoyin da suke canzawa yayin da yake gwagwarmaya don gano koguna da ke shiga da fita daga tafkin. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1873 a ƙauyen Cif Chitambo a gefen filin ambaliyar ruwa na kudanci, kimanin kilomita 100 daga tafkin kanta. Wannan wuri yana da alamar Livingstone Memorial (duba taswirar). Wani matafiyi na Faransa, Victor Giraud, ya binciki tafkin a 1883, kuma Poulett Weatherley ne ya fara kewayawa a 1896. [[Fayil:Lake_Bangweulu.svg|left|thumb|Tafkin Bangweulu (ja) da tsarin Kogin Kongo]] Yana da sha'awar wadatar kifi na Bangweulu da kuma ambaliyar ruwa mai wadata wanda ya sa Sarki Leopold II na Belgium ya nace, a cikin tattaunawar kan iyaka tsakanin Jihar Congo Free da [[Daular Biritaniya|Birtaniya]] a Arewacin Rhodesia, a kan hanyar ƙasa da ta kai Bangweulu daga [[Lardin Katanga|Katanga]]. Wannan ya haifar da siffar Congo Pedicle ''(34)'' wanda, kamar yadda ya zama, bai shiga yankin da ya isa ya zama darajar da ake so ba. == Manazarta == An gano cewa kamuwa da cuta tare da [[Kwayar cutar Tsargiya|Schistosoma haematobium]] a yammacin gabar Tafkin Bangweulu, Zambia, ya fi girma fiye da yadda aka ruwaito a baya.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Fig. 3. Western shores of Lake Ladoga |doi=10.31857/s0435-42812019125-37-8175}}</ref> azvhxtwx42j86z3td2bpzfh20byplri 0 152825 841693 2026-05-28T16:13:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1318480044|Lake Ishiba Ng'andu]]" 841693 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Ishiba Ng'andu''' tafki ne kusa da ruwa tsakanin kogin Luangwa da Chambeshi a Lardin Muchinga na [[Zambiya|Zambia]], a gefen Chambeshi . Sunansa a cikin harshen Bemba yana nufin 'kogi na giwa na sarauta'. Ya auna kimanin kilomita 5 da 1.5 (3.11.<ref>Lamb, Christina (1999). The Africa House. London: Viking</ref> Yana da mahimmanci ga Mutanen Bemba a matsayin ƙasar da, a ƙarshen karni na 17, Chitimukulu na Ng'andu (crocodile) Clan ya haɗu da wani marigayi giwa, kuma ya ɗauki wannan a matsayin alama, ya zauna mutanensa bayan tafiyarsu daga [[Masarautar Lunda]] kilomita 1,000 (620 zuwa gabas. Mai binciken mishan David Livingstone ne ya ziyarci tafkin, wanda wani giwa ya kama kare a can. Yankin ya goyi bayan yawancin dabbobi har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20. A farkon karni na 20, shi ne wahayi ga gidan Shiwa Ngandu da ke kusa da shi wanda Stewart Gore-Browne ya gina, wanda ya yi amfani da bambancin rubutun sunan. == Manazarta == 21yi5qogl7hhddbn4guz13eo2so7pxa 841694 841693 2026-05-28T16:13:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 841694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Ishiba Ng'andu''' tafki ne kusa da ruwa tsakanin kogin Luangwa da Chambeshi a Lardin Muchinga na [[Zambiya|Zambia]], a gefen Chambeshi . Sunansa a cikin harshen Bemba yana nufin 'kogi na giwa na sarauta'. Ya auna kimanin kilomita 5 da 1.5 (3.11.<ref>Lamb, Christina (1999). The Africa House. London: Viking</ref> Yana da mahimmanci ga Mutanen Bemba a matsayin ƙasar da, a ƙarshen karni na 17, Chitimukulu na Ng'andu (crocodile) Clan ya haɗu da wani marigayi giwa, kuma ya ɗauki wannan a matsayin alama, ya zauna mutanensa bayan tafiyarsu daga [[Masarautar Lunda]] kilomita 1,000 (620 zuwa gabas. Mai binciken mishan David Livingstone ne ya ziyarci tafkin, wanda wani giwa ya kama kare a can. Yankin ya goyi bayan yawancin dabbobi har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20. A farkon karni na 20, shi ne wahayi ga gidan Shiwa Ngandu da ke kusa da shi wanda Stewart Gore-Browne ya gina, wanda ya yi amfani da bambancin rubutun sunan. == Manazarta == f4qlq3fic9c1qwwoz3wvvpkmqv3y1sh 0 152826 841695 2026-05-28T16:14:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1270756538|Lake Mweru Wantipa]]" 841695 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Mweru Wantipa''' ko '''Mweru-wa-Ntipa''' ma'ana "tafki mai laka" (wanda kuma ake kira 'Mweru Marsh') wani tsari ne na [[tafki]] da fadama a Lardin Arewacin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . A baya an dauke shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban mamaki, yana nuna canjin yanayin ruwa da gishiri wanda ba a bayyana shi gaba daya ta hanyar bambancin matakan ruwan sama ba; an san yana bushewa kusan gaba daya. Wannan yana kara ta'azzara ta hanyar nisansa kuma ba ya samun kulawa iri daya daga masana ilimin kasa da kuma masana ilmin kasa kamar manyan makwaftansa, [[Tafkin Tanganyika]], 25&nbsp;kilomita gabas, da kuma Tafkin Mweru, 40&nbsp;km yamma, wanda wani lokacin ana rikitar da sunansa. Tafkin Mweru Wantipa tafkin kwarin kwari ne wanda ke kwance a cikin reshe na Rift na Gabashin Afirka, wanda ke gudana daga Kogin Luapula zuwa Tafkin Tanganyika . Akwai wasu halayen maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu zafi na kwarin rift zuwa gabas. Ruwa yana da laka a bayyanar, a wasu lokuta yana bayyana ja kuma 'mai ɗanɗano'. A cikin yaren yankin "wa ntipa" yana nufin "tare da laka", saboda haka "Mweru Wantipa" ya bambanta shi daga maƙwabcinsa mafi girma, Tafkin Mweru, wanda ke da ruwa mai tsabta. == Tushen ruwa da magudanar ruwa == Koguna da rafi, babu wani babba, suna gudana cikin Tafkin Mweru Wantipa da maras kyau daga filin Mporokoso kimanin kilomita 32 a kudu, da tuddai zuwa arewa maso gabas a DR Congo. An yi tunanin cewa yana gudana ta hanyar tafkin kudu maso yamma da kuma dambo da ake kira Mofwe zuwa cikin Kogin Kalungwishi, wanda ke gudana cikin Tafkin Mweru. Koyaya, a mahaɗar Kalungwishi da Mofwe, tsawo yana da 942 m amma farfajiyar tafkin tana da 932 m kawai. A bayyane yake cewa Kalungwish yana gudana a lokacin ruwan sama zuwa Mweru Wantipa, amma watakila ba akasin haka ba, kodayake wani rahoto a cikin 1931 bayan ruwan sama mai tsanani ya ba da rahoton ambaliyar ruwa daga Mofwe zuwa Kalungweshi. Yawancin lokaci, duk da haka, Mweru Wantipa ba shi da mafita kuma yana samar da wani kogi mai zaman kansa.&nbsp; == Yankin tafkin == A kusa da shekara ta 2005, babban tafkin Mweru Wantipa na arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu maso yammacin yana da tsawon kilomita 65 kuma yana da faɗin kilomita 20, amma wani karamin reshe ya kai kusan kilomita 30 gabas daga ƙarshen arewa, yana ba da yanki na kusan 1500 km2. A kudu maso gabas a Kampinda, wani tsibiri ya raba wani tafki mai laushi wanda ke dauke da Chimbwe Pools da kuma tafkin da ake kira Lake Cheshi . Koyaya a lokuta daban-daban a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan an ruwaito cewa ba tafki ba ne amma tafki ne tare da kusan wani ruwa mai budewa, har ma da zama fili na busassun laka (mai cike da sikelin kifi da ƙasusuwa, da kwarangwal na matattu crocodiles da hippos). Wadannan bambance-bambance a cikin ruwa mai budewa suna faruwa ba kawai a cikin sake zagayowar bushewa da ruwan sama guda ɗaya ba, amma a cikin shekaru ko shekarun da suka gabata. Misali an ruwaito shi a matsayin tafki a cikin 1890, 1897, 1911, 1919 da 1938, amma tafki a mujallar 1892, 1900-11, 1912-19, da 1922; kuma kamar yadda ya bushe a kusa da 1916. An bayar da rahoton zurfinta mafi girma a matsayin 5 m, amma a wasu lokuta na iya zama ƙasa da 1 m zurfi a kan mafi yawan farfajiya.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Abubuwan da ke ƙayyade matakin ruwa da gishiri == Duk da yake ruwan sama shine babban dalilin, wannan bazai zama cikakken labarin ba. Tsayar da Mofwe da koguna da ke shiga cikin Mweru Wantipa ta hanyar papyrus da kuma ci gaban rushes na iya zama wani ɓangare na amsar. Hakanan yana iya zama cewa tasirin shekarun bushewa na iya jinkirta na 'yan shekaru ta hanyar sakin ruwan kasa daga tuddai da ke kewaye da su zuwa dambos wanda ke gudana cikin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chansa Chomba |last2=Ramadhani Senzota, Harry Chabwela |last3=Vincent Nyirenda |year=2005 |title=HISTORICAL CHANGES IN THE ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE LAKE MWERU WA NTIPA WETLAND ECOSYSTEM OVER THE LAST 150 YEARS: A DRYING LAKE? |journal=Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa |volume=15}}</ref> == Albarkatun halitta da matsin muhalli == Kifi na Lake Mweru Wantipa ya kasance mai amfani a baya amma an lalata shi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Tafkin yana tallafawa yawan hippopotamus da crocodiles. Sai dai ga tsuntsaye da tsuntsayen ruwa, dabbobin daji a ƙasa da kuma a cikin marshes, da zarar sun yi yawa, an rage su duk da kasancewar Mweru Wantipa National Park. Gidan shakatawa yafi a gefen yammacin tafkin amma ya rufe tafkin, yawancin marshes da wani ɓangare na gefen kudu. Tafkin yana da nisan kilomita ne kawai daga iyakar [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|DR Congo]] a gefen arewa kuma yaƙe-yaƙe da rikice-rikice a wannan ƙasar sun sa dubban 'yan gudun hijira su shiga gundumar a Kaputa, suna matsa lamba kan albarkatun. Yawancin 'yan gudun hijira an tura su sansanoni a gundumomin Kawambwa da Mporokoso kafin dawowa. == Manazarta == n8tbguwry86wnnvp6jkmfss89sbd6m9 841696 841695 2026-05-28T16:14:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 841696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Mweru Wantipa''' ko '''Mweru-wa-Ntipa''' ma'ana "tafki mai laka" (wanda kuma ake kira 'Mweru Marsh') wani tsari ne na [[tafki]] da fadama a Lardin Arewacin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . A baya an dauke shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban mamaki, yana nuna canjin yanayin ruwa da gishiri wanda ba a bayyana shi gaba daya ta hanyar bambancin matakan ruwan sama ba; an san yana bushewa kusan gaba daya. Wannan yana kara ta'azzara ta hanyar nisansa kuma ba ya samun kulawa iri daya daga masana ilimin kasa da kuma masana ilmin kasa kamar manyan makwaftansa, [[Tafkin Tanganyika]], 25&nbsp;kilomita gabas, da kuma Tafkin Mweru, 40&nbsp;km yamma, wanda wani lokacin ana rikitar da sunansa. Tafkin Mweru Wantipa tafkin kwarin kwari ne wanda ke kwance a cikin reshe na Rift na Gabashin Afirka, wanda ke gudana daga Kogin Luapula zuwa Tafkin Tanganyika . Akwai wasu halayen maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu zafi na kwarin rift zuwa gabas. Ruwa yana da laka a bayyanar, a wasu lokuta yana bayyana ja kuma 'mai ɗanɗano'. A cikin yaren yankin "wa ntipa" yana nufin "tare da laka", saboda haka "Mweru Wantipa" ya bambanta shi daga maƙwabcinsa mafi girma, Tafkin Mweru, wanda ke da ruwa mai tsabta. == Tushen ruwa da magudanar ruwa == Koguna da rafi, babu wani babba, suna gudana cikin Tafkin Mweru Wantipa da maras kyau daga filin Mporokoso kimanin kilomita 32 a kudu, da tuddai zuwa arewa maso gabas a DR Congo. An yi tunanin cewa yana gudana ta hanyar tafkin kudu maso yamma da kuma dambo da ake kira Mofwe zuwa cikin Kogin Kalungwishi, wanda ke gudana cikin Tafkin Mweru. Koyaya, a mahaɗar Kalungwishi da Mofwe, tsawo yana da 942 m amma farfajiyar tafkin tana da 932 m kawai. A bayyane yake cewa Kalungwish yana gudana a lokacin ruwan sama zuwa Mweru Wantipa, amma watakila ba akasin haka ba, kodayake wani rahoto a cikin 1931 bayan ruwan sama mai tsanani ya ba da rahoton ambaliyar ruwa daga Mofwe zuwa Kalungweshi. Yawancin lokaci, duk da haka, Mweru Wantipa ba shi da mafita kuma yana samar da wani kogi mai zaman kansa.&nbsp; == Yankin tafkin == A kusa da shekara ta 2005, babban tafkin Mweru Wantipa na arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu maso yammacin yana da tsawon kilomita 65 kuma yana da faɗin kilomita 20, amma wani karamin reshe ya kai kusan kilomita 30 gabas daga ƙarshen arewa, yana ba da yanki na kusan 1500 km2. A kudu maso gabas a Kampinda, wani tsibiri ya raba wani tafki mai laushi wanda ke dauke da Chimbwe Pools da kuma tafkin da ake kira Lake Cheshi . Koyaya a lokuta daban-daban a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan an ruwaito cewa ba tafki ba ne amma tafki ne tare da kusan wani ruwa mai budewa, har ma da zama fili na busassun laka (mai cike da sikelin kifi da ƙasusuwa, da kwarangwal na matattu crocodiles da hippos). Wadannan bambance-bambance a cikin ruwa mai budewa suna faruwa ba kawai a cikin sake zagayowar bushewa da ruwan sama guda ɗaya ba, amma a cikin shekaru ko shekarun da suka gabata. Misali an ruwaito shi a matsayin tafki a cikin 1890, 1897, 1911, 1919 da 1938, amma tafki a mujallar 1892, 1900-11, 1912-19, da 1922; kuma kamar yadda ya bushe a kusa da 1916. An bayar da rahoton zurfinta mafi girma a matsayin 5 m, amma a wasu lokuta na iya zama ƙasa da 1 m zurfi a kan mafi yawan farfajiya.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Abubuwan da ke ƙayyade matakin ruwa da gishiri == Duk da yake ruwan sama shine babban dalilin, wannan bazai zama cikakken labarin ba. Tsayar da Mofwe da koguna da ke shiga cikin Mweru Wantipa ta hanyar papyrus da kuma ci gaban rushes na iya zama wani ɓangare na amsar. Hakanan yana iya zama cewa tasirin shekarun bushewa na iya jinkirta na 'yan shekaru ta hanyar sakin ruwan kasa daga tuddai da ke kewaye da su zuwa dambos wanda ke gudana cikin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chansa Chomba |last2=Ramadhani Senzota, Harry Chabwela |last3=Vincent Nyirenda |year=2005 |title=HISTORICAL CHANGES IN THE ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE LAKE MWERU WA NTIPA WETLAND ECOSYSTEM OVER THE LAST 150 YEARS: A DRYING LAKE? |journal=Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa |volume=15}}</ref> == Albarkatun halitta da matsin muhalli == Kifi na Lake Mweru Wantipa ya kasance mai amfani a baya amma an lalata shi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Tafkin yana tallafawa yawan hippopotamus da crocodiles. Sai dai ga tsuntsaye da tsuntsayen ruwa, dabbobin daji a ƙasa da kuma a cikin marshes, da zarar sun yi yawa, an rage su duk da kasancewar Mweru Wantipa National Park. Gidan shakatawa yafi a gefen yammacin tafkin amma ya rufe tafkin, yawancin marshes da wani ɓangare na gefen kudu. Tafkin yana da nisan kilomita ne kawai daga iyakar [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|DR Congo]] a gefen arewa kuma yaƙe-yaƙe da rikice-rikice a wannan ƙasar sun sa dubban 'yan gudun hijira su shiga gundumar a Kaputa, suna matsa lamba kan albarkatun. Yawancin 'yan gudun hijira an tura su sansanoni a gundumomin Kawambwa da Mporokoso kafin dawowa. == Manazarta == 66422hkwchjk7e06fomfx7iebjhxfwh 0 152827 841697 2026-05-28T16:15:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304726017|Water supply and sanitation in Zambia]]" 841697 wikitext text/x-wiki Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Zambia ana nuna su ta hanyar nasarori da ƙalubale. Daga cikin nasarorin akwai kirkirar kayan aiki na kasuwanci na yanki don yankunan birane don maye gurbin samar da sabis na raguwa ta gwamnatocin gida; kafa hukumar da ta inganta wadatar bayanai game da samar da sabis a yankunan birni; kafa asusun amincewa don mayar da hankali ga tallafin masu ba da gudummawa a yankunan da ke kusa da birane; da karuwar samun damar samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara. Daga cikin kalubalen akwai ƙananan farfadowa duk da karuwar farashi a cikin birane; iyakantaccen damar a cikin sashin; rashin isasshen ci gaba wajen kara samun damar samun tsabta; babban matakin Ruwa mai zaman kansa (44% tun daga 2010 ) a cikin biranen birane; babban adadin tsarin ruwa na karkara wanda ba ya aiki; da kuma matakan saka hannun jari duk da taimakon kasashen waje. == Samun dama == [[Fayil:Access_to_Improved_Water_Sources_and_Sanitation_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png|thumb|450x450px|Samun damar inganta samar da ruwa da tsabta, a cikin ƙasashe 7 na yankin Sahara, daga 1990 har zuwa 2008.<ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/ |archive-date=2008-02-16 |access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> ]] A cikin 2015, kashi 61% na yawan jama'a suna da damar "akalla sabis na ruwa na asali", ko kuma kashi 86% na yawan mutanen birane da kashi 44% na yawan mutanen karkara. Koyaya, kusan mutane miliyan 6 a Zambia har yanzu ba su da damar samun "akalla ruwa na asali". Game da tsaftacewa, a cikin 2015, kashi 31% na yawan jama'a suna da damar yin amfani da "akalla tsaftacewa na asali". Kashi 49% na yawan mutanen birane suna da damar samun [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] da kuma kashi 19% na yawan mutanen karkara. Har yanzu akwai kusan mutane miliyan 11 da ba su da damar samun akalla tsabtace muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 2015, 15% na yawan jama'a a Zambia, sun yi fitsari a buɗe.<ref name="WASHwatch 2">{{Cite web |title=WASHwatch.org -Zambia |url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/zambia/summary/statistics/ |access-date=20 July 2017 |website=washwatch.org |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarun da suka gabata (2010), adadi sun kasance kamar haka: 61% na yawan jama'ar Zambia suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen samar da ruwa kuma 48% suna da damar isasshen tsabta, bisa ga bayanan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka lissafa bisa ga binciken ƙasa, gami da kwanan nan Binciken Jama'a da Lafiya na 2007. Game da samar da ruwa, akwai bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (87% samun dama bisa ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 78% samun dama bisa ka ga mai kula a cikin 2010) da yankunan karkara (46% samun dama bisa la'akari da Majalisar Dinkinobho).<ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/ |archive-date=2008-02-16 |access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ingancin ruwan sha === A cewar hukumar kula da ruwa, kashi 94% na samfurori na ruwa da aka tattara a cikin birane sun bi ka'idodin ruwan sha a cikin 2010. Rashin gurɓata daga ma'adinai yana shafar ingancin samar da ruwan sha wanda kamfanonin ruwa da magudanar ruwa na Mulonga da Nkana suka bayar, inda a wasu lokuta, yawan Manganese ya wuce iyakar magani.<ref name="NWASCO 2011 Annual Report">{{Cite web |last=NWASCO |title=Annual Report 2010 |url=http://www.nwasco.org.zm/media/annual_report_2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403013722/http://www.nwasco.org.zm/media/annual_report_2010.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2020 |access-date=27 August 2011 |pages=4–6}}</ref> === Ci gaba === Ruwa a cikin birane yana da saurin wucewa, tare da matsakaicin samar da sa'o'i 16 a kowace rana a cikin 2010. An auna mafi girman tsinkaye a cikin ƙaramin Luapula Utility tare da awanni 6 a kowace rana. Abinda ke ba da sabis na ci gaba a cikin 2007 ya kasance a Chipata, yayin da a cikin 2010, kawai mai amfani da ke ba da kusan ci gaba da samarwa shine Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Arewa maso Yamma. === Maganin ruwa mai guba === Tsire-tsire masu tsabtace ruwa a kai a kai ba sa cimma ka'idojin ruwa. Capacity na shuke-shuke kamar Manchinchi a Lusaka da Kanini a Ndola sun wuce yawan jama'a. [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|Rashin kwanciyar hankali]] kamar a Kaunda Square a Lusaka da Livingstone City suna cikin mummunan yanayi kuma suna haifar da mummunar haɗarin muhalli. Koyaya, an fara ayyukan da yawa don tabbatar da ingantaccen maganin ruwa. Misali a cikin 2018, tafkin daidaitawa na Kaunda Square a Lusaka inda aka gyara shi a karkashin aikin samar da ruwa, tsabtace muhalli, da kuma zubar da ruwa na Lusaka (LWSSD). Bugu da kari, an fara Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Lusaka na shekaru 5 wanda EIB, KfW, AfDB, WB da Gwamnatin Zambia suka tallafawa. Yankin aikin ya haɗa da gina sabbin tsire-tsire masu tsabtace ruwa, kilomita 520 na magudanar ruwa, tsarin tsabtace ruwa mai tsabtace ruwa na jama'a 100, kimanin raka'a 12,000 a wurin tsabtace muhalli da tsire-tire masu tsabta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lusaka Sanitation Programme |url=https://www.cowi.com/solutions/water/lusaka-sanitation-programme |publisher=COWI}}</ref>&nbsp; 3p9yv4rsjx11nybaqhs2kt47ahm1ce6 841698 841697 2026-05-28T16:15:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 841698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Zambia''' ana nuna su ta hanyar nasarori da ƙalubale. Daga cikin nasarorin akwai kirkirar kayan aiki na kasuwanci na yanki don yankunan birane don maye gurbin samar da sabis na raguwa ta gwamnatocin gida; kafa hukumar da ta inganta wadatar bayanai game da samar da sabis a yankunan birni; kafa asusun amincewa don mayar da hankali ga tallafin masu ba da gudummawa a yankunan da ke kusa da birane; da karuwar samun damar samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara. Daga cikin kalubalen akwai ƙananan farfadowa duk da karuwar farashi a cikin birane; iyakantaccen damar a cikin sashin; rashin isasshen ci gaba wajen kara samun damar samun tsabta; babban matakin Ruwa mai zaman kansa (44% tun daga 2010 ) a cikin biranen birane; babban adadin tsarin ruwa na karkara wanda ba ya aiki; da kuma matakan saka hannun jari duk da taimakon kasashen waje. == Samun dama == [[Fayil:Access_to_Improved_Water_Sources_and_Sanitation_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png|thumb|450x450px|Samun damar inganta samar da ruwa da tsabta, a cikin ƙasashe 7 na yankin Sahara, daga 1990 har zuwa 2008.<ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/ |archive-date=2008-02-16 |access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> ]] A cikin 2015, kashi 61% na yawan jama'a suna da damar "akalla sabis na ruwa na asali", ko kuma kashi 86% na yawan mutanen birane da kashi 44% na yawan mutanen karkara. Koyaya, kusan mutane miliyan 6 a Zambia har yanzu ba su da damar samun "akalla ruwa na asali". Game da tsaftacewa, a cikin 2015, kashi 31% na yawan jama'a suna da damar yin amfani da "akalla tsaftacewa na asali". Kashi 49% na yawan mutanen birane suna da damar samun [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] da kuma kashi 19% na yawan mutanen karkara. Har yanzu akwai kusan mutane miliyan 11 da ba su da damar samun akalla tsabtace muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 2015, 15% na yawan jama'a a Zambia, sun yi fitsari a buɗe.<ref name="WASHwatch 2">{{Cite web |title=WASHwatch.org -Zambia |url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/zambia/summary/statistics/ |access-date=20 July 2017 |website=washwatch.org |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarun da suka gabata (2010), adadi sun kasance kamar haka: 61% na yawan jama'ar Zambia suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen samar da ruwa kuma 48% suna da damar isasshen tsabta, bisa ga bayanan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka lissafa bisa ga binciken ƙasa, gami da kwanan nan Binciken Jama'a da Lafiya na 2007. Game da samar da ruwa, akwai bambanci tsakanin yankunan birane (87% samun dama bisa ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 78% samun dama bisa ka ga mai kula a cikin 2010) da yankunan karkara (46% samun dama bisa la'akari da Majalisar Dinkinobho).<ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |title=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/ |archive-date=2008-02-16 |access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> == Ingancin sabis == === Ingancin ruwan sha === A cewar hukumar kula da ruwa, kashi 94% na samfurori na ruwa da aka tattara a cikin birane sun bi ka'idodin ruwan sha a cikin 2010. Rashin gurɓata daga ma'adinai yana shafar ingancin samar da ruwan sha wanda kamfanonin ruwa da magudanar ruwa na Mulonga da Nkana suka bayar, inda a wasu lokuta, yawan Manganese ya wuce iyakar magani.<ref name="NWASCO 2011 Annual Report">{{Cite web |last=NWASCO |title=Annual Report 2010 |url=http://www.nwasco.org.zm/media/annual_report_2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403013722/http://www.nwasco.org.zm/media/annual_report_2010.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2020 |access-date=27 August 2011 |pages=4–6}}</ref> === Ci gaba === Ruwa a cikin birane yana da saurin wucewa, tare da matsakaicin samar da sa'o'i 16 a kowace rana a cikin 2010. An auna mafi girman tsinkaye a cikin ƙaramin Luapula Utility tare da awanni 6 a kowace rana. Abinda ke ba da sabis na ci gaba a cikin 2007 ya kasance a Chipata, yayin da a cikin 2010, kawai mai amfani da ke ba da kusan ci gaba da samarwa shine Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Arewa maso Yamma. === Maganin ruwa mai guba === Tsire-tsire masu tsabtace ruwa a kai a kai ba sa cimma ka'idojin ruwa. Capacity na shuke-shuke kamar Manchinchi a Lusaka da Kanini a Ndola sun wuce yawan jama'a. [[Tafkunan dake daidaita shara|Rashin kwanciyar hankali]] kamar a Kaunda Square a Lusaka da Livingstone City suna cikin mummunan yanayi kuma suna haifar da mummunar haɗarin muhalli. Koyaya, an fara ayyukan da yawa don tabbatar da ingantaccen maganin ruwa. Misali a cikin 2018, tafkin daidaitawa na Kaunda Square a Lusaka inda aka gyara shi a karkashin aikin samar da ruwa, tsabtace muhalli, da kuma zubar da ruwa na Lusaka (LWSSD). Bugu da kari, an fara Shirin Kiwon Lafiya na Lusaka na shekaru 5 wanda EIB, KfW, AfDB, WB da Gwamnatin Zambia suka tallafawa. Yankin aikin ya haɗa da gina sabbin tsire-tsire masu tsabtace ruwa, kilomita 520 na magudanar ruwa, tsarin tsabtace ruwa mai tsabtace ruwa na jama'a 100, kimanin raka'a 12,000 a wurin tsabtace muhalli da tsire-tire masu tsabta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lusaka Sanitation Programme |url=https://www.cowi.com/solutions/water/lusaka-sanitation-programme |publisher=COWI}}</ref>&nbsp; 8dfkbkgzhqqi7z7qt9y9yvopko035ey 0 152828 841699 2026-05-28T16:16:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1285719756|Ministry of Water Development and Sanitation (Zambia)]]" 841699 wikitext text/x-wiki Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Ruwa da Kiwon Lafiya ma'aikatari ce ta gwamnati ta [[Zambiya|Zambia]] wacce ke da alhakin samar da ingantattun ruwa, mai ɗorewa da inganci da kiwon lafiya ga mutanen [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Ministan na yanzu shine Collins Nzovu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title=Mposha, Nzovu exchange notes |url=https://diggers.news/local/2024/06/13/mposha-nzovu-exchange-notes/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Zambia: News Diggers! |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tarihi == Gwamnatin Zambia ce ta kafa ma'aikatar a cikin shekarun 1960 a matsayin Ma'aikatun Ci gaban Ruwa da Kiwon Lafiya a karkashin Ma'aikatu na Ruwa. == Tsarin ƙungiya == Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Ruwa da Wuri Mai Tsarki tana da sassan da yawa don sauƙaƙewa da aiwatar da aikinta: * Ruwan ruwa na Kariba * Daraktan Aiwatar da Shirin * Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Tsabtace Yanayi == Manazarta == a752mt47xh7aqkl1a0ifh7811xrs53d 841701 841699 2026-05-28T16:16:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 841701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Ruwa da Kiwon Lafiya ma'aikatari ce ta gwamnati ta [[Zambiya|Zambia]] wacce ke da alhakin samar da ingantattun ruwa, mai ɗorewa da inganci da kiwon lafiya ga mutanen [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Ministan na yanzu shine Collins Nzovu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title=Mposha, Nzovu exchange notes |url=https://diggers.news/local/2024/06/13/mposha-nzovu-exchange-notes/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Zambia: News Diggers! |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tarihi == Gwamnatin Zambia ce ta kafa ma'aikatar a cikin shekarun 1960 a matsayin Ma'aikatun Ci gaban Ruwa da Kiwon Lafiya a karkashin Ma'aikatu na Ruwa. == Tsarin ƙungiya == Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Ruwa da Wuri Mai Tsarki tana da sassan da yawa don sauƙaƙewa da aiwatar da aikinta: * Ruwan ruwa na Kariba * Daraktan Aiwatar da Shirin * Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Tsabtace Yanayi == Manazarta == 0zej2gor28q25fbyauhu3jnqnyhsoq5 0 152829 841700 2026-05-28T16:16:31Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305668367|Kwango River]]" 841700 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Cuango''' or '''Kwango''' ( Portuguese ; French ; Dutch ) kogi ne mai iyaka tsakanin [[Angola]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . Ita ce babbar ma'ajiyar bakin hagu ta Kogin Kasai a cikin [[Kogin Congo|kwarin Kogin Kongo]] . <ref name="Brit">{{Cite web |title=Kwango River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325813/Kwango-River. |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> <ref name="Great">{{Cite web |title=Kwango |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=The Free Dictionary by Farlex of The Great Soviet Encyclopedia}}</ref> Tana ratsa Malanje a Angola. Kwarin Kogin Kwango yana da albarkatu masu yawa na lu'u-lu'u a cikin Chitamba-Lulo Kimberlite Cluster a Lardin Lunda Norte, wanda aka gano a babban mashigar kogin da kuma kan filaye da baranda a filayen ambaliyar ruwansa. <ref name="Project">{{Cite web |title=Kwango River Project |url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_55754.html |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=BRC Congo Development S.P.R.L.; Kwango Mining S.P.R.L.}}</ref> A ƙarni na 19, ana kuma kiran Kogin Kwango da '''Quango''', musamman a cikin ayyukan mai bincike David Livingstone . <ref name="livingstone">{{Cite web |last=Livingstone |first=Justin D. |date=2019 |title=Glossary of Key Terms in the Missionary Travels Manuscript |url=https://livingstoneonline.org/in-his-own-words/missionary-travels-manuscript/glossary-key-terms-in-the-missionary-travels-manuscript |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=Livingstone Online}}</ref> == Tarihi == Masarautar Rund, wadda ta faɗaɗa ta zama [[Masarautar Lunda|Daular Lunda]], ta ƙunshi yankuna daga Kogin Kwango zuwa Kogin Luapula . Sarakunanta sun shiga cikin [[Bautar da Mutane a Afrika|cinikin bayi]] . Faɗaɗar Lunda a cikin kwarin ta haɓaka gado na siyasa da al'adu iri ɗaya yayin da kuma ta haɓaka cinikin bayi, wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin yawan jama'a tsakanin kogunan Kwango da [[Kogin Kwilu|Kwilu]] . [[Portuguese Angola|Turawan Portugal]] sun mallaki kwarin Kogin Kwango suka kuma kwace Masarautar Kasaje . <ref =history="">{{Cite web |title=Angola |url=http://www.history.com/topics/angola |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308180859/http://www.history.com/topics/angola |archive-date=8 March 2010 |access-date=25 January 2011 |publisher=History.com}}</ref> Kogin Kwango ya kasance ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Portugal a [[Lisbon]] a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1891, da kuma sanarwar 24 ga Maris 1894. Cuango, wanda ke lardin Lunda Norte a cikin kwarin Kogin Cuango, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin "a tsakiyar yankin lu'u-lu'u na arewa maso gabashin Angola," yankin lu'u-lu'u mafi arziki a Angola. Garin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Angola, yayin da Uniao Nacional para a Independencia Total de Angola ( [[UNITA]] ) da sojojin gwamnati suka yi ƙoƙarin kwace birnin da kuma riƙe shi. UNITA ta miƙa garin ga gwamnati a ranar 30 ga Satumba 1997, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Lusaka . == Yanayin ƙasa == <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />  Kogin Cuango ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan Alto Chicapa a lardin Lunda Sul na Angola, kuma yana kwarara kudu-arewa-yamma, yana ketare kan iyaka da Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo, sannan ya haɗu da Kogin Kasai kusa da garin Bandundo . Bayan haka, ya kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]] . Kogin yana tasowa a cikin [[Lunda plateau|tudun Lunda]], ya samar da kwarin da ke da zurfi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Kogin Kwango yana da {{Convert|1100|km}} mai tsawo daga tushensa zuwa ga haɗuwa da Kogin Congo, wanda {{Convert|855|km}} yana cikin Angola. <ref name="Brit">{{Cite web |title=Kwango River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325813/Kwango-River. |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325813/Kwango-River. "Kwango River"]. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Great">{{Cite web |title=Kwango |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=The Free Dictionary by Farlex of The Great Soviet Encyclopedia}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River "Kwango"]. The Free Dictionary by Farlex of The Great Soviet Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> Kogin yana malala jimillar yankin magudanar ruwa na {{Convert|263500|km2}} . Kogin Wamba da Kwilu na gefen dama na bakinta ne. <ref name="Free">{{Cite web |title=Kwango |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River |access-date=24 January 2011}}</ref> === Kewaya === Kogin Cuango yana da magudanar ruwa da kuma raƙuman ruwa da dama. <ref name="Free">{{Cite web |title=Kwango |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River |access-date=24 January 2011}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River "Kwango"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> Ana samun sauƙin kewayawa galibi a ƙananan kogin, wanda tsawonsa ya kai {{Convert|307|km}} daga bakinsa zuwa ga kwarin Kingushi. Ana iya yin tafiya a wani ɓangare a tsakiyar kogin tsakanin Kingushi da magudanar ruwan Franz Josef a tsawon kimanin {{Convert|300|km}} . <ref name="Free" /> === Albarkatun ruwa === Ruwan da ke kwarara a kogin a lokacin bazara yana faruwa ne a watan Agusta. Matsakaicin fitar ruwa a ƙasan kogin a kowace shekara shine {{Convert|2700|m3/s}} <ref name="Free">{{Cite web |title=Kwango |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River |access-date=24 January 2011}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River "Kwango"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> == Al'adu == Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun Yaka, Suku, [[Mbala people|Mbala]], da Pende suna zaune a kwarin kogin. Ana ganin ƙwarewarsu ta hanyar sassaka abin rufe fuska a cikin tsarin siffofi na siffofi, da sauran abubuwa da aka sassaka. <ref name="Kwango">{{Cite web |title=Kwango River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325813/Kwango-River. |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == Duk da cewa ana amfani da kogin don kamun kifi, <ref name="Free">{{Cite web |title=Kwango |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River |access-date=24 January 2011}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River "Kwango"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> ana haɓaka kwarin ne ta hanyar samar da aikin gona na rayuwa kawai. Abin lura a tarihi shine [[Manja|man dabino]] da samar da roba. Babban aikin tattalin arziki da kuɗaɗen shiga ga [[Angola|Jihar Angola]] yana samuwa ne ta hanyar haƙo lu'u-lu'u daga kwarin. Kogin yana da wadataccen tushen lu'u-lu'u a cikin Chitamba-Lulo Kimberlite Cluster da ke Lardin Lunda Norte, wanda aka gano a babban magudanar ruwa da kuma kan filaye da baranda a filayen ambaliyar ruwanta. Lardin Lunda Norte da Lund Sul a cikin kwarin kogin sune mafi yawan ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u a kwarin da kuma a Angola. <ref name="Dockstock">{{Cite web |title=De Beers, diamonds and Angola developing an understanding |url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/49105357/De-Beers-diamonds-and-Angola-developing-an-understanding-of |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=Dockstock – Documents for Special Business and Professionals |pages=37–39}}</ref> An bai wa BRC izinin neman izini, wanda ya kai tsawon {{Convert|2150|km}} tsakanin Tembo da Kasonga Lunda a kan Kogin Kwango mai tsawon kusan {{Convert|185|km}} . <ref name="Project">{{Cite web |title=Kwango River Project |url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_55754.html |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=BRC Congo Development S.P.R.L.; Kwango Mining S.P.R.L.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_55754.html "Kwango River Project"]. BRC Congo Development S.P.R.L.; Kwango Mining S.P.R.L<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> A ƙarƙashin lasisin haƙar ma'adinai wanda Soidale de Desenvolvimento Mineiro (SDM) ke riƙe da shi, yankunan da ake samarwa suna kan hanyoyin Tazua da Ginge River a kan Cuango. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Technical Review Of Diamond Concessions On The Cuango River, Northern Angola |url=http://www.infomine.com/index/pr/Pa145202.PDF |publisher=A C A Howe International Limited |page=8}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alphabetical Locality Index – T |url=http://www.mindat.org/locindex-T0.html |publisher=mindat.org |quote=Tazua Mine, Luzamba, Cuango City Council, Lunda Norte Province, Angola}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tdvvo46r6sjrjvjjotza4gpytul1acr 841703 841700 2026-05-28T16:17:41Z Engineer014 44591 841703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''Cuango''' or '''Kwango''' ( Portuguese ; French ; Dutch ) kogi ne mai iyaka tsakanin [[Angola]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . Ita ce babbar ma'ajiyar bakin hagu ta Kogin Kasai a cikin [[Kogin Congo|kwarin Kogin Kongo]] . <ref name="Brit">{{Cite web |title=Kwango River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325813/Kwango-River. |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> <ref name="Great">{{Cite web |title=Kwango |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=The Free Dictionary by Farlex of The Great Soviet Encyclopedia}}</ref> Tana ratsa Malanje a Angola. Kwarin Kogin Kwango yana da albarkatu masu yawa na lu'u-lu'u a cikin Chitamba-Lulo Kimberlite Cluster a Lardin Lunda Norte, wanda aka gano a babban mashigar kogin da kuma kan filaye da baranda a filayen ambaliyar ruwansa. <ref name="Project">{{Cite web |title=Kwango River Project |url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_55754.html |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=BRC Congo Development S.P.R.L.; Kwango Mining S.P.R.L.}}</ref> A ƙarni na 19, ana kuma kiran Kogin Kwango da '''Quango''', musamman a cikin ayyukan mai bincike David Livingstone . <ref name="livingstone">{{Cite web |last=Livingstone |first=Justin D. |date=2019 |title=Glossary of Key Terms in the Missionary Travels Manuscript |url=https://livingstoneonline.org/in-his-own-words/missionary-travels-manuscript/glossary-key-terms-in-the-missionary-travels-manuscript |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=Livingstone Online}}</ref> == Tarihi == Masarautar Rund, wadda ta faɗaɗa ta zama [[Masarautar Lunda|Daular Lunda]], ta ƙunshi yankuna daga Kogin Kwango zuwa Kogin Luapula . Sarakunanta sun shiga cikin [[Bautar da Mutane a Afrika|cinikin bayi]] . Faɗaɗar Lunda a cikin kwarin ta haɓaka gado na siyasa da al'adu iri ɗaya yayin da kuma ta haɓaka cinikin bayi, wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin yawan jama'a tsakanin kogunan Kwango da [[Kogin Kwilu|Kwilu]] . [[Portuguese Angola|Turawan Portugal]] sun mallaki kwarin Kogin Kwango suka kuma kwace Masarautar Kasaje . <ref =history="">{{Cite web |title=Angola |url=http://www.history.com/topics/angola |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308180859/http://www.history.com/topics/angola |archive-date=8 March 2010 |access-date=25 January 2011 |publisher=History.com}}</ref> Kogin Kwango ya kasance ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Portugal a [[Lisbon]] a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1891, da kuma sanarwar 24 ga Maris 1894. Cuango, wanda ke lardin Lunda Norte a cikin kwarin Kogin Cuango, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin "a tsakiyar yankin lu'u-lu'u na arewa maso gabashin Angola," yankin lu'u-lu'u mafi arziki a Angola. Garin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Angola, yayin da Uniao Nacional para a Independencia Total de Angola ( [[UNITA]] ) da sojojin gwamnati suka yi ƙoƙarin kwace birnin da kuma riƙe shi. UNITA ta miƙa garin ga gwamnati a ranar 30 ga Satumba 1997, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Lusaka . == Yanayin ƙasa == <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />  Kogin Cuango ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan Alto Chicapa a lardin Lunda Sul na Angola, kuma yana kwarara kudu-arewa-yamma, yana ketare kan iyaka da Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo, sannan ya haɗu da Kogin Kasai kusa da garin Bandundo . Bayan haka, ya kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]] . Kogin yana tasowa a cikin [[Lunda plateau|tudun Lunda]], ya samar da kwarin da ke da zurfi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Kogin Kwango yana da {{Convert|1100|km}} mai tsawo daga tushensa zuwa ga haɗuwa da Kogin Congo, wanda {{Convert|855|km}} yana cikin Angola. <ref name="Brit">{{Cite web |title=Kwango River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325813/Kwango-River. |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325813/Kwango-River. "Kwango River"]. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Great">{{Cite web |title=Kwango |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=The Free Dictionary by Farlex of The Great Soviet Encyclopedia}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River "Kwango"]. The Free Dictionary by Farlex of The Great Soviet Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> Kogin yana malala jimillar yankin magudanar ruwa na {{Convert|263500|km2}} . Kogin Wamba da Kwilu na gefen dama na bakinta ne. <ref name="Free">{{Cite web |title=Kwango |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River |access-date=24 January 2011}}</ref> === Kewaya === Kogin Cuango yana da magudanar ruwa da kuma raƙuman ruwa da dama. <ref name="Free">{{Cite web |title=Kwango |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River |access-date=24 January 2011}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River "Kwango"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> Ana samun sauƙin kewayawa galibi a ƙananan kogin, wanda tsawonsa ya kai {{Convert|307|km}} daga bakinsa zuwa ga kwarin Kingushi. Ana iya yin tafiya a wani ɓangare a tsakiyar kogin tsakanin Kingushi da magudanar ruwan Franz Josef a tsawon kimanin {{Convert|300|km}} . <ref name="Free" /> === Albarkatun ruwa === Ruwan da ke kwarara a kogin a lokacin bazara yana faruwa ne a watan Agusta. Matsakaicin fitar ruwa a ƙasan kogin a kowace shekara shine {{Convert|2700|m3/s}} <ref name="Free">{{Cite web |title=Kwango |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River |access-date=24 January 2011}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River "Kwango"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> == Al'adu == Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun Yaka, Suku, [[Mbala people|Mbala]], da Pende suna zaune a kwarin kogin. Ana ganin ƙwarewarsu ta hanyar sassaka abin rufe fuska a cikin tsarin siffofi na siffofi, da sauran abubuwa da aka sassaka. <ref name="Kwango">{{Cite web |title=Kwango River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325813/Kwango-River. |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == Duk da cewa ana amfani da kogin don kamun kifi, <ref name="Free">{{Cite web |title=Kwango |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River |access-date=24 January 2011}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River "Kwango"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> ana haɓaka kwarin ne ta hanyar samar da aikin gona na rayuwa kawai. Abin lura a tarihi shine [[Manja|man dabino]] da samar da roba. Babban aikin tattalin arziki da kuɗaɗen shiga ga [[Angola|Jihar Angola]] yana samuwa ne ta hanyar haƙo lu'u-lu'u daga kwarin. Kogin yana da wadataccen tushen lu'u-lu'u a cikin Chitamba-Lulo Kimberlite Cluster da ke Lardin Lunda Norte, wanda aka gano a babban magudanar ruwa da kuma kan filaye da baranda a filayen ambaliyar ruwanta. Lardin Lunda Norte da Lund Sul a cikin kwarin kogin sune mafi yawan ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u a kwarin da kuma a Angola. <ref name="Dockstock">{{Cite web |title=De Beers, diamonds and Angola developing an understanding |url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/49105357/De-Beers-diamonds-and-Angola-developing-an-understanding-of |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=Dockstock – Documents for Special Business and Professionals |pages=37–39}}</ref> An bai wa BRC izinin neman izini, wanda ya kai tsawon {{Convert|2150|km}} tsakanin Tembo da Kasonga Lunda a kan Kogin Kwango mai tsawon kusan {{Convert|185|km}} . <ref name="Project">{{Cite web |title=Kwango River Project |url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_55754.html |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=BRC Congo Development S.P.R.L.; Kwango Mining S.P.R.L.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_55754.html "Kwango River Project"]. BRC Congo Development S.P.R.L.; Kwango Mining S.P.R.L<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> A ƙarƙashin lasisin haƙar ma'adinai wanda Soidale de Desenvolvimento Mineiro (SDM) ke riƙe da shi, yankunan da ake samarwa suna kan hanyoyin Tazua da Ginge River a kan Cuango. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Technical Review Of Diamond Concessions On The Cuango River, Northern Angola |url=http://www.infomine.com/index/pr/Pa145202.PDF |publisher=A C A Howe International Limited |page=8}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alphabetical Locality Index – T |url=http://www.mindat.org/locindex-T0.html |publisher=mindat.org |quote=Tazua Mine, Luzamba, Cuango City Council, Lunda Norte Province, Angola}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m00brr7f6po8uu86bqacy7w04rhym9c 0 152830 841702 2026-05-28T16:17:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304723182|Water supply and sanitation in Vietnam]]" 841702 wikitext text/x-wiki Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Vietnam ana nuna su da ƙalubale da nasarori. Daga cikin nasarorin akwai karuwar samun ruwa da tsaftacewa tsakanin 1990 da 2010, kusan ma'auni na duniya, da kuma karuwar saka hannun jari a cikin maganin ruwa mai guba tun 2007. Daga cikin kalubalen akwai ci gaba da gurɓataccen ruwa, ƙarancin sabis, ƙaranci damar inganta tsabta a yankunan karkara, rashin dorewar tsarin ruwa na karkara, ƙaranciyar farfadowa don tsabtace birane, da raguwar tallafin ƙasashen waje da kudaden rance masu laushi yayin da tattalin arzikin Vietnamese ke girma kuma masu ba da gudummawa ke canzawa zuwa kudaden ranta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-30 |title=BORGEN Magazine - The Borgen Project |url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=BORGEN |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Viet Nam |url=https://www.unicef.org/vietnam/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2011 |title=Output-Based Aid in Vietnam : Access to Piped Water Services for Rural Households |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b85f75f7-65fb-5782-a2a6-a529b8a07577}}</ref> Har ila yau, gwamnati tana inganta karuwar farfadowa ta hanyar kudaden shiga kuma ta kirkiro kayan aikin ruwa masu cin gashin kansu a matakin lardin, amma manufofin sun sami nasarori masu yawa yayin da matakan farfadowar suka kasance ƙasa kuma wasu kayan aiki sun shiga cikin ayyukan da ba su da ikon su. == Samun dama == A cikin 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a a Vietnam suna da damar samun ruwa "mai kyau", ko 99% da 97%, ga mazauna birane da yankunan karkara, bi da bi. Wannan yana nufin cewa kusan mutane miliyan 2 ba su da damar samun ruwa "mai kyau" a lokacin. Game da tsaftacewa, kashi 78% na yawan jama'a a Vietnam suna da damar " inganta" tsaftacewa، ko kashi 94% na yawan birane da kashi 70% na yawan karkara. Duk da haka, kimanin mutane miliyan 21 a Vietnam, a cikin 2015, ba su da damar samun " ingantaccen" tsabtace jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WASHwatch.org -Viet Nam |url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/viet-nam/summary/statistics/ |access-date=2017-03-22 |website=washwatch.org |language=en}}</ref> Dangane da Shirin Kulawa na hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Sayar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa, samun damar [[ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] a kasar ya karu daga 58% a 1990 zuwa 96% a 2010. Koyaya, yawancin Vietnamese suna karɓar ruwa daga famfo a cikin yadi ko famfo na jama'a a ƙauyen daga inda dole ne su ɗauki ruwa zuwa gidansu. A shekara ta 2010, kashi 23% ne kawai na Vietnamese ke da maɓallin a gidansu. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin samun dama tsakanin birane da yankunan "ƙauyuka". Kashi 70% na yawan mutanen Vietnam suna zaune a yankunan karkara, amma yawancin yankunan karamar hukuma a zahiri ƙananan garuruwa ne, misali a cikin Red River Delta da ke zaune a cikin Red. A cikin birane, 59% suna da maɓallin a gidansu, yayin da a yankunan karkara wannan rabo ya kasance 8% kawai.<ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |last=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation |title=Vietnam Data Search |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=9 February 2014 |access-date=19 January 2013}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009 sama da 200 daga cikin kusan garuruwan gundumar 650 ba su da tsarin ruwa.<ref name="ADB Sector Review">{{Cite web |date=June 2010 |title=Viet Nam Water and Sanitation Sector Assessment Strategy and Roadmap |url=http://www.wastewater-vietnam.org/images/201006.ADB.VN%20WaterSanitation%20AssessmentStrategyRoadmap.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414110835/http://www.wastewater-vietnam.org/images/201006.ADB.VN%20WaterSanitation%20AssessmentStrategyRoadmap.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2020 |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=Asian Development Bank |pages=2–14}}</ref> == Ma'adanai na ruwa == Vietnam tana da albarkatun ruwa masu yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnam water report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/VNM/index.stm |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=FAO Aquastat}}</ref> Duk da haka, karancin gida na iya faruwa a lokacin fari. Misali, ana sa ran tafkunan Kogin Dong Nai a Kudancin Vietnam, Kogin Kudu maso Gabas, Kogin Ma a Arewacin Tsakiyar Vietnam, Kogi Kone da Kogin Huong za su kasance cikin haɗarin wuce bukatun ruwa da aka tsara a cikin 2020.<ref name="ADB Sector Review">{{Cite web |date=June 2010 |title=Viet Nam Water and Sanitation Sector Assessment Strategy and Roadmap |url=http://www.wastewater-vietnam.org/images/201006.ADB.VN%20WaterSanitation%20AssessmentStrategyRoadmap.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414110835/http://www.wastewater-vietnam.org/images/201006.ADB.VN%20WaterSanitation%20AssessmentStrategyRoadmap.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2020 |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=Asian Development Bank |pages=2–14}}</ref> Mutane miliyan 7 a [[Birnin Ho Chi Minh]] suna karɓar kashi 93% na ruwan sha daga shuke-shuke biyu na magani a kan Kogin Dong Nai da kuma karamin Kogin Sai Gon, tare da sauran kashi 7% suna fitowa daga ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi sosai wanda aka gurɓata ta hanyar shigar da ruwan teku da gurɓata. Kogin Dong Nai, wanda aka tsara shi ta hanyar madatsun ruwa guda biyu, yana da isasshen albarkatun ruwa don samar da birni mai girma da ƙarin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Water Resources Management in Ho Chi Minh City |url=http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/981/attach/06_chapter3-3hochiminh.pdf |access-date=30 May 2013 |website=Sustainable Groundwater Management In Asian Cities |publisher=IGES Freshwater Resources Management Project |pages=69–78}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin shekaru masu bushewa samar da ruwa mai sha yana gasa da amfani da aikin gona wanda zai iya wucewa tare da wadatar ruwa. [[Hanoi]] tare da mazauna sama da miliyan 6 suna karɓar kashi 80% na ruwansa daga ruwan kasa. Ruwa na ƙasa yana gurɓata da ammonium tare da maida hankali wanda ya kai sau 5 zuwa 10 (7-20 MG / L) sama da ma'auni da aka ba da izini.<ref name="Le Van Duc">{{Cite web |last=LÊ VĂN DỤC, Vice Director – Department of Construction, Hanoi, Vietnam |date=November 2012 |title="Sanitation of Water Source and Treatment of Garbage and Wastes" in Hanoi City |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/fealac/pdfs/4-6_vietnam.pdf |access-date=30 May 2013 |website=Statement at East Asian and Middle-South American Conference on Environmental Industry}}</ref> Ruwa na sama ya fito ne daga masana'antar Gia Lam da aka kammala a 1994 da kuma masana'antar Thang Long North-Van Tri da aka kammala da ita a 2004, dukansu sun sami tallafin ci gaban Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-post evaluation: Project for the Improvement of Water Supply Facilities in Gia Lam Area, Hanoi City |url=http://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/evaluation/tech_and_grant/project/ex_post/asia/vietnam_2002_1.html |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=JICA}}</ref> An shirya cewa ruwan sama daga Kogin Da, Kogin Red da Kogin Duong za su gamsar da buƙatun ruwa mai girma a nan gaba kuma a hankali su maye gurbin ruwan ƙasa da ke akwai.<ref name="Le Van Duc" /> A lokacin fari a cikin 2013 gundumomi da yawa na Hanoi sun tafi gaba ɗaya ba tare da ruwa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hanoi to increase water supply |url=http://en.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Hanoi-to-increase-water-supply/20135/35015.vnplus |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=Vietnam+}}</ref> Jirgin watsawa daga shuka da ke akwai a kan Kogin Da ya sha wahala da yawa, wanda ya kara karancin ruwa. Kamfanin Vietnamese Vinaconex ya gina bututun tare da bututun fibreglass-reinforced wanda ya ƙera kansa ta amfani da shi. Tare da ra'ayi na adawa da kasar Sin da ke hawa sama a Vietnam, an zargi kurakurai da fasahar kasar Sin mai tsada a bayan tsarin masana'antu. Lokacin da wani kamfani na kasar Sin ya lashe kwangila don gina bututun mai na biyu a cikin 2016, gwamnati ta soke kwangilar.<ref name="GWI Hanoi">{{Cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Oman-Vietnam group clinches Hanoi WTP without tender |publisher=Global Water Intelligence |pages=10–11}}</ref>&nbsp; == Ingancin sabis == === Ingancin ruwan sha === A farkon shekara ta 2009 gwaje-gwaje da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Vietnam ta yi sun nuna yaduwar gurɓataccen ruwan famfo na gari, gami da matakan e-coli. Yawancin mazauna suna tafasa ruwan sha, saboda ba su amince da ingancin ruwan famfo ba, ko kuma suna amfani da ruwan kwalba. Wasu samfurori na ruwa sun kuma gurɓata da ammoniya a matakan da suka kasance sau 6-18 sama da matakin da aka ba da izini.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite web |date=17 April 2009 |title=VIETNAM: Even bottled water unsafe |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/83965/vietnam-even-bottled-water-unsafe |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=IRIN}}</ref> Ammoniya a cikin ruwan sha ba haɗarin lafiya kai tsaye ba ne, amma yana iya daidaita ingancin disinfection, haifar da gazawar wasu matattarar, kuma yana haifar da matsalolin dandano da wari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chemical Fact Sheets |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/ammoniasum.pdf |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=WHO}}</ref> Matakan arsenic sun ninka sau biyu zuwa uku fiye da yadda aka yarda da su bisa ga jagororin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. An kuma sami kwayoyin cuta a cikin samfurori na ruwa mai kwalliya, bisa ga binciken da sashen kiwon lafiya na Ho Chi Minh City ya yi a cikin 2009, wanda ya haifar da rufe kamfanonin kwalban ruwa 38.<ref name="IRIN" /> == Manazarta == bhqkq5ooaw0f5c92mqynmsj0qcvhbl8 841704 841702 2026-05-28T16:17:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 841704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Vietnam''' ana nuna su da ƙalubale da nasarori. Daga cikin nasarorin akwai karuwar samun ruwa da tsaftacewa tsakanin 1990 da 2010, kusan ma'auni na duniya, da kuma karuwar saka hannun jari a cikin maganin ruwa mai guba tun 2007. Daga cikin kalubalen akwai ci gaba da gurɓataccen ruwa, ƙarancin sabis, ƙaranci damar inganta tsabta a yankunan karkara, rashin dorewar tsarin ruwa na karkara, ƙaranciyar farfadowa don tsabtace birane, da raguwar tallafin ƙasashen waje da kudaden rance masu laushi yayin da tattalin arzikin Vietnamese ke girma kuma masu ba da gudummawa ke canzawa zuwa kudaden ranta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-30 |title=BORGEN Magazine - The Borgen Project |url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=BORGEN |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene {{!}} UNICEF Viet Nam |url=https://www.unicef.org/vietnam/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2011 |title=Output-Based Aid in Vietnam : Access to Piped Water Services for Rural Households |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b85f75f7-65fb-5782-a2a6-a529b8a07577}}</ref> Har ila yau, gwamnati tana inganta karuwar farfadowa ta hanyar kudaden shiga kuma ta kirkiro kayan aikin ruwa masu cin gashin kansu a matakin lardin, amma manufofin sun sami nasarori masu yawa yayin da matakan farfadowar suka kasance ƙasa kuma wasu kayan aiki sun shiga cikin ayyukan da ba su da ikon su. == Samun dama == A cikin 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a a Vietnam suna da damar samun ruwa "mai kyau", ko 99% da 97%, ga mazauna birane da yankunan karkara, bi da bi. Wannan yana nufin cewa kusan mutane miliyan 2 ba su da damar samun ruwa "mai kyau" a lokacin. Game da tsaftacewa, kashi 78% na yawan jama'a a Vietnam suna da damar " inganta" tsaftacewa، ko kashi 94% na yawan birane da kashi 70% na yawan karkara. Duk da haka, kimanin mutane miliyan 21 a Vietnam, a cikin 2015, ba su da damar samun " ingantaccen" tsabtace jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WASHwatch.org -Viet Nam |url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/viet-nam/summary/statistics/ |access-date=2017-03-22 |website=washwatch.org |language=en}}</ref> Dangane da Shirin Kulawa na hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Sayar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa, samun damar [[ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] a kasar ya karu daga 58% a 1990 zuwa 96% a 2010. Koyaya, yawancin Vietnamese suna karɓar ruwa daga famfo a cikin yadi ko famfo na jama'a a ƙauyen daga inda dole ne su ɗauki ruwa zuwa gidansu. A shekara ta 2010, kashi 23% ne kawai na Vietnamese ke da maɓallin a gidansu. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin samun dama tsakanin birane da yankunan "ƙauyuka". Kashi 70% na yawan mutanen Vietnam suna zaune a yankunan karkara, amma yawancin yankunan karamar hukuma a zahiri ƙananan garuruwa ne, misali a cikin Red River Delta da ke zaune a cikin Red. A cikin birane, 59% suna da maɓallin a gidansu, yayin da a yankunan karkara wannan rabo ya kasance 8% kawai.<ref name="JMP">{{Cite web |last=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation |title=Vietnam Data Search |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=9 February 2014 |access-date=19 January 2013}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009 sama da 200 daga cikin kusan garuruwan gundumar 650 ba su da tsarin ruwa.<ref name="ADB Sector Review">{{Cite web |date=June 2010 |title=Viet Nam Water and Sanitation Sector Assessment Strategy and Roadmap |url=http://www.wastewater-vietnam.org/images/201006.ADB.VN%20WaterSanitation%20AssessmentStrategyRoadmap.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414110835/http://www.wastewater-vietnam.org/images/201006.ADB.VN%20WaterSanitation%20AssessmentStrategyRoadmap.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2020 |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=Asian Development Bank |pages=2–14}}</ref> == Ma'adanai na ruwa == Vietnam tana da albarkatun ruwa masu yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnam water report |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/VNM/index.stm |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=FAO Aquastat}}</ref> Duk da haka, karancin gida na iya faruwa a lokacin fari. Misali, ana sa ran tafkunan Kogin Dong Nai a Kudancin Vietnam, Kogin Kudu maso Gabas, Kogin Ma a Arewacin Tsakiyar Vietnam, Kogi Kone da Kogin Huong za su kasance cikin haɗarin wuce bukatun ruwa da aka tsara a cikin 2020.<ref name="ADB Sector Review">{{Cite web |date=June 2010 |title=Viet Nam Water and Sanitation Sector Assessment Strategy and Roadmap |url=http://www.wastewater-vietnam.org/images/201006.ADB.VN%20WaterSanitation%20AssessmentStrategyRoadmap.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414110835/http://www.wastewater-vietnam.org/images/201006.ADB.VN%20WaterSanitation%20AssessmentStrategyRoadmap.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2020 |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=Asian Development Bank |pages=2–14}}</ref> Mutane miliyan 7 a [[Birnin Ho Chi Minh]] suna karɓar kashi 93% na ruwan sha daga shuke-shuke biyu na magani a kan Kogin Dong Nai da kuma karamin Kogin Sai Gon, tare da sauran kashi 7% suna fitowa daga ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi sosai wanda aka gurɓata ta hanyar shigar da ruwan teku da gurɓata. Kogin Dong Nai, wanda aka tsara shi ta hanyar madatsun ruwa guda biyu, yana da isasshen albarkatun ruwa don samar da birni mai girma da ƙarin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Water Resources Management in Ho Chi Minh City |url=http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/981/attach/06_chapter3-3hochiminh.pdf |access-date=30 May 2013 |website=Sustainable Groundwater Management In Asian Cities |publisher=IGES Freshwater Resources Management Project |pages=69–78}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin shekaru masu bushewa samar da ruwa mai sha yana gasa da amfani da aikin gona wanda zai iya wucewa tare da wadatar ruwa. [[Hanoi]] tare da mazauna sama da miliyan 6 suna karɓar kashi 80% na ruwansa daga ruwan kasa. Ruwa na ƙasa yana gurɓata da ammonium tare da maida hankali wanda ya kai sau 5 zuwa 10 (7-20 MG / L) sama da ma'auni da aka ba da izini.<ref name="Le Van Duc">{{Cite web |last=LÊ VĂN DỤC, Vice Director – Department of Construction, Hanoi, Vietnam |date=November 2012 |title="Sanitation of Water Source and Treatment of Garbage and Wastes" in Hanoi City |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/fealac/pdfs/4-6_vietnam.pdf |access-date=30 May 2013 |website=Statement at East Asian and Middle-South American Conference on Environmental Industry}}</ref> Ruwa na sama ya fito ne daga masana'antar Gia Lam da aka kammala a 1994 da kuma masana'antar Thang Long North-Van Tri da aka kammala da ita a 2004, dukansu sun sami tallafin ci gaban Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-post evaluation: Project for the Improvement of Water Supply Facilities in Gia Lam Area, Hanoi City |url=http://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/evaluation/tech_and_grant/project/ex_post/asia/vietnam_2002_1.html |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=JICA}}</ref> An shirya cewa ruwan sama daga Kogin Da, Kogin Red da Kogin Duong za su gamsar da buƙatun ruwa mai girma a nan gaba kuma a hankali su maye gurbin ruwan ƙasa da ke akwai.<ref name="Le Van Duc" /> A lokacin fari a cikin 2013 gundumomi da yawa na Hanoi sun tafi gaba ɗaya ba tare da ruwa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hanoi to increase water supply |url=http://en.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Hanoi-to-increase-water-supply/20135/35015.vnplus |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=Vietnam+}}</ref> Jirgin watsawa daga shuka da ke akwai a kan Kogin Da ya sha wahala da yawa, wanda ya kara karancin ruwa. Kamfanin Vietnamese Vinaconex ya gina bututun tare da bututun fibreglass-reinforced wanda ya ƙera kansa ta amfani da shi. Tare da ra'ayi na adawa da kasar Sin da ke hawa sama a Vietnam, an zargi kurakurai da fasahar kasar Sin mai tsada a bayan tsarin masana'antu. Lokacin da wani kamfani na kasar Sin ya lashe kwangila don gina bututun mai na biyu a cikin 2016, gwamnati ta soke kwangilar.<ref name="GWI Hanoi">{{Cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Oman-Vietnam group clinches Hanoi WTP without tender |publisher=Global Water Intelligence |pages=10–11}}</ref>&nbsp; == Ingancin sabis == === Ingancin ruwan sha === A farkon shekara ta 2009 gwaje-gwaje da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Vietnam ta yi sun nuna yaduwar gurɓataccen ruwan famfo na gari, gami da matakan e-coli. Yawancin mazauna suna tafasa ruwan sha, saboda ba su amince da ingancin ruwan famfo ba, ko kuma suna amfani da ruwan kwalba. Wasu samfurori na ruwa sun kuma gurɓata da ammoniya a matakan da suka kasance sau 6-18 sama da matakin da aka ba da izini.<ref name="IRIN">{{Cite web |date=17 April 2009 |title=VIETNAM: Even bottled water unsafe |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/83965/vietnam-even-bottled-water-unsafe |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=IRIN}}</ref> Ammoniya a cikin ruwan sha ba haɗarin lafiya kai tsaye ba ne, amma yana iya daidaita ingancin disinfection, haifar da gazawar wasu matattarar, kuma yana haifar da matsalolin dandano da wari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chemical Fact Sheets |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/ammoniasum.pdf |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=WHO}}</ref> Matakan arsenic sun ninka sau biyu zuwa uku fiye da yadda aka yarda da su bisa ga jagororin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. An kuma sami kwayoyin cuta a cikin samfurori na ruwa mai kwalliya, bisa ga binciken da sashen kiwon lafiya na Ho Chi Minh City ya yi a cikin 2009, wanda ya haifar da rufe kamfanonin kwalban ruwa 38.<ref name="IRIN" /> == Manazarta == m5apz9ufgcszvh3z0a9863t6kjs9tlc 0 152831 841705 2026-05-28T16:18:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334164909|Thuyloi University]]" 841705 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>21°00′27″N 105°49′28″E / 21.007381°N 105.824519°E / 21.007381; 105.824519 '''Jami'ar Thuy Loi''' (harshe na [[Vietnam]]) jami'a ce ta jama'a a [[Hanoi]], Vietnam . An kafa shi a 1959 a matsayin Kwalejin Kula da Ruwa, wanda aka cire daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Hanoi. Jami'ar Thuy Loi tana da makarantun uku: babban harabar a [[Hanoi]], tare da babban harabar da ke [[Birnin Ho Chi Minh]] da ɗaya a Phan Rang-Tháp Chàm, Lardin Ninh Thuận . Jami'ar tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu a cikin kula da albarkatun ruwa, ginin madatsar ruwa, ban ruwa, kula da ambaliyar ruwa, kulawar muhalli, gine-ginen farar hula, da hydroelectricity. == Haɗin waje == * [http://en.tlu.edu.vn/ Shafin yanar gizon Jami'ar Thuy Loi] 83l15ag5vsldi7c24c290ubx9536tza 841706 841705 2026-05-28T16:18:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 841706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jami'ar Thuy Loi''' (harshe na [[Vietnam]]) jami'a ce ta jama'a a [[Hanoi]], Vietnam . An kafa shi a 1959 a matsayin Kwalejin Kula da Ruwa, wanda aka cire daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Hanoi. Jami'ar Thuy Loi tana da makarantun uku: babban harabar a [[Hanoi]], tare da babban harabar da ke [[Birnin Ho Chi Minh]] da ɗaya a Phan Rang-Tháp Chàm, Lardin Ninh Thuận . Jami'ar tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu a cikin kula da albarkatun ruwa, ginin madatsar ruwa, ban ruwa, kula da ambaliyar ruwa, kulawar muhalli, gine-ginen farar hula, da hydroelectricity. == Haɗin waje == * [http://en.tlu.edu.vn/ Shafin yanar gizon Jami'ar Thuy Loi] cgyqexuno9iojt46uw38vqls1bau9dc 0 152832 841707 2026-05-28T16:18:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329840548|Ayun Hạ Reservoir]]" 841707 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruwa na Ayun Hạ''' ko '''Tafkin Ayun Hạ''' Vietnamese) tafki ne na wucin gadi a Lardin Gia Lai, Vietnam . An kafa tafkin ne lokacin da aka dakatar da Kogin Ayun a farkon shekara ta 1994, don fara gina madatsar ruwa da tafkin don ban ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TITC |title=Hồ Ayun Hạ |url=http://vietnamtourism.vn/index.php/tourism/items/1486 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=vietnamtourism.vn |language=vi-vn}}</ref> Yankin ambaliyar ruwa na gundumar tafkin na cikin garin HBong Chu Se. Fadin tafkin ya kai murabba'in mita {{Convert|37|sqkm|sqmi}} , kuma yana da tsawon {{Convert|25|km|mi}}, kuma yana da {{Convert|5|km|mi}} a mafi faɗinsa. == Manazarta == qghlwipm15gyq8suuvraf7nzadhzm01 841708 841707 2026-05-28T16:19:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 841708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruwa na Ayun Hạ''' ko '''Tafkin Ayun Hạ''' Vietnamese) tafki ne na wucin gadi a Lardin Gia Lai, Vietnam . An kafa tafkin ne lokacin da aka dakatar da Kogin Ayun a farkon shekara ta 1994, don fara gina madatsar ruwa da tafkin don ban ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TITC |title=Hồ Ayun Hạ |url=http://vietnamtourism.vn/index.php/tourism/items/1486 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=vietnamtourism.vn |language=vi-vn}}</ref> Yankin ambaliyar ruwa na gundumar tafkin na cikin garin HBong Chu Se. Fadin tafkin ya kai murabba'in mita {{Convert|37|sqkm|sqmi}} , kuma yana da tsawon {{Convert|25|km|mi}}, kuma yana da {{Convert|5|km|mi}} a mafi faɗinsa. == Manazarta == jopktrxl0nbl4qzyf8h4fcu1kt2kuji 0 152833 841709 2026-05-28T16:19:36Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334205864|Senqunyane River]]" 841709 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Senqunyane''' kogi ne na tsakiyar [[Lesotho]] . Kogin yana tashi a tsaunukan Maluti da ke arewa maso yammacin Lesotho, kuma yana kwarara zuwa kudu sannan ya nufi yamma na tsawon kilomita 120 kafin ya haɗu da Kogin Senqu (Kogin Orange) <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Orange River, Delineating the Border between South Africa and Namibia |url=http://www.eosnap.com/tag/senqu-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004520/http://www.eosnap.com/tag/senqu-river/ |archive-date=2013-10-05 |access-date=2012-03-22}}</ref> a kudu maso yamma. Tushen Senqunyane shine wurin haɗuwa na gundumomi uku: Gundumar Thaba-Tseka, Gundumar Berea da Gundumar Leribe . Tana da iyaka tsakanin Gundumar Thaba-Tseka da farko Berea sannan Gundumar Maseru, da kuma ƙaramin yanki na Gundumar Mafeteng wanda aka raba shi da sauran gundumar kuma yana cikin tsaunukan Maluti, tsawonsa tsawonsa. Madatsun ruwa sun haɗa da Kogin Bokong, <ref name="vanvuuren_2007">{{Cite journal |last=van Vuuren |first=Sanet Janse |last2=Walt |first2=Nicolene van der |last3=Swanepoel |first3=Annelie |date=2007 |title=Changes in algal composition and environmental variables in the high-altitude Mohale Dam — an important water supply reservoir to South Africa |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |language=en |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=265–274 |doi=10.2989/ajas.2007.32.3.6.305 |s2cid=85354207}}</ref> da kuma Kogin Jordane da Kogin Likalaneng, waɗanda suka haɗu da Senqunyane jim kaɗan kafin madatsar ruwan Mohale . {{Rp|33}} Madatsar ruwan Mohale, wacce aka bude a shekarar 2003, wani bangare ne na aikin ruwa na tsaunukan Lesotho, wanda ke karkatar da ruwa zuwa madatsar ruwan Katse zuwa yankin Gauteng da ke Afirka ta Kudu, ciki har da biranen [[Johannesburg]] da [[Pretoria]] . Kogin gida ne ga kifin da ba a saba gani ba na Dutse ("Austroglanis sclateri"). <ref name="niehaus_1996">{{Cite journal |last=BH |first=Niehaus |date=1996 |title=An ecological investigation of the aquatic vertebrates below the proposed Mohale Dam wall in the Senqunyane River, Lesotho, with emphasis on the rock catfish (Austroglanis sclateri), Masters thesis |url=http://nrfnexus.nrf.ac.za/handle/20.500.11892/67833 |url-status=dead |language=English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305120537/http://nrfnexus.nrf.ac.za/handle/20.500.11892/67833 |archive-date=5 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Ruwan Semonkong yana aiki a matsayin shingen ƙaura wanda ke raba al'ummomin kifaye daban-daban. <ref name="niehaus_1996" /> Kwarin Senqunyane wuri ne da aka gina wasu wuraren tarihi da na duwatsu. <ref name="bousman_1988">{{Cite journal |last=Bousman |first=Britt |date=1988 |title=Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Senqunyane Valley, Lesotho |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |volume=43 |issue=147 |pages=33–37 |doi=10.2307/3887611 |jstor=3887611}}</ref> An fara zama a kwarin a zamanin Dutse na Tsakiya . <ref name="bousman_1988" /> Kwarin dutse mai duwatsu masu tsayi yana haifar da matsala wajen shiga. An gina gada mai ban mamaki a shekarar 2011 wadda ta ratsa kogin kusa da inda yake haɗuwa da Kogin Orange . <ref name="saice_1977">{{Cite journal |last=Boshoff |first=Jody |date=1 February 1977 |title=Five new bridges to increase access to southeastern Lesotho : market contribution |url=https://journals.co.za/content/civeng/19/2/EJC26522 |journal=Civil Engineering = Siviele Ingenieurswese |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |issn=1021-2000}}</ref> == Manazarta == 7uweozfbo09x8z904n6lqrlnlr8y5f7 841712 841709 2026-05-28T16:20:15Z Engineer014 44591 841712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Senqunyane''' kogi ne na tsakiyar [[Lesotho]] . Kogin yana tashi a tsaunukan Maluti da ke arewa maso yammacin Lesotho, kuma yana kwarara zuwa kudu sannan ya nufi yamma na tsawon kilomita 120 kafin ya haɗu da Kogin Senqu (Kogin Orange) <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Orange River, Delineating the Border between South Africa and Namibia |url=http://www.eosnap.com/tag/senqu-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004520/http://www.eosnap.com/tag/senqu-river/ |archive-date=2013-10-05 |access-date=2012-03-22}}</ref> a kudu maso yamma. Tushen Senqunyane shine wurin haɗuwa na gundumomi uku: Gundumar Thaba-Tseka, Gundumar Berea da Gundumar Leribe . Tana da iyaka tsakanin Gundumar Thaba-Tseka da farko Berea sannan Gundumar Maseru, da kuma ƙaramin yanki na Gundumar Mafeteng wanda aka raba shi da sauran gundumar kuma yana cikin tsaunukan Maluti, tsawonsa tsawonsa. Madatsun ruwa sun haɗa da Kogin Bokong, <ref name="vanvuuren_2007">{{Cite journal |last=van Vuuren |first=Sanet Janse |last2=Walt |first2=Nicolene van der |last3=Swanepoel |first3=Annelie |date=2007 |title=Changes in algal composition and environmental variables in the high-altitude Mohale Dam — an important water supply reservoir to South Africa |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |language=en |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=265–274 |doi=10.2989/ajas.2007.32.3.6.305 |s2cid=85354207}}</ref> da kuma Kogin Jordane da Kogin Likalaneng, waɗanda suka haɗu da Senqunyane jim kaɗan kafin madatsar ruwan Mohale . {{Rp|33}} Madatsar ruwan Mohale, wacce aka bude a shekarar 2003, wani bangare ne na aikin ruwa na tsaunukan Lesotho, wanda ke karkatar da ruwa zuwa madatsar ruwan Katse zuwa yankin Gauteng da ke Afirka ta Kudu, ciki har da biranen [[Johannesburg]] da [[Pretoria]] . Kogin gida ne ga kifin da ba a saba gani ba na Dutse ("Austroglanis sclateri"). <ref name="niehaus_1996">{{Cite journal |last=BH |first=Niehaus |date=1996 |title=An ecological investigation of the aquatic vertebrates below the proposed Mohale Dam wall in the Senqunyane River, Lesotho, with emphasis on the rock catfish (Austroglanis sclateri), Masters thesis |url=http://nrfnexus.nrf.ac.za/handle/20.500.11892/67833 |url-status=dead |language=English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305120537/http://nrfnexus.nrf.ac.za/handle/20.500.11892/67833 |archive-date=5 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Ruwan Semonkong yana aiki a matsayin shingen ƙaura wanda ke raba al'ummomin kifaye daban-daban. <ref name="niehaus_1996" /> Kwarin Senqunyane wuri ne da aka gina wasu wuraren tarihi da na duwatsu. <ref name="bousman_1988">{{Cite journal |last=Bousman |first=Britt |date=1988 |title=Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Senqunyane Valley, Lesotho |journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin |volume=43 |issue=147 |pages=33–37 |doi=10.2307/3887611 |jstor=3887611}}</ref> An fara zama a kwarin a zamanin Dutse na Tsakiya . <ref name="bousman_1988" /> Kwarin dutse mai duwatsu masu tsayi yana haifar da matsala wajen shiga. An gina gada mai ban mamaki a shekarar 2011 wadda ta ratsa kogin kusa da inda yake haɗuwa da Kogin Orange . <ref name="saice_1977">{{Cite journal |last=Boshoff |first=Jody |date=1 February 1977 |title=Five new bridges to increase access to southeastern Lesotho : market contribution |url=https://journals.co.za/content/civeng/19/2/EJC26522 |journal=Civil Engineering = Siviele Ingenieurswese |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |issn=1021-2000}}</ref> == Manazarta == difh0iob4zluy0t3u09ns6sdtfrnmod 0 152834 841710 2026-05-28T16:19:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349472463|Cấm Sơn Reservoir]]" 841710 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cấm Sơn Tafki''' ( Vietnamese ) wani tafki ne a gundumar Lục Ngạn, lardin Bắc Giang, [[Vietnam]], kusa da iyaka da lardin Lạng Sơn . Tafkin yana kan titin Highway 279, arewa maso gabashin birnin Bắc Giang. Tafkin yana da yanki na kimanin hekta 2,600 (6,400 acres), amma a lokacin ruwan sama lokacin ambaliyar ruwa ta zama ruwan dare, tafkin na iya fadada zuwa kimanin hekta 3,000 (7,400 acres). Tsawon tafkin yana da kimanin kilomita 30 (19 . Matsayinta mafi faɗin kusan kilomita 7 (4.3 ne kuma mafi ƙanƙanta shine kusan mita 200 (660.ft) mw22lvnn5nayd7kl2tyo2t0ayxg4fiq 841711 841710 2026-05-28T16:20:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 841711 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cấm Sơn Tafki''' ( Vietnamese ) wani tafki ne a gundumar Lục Ngạn, lardin Bắc Giang, [[Vietnam]], kusa da iyaka da lardin Lạng Sơn . Tafkin yana kan titin Highway 279, arewa maso gabashin birnin Bắc Giang. Tafkin yana da yanki na kimanin hekta 2,600 (6,400 acres), amma a lokacin ruwan sama lokacin ambaliyar ruwa ta zama ruwan dare, tafkin na iya fadada zuwa kimanin hekta 3,000 (7,400 acres). Tsawon tafkin yana da kimanin kilomita 30 (19 . Matsayinta mafi faɗin kusan kilomita 7 (4.3 ne kuma mafi ƙanƙanta shine kusan mita 200 (660.ft) {{Hujja}} kgtpgcvwt5hphb9ze4kpv3cq58eg1y6 0 152835 841713 2026-05-28T16:20:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342013757|Định Bình Reservoir]]" 841713 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%; color:black;" |Rashin ruwa na Định Bình |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname" style="font-size:100%; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |Tafkin Định Bình |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname" style="font-size:100%; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<span title="Vietnamese-language text">''Hồ Định Bình''</span>&nbsp;<span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal"> ([[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]) </span> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |[[File:Hodinhbinh.jpg|264x264px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Tafkin Định Bình</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<div class="switcher-container"><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[Fayil:Vietnam_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|501x501px|Định Bình Reservoir is located in Vietnam]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:61.441%;left:81.895%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Định Bình Reservoir]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Rashin ruwa na Định Bình</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Nuna taswirar Vietnam</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[Fayil:Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|256x256px|Định Bình Reservoir is located in Southeast Asia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:39.211%;left:31.342%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Định Bình Reservoir]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Rashin ruwa na Định Bình</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Nuna taswirar kudu maso gabashin Asiya</span></div></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span title="Geographical coordinates">Ma'auni</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_B%C3%ACnh_Reservoir&params=14_10_10_N_108_45_40_E_type:waterbody <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°10′10′′N</span> <span class="longitude">108°45′40′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.16944°N 108.76111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.16944; 108.76111</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_B%C3%ACnh_Reservoir&params=14_10_10_N_108_45_40_E_type:waterbody <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°10′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">108°45′40″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.16944°N 108.76111°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">14.16944; 108.76111</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Jikin Ruwa|Irin wannan]] | class="infobox-data category" |Ruwa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><nowiki><span title="Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation">Abubuwan da ke shigowa</span></nowiki></div> | class="infobox-data" |Kogin Côn |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasashen da ke cikin ruwa&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Vietnam]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gidaje | class="infobox-data" |Bình Định |} '''Định Bình Reservoir''' ( Vietnamese ) babban tafki ne mai ruwa-ruwa na wucin gadi a gundumar Vĩnh Thạnh, Lardin Bình Định, [[Vietnam]]. An fara aikin samar da madatsar ruwa a Kogin Côn a watan Mayu na 2003. Yana da karfin mita cubic miliyan 226. Ana sa ran tafkin da madatsar ruwa za su samar da ban ruwa ga kimanin hekta 12,545 (fiye da murabba'in mil 48).<ref>Hồ thủy lợi Định Bình</ref> == Manazarta == g9js4lmejaqrncrh7fk5luqsk68fr55 841714 841713 2026-05-28T16:21:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 Replaced content with "{{Databox}} '''Định Bình Reservoir''' ( Vietnamese ) babban tafki ne mai ruwa-ruwa na wucin gadi a gundumar Vĩnh Thạnh, Lardin Bình Định, [[Vietnam]]. An fara aikin samar da madatsar ruwa a Kogin Côn a watan Mayu na 2003. Yana da karfin mita cubic miliyan 226. Ana sa ran tafkin da madatsar ruwa za su samar da ban ruwa ga kimanin hekta 12,545 (fiye da murabba'in mil 48).<ref>Hồ thủy lợi Định Bình</ref> == Manazarta ==" 841714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Định Bình Reservoir''' ( Vietnamese ) babban tafki ne mai ruwa-ruwa na wucin gadi a gundumar Vĩnh Thạnh, Lardin Bình Định, [[Vietnam]]. An fara aikin samar da madatsar ruwa a Kogin Côn a watan Mayu na 2003. Yana da karfin mita cubic miliyan 226. Ana sa ran tafkin da madatsar ruwa za su samar da ban ruwa ga kimanin hekta 12,545 (fiye da murabba'in mil 48).<ref>Hồ thủy lợi Định Bình</ref> == Manazarta == 2kicl1mahrgiz861r00qo5qsq90tfdy 0 152836 841715 2026-05-28T16:21:48Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1216111076|Makhaleng River]]" 841715 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Makhaleng''' kogi ne na yammacin [[Lesotho]] . Yana tashi a tsaunukan Maloti, yana kwarara gaba ɗaya zuwa kudu maso yamma don shiga Kogin Orange a kan iyaka da Free State a Afirka ta Kudu. == Kwas ɗin == Kogin ya samo asali ne daga arewa maso yamma na {{Convert|2886|m|ft|0}} babban Machache a cikin tsaunukan Maluti . Yana ratsa kudu maso yamma ta tsaunukan Lesotho ta ratsa garuruwa da ƙauyukan Molimo-Nthuse, Makhaleng, Ramabanta da Qaba, yana kwarara zuwa Kogin Orange a kan iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa ta Free State kusa da ''Gadar Makhaleng'' . A tsayin {{Convert|1400|m|ft|0}}, bakin Makhaleng shine mafi ƙasƙanci a Lesotho, kuma mafi ƙasƙanci mafi girma a kowace ƙasa . Kwarin kogin yana cikin hanyar zuwa wasu hanyoyin wucewar tsaunuka, musamman God Help Me Pass da kuma [[Gates of Paradise Pass|Ƙofofin Aljanna Pass]] . ''Ruwan Qiloane'' wani wurin shakatawa ne na yawon buɗe ido da ke saman kogin. Tsawonsa ya kai kimanin {{Convert|30|m|ft|-2}} tsayi amma an fi sanin su da faɗinsu, yayin da ruwa ke gudana a kan duwatsu a cikin "rufin amarya". A Lesotho, wannan kogin da ke samansa ba shi da wani yanki na ambaliyar ruwa. Ruwan yana gudana da sauri kuma kogin yana tashi da sauri bayan ruwan sama mai yawa a tsaunuka da kuma lokacin narkewar bazara. Yankin da ke kewaye da shi yana da kusan {{Convert|300000|hectare}} kuma matsakaicin kwararar ruwa shine kimanin {{Convert|15|m3}} a kowace daƙiƙa. Babu manyan magudanan ruwa a kogin, amma akwai ƙananan da matsakaitan da aka gina don kiyaye ƙasa da kuma tattara ruwa. Waɗannan suna iya zubar da ƙasa kuma kaɗan daga cikinsu sun wanke. == Magudanar ruwa == Makhaleng tana da manyan magudanan ruwa guda uku na Makhalaneng, Qhoqhoane da Khibiting. Dukansu suna kwarara zuwa cikinta daga gefen dama yayin da suke zubar da ruwan daga tsaunukan Maluti. == Manazarta == kjbwcr3bv8lqjr7ktxzix5olvvicngx 841716 841715 2026-05-28T16:22:16Z Engineer014 44591 841716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Makhaleng''' kogi ne na yammacin [[Lesotho]] . Yana tashi a tsaunukan Maloti, yana kwarara gaba ɗaya zuwa kudu maso yamma don shiga Kogin Orange a kan iyaka da Free State a Afirka ta Kudu. == Kwas ɗin == Kogin ya samo asali ne daga arewa maso yamma na {{Convert|2886|m|ft|0}} babban Machache a cikin tsaunukan Maluti . Yana ratsa kudu maso yamma ta tsaunukan Lesotho ta ratsa garuruwa da ƙauyukan Molimo-Nthuse, Makhaleng, Ramabanta da Qaba, yana kwarara zuwa Kogin Orange a kan iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa ta Free State kusa da ''Gadar Makhaleng'' . A tsayin {{Convert|1400|m|ft|0}}, bakin Makhaleng shine mafi ƙasƙanci a Lesotho, kuma mafi ƙasƙanci mafi girma a kowace ƙasa . Kwarin kogin yana cikin hanyar zuwa wasu hanyoyin wucewar tsaunuka, musamman God Help Me Pass da kuma [[Gates of Paradise Pass|Ƙofofin Aljanna Pass]] . ''Ruwan Qiloane'' wani wurin shakatawa ne na yawon buɗe ido da ke saman kogin. Tsawonsa ya kai kimanin {{Convert|30|m|ft|-2}} tsayi amma an fi sanin su da faɗinsu, yayin da ruwa ke gudana a kan duwatsu a cikin "rufin amarya". A Lesotho, wannan kogin da ke samansa ba shi da wani yanki na ambaliyar ruwa. Ruwan yana gudana da sauri kuma kogin yana tashi da sauri bayan ruwan sama mai yawa a tsaunuka da kuma lokacin narkewar bazara. Yankin da ke kewaye da shi yana da kusan {{Convert|300000|hectare}} kuma matsakaicin kwararar ruwa shine kimanin {{Convert|15|m3}} a kowace daƙiƙa. Babu manyan magudanan ruwa a kogin, amma akwai ƙananan da matsakaitan da aka gina don kiyaye ƙasa da kuma tattara ruwa. Waɗannan suna iya zubar da ƙasa kuma kaɗan daga cikinsu sun wanke. == Magudanar ruwa == Makhaleng tana da manyan magudanan ruwa guda uku na Makhalaneng, Qhoqhoane da Khibiting. Dukansu suna kwarara zuwa cikinta daga gefen dama yayin da suke zubar da ruwan daga tsaunukan Maluti. == Manazarta == but5rnj7hudku4jj6bciplt97sp7zh9 0 152837 841717 2026-05-28T16:23:46Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320342656|Caledon River]]" 841717 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Caledon''' ( Sotho ) babban kogi ne da ke tsakiyar Afirka ta Kudu. Jimillar tsawonsa shine {{Cvt|642|km}}, yana tashi a tsaunukan Drakensberg a kan iyakar [[Lesotho]], yana kwarara zuwa kudu maso yamma sannan ya yamma kafin ya haɗu da Kogin Orange kusa da Bethulie a kudancin Jihar Free . Asalin kogin an sanya masa suna ''Prinses Wilhelminas Rivier'' a shekarar 1777, ta hannun Kanar RJ Gordon. == Yanayin ƙasa == Asalin Kogin Caledon yana cikin tsohon yankin bantustan na QwaQwa, kusa da kan iyaka da Lesotho, kudu maso yammacin Witsieshoek . Sannan yana kwarara kudu maso yamma yana iyaka da babban birnin Lesotho, [[Maseru]] . Yana kafa iyaka tsakanin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da Lesotho kafin ya shiga lardin Free State na Afirka ta Kudu (arewacin Wepener ). Sannan yana kwarara yamma kafin ya haɗu da Kogin Orange kusa da Bethulie a kudancin Free State, kafin ya kwarara zuwa cikin [[Gariep Dam|Gariep Madatsar Ruwa]] . Jimillar tsawonsa ya kai kimanin {{Convert|480|km}}, kuma kwarinsa yana fuskantar canjin yanayin zafi mai yawa. <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Caledon River |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Caledon-River |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Ƙasar da ke tsakanin Kogin Caledon da Kogin Orange ta samar da wurin ajiyar yanayi na Tussen-die-Rivire mai girman hekta 22,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tussen Die Riviere Game Reserve |url=http://www.places.co.za/html/tussen_die_riviere.html |access-date=26 November 2016 |publisher=SA Places}}</ref> == Kogi == Kogin shine babban tushen ruwa ga Maseru, babban birnin Lesotho, wanda ke kan kogin. A lokacin da ruwan sama bai yi yawa ba, ana iya samun karancin ruwa. Don magance wannan, an ƙirƙiri magudanan ruwa da yawa tare da gine-gine kamar [[Muela Dam|Dam ɗin Muela]] da [[Meulspruit Dam|Dam ɗin Meulspruit]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caledon River - Dams |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverFSCaledon/CALEDONRiver_Dams%20.htm# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003111/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverFSCaledon/CALEDONRiver_Dams%20.htm# |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=22 March 2012}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, an fitar da ruwa daga nan don hana fari . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought |url=http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2003/03102210461001.htm# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310201737/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2003/03102210461001.htm# |archive-date=10 March 2007 |access-date=5 August 2005}}</ref> Kwarin Caledon yana da muhimmanci a tarihin mutanen Basotho . Yankin yana da albarka sosai kuma ana iya noma shi ba tare da ban ruwa ba. Wannan ya sa ya zama abin so kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da rikici tsakanin Basotho da [[Al'ummar Afrikaner|Boers]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coplan, David B. |year=2001 |title=A river runs through it: The meaning of the Lesotho‐free state border |journal=African Affairs |volume=100 |issue=398 |pages=81–116 |doi=10.1093/afraf/100.398.81}}</ref> Ana noma masara a babban yanki a kwarin Caledon. <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Caledon River |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Caledon-River |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Caledon-River "Caledon River"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Duba kuma == == Manazarta == ttadd9sch6gc8v72wdgvr5dvjhdqluz 841718 841717 2026-05-28T16:24:18Z Engineer014 44591 841718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Caledon''' ( Sotho ) babban kogi ne da ke tsakiyar Afirka ta Kudu. Jimillar tsawonsa shine {{Cvt|642|km}}, yana tashi a tsaunukan Drakensberg a kan iyakar [[Lesotho]], yana kwarara zuwa kudu maso yamma sannan ya yamma kafin ya haɗu da Kogin Orange kusa da Bethulie a kudancin Jihar Free . Asalin kogin an sanya masa suna ''Prinses Wilhelminas Rivier'' a shekarar 1777, ta hannun Kanar RJ Gordon. == Yanayin ƙasa == Asalin Kogin Caledon yana cikin tsohon yankin bantustan na QwaQwa, kusa da kan iyaka da Lesotho, kudu maso yammacin Witsieshoek . Sannan yana kwarara kudu maso yamma yana iyaka da babban birnin Lesotho, [[Maseru]] . Yana kafa iyaka tsakanin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da Lesotho kafin ya shiga lardin Free State na Afirka ta Kudu (arewacin Wepener ). Sannan yana kwarara yamma kafin ya haɗu da Kogin Orange kusa da Bethulie a kudancin Free State, kafin ya kwarara zuwa cikin [[Gariep Dam|Gariep Madatsar Ruwa]] . Jimillar tsawonsa ya kai kimanin {{Convert|480|km}}, kuma kwarinsa yana fuskantar canjin yanayin zafi mai yawa. <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Caledon River |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Caledon-River |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Ƙasar da ke tsakanin Kogin Caledon da Kogin Orange ta samar da wurin ajiyar yanayi na Tussen-die-Rivire mai girman hekta 22,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tussen Die Riviere Game Reserve |url=http://www.places.co.za/html/tussen_die_riviere.html |access-date=26 November 2016 |publisher=SA Places}}</ref> == Kogi == Kogin shine babban tushen ruwa ga Maseru, babban birnin Lesotho, wanda ke kan kogin. A lokacin da ruwan sama bai yi yawa ba, ana iya samun karancin ruwa. Don magance wannan, an ƙirƙiri magudanan ruwa da yawa tare da gine-gine kamar [[Muela Dam|Dam ɗin Muela]] da [[Meulspruit Dam|Dam ɗin Meulspruit]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caledon River - Dams |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverFSCaledon/CALEDONRiver_Dams%20.htm# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003111/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverFSCaledon/CALEDONRiver_Dams%20.htm# |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=22 March 2012}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, an fitar da ruwa daga nan don hana fari . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Drought |url=http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2003/03102210461001.htm# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310201737/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2003/03102210461001.htm# |archive-date=10 March 2007 |access-date=5 August 2005}}</ref> Kwarin Caledon yana da muhimmanci a tarihin mutanen Basotho . Yankin yana da albarka sosai kuma ana iya noma shi ba tare da ban ruwa ba. Wannan ya sa ya zama abin so kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da rikici tsakanin Basotho da [[Al'ummar Afrikaner|Boers]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coplan, David B. |year=2001 |title=A river runs through it: The meaning of the Lesotho‐free state border |journal=African Affairs |volume=100 |issue=398 |pages=81–116 |doi=10.1093/afraf/100.398.81}}</ref> Ana noma masara a babban yanki a kwarin Caledon. <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Caledon River |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Caledon-River |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Caledon-River "Caledon River"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Duba kuma == == Manazarta == ppo4igjml9i21kteojj58mbzdlvet5w 0 152838 841719 2026-05-28T16:26:22Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330750352|Yacoub el Mansour Dam]]" 841719 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Yacoub el Mansour (Barrage Yacoub el Mansour)''' madatsar ruwa ce ta BCR (ɓangaren siminti mai tarin yawa) da ke Ouirgane a kan Kogin N'fis a Lardin Al Haouz, [[Moroko|Morocco]] . An kammala madatsar ruwan a shekarar 2008, kuma an yi niyyar inganta samar da ruwan sha da na masana'antu ga yankin [[Marrakesh|Marrakech]] . <ref name="MinEauEtEnviron">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2014 |title=Le barrage Yacoub al Mansour |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301180101/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=22 November 2025 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Yacoub_El_Mansour_Dam_Plains_Marrakech_Oct25_A7CR_08678.jpg|left|thumb|Filayen da ke kusa da Marrakech da ake gani a arewacin madatsar ruwan]] Dam din Takerkoust a kan kogin N'Fis da ke cikin Ouirgane ya samar da ruwa ga filin da ke cikin yankin Marrakech tun 1935. Saboda lalacewa, an rage ƙarfinsa da kashi 20%. Don sauƙaƙa wannan matsala, an yanke shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a Ouirgane don rage nauyin laka a cikin kogi musamman a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa. An ba da madatsar ruwan Yacoub el Mansour a cikin shekara ta 2008. Daga baya, wani bincike a shekara ta 2009 ya gano cewa yawan yaduwar ruwa a cikin tafkin Takerkoust ya ragu.<ref name="Sediment_Catena">{{Cite journal |last=Gourfi |first=A. |last2=Daoudia |first2=L. |last3=Rhoujjatib |first3=A. |last4=Benkaddourb |first4=A. |last5=Fagel |first5=N. |date=28 March 2020 |title=Use of bathymetry and clay mineralogy of reservoir sediment to reconstruct the recent changes in sediment yields from a mountain catchment in the Western High Atlas region, Morocco |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0341816220301107?fr=RR-2&ref=pdf_download&rr=9a293e6b0b60a27c |journal=[[Catena (soil science journal)|Catena]] |volume=191 |issue=104560 |pages=1-13 |via=[[Elsevier Science Direct]]}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == Madatsar ruwan Yacoub el Mansour madatsar ruwa ce mai tarin tarkace (BCR) da ke cikin kwaminan karkara na Ouirgane a tsayin sama da {{Convert|830|m|ft}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2025 |title=Barrage Yacoub el Mansour |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/209650379 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=[[OpenStreetmap]]}}</ref> Yana toshe kogin N'fis . Tsawon madatsar ruwan ya kai {{Convert|70|m|ft}} kuma tsawonsa shine {{Convert|233|m|ft}} . Madatsar ruwan tana da hanyar malalar ruwa, magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa, matattakalar ruwa guda huɗu da kuma bututun wucin gadi a gefen dama. An buƙaci a haƙa ginin kimanin {{Convert|226,000|m3|cuyd}} ƙasa da zubar da {{Convert|330,000|m3|cuyd}} na siminti. <ref name="MinEauEtEnviron">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2014 |title=Le barrage Yacoub al Mansour |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301180101/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=22 November 2025 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140301180101/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 "Le barrage Yacoub al Mansour"] (in French). Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement. 1 March 2014. Archived from [http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 the original] on 1 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:North_Yacoub_El_Mansour_Reservoir_Oct25_A7CR_08597.jpg|thumb|Rabin arewacin tafkin]] [[Fayil:Nfis_Valley_Upstream_Ouirgane_Oct25_A7CR_08623-4-6_HDR2.jpg|thumb|Dubi kogin N'Fis a kan tafkin]] Tafkin Yacoub el Mansour, wanda kuma aka sani da Tafkin Ouirgane, yana da karfin {{Convert|70,000,000|m3|cuyd}} . An tsara shi ne don ƙara yawan ruwan da ake samu a yankin Marrakech daga {{Convert|68,000,000 to 85,000,000|m3|cuyd}} kowace shekara. <ref name="MinEauEtEnviron" /> Yankin karkara na Ouirgane yana gefen gabas na madatsar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2025 |title=Barrage Yacoub el Mansour |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2815662 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=[[OpenStreetmap]]}}</ref> Madatsar ruwa tana da kyakkyawan yanayi ga Ouirgane. Akwai hanyoyin tafiya a kusa da madatsar ruwa. Yana ba da damammaki don yin yawon shakatawa da kamun kifi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> tqdd1h5crzvne2b1tumy6usv12z30um 841720 841719 2026-05-28T16:26:47Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 841720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Yacoub el Mansour (Barrage Yacoub el Mansour)''' madatsar ruwa ce ta BCR (ɓangaren siminti mai tarin yawa) da ke Ouirgane a kan Kogin N'fis a Lardin Al Haouz, [[Moroko|Morocco]] . An kammala madatsar ruwan a shekarar 2008, kuma an yi niyyar inganta samar da ruwan sha da na masana'antu ga yankin [[Marrakesh|Marrakech]] . <ref name="MinEauEtEnviron">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2014 |title=Le barrage Yacoub al Mansour |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301180101/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=22 November 2025 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Yacoub_El_Mansour_Dam_Plains_Marrakech_Oct25_A7CR_08678.jpg|left|thumb|Filayen da ke kusa da Marrakech da ake gani a arewacin madatsar ruwan]] Dam din Takerkoust a kan kogin N'Fis da ke cikin Ouirgane ya samar da ruwa ga filin da ke cikin yankin Marrakech tun 1935. Saboda lalacewa, an rage ƙarfinsa da kashi 20%. Don sauƙaƙa wannan matsala, an yanke shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a Ouirgane don rage nauyin laka a cikin kogi musamman a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa. An ba da madatsar ruwan Yacoub el Mansour a cikin shekara ta 2008. Daga baya, wani bincike a shekara ta 2009 ya gano cewa yawan yaduwar ruwa a cikin tafkin Takerkoust ya ragu.<ref name="Sediment_Catena">{{Cite journal |last=Gourfi |first=A. |last2=Daoudia |first2=L. |last3=Rhoujjatib |first3=A. |last4=Benkaddourb |first4=A. |last5=Fagel |first5=N. |date=28 March 2020 |title=Use of bathymetry and clay mineralogy of reservoir sediment to reconstruct the recent changes in sediment yields from a mountain catchment in the Western High Atlas region, Morocco |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0341816220301107?fr=RR-2&ref=pdf_download&rr=9a293e6b0b60a27c |journal=[[Catena (soil science journal)|Catena]] |volume=191 |issue=104560 |pages=1-13 |via=[[Elsevier Science Direct]]}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == Madatsar ruwan Yacoub el Mansour madatsar ruwa ce mai tarin tarkace (BCR) da ke cikin kwaminan karkara na Ouirgane a tsayin sama da {{Convert|830|m|ft}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2025 |title=Barrage Yacoub el Mansour |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/209650379 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=[[OpenStreetmap]]}}</ref> Yana toshe kogin N'fis . Tsawon madatsar ruwan ya kai {{Convert|70|m|ft}} kuma tsawonsa shine {{Convert|233|m|ft}} . Madatsar ruwan tana da hanyar malalar ruwa, magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa, matattakalar ruwa guda huɗu da kuma bututun wucin gadi a gefen dama. An buƙaci a haƙa ginin kimanin {{Convert|226,000|m3|cuyd}} ƙasa da zubar da {{Convert|330,000|m3|cuyd}} na siminti. <ref name="MinEauEtEnviron">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2014 |title=Le barrage Yacoub al Mansour |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301180101/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=22 November 2025 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140301180101/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 "Le barrage Yacoub al Mansour"] (in French). Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement. 1 March 2014. Archived from [http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 the original] on 1 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:North_Yacoub_El_Mansour_Reservoir_Oct25_A7CR_08597.jpg|thumb|Rabin arewacin tafkin]] [[Fayil:Nfis_Valley_Upstream_Ouirgane_Oct25_A7CR_08623-4-6_HDR2.jpg|thumb|Dubi kogin N'Fis a kan tafkin]] Tafkin Yacoub el Mansour, wanda kuma aka sani da Tafkin Ouirgane, yana da karfin {{Convert|70,000,000|m3|cuyd}} . An tsara shi ne don ƙara yawan ruwan da ake samu a yankin Marrakech daga {{Convert|68,000,000 to 85,000,000|m3|cuyd}} kowace shekara. <ref name="MinEauEtEnviron" /> Yankin karkara na Ouirgane yana gefen gabas na madatsar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2025 |title=Barrage Yacoub el Mansour |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2815662 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=[[OpenStreetmap]]}}</ref> Madatsar ruwa tana da kyakkyawan yanayi ga Ouirgane. Akwai hanyoyin tafiya a kusa da madatsar ruwa. Yana ba da damammaki don yin yawon shakatawa da kamun kifi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> ==manazarta== 490d1ug16fsm36c211fapbgfz8l4ko0 841721 841720 2026-05-28T16:27:15Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 841721 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Yacoub el Mansour (Barrage Yacoub el Mansour)''' madatsar ruwa ce ta BCR (ɓangaren siminti mai tarin yawa) da ke Ouirgane a kan Kogin N'fis a Lardin Al Haouz, [[Moroko|Morocco]] . An kammala madatsar ruwan a shekarar 2008, kuma an yi niyyar inganta samar da ruwan sha da na masana'antu ga yankin [[Marrakesh|Marrakech]] . <ref name="MinEauEtEnviron">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2014 |title=Le barrage Yacoub al Mansour |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301180101/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=22 November 2025 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Yacoub_El_Mansour_Dam_Plains_Marrakech_Oct25_A7CR_08678.jpg|left|thumb|Filayen da ke kusa da Marrakech da ake gani a arewacin madatsar ruwan]] Dam din Takerkoust a kan kogin N'Fis da ke cikin Ouirgane ya samar da ruwa ga filin da ke cikin yankin Marrakech tun 1935. Saboda lalacewa, an rage ƙarfinsa da kashi 20%. Don sauƙaƙa wannan matsala, an yanke shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a Ouirgane don rage nauyin laka a cikin kogi musamman a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa. An ba da madatsar ruwan Yacoub el Mansour a cikin shekara ta 2008. Daga baya, wani bincike a shekara ta 2009 ya gano cewa yawan yaduwar ruwa a cikin tafkin Takerkoust ya ragu.<ref name="Sediment_Catena">{{Cite journal |last=Gourfi |first=A. |last2=Daoudia |first2=L. |last3=Rhoujjatib |first3=A. |last4=Benkaddourb |first4=A. |last5=Fagel |first5=N. |date=28 March 2020 |title=Use of bathymetry and clay mineralogy of reservoir sediment to reconstruct the recent changes in sediment yields from a mountain catchment in the Western High Atlas region, Morocco |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0341816220301107?fr=RR-2&ref=pdf_download&rr=9a293e6b0b60a27c |journal=[[Catena (soil science journal)|Catena]] |volume=191 |issue=104560 |pages=1-13 |via=[[Elsevier Science Direct]]}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == Madatsar ruwan Yacoub el Mansour madatsar ruwa ce mai tarin tarkace (BCR) da ke cikin kwaminan karkara na Ouirgane a tsayin sama da {{Convert|830|m|ft}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2025 |title=Barrage Yacoub el Mansour |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/209650379 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=[[OpenStreetmap]]}}</ref> Yana toshe kogin N'fis . Tsawon madatsar ruwan ya kai {{Convert|70|m|ft}} kuma tsawonsa shine {{Convert|233|m|ft}} . Madatsar ruwan tana da hanyar malalar ruwa, magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa, matattakalar ruwa guda huɗu da kuma bututun wucin gadi a gefen dama. An buƙaci a haƙa ginin kimanin {{Convert|226,000|m3|cuyd}} ƙasa da zubar da {{Convert|330,000|m3|cuyd}} na siminti. <ref name="MinEauEtEnviron">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2014 |title=Le barrage Yacoub al Mansour |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301180101/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=22 November 2025 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140301180101/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 "Le barrage Yacoub al Mansour"] (in French). Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement. 1 March 2014. Archived from [http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 the original] on 1 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:North_Yacoub_El_Mansour_Reservoir_Oct25_A7CR_08597.jpg|thumb|Rabin arewacin tafkin]] [[Fayil:Nfis_Valley_Upstream_Ouirgane_Oct25_A7CR_08623-4-6_HDR2.jpg|thumb|Dubi kogin N'Fis a kan tafkin]] Tafkin Yacoub el Mansour, wanda kuma aka sani da Tafkin Ouirgane, yana da karfin {{Convert|70,000,000|m3|cuyd}} . An tsara shi ne don ƙara yawan ruwan da ake samu a yankin Marrakech daga {{Convert|68,000,000 to 85,000,000|m3|cuyd}} kowace shekara. <ref name="MinEauEtEnviron" /> Yankin karkara na Ouirgane yana gefen gabas na madatsar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2025 |title=Barrage Yacoub el Mansour |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2815662 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=[[OpenStreetmap]]}}</ref> Madatsar ruwa tana da kyakkyawan yanayi ga Ouirgane. Akwai hanyoyin tafiya a kusa da madatsar ruwa. Yana ba da damammaki don yin yawon shakatawa da kamun kifi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> tqdd1h5crzvne2b1tumy6usv12z30um 841723 841721 2026-05-28T16:27:40Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 841723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Yacoub el Mansour (Barrage Yacoub el Mansour)''' madatsar ruwa ce ta BCR (ɓangaren siminti mai tarin yawa) da ke Ouirgane a kan Kogin N'fis a Lardin Al Haouz, [[Moroko|Morocco]] . An kammala madatsar ruwan a shekarar 2008, kuma an yi niyyar inganta samar da ruwan sha da na masana'antu ga yankin [[Marrakesh|Marrakech]] . <ref name="MinEauEtEnviron">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2014 |title=Le barrage Yacoub al Mansour |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301180101/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=22 November 2025 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Yacoub_El_Mansour_Dam_Plains_Marrakech_Oct25_A7CR_08678.jpg|left|thumb|Filayen da ke kusa da Marrakech da ake gani a arewacin madatsar ruwan]] Dam din Takerkoust a kan kogin N'Fis da ke cikin Ouirgane ya samar da ruwa ga filin da ke cikin yankin Marrakech tun 1935. Saboda lalacewa, an rage ƙarfinsa da kashi 20%. Don sauƙaƙa wannan matsala, an yanke shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a Ouirgane don rage nauyin laka a cikin kogi musamman a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa. An ba da madatsar ruwan Yacoub el Mansour a cikin shekara ta 2008. Daga baya, wani bincike a shekara ta 2009 ya gano cewa yawan yaduwar ruwa a cikin tafkin Takerkoust ya ragu.<ref name="Sediment_Catena">{{Cite journal |last=Gourfi |first=A. |last2=Daoudia |first2=L. |last3=Rhoujjatib |first3=A. |last4=Benkaddourb |first4=A. |last5=Fagel |first5=N. |date=28 March 2020 |title=Use of bathymetry and clay mineralogy of reservoir sediment to reconstruct the recent changes in sediment yields from a mountain catchment in the Western High Atlas region, Morocco |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0341816220301107?fr=RR-2&ref=pdf_download&rr=9a293e6b0b60a27c |journal=[[Catena (soil science journal)|Catena]] |volume=191 |issue=104560 |pages=1-13 |via=[[Elsevier Science Direct]]}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == Madatsar ruwan Yacoub el Mansour madatsar ruwa ce mai tarin tarkace (BCR) da ke cikin kwaminan karkara na Ouirgane a tsayin sama da {{Convert|830|m|ft}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2025 |title=Barrage Yacoub el Mansour |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/209650379 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=[[OpenStreetmap]]}}</ref> Yana toshe kogin N'fis . Tsawon madatsar ruwan ya kai {{Convert|70|m|ft}} kuma tsawonsa shine {{Convert|233|m|ft}} . Madatsar ruwan tana da hanyar malalar ruwa, magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa, matattakalar ruwa guda huɗu da kuma bututun wucin gadi a gefen dama. An buƙaci a haƙa ginin kimanin {{Convert|226,000|m3|cuyd}} ƙasa da zubar da {{Convert|330,000|m3|cuyd}} na siminti. <ref name="MinEauEtEnviron">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2014 |title=Le barrage Yacoub al Mansour |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301180101/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=22 November 2025 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140301180101/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 "Le barrage Yacoub al Mansour"] (in French). Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement. 1 March 2014. Archived from [http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=325 the original] on 1 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> == Ruwa == [[Fayil:North_Yacoub_El_Mansour_Reservoir_Oct25_A7CR_08597.jpg|thumb|Rabin arewacin tafkin]] [[Fayil:Nfis_Valley_Upstream_Ouirgane_Oct25_A7CR_08623-4-6_HDR2.jpg|thumb|Dubi kogin N'Fis a kan tafkin]] Tafkin Yacoub el Mansour, wanda kuma aka sani da Tafkin Ouirgane, yana da karfin {{Convert|70,000,000|m3|cuyd}} . An tsara shi ne don ƙara yawan ruwan da ake samu a yankin Marrakech daga {{Convert|68,000,000 to 85,000,000|m3|cuyd}} kowace shekara. <ref name="MinEauEtEnviron" /> Yankin karkara na Ouirgane yana gefen gabas na madatsar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2025 |title=Barrage Yacoub el Mansour |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2815662 |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=[[OpenStreetmap]]}}</ref> Madatsar ruwa tana da kyakkyawan yanayi ga Ouirgane. Akwai hanyoyin tafiya a kusa da madatsar ruwa. Yana ba da damammaki don yin yawon shakatawa da kamun kifi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> ==manazarta== owex9x7lve3x4732q0hw716fae13j8s 0 152839 841724 2026-05-28T16:30:31Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1254349486|Smir Dam]]" 841724 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Smir Dam''' ( Arabic ) madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da ƙasa a arewacin [[Moroko|Morocco]], a kudu maso gabashin madatsar ruwan Nakhla da kuma {{Convert|5|km|mi}} yammacin M'diq . Yana a mahaɗar rafin Smir da El-lile kuma yana da {{Convert|17|m|ft}} madatsar ruwa ta sirdi da ke kusa da babban madatsar ruwa. Babban manufar madatsar ruwa ita ce samar da ruwa ga birnin Tetouan, {{Convert|12|km|mi}} zuwa kudu. An kammala madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1991. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Smir Dam |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=271 |access-date=10 February 2014 |publisher=Morocco Ministry Delegate to the Minister of Energy, Mines, Water and Environment-charge of Water |language=French}}</ref> An sanya madatsar ruwan da madatsar ruwan ta kwace a matsayin wani ɓangare na wurin Ramsar tun daga shekarar 2019. == Manazarta == nh84ndw4grmmqgui0kfysmls8xrxyel 841725 841724 2026-05-28T16:30:50Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 841725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Smir Dam''' ( Arabic ) madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da ƙasa a arewacin [[Moroko|Morocco]], a kudu maso gabashin madatsar ruwan Nakhla da kuma {{Convert|5|km|mi}} yammacin M'diq . Yana a mahaɗar rafin Smir da El-lile kuma yana da {{Convert|17|m|ft}} madatsar ruwa ta sirdi da ke kusa da babban madatsar ruwa. Babban manufar madatsar ruwa ita ce samar da ruwa ga birnin Tetouan, {{Convert|12|km|mi}} zuwa kudu. An kammala madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1991. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Smir Dam |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=271 |access-date=10 February 2014 |publisher=Morocco Ministry Delegate to the Minister of Energy, Mines, Water and Environment-charge of Water |language=French}}</ref> An sanya madatsar ruwan da madatsar ruwan ta kwace a matsayin wani ɓangare na wurin Ramsar tun daga shekarar 2019. == Manazarta == gszfie54ur5z3xvnys7nnk7qw88cqon 0 152840 841726 2026-05-28T16:31:50Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1195088436|Nakhla Dam]]" 841726 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Nakhla''' madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da duwatsu a arewacin [[Moroko|Morocco]], kudu maso gabashin El Hamma . Babban manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da ruwa ga birnin Tetouan, {{Convert|20|km|mi}} zuwa kudu. An kammala madatsar ruwa a shekarar 1961 amma an gudanar da manyan ayyukan ƙarfafawa a shekarar 1968. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nakhla Dam |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=215 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221230749/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=215 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |access-date=10 February 2014 |publisher=Morocco Ministry Delegate to the Minister of Energy, Mines, Water and Environment-charge of Water |language=French}}</ref> Hanyar P4701 ta ratsa ta gefen yamma. == Manazarta == 8855m0rt4l4yste9mwayx4hkukkhsik 841727 841726 2026-05-28T16:32:09Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 841727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Nakhla''' madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da duwatsu a arewacin [[Moroko|Morocco]], kudu maso gabashin El Hamma . Babban manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da ruwa ga birnin Tetouan, {{Convert|20|km|mi}} zuwa kudu. An kammala madatsar ruwa a shekarar 1961 amma an gudanar da manyan ayyukan ƙarfafawa a shekarar 1968. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nakhla Dam |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=215 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221230749/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=215 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |access-date=10 February 2014 |publisher=Morocco Ministry Delegate to the Minister of Energy, Mines, Water and Environment-charge of Water |language=French}}</ref> Hanyar P4701 ta ratsa ta gefen yamma. == Manazarta == b5tmqh3fyjqt91wbar6utrsk3tkukka 0 152841 841728 2026-05-28T16:33:09Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337018316|Mohamed V Dam]]" 841728 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Mohamed V''' madatsar ruwa ce mai {{Convert|35|km}} wacce ke da nisan kilomita 22. kudu da Zaio a kan Kogin Moulouya a Lardin Nador, Morocco. Babban manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da ruwa don ban ruwa na {{Convert|70000|ha|acre}} a gefen teku. Ana kuma amfani da ruwa don samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa da kuma samar da ruwa ga birnin Nador . An sanya wa madatsar ruwan suna ne bayan Mohammed na Biyar na Morocco . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohamed V |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=217 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183108/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=217 |archive-date=9 October 2011 |access-date=22 August 2011 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}</ref> == Muhalli == An sanya tafkin madatsar ruwan da wuraren da ke da ruwa a matsayin shafin Ramsar a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2005 |title=Morocco names 20 varied new Ramsar sites |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-26-76^16152_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}</ref> Har ila yau, an sanya shafin a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) ta BirdLife International saboda yana tallafawa yawan jama'a masu yawa na ruddy shelducks da marmara teals.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |title=Barrage Mohamed V |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/barrage-mohamed-v-iba-morocco |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> == Manazarta == 24udeu7xdwnexi8qqaju8c4on9p8fwp 841729 841728 2026-05-28T16:33:34Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 841729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Mohamed V''' madatsar ruwa ce mai {{Convert|35|km}} wacce ke da nisan kilomita 22. kudu da Zaio a kan Kogin Moulouya a Lardin Nador, Morocco. Babban manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da ruwa don ban ruwa na {{Convert|70000|ha|acre}} a gefen teku. Ana kuma amfani da ruwa don samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa da kuma samar da ruwa ga birnin Nador . An sanya wa madatsar ruwan suna ne bayan Mohammed na Biyar na Morocco . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohamed V |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=217 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183108/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=217 |archive-date=9 October 2011 |access-date=22 August 2011 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}</ref> == Muhalli == An sanya tafkin madatsar ruwan da wuraren da ke da ruwa a matsayin shafin Ramsar a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2005 |title=Morocco names 20 varied new Ramsar sites |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-26-76^16152_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}</ref> Har ila yau, an sanya shafin a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) ta BirdLife International saboda yana tallafawa yawan jama'a masu yawa na ruddy shelducks da marmara teals.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |title=Barrage Mohamed V |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/barrage-mohamed-v-iba-morocco |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> == Manazarta == 4yl6s7e8i4af5f30w6q9du4w41zxpo9 0 152842 841730 2026-05-28T16:35:00Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1279664476|El Kansera Dam]]" 841730 wikitext text/x-wiki '''EL Kansera''' madatsar ruwa ce ta adana ban ruwa a Morocco. == Wuri == El Kansera ita ce madatsar ruwa mafi tsufa a Morocco. Tana arewa maso yamma da birnin [[Ameknas|Meknes]] kuma tana da nisan {{Convert|20|km}} kudu da Sidi Slimane, daga sama daga [[Dar bel Amri]] . Madatsar ruwan ta mamaye [[Kogin Baht|Oued Beht]] (ko Beth), babbar madatsar ruwa ta ƙarshe ta Kogin Sebou a gaban bakinta. Ruwan da ke samar da madatsar ruwan yana da faɗin {{Convert|4500|km2}} . Yanayi yana da yanayi mai kyau, kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine {{Convert|620|mm}} . {{Sfn|El Kansera: Ministère}} Shafin madatsar ruwan yana da zurfi, ƙanƙanin da Beth ya yanke ta cikin dutsen dutse da ke kan iyaka a kan ƙasƙanci. Ambaliyar hunturu ta Beth ta haifar da manyan merdjas a gefen hagu na Sebou, wanda zai zama mai kyau don noma da zarar an sami ruwan ban ruwa.{{Sfn|Davis|1987}} == Gine-gine == Da farko aikin gona na mulkin mallaka da ayyukan jama'a sun yi adawa da gina wannan da sauran madatsun ruwa, amma manyan mazauna, karkashin jagorancin Gaston Lebault, sun tura aikin gaba. Lokacin da gwamnan-janar Théodore Steeg ya isa a 1925, wanda aka fi sani da "gwamnan ruwa", saurin ya yi sauri.{{Sfn|Perennes|1993}} An gina El Kansera tsakanin 1927 da 1935. {{Sfn|El Kansera: Ministère}} A cikin 1928 gwamnatin Steeg ta kirkiro sabon yankin mulkin mallaka ("perimeter") wanda ke tsakanin Petitjean da Sidi Slimane . An karɓi ƙasar daga Cherardas, waɗanda aka ƙaura zuwa yankunan da ba su da amfani. Sabon kewayon ya kasance inda za'a iya amfani da ruwa daga madatsar ruwan a cikin ban ruwa.{{Sfn|Davis|1987}} An gudanar da babban aikin gini tsakanin 1931 da 1934. {{Sfn|D'Angio|1995}} Kamfanin Société Générale d'Enterprises ne ya gina madatsar ruwan. {{Sfn|D'Angio|1995}} François de Pierrefeu shine babban mai kwangilar. {{Sfn|James|2008}} Henri Prost (1874-1959) shine mai ginin tashar wutar lantarki, wanda aka kammala a 1934. {{Sfn|Usine hydroélectrique, El Kansera}} Madatsar ruwan ta kasance {{Convert|51|m}} mai tsayi, tare da ƙarfin ajiya na {{Convert|225000000|m3}} . Zai shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa a Beht sannan ya yi ban ruwa da {{Convert|30000|ha}} na ƙasa mai albarka a yankin Rharb. Ma'aikatar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a tushe za ta samar da KWh miliyan 13 a kowace shekara. {{Sfn|D'Angio|1995}} An gina ginin simintin ne a kan marl mai launin calcareous, wanda hakan ya haifar da matsala sosai a ginin. {{Sfn|El Kansera: Ministère}} == Ci gaban baya == Gwamnati ba ta shirya nan gaba ba don yadda za a yi amfani da ruwan ban ruwa.{{Sfn|Davis|1987}} [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] (1939-1945) ya haifar da ƙarin jinkiri a ci gaba.{{Sfn|Davis|1987}} Ya zuwa shekara ta 1953 kawai {{Convert|10000|ha}} na ƙasa ne a zahiri ake ban ruwa tun lokacin da tsarin rarraba har yanzu bai cika ba. Wannan rashin tsara matsala ce mai tsanani a yankin da yaduwar ruwa ke sanya tsawon rayuwa a kowane madatsar ajiya.{{Sfn|Dumont|1964}} Yankin da aka ban ruwa ya kasance kusan gaba ɗaya a hannun masu mulkin mallaka.{{Sfn|Perennes|1993}} A shekara ta 1969 ana ban ruwa da hekta 28,000 (69,000 acres).{{Sfn|Perennes|1993}} An ɗaga madatsar ruwan da mita 6 (20 a cikin 1968, wanda ya kara girman tafkin zuwa mita 297,000,000 (1.05 cu . Wannan ya biya don yin laushi, inganta kula da ambaliyar ruwa, ya kara yankin da ake ban ruwa da hekta 2,700 (6,700 acres) kuma ya ba da damar karuwar samar da wutar lantarki zuwa kWh miliyan 33 a kowace shekara. Aikin ya kasance mai rikitarwa saboda wahalar gudanar da zurfin tonowa kusa da tushe da matsaloli tare da yin sabon haɗin kankare ga tsohuwar. Zane ya haɗa da ƙarin igiyoyin ƙarfe 77 a ƙarƙashin tashin hankali na tan 240 kowannensu. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala shi, a watan Fabrairun 1969 ya tsayayya da babban ambaliyar ruwa da girgizar ƙasa a lokaci guda.{{Sfn|El Kansera: Ministère}} ftnucfd6dszshj5qs2f2z16lb75kxk2 841731 841730 2026-05-28T16:35:26Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 841731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''EL Kansera''' madatsar ruwa ce ta adana ban ruwa a Morocco. == Wuri == El Kansera ita ce madatsar ruwa mafi tsufa a Morocco. Tana arewa maso yamma da birnin [[Ameknas|Meknes]] kuma tana da nisan {{Convert|20|km}} kudu da Sidi Slimane, daga sama daga [[Dar bel Amri]] . Madatsar ruwan ta mamaye [[Kogin Baht|Oued Beht]] (ko Beth), babbar madatsar ruwa ta ƙarshe ta Kogin Sebou a gaban bakinta. Ruwan da ke samar da madatsar ruwan yana da faɗin {{Convert|4500|km2}} . Yanayi yana da yanayi mai kyau, kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine {{Convert|620|mm}} . {{Sfn|El Kansera: Ministère}} Shafin madatsar ruwan yana da zurfi, ƙanƙanin da Beth ya yanke ta cikin dutsen dutse da ke kan iyaka a kan ƙasƙanci. Ambaliyar hunturu ta Beth ta haifar da manyan merdjas a gefen hagu na Sebou, wanda zai zama mai kyau don noma da zarar an sami ruwan ban ruwa.{{Sfn|Davis|1987}} == Gine-gine == Da farko aikin gona na mulkin mallaka da ayyukan jama'a sun yi adawa da gina wannan da sauran madatsun ruwa, amma manyan mazauna, karkashin jagorancin Gaston Lebault, sun tura aikin gaba. Lokacin da gwamnan-janar Théodore Steeg ya isa a 1925, wanda aka fi sani da "gwamnan ruwa", saurin ya yi sauri.{{Sfn|Perennes|1993}} An gina El Kansera tsakanin 1927 da 1935. {{Sfn|El Kansera: Ministère}} A cikin 1928 gwamnatin Steeg ta kirkiro sabon yankin mulkin mallaka ("perimeter") wanda ke tsakanin Petitjean da Sidi Slimane . An karɓi ƙasar daga Cherardas, waɗanda aka ƙaura zuwa yankunan da ba su da amfani. Sabon kewayon ya kasance inda za'a iya amfani da ruwa daga madatsar ruwan a cikin ban ruwa.{{Sfn|Davis|1987}} An gudanar da babban aikin gini tsakanin 1931 da 1934. {{Sfn|D'Angio|1995}} Kamfanin Société Générale d'Enterprises ne ya gina madatsar ruwan. {{Sfn|D'Angio|1995}} François de Pierrefeu shine babban mai kwangilar. {{Sfn|James|2008}} Henri Prost (1874-1959) shine mai ginin tashar wutar lantarki, wanda aka kammala a 1934. {{Sfn|Usine hydroélectrique, El Kansera}} Madatsar ruwan ta kasance {{Convert|51|m}} mai tsayi, tare da ƙarfin ajiya na {{Convert|225000000|m3}} . Zai shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa a Beht sannan ya yi ban ruwa da {{Convert|30000|ha}} na ƙasa mai albarka a yankin Rharb. Ma'aikatar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a tushe za ta samar da KWh miliyan 13 a kowace shekara. {{Sfn|D'Angio|1995}} An gina ginin simintin ne a kan marl mai launin calcareous, wanda hakan ya haifar da matsala sosai a ginin. {{Sfn|El Kansera: Ministère}} == Ci gaban baya == Gwamnati ba ta shirya nan gaba ba don yadda za a yi amfani da ruwan ban ruwa.{{Sfn|Davis|1987}} [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] (1939-1945) ya haifar da ƙarin jinkiri a ci gaba.{{Sfn|Davis|1987}} Ya zuwa shekara ta 1953 kawai {{Convert|10000|ha}} na ƙasa ne a zahiri ake ban ruwa tun lokacin da tsarin rarraba har yanzu bai cika ba. Wannan rashin tsara matsala ce mai tsanani a yankin da yaduwar ruwa ke sanya tsawon rayuwa a kowane madatsar ajiya.{{Sfn|Dumont|1964}} Yankin da aka ban ruwa ya kasance kusan gaba ɗaya a hannun masu mulkin mallaka.{{Sfn|Perennes|1993}} A shekara ta 1969 ana ban ruwa da hekta 28,000 (69,000 acres).{{Sfn|Perennes|1993}} An ɗaga madatsar ruwan da mita 6 (20 a cikin 1968, wanda ya kara girman tafkin zuwa mita 297,000,000 (1.05 cu . Wannan ya biya don yin laushi, inganta kula da ambaliyar ruwa, ya kara yankin da ake ban ruwa da hekta 2,700 (6,700 acres) kuma ya ba da damar karuwar samar da wutar lantarki zuwa kWh miliyan 33 a kowace shekara. Aikin ya kasance mai rikitarwa saboda wahalar gudanar da zurfin tonowa kusa da tushe da matsaloli tare da yin sabon haɗin kankare ga tsohuwar. Zane ya haɗa da ƙarin igiyoyin ƙarfe 77 a ƙarƙashin tashin hankali na tan 240 kowannensu. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala shi, a watan Fabrairun 1969 ya tsayayya da babban ambaliyar ruwa da girgizar ƙasa a lokaci guda.{{Sfn|El Kansera: Ministère}} ==manazarta== 73u3hcs5flbarxt6bnrjul3r9wssyyu 0 152843 841732 2026-05-28T16:36:36Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1279664378|Idriss I Dam]]" 841732 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam ɗin Idriss I''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Dam ɗin Idriss na Farko''', madatsar ruwa ce mai nauyi a [[Oued Inaouen|Kogin Inaouen]], wani magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Sebou . Madatsar ruwan tana cikin yankin Gharb kuma tana da {{Convert|27|km}} arewa maso gabashin [[Fas|Fes]] a Lardin Taza da Taunate, [[Moroko|Morocco]] . Madatsar ruwan tana samar da ruwan ban ruwa ga {{Convert|72300|ha|acre}} na ƙasa kuma tashar wutar lantarki tana samar da wutar lantarki GWh 66 a kowace shekara. An sanya masa suna bayan Idriss I. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Idriss I |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=223 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212212339/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=223 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}</ref> Tana fuskantar suka tun lokacin da ta kasa samar da ban ruwa ga adadin eka da aka yi hasashen kuma ta hana amfani da ruwa ga masu amfani da gonaki da gidaje na baya-bayan nan. == Batutuwan muhalli == Yawancin gurɓataccen ruwa sun shiga Kogin Sebou da mahaɗanta, musamman gami da magungunan kashe kwari da taki daga ragowar aikin gona da kuma datti mara magani daga garuruwa da ke gefen kogi. A cikin sassan sama na ruwa a cikin Tsakiyar Atlas shine kewayon prehistoric na Barbary macaque mai haɗari, wanda dabba ta kasance tana da mafi girma a Arewacin Afirka. == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == c3t34qmpr5jqeb79ml9nfd1d23xgegr 841733 841732 2026-05-28T16:36:52Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 841733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam ɗin Idriss I''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Dam ɗin Idriss na Farko''', madatsar ruwa ce mai nauyi a [[Oued Inaouen|Kogin Inaouen]], wani magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Sebou . Madatsar ruwan tana cikin yankin Gharb kuma tana da {{Convert|27|km}} arewa maso gabashin [[Fas|Fes]] a Lardin Taza da Taunate, [[Moroko|Morocco]] . Madatsar ruwan tana samar da ruwan ban ruwa ga {{Convert|72300|ha|acre}} na ƙasa kuma tashar wutar lantarki tana samar da wutar lantarki GWh 66 a kowace shekara. An sanya masa suna bayan Idriss I. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Idriss I |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=223 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212212339/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=223 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}</ref> Tana fuskantar suka tun lokacin da ta kasa samar da ban ruwa ga adadin eka da aka yi hasashen kuma ta hana amfani da ruwa ga masu amfani da gonaki da gidaje na baya-bayan nan. == Batutuwan muhalli == Yawancin gurɓataccen ruwa sun shiga Kogin Sebou da mahaɗanta, musamman gami da magungunan kashe kwari da taki daga ragowar aikin gona da kuma datti mara magani daga garuruwa da ke gefen kogi. A cikin sassan sama na ruwa a cikin Tsakiyar Atlas shine kewayon prehistoric na Barbary macaque mai haɗari, wanda dabba ta kasance tana da mafi girma a Arewacin Afirka. == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == hxr3crx14la9azkw4tlmw70kjuf274t 0 152844 841734 2026-05-28T16:37:50Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1279664215|Hassan II Dam]]" 841734 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwa ta Hassan II''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Madatsar ruwa ta Sidi Said''', madatsar ruwa ce mai girman gaske a Kogin Moulouya kimanin {{Convert|13|km|mi}} arewacin Midelt a Lardin Midelt, [[Moroko|Morocco]] . Tana da matsakaicin ƙarfin ajiya na mita cubic miliyan 400. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=CHAHBOUNE |first=M., CHAHLAOUI A. and ZAID A |date=8 January 2014 |title=CONTRIBUTION A L'ETUDE DE LA QUALITE BACTERIOLOGIQUE DES EAUX DU BARRAGE HASSAN II (PROVINCE DE MIDELT, MAROC) |trans-title=CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF WATER OF HASSAN II DAM (PROVINCE OF MIDELT, MOROCCO) |url=http://revues.imist.ma/index.php?journal=technolab&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=1755&path%5B%5D=1395 |journal=Les Technologies de Laboratoire |language=fr |publisher=IMIST |volume=8 |issue=34 |pages=153–161 |access-date=7 February 2014}}</ref> Ana amfani da madatsar ruwan don ruwan sha, ban ruwa da kuma kare yankunan da ke ƙasa da madatsun ruwa daga ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=CHAHBOUNE |first=M, CHAHLAOUI, A, ZAID, A and BEN MOUSSA, A |date=22 Dec 2013 |title=CONTRIBUTION A LA CARACTERISATION PHYSICOCHIMIQUE DES EAUX DU LAC RESERVOIR DU BARRAGE HASSAN II (PROVINCE DE MIDELT, MAROC) |trans-title=CONTRIBUTION TO THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE WATERS OF THE LAKE-RESERVOIR DAM HASSAN II (MIDELT PROVINCE, MOROCCO) |url=http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/86 |url-status=dead |journal=Larhyss Journal |language=fr |publication-date=June 2013 |volume=14 |pages=61–77 |issn=1112-3680 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110085000/http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/86 |archive-date=2007-01-10 |access-date=7 February 2014}}</ref> An fara gina madatsar ruwan a watan Fabrairun 2001 kuma an kammala ta a watan Maris na 2005. == Manazarta == dw5sqz4tvxab79vtc0bp4l18qrisxrb 841735 841734 2026-05-28T16:38:07Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 841735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwa ta Hassan II''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Madatsar ruwa ta Sidi Said''', madatsar ruwa ce mai girman gaske a Kogin Moulouya kimanin {{Convert|13|km|mi}} arewacin Midelt a Lardin Midelt, [[Moroko|Morocco]] . Tana da matsakaicin ƙarfin ajiya na mita cubic miliyan 400. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=CHAHBOUNE |first=M., CHAHLAOUI A. and ZAID A |date=8 January 2014 |title=CONTRIBUTION A L'ETUDE DE LA QUALITE BACTERIOLOGIQUE DES EAUX DU BARRAGE HASSAN II (PROVINCE DE MIDELT, MAROC) |trans-title=CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF WATER OF HASSAN II DAM (PROVINCE OF MIDELT, MOROCCO) |url=http://revues.imist.ma/index.php?journal=technolab&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=1755&path%5B%5D=1395 |journal=Les Technologies de Laboratoire |language=fr |publisher=IMIST |volume=8 |issue=34 |pages=153–161 |access-date=7 February 2014}}</ref> Ana amfani da madatsar ruwan don ruwan sha, ban ruwa da kuma kare yankunan da ke ƙasa da madatsun ruwa daga ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=CHAHBOUNE |first=M, CHAHLAOUI, A, ZAID, A and BEN MOUSSA, A |date=22 Dec 2013 |title=CONTRIBUTION A LA CARACTERISATION PHYSICOCHIMIQUE DES EAUX DU LAC RESERVOIR DU BARRAGE HASSAN II (PROVINCE DE MIDELT, MAROC) |trans-title=CONTRIBUTION TO THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE WATERS OF THE LAKE-RESERVOIR DAM HASSAN II (MIDELT PROVINCE, MOROCCO) |url=http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/86 |url-status=dead |journal=Larhyss Journal |language=fr |publication-date=June 2013 |volume=14 |pages=61–77 |issn=1112-3680 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110085000/http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/86 |archive-date=2007-01-10 |access-date=7 February 2014}}</ref> An fara gina madatsar ruwan a watan Fabrairun 2001 kuma an kammala ta a watan Maris na 2005. == Manazarta == lq4giy3dx3r2gtmiu3n1chggw8mgqe1 0 152845 841736 2026-05-28T16:38:17Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354524369|Ode Thompson]]" 841736 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ode Thompson''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1980) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda a yanzu ya yi ritaya. Thompson ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. Thompson ya fara aikinsa a Najeriya tare da Julius Berger FC. Ya koma Belgium kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da ƙungiyar KAA Gent ta First Division a shekarar 1996. Bayan zaman aro da Standaard Wetteren, ya koma KRC Harelbeke . Bayan kakar wasa mai kyau, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da ƙungiyar RSC Anderlecht ta ƙasar Belgium. Duk da haka, bayan kakar wasa mai ƙarancin lokaci, ya fara tafiyarsa ta ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda hakan ya kai shi ga ƙungiyoyi kamar KVC Westerlo, La Louvière, RBC Roosendaal, KV Oostende, Union, KVSK United, KMSK Deinze da KSV Roeselare . A shekarar 2009, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da kulob din KSV Oudenaarde na rukuni na uku. A kakar wasa ta 2011-12, zai koma sabuwar kungiyar Eendracht Aalst ta rukuni na biyu da aka samu ci gaba. == Daraja == '''Anderlecht''' * Kofin Super Cup na Belgium : 2001 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] sgivmykpfafw1q3wb8zkhmesqy58pn5 841739 841736 2026-05-28T16:40:07Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354524369|Ode Thompson]]" 841739 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ode Thompson''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1980) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda a yanzu ya yi ritaya. Thompson ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba.<ref>Anderlecht pakt Supercup". hbvl.be. Archived from the original on 29 November 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2022.</ref> Thompson ya fara aikinsa a Najeriya tare da Julius Berger FC. Ya koma Belgium kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da ƙungiyar KAA Gent ta First Division a shekarar 1996. Bayan zaman aro da Standaard Wetteren, ya koma KRC Harelbeke . Bayan kakar wasa mai kyau, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da ƙungiyar RSC Anderlecht ta ƙasar Belgium. Duk da haka, bayan kakar wasa mai ƙarancin lokaci, ya fara tafiyarsa ta ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda hakan ya kai shi ga ƙungiyoyi kamar KVC Westerlo, La Louvière, RBC Roosendaal, KV Oostende, Union, KVSK United, KMSK Deinze da KSV Roeselare . A shekarar 2009, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da kulob din KSV Oudenaarde na rukuni na uku. A kakar wasa ta 2011-12, zai koma sabuwar kungiyar Eendracht Aalst ta rukuni na biyu da aka samu ci gaba. == Daraja == '''Anderlecht''' * Kofin Super Cup na Belgium : 2001 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] smoqpoz7d9y3dqrk9nyjkdhdnzrpxlj 841740 841739 2026-05-28T16:40:52Z Sardeeq 39275 841740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ode Thompson''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1980) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda a yanzu ya yi ritaya. Thompson ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba.<ref>Anderlecht pakt Supercup". hbvl.be. Archived from the original on 29 November 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2022.</ref> Thompson ya fara aikinsa a Najeriya tare da Julius Berger FC. Ya koma Belgium kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da ƙungiyar KAA Gent ta First Division a shekarar 1996. Bayan zaman aro da Standaard Wetteren, ya koma KRC Harelbeke . Bayan kakar wasa mai kyau, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da ƙungiyar RSC Anderlecht ta ƙasar Belgium. Duk da haka, bayan kakar wasa mai ƙarancin lokaci, ya fara tafiyarsa ta ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda hakan ya kai shi ga ƙungiyoyi kamar KVC Westerlo, La Louvière, RBC Roosendaal, KV Oostende, Union, KVSK United, KMSK Deinze da KSV Roeselare . A shekarar 2009, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da kulob din KSV Oudenaarde na rukuni na uku. A kakar wasa ta 2011-12, zai koma sabuwar kungiyar Eendracht Aalst ta rukuni na biyu da aka samu ci gaba. == Daraja == '''Anderlecht''' * Kofin Super Cup na Belgium : 2001 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] aqlfrcz3zlhzeucyuaue2oyjeb9y5g4 0 152846 841737 2026-05-28T16:39:22Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1279664162|Hassan I Dam]]" 841737 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwa ta Hassan I madatsar''' ruwa ce mai {{Convert|19|km}} arewa maso gabashin Demnate a kan Kogin Lakhdar a Lardin Azilal, Morocco. An kammala madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1986, tana samar da ruwa don ban ruwa na sama da {{Convert|40000|ha}} na filayen noma. Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta madatsar ruwan kuma tana samar da wutar lantarki {{Convert|132|GWh}} a matsakaicin shekara. A {{Convert|145|m}} a tsayi, ita ce madatsar ruwa mafi tsayi a Maroko kuma mafi tsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da ƙasa a Afirka. An sanya wa madatsar ruwa suna ne bayan Hassan na ɗaya na Maroko . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hassan I |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=240 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183223/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=240 |archive-date=9 October 2011 |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == 8hrc54lf9bjsjnw59q7sfv9ae0vwvm5 841738 841737 2026-05-28T16:39:41Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 841738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwa ta Hassan I madatsar''' ruwa ce mai {{Convert|19|km}} arewa maso gabashin Demnate a kan Kogin Lakhdar a Lardin Azilal, Morocco. An kammala madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1986, tana samar da ruwa don ban ruwa na sama da {{Convert|40000|ha}} na filayen noma. Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta madatsar ruwan kuma tana samar da wutar lantarki {{Convert|132|GWh}} a matsakaicin shekara. A {{Convert|145|m}} a tsayi, ita ce madatsar ruwa mafi tsayi a Maroko kuma mafi tsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da ƙasa a Afirka. An sanya wa madatsar ruwa suna ne bayan Hassan na ɗaya na Maroko . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hassan I |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=240 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183223/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=240 |archive-date=9 October 2011 |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == 9vjlymt12hvca67tmlq2qrapyqlmimx 0 152847 841742 2026-05-28T16:42:03Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347470118|Omonigho Temile]]" 841742 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Omonigho Temile''' (16 ga Yuli 1984) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . == Aikin kulob == An haife shi a [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], Najeriya, Temile ya fara wasansa na ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya Delta United daga [[Warri]] . Ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru yana buga wa ƙungiyar Cherno More ta ƙasar Bulgaria wasa a shekarar 2002. Ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar Levski Sofia a watan Fabrairun 2003, inda ya haɗu da takwarorinsa na Najeriya [[Garba Lawal]] da [[Justice Christopher]] . Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, a fafatawa da Marek. Ya zo na biyu a gasar cin kofin matasa mafi kyau a kakar wasa ta 2003–04. Temile ya zura kwallo ɗaya a raga wa Levski a gasar cin kofin UEFA . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">a</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekara ta 2004, Temile ya yi gwaji da ƙungiyar Dynamo Kyiv ta ƙasar Ukraine a lokacin bazara, amma daga ƙarshe ya koma ƙungiyar Krylia Sovetov Samara ta ƙasar Rasha. Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu da rabi. Ya koma Warri Wolves a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya sanya hannu a watan Agusta na shekara ta 2010 don buga wa ƙungiyar Valletta ta Maltese wasa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Temile memba ne na tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekara 17 da suka zo na biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 da aka gudanar a Trinidad da Tobago a shekarar 2001. Ya fara dukkan wasanni shida, kuma ya zura kwallaye biyu daga matsayinsa na tsakiya. Temile ya zura kwallo ta karshe a wasansu da Japan a bugun fenariti a minti na 91, inda Najeriya ta yi nasara da ci 4-0. Shi ma ya kasance a kan raga a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Australia da ci 5-1 a wasan kwata-kwata. Daga karshe Najeriya ta sha kashi a wasan karshe da Faransa . [1] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Temile ɗan uwan [[Clement Temile]] ne, ɗan uwan Toto Tamuz, babban ɗan'uwan Frank Temile . <ref>{{Cite web |last=David Sharrock |date=17 February 2007 |title=Striker without a state in walkout |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article1398114.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218192156/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article1398114.ece |archive-date=18 February 2007 |access-date=15 April 2008 |website=The Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2007 |title=Young guns fire Israeli ambitions |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=122752.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706032758/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=122752.html |archive-date=6 July 2007 |access-date=15 April 2008 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Levski Sofia''' * Kofin Bulgaria : 2002–03 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] b2e5o1vs63i3ik377bcj6lo3hebxczf 841744 841742 2026-05-28T16:42:49Z Sardeeq 39275 841744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Omonigho Temile''' (16 ga Yuli 1984) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . == Aikin kulob == An haife shi a [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], Najeriya, Temile ya fara wasansa na ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya Delta United daga [[Warri]] . Ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru yana buga wa ƙungiyar Cherno More ta ƙasar Bulgaria wasa a shekarar 2002. Ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar Levski Sofia a watan Fabrairun 2003, inda ya haɗu da takwarorinsa na Najeriya [[Garba Lawal]] da [[Justice Christopher]] . Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, a fafatawa da Marek. Ya zo na biyu a gasar cin kofin matasa mafi kyau a kakar wasa ta 2003–04. Temile ya zura kwallo ɗaya a raga wa Levski a gasar cin kofin UEFA . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">a</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekara ta 2004, Temile ya yi gwaji da ƙungiyar Dynamo Kyiv ta ƙasar Ukraine a lokacin bazara, amma daga ƙarshe ya koma ƙungiyar Krylia Sovetov Samara ta ƙasar Rasha. Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu da rabi. Ya koma Warri Wolves a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya sanya hannu a watan Agusta na shekara ta 2010 don buga wa ƙungiyar Valletta ta Maltese wasa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Temile memba ne na tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekara 17 da suka zo na biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 da aka gudanar a Trinidad da Tobago a shekarar 2001. Ya fara dukkan wasanni shida, kuma ya zura kwallaye biyu daga matsayinsa na tsakiya. Temile ya zura kwallo ta karshe a wasansu da Japan a bugun fenariti a minti na 91, inda Najeriya ta yi nasara da ci 4-0. Shi ma ya kasance a kan raga a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Australia da ci 5-1 a wasan kwata-kwata. Daga karshe Najeriya ta sha kashi a wasan karshe da Faransa . [1] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Temile ɗan uwan [[Clement Temile]] ne, ɗan uwan Toto Tamuz, babban ɗan'uwan Frank Temile . <ref>{{Cite web |last=David Sharrock |date=17 February 2007 |title=Striker without a state in walkout |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article1398114.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218192156/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article1398114.ece |archive-date=18 February 2007 |access-date=15 April 2008 |website=The Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2007 |title=Young guns fire Israeli ambitions |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=122752.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706032758/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=122752.html |archive-date=6 July 2007 |access-date=15 April 2008 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Levski Sofia''' * Kofin Bulgaria : 2002–03 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] ije3d4esjwkk18a8yqh9g4ety4hx9y7 841747 841744 2026-05-28T16:43:59Z Sardeeq 39275 841747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Omonigho Temile''' (16 ga Yuli 1984) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe]] . == Aikin kulob == An haife shi a [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], Najeriya, Temile ya fara wasansa na ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya Delta United daga [[Warri]] . Ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru yana buga wa ƙungiyar Cherno More ta ƙasar Bulgaria wasa a shekarar 2002. Ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar Levski Sofia a watan Fabrairun 2003, inda ya haɗu da takwarorinsa na Najeriya [[Garba Lawal]] da [[Justice Christopher]] . Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, a fafatawa da Marek. Ya zo na biyu a gasar cin kofin matasa mafi kyau a kakar wasa ta 2003–04. Temile ya zura kwallo ɗaya a raga wa Levski a gasar cin kofin UEFA . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> A shekara ta 2004, Temile ya yi gwaji da ƙungiyar Dynamo Kyiv ta ƙasar Ukraine a lokacin bazara, amma daga ƙarshe ya koma ƙungiyar Krylia Sovetov Samara ta ƙasar Rasha. Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu da rabi. Ya koma Warri Wolves a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya sanya hannu a watan Agusta na shekara ta 2010 don buga wa ƙungiyar Valletta ta Maltese wasa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Temile memba ne na tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekara 17 da suka zo na biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 da aka gudanar a Trinidad da Tobago a shekarar 2001. Ya fara dukkan wasanni shida, kuma ya zura kwallaye biyu daga matsayinsa na tsakiya. Temile ya zura kwallo ta karshe a wasansu da Japan a bugun fenariti a minti na 91, inda Najeriya ta yi nasara da ci 4-0. Shi ma ya kasance a kan raga a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Australia da ci 5-1 a wasan kwata-kwata. Daga karshe Najeriya ta sha kashi a wasan karshe da Faransa . [1] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Temile ɗan uwan [[Clement Temile]] ne, ɗan uwan Toto Tamuz, babban ɗan'uwan Frank Temile . <ref>{{Cite web |last=David Sharrock |date=17 February 2007 |title=Striker without a state in walkout |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article1398114.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218192156/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article1398114.ece |archive-date=18 February 2007 |access-date=15 April 2008 |website=The Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2007 |title=Young guns fire Israeli ambitions |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=122752.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706032758/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=122752.html |archive-date=6 July 2007 |access-date=15 April 2008 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Levski Sofia''' * Kofin Bulgaria : 2002–03 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] p3itkzb4xuvqhk1vragjsa0iihaa7qn 0 152848 841743 2026-05-28T16:42:26Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1221676795|Bin el Ouidane Dam]]" 841743 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Bin el Ouidane madatsar''' ruwa ce mai {{Convert|28|km}} kudu da Beni Mellal a kan Kogin El-Abid a Lardin Azilal, [[Moroko|Morocco]] . Coyne et Bellier ne suka tsara shi kuma aka gina shi tsakanin 1949 da 1953, manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da wutar lantarki da ban ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ruwa. {{Convert|135|MW}}tashar wutar lantarki tana samar da matsakaicin {{Convert|287|GWh}} kowace shekara kuma ruwa daga ma'ajiyar ruwa yana taimakawa wajen ban ruwa {{Convert|69500|ha|acre}} a filayen Beni Moussa da Tadla . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bin el Ouidane |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=211 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183139/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=211 |archive-date=9 October 2011 |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}</ref> == Manazarta == 368xc1gy7cgw7zsk0izqyn0ai5eb48a 841745 841743 2026-05-28T16:43:05Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 841745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Bin el Ouidane madatsar''' ruwa ce mai {{Convert|28|km}} kudu da Beni Mellal a kan Kogin El-Abid a Lardin Azilal, [[Moroko|Morocco]] . Coyne et Bellier ne suka tsara shi kuma aka gina shi tsakanin 1949 da 1953, manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da wutar lantarki da ban ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ruwa. {{Convert|135|MW}}tashar wutar lantarki tana samar da matsakaicin {{Convert|287|GWh}} kowace shekara kuma ruwa daga ma'ajiyar ruwa yana taimakawa wajen ban ruwa {{Convert|69500|ha|acre}} a filayen Beni Moussa da Tadla . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bin el Ouidane |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=211 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183139/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=211 |archive-date=9 October 2011 |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}</ref> == Manazarta == pmckr4cwac9w76rp36l4resbvyfeusf 0 152849 841748 2026-05-28T16:44:29Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1279664078|Allal al Fassi Dam]]" 841748 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam ɗin Allal al Fassi''' madatsar ruwa ce mai {{Convert|18|km}} arewa maso gabashin Sefrou a kan Kogin Sebou a yankin Fès-Meknès na [[Moroko|Morocco]] . An kammala shi a shekarar 1991, yana samar da ruwa don ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. An sanya wa madatsar ruwan suna ne bayan sanannen [[Allal al-Fassi]] na kasar Morocco. <ref name="water">{{Cite web |title=Allal al Fassi |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=266 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183345/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=266 |archive-date=2011-10-09 |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}</ref> == Tashar wutar lantarki == Tashar wutar lantarki ta madatsar ruwan tana da nisan kilomita 18 (11 zuwa arewa a gefen kudancin tafkin Idriss I. Ruwa ya kai tashar wutar lantarki bayan da madatsar ruwan Allal al Fassi ta karkatar da shi ta hanyar shan ruwa a gefen dama na tafkin. Yana gudana ta hanyar rami mai tsawon kilomita 15.45 (9.60 kafin ya kai ga kwandon biyan kuɗi. Daga kwandon, ana aika ruwa ta hanyar bututun mai kuma a ƙarshe penstocks zuwa 3 x {{Convert|80|MW}} Francis turbine-generators. Da zarar an yi amfani da shi don samar da wutar lantarki, ana fitar da ruwa a cikin Idriss I Reservoir. Kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|300|e6m3|acre.ft}} (240,000 na ruwa ana canja shi ta hanyar tashar wutar lantarki a kowace shekara. An ba da izinin tashar wutar lantarki a cikin 1994 kuma tana samar da {{Convert|220|GWh}} a matsakaita a kowace shekara.<ref name="water">{{Cite web |title=Allal al Fassi |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=266 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183345/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=266 |archive-date=2011-10-09 |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183345/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=266 "Allal al Fassi"] (in French). </cite></ref> o8j38qbxij2xu99qye6m8hs91k3thqa 841749 841748 2026-05-28T16:44:54Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 841749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam ɗin Allal al Fassi''' madatsar ruwa ce mai {{Convert|18|km}} arewa maso gabashin Sefrou a kan Kogin Sebou a yankin Fès-Meknès na [[Moroko|Morocco]] . An kammala shi a shekarar 1991, yana samar da ruwa don ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. An sanya wa madatsar ruwan suna ne bayan sanannen [[Allal al-Fassi]] na kasar Morocco. <ref name="water">{{Cite web |title=Allal al Fassi |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=266 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183345/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=266 |archive-date=2011-10-09 |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}</ref> == Tashar wutar lantarki == Tashar wutar lantarki ta madatsar ruwan tana da nisan kilomita 18 (11 zuwa arewa a gefen kudancin tafkin Idriss I. Ruwa ya kai tashar wutar lantarki bayan da madatsar ruwan Allal al Fassi ta karkatar da shi ta hanyar shan ruwa a gefen dama na tafkin. Yana gudana ta hanyar rami mai tsawon kilomita 15.45 (9.60 kafin ya kai ga kwandon biyan kuɗi. Daga kwandon, ana aika ruwa ta hanyar bututun mai kuma a ƙarshe penstocks zuwa 3 x {{Convert|80|MW}} Francis turbine-generators. Da zarar an yi amfani da shi don samar da wutar lantarki, ana fitar da ruwa a cikin Idriss I Reservoir. Kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|300|e6m3|acre.ft}} (240,000 na ruwa ana canja shi ta hanyar tashar wutar lantarki a kowace shekara. An ba da izinin tashar wutar lantarki a cikin 1994 kuma tana samar da {{Convert|220|GWh}} a matsakaita a kowace shekara.<ref name="water">{{Cite web |title=Allal al Fassi |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=266 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183345/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=266 |archive-date=2011-10-09 |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183345/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=266 "Allal al Fassi"] (in French). </cite></ref> ==manazarta== el601sjqj84qfshm0mgwi6th68h38bg 0 152850 841752 2026-05-28T16:47:36Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351812031|Al Wahda Dam (Morocco)]]" 841752 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Al Wahda''', wacce a da aka fi sani da '''Madatsar ruwan M'Jaara''', madatsar ruwa ce da ke kan kogin Ouergha kusa da [[M´Jaara]] a lardin Ouezzane, [[Moroko|Morocco]] . An gina ta ne don magance ambaliyar ruwa, ban ruwa, [[Samar da Ruwa|samar da ruwa]] da samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa . Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta biyu mafi girma a arewacin Afirka kuma mafi girma a Morocco. <ref name="large">{{Cite web |date=10 June 2008 |title=Lake Al Wahda Morocco |url=https://unepatlas.blogspot.com/2008/06/lake-al-wahda.html |access-date=17 October 2010 |publisher=Atlas of Our Changing Environment}}</ref> An bayyana ta ta hanyar [[Land Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone|Interactions of the Coastal Zone]] (LOICZ) a matsayin "madatsar ruwa ta biyu mafi muhimmanci a Afirka bayan madatsar ruwa ta High Aswan ." <ref>{{Cite web |last=R. Arthurton |last2=M. Le Tissier |last3=M. Snoussi |last4=J. Kitheka |last5=Y. Shaghude |last6=A. Kane |last7=G. Flöser |last8=H. Kremer |date=2008 |title=Global Change Assessment and Synthesis of River Catchment - Coastal Sea Interactions and Human Dimensions in Africa |url=http://www.loicz.org/imperia/md/content/loicz/print/rsreports/loicz-r_s32-web.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719115052/http://www.loicz.org/imperia/md/content/loicz/print/rsreports/loicz-r_s32-web.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=17 October 2010 |publisher=[[LOICZ]] |page=10}}</ref> == Tarihi == A shekarar 1988, Hukumar Ruwa da Yanayi ta yi la'akari da madatsar ruwan kuma daga ƙarshe aka ba da shawarar a yi amfani da ita don ci gaba. An fara gina madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1991, an fara ƙirƙirar madatsar ruwansa a shekarar 1996 kuma [[Hassan ll na Maroko|Sarki Hassan na Biyu]] ya ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 20 ga Maris, 1997. <ref name="major">{{Cite web |last=Boumehdi |first=Ahmed |date=March 12, 2003 |title=Grands équipements : le barrage Al Wahda |url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/35054%3Bjsessionid%3D6E6DE85172A483C0A2B7BE90D3F61070%26prev%3D/search%3Fq%3Dbarrage%2Bwahda%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1B3GGIC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329045751/http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/35054%3Bjsessionid%3D6E6DE85172A483C0A2B7BE90D3F61070%26prev%3D/search%3Fq%3Dbarrage%2Bwahda%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1B3GGIC |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=17 October 2010 |publisher=Maghress}}</ref> Jimillar mutane {{Convert|14000000|m3|ft3}} An haƙa kayan gini a lokacin gini. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Al Wahda M'Jaara Dam |url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0003774 |access-date=17 October 2010 |publisher=[[Structurae]]}}</ref> == Bayani na musamman == Dam din nau'in laka ne wanda aka yi da mita 28,000,000 (990,000,000 na kayan aiki da meters 720,000 (25,000,000 cu . Yana da mita 88 (289 tsawo a mafi girman matsayi kuma babban ɓangaren madatsar ruwan yana da mita 1,600 (5,200 tsawon. Kai tsaye zuwa arewa kuma kusa da hanyar zubar da ruwa akwai madatsar ruwa mai tsawon mita 1,000 (3,300 da mita 30 (98 ft) tsawo. Hanyar madatsar ruwan, a tsakiya tana sarrafawa ta ƙofofi shida kuma tana da damar fitarwa sama da mita cubic 13,000 a kowace dakika (460,000 cu ft / s). <ref name="major">{{Cite web |last=Boumehdi |first=Ahmed |date=March 12, 2003 |title=Grands équipements : le barrage Al Wahda |url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/35054%3Bjsessionid%3D6E6DE85172A483C0A2B7BE90D3F61070%26prev%3D/search%3Fq%3Dbarrage%2Bwahda%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1B3GGIC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329045751/http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/35054%3Bjsessionid%3D6E6DE85172A483C0A2B7BE90D3F61070%26prev%3D/search%3Fq%3Dbarrage%2Bwahda%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1B3GGIC |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=17 October 2010 |publisher=Maghress}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoumehdi2003">Boumehdi, Ahmed (March 12, 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200329045751/http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/35054%3Bjsessionid%3D6E6DE85172A483C0A2B7BE90D3F61070%26prev%3D/search%3Fq%3Dbarrage%2Bwahda%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1B3GGIC "Grands équipements : le barrage Al Wahda"]. Maghress. Archived from [http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/35054%3Bjsessionid%3D6E6DE85172A483C0A2B7BE90D3F61070%26prev%3D/search%3Fq%3Dbarrage%2Bwahda%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1B3GGIC the original] on 29 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> == Tashar wutar lantarki == An samar da wutar lantarki, a yatsan madatsar ruwan kuma kusa da hanyar zubar da ruwa ta hanyar mita 10.8 (35 diamita da mita 247 (810 mai tsawo wanda hakan ke canja wurin ruwa zuwa penstocks uku. Kowane ɗayan yana da mita 5.7 (19 a diamita mita 60 (200 a tsawon. Wannan makircin yana ba da mita 62 (203 na shugaban ruwa da har zuwa mita 450 a kowace dakika (16,000 cu ft / s) ga Turbines na Francis.<ref name="major">{{Cite web |last=Boumehdi |first=Ahmed |date=March 12, 2003 |title=Grands équipements : le barrage Al Wahda |url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/35054%3Bjsessionid%3D6E6DE85172A483C0A2B7BE90D3F61070%26prev%3D/search%3Fq%3Dbarrage%2Bwahda%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1B3GGIC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329045751/http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/35054%3Bjsessionid%3D6E6DE85172A483C0A2B7BE90D3F61070%26prev%3D/search%3Fq%3Dbarrage%2Bwahda%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1B3GGIC |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=17 October 2010 |publisher=Maghress}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoumehdi2003">Boumehdi, Ahmed (March 12, 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200329045751/http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/35054%3Bjsessionid%3D6E6DE85172A483C0A2B7BE90D3F61070%26prev%3D/search%3Fq%3Dbarrage%2Bwahda%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1B3GGIC "Grands équipements : le barrage Al Wahda"]. Maghress. Archived from [http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/35054%3Bjsessionid%3D6E6DE85172A483C0A2B7BE90D3F61070%26prev%3D/search%3Fq%3Dbarrage%2Bwahda%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1B3GGIC the original] on 29 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Kowane turbine yana da ƙarfin janareta {{Convert|80|MW}} don jimlar ƙarfin shigarwa na {{Convert|240|MW}} hp). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in Morocco |url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-morocco.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090718211450/http://www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dmorocco.htm |archive-date=18 July 2009 |access-date=17 October 2010 |publisher=IndustCards}}</ref> == Tasirin == Dam din ya sami tasiri mai kyau a cikin ruwa ta hanyar samar da ruwa don sha da ban ruwa. Bugu da kari, ya taimaka wajen rage ambaliyar ruwa a yankin Gharb tare da Kogin Ouergha da Sebou da kashi %. Yana samar da ruwa don yiwuwar ban ruwa na sama da hekta 110,000 (270,000 acres). Wutar lantarki da tashar wutar lantarki ta madatsar ruwan ta samar tana rage ƙonewar tan 140,000 (ton 140,000 mai tsawo; tan 150,000 gajeren) na man fetur a shekara tare da biyan buƙatun makamashi. Rashin tafkin duk da haka yana da babban adadin siltation kuma an kiyasta ya rasa mita miliyan {{Convert|60|e6m3}} (2.1^9 cu na ajiya a kowace shekara. Yankin da aka kama a cikin tafkin kuma bai kai ga bakin teku ba wanda ke kara lalacewa a bakin tekun.<ref name="large" /> 26bb8eggih3gggrhx7x9s4r9mu4727z 841969 841752 2026-05-28T23:00:11Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 841969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ddatabox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Al Wahda''', wacce a da aka fi sani da '''Madatsar ruwan M'Jaara''', madatsar ruwa ce da ke kan kogin Ouergha kusa da [[M´Jaara]] a lardin Ouezzane, [[Moroko|Morocco]] . An gina ta ne don magance ambaliyar ruwa, ban ruwa, [[Samar da Ruwa|samar da ruwa]] da samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa . Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta biyu mafi girma a arewacin Afirka kuma mafi girma a Morocco. <ref name="large">{{Cite web |date=10 June 2008 |title=Lake Al Wahda Morocco |url=https://unepatlas.blogspot.com/2008/06/lake-al-wahda.html |access-date=17 October 2010 |publisher=Atlas of Our Changing Environment}}</ref> An bayyana ta ta hanyar [[Land Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone|Interactions of the Coastal Zone]] (LOICZ) a matsayin "madatsar ruwa ta biyu mafi muhimmanci a Afirka bayan madatsar ruwa ta High Aswan ." <ref>{{Cite web |last=R. Arthurton |last2=M. Le Tissier |last3=M. Snoussi |last4=J. Kitheka |last5=Y. Shaghude |last6=A. Kane |last7=G. Flöser |last8=H. Kremer |date=2008 |title=Global Change Assessment and Synthesis of River Catchment - Coastal Sea Interactions and Human Dimensions in Africa |url=http://www.loicz.org/imperia/md/content/loicz/print/rsreports/loicz-r_s32-web.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719115052/http://www.loicz.org/imperia/md/content/loicz/print/rsreports/loicz-r_s32-web.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=17 October 2010 |publisher=[[LOICZ]] |page=10}}</ref> == Tarihi == A shekarar 1988, Hukumar Ruwa da Yanayi ta yi la'akari da madatsar ruwan kuma daga ƙarshe aka ba da shawarar a yi amfani da ita don ci gaba. An fara gina madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1991, an fara ƙirƙirar madatsar ruwansa a shekarar 1996 kuma [[Hassan ll na Maroko|Sarki Hassan na Biyu]] ya ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 20 ga Maris, 1997. <ref name="major">{{Cite web |last=Boumehdi |first=Ahmed |date=March 12, 2003 |title=Grands équipements : le barrage Al Wahda |url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/35054%3Bjsessionid%3D6E6DE85172A483C0A2B7BE90D3F61070%26prev%3D/search%3Fq%3Dbarrage%2Bwahda%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1B3GGIC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329045751/http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/35054%3Bjsessionid%3D6E6DE85172A483C0A2B7BE90D3F61070%26prev%3D/search%3Fq%3Dbarrage%2Bwahda%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1B3GGIC |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=17 October 2010 |publisher=Maghress}}</ref> Jimillar mutane {{Convert|14000000|m3|ft3}} An haƙa kayan gini a lokacin gini. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Al Wahda M'Jaara Dam |url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0003774 |access-date=17 October 2010 |publisher=[[Structurae]]}}</ref> == Bayani na musamman == Dam din nau'in laka ne wanda aka yi da mita 28,000,000 (990,000,000 na kayan aiki da meters 720,000 (25,000,000 cu . Yana da mita 88 (289 tsawo a mafi girman matsayi kuma babban ɓangaren madatsar ruwan yana da mita 1,600 (5,200 tsawon. Kai tsaye zuwa arewa kuma kusa da hanyar zubar da ruwa akwai madatsar ruwa mai tsawon mita 1,000 (3,300 da mita 30 (98 ft) tsawo. Hanyar madatsar ruwan, a tsakiya tana sarrafawa ta ƙofofi shida kuma tana da damar fitarwa sama da mita cubic 13,000 a kowace dakika (460,000 cu ft / s). <ref name="major">{{Cite web |last=Boumehdi |first=Ahmed |date=March 12, 2003 |title=Grands équipements : le barrage Al Wahda |url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/35054%3Bjsessionid%3D6E6DE85172A483C0A2B7BE90D3F61070%26prev%3D/search%3Fq%3Dbarrage%2Bwahda%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1B3GGIC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329045751/http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/35054%3Bjsessionid%3D6E6DE85172A483C0A2B7BE90D3F61070%26prev%3D/search%3Fq%3Dbarrage%2Bwahda%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1B3GGIC |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=17 October 2010 |publisher=Maghress}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoumehdi2003">Boumehdi, Ahmed (March 12, 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200329045751/http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/35054%3Bjsessionid%3D6E6DE85172A483C0A2B7BE90D3F61070%26prev%3D/search%3Fq%3Dbarrage%2Bwahda%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1B3GGIC "Grands équipements : le barrage Al Wahda"]. Maghress. Archived from [http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/35054%3Bjsessionid%3D6E6DE85172A483C0A2B7BE90D3F61070%26prev%3D/search%3Fq%3Dbarrage%2Bwahda%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1B3GGIC the original] on 29 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> == Tashar wutar lantarki == An samar da wutar lantarki, a yatsan madatsar ruwan kuma kusa da hanyar zubar da ruwa ta hanyar mita 10.8 (35 diamita da mita 247 (810 mai tsawo wanda hakan ke canja wurin ruwa zuwa penstocks uku. Kowane ɗayan yana da mita 5.7 (19 a diamita mita 60 (200 a tsawon. Wannan makircin yana ba da mita 62 (203 na shugaban ruwa da har zuwa mita 450 a kowace dakika (16,000 cu ft / s) ga Turbines na Francis.<ref name="major">{{Cite web |last=Boumehdi |first=Ahmed |date=March 12, 2003 |title=Grands équipements : le barrage Al Wahda |url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/35054%3Bjsessionid%3D6E6DE85172A483C0A2B7BE90D3F61070%26prev%3D/search%3Fq%3Dbarrage%2Bwahda%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1B3GGIC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329045751/http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/35054%3Bjsessionid%3D6E6DE85172A483C0A2B7BE90D3F61070%26prev%3D/search%3Fq%3Dbarrage%2Bwahda%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1B3GGIC |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=17 October 2010 |publisher=Maghress}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBoumehdi2003">Boumehdi, Ahmed (March 12, 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200329045751/http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/35054%3Bjsessionid%3D6E6DE85172A483C0A2B7BE90D3F61070%26prev%3D/search%3Fq%3Dbarrage%2Bwahda%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1B3GGIC "Grands équipements : le barrage Al Wahda"]. Maghress. Archived from [http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/35054%3Bjsessionid%3D6E6DE85172A483C0A2B7BE90D3F61070%26prev%3D/search%3Fq%3Dbarrage%2Bwahda%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1B3GGIC the original] on 29 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Kowane turbine yana da ƙarfin janareta {{Convert|80|MW}} don jimlar ƙarfin shigarwa na {{Convert|240|MW}} hp). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in Morocco |url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-morocco.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090718211450/http://www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dmorocco.htm |archive-date=18 July 2009 |access-date=17 October 2010 |publisher=IndustCards}}</ref> == Tasirin == Dam din ya sami tasiri mai kyau a cikin ruwa ta hanyar samar da ruwa don sha da ban ruwa. Bugu da kari, ya taimaka wajen rage ambaliyar ruwa a yankin Gharb tare da Kogin Ouergha da Sebou da kashi %. Yana samar da ruwa don yiwuwar ban ruwa na sama da hekta 110,000 (270,000 acres). Wutar lantarki da tashar wutar lantarki ta madatsar ruwan ta samar tana rage ƙonewar tan 140,000 (ton 140,000 mai tsawo; tan 150,000 gajeren) na man fetur a shekara tare da biyan buƙatun makamashi. Rashin tafkin duk da haka yana da babban adadin siltation kuma an kiyasta ya rasa mita miliyan {{Convert|60|e6m3}} (2.1^9 cu na ajiya a kowace shekara. Yankin da aka kama a cikin tafkin kuma bai kai ga bakin teku ba wanda ke kara lalacewa a bakin tekun.<ref name="large" /> ==manazarta== 9fu1mro4o6q4juf8aefm2i8vb7elsno 0 152851 841753 2026-05-28T16:47:39Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356362447|Rufiji River]]" 841753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Rufiji|name_native=|name_other=|name_etymology=<!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->|image=SelousSandRivers.jpg|image_size=|image_caption=Rufiji river in Selous|map=Rufiji River basin map.svg|map_size=|map_caption=Map of the Rufiji River drainage basin. The separate, endorheic Lake Sulunga basin is shown in green.|pushpin_map=|pushpin_map_size=|pushpin_map_caption=<!---------------------- LOCATION -->|subdivision_type1=Country|subdivision_name1=[[Tanzania]]|subdivision_type2=Region|subdivision_name2=[[Pwani Region]]|subdivision_type3=Region|subdivision_name3=[[Morogoro Region]]|subdivision_type4=Region|subdivision_name4=[[Iringa Region]]|subdivision_type5=|subdivision_name5=<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->|length={{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}}|width_min=|width_avg=|width_max=|depth_min=|depth_avg=|depth_max=|discharge1_location=|discharge1_min=|discharge1_avg=|discharge1_max=<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->|source1=[[Great Ruaha River]]|source1_location=[[Tanzania]]|source1_coordinates=<!--{{coord|0|0|0|S|0|0|0|E|display=inline}}-->|source1_elevation=|source2=[[Kilombero River]]|source2_location=[[Morogoro Region]]|source2_coordinates=|source2_elevation=|source3=[[Luwegu River]]|source3_location=[[Morogoro Region]]|source3_coordinates=|source3_elevation=|mouth=[[Indian Ocean]]|mouth_location=[[Pwani Region]]|mouth_coordinates={{coord|7|46|26|S|39|21|50|E|display=inline,title}}|mouth_elevation=|progression=|river_system=|basin_size={{Convert|177429|sqkm|sqmi|0}}|tributaries_left=|tributaries_right=|custom_label=|custom_data=|extra=}}'''Kogin Rufiji''' yana cikin [[Tanzaniya|ƙasar Tanzaniya]] gaba ɗaya. Shi ne kogi mafi girma kuma mafi tsawo a ƙasar, wanda aka samar ta hanyar haɗuwar Kilombero da kogin Luwegu. Tsawonsa ya kai kimanin {{Convert|600|km|mi}} tsayi, tare da tushe a kudu maso yammacin Tanzania, wanda ke ƙarewa a [[Tekun Indiya]], a gaban Tsibirin Mafia, a Yankin Pwani. Babban magudanar ruwanta ita ce Babban Kogin Ruaha. Ana iya tafiya da shi na kimanin {{Convert|100|km|mi}}. Kogin Rufiji yana da nisan kusan {{Convert|200|km|mi}} kudu da [[Dar es Salaam]]. [[Delta|Deltan kogin]] ya ƙunshi mafi girman dajin mangrove a gabashin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title="Downstream and Coastal Impacts of Damming and Water Abstraction in Africa", ''Environmental Management'', authored by Maria Snoussi, Johnson Kitheka, Yohanna Shaghude, Alioune Kane, Russell Arthurton, Martin Le Tissier, and Hassan Virji, 2007, volume 39, page 589 |url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576989/Snoussi_2007_Downstream_and.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821041140/http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576989/Snoussi_2007_Downstream_and.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-21 |access-date=2015-10-18}}</ref> == Tarihi == Wani reshe na tsoffin hanyoyin teku ya jagoranci gabar tekun Gabashin Afirka mai suna "Azania" ta hannun Helenawa da Romawa a ƙarni na 1 AD kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (kuma, wataƙila, {{Lang-zh|澤散|Zesan}} A ƙarni na ta hannun Sinawa), <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2004 |title=The Peoples of the West |url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html |access-date=2009-04-18 |website=from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢 |publisher=[[University of Washington]]}}</ref> aƙalla har zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa da Romawa suka sani da Rhapta, wanda wataƙila yana cikin yankin da ke gabar kogin Rufiji a [[Tanzaniya]] ta zamani. <ref>"The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Panchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." Felix A. Chami. In: ''Society for Arabian Studies Monographs 2 Trade and Travel in the Red Sea Region''. Proceedings of Red Sea Project I held in the British Museum October 2002, pp. 93-104. Edited by Paul Lunde and Alexandra Porter. {{ISBN|1-84171-622-7}}.</ref> A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], daga watan Oktoba 1914 zuwa Yuli 1915, an yi wani dogon aikin soja a yankin kogin delta. Waɗannan su ne yunƙurin da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Sojan Ruwa ta yi, kuma daga baya aka cimma nasarar da ta samu don wargaza jirgin ruwan Jamus mai <nowiki><i id="mwQA">suna Königsberg</i></nowiki>. == Tafki == Rashin ruwa na Kogin Rufiji yana da kilomita 177,429 (68,506 sq. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arvidson, Anders |display-authors=etal |date=May 2009 |title=Initial Assessment of Socioeconomic and Environmental Risks and Opportunities of Large-scale Biofuels Production in the Rufiji District |url=http://www.tabef.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Risk-Assessment-of-SEKABscluster-approach-in-Rufiji-District-2805091.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910175844/http://www.tabef.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Risk-Assessment-of-SEKABscluster-approach-in-Rufiji-District-2805091.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2015-10-18 |publisher=SEKAB BioEnergy (T) Ltd |page=23}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="3" style="margin-right: 3em;" |+Yankin magudanar ruwa ta Rufiji ! scope="col" | Kogi ! scope="col" | Yanki<br /><br /><br /><br /> km ² ! scope="col" | Kashi<br /><br /><br /><br /> na yanki ! scope="col" | Kashi<br /><br /><br /><br /> na gudu |- ! scope="row" | Babban Ruaha | align="right" |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;83,970 | align="right" | 47 | align="right" | 15 |- ! scope="row" | Kilombero | align="right" | 39,990 | align="right" | 23 | align="right" | 62 |- ! scope="row" | Luwegu | align="right" | 26,300 | align="right" | 15 | align="right" | 18 |- ! scope="row" | Rufiji (ƙasa da kogin) | align="right" | 27,160 | align="right" | 15 | align="right" | 5 |- |- ! scope="row" | '''Jimilla''' | align="right" |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;177,429 | align="right" | 100 | align="right" | 100 |} == Aikin Wutar Lantarki na Ruwa == Shugaban ƙasar Tanzania John Magufuli ya amince da gina wani sabon madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoag |first=Heather J. |last2=Öhman |first2=May-Britt |year=2008 |title=Turning water into power: Debates over the Development of Tanzania's Rufiji River Basin, 1945-1985 |url=https://repository.usfca.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=hist |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=624–651 |doi=10.1353/tech.0.0061 |pmid=18831291 |s2cid=27222691 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|ref=etal|edition=Katharine}}</ref> a kan kogin da ke Stiegler's Gorge. Ana sa ran tashar wutar lantarki za ta samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatts 2,100, wanda ya fi ƙarfin wutar lantarki na Tanzaniya sau uku, wato megawatts 562. An fara gina madatsar ruwan ne a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, 2019, kuma ana sa ran zai kasance a shirye nan da shekarar 2022. == Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Rufiji_River_Selous_Game_Reserve.jpg|alt=Sun poking through the clouds along the river.| Rana tana shawagi a cikin gajimare a gefen kogin. Fayil:Rufiji_River,_Selous.jpg|alt=Rufiji River at Selous Game Reserve.| Rufiji River a Selous Game Reserve. Fayil:ElefantenAmRufiji.jpg|alt=Elephants along the river.| Giwaye a gefen kogin. Fayil:Along_the_Rufiji_River_in_Selous_Game_Reserve_(3)_(28420159914).jpg|alt=The river bank| Gaɓar kogin </gallery> == Manazarta == Can we start the contest now, or should we wait until tomorrow because I missed a few things during the online meeting presentation?Can we start the contest now, or should we wait until tomorrow because I missed a few things during the online meeting presentation?Rufiji RiverCan we start the contest now, or should we wait until tomorrow because I missed a few things during the online meeting presentation?Rufiji River mx5uj2e7m3akkljiub23ntgz4a09hlc 841755 841753 2026-05-28T16:52:31Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 841755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Rufiji|name_native=|name_other=|name_etymology=<!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->|image=SelousSandRivers.jpg|image_size=|image_caption=Rufiji river in Selous|map=Rufiji River basin map.svg|map_size=|map_caption=Map of the Rufiji River drainage basin. The separate, endorheic Lake Sulunga basin is shown in green.|pushpin_map=|pushpin_map_size=|pushpin_map_caption=<!---------------------- LOCATION -->|subdivision_type1=Country|subdivision_name1=[[Tanzania]]|subdivision_type2=Region|subdivision_name2=[[Pwani Region]]|subdivision_type3=Region|subdivision_name3=[[Morogoro Region]]|subdivision_type4=Region|subdivision_name4=[[Iringa Region]]|subdivision_type5=|subdivision_name5=<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->|length={{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}}|width_min=|width_avg=|width_max=|depth_min=|depth_avg=|depth_max=|discharge1_location=|discharge1_min=|discharge1_avg=|discharge1_max=<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->|source1=[[Great Ruaha River]]|source1_location=[[Tanzania]]|source1_coordinates=<!--{{coord|0|0|0|S|0|0|0|E|display=inline}}-->|source1_elevation=|source2=[[Kilombero River]]|source2_location=[[Morogoro Region]]|source2_coordinates=|source2_elevation=|source3=[[Luwegu River]]|source3_location=[[Morogoro Region]]|source3_coordinates=|source3_elevation=|mouth=[[Indian Ocean]]|mouth_location=[[Pwani Region]]|mouth_coordinates={{coord|7|46|26|S|39|21|50|E|display=inline,title}}|mouth_elevation=|progression=|river_system=|basin_size={{Convert|177429|sqkm|sqmi|0}}|tributaries_left=|tributaries_right=|custom_label=|custom_data=|extra=}}'''Kogin Rufiji''' yana cikin [[Tanzaniya|ƙasar Tanzaniya]] gaba ɗaya. Shi ne kogi mafi girma kuma mafi tsawo a ƙasar, wanda aka samar ta hanyar haɗuwar Kilombero da kogin Luwegu. Tsawonsa ya kai kimanin {{Convert|600|km|mi}} tsayi, tare da tushe a kudu maso yammacin Tanzania, wanda ke ƙarewa a [[Tekun Indiya]], a gaban Tsibirin Mafia, a Yankin Pwani. Babban magudanar ruwanta ita ce Babban Kogin Ruaha. Ana iya tafiya da shi na kimanin {{Convert|100|km|mi}}. Kogin Rufiji yana da nisan kusan {{Convert|200|km|mi}} kudu da [[Dar es Salaam]]. [[Delta|Deltan kogin]] ya ƙunshi mafi girman dajin mangrove a gabashin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title="Downstream and Coastal Impacts of Damming and Water Abstraction in Africa", ''Environmental Management'', authored by Maria Snoussi, Johnson Kitheka, Yohanna Shaghude, Alioune Kane, Russell Arthurton, Martin Le Tissier, and Hassan Virji, 2007, volume 39, page 589 |url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576989/Snoussi_2007_Downstream_and.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821041140/http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576989/Snoussi_2007_Downstream_and.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-21 |access-date=2015-10-18}}</ref> == Tarihi == Wani reshe na tsoffin hanyoyin teku ya jagoranci gabar tekun Gabashin Afirka mai suna "Azania" ta hannun Helenawa da Romawa a ƙarni na 1 AD kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (kuma, wataƙila, {{Lang-zh|澤散|Zesan}} A ƙarni na ta hannun Sinawa), <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2004 |title=The Peoples of the West |url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html |access-date=2009-04-18 |website=from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢 |publisher=[[University of Washington]]}}</ref> aƙalla har zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa da Romawa suka sani da Rhapta, wanda wataƙila yana cikin yankin da ke gabar kogin Rufiji a [[Tanzaniya]] ta zamani. <ref>"The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Panchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." Felix A. Chami. In: ''Society for Arabian Studies Monographs 2 Trade and Travel in the Red Sea Region''. Proceedings of Red Sea Project I held in the British Museum October 2002, pp. 93-104. Edited by Paul Lunde and Alexandra Porter. {{ISBN|1-84171-622-7}}.</ref> A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], daga watan Oktoba 1914 zuwa Yuli 1915, an yi wani dogon aikin soja a yankin kogin delta. Waɗannan su ne yunƙurin da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Sojan Ruwa ta yi, kuma daga baya aka cimma nasarar da ta samu don wargaza jirgin ruwan Jamus mai <nowiki><i id="mwQA">suna Königsberg</i></nowiki>. == Tafki == Rashin ruwa na Kogin Rufiji yana da kilomita 177,429 (68,506 sq. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arvidson, Anders |display-authors=etal |date=May 2009 |title=Initial Assessment of Socioeconomic and Environmental Risks and Opportunities of Large-scale Biofuels Production in the Rufiji District |url=http://www.tabef.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Risk-Assessment-of-SEKABscluster-approach-in-Rufiji-District-2805091.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910175844/http://www.tabef.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Risk-Assessment-of-SEKABscluster-approach-in-Rufiji-District-2805091.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2015-10-18 |publisher=SEKAB BioEnergy (T) Ltd |page=23}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="3" style="margin-right: 3em;" |+Yankin magudanar ruwa ta Rufiji ! scope="col" | Kogi ! scope="col" | Yanki<br /><br /><br /><br /> km ² ! scope="col" | Kashi<br /><br /><br /><br /> na yanki ! scope="col" | Kashi<br /><br /><br /><br /> na gudu |- ! scope="row" | Babban Ruaha | align="right" |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;83,970 | align="right" | 47 | align="right" | 15 |- ! scope="row" | Kilombero | align="right" | 39,990 | align="right" | 23 | align="right" | 62 |- ! scope="row" | Luwegu | align="right" | 26,300 | align="right" | 15 | align="right" | 18 |- ! scope="row" | Rufiji (ƙasa da kogin) | align="right" | 27,160 | align="right" | 15 | align="right" | 5 |- |- ! scope="row" | '''Jimilla''' | align="right" |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;177,429 | align="right" | 100 | align="right" | 100 |} == Aikin Wutar Lantarki na Ruwa == Shugaban ƙasar Tanzania John Magufuli ya amince da gina wani sabon madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoag |first=Heather J. |last2=Öhman |first2=May-Britt |year=2008 |title=Turning water into power: Debates over the Development of Tanzania's Rufiji River Basin, 1945-1985 |url=https://repository.usfca.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=hist |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=624–651 |doi=10.1353/tech.0.0061 |pmid=18831291 |s2cid=27222691 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|ref=etal|edition=Katharine}}</ref> a kan kogin da ke Stiegler's Gorge. Ana sa ran tashar wutar lantarki za ta samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatts 2,100, wanda ya fi ƙarfin wutar lantarki na Tanzaniya sau uku, wato megawatts 562. An fara gina madatsar ruwan ne a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, 2019, kuma ana sa ran zai kasance a shirye nan da shekarar 2022. == Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Rufiji_River_Selous_Game_Reserve.jpg|alt=Sun poking through the clouds along the river.| Rana tana shawagi a cikin gajimare a gefen kogin. Fayil:Rufiji_River,_Selous.jpg|alt=Rufiji River at Selous Game Reserve.| Rufiji River a Selous Game Reserve. Fayil:ElefantenAmRufiji.jpg|alt=Elephants along the river.| Giwaye a gefen kogin. Fayil:Along_the_Rufiji_River_in_Selous_Game_Reserve_(3)_(28420159914).jpg|alt=The river bank| Gaɓar kogin </gallery> == Manazarta == sk5mr27v8dg0h822godmk5xs2a4hnci 0 152852 841756 2026-05-28T16:57:54Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312388231|Ruhuhu River]]" 841756 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Lake_Malawie_Tanzania_OSM.png|right|thumb|363x363px|Ruhuhu (tsakiya ta dama)]] '''Kogin Ruhuhu''' kogi ne a yankin Ruvuma, [[Tanzaniya|ƙasar Tanzania]]. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tushen Ruhuhu yana kan gangaren gabashin Kipengere Range (Dutsen Livingstone) a Tanzania, inda ya fara kwarara zuwa kudu maso gabas sannan ya juya yamma zuwa [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]]. Yana da nisan sama da {{Convert|300|km}} tsayi, wanda {{Convert|100|km}} na ƙarshe kwazazzabi ne mai zurfi guda ɗaya. Bakin kogin yana kudu da Manda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruhuhu River {{!}} river, Tanzania {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ruhuhu-River |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruhuhu River, Tanzania |url=http://www.geonames.org/877429/ruhuhu-river.html |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=www.geonames.org}}</ref> == Yankin magudanar ruwa == Fiye da {{Convert|14,000|km²}} (tsakanin {{Convert|14,070-14,200|km²}} ya danganta da tushen bayanai), Kogin Ruhuhu shine mafi girma daga cikin kwarin kogin Malawi kuma mafi girma a Tanzania. A matsayinsa na kogi mafi tsayi da ke kwarara zuwa tafkin Malawi, bisa ga al'ada, shine tushen ruwan Shire, wanda ke zubar da tafkin. Ruhuhu yana ɗaukar ruwa duk shekara. == Tsarin yanayi == An auna fitar Ruhuhu a cikin m ³ / s na tsawon shekaru 43 (1971-2015) a ma'aunin [[Kikonge]], kimanin {{Convert|20|km}} daga sama zuwa sama. Duk da haka, ƙimar da ke cikin wasu majiyoyi sun fi girma da kusan kashi huɗu. Gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta yanke shawarar kafa tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a shekarar 2016, wacce ake sa ran za ta iya samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|300|MW}} (Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kikonge) a wannan wurin. == Manazarta == Can we start the contest now, or should we wait until tomorrow because I missed a few things during the online meeting presentation?Can we start the contest now, or should we wait until tomorrow because I missed a few things during the online meeting presentation?Rufiji RiverCan we start the contest now, or should we wait until tomorrow because I missed a few things during the online meeting presentation?Rufiji River izvla0vv95jqzesmiivm4ftgnrhbb53 841757 841756 2026-05-28T16:58:34Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 841757 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Lake_Malawie_Tanzania_OSM.png|right|thumb|363x363px|Ruhuhu (tsakiya ta dama)]] '''Kogin Ruhuhu''' kogi ne a yankin Ruvuma, [[Tanzaniya|ƙasar Tanzania]]. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tushen Ruhuhu yana kan gangaren gabashin Kipengere Range (Dutsen Livingstone) a Tanzania, inda ya fara kwarara zuwa kudu maso gabas sannan ya juya yamma zuwa [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]]. Yana da nisan sama da {{Convert|300|km}} tsayi, wanda {{Convert|100|km}} na ƙarshe kwazazzabi ne mai zurfi guda ɗaya. Bakin kogin yana kudu da Manda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruhuhu River {{!}} river, Tanzania {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ruhuhu-River |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruhuhu River, Tanzania |url=http://www.geonames.org/877429/ruhuhu-river.html |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=www.geonames.org}}</ref> == Yankin magudanar ruwa == Fiye da {{Convert|14,000|km²}} (tsakanin {{Convert|14,070-14,200|km²}} ya danganta da tushen bayanai), Kogin Ruhuhu shine mafi girma daga cikin kwarin kogin Malawi kuma mafi girma a Tanzania. A matsayinsa na kogi mafi tsayi da ke kwarara zuwa tafkin Malawi, bisa ga al'ada, shine tushen ruwan Shire, wanda ke zubar da tafkin. Ruhuhu yana ɗaukar ruwa duk shekara. == Tsarin yanayi == An auna fitar Ruhuhu a cikin m ³ / s na tsawon shekaru 43 (1971-2015) a ma'aunin [[Kikonge]], kimanin {{Convert|20|km}} daga sama zuwa sama. Duk da haka, ƙimar da ke cikin wasu majiyoyi sun fi girma da kusan kashi huɗu. Gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta yanke shawarar kafa tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a shekarar 2016, wacce ake sa ran za ta iya samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|300|MW}} (Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kikonge) a wannan wurin. == Manazarta == lq1y0wozilkhuyp6t77nbq8uheyg16r 841758 841757 2026-05-28T16:59:20Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Yankin magudanar ruwa */ 841758 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Lake_Malawie_Tanzania_OSM.png|right|thumb|363x363px|Ruhuhu (tsakiya ta dama)]] '''Kogin Ruhuhu''' kogi ne a yankin Ruvuma, [[Tanzaniya|ƙasar Tanzania]]. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tushen Ruhuhu yana kan gangaren gabashin Kipengere Range (Dutsen Livingstone) a Tanzania, inda ya fara kwarara zuwa kudu maso gabas sannan ya juya yamma zuwa [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]]. Yana da nisan sama da {{Convert|300|km}} tsayi, wanda {{Convert|100|km}} na ƙarshe kwazazzabi ne mai zurfi guda ɗaya. Bakin kogin yana kudu da Manda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruhuhu River {{!}} river, Tanzania {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ruhuhu-River |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruhuhu River, Tanzania |url=http://www.geonames.org/877429/ruhuhu-river.html |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=www.geonames.org}}</ref> == Yankin magudanar ruwa == Fiye da {{Convert|14,000|km²}} (tsakanin {{Convert|14,070-14,200|km²}} ya danganta da tushen bayanai), Kogin Ruhuhu shine mafi girma daga cikin kwarin kogin Malawi kuma mafi girma a Tanzania. A matsayinsa na kogi mafi tsayi da ke kwarara zuwa tafkin Malawi, bisa ga al'ada, shine tushen ruwan Shire, wanda ke zubar da tafkin. Ruhuhu yana ɗaukar ruwa duk shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruhuhu River {{!}} river, Tanzania {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ruhuhu-River |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruhuhu River, Tanzania |url=http://www.geonames.org/877429/ruhuhu-river.html |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=www.geonames.org}}</ref> == Tsarin yanayi == An auna fitar Ruhuhu a cikin m ³ / s na tsawon shekaru 43 (1971-2015) a ma'aunin [[Kikonge]], kimanin {{Convert|20|km}} daga sama zuwa sama. Duk da haka, ƙimar da ke cikin wasu majiyoyi sun fi girma da kusan kashi huɗu. Gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta yanke shawarar kafa tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a shekarar 2016, wacce ake sa ran za ta iya samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|300|MW}} (Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kikonge) a wannan wurin. == Manazarta == 8s3i8inwgiedkol7tsfz2pwnkckw07u 841759 841758 2026-05-28T16:59:34Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Tsarin yanayi */ 841759 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Lake_Malawie_Tanzania_OSM.png|right|thumb|363x363px|Ruhuhu (tsakiya ta dama)]] '''Kogin Ruhuhu''' kogi ne a yankin Ruvuma, [[Tanzaniya|ƙasar Tanzania]]. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tushen Ruhuhu yana kan gangaren gabashin Kipengere Range (Dutsen Livingstone) a Tanzania, inda ya fara kwarara zuwa kudu maso gabas sannan ya juya yamma zuwa [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]]. Yana da nisan sama da {{Convert|300|km}} tsayi, wanda {{Convert|100|km}} na ƙarshe kwazazzabi ne mai zurfi guda ɗaya. Bakin kogin yana kudu da Manda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruhuhu River {{!}} river, Tanzania {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ruhuhu-River |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruhuhu River, Tanzania |url=http://www.geonames.org/877429/ruhuhu-river.html |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=www.geonames.org}}</ref> == Yankin magudanar ruwa == Fiye da {{Convert|14,000|km²}} (tsakanin {{Convert|14,070-14,200|km²}} ya danganta da tushen bayanai), Kogin Ruhuhu shine mafi girma daga cikin kwarin kogin Malawi kuma mafi girma a Tanzania. A matsayinsa na kogi mafi tsayi da ke kwarara zuwa tafkin Malawi, bisa ga al'ada, shine tushen ruwan Shire, wanda ke zubar da tafkin. Ruhuhu yana ɗaukar ruwa duk shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruhuhu River {{!}} river, Tanzania {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ruhuhu-River |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruhuhu River, Tanzania |url=http://www.geonames.org/877429/ruhuhu-river.html |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=www.geonames.org}}</ref> == Tsarin yanayi == An auna fitar Ruhuhu a cikin m ³ / s na tsawon shekaru 43 (1971-2015) a ma'aunin [[Kikonge]], kimanin {{Convert|20|km}} daga sama zuwa sama. Duk da haka, ƙimar da ke cikin wasu majiyoyi sun fi girma da kusan kashi huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruhuhu River {{!}} river, Tanzania {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ruhuhu-River |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruhuhu River, Tanzania |url=http://www.geonames.org/877429/ruhuhu-river.html |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=www.geonames.org}}</ref> Gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta yanke shawarar kafa tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a shekarar 2016, wacce ake sa ran za ta iya samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|300|MW}} (Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kikonge) a wannan wurin. == Manazarta == l4hj6p8r5dzmfttf6ggrf01jbx0x3nx 0 152853 841760 2026-05-28T17:08:55Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1260191713|Great Ruaha River]]" 841760 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Babban Kogin Ruaha''' [[kogi]] ne da ke kudu maso tsakiyar [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] wanda ke ratsawa ta cikin dausayin Usangu da kuma wurin shakatawa na Ruaha zuwa gabashin Kogin Rufiji. Yana ratsawa kuma yana nuna iyakokin da ke tsakanin Yankin Iringa, Yankin Dodoma da Yankin Morogoro. Babban Kogin Ruaha yana da yankin da ke kama ruwa mai faɗin {{Convert|83970|sqkm|sqmi|0}}. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arvidson, Anders |display-authors=etal |date=May 2009 |title=Initial Assessment of Socioeconomic and Environmental Risks and Opportunities of Large‐scale Biofuels Production in the Rufiji District |url=http://www.tabef.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Risk-Assessment-of-SEKABscluster-approach-in-Rufiji-District-2805091.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910175844/http://www.tabef.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Risk-Assessment-of-SEKABscluster-approach-in-Rufiji-District-2805091.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=SEKAB BioEnergy (T) Ltd |page=23}}</ref> Yawan jama'ar yankin kwarin galibi yana ci gaba ne ta hanyar ban ruwa da abubuwan da suka shafi ruwa kamar kamun kifi da kiwon dabbobi. == Girman == Babban Ruaha yana da nisan {{Convert|475|km|mi}} tsayi, yankin ruwan koginsa yana da faɗin {{Convert|68000|km2|sqmi}} kuma matsakaicin fitarwa na shekara-shekara shine {{Convert|140|m3|cuft}} a kowace daƙiƙa. Babban Kogin Ruaha yana samar da kashi 22 cikin ɗari na jimillar kwararar tsarin magudanar ruwa na Rufiji. An gano nau'ikan kifaye talatin da takwas a cikin Babban Kogin Ruaha. Kogin yana cikin yankin Kipengere da ke yammacin yankin Njombe. Daga nan ne babban kogin Ruaha ya gangara zuwa filayen Usangu, wani muhimmin yanki na noma da kiwon dabbobi a Tanzania. Daga ƙarshe kogin ya isa madatsar ruwa ta Mtera sannan ya kwarara zuwa kudu zuwa madatsar ruwa ta Kidatu. Waɗannan biyun suna samar da kusan kashi 50 cikin 100 na wutar lantarki ta Tanzaniya. Kogin yana ci gaba zuwa kudu kuma yana ratsawa ta Selous Namun daji kafin ya isa Kogin Rufiji. Manyan kogunan da ke ba da gudummawa ga Babban Kogin Ruaha sune Lukosi, Yovi, Kitete, Sanje, Little Ruaha, Kisigo, Mbarali, Kimani, da Chimala yayin da ƙananan kogunan suka haɗa da Umrobo, Mkoji, Lunwa, Mlomboji, Ipatagwa, Mambi, da Mswiswi. == Matsalolin da suka shafi wurin == An samu raguwar kwararar ruwa a Babban kogin Ruaha tun farkon shekarun 1990, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tanzania Country Environmental Assessment: Managing Natural Resources More Effectively Can Get the Country’s Rivers Flowing Again |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania/publication/tanzania-country-environmental-assessment-managing-natural-resources-more-effectively-can-get-the-countrys-rivers-flowing-again |access-date=2021-08-06 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> wanda ya haifar da bushewar sassan kogin gaba ɗaya a shekarar 1993 da kuma a cikin shekarun bushewa tun daga lokacin ''(misali a sama''). An danganta wannan da rashin kulawa da kyau da kuma rashin kula da ruwa, tare da manyan tsare-tsaren ban ruwa na shinkafa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. Zuwa shekarar 2019, Babban Ruaha bai sami kwararar ruwa ba tsawon watanni da dama a kowace shekara. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tanzania Country Environmental Assessment: Managing Natural Resources More Effectively Can Get the Country’s Rivers Flowing Again |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania/publication/tanzania-country-environmental-assessment-managing-natural-resources-more-effectively-can-get-the-countrys-rivers-flowing-again |access-date=2021-08-06 |website=World Bank |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania/publication/tanzania-country-environmental-assessment-managing-natural-resources-more-effectively-can-get-the-countrys-rivers-flowing-again "Tanzania Country Environmental Assessment: Managing Natural Resources More Effectively Can Get the Country's Rivers Flowing Again"]. ''World Bank''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-06</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wani rahoto da Bankin Duniya ya buga ya lissafa Babban Ruaha a matsayin tallafin kuɗi da ke cikin mawuyacin hali saboda abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli. <ref name=":0" /> [[Fayil:Ruaha_National_Park_Panorama.jpg|center|thumb|800x800px|Panorama na Ruaha National Park, tare da kallon Babban Kogin Ruaha a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, 2003.]] == Manazarta == Great Ruaha RiverGreat Ruaha RiverGreat Ruaha RiverGreat Ruaha RiverGreat Ruaha RiverGreat Ruaha RiverGreat Ruaha RiverGreat Ruaha RiverGreat Ruaha River 0lsnc2uwxu5jy1q3n5am3p8kqxm5ja6 841761 841760 2026-05-28T17:09:20Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 841761 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Babban Kogin Ruaha''' [[kogi]] ne da ke kudu maso tsakiyar [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] wanda ke ratsawa ta cikin dausayin Usangu da kuma wurin shakatawa na Ruaha zuwa gabashin Kogin Rufiji. Yana ratsawa kuma yana nuna iyakokin da ke tsakanin Yankin Iringa, Yankin Dodoma da Yankin Morogoro. Babban Kogin Ruaha yana da yankin da ke kama ruwa mai faɗin {{Convert|83970|sqkm|sqmi|0}}. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arvidson, Anders |display-authors=etal |date=May 2009 |title=Initial Assessment of Socioeconomic and Environmental Risks and Opportunities of Large‐scale Biofuels Production in the Rufiji District |url=http://www.tabef.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Risk-Assessment-of-SEKABscluster-approach-in-Rufiji-District-2805091.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910175844/http://www.tabef.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Risk-Assessment-of-SEKABscluster-approach-in-Rufiji-District-2805091.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=SEKAB BioEnergy (T) Ltd |page=23}}</ref> Yawan jama'ar yankin kwarin galibi yana ci gaba ne ta hanyar ban ruwa da abubuwan da suka shafi ruwa kamar kamun kifi da kiwon dabbobi. == Girman == Babban Ruaha yana da nisan {{Convert|475|km|mi}} tsayi, yankin ruwan koginsa yana da faɗin {{Convert|68000|km2|sqmi}} kuma matsakaicin fitarwa na shekara-shekara shine {{Convert|140|m3|cuft}} a kowace daƙiƙa. Babban Kogin Ruaha yana samar da kashi 22 cikin ɗari na jimillar kwararar tsarin magudanar ruwa na Rufiji. An gano nau'ikan kifaye talatin da takwas a cikin Babban Kogin Ruaha. Kogin yana cikin yankin Kipengere da ke yammacin yankin Njombe. Daga nan ne babban kogin Ruaha ya gangara zuwa filayen Usangu, wani muhimmin yanki na noma da kiwon dabbobi a Tanzania. Daga ƙarshe kogin ya isa madatsar ruwa ta Mtera sannan ya kwarara zuwa kudu zuwa madatsar ruwa ta Kidatu. Waɗannan biyun suna samar da kusan kashi 50 cikin 100 na wutar lantarki ta Tanzaniya. Kogin yana ci gaba zuwa kudu kuma yana ratsawa ta Selous Namun daji kafin ya isa Kogin Rufiji. Manyan kogunan da ke ba da gudummawa ga Babban Kogin Ruaha sune Lukosi, Yovi, Kitete, Sanje, Little Ruaha, Kisigo, Mbarali, Kimani, da Chimala yayin da ƙananan kogunan suka haɗa da Umrobo, Mkoji, Lunwa, Mlomboji, Ipatagwa, Mambi, da Mswiswi. == Matsalolin da suka shafi wurin == An samu raguwar kwararar ruwa a Babban kogin Ruaha tun farkon shekarun 1990, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tanzania Country Environmental Assessment: Managing Natural Resources More Effectively Can Get the Country’s Rivers Flowing Again |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania/publication/tanzania-country-environmental-assessment-managing-natural-resources-more-effectively-can-get-the-countrys-rivers-flowing-again |access-date=2021-08-06 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> wanda ya haifar da bushewar sassan kogin gaba ɗaya a shekarar 1993 da kuma a cikin shekarun bushewa tun daga lokacin ''(misali a sama''). An danganta wannan da rashin kulawa da kyau da kuma rashin kula da ruwa, tare da manyan tsare-tsaren ban ruwa na shinkafa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. Zuwa shekarar 2019, Babban Ruaha bai sami kwararar ruwa ba tsawon watanni da dama a kowace shekara. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tanzania Country Environmental Assessment: Managing Natural Resources More Effectively Can Get the Country’s Rivers Flowing Again |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania/publication/tanzania-country-environmental-assessment-managing-natural-resources-more-effectively-can-get-the-countrys-rivers-flowing-again |access-date=2021-08-06 |website=World Bank |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania/publication/tanzania-country-environmental-assessment-managing-natural-resources-more-effectively-can-get-the-countrys-rivers-flowing-again "Tanzania Country Environmental Assessment: Managing Natural Resources More Effectively Can Get the Country's Rivers Flowing Again"]. ''World Bank''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-06</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wani rahoto da Bankin Duniya ya buga ya lissafa Babban Ruaha a matsayin tallafin kuɗi da ke cikin mawuyacin hali saboda abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli. <ref name=":0" /> [[Fayil:Ruaha_National_Park_Panorama.jpg|center|thumb|800x800px|Panorama na Ruaha National Park, tare da kallon Babban Kogin Ruaha a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, 2003.]] == Manazarta == c6b4blulx92ic4fc45qha3m9z6tkz18 0 152854 841763 2026-05-28T17:19:43Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1154089469|Kikafu River]]" 841763 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Kikafu''' (''Mto Kikafu'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana yankin arewacin Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Ya fara ne daga yankin Machame Mashariki a gundumar Moshi kuma ya malala zuwa kogin Pangani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kikafu River |url=https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-3531326&fid=6422&c=tanzania |access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> Kogin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin Chagga a masarautar Chagga ta Machame. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kikafu profile |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-157604.html |access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> == Manazarta == dr8zb9xkrmiuj8mpje3ehnqifs8f6cc 841764 841763 2026-05-28T17:21:37Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Kikafu''' (''Mto Kikafu'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana yankin arewacin Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.<ref>{{cite web|title= Kikafu River|url=https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-3531326&fid=6422&c=tanzania|access-date= 2023-05-09}}</ref><ref>Stambach, Amy. "Kilimanjaro Below the Glaciers." Ecocene: Cappadocia Journal of Environmental Humanities 2.1 (2021): 73-80.</ref> Ya fara ne daga yankin Machame Mashariki a gundumar Moshi kuma ya malala zuwa kogin Pangani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kikafu River |url=https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-3531326&fid=6422&c=tanzania |access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> Kogin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin Chagga a masarautar Chagga ta Machame.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kikafu profile |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-157604.html |access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Kikafu profile|url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-157604.html|access-date= 2023-05-09}}</ref><ref>Rotich, Stella C., and Deogratias MM Mulungu. "Adaptation to climate change impacts on crop water requirements in Kikafu catchment, Tanzania." Journal of Water and Climate Change 8.2 (2017): 274-292.</ref><ref>Labiak, Paulo H. “Stenogrammitis, a New Genus of Grammitid Ferns Segregated from Lellingeria (Polypodiaceae).” Brittonia, vol. 63, no. 1, 2011, pp. 139–49. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41406773. Accessed 9 May 2023.</ref><ref>Tschannerl, Gerhard. “RURAL WATER-SUPPLY IN TANZANIA: IS ‘POLITICS’ OR ‘TECHNIQUE’ IN COMMAND?” The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs, vol. 6, no. 2, 1976, pp. 108–66. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/45341412. Accessed 9 May 2023.</ref> == Manazarta == n2m6pxr96wv4rq87vuma96reeopppl8 841765 841764 2026-05-28T17:22:05Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Kikafu''' (''Mto Kikafu'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana yankin arewacin Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.<ref>{{cite web|title= Kikafu River|url=https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-3531326&fid=6422&c=tanzania|access-date= 2023-05-09}}</ref><ref>Stambach, Amy. "Kilimanjaro Below the Glaciers." Ecocene: Cappadocia Journal of Environmental Humanities 2.1 (2021): 73-80.</ref> Ya fara ne daga yankin Machame Mashariki a gundumar Moshi kuma ya malala zuwa kogin Pangani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kikafu River |url=https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-3531326&fid=6422&c=tanzania |access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> Kogin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin Chagga a masarautar Chagga ta Machame.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kikafu profile |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-157604.html |access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Kikafu profile|url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-157604.html|access-date= 2023-05-09}}</ref><ref>Rotich, Stella C., and Deogratias MM Mulungu. "Adaptation to climate change impacts on crop water requirements in Kikafu catchment, Tanzania." Journal of Water and Climate Change 8.2 (2017): 274-292.</ref><ref>Labiak, Paulo H. “Stenogrammitis, a New Genus of Grammitid Ferns Segregated from Lellingeria (Polypodiaceae).” Brittonia, vol. 63, no. 1, 2011, pp. 139–49. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41406773. Accessed 9 May 2023.</ref><ref>Tschannerl, Gerhard. “RURAL WATER-SUPPLY IN TANZANIA: IS ‘POLITICS’ OR ‘TECHNIQUE’ IN COMMAND?” The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs, vol. 6, no. 2, 1976, pp. 108–66. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/45341412. Accessed 9 May 2023.</ref> == Manazarta == 6snwivmqnlpi6hix3vk92arty0mcx0u 0 152855 841766 2026-05-28T17:26:19Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1287774873|Lumi River (East Africa)]]" 841766 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Lumi''' (wanda kuma ake kira da Lomi ko Luffu ne) yana cikin gundumar Rombo, [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]] a arewa maso gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da kuma ƙaramin yanki a kudancin [[Kenya]] a [[Kidimu|Lardin Gabashin]] Kenya. Ya samo asali ne daga gabashin kololuwar Mawenzi a gefen gabas na ([[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]]), kuma yana kwarara kusa da [[River Rombo|Kogin Rombo]] har ya kusa zama cokali mai yatsu. Duk da haka, Lumi yana kula da alkiblar kudu, kuma ana iya cewa yana wakiltar babban titin [[Jipe Ruvu River|Ruvu]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan maɓuɓɓugan Kogin Pangani guda biyu. Yana gudana a kusa da Tafkin Chala da garin Taveta a yamma kuma yana kwarara zuwa cikin [[Tafkin Jipe]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE |url=http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2006 |access-date=10 December 2011}}</ref> An samo nau'in kifayen <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Barbus</i></nowiki> sp. 'Pangani' ne kawai a cikin [[N'joro Springs|maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na N'joro]] na kogin, wanda ke cikin kwarin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwa]] na Kogin Pangani na sama. == Gudanar da dausayi == Yawancin ruwan da ake sha daga Lumi ya fito ne daga ɓangaren da ke ratsa ta Kenya. Bayan gina madatsun ruwa da dama a gefen Kenya na Lumi, kuma tare da raguwar ruwan sama a wasu lokutan, bushewar tafkin Jipe ya zama abin damuwa, wanda ya buƙaci shirye-shiryen kula da dausayi. A shekarun 2004-2006, Shirin Tallafin Ƙananan Tallafi na Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na GEF da Shirin Kare Bambancin Halittu na Tarayyar Turai sun kammala aikin share dausayi da kuma gyara magudanar ruwan kogin na asali. <ref name="sgp.undp.org2006">{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Rehabilitation of Lake Jipe Ecosystem: River Lumi Banks Stabilization and Rehabilitation of Irrigation Canals (KEN-GEF-04-020) |url=http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/7731/rehabilitation_of_lake_jipe_ecosystem_river_lumi_banks_stabilization_and_rehabilitation_of_irrigatio.html |access-date=9 October 2011 |publisher=GEF Small Grants Programme}}</ref> == Manazarta == Lumi River (East Africa)Lumi River (East Africa)Lumi River (East Africa)Lumi River (East Africa)Lumi River (East Africa)Lumi River (East Africa) 7bzv7do494kk96bsj3g3dmlkgn8tvx8 841767 841766 2026-05-28T17:26:45Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 841767 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Lumi''' (wanda kuma ake kira da Lomi ko Luffu ne) yana cikin gundumar Rombo, [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]] a arewa maso gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da kuma ƙaramin yanki a kudancin [[Kenya]] a [[Kidimu|Lardin Gabashin]] Kenya. Ya samo asali ne daga gabashin kololuwar Mawenzi a gefen gabas na ([[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]]), kuma yana kwarara kusa da [[River Rombo|Kogin Rombo]] har ya kusa zama cokali mai yatsu. Duk da haka, Lumi yana kula da alkiblar kudu, kuma ana iya cewa yana wakiltar babban titin [[Jipe Ruvu River|Ruvu]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan maɓuɓɓugan Kogin Pangani guda biyu. Yana gudana a kusa da Tafkin Chala da garin Taveta a yamma kuma yana kwarara zuwa cikin [[Tafkin Jipe]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE |url=http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2006 |access-date=10 December 2011}}</ref> An samo nau'in kifayen <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Barbus</i></nowiki> sp. 'Pangani' ne kawai a cikin [[N'joro Springs|maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na N'joro]] na kogin, wanda ke cikin kwarin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwa]] na Kogin Pangani na sama. == Gudanar da dausayi == Yawancin ruwan da ake sha daga Lumi ya fito ne daga ɓangaren da ke ratsa ta Kenya. Bayan gina madatsun ruwa da dama a gefen Kenya na Lumi, kuma tare da raguwar ruwan sama a wasu lokutan, bushewar tafkin Jipe ya zama abin damuwa, wanda ya buƙaci shirye-shiryen kula da dausayi. A shekarun 2004-2006, Shirin Tallafin Ƙananan Tallafi na Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na GEF da Shirin Kare Bambancin Halittu na Tarayyar Turai sun kammala aikin share dausayi da kuma gyara magudanar ruwan kogin na asali. <ref name="sgp.undp.org2006">{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Rehabilitation of Lake Jipe Ecosystem: River Lumi Banks Stabilization and Rehabilitation of Irrigation Canals (KEN-GEF-04-020) |url=http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/7731/rehabilitation_of_lake_jipe_ecosystem_river_lumi_banks_stabilization_and_rehabilitation_of_irrigatio.html |access-date=9 October 2011 |publisher=GEF Small Grants Programme}}</ref> == Manazarta == pb36hfpvd850j2d4s6isna66qboxhv2 841771 841767 2026-05-28T17:28:51Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Gudanar da dausayi */ 841771 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Lumi''' (wanda kuma ake kira da Lomi ko Luffu ne) yana cikin gundumar Rombo, [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]] a arewa maso gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da kuma ƙaramin yanki a kudancin [[Kenya]] a [[Kidimu|Lardin Gabashin]] Kenya. Ya samo asali ne daga gabashin kololuwar Mawenzi a gefen gabas na ([[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]]), kuma yana kwarara kusa da [[River Rombo|Kogin Rombo]] har ya kusa zama cokali mai yatsu. Duk da haka, Lumi yana kula da alkiblar kudu, kuma ana iya cewa yana wakiltar babban titin [[Jipe Ruvu River|Ruvu]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan maɓuɓɓugan Kogin Pangani guda biyu. Yana gudana a kusa da Tafkin Chala da garin Taveta a yamma kuma yana kwarara zuwa cikin [[Tafkin Jipe]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE |url=http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2006 |access-date=10 December 2011}}</ref> An samo nau'in kifayen <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Barbus</i></nowiki> sp. 'Pangani' ne kawai a cikin [[N'joro Springs|maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na N'joro]] na kogin, wanda ke cikin kwarin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwa]] na Kogin Pangani na sama. == Gudanar da dausayi == Yawancin ruwan da ake sha daga Lumi ya fito ne daga ɓangaren da ke ratsa ta Kenya.<ref name="ProgrammeInitiative2003">{{cite book |author1=IUCN Eastern Africa Programme |title=Pangani basin: a situation analysis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9bRbbgft8C&pg=PA34 |accessdate=9 October 2011 |year=2003 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0760-0 |pages=34–}}</ref> Bayan gina madatsun ruwa da dama a gefen Kenya na Lumi,<ref name="sgp.undp.org2006">{{cite web|url=http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/7731/rehabilitation_of_lake_jipe_ecosystem_river_lumi_banks_stabilization_and_rehabilitation_of_irrigatio.html|title=Rehabilitation of Lake Jipe Ecosystem: River Lumi Banks Stabilization and Rehabilitation of Irrigation Canals (KEN-GEF-04-020)|date=2006 |publisher=GEF Small Grants Programme|accessdate=9 October 2011}}</ref> kuma tare da raguwar ruwan sama a wasu lokutan, bushewar tafkin Jipe ya zama abin damuwa, wanda ya buƙaci shirye-shiryen kula da dausayi.<ref name="Maltby2009">{{cite book|last=Maltby|first=Edward|title=The wetlands handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-K5TCHfEEtMC&pg=PA855|accessdate=9 October 2011|year=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-632-05255-4|pages=855–}}</ref> A shekarun 2004-2006, Shirin Tallafin Ƙananan Tallafi na Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na GEF da Shirin Kare Bambancin Halittu na Tarayyar Turai sun kammala aikin share dausayi da kuma gyara magudanar ruwan kogin na asali.<ref name="sgp.undp.org2006">{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Rehabilitation of Lake Jipe Ecosystem: River Lumi Banks Stabilization and Rehabilitation of Irrigation Canals (KEN-GEF-04-020) |url=http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/7731/rehabilitation_of_lake_jipe_ecosystem_river_lumi_banks_stabilization_and_rehabilitation_of_irrigatio.html |access-date=9 October 2011 |publisher=GEF Small Grants Programme}}</ref><ref name="Maltby2009">{{cite book|last=Maltby|first=Edward|title=The wetlands handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-K5TCHfEEtMC&pg=PA855|accessdate=9 October 2011|year=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-632-05255-4|pages=855–}}</ref> == Manazarta == ntyo2yd4fn348m4x2cvr0rhz8igwzl0 841772 841771 2026-05-28T17:30:09Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Lumi''' (wanda kuma ake kira da Lomi ko Luffu ne) yana cikin gundumar Rombo, [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]] a arewa maso gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da kuma ƙaramin yanki a kudancin [[Kenya]] a [[Kidimu|Lardin Gabashin]] Kenya. Ya samo asali ne daga gabashin kololuwar Mawenzi a gefen gabas na ([[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]]), kuma yana kwarara kusa da [[River Rombo|Kogin Rombo]] har ya kusa zama cokali mai yatsu. Duk da haka, Lumi yana kula da alkiblar kudu, kuma ana iya cewa yana wakiltar babban titin [[Jipe Ruvu River|Ruvu]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan maɓuɓɓugan Kogin Pangani guda biyu. Yana gudana a kusa da Tafkin Chala da garin Taveta a yamma kuma yana kwarara zuwa cikin [[Tafkin Jipe]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR LAKE JIPE |url=http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2006 |access-date=10 December 2011}}</ref> An samo nau'in kifayen <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Barbus</i></nowiki> sp. 'Pangani' ne kawai a cikin [[N'joro Springs|maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na N'joro]] na kogin, wanda ke cikin kwarin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwa]] na Kogin Pangani na sama. == Gudanar da dausayi == Yawancin ruwan da ake sha daga Lumi ya fito ne daga ɓangaren da ke ratsa ta Kenya.<ref name="ProgrammeInitiative2003">{{cite book |author1=IUCN Eastern Africa Programme |title=Pangani basin: a situation analysis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9bRbbgft8C&pg=PA34 |accessdate=9 October 2011 |year=2003 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0760-0 |pages=34–}}</ref> Bayan gina madatsun ruwa da dama a gefen Kenya na Lumi,<ref name="sgp.undp.org2006">{{cite web|url=http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/7731/rehabilitation_of_lake_jipe_ecosystem_river_lumi_banks_stabilization_and_rehabilitation_of_irrigatio.html|title=Rehabilitation of Lake Jipe Ecosystem: River Lumi Banks Stabilization and Rehabilitation of Irrigation Canals (KEN-GEF-04-020)|date=2006 |publisher=GEF Small Grants Programme|accessdate=9 October 2011}}</ref> kuma tare da raguwar ruwan sama a wasu lokutan, bushewar tafkin Jipe ya zama abin damuwa, wanda ya buƙaci shirye-shiryen kula da dausayi.<ref name="Maltby2009">{{cite book|last=Maltby|first=Edward|title=The wetlands handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-K5TCHfEEtMC&pg=PA855|accessdate=9 October 2011|year=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-632-05255-4|pages=855–}}</ref> A shekarun 2004-2006, Shirin Tallafin Ƙananan Tallafi na Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na GEF da Shirin Kare Bambancin Halittu na Tarayyar Turai sun kammala aikin share dausayi da kuma gyara magudanar ruwan kogin na asali.<ref name="sgp.undp.org2006">{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Rehabilitation of Lake Jipe Ecosystem: River Lumi Banks Stabilization and Rehabilitation of Irrigation Canals (KEN-GEF-04-020) |url=http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/7731/rehabilitation_of_lake_jipe_ecosystem_river_lumi_banks_stabilization_and_rehabilitation_of_irrigatio.html |access-date=9 October 2011 |publisher=GEF Small Grants Programme}}</ref><ref name="Maltby2009">{{cite book|last=Maltby|first=Edward|title=The wetlands handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-K5TCHfEEtMC&pg=PA855|accessdate=9 October 2011|year=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-632-05255-4|pages=855–}}</ref> == Manazarta == 5ovh8x07860tqww2lnhj24y5k82uj51 0 152856 841768 2026-05-28T17:27:54Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328504724|Marco Tagbajumi]]" 841768 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marco Tagbajumi''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1988) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne [[Najeriya|ɗan Najeriya]] - [[Italiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tagbajumi signerer for Glimt |url=https://www.eurosport.no/fotball/eliteserien/2017/signerer-eliteserie-kjenning_fot_sto6916299/story.shtml |access-date=3 September 2018 |publisher=Eurosport |language=Norwegian}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Tagbajumi a Najeriya, amma kuma yana da fasfo [[Italiya|na Italiya]] . <ref name="godset_sign_loan">{{Cite web |last=Nilsen |first=Magne J. |date=18 August 2015 |title=Klar for Godset |url=http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023005/http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=18 August 2015 |publisher=Strømsgodset Toppfotball |language=Norwegian}}</ref> Iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Norway lokacin yana ɗan shekara 5, <ref name="godset_sign_loan" /> kuma ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa a Skeid . <ref name="godset_sign_loan" /> == Aikin kulob == Bayan ya koma [[Landan]], [[Ingila]] tare da iyalansa a shekarar 2008, Tagbajumi ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa ba ta lig ba ga Kingsbury London Tigers . <ref name="godset_sign_loan">{{Cite web |last=Nilsen |first=Magne J. |date=18 August 2015 |title=Klar for Godset |url=http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023005/http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=18 August 2015 |publisher=Strømsgodset Toppfotball |language=Norwegian}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNilsen2015">Nilsen, Magne J. (18 August 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023005/http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset "Klar for Godset"] (in Norwegian). Strømsgodset Toppfotball. Archived from [http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset the original] on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]</ref> A shekarar 2009, ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar AD Camacha da ke [[Portugal]], kuma ya yi kakar wasa biyu a ƙungiyar kafin ya koma Cyprus. <ref name="godset_sign_loan" /> === Strømsgodset === A ranar 18 ga Agusta 2015, Tagbajumi ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro da Strømsgodset har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2015. <ref name="godset_sign_loan">{{Cite web |last=Nilsen |first=Magne J. |date=18 August 2015 |title=Klar for Godset |url=http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023005/http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=18 August 2015 |publisher=Strømsgodset Toppfotball |language=Norwegian}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNilsen2015">Nilsen, Magne J. (18 August 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023005/http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset "Klar for Godset"] (in Norwegian). Strømsgodset Toppfotball. Archived from [http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset the original] on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]</ref> Strømsgodset ya sami damar siyan ɗan wasan. <ref name="cyprusscore">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2015 |title=Tagbajumi joins Stromsgodset on loan |url=http://www.cyprusscore.com/2015/08/tagbajumi-joins-stromsgodset-on-loan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818044203/http://www.cyprusscore.com/2015/08/tagbajumi-joins-stromsgodset-on-loan/ |archive-date=18 August 2015 |access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref> Ya buga wasansa na farko a Strømsgodset lokacin da ya shigo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a minti na 82 a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 4-2 a kan abokan hamayyarsu na gida Mjøndalen IF . [1] Mako guda bayan haka, ya zura kwallaye biyu na farko a kungiyar a wasansa na farko a gida, inda ya ci 5-0 a kan FK Haugesund a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2015. [2] Bayan kakar wasa ta 2015, Strømsgodset ya yanke shawarar kin amfani da zabin sayen dan wasan. A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2016, Tagbajumi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara ɗaya da Strømsgodset . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2016 |title=MARCO RETURNERER TIL GODSET |url=http://www.godset.no/latest-news/article/1189v9rqq1w2l1tycxxv9ge1my/title/marco-returnerer-til-godset |access-date=11 November 2016 |website=godset.no |publisher=Strømsgodset Toppfotball |language=Norwegian}}</ref> == Daraja == === Kulob === ; Lillestrøm * Kofin Kwallon Kafa na Norway (1): 2017 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] pyd8fpj5psyufl9h2zse1gkamm2qk5x 841770 841768 2026-05-28T17:28:16Z Sardeeq 39275 841770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marco Tagbajumi''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1988) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne [[Najeriya|ɗan Najeriya]] - [[Italiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tagbajumi signerer for Glimt |url=https://www.eurosport.no/fotball/eliteserien/2017/signerer-eliteserie-kjenning_fot_sto6916299/story.shtml |access-date=3 September 2018 |publisher=Eurosport |language=Norwegian}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Tagbajumi a Najeriya, amma kuma yana da fasfo [[Italiya|na Italiya]] . <ref name="godset_sign_loan">{{Cite web |last=Nilsen |first=Magne J. |date=18 August 2015 |title=Klar for Godset |url=http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023005/http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=18 August 2015 |publisher=Strømsgodset Toppfotball |language=Norwegian}}</ref> Iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Norway lokacin yana ɗan shekara 5, <ref name="godset_sign_loan" /> kuma ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa a Skeid . <ref name="godset_sign_loan" /> == Aikin kulob == Bayan ya koma [[Landan]], [[Ingila]] tare da iyalansa a shekarar 2008, Tagbajumi ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa ba ta lig ba ga Kingsbury London Tigers . <ref name="godset_sign_loan">{{Cite web |last=Nilsen |first=Magne J. |date=18 August 2015 |title=Klar for Godset |url=http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023005/http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=18 August 2015 |publisher=Strømsgodset Toppfotball |language=Norwegian}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNilsen2015">Nilsen, Magne J. (18 August 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023005/http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset "Klar for Godset"] (in Norwegian). Strømsgodset Toppfotball. Archived from [http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset the original] on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]</ref> A shekarar 2009, ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar AD Camacha da ke [[Portugal]], kuma ya yi kakar wasa biyu a ƙungiyar kafin ya koma Cyprus. <ref name="godset_sign_loan" /> === Strømsgodset === A ranar 18 ga Agusta 2015, Tagbajumi ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro da Strømsgodset har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2015. <ref name="godset_sign_loan">{{Cite web |last=Nilsen |first=Magne J. |date=18 August 2015 |title=Klar for Godset |url=http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023005/http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=18 August 2015 |publisher=Strømsgodset Toppfotball |language=Norwegian}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNilsen2015">Nilsen, Magne J. (18 August 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023005/http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset "Klar for Godset"] (in Norwegian). Strømsgodset Toppfotball. Archived from [http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset the original] on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]</ref> Strømsgodset ya sami damar siyan ɗan wasan. <ref name="cyprusscore">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2015 |title=Tagbajumi joins Stromsgodset on loan |url=http://www.cyprusscore.com/2015/08/tagbajumi-joins-stromsgodset-on-loan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818044203/http://www.cyprusscore.com/2015/08/tagbajumi-joins-stromsgodset-on-loan/ |archive-date=18 August 2015 |access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref> Ya buga wasansa na farko a Strømsgodset lokacin da ya shigo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a minti na 82 a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 4-2 a kan abokan hamayyarsu na gida Mjøndalen IF . [1] Mako guda bayan haka, ya zura kwallaye biyu na farko a kungiyar a wasansa na farko a gida, inda ya ci 5-0 a kan FK Haugesund a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2015. [2] Bayan kakar wasa ta 2015, Strømsgodset ya yanke shawarar kin amfani da zabin sayen dan wasan. A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2016, Tagbajumi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara ɗaya da Strømsgodset . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2016 |title=MARCO RETURNERER TIL GODSET |url=http://www.godset.no/latest-news/article/1189v9rqq1w2l1tycxxv9ge1my/title/marco-returnerer-til-godset |access-date=11 November 2016 |website=godset.no |publisher=Strømsgodset Toppfotball |language=Norwegian}}</ref> == Daraja == === Kulob === ; Lillestrøm * Kofin Kwallon Kafa na Norway (1): 2017 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] bt46ic37db9apnrudkr2xcdxvhdtckt 842249 841770 2026-05-29T07:58:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 842249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marco Tagbajumi''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1988) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne [[Najeriya|ɗan Najeriya]] - [[Italiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tagbajumi signerer for Glimt |url=https://www.eurosport.no/fotball/eliteserien/2017/signerer-eliteserie-kjenning_fot_sto6916299/story.shtml |access-date=3 September 2018 |publisher=Eurosport |language=Norwegian}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Tagbajumi a Najeriya, amma kuma yana da fasfo [[Italiya|na Italiya]] . <ref name="godset_sign_loan">{{Cite web |last=Nilsen |first=Magne J. |date=18 August 2015 |title=Klar for Godset |url=http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023005/http://www.godset.no/news/article/hcavf93k0oz01pr2jbkvy507p/title/klar-for-godset |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=18 August 2015 |publisher=Strømsgodset Toppfotball |language=Norwegian}}</ref> Iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Norway lokacin yana ɗan shekara 5, <ref name="godset_sign_loan" /> kuma ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa a Skeid . <ref name="godset_sign_loan" /> == Aikin kulob == Bayan ya koma [[Landan]], [[Ingila]] tare da iyalansa a shekarar 2008, Tagbajumi ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa ba ta lig ba ga Kingsbury London Tigers . <ref name="godset_sign_loan"/> A shekarar 2009, ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar AD Camacha da ke [[Portugal]], kuma ya yi kakar wasa biyu a ƙungiyar kafin ya koma Cyprus. <ref name="godset_sign_loan" /> === Strømsgodset === A ranar 18 ga Agusta 2015, Tagbajumi ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro da Strømsgodset har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2015. <ref name="godset_sign_loan"/> Strømsgodset ya sami damar siyan ɗan wasan. <ref name="cyprusscore">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2015 |title=Tagbajumi joins Stromsgodset on loan |url=http://www.cyprusscore.com/2015/08/tagbajumi-joins-stromsgodset-on-loan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818044203/http://www.cyprusscore.com/2015/08/tagbajumi-joins-stromsgodset-on-loan/ |archive-date=18 August 2015 |access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref> Ya buga wasansa na farko a Strømsgodset lokacin da ya shigo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a minti na 82 a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 4-2 a kan abokan hamayyarsu na gida Mjøndalen IF . [1] Mako guda bayan haka, ya zura kwallaye biyu na farko a kungiyar a wasansa na farko a gida, inda ya ci 5-0 a kan FK Haugesund a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2015. [2] Bayan kakar wasa ta 2015, Strømsgodset ya yanke shawarar kin amfani da zabin sayen dan wasan. A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2016, Tagbajumi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara ɗaya da Strømsgodset . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2016 |title=MARCO RETURNERER TIL GODSET |url=http://www.godset.no/latest-news/article/1189v9rqq1w2l1tycxxv9ge1my/title/marco-returnerer-til-godset |access-date=11 November 2016 |website=godset.no |publisher=Strømsgodset Toppfotball |language=Norwegian |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112020624/http://www.godset.no/latest-news/article/1189v9rqq1w2l1tycxxv9ge1my/title/marco-returnerer-til-godset |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Daraja == === Kulob === ; Lillestrøm * Kofin Kwallon Kafa na Norway (1): 2017 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] r3pp48uplce0e7ujk5viqjdlld5fk4y 0 152857 841773 2026-05-28T17:31:21Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302730936|Ojokojo Torunarigha]]" 841773 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ojokojo Torunarigha''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Maris 1970) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wa ƙungiyar Chemnitzer FC ta Jamus wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba tsakanin 1991 da 1995. [1] Ya kuma buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da ƙasa a Najeriya, [2] daga baya kuma ya zama koci a Hertha BSC . [2] 'Ya'yansa maza Junior da Jordan suma 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. [3] [4] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] 3lq8uq9n5ushtes5ru5zep5nkjdrxnr 841775 841773 2026-05-28T17:33:08Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302730936|Ojokojo Torunarigha]]" 841775 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ojokojo Torunarigha''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Maris 1970) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wa ƙungiyar Chemnitzer FC ta Jamus wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba tsakanin 1991 da 1995. [1] Ya kuma buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da ƙasa a Najeriya, [2] daga baya kuma ya zama koci a Hertha BSC . [2] 'Ya'yansa maza Junior da Jordan suma 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. [3] [4]<ref>Ojokojo Torunarigha at fussballdaten.de (in German)</ref><ref>Afrikas Adler vs. Asiens Tiger" (in German). Eine Welt, Eine Zukunft. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2013.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] tocvv4w6hxdh1fxlsbf4z4z5lyt52h3 841776 841775 2026-05-28T17:33:43Z Sardeeq 39275 841776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ojokojo Torunarigha''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Maris 1970) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wa ƙungiyar Chemnitzer FC ta Jamus wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba tsakanin 1991 da 1995. [1] Ya kuma buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da ƙasa a Najeriya, [2] daga baya kuma ya zama koci a Hertha BSC . [2] 'Ya'yansa maza Junior da Jordan suma 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. [3] [4]<ref>Ojokojo Torunarigha at fussballdaten.de (in German)</ref><ref>Afrikas Adler vs. Asiens Tiger" (in German). Eine Welt, Eine Zukunft. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2013.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] r4iapabh4agd5ajt0tkz9b588smevex 0 152858 841777 2026-05-28T17:35:47Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354865324|Jordan Torunarigha]]" 841777 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jordan Torunarigha''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Agusta 1997) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan tsakiya]] na ƙungiyar Bundesliga Hamburger SV . Shi ɗan tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne Ojokojo Torunarigha kuma ɗan'uwan ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na yanzu Junior Torunarigha . Bayan ya wakilci Jamus a matakai daban-daban na matasa, ya canza ƙasa zuwa wakiltar [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tosin |first=Abayomi |date=2023-06-13 |title=Jordan Torunarigha: KAA Gent defender dumps Germany for Super Eagles of Nigeria |url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/sports-gist/story/jordan-torunarigha-kaa-gent-defender-dumps-germany-for-super-eagles-of-nigeria-2023061406504178569 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Pulse Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === An haife shi a [[Chemnitz]], Torunarigha ya koma Hertha BSC tun yana yaro a shekara ta 2006 kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2016. Ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba kafin kocin Hertha na 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 Ante Čović ya sami ra'ayin sa ya koma mai tsaron baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2017 |title=Bundesliga stars of tomorrow: Jordan Torunarigha |url=http://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/bundesliga-stars-of-tomorrow-hertha-berlin-germany-jordan-torunarigha-446152.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610182948/http://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/bundesliga-stars-of-tomorrow-hertha-berlin-germany-jordan-torunarigha-446152.jsp |archive-date=10 June 2017 |access-date=11 June 2017 |publisher=Bundesliga.com}}</ref> === Hertha Berlin === Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2017, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 90 a wasan da suka doke FC Ingolstadt da ci 1-0. Ya fara wasa a Hertha a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 2017 da Borussia Mönchengladbach, inda ya fara wasa a gefen hagu bayan rashin lafiyar Marvin Plattenhardt da kuma dakatarwar da Maximilian Mittelstädt ya yi masa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2017 |title=Jordan Torunarigha vor seinem Bundesliga-Startelf-Debüt |url=https://www.bz-berlin.de/berlin-sport/hertha-bsc/jordan-torunarigha-vor-seinem-bundesliga-startelf-debuet |website=www.bz-berlin.de}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Darmstadt 98 da ci 2-0 a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2017, wanda hakan ya sa Hertha ta koma matsayi na 5 a teburin gasar, yayin da wasa ɗaya ya rage. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hertha strengthen grip on fifth with Darmstadt win |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/darmstadt-hertha-berlin-line-ups-and-statistics-443514.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930034009/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/darmstadt-hertha-berlin-line-ups-and-statistics-443514.jsp |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=bundesliga.com - the official Bundesliga website}}</ref> ==== Lamuni ga Gent ==== A ranar 28 ga Janairun 2022, Torunarigha ya koma Gent a gasar rukunin farko ta Belgium a matsayin aro. === Gent === A ranar 19 ga Yuli 2022, Torunarigha ya koma Gent na dindindin, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2022 |title=Back for More &#124; KAA Gent Website |url=https://www.kaagent.be/nl/nieuws/19-07-2022/jordan-is-een-gentenaar |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=KAA Gent |language=dutch}}</ref> === Hamburger SV === A ranar 1 ga Yulin 2025, Torunarigha ya koma Hamburger SV a kan canja wuri kyauta. [1] Torunarigha ya buga wasanni 73 kuma ya zura kwallaye 5 tare da Hertha BSC daga kakar 2016-17 har zuwa kakar 2021-22 kafin ya koma Gent a matsayin kocin dindindin a 2022. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A watan Mayun 2018, bayan ya wakilci Jamus a matakin matasa na ƙasashen duniya, ya ƙi amincewa da damar wakiltar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwashina Okeleji |date=11 May 2018 |title=Rohr left disappointed by snub from Germany youth star |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44066725 |access-date=11 May 2018 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2023, ya sanar da cewa ya canza sheka zuwa wakiltar [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tosin |first=Abayomi |date=2023-06-13 |title=Jordan Torunarigha: KAA Gent defender dumps Germany for Super Eagles of Nigeria |url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/sports-gist/story/jordan-torunarigha-kaa-gent-defender-dumps-germany-for-super-eagles-of-nigeria-2023061406504178569 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Pulse Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] q53y9tlw5mm0egsgwth5x7tpue4pe6c 841779 841777 2026-05-28T17:36:30Z Sardeeq 39275 841779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jordan Torunarigha''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Agusta 1997) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan tsakiya]] na ƙungiyar Bundesliga Hamburger SV . Shi ɗan tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne Ojokojo Torunarigha kuma ɗan'uwan ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na yanzu Junior Torunarigha . Bayan ya wakilci Jamus a matakai daban-daban na matasa, ya canza ƙasa zuwa wakiltar [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tosin |first=Abayomi |date=2023-06-13 |title=Jordan Torunarigha: KAA Gent defender dumps Germany for Super Eagles of Nigeria |url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/sports-gist/story/jordan-torunarigha-kaa-gent-defender-dumps-germany-for-super-eagles-of-nigeria-2023061406504178569 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Pulse Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === An haife shi a [[Chemnitz]], Torunarigha ya koma Hertha BSC tun yana yaro a shekara ta 2006 kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2016. Ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba kafin kocin Hertha na 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 Ante Čović ya sami ra'ayin sa ya koma mai tsaron baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2017 |title=Bundesliga stars of tomorrow: Jordan Torunarigha |url=http://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/bundesliga-stars-of-tomorrow-hertha-berlin-germany-jordan-torunarigha-446152.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610182948/http://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/bundesliga-stars-of-tomorrow-hertha-berlin-germany-jordan-torunarigha-446152.jsp |archive-date=10 June 2017 |access-date=11 June 2017 |publisher=Bundesliga.com}}</ref> === Hertha Berlin === Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2017, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 90 a wasan da suka doke FC Ingolstadt da ci 1-0. Ya fara wasa a Hertha a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 2017 da Borussia Mönchengladbach, inda ya fara wasa a gefen hagu bayan rashin lafiyar Marvin Plattenhardt da kuma dakatarwar da Maximilian Mittelstädt ya yi masa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2017 |title=Jordan Torunarigha vor seinem Bundesliga-Startelf-Debüt |url=https://www.bz-berlin.de/berlin-sport/hertha-bsc/jordan-torunarigha-vor-seinem-bundesliga-startelf-debuet |website=www.bz-berlin.de}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka doke Darmstadt 98 da ci 2-0 a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2017, wanda hakan ya sa Hertha ta koma matsayi na 5 a teburin gasar, yayin da wasa ɗaya ya rage. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hertha strengthen grip on fifth with Darmstadt win |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/darmstadt-hertha-berlin-line-ups-and-statistics-443514.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930034009/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/darmstadt-hertha-berlin-line-ups-and-statistics-443514.jsp |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=bundesliga.com - the official Bundesliga website}}</ref> ==== Lamuni ga Gent ==== A ranar 28 ga Janairun 2022, Torunarigha ya koma Gent a gasar rukunin farko ta Belgium a matsayin aro. === Gent === A ranar 19 ga Yuli 2022, Torunarigha ya koma Gent na dindindin, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2022 |title=Back for More &#124; KAA Gent Website |url=https://www.kaagent.be/nl/nieuws/19-07-2022/jordan-is-een-gentenaar |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=KAA Gent |language=dutch}}</ref> === Hamburger SV === A ranar 1 ga Yulin 2025, Torunarigha ya koma Hamburger SV a kan canja wuri kyauta. [1] Torunarigha ya buga wasanni 73 kuma ya zura kwallaye 5 tare da Hertha BSC daga kakar 2016-17 har zuwa kakar 2021-22 kafin ya koma Gent a matsayin kocin dindindin a 2022. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A watan Mayun 2018, bayan ya wakilci Jamus a matakin matasa na ƙasashen duniya, ya ƙi amincewa da damar wakiltar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwashina Okeleji |date=11 May 2018 |title=Rohr left disappointed by snub from Germany youth star |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44066725 |access-date=11 May 2018 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2023, ya sanar da cewa ya canza sheka zuwa wakiltar [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tosin |first=Abayomi |date=2023-06-13 |title=Jordan Torunarigha: KAA Gent defender dumps Germany for Super Eagles of Nigeria |url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/sports-gist/story/jordan-torunarigha-kaa-gent-defender-dumps-germany-for-super-eagles-of-nigeria-2023061406504178569 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Pulse Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] 7lv4fuuz48jpyobghod0q5f4eoisrsi 0 152859 841780 2026-05-28T17:38:13Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1318495328|Ruvu River]]" 841780 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Ruvu''' kogi ne a gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Kogin Ruvu ya samo asali ne daga kudancin tsaunukan Uluguru kuma yana kwarara zuwa gabas don ya kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]] kusa da Bagamoyo. Babban kogin da ke ratsawa shi ne [[Kogin Ngerengere]], wanda ke tashi a arewacin Ulugurus kuma yana ratsawa ta birnin Morogoro kafin ya shiga Ruvu. Ruvu yana malalar [[Ruwan ruwa|ruwa]] mai girman 11,789&nbsp;km², wanda ya haɗa da sassan yankunan Morogoro da Pwani. Magudanar ruwan kogin Wami tana arewa da yamma, kuma magudanar ruwan kogin Rufiji tana kudu. Kogin Ruvu muhimmin tushen ruwa ne ga gidaje, gonakin da ake ban ruwa, da masana'antu a cikin al'ummomin da ke gefen kogin. Hakanan shine babban tushen ruwa ga [[Dar es Salaam]], birni mafi girma a Tanzaniya, wanda ke bakin teku a gabashin magudanar ruwa ta Ruvu. Yana fuskantar ƙaruwar gurɓatacciyyar iska sakamakon sakin gidaje marasa magani da kuma ruwan sharar masana'antu cikin kogin. == Manazarta == Lumi River (East Africa)Ruvu RiverLumi River (East Africa)Ruvu RiverLumi River (East Africa)Ruvu River 2zzrsgcbtz2e6bitzpobscxahusi934 841781 841780 2026-05-28T17:38:37Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 841781 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Ruvu''' kogi ne a gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Kogin Ruvu ya samo asali ne daga kudancin tsaunukan Uluguru kuma yana kwarara zuwa gabas don ya kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]] kusa da Bagamoyo. Babban kogin da ke ratsawa shi ne [[Kogin Ngerengere]], wanda ke tashi a arewacin Ulugurus kuma yana ratsawa ta birnin Morogoro kafin ya shiga Ruvu. Ruvu yana malalar [[Ruwan ruwa|ruwa]] mai girman 11,789&nbsp;km², wanda ya haɗa da sassan yankunan Morogoro da Pwani. Magudanar ruwan kogin Wami tana arewa da yamma, kuma magudanar ruwan kogin Rufiji tana kudu. Kogin Ruvu muhimmin tushen ruwa ne ga gidaje, gonakin da ake ban ruwa, da masana'antu a cikin al'ummomin da ke gefen kogin. Hakanan shine babban tushen ruwa ga [[Dar es Salaam]], birni mafi girma a Tanzaniya, wanda ke bakin teku a gabashin magudanar ruwa ta Ruvu. Yana fuskantar ƙaruwar gurɓatacciyyar iska sakamakon sakin gidaje marasa magani da kuma ruwan sharar masana'antu cikin kogin. == Manazarta == n573exo1p4jsr5lc27as7451w7j7beq 841783 841781 2026-05-28T17:40:31Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841783 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Ruvu''' kogi ne a gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]].<ref>Alphayo, Stephano M. and M. P. Sharma (2018). "Water Quality Assessment of Ruvu River in Tanzania Using NSFWQI". ''Journal of Scientific Research & Reports'', 20(3): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JSRR.44324 ISSN: 2320-0227. Published 08 October 2018.</ref> Kogin Ruvu ya samo asali ne daga kudancin tsaunukan Uluguru kuma yana kwarara zuwa gabas don ya kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]] kusa da Bagamoyo.<ref>Alphayo, Stephano M. and M. P. Sharma (2018). "Water Quality Assessment of Ruvu River in Tanzania Using NSFWQI". ''Journal of Scientific Research & Reports'', 20(3): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JSRR.44324 ISSN: 2320-0227. Published 08 October 2018.</ref> Babban kogin da ke ratsawa shi ne [[Kogin Ngerengere]], wanda ke tashi a arewacin Ulugurus kuma yana ratsawa ta birnin Morogoro kafin ya shiga Ruvu. Ruvu yana malalar [[Ruwan ruwa|ruwa]] mai girman 11,789&nbsp;km², wanda ya haɗa da sassan yankunan Morogoro da Pwani. Magudanar ruwan kogin Wami tana arewa da yamma, kuma magudanar ruwan kogin Rufiji tana kudu..<ref>"Managing water for Dar es Salaam". ''UN Habitat''. Accessed 30 September 2019. [http://mirror.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=3221&catid=237&typeid=13]</ref> Kogin Ruvu muhimmin tushen ruwa ne ga gidaje, gonakin da ake ban ruwa, da masana'antu a cikin al'ummomin da ke gefen kogin. Hakanan shine babban tushen ruwa ga [[Dar es Salaam]], birni mafi girma a Tanzaniya, wanda ke bakin teku a gabashin magudanar ruwa ta Ruvu.<ref>"Managing water for Dar es Salaam". ''UN Habitat''. Accessed 30 September 2019. [http://mirror.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=3221&catid=237&typeid=13]</ref> Yana fuskantar ƙaruwar gurɓatacciyyar iska sakamakon sakin gidaje marasa magani da kuma ruwan sharar masana'antu cikin kogin.<ref>Alphayo, Stephano M. and M. P. Sharma (2018). "Water Quality Assessment of Ruvu River in Tanzania Using NSFWQI". ''Journal of Scientific Research & Reports'', 20(3): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JSRR.44324 ISSN: 2320-0227. Published 08 October 2018.</ref> == Manazarta == qezh32k8f6fi0k83l86qrbwcd9eeu0j 841785 841783 2026-05-28T17:42:21Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Ruvu''' kogi ne a gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]].<ref>Alphayo, Stephano M. and M. P. Sharma (2018). "Water Quality Assessment of Ruvu River in Tanzania Using NSFWQI". ''Journal of Scientific Research & Reports'', 20(3): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JSRR.44324 ISSN: 2320-0227. Published 08 October 2018.</ref> Kogin Ruvu ya samo asali ne daga kudancin tsaunukan Uluguru kuma yana kwarara zuwa gabas don ya kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]] kusa da Bagamoyo.<ref>Alphayo, Stephano M. and M. P. Sharma (2018). "Water Quality Assessment of Ruvu River in Tanzania Using NSFWQI". ''Journal of Scientific Research & Reports'', 20(3): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JSRR.44324 ISSN: 2320-0227. Published 08 October 2018.</ref> Babban kogin da ke ratsawa shi ne [[Kogin Ngerengere]], wanda ke tashi a arewacin Ulugurus kuma yana ratsawa ta birnin Morogoro kafin ya shiga Ruvu. Ruvu yana malalar [[Ruwan ruwa|ruwa]] mai girman 11,789&nbsp;km², wanda ya haɗa da sassan yankunan Morogoro da Pwani. Magudanar ruwan kogin Wami tana arewa da yamma, kuma magudanar ruwan kogin Rufiji tana kudu..<ref>"Managing water for Dar es Salaam". ''UN Habitat''. Accessed 30 September 2019. [https://mirror.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=3221&catid=237&typeid=13]</ref> Kogin Ruvu muhimmin tushen ruwa ne ga gidaje, gonakin da ake ban ruwa, da masana'antu a cikin al'ummomin da ke gefen kogin. Hakanan shine babban tushen ruwa ga [[Dar es Salaam]], birni mafi girma a Tanzaniya, wanda ke bakin teku a gabashin magudanar ruwa ta Ruvu.<ref>"Managing water for Dar es Salaam". ''UN Habitat''. Accessed 30 September 2019. [https://mirror.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=3221&catid=237&typeid=13]</ref> Yana fuskantar ƙaruwar gurɓatacciyyar iska sakamakon sakin gidaje marasa magani da kuma ruwan sharar masana'antu cikin kogin.<ref>Alphayo, Stephano M. and M. P. Sharma (2018). "Water Quality Assessment of Ruvu River in Tanzania Using NSFWQI". ''Journal of Scientific Research & Reports'', 20(3): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JSRR.44324 ISSN: 2320-0227. Published 08 October 2018.</ref> == Manazarta == qbnh84mwzqbjaonngajq3ujvsyd1x9b 0 152860 841789 2026-05-28T18:06:27Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345090087|Wembere River]]" 841789 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Wembere''' kogi ne da ke yankin arewa maso yammacin Singida, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Kogin wani ɓangare ne na [[tafkin Eyasi]]. Kogin Wembere ya samo asali ne daga ƙasar tuddai a tsakiyar Tanzania a kudu da nisan 6.0º, kuma yana kwarara zuwa arewa ta cikin reshen Gabashin Rift Valley. Kogin Nyahua mai rabe-raben sa ya samar da ambaliyar ruwa ta yanayi mai tsawon mil 60 da faɗin kilomita 1-5, wanda ya mamaye hekta 11,000. Bayan Nyahua ta haɗu da Wembere daga arewa maso yamma, Wembere ta faɗaɗa zuwa babban fili mai tsawon kilomita 105 da faɗin kilomita 20, kuma ta mamaye hekta 140,000. (4º12'-5º01' S/33º47'-34º11' E). Sauran rabe-raben sun haɗa da Wamba, wacce ta haɗu daga arewa maso gabas, Mwaru, wacce ta haɗu daga gabas, da kuma Mapiringa, wacce ta haɗu daga yamma. Faɗin ambaliyar ya ƙunshi ciyayi da suka mamaye, waɗanda ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a lokacin damina kuma ta lulluɓe da hanyoyin magudanar ruwa. Tsaunukan bishiyoyin ''Vachellia seyal'' da ''Vachellia drepanolobium'' suna gefen ɓangaren da ambaliyar ruwa ke yi a lokacin damina. A saman yankin ambaliyar ruwa, gefen gabas na yankin ruwan shine dajin miombo, kuma gefen yamma, wanda ake kira Wembere Steppe, shine savanna <nowiki><i id="mwHA">na Acacia-Commiphora</i></nowiki>. A ƙasan ambaliyar ruwan kogin ya juya arewa maso gabas ya kuma kwarara zuwa ƙarshen kudu na [[Lake Kitangiri|Tafkin Kitangiri]]. Tafkin Kitangiri ya kwarara zuwa [[Tafkin Eyasi]] ta Kogin Sibiti. == Manazarta == Ruvu RiverWembere RiverRuvu RiverWembere RiverRuvu RiverWembere RiverRuvu RiverWembere River 0uiu0vw0sgl69s1vf7tozzcz0pi3ap5 841790 841789 2026-05-28T18:06:49Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 841790 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Wembere''' kogi ne da ke yankin arewa maso yammacin Singida, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Kogin wani ɓangare ne na [[tafkin Eyasi]]. Kogin Wembere ya samo asali ne daga ƙasar tuddai a tsakiyar Tanzania a kudu da nisan 6.0º, kuma yana kwarara zuwa arewa ta cikin reshen Gabashin Rift Valley. Kogin Nyahua mai rabe-raben sa ya samar da ambaliyar ruwa ta yanayi mai tsawon mil 60 da faɗin kilomita 1-5, wanda ya mamaye hekta 11,000. Bayan Nyahua ta haɗu da Wembere daga arewa maso yamma, Wembere ta faɗaɗa zuwa babban fili mai tsawon kilomita 105 da faɗin kilomita 20, kuma ta mamaye hekta 140,000. (4º12'-5º01' S/33º47'-34º11' E). Sauran rabe-raben sun haɗa da Wamba, wacce ta haɗu daga arewa maso gabas, Mwaru, wacce ta haɗu daga gabas, da kuma Mapiringa, wacce ta haɗu daga yamma. Faɗin ambaliyar ya ƙunshi ciyayi da suka mamaye, waɗanda ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a lokacin damina kuma ta lulluɓe da hanyoyin magudanar ruwa. Tsaunukan bishiyoyin ''Vachellia seyal'' da ''Vachellia drepanolobium'' suna gefen ɓangaren da ambaliyar ruwa ke yi a lokacin damina. A saman yankin ambaliyar ruwa, gefen gabas na yankin ruwan shine dajin miombo, kuma gefen yamma, wanda ake kira Wembere Steppe, shine savanna <nowiki><i id="mwHA">na Acacia-Commiphora</i></nowiki>. A ƙasan ambaliyar ruwan kogin ya juya arewa maso gabas ya kuma kwarara zuwa ƙarshen kudu na [[Lake Kitangiri|Tafkin Kitangiri]]. Tafkin Kitangiri ya kwarara zuwa [[Tafkin Eyasi]] ta Kogin Sibiti. == Manazarta == fv89s57w19sb6bfg0u8kdhjos6foky3 841791 841790 2026-05-28T18:08:37Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841791 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Wembere''' kogi ne da ke yankin arewa maso yammacin Singida, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Kogin wani ɓangare ne na [[tafkin Eyasi]].<ref>Hughes, R. H. (1992). ''A Directory of African Wetlands''. IUCN, 1992. pp. 253-254.</ref> Kogin Wembere ya samo asali ne daga ƙasar tuddai a tsakiyar Tanzania a kudu da nisan 6.0º, kuma yana kwarara zuwa arewa ta cikin reshen Gabashin Rift Valley.<ref>Hughes, R. H. (1992). ''A Directory of African Wetlands''. IUCN, 1992. pp. 253-254.</ref> Kogin Nyahua mai rabe-raben sa ya samar da ambaliyar ruwa ta yanayi mai tsawon mil 60 da faɗin kilomita 1-5, wanda ya mamaye hekta 11,000. Bayan Nyahua ta haɗu da Wembere daga arewa maso yamma, Wembere ta faɗaɗa zuwa babban fili mai tsawon kilomita 105 da faɗin kilomita 20, kuma ta mamaye hekta 140,000. (4º12'-5º01' S/33º47'-34º11' E). Sauran rabe-raben sun haɗa da Wamba, wacce ta haɗu daga arewa maso gabas, Mwaru, wacce ta haɗu daga gabas, da kuma Mapiringa, wacce ta haɗu daga yamma. Faɗin ambaliyar ya ƙunshi ciyayi da suka mamaye, waɗanda ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a lokacin damina kuma ta lulluɓe da hanyoyin magudanar ruwa.<ref>BirdLife International (2019) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Wembere steppe. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/09/2019.</ref> Tsaunukan bishiyoyin ''Vachellia seyal'' da ''Vachellia drepanolobium'' suna gefen ɓangaren da ambaliyar ruwa ke yi a lokacin damina.<ref>Hughes, R. H. (20xx). ''A Directory of African Wetlands''. IUCN, 1992. pp. 253-254.</ref> A saman yankin ambaliyar ruwa, gefen gabas na yankin ruwan shine dajin miombo, kuma gefen yamma, wanda ake kira Wembere Steppe, shine savanna <nowiki><i id="mwHA">na Acacia-Commiphora</i></nowiki>. A ƙasan ambaliyar ruwan kogin ya juya arewa maso gabas ya kuma kwarara zuwa ƙarshen kudu na [[Lake Kitangiri|Tafkin Kitangiri]]. Tafkin Kitangiri ya kwarara zuwa [[Tafkin Eyasi]] ta Kogin Sibiti.<ref>Hughes, R. H. (20xx). ''A Directory of African Wetlands''. IUCN, 1992. pp. 253-254.</ref> == Manazarta == 2bq5o1onpey5yseq8616r278q053g9m 841792 841791 2026-05-28T18:09:58Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Wembere''' kogi ne da ke yankin arewa maso yammacin Singida, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Kogin wani ɓangare ne na [[tafkin Eyasi]].<ref>Hughes, R. H. (1992). ''A Directory of African Wetlands''. IUCN, 1992. pp. 253-254.</ref> Kogin Wembere ya samo asali ne daga ƙasar tuddai a tsakiyar Tanzania a kudu da nisan 6.0º, kuma yana kwarara zuwa arewa ta cikin reshen Gabashin Rift Valley.<ref>Hughes, R. H. (1992). ''A Directory of African Wetlands''. IUCN, 1992. pp. 253-254.</ref> Kogin Nyahua mai rabe-raben sa ya samar da ambaliyar ruwa ta yanayi mai tsawon mil 60 da faɗin kilomita 1-5, wanda ya mamaye hekta 11,000. Bayan Nyahua ta haɗu da Wembere daga arewa maso yamma, Wembere ta faɗaɗa zuwa babban fili mai tsawon kilomita 105 da faɗin kilomita 20, kuma ta mamaye hekta 140,000. (4º12'-5º01' S/33º47'-34º11' E). Sauran rabe-raben sun haɗa da Wamba, wacce ta haɗu daga arewa maso gabas, Mwaru, wacce ta haɗu daga gabas, da kuma Mapiringa, wacce ta haɗu daga yamma. Faɗin ambaliyar ya ƙunshi ciyayi da suka mamaye, waɗanda ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a lokacin damina kuma ta lulluɓe da hanyoyin magudanar ruwa.<ref>BirdLife International (2019) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Wembere steppe. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/09/2019.</ref> Tsaunukan bishiyoyin ''Vachellia seyal'' da ''Vachellia drepanolobium'' suna gefen ɓangaren da ambaliyar ruwa ke yi a lokacin damina.<ref>Hughes, R. H. (20xx). ''A Directory of African Wetlands''. IUCN, 1992. pp. 253-254.</ref> A saman yankin ambaliyar ruwa, gefen gabas na yankin ruwan shine dajin miombo, kuma gefen yamma, wanda ake kira Wembere Steppe, shine savanna <nowiki><i id="mwHA">na Acacia-Commiphora</i></nowiki>. A ƙasan ambaliyar ruwan kogin ya juya arewa maso gabas ya kuma kwarara zuwa ƙarshen kudu na [[Lake Kitangiri|Tafkin Kitangiri]]. Tafkin Kitangiri ya kwarara zuwa [[Tafkin Eyasi]] ta Kogin Sibiti.<ref>Hughes, R. H. (20xx). ''A Directory of African Wetlands''. IUCN, 1992. pp. 253-254.</ref> == Manazarta == fa2jwk9xem6ajgamxzho5tyi9rgkls5 0 152861 841793 2026-05-28T18:11:52Z Umar2z 18668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354250873|Fiona Nakku]]" 841793 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  '''Fiona Nakku''' ta kasance zaɓaɓɓen Wakilin Ma'aikata Mata a Majalisar Dokoki ta 12 ta [[Uganda]] Ta yi aiki a gidan Agusta daga Mayu 2026 zuwa 2031.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |date=2026-01-20 |title=Who are the Five Workers' MPs Elected to 12th Parliament |url=https://dailystar.co.ug/who-are-the-five-workers-mps-elected-to-12th-parliament/ |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=Daily Star |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-21 |title=Who are the five new Workers' representatives in Parliament? |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/who-are-the-five-new-workers-representatives-in-parliament--5333464 |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-20 |title=Workers elect representatives |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/workers-elect-representatives-5332240 |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muhimba |first=Samuel |title=Nakku elected female Workers' MP |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/314880/nakku-elected-female-workers-mp |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=UG Diplomat |date=2025-08-20 |title=EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: Nakku Fiona Speaks to UG Diplomat — "We'll Win It, Nothing Will Stop Us, Not Even Disqualification Letters" |url=https://ugdiplomat.com/exclusive-interview-nakku-fiona-speaks-to-ug-diplomat-well-win-it-nothing-will-stop-us-not-even-disqualification-letters/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=UG Diplomat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=JAVIRA SSEBWAMI {{!}} PML Daily Staff |date=2026-01-20 |title=Meet the new faces: Nakku unseats incumbent in workers' race |url=https://pmldaily.com/news/2026/01/meet-the-new-faces-nakku-unseats-incumbent-in-workers-race.html |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, ta yi takara a Gundumar Busia a neman mulkin Mata na Majalisar, amma ta sha kashi a hannun [[Hellen Auma Wandera|Hellen Wandera]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=URN |date=2025-08-19 |title=NRM disqualifies Youth MP aspirant Fiona Nakku over age |url=https://observer.ug/news/nrm-disqualifies-youth-mp-aspirant-fiona-nakku-over-age/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> Nakku ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mai Gudanarwa a karkashin Matasa don Museveni Movement, wani shiri na tattarawa a duk fadin kasar da aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 2025 don tallafawa Mai Girma Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, wanda aka sake zaba a matsayin shugaban Uganda, a takararsa. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Nakku a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1994, kuma ya fito ne daga Gundumar Bukedi a Gabashin Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matembu |first=Gerald |title=Bugisu Youth Unite Behind Phiona Naku for National Female Youth MP Seat |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/263748/bugisu-youth-unite-behind-phiona-naku-for-national-female-youth-mp-seat |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=URN |date=2025-08-19 |title=NRM disqualifies Youth MP aspirant Fiona Nakku over age |url=https://observer.ug/news/nrm-disqualifies-youth-mp-aspirant-fiona-nakku-over-age/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Observer |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFURN2025">URN (2025-08-19). [https://observer.ug/news/nrm-disqualifies-youth-mp-aspirant-fiona-nakku-over-age/ "NRM disqualifies Youth MP aspirant Fiona Nakku over age"]. ''The Observer''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-02-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ta kammala matakin ta na yau da kullun (O-Level) a makarantar sakandare ta Kinawa da ke Nakawa a shekara ta 2010.<ref name=":0" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] rsoyoe09481ja3ywcc5tk58y5p9sxd4 841796 841793 2026-05-28T18:15:02Z Umar2z 18668 841796 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiona Nakku''' ta kasance zaɓaɓɓen Wakilin Ma'aikata Mata a Majalisar Dokoki ta 12 ta [[Uganda]] Ta yi aiki a gidan Agusta daga Mayu 2026 zuwa 2031.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |date=2026-01-20 |title=Who are the Five Workers' MPs Elected to 12th Parliament |url=https://dailystar.co.ug/who-are-the-five-workers-mps-elected-to-12th-parliament/ |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=Daily Star |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-21 |title=Who are the five new Workers' representatives in Parliament? |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/who-are-the-five-new-workers-representatives-in-parliament--5333464 |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-20 |title=Workers elect representatives |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/workers-elect-representatives-5332240 |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muhimba |first=Samuel |title=Nakku elected female Workers' MP |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/314880/nakku-elected-female-workers-mp |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=UG Diplomat |date=2025-08-20 |title=EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: Nakku Fiona Speaks to UG Diplomat — "We'll Win It, Nothing Will Stop Us, Not Even Disqualification Letters" |url=https://ugdiplomat.com/exclusive-interview-nakku-fiona-speaks-to-ug-diplomat-well-win-it-nothing-will-stop-us-not-even-disqualification-letters/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=UG Diplomat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=JAVIRA SSEBWAMI {{!}} PML Daily Staff |date=2026-01-20 |title=Meet the new faces: Nakku unseats incumbent in workers' race |url=https://pmldaily.com/news/2026/01/meet-the-new-faces-nakku-unseats-incumbent-in-workers-race.html |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, ta yi takara a Gundumar Busia a neman mulkin Mata na Majalisar, amma ta sha kashi a hannun [[Hellen Auma Wandera|Hellen Wandera]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=URN |date=2025-08-19 |title=NRM disqualifies Youth MP aspirant Fiona Nakku over age |url=https://observer.ug/news/nrm-disqualifies-youth-mp-aspirant-fiona-nakku-over-age/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> Nakku ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mai Gudanarwa a karkashin Matasa don Museveni Movement, wani shiri na tattarawa a duk fadin kasar da aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 2025 don tallafawa Mai Girma Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, wanda aka sake zaba a matsayin shugaban Uganda, a takararsa. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Nakku a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1994, kuma ya fito ne daga Gundumar Bukedi a Gabashin Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matembu |first=Gerald |title=Bugisu Youth Unite Behind Phiona Naku for National Female Youth MP Seat |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/263748/bugisu-youth-unite-behind-phiona-naku-for-national-female-youth-mp-seat |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=URN |date=2025-08-19 |title=NRM disqualifies Youth MP aspirant Fiona Nakku over age |url=https://observer.ug/news/nrm-disqualifies-youth-mp-aspirant-fiona-nakku-over-age/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Observer |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFURN2025">URN (2025-08-19). [https://observer.ug/news/nrm-disqualifies-youth-mp-aspirant-fiona-nakku-over-age/ "NRM disqualifies Youth MP aspirant Fiona Nakku over age"]. ''The Observer''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-02-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ta kammala matakin ta na yau da kullun (O-Level) a makarantar sakandare ta Kinawa da ke Nakawa a shekara ta 2010.<ref name=":0" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1qa65z96xcxtpb6i5jqkyr7lbrlqhx7 0 152863 841794 2026-05-28T18:14:30Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302895824|Umba River (Tanzania)]]" 841794 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Umba''' (''Mto Umba'', a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana arewa maso gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] a Gundumomin Lushoto da Mkinga na Yankin Tanga. Yana tashi a Schageiuforest (Shagayu) a cikin tsaunukan Usambara na Yammacin Lushoto a tsayin mita 2,000 kuma yana gudana a gefen arewa na tsaunukan da ke gabas. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deutsches Koloniallexikon 1920, SCHNEE, H.(Buchstabe: Umba) |url=http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=umba |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925212012/http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=Umba |archive-date=2021-09-25 |access-date=2011-04-17}}</ref> A [[Lelwa]] yana zubar da [[Mbalamu River|Kogin Mbalamu]], wanda ya fito daga arewacin tsaunukan Usambara, da [[Mglumi River|Kogin Mglumi]] zuwa cikin Umba. Kafin Umba ta kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]], ta ketare iyaka zuwa [[Kenya]]. Bakin da kanta yana nuna yankin gabas mafi girma a kan iyakar da ke tsakanin Tanzania da Kenya, wanda aka yi shi da layi madaidaiciya zuwa arewa maso yamma zuwa [[Tafkin Victoria]] a ƙarni na 19. A saman kogin a tsakiyar shekarun 1960, an gano tarin duwatsu masu daraja, ciki har da saffir da spessartine. Haka kuma a gefen kogin akwai [[Umba River Game Reserve|wurin ajiye namun daji na Umba River]], wani wurin ajiye namun daji wanda ya haɗa da wurin ajiye namun daji na Mkomazi, kimanin 2,600.&nbsp;km ^2. == Hydrometry == An lura da kwararar kogin sama da shekaru 40 (1963–2003) a Mbuta, wani gari mai kimanin shekaru 40.&nbsp;km sama da bakin. Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na tashar ruwa ta kogin Umba ta Mbuta a kowane wata (a cikin ^m3 / s) (an ƙididdige ta amfani da bayanan na tsawon shekaru 30, 1954–84) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Unknown |url=http://www.worldwatercongress2008.org/resource/authors/abs624_article.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322202450/http://www.worldwatercongress2008.org/resource/authors/abs624_article.pdf |archive-date=March 22, 2012}}</ref><timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:220 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:60 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:20 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:January bar:Fév text:February bar:Mar text:Marz bar:Avr text:April bar:Mai text:May bar:Jun text:June bar:Jul text:July bar:Aoû text:August bar:Sep text:Sept. bar:Oct text:Oct. bar:Nov text:Nov. bar:Déc text:Dec. PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 45 bar:Fév from:0 till: 10 bar:Mar from:0 till: 5 bar:Avr from:0 till: 8 bar:Mai from:0 till: 7 bar:Jun from:0 till: 4 bar:Jul from:0 till: 2 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 1 bar:Sep from:0 till: 1 bar:Oct from:0 till: 2 bar:Nov from:0 till: 3 bar:Déc from:0 till: 18 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 45 fontsize:S text: 45 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 10 fontsize:S text: 10 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 5 fontsize:S text: 5 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 8 fontsize:S text: 8 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 7 fontsize:S text: 7 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 4 fontsize:S text: 4 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 2 fontsize:S text: 2 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 1 fontsize:S text: 1 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 1 fontsize:S text: 1 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 2 fontsize:S text: 2 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 3 fontsize:S text: 3 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 18 fontsize:S text: 18 shift:(-10,5) </timeline> == Manazarta == Wembere RiverUmba River (Tanzania)Wembere RiverUmba River (Tanzania)Wembere RiverUmba River (Tanzania) == Duba kuma == * [[Yanayin yanayi na Tanzania|Yanayin ƙasa na Tanzaniya]] * Kwarin Umba * Umba saffir 3samhza1un1g4dpfayzdt0lqmxy5yty 841797 841794 2026-05-28T18:15:03Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 841797 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Umba''' (''Mto Umba'', a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana arewa maso gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] a Gundumomin Lushoto da Mkinga na Yankin Tanga. Yana tashi a Schageiuforest (Shagayu) a cikin tsaunukan Usambara na Yammacin Lushoto a tsayin mita 2,000 kuma yana gudana a gefen arewa na tsaunukan da ke gabas. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deutsches Koloniallexikon 1920, SCHNEE, H.(Buchstabe: Umba) |url=http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=umba |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925212012/http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=Umba |archive-date=2021-09-25 |access-date=2011-04-17}}</ref> A [[Lelwa]] yana zubar da [[Mbalamu River|Kogin Mbalamu]], wanda ya fito daga arewacin tsaunukan Usambara, da [[Mglumi River|Kogin Mglumi]] zuwa cikin Umba. Kafin Umba ta kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]], ta ketare iyaka zuwa [[Kenya]]. Bakin da kanta yana nuna yankin gabas mafi girma a kan iyakar da ke tsakanin Tanzania da Kenya, wanda aka yi shi da layi madaidaiciya zuwa arewa maso yamma zuwa [[Tafkin Victoria]] a ƙarni na 19. A saman kogin a tsakiyar shekarun 1960, an gano tarin duwatsu masu daraja, ciki har da saffir da spessartine. Haka kuma a gefen kogin akwai [[Umba River Game Reserve|wurin ajiye namun daji na Umba River]], wani wurin ajiye namun daji wanda ya haɗa da wurin ajiye namun daji na Mkomazi, kimanin 2,600.&nbsp;km ^2. == Hydrometry == An lura da kwararar kogin sama da shekaru 40 (1963–2003) a Mbuta, wani gari mai kimanin shekaru 40.&nbsp;km sama da bakin. Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na tashar ruwa ta kogin Umba ta Mbuta a kowane wata (a cikin ^m3 / s) (an ƙididdige ta amfani da bayanan na tsawon shekaru 30, 1954–84) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Unknown |url=http://www.worldwatercongress2008.org/resource/authors/abs624_article.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322202450/http://www.worldwatercongress2008.org/resource/authors/abs624_article.pdf |archive-date=March 22, 2012}}</ref><timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:220 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:60 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:20 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:January bar:Fév text:February bar:Mar text:Marz bar:Avr text:April bar:Mai text:May bar:Jun text:June bar:Jul text:July bar:Aoû text:August bar:Sep text:Sept. bar:Oct text:Oct. bar:Nov text:Nov. bar:Déc text:Dec. PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 45 bar:Fév from:0 till: 10 bar:Mar from:0 till: 5 bar:Avr from:0 till: 8 bar:Mai from:0 till: 7 bar:Jun from:0 till: 4 bar:Jul from:0 till: 2 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 1 bar:Sep from:0 till: 1 bar:Oct from:0 till: 2 bar:Nov from:0 till: 3 bar:Déc from:0 till: 18 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 45 fontsize:S text: 45 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 10 fontsize:S text: 10 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 5 fontsize:S text: 5 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 8 fontsize:S text: 8 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 7 fontsize:S text: 7 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 4 fontsize:S text: 4 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 2 fontsize:S text: 2 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 1 fontsize:S text: 1 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 1 fontsize:S text: 1 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 2 fontsize:S text: 2 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 3 fontsize:S text: 3 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 18 fontsize:S text: 18 shift:(-10,5) </timeline> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[Yanayin yanayi na Tanzania|Yanayin ƙasa na Tanzaniya]] * Kwarin Umba * Umba saffir c6tx8iuhwgdl3jnvgoo29eemv0si5n6 841799 841797 2026-05-28T18:16:53Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Umba''' (''Mto Umba'', a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana arewa maso gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] a Gundumomin Lushoto da Mkinga na Yankin Tanga. Yana tashi a Schageiuforest (Shagayu) a cikin tsaunukan Usambara na Yammacin Lushoto a tsayin mita 2,000 kuma yana gudana a gefen arewa na tsaunukan da ke gabas. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deutsches Koloniallexikon 1920, SCHNEE, H.(Buchstabe: Umba) |url=http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=umba |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925212012/http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=Umba |archive-date=2021-09-25 |access-date=2011-04-17}}</ref> A [[Lelwa]] yana zubar da [[Mbalamu River|Kogin Mbalamu]], wanda ya fito daga arewacin tsaunukan Usambara, da [[Mglumi River|Kogin Mglumi]] zuwa cikin Umba. Kafin Umba ta kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]], ta ketare iyaka zuwa [[Kenya]]. Bakin da kanta yana nuna yankin gabas mafi girma a kan iyakar da ke tsakanin Tanzania da Kenya, wanda aka yi shi da layi madaidaiciya zuwa arewa maso yamma zuwa [[Tafkin Victoria]] a ƙarni na 19. A saman kogin a tsakiyar shekarun 1960, an gano tarin duwatsu masu daraja, ciki har da saffir da spessartine. Haka kuma a gefen kogin akwai [[Umba River Game Reserve|wurin ajiye namun daji na Umba River]], wani wurin ajiye namun daji wanda ya haɗa da wurin ajiye namun daji na Mkomazi, kimanin 2,600.&nbsp;km ^2. == Hydrometry == An lura da kwararar kogin sama da shekaru 40 (1963–2003) a Mbuta, wani gari mai kimanin shekaru 40.&nbsp;km sama da bakin. Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na tashar ruwa ta kogin Umba ta Mbuta a kowane wata (a cikin ^m3 / s) (an ƙididdige ta amfani da bayanan na tsawon shekaru 30, 1954–84) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Unknown |url=http://www.worldwatercongress2008.org/resource/authors/abs624_article.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322202450/http://www.worldwatercongress2008.org/resource/authors/abs624_article.pdf |archive-date=March 22, 2012}}</ref><timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:220 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:60 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:20 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:January bar:Fév text:February bar:Mar text:Marz bar:Avr text:April bar:Mai text:May bar:Jun text:June bar:Jul text:July bar:Aoû text:August bar:Sep text:Sept. bar:Oct text:Oct. bar:Nov text:Nov. bar:Déc text:Dec. PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 45 bar:Fév from:0 till: 10 bar:Mar from:0 till: 5 bar:Avr from:0 till: 8 bar:Mai from:0 till: 7 bar:Jun from:0 till: 4 bar:Jul from:0 till: 2 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 1 bar:Sep from:0 till: 1 bar:Oct from:0 till: 2 bar:Nov from:0 till: 3 bar:Déc from:0 till: 18 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 45 fontsize:S text: 45 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 10 fontsize:S text: 10 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 5 fontsize:S text: 5 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 8 fontsize:S text: 8 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 7 fontsize:S text: 7 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 4 fontsize:S text: 4 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 2 fontsize:S text: 2 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 1 fontsize:S text: 1 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 1 fontsize:S text: 1 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 2 fontsize:S text: 2 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 3 fontsize:S text: 3 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 18 fontsize:S text: 18 shift:(-10,5) </timeline> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[Yanayin yanayi na Tanzania|Yanayin ƙasa na Tanzaniya]] * Kwarin Umba * Umba saffir 5bk1y73vhac9p3pqa8sdt40ihewbsyb 0 152864 841802 2026-05-28T18:29:03Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312688908|Ulanga River]]" 841802 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ifakara.Ferry.Kilombero-River.JPG|thumb|Ferry a kan kogin Kilombero, kusa da Ifakara, Tanzania]] '''Kogin Ulanga''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Kogin Kilombero''', yana tashi a tsaunukan kudu maso yammacin yankin Morogoro, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], a gefen gabashin yankin Gabashin Afirka. Kogin yana gudana arewa maso gabas tare da iyakar arewa maso gabashin yankin Lindi kafin ya kwarara zuwa kogin Rufiji. Daga ƙarshe Rufiji yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya a gabar tekun kudancin yankin Pwani. == Ilimin ƙasa == Kwarin Ulanga wani yanki ne mai cike da dausayi na halitta wanda ya ƙunshi koguna da yawa, waɗanda suka zama mafi girman yankin ambaliyar ruwa mai tsafta a yankin Gabashin Afirka. Kogin Ulanga yana samar da kashi biyu bisa uku na ruwan Rufiji. <ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite journal |date=2002-06-19 |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands |url=http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |url-status=dead |location=Dar es Salaam |publisher=United Republic of Tanzania, Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural resources and Tourism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014353/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-22 |access-date=2010-05-15}}</ref> Kogin Ulanga ya samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da manyan koguna da ke fitowa daga kudu, waɗanda ke gudana daga arewacin tsaunuka na yankunan Njombe da Iringa a kan gangaren gabashin Gabashin Afirka da kudu daga Dutsen Udzungwa da Dutsen Mahenge. Daga kudu Kogin Ruhudji yana iska zuwa gabas, yana rasa tsawo da sauri, zuwa saman babban ambaliyar ruwa na kwarin Ulanga. Filin ambaliyar ya mamaye ƙasa mai laushi na kwarin Ulanga a 210-250 m.a.s.l. Kwarin yana fuskantar kudu maso yammacin arewa maso gabas, tsakanin tsaunuka masu yawa a cikin Dutsen Udzungwa, wanda ya kai mita 2,250 sama da kwarin (7°47′0′′S 36°36′0′′E / 7.78333°S 36.60000°E / -7.78333333333; 36.600000000000), a gefen arewa maso yamma da Dutsen Mahenge/ 36.65′75000′′E). Ruhudji yana karɓar mahimman ruwa da yawa sannan ya rabu a kan ambaliyar ruwa zuwa tashoshi da yawa, waɗanda ke samar da cibiyar sadarwa a tsakiyar ambaliyar. Sauran masu wadata da ke zubar da duwatsu a bangarorin da ke adawa da kwarin sun shiga hanyar sadarwa don a tsakiyar akwai manyan tashoshi goma da ke gudana kusan a layi daya. Yankin tafkuna na dindindin, mai tsawon kilomita 45, ya kai kilomita 4 daga yammacin Kogin [[Kihansi Dam|Kihansi]]. An yi madatsar ruwa a cikin kogin da ke sama da Kihansi Gorge a shekarar 1995. Yankunan kudancin tsakiyar ambaliyar ruwa sun sauka da mita 40 a kan nisan kilomita 210. A [[Ifakara]] kwarin ya ragu ya zama kusan kilomita 4 kuma koguna sun haɗu cikin babban rafin Kogin Ulanga. Gabashin Ifakara Ulanga yana gudana ta hanyar delta na tabkuna na oxbow kuma an haɗa shi a gefen hagu ta Kogin Msolwa. Wannan rafi ya fito ne daga tsaunuka masu tsawo na Udzungwas kuma yana ratsa arewacin yankin ambaliyar ruwa, yana kewaye da wani yanki na dindindin zuwa yamma. Daga wurin haɗuwa Kogin Ulanga yana juyawa sosai kudu maso gabas kuma yana barin filin ambaliyar ruwa (da Ramsar Site) a kan iyakar Selous Game Reserve. Kogin Ulanga ya ci gaba da kilomita 65 don haɗuwa da [[Luwegu River|Luwegu]] inda suka haɗu a [[Shuguli Falls]] don zama [[Rafin Rufiji|Kogin Rufiji]]. Rufiji sa'an nan kuma yana gudana zuwa arewa maso gabas ta hanyar Selous Game Reserve a kan hanyarsa zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreas Wildner |display-authors=etal |title=Rufiji River |url=http://www.selous-mbega-camp.com/Rufiji/rufiji.html |access-date=2010-05-14}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi == Tun daga shekarar 1885, Karl Peters ya fara mallakar yankunan [[Gabashin Afirka]] ga [[Jamus]]. Gabar tekun Tanganyikan ta kasance mai sauƙi, amma mamaye yankunan cikin ƙasar mulkin mallaka har zuwa [[Belgian Congo|Kongo ta Belgium]] ya fi wahala domin har yanzu ba a gano manyan sassa ba. Saboda wannan dalili, [[Gwamna]] Gustav Adolf von Götzen ya jagoranci wani balaguro don mallakar waɗannan yankunan. Ya tafi da [[Georg von Prittwitz]] da [[Hermann Kersting]]. An fara binciken Kogin Ulanga da magudanar ruwansa na Kihansi a shekarar 1897-98 ta hannun von Prittwitz a yunƙurin tantance ko kogin biyu zai iya samun hanyar ruwa mai tafiya daga bakin teku zuwa yankin tsaunuka na [[Uhehe]]. Daga [[Perondo, Tanzania|Perondo]] von Prittwitz ya yi tafiya da Kihansi a cikin kwale-kwale, yana tabbatar da cewa Kihansi yana da wahalar tafiya saboda yawan lanƙwasa masu kaifi tare da ƙaramin tashar da dorinar ruwa ke toshewa. Ulanga mai faɗi da lanƙwasa mai santsi yana da sauƙin tafiya da jirgin ruwa mai sauƙin shaƙa. == Siyasa da tattalin arziki == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:Tanzania_Regions.png|right|thumb|204x204px|Yankunan Tanzaniya]] Kogin Ulanga ya samar da iyaka tsakanin gundumar Ulanga da gundumar Kilombero ta yankin Morogoro a kudu maso gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Yawancin mazauna ƙauyen da ke kwarin Ulanga manoma ne na masara da shinkafa, kodayake da yawa suna kamun kifi. Akwai manyan gonakin itacen teak a kwarin Ulanga. A arewa maso yammacin gundumar, gonakin kamfanin sukari na Illovo sun mamaye mafi yawan yankunan da ke da ƙarancin ruwa. == Namun daji == Kwarin Ulanga yana da yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar [[Ɓauna|barewa]], [[giwa]], dorinar ruwa, [[zaki]], da puku. Yawancin barewa na puku a duniya suna zaune ne a kwarin Ulanga. Kwarin yana gida ga ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan mutane na kada na Nilu a Afirka kuma wuri ne mai mahimmanci na kiwo ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye kamar su [[Cimakankari|openbill na Afirka]], lapwing mai kai fari, da kuma skimmer na Afirka. Kwarin yana da nau'ikan halittu da yawa da ake samu a can kawai, kamar biri Udzungwa red colobus da nau'ikan tsuntsaye uku, Ulanga weaver da nau'ikan cisticolas guda biyu da ba a bayyana su ba. <ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite journal |date=2002-06-19 |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands |url=http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |url-status=dead |location=Dar es Salaam |publisher=United Republic of Tanzania, Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural resources and Tourism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014353/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-22 |access-date=2010-05-15}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014353/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf "Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Kogin yana ɗauke da nau'ikan kifaye 23 waɗanda ake kamawa akai-akai, ciki har da nau'ikan kifaye uku da ba a samu a ƙasan Rufiji ba: ''Alestes stuhlmannii'' da nau'ikan ''Citharinus congicus'' guda biyu. Kifi daga tsarin kogin Rufiji suna ƙaura zuwa sama zuwa Ulanga don yin haihu, yawanci a farkon ruwan sama a watan Nuwamba tare da yawan haihuwa a watan Disamba. == Nassoshin al'adu == [[Fayil:KuhnertGalleryofTrees.jpg|thumb|''Hotunan Bishiyoyi Kogin Ulanga'', zane na Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert (1898)]] Jirgin ruwan da aka yi wa lakabi da "The African Queen" a cikin littafin CS Forester mai suna ''"The African Queen"'' (1935) da kuma [[Sarauniyar Afirka|fim ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi]] daga baya (1951) wani jirgin ruwa ne mai amfani da tururi, mallakar wani kamfanin haƙar ma'adinai na Belgium, wanda ya ratsa saman Kogin Ulanga. Mai zane-zanen dabbobi na Jamus Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert ya nuna kogin a cikin zanensa na 1898 mai suna ''The Gallery of Trees River Ulanga''. == Duba kuma == * Gadar Kilombero == Manazarta == Umba River (Tanzania)Umba River (Tanzania)Wembere RiverUmba River (Tanzania)Wembere RiverUmba River (Tanzania)Wembere RiverUmba River (Tanzania) Umba River (Tanzania)Ulanga RiverUmba River (Tanzania)Wembere RiverUmba River (Tanzania)Wembere RiverUmba River (Tanzania)Wembere RiverUmba River (Tanzania) Umba River (Tanzania)Ulanga RiverUmba River (Tanzania)Wembere RiverUmba River (Tanzania)Wembere RiverUmba River (Tanzania)Wembere RiverUmba River (Tanzania) Wembere RiverWembere RiverUmba River (Tanzania)Wembere RiverUmba River (Tanzania)Wembere RiverUmba River (Tanzania) Umba River (Tanzania)Ulanga RiverUmba River (Tanzania)Wembere RiverUmba River (Tanzania)Wembere RiverUmba River (Tanzania)Wembere RiverUmba River (Tanzania) [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dltbvgs90zblfewgx6jr2w967459mtl 841803 841802 2026-05-28T18:31:19Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 841803 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ifakara.Ferry.Kilombero-River.JPG|thumb|Ferry a kan kogin Kilombero, kusa da Ifakara, Tanzania]] '''Kogin Ulanga''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Kogin Kilombero''', yana tashi a tsaunukan kudu maso yammacin yankin Morogoro, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], a gefen gabashin yankin Gabashin Afirka. Kogin yana gudana arewa maso gabas tare da iyakar arewa maso gabashin yankin Lindi kafin ya kwarara zuwa kogin Rufiji. Daga ƙarshe Rufiji yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya a gabar tekun kudancin yankin Pwani. == Ilimin ƙasa == Kwarin Ulanga wani yanki ne mai cike da dausayi na halitta wanda ya ƙunshi koguna da yawa, waɗanda suka zama mafi girman yankin ambaliyar ruwa mai tsafta a yankin Gabashin Afirka. Kogin Ulanga yana samar da kashi biyu bisa uku na ruwan Rufiji. <ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite journal |date=2002-06-19 |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands |url=http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |url-status=dead |location=Dar es Salaam |publisher=United Republic of Tanzania, Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural resources and Tourism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014353/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-22 |access-date=2010-05-15}}</ref> Kogin Ulanga ya samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da manyan koguna da ke fitowa daga kudu, waɗanda ke gudana daga arewacin tsaunuka na yankunan Njombe da Iringa a kan gangaren gabashin Gabashin Afirka da kudu daga Dutsen Udzungwa da Dutsen Mahenge. Daga kudu Kogin Ruhudji yana iska zuwa gabas, yana rasa tsawo da sauri, zuwa saman babban ambaliyar ruwa na kwarin Ulanga. Filin ambaliyar ya mamaye ƙasa mai laushi na kwarin Ulanga a 210-250 m.a.s.l. Kwarin yana fuskantar kudu maso yammacin arewa maso gabas, tsakanin tsaunuka masu yawa a cikin Dutsen Udzungwa, wanda ya kai mita 2,250 sama da kwarin (7°47′0′′S 36°36′0′′E / 7.78333°S 36.60000°E / -7.78333333333; 36.600000000000), a gefen arewa maso yamma da Dutsen Mahenge/ 36.65′75000′′E). Ruhudji yana karɓar mahimman ruwa da yawa sannan ya rabu a kan ambaliyar ruwa zuwa tashoshi da yawa, waɗanda ke samar da cibiyar sadarwa a tsakiyar ambaliyar. Sauran masu wadata da ke zubar da duwatsu a bangarorin da ke adawa da kwarin sun shiga hanyar sadarwa don a tsakiyar akwai manyan tashoshi goma da ke gudana kusan a layi daya. Yankin tafkuna na dindindin, mai tsawon kilomita 45, ya kai kilomita 4 daga yammacin Kogin [[Kihansi Dam|Kihansi]]. An yi madatsar ruwa a cikin kogin da ke sama da Kihansi Gorge a shekarar 1995. Yankunan kudancin tsakiyar ambaliyar ruwa sun sauka da mita 40 a kan nisan kilomita 210. A [[Ifakara]] kwarin ya ragu ya zama kusan kilomita 4 kuma koguna sun haɗu cikin babban rafin Kogin Ulanga. Gabashin Ifakara Ulanga yana gudana ta hanyar delta na tabkuna na oxbow kuma an haɗa shi a gefen hagu ta Kogin Msolwa. Wannan rafi ya fito ne daga tsaunuka masu tsawo na Udzungwas kuma yana ratsa arewacin yankin ambaliyar ruwa, yana kewaye da wani yanki na dindindin zuwa yamma. Daga wurin haɗuwa Kogin Ulanga yana juyawa sosai kudu maso gabas kuma yana barin filin ambaliyar ruwa (da Ramsar Site) a kan iyakar Selous Game Reserve. Kogin Ulanga ya ci gaba da kilomita 65 don haɗuwa da [[Luwegu River|Luwegu]] inda suka haɗu a [[Shuguli Falls]] don zama [[Rafin Rufiji|Kogin Rufiji]]. Rufiji sa'an nan kuma yana gudana zuwa arewa maso gabas ta hanyar Selous Game Reserve a kan hanyarsa zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreas Wildner |display-authors=etal |title=Rufiji River |url=http://www.selous-mbega-camp.com/Rufiji/rufiji.html |access-date=2010-05-14}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi == Tun daga shekarar 1885, Karl Peters ya fara mallakar yankunan [[Gabashin Afirka]] ga [[Jamus]]. Gabar tekun Tanganyikan ta kasance mai sauƙi, amma mamaye yankunan cikin ƙasar mulkin mallaka har zuwa [[Belgian Congo|Kongo ta Belgium]] ya fi wahala domin har yanzu ba a gano manyan sassa ba. Saboda wannan dalili, [[Gwamna]] Gustav Adolf von Götzen ya jagoranci wani balaguro don mallakar waɗannan yankunan. Ya tafi da [[Georg von Prittwitz]] da [[Hermann Kersting]]. An fara binciken Kogin Ulanga da magudanar ruwansa na Kihansi a shekarar 1897-98 ta hannun von Prittwitz a yunƙurin tantance ko kogin biyu zai iya samun hanyar ruwa mai tafiya daga bakin teku zuwa yankin tsaunuka na [[Uhehe]]. Daga [[Perondo, Tanzania|Perondo]] von Prittwitz ya yi tafiya da Kihansi a cikin kwale-kwale, yana tabbatar da cewa Kihansi yana da wahalar tafiya saboda yawan lanƙwasa masu kaifi tare da ƙaramin tashar da dorinar ruwa ke toshewa. Ulanga mai faɗi da lanƙwasa mai santsi yana da sauƙin tafiya da jirgin ruwa mai sauƙin shaƙa. == Siyasa da tattalin arziki == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:Tanzania_Regions.png|right|thumb|204x204px|Yankunan Tanzaniya]] Kogin Ulanga ya samar da iyaka tsakanin gundumar Ulanga da gundumar Kilombero ta yankin Morogoro a kudu maso gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Yawancin mazauna ƙauyen da ke kwarin Ulanga manoma ne na masara da shinkafa, kodayake da yawa suna kamun kifi. Akwai manyan gonakin itacen teak a kwarin Ulanga. A arewa maso yammacin gundumar, gonakin kamfanin sukari na Illovo sun mamaye mafi yawan yankunan da ke da ƙarancin ruwa. == Namun daji == Kwarin Ulanga yana da yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar [[Ɓauna|barewa]], [[giwa]], dorinar ruwa, [[zaki]], da puku. Yawancin barewa na puku a duniya suna zaune ne a kwarin Ulanga. Kwarin yana gida ga ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan mutane na kada na Nilu a Afirka kuma wuri ne mai mahimmanci na kiwo ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye kamar su [[Cimakankari|openbill na Afirka]], lapwing mai kai fari, da kuma skimmer na Afirka. Kwarin yana da nau'ikan halittu da yawa da ake samu a can kawai, kamar biri Udzungwa red colobus da nau'ikan tsuntsaye uku, Ulanga weaver da nau'ikan cisticolas guda biyu da ba a bayyana su ba. <ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite journal |date=2002-06-19 |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands |url=http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |url-status=dead |location=Dar es Salaam |publisher=United Republic of Tanzania, Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural resources and Tourism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014353/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-22 |access-date=2010-05-15}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014353/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf "Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Kogin yana ɗauke da nau'ikan kifaye 23 waɗanda ake kamawa akai-akai, ciki har da nau'ikan kifaye uku da ba a samu a ƙasan Rufiji ba: ''Alestes stuhlmannii'' da nau'ikan ''Citharinus congicus'' guda biyu. Kifi daga tsarin kogin Rufiji suna ƙaura zuwa sama zuwa Ulanga don yin haihu, yawanci a farkon ruwan sama a watan Nuwamba tare da yawan haihuwa a watan Disamba. == Nassoshin al'adu == [[Fayil:KuhnertGalleryofTrees.jpg|thumb|''Hotunan Bishiyoyi Kogin Ulanga'', zane na Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert (1898)]] Jirgin ruwan da aka yi wa lakabi da "The African Queen" a cikin littafin CS Forester mai suna ''"The African Queen"'' (1935) da kuma [[Sarauniyar Afirka|fim ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi]] daga baya (1951) wani jirgin ruwa ne mai amfani da tururi, mallakar wani kamfanin haƙar ma'adinai na Belgium, wanda ya ratsa saman Kogin Ulanga. Mai zane-zanen dabbobi na Jamus Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert ya nuna kogin a cikin zanensa na 1898 mai suna ''The Gallery of Trees River Ulanga''. == Duba kuma == * Gadar Kilombero == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 748qv2875qljlhidypkyo1ek57cndao 841804 841803 2026-05-28T18:33:32Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Tarihi */ 841804 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ifakara.Ferry.Kilombero-River.JPG|thumb|Ferry a kan kogin Kilombero, kusa da Ifakara, Tanzania]] '''Kogin Ulanga''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Kogin Kilombero''', yana tashi a tsaunukan kudu maso yammacin yankin Morogoro, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], a gefen gabashin yankin Gabashin Afirka. Kogin yana gudana arewa maso gabas tare da iyakar arewa maso gabashin yankin Lindi kafin ya kwarara zuwa kogin Rufiji. Daga ƙarshe Rufiji yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya a gabar tekun kudancin yankin Pwani. == Ilimin ƙasa == Kwarin Ulanga wani yanki ne mai cike da dausayi na halitta wanda ya ƙunshi koguna da yawa, waɗanda suka zama mafi girman yankin ambaliyar ruwa mai tsafta a yankin Gabashin Afirka. Kogin Ulanga yana samar da kashi biyu bisa uku na ruwan Rufiji. <ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite journal |date=2002-06-19 |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands |url=http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |url-status=dead |location=Dar es Salaam |publisher=United Republic of Tanzania, Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural resources and Tourism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014353/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-22 |access-date=2010-05-15}}</ref> Kogin Ulanga ya samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da manyan koguna da ke fitowa daga kudu, waɗanda ke gudana daga arewacin tsaunuka na yankunan Njombe da Iringa a kan gangaren gabashin Gabashin Afirka da kudu daga Dutsen Udzungwa da Dutsen Mahenge. Daga kudu Kogin Ruhudji yana iska zuwa gabas, yana rasa tsawo da sauri, zuwa saman babban ambaliyar ruwa na kwarin Ulanga. Filin ambaliyar ya mamaye ƙasa mai laushi na kwarin Ulanga a 210-250 m.a.s.l. Kwarin yana fuskantar kudu maso yammacin arewa maso gabas, tsakanin tsaunuka masu yawa a cikin Dutsen Udzungwa, wanda ya kai mita 2,250 sama da kwarin (7°47′0′′S 36°36′0′′E / 7.78333°S 36.60000°E / -7.78333333333; 36.600000000000), a gefen arewa maso yamma da Dutsen Mahenge/ 36.65′75000′′E). Ruhudji yana karɓar mahimman ruwa da yawa sannan ya rabu a kan ambaliyar ruwa zuwa tashoshi da yawa, waɗanda ke samar da cibiyar sadarwa a tsakiyar ambaliyar. Sauran masu wadata da ke zubar da duwatsu a bangarorin da ke adawa da kwarin sun shiga hanyar sadarwa don a tsakiyar akwai manyan tashoshi goma da ke gudana kusan a layi daya. Yankin tafkuna na dindindin, mai tsawon kilomita 45, ya kai kilomita 4 daga yammacin Kogin [[Kihansi Dam|Kihansi]]. An yi madatsar ruwa a cikin kogin da ke sama da Kihansi Gorge a shekarar 1995. Yankunan kudancin tsakiyar ambaliyar ruwa sun sauka da mita 40 a kan nisan kilomita 210. A [[Ifakara]] kwarin ya ragu ya zama kusan kilomita 4 kuma koguna sun haɗu cikin babban rafin Kogin Ulanga. Gabashin Ifakara Ulanga yana gudana ta hanyar delta na tabkuna na oxbow kuma an haɗa shi a gefen hagu ta Kogin Msolwa. Wannan rafi ya fito ne daga tsaunuka masu tsawo na Udzungwas kuma yana ratsa arewacin yankin ambaliyar ruwa, yana kewaye da wani yanki na dindindin zuwa yamma. Daga wurin haɗuwa Kogin Ulanga yana juyawa sosai kudu maso gabas kuma yana barin filin ambaliyar ruwa (da Ramsar Site) a kan iyakar Selous Game Reserve. Kogin Ulanga ya ci gaba da kilomita 65 don haɗuwa da [[Luwegu River|Luwegu]] inda suka haɗu a [[Shuguli Falls]] don zama [[Rafin Rufiji|Kogin Rufiji]]. Rufiji sa'an nan kuma yana gudana zuwa arewa maso gabas ta hanyar Selous Game Reserve a kan hanyarsa zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreas Wildner |display-authors=etal |title=Rufiji River |url=http://www.selous-mbega-camp.com/Rufiji/rufiji.html |access-date=2010-05-14}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi == Tun daga shekarar 1885, Karl Peters ya fara mallakar yankunan [[Gabashin Afirka]] ga [[Jamus]]. Gabar tekun Tanganyikan ta kasance mai sauƙi, amma mamaye yankunan cikin ƙasar mulkin mallaka har zuwa [[Belgian Congo|Kongo ta Belgium]] ya fi wahala domin har yanzu ba a gano manyan sassa ba. Saboda wannan dalili, [[Gwamna]] Gustav Adolf von Götzen ya jagoranci wani balaguro don mallakar waɗannan yankunan. Ya tafi da [[Georg von Prittwitz]] da [[Hermann Kersting]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Durch Afrika von Ost nach West|author=Gustav Adolf von Götzen|year=1895|publisher=D. Reimer|url=https://archive.org/details/durchafrikavono00gtgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/durchafrikavono00gtgoog/page/n108 1]|quote=Gustav Adolf von Götzen.|location=Berlin}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Deutsch-Ostafrika im Aufstand 1905/06|location=Berlin|year=1909}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Reinhart Bindseil|title=Ruanda im Lebensbild des Offiziers, Afrikaforschers und Kaiserlichen Gouverneurs Gustav Adolf Graf von Götzen (1866—1910). Mit einem Abriss über die zeitgenössischen Forschungsreisenden Franz Stuhlmann, Oscar Baumann, Richard Kandt, Adolf Friedrich Herzog zu Mecklenburg und Hans Meyer|location=Berlin|year=1992|isbn=3-496-00427-4}}</ref> An fara binciken Kogin Ulanga da magudanar ruwansa na Kihansi a shekarar 1897-98 ta hannun von Prittwitz a yunƙurin tantance ko kogin biyu zai iya samun hanyar ruwa mai tafiya daga bakin teku zuwa yankin tsaunuka na [[Uhehe]]. Daga [[Perondo, Tanzania|Perondo]] von Prittwitz ya yi tafiya da Kihansi a cikin kwale-kwale, yana tabbatar da cewa Kihansi yana da wahalar tafiya saboda yawan lanƙwasa masu kaifi tare da ƙaramin tashar da dorinar ruwa ke toshewa. Ulanga mai faɗi da lanƙwasa mai santsi yana da sauƙin tafiya da jirgin ruwa mai sauƙin shaƙa.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Geographical journal, Volume 13|author=Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain|publisher=Royal Geographical Society|location=London|year=1899|pages=660–661}}</ref> == Siyasa da tattalin arziki == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:Tanzania_Regions.png|right|thumb|204x204px|Yankunan Tanzaniya]] Kogin Ulanga ya samar da iyaka tsakanin gundumar Ulanga da gundumar Kilombero ta yankin Morogoro a kudu maso gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Yawancin mazauna ƙauyen da ke kwarin Ulanga manoma ne na masara da shinkafa, kodayake da yawa suna kamun kifi. Akwai manyan gonakin itacen teak a kwarin Ulanga. A arewa maso yammacin gundumar, gonakin kamfanin sukari na Illovo sun mamaye mafi yawan yankunan da ke da ƙarancin ruwa. == Namun daji == Kwarin Ulanga yana da yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar [[Ɓauna|barewa]], [[giwa]], dorinar ruwa, [[zaki]], da puku. Yawancin barewa na puku a duniya suna zaune ne a kwarin Ulanga. Kwarin yana gida ga ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan mutane na kada na Nilu a Afirka kuma wuri ne mai mahimmanci na kiwo ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye kamar su [[Cimakankari|openbill na Afirka]], lapwing mai kai fari, da kuma skimmer na Afirka. Kwarin yana da nau'ikan halittu da yawa da ake samu a can kawai, kamar biri Udzungwa red colobus da nau'ikan tsuntsaye uku, Ulanga weaver da nau'ikan cisticolas guda biyu da ba a bayyana su ba. <ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite journal |date=2002-06-19 |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands |url=http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |url-status=dead |location=Dar es Salaam |publisher=United Republic of Tanzania, Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural resources and Tourism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014353/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-22 |access-date=2010-05-15}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014353/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf "Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Kogin yana ɗauke da nau'ikan kifaye 23 waɗanda ake kamawa akai-akai, ciki har da nau'ikan kifaye uku da ba a samu a ƙasan Rufiji ba: ''Alestes stuhlmannii'' da nau'ikan ''Citharinus congicus'' guda biyu. Kifi daga tsarin kogin Rufiji suna ƙaura zuwa sama zuwa Ulanga don yin haihu, yawanci a farkon ruwan sama a watan Nuwamba tare da yawan haihuwa a watan Disamba. == Nassoshin al'adu == [[Fayil:KuhnertGalleryofTrees.jpg|thumb|''Hotunan Bishiyoyi Kogin Ulanga'', zane na Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert (1898)]] Jirgin ruwan da aka yi wa lakabi da "The African Queen" a cikin littafin CS Forester mai suna ''"The African Queen"'' (1935) da kuma [[Sarauniyar Afirka|fim ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi]] daga baya (1951) wani jirgin ruwa ne mai amfani da tururi, mallakar wani kamfanin haƙar ma'adinai na Belgium, wanda ya ratsa saman Kogin Ulanga. Mai zane-zanen dabbobi na Jamus Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert ya nuna kogin a cikin zanensa na 1898 mai suna ''The Gallery of Trees River Ulanga''. == Duba kuma == * Gadar Kilombero == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nc58cje2iuf3dhumdf8081y316dr8yv 841805 841804 2026-05-28T18:34:52Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Namun daji */ 841805 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ifakara.Ferry.Kilombero-River.JPG|thumb|Ferry a kan kogin Kilombero, kusa da Ifakara, Tanzania]] '''Kogin Ulanga''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Kogin Kilombero''', yana tashi a tsaunukan kudu maso yammacin yankin Morogoro, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], a gefen gabashin yankin Gabashin Afirka. Kogin yana gudana arewa maso gabas tare da iyakar arewa maso gabashin yankin Lindi kafin ya kwarara zuwa kogin Rufiji. Daga ƙarshe Rufiji yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya a gabar tekun kudancin yankin Pwani. == Ilimin ƙasa == Kwarin Ulanga wani yanki ne mai cike da dausayi na halitta wanda ya ƙunshi koguna da yawa, waɗanda suka zama mafi girman yankin ambaliyar ruwa mai tsafta a yankin Gabashin Afirka. Kogin Ulanga yana samar da kashi biyu bisa uku na ruwan Rufiji. <ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite journal |date=2002-06-19 |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands |url=http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |url-status=dead |location=Dar es Salaam |publisher=United Republic of Tanzania, Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural resources and Tourism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014353/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-22 |access-date=2010-05-15}}</ref> Kogin Ulanga ya samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da manyan koguna da ke fitowa daga kudu, waɗanda ke gudana daga arewacin tsaunuka na yankunan Njombe da Iringa a kan gangaren gabashin Gabashin Afirka da kudu daga Dutsen Udzungwa da Dutsen Mahenge. Daga kudu Kogin Ruhudji yana iska zuwa gabas, yana rasa tsawo da sauri, zuwa saman babban ambaliyar ruwa na kwarin Ulanga. Filin ambaliyar ya mamaye ƙasa mai laushi na kwarin Ulanga a 210-250 m.a.s.l. Kwarin yana fuskantar kudu maso yammacin arewa maso gabas, tsakanin tsaunuka masu yawa a cikin Dutsen Udzungwa, wanda ya kai mita 2,250 sama da kwarin (7°47′0′′S 36°36′0′′E / 7.78333°S 36.60000°E / -7.78333333333; 36.600000000000), a gefen arewa maso yamma da Dutsen Mahenge/ 36.65′75000′′E). Ruhudji yana karɓar mahimman ruwa da yawa sannan ya rabu a kan ambaliyar ruwa zuwa tashoshi da yawa, waɗanda ke samar da cibiyar sadarwa a tsakiyar ambaliyar. Sauran masu wadata da ke zubar da duwatsu a bangarorin da ke adawa da kwarin sun shiga hanyar sadarwa don a tsakiyar akwai manyan tashoshi goma da ke gudana kusan a layi daya. Yankin tafkuna na dindindin, mai tsawon kilomita 45, ya kai kilomita 4 daga yammacin Kogin [[Kihansi Dam|Kihansi]]. An yi madatsar ruwa a cikin kogin da ke sama da Kihansi Gorge a shekarar 1995. Yankunan kudancin tsakiyar ambaliyar ruwa sun sauka da mita 40 a kan nisan kilomita 210. A [[Ifakara]] kwarin ya ragu ya zama kusan kilomita 4 kuma koguna sun haɗu cikin babban rafin Kogin Ulanga. Gabashin Ifakara Ulanga yana gudana ta hanyar delta na tabkuna na oxbow kuma an haɗa shi a gefen hagu ta Kogin Msolwa. Wannan rafi ya fito ne daga tsaunuka masu tsawo na Udzungwas kuma yana ratsa arewacin yankin ambaliyar ruwa, yana kewaye da wani yanki na dindindin zuwa yamma. Daga wurin haɗuwa Kogin Ulanga yana juyawa sosai kudu maso gabas kuma yana barin filin ambaliyar ruwa (da Ramsar Site) a kan iyakar Selous Game Reserve. Kogin Ulanga ya ci gaba da kilomita 65 don haɗuwa da [[Luwegu River|Luwegu]] inda suka haɗu a [[Shuguli Falls]] don zama [[Rafin Rufiji|Kogin Rufiji]]. Rufiji sa'an nan kuma yana gudana zuwa arewa maso gabas ta hanyar Selous Game Reserve a kan hanyarsa zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreas Wildner |display-authors=etal |title=Rufiji River |url=http://www.selous-mbega-camp.com/Rufiji/rufiji.html |access-date=2010-05-14}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi == Tun daga shekarar 1885, Karl Peters ya fara mallakar yankunan [[Gabashin Afirka]] ga [[Jamus]]. Gabar tekun Tanganyikan ta kasance mai sauƙi, amma mamaye yankunan cikin ƙasar mulkin mallaka har zuwa [[Belgian Congo|Kongo ta Belgium]] ya fi wahala domin har yanzu ba a gano manyan sassa ba. Saboda wannan dalili, [[Gwamna]] Gustav Adolf von Götzen ya jagoranci wani balaguro don mallakar waɗannan yankunan. Ya tafi da [[Georg von Prittwitz]] da [[Hermann Kersting]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Durch Afrika von Ost nach West|author=Gustav Adolf von Götzen|year=1895|publisher=D. Reimer|url=https://archive.org/details/durchafrikavono00gtgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/durchafrikavono00gtgoog/page/n108 1]|quote=Gustav Adolf von Götzen.|location=Berlin}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Deutsch-Ostafrika im Aufstand 1905/06|location=Berlin|year=1909}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Reinhart Bindseil|title=Ruanda im Lebensbild des Offiziers, Afrikaforschers und Kaiserlichen Gouverneurs Gustav Adolf Graf von Götzen (1866—1910). Mit einem Abriss über die zeitgenössischen Forschungsreisenden Franz Stuhlmann, Oscar Baumann, Richard Kandt, Adolf Friedrich Herzog zu Mecklenburg und Hans Meyer|location=Berlin|year=1992|isbn=3-496-00427-4}}</ref> An fara binciken Kogin Ulanga da magudanar ruwansa na Kihansi a shekarar 1897-98 ta hannun von Prittwitz a yunƙurin tantance ko kogin biyu zai iya samun hanyar ruwa mai tafiya daga bakin teku zuwa yankin tsaunuka na [[Uhehe]]. Daga [[Perondo, Tanzania|Perondo]] von Prittwitz ya yi tafiya da Kihansi a cikin kwale-kwale, yana tabbatar da cewa Kihansi yana da wahalar tafiya saboda yawan lanƙwasa masu kaifi tare da ƙaramin tashar da dorinar ruwa ke toshewa. Ulanga mai faɗi da lanƙwasa mai santsi yana da sauƙin tafiya da jirgin ruwa mai sauƙin shaƙa.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Geographical journal, Volume 13|author=Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain|publisher=Royal Geographical Society|location=London|year=1899|pages=660–661}}</ref> == Siyasa da tattalin arziki == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:Tanzania_Regions.png|right|thumb|204x204px|Yankunan Tanzaniya]] Kogin Ulanga ya samar da iyaka tsakanin gundumar Ulanga da gundumar Kilombero ta yankin Morogoro a kudu maso gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Yawancin mazauna ƙauyen da ke kwarin Ulanga manoma ne na masara da shinkafa, kodayake da yawa suna kamun kifi. Akwai manyan gonakin itacen teak a kwarin Ulanga. A arewa maso yammacin gundumar, gonakin kamfanin sukari na Illovo sun mamaye mafi yawan yankunan da ke da ƙarancin ruwa. == Namun daji == Kwarin Ulanga yana da yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar [[Ɓauna|barewa]], [[giwa]], dorinar ruwa, [[zaki]], da puku. Yawancin barewa na puku a duniya suna zaune ne a kwarin Ulanga. Kwarin yana gida ga ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan mutane na kada na Nilu a Afirka kuma wuri ne mai mahimmanci na kiwo ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye kamar su [[Cimakankari|openbill na Afirka]], lapwing mai kai fari, da kuma skimmer na Afirka.<ref name="Ramsar" /><ref name="Games">Games I., & Severre E. L. M., 1999, Tanzanian crocodile survey, October 1999, A report to the Director of Wildlife, Tanzania</ref><ref name="Dinesen">Dinesen, L., Lehmberg, T., Rahner, M. & Fjeldsa, J. 2001. Conservation priorities for the forests of the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania, based on primates, duikers and birds. Biological Conservation 99:223-236.</ref><ref name="Stattersfield">Stattersfield, A. J., Crowby, M.J., long, A. J., Wege, D. C. 1998. Endemic Bird Areas of the World. Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. BirdLife International, Cambridge UK. Tanzania Country Study on Biological Diversity 1998. Sponsored by UNEP, GEF, NORAD. Government of the United Republic of Tanzania, Vice Presidents Office.</ref><ref name="Baker1996">Baker, N. 1996. Tanzania Waterbird Count - The first coordinated count on the major wetlands of Tanzania. For Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania/BirdLife Tanzania.</ref><ref name="Jenkins2000b">Jenkins, R, Roettcher, K, Corti, G & Fanning, E, 2000b, The Ulanga River Fishery, Annual Report, unpublished, Frontier Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.</ref><ref name="Rainey">Rainey, H., Birnie, N., Cameron, A., Mwangomo, E., Starkey, M. 2000. Bird Survey in Ulanga Valley in 1997. Unpublished report.</ref> Kwarin yana da nau'ikan halittu da yawa da ake samu a can kawai, kamar biri Udzungwa red colobus da nau'ikan tsuntsaye uku, Ulanga weaver da nau'ikan cisticolas guda biyu da ba a bayyana su ba. <ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite journal |date=2002-06-19 |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands |url=http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |url-status=dead |location=Dar es Salaam |publisher=United Republic of Tanzania, Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural resources and Tourism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014353/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-22 |access-date=2010-05-15}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014353/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf "Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Kogin yana ɗauke da nau'ikan kifaye 23 waɗanda ake kamawa akai-akai, ciki har da nau'ikan kifaye uku da ba a samu a ƙasan Rufiji ba: ''Alestes stuhlmannii'' da nau'ikan ''Citharinus congicus'' guda biyu. Kifi daga tsarin kogin Rufiji suna ƙaura zuwa sama zuwa Ulanga don yin haihu, yawanci a farkon ruwan sama a watan Nuwamba tare da yawan haihuwa a watan Disamba. == Nassoshin al'adu == [[Fayil:KuhnertGalleryofTrees.jpg|thumb|''Hotunan Bishiyoyi Kogin Ulanga'', zane na Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert (1898)]] Jirgin ruwan da aka yi wa lakabi da "The African Queen" a cikin littafin CS Forester mai suna ''"The African Queen"'' (1935) da kuma [[Sarauniyar Afirka|fim ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi]] daga baya (1951) wani jirgin ruwa ne mai amfani da tururi, mallakar wani kamfanin haƙar ma'adinai na Belgium, wanda ya ratsa saman Kogin Ulanga. Mai zane-zanen dabbobi na Jamus Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert ya nuna kogin a cikin zanensa na 1898 mai suna ''The Gallery of Trees River Ulanga''. == Duba kuma == * Gadar Kilombero == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] izi1el2tjolvg76ttftz1ycq4g7q2th 841806 841805 2026-05-28T18:35:26Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Ifakara.Ferry.Kilombero-River.JPG|thumb|Ferry a kan kogin Kilombero, kusa da Ifakara, Tanzania]] '''Kogin Ulanga''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Kogin Kilombero''', yana tashi a tsaunukan kudu maso yammacin yankin Morogoro, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], a gefen gabashin yankin Gabashin Afirka. Kogin yana gudana arewa maso gabas tare da iyakar arewa maso gabashin yankin Lindi kafin ya kwarara zuwa kogin Rufiji. Daga ƙarshe Rufiji yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya a gabar tekun kudancin yankin Pwani. == Ilimin ƙasa == Kwarin Ulanga wani yanki ne mai cike da dausayi na halitta wanda ya ƙunshi koguna da yawa, waɗanda suka zama mafi girman yankin ambaliyar ruwa mai tsafta a yankin Gabashin Afirka. Kogin Ulanga yana samar da kashi biyu bisa uku na ruwan Rufiji. <ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite journal |date=2002-06-19 |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands |url=http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |url-status=dead |location=Dar es Salaam |publisher=United Republic of Tanzania, Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural resources and Tourism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014353/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-22 |access-date=2010-05-15}}</ref> Kogin Ulanga ya samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da manyan koguna da ke fitowa daga kudu, waɗanda ke gudana daga arewacin tsaunuka na yankunan Njombe da Iringa a kan gangaren gabashin Gabashin Afirka da kudu daga Dutsen Udzungwa da Dutsen Mahenge. Daga kudu Kogin Ruhudji yana iska zuwa gabas, yana rasa tsawo da sauri, zuwa saman babban ambaliyar ruwa na kwarin Ulanga. Filin ambaliyar ya mamaye ƙasa mai laushi na kwarin Ulanga a 210-250 m.a.s.l. Kwarin yana fuskantar kudu maso yammacin arewa maso gabas, tsakanin tsaunuka masu yawa a cikin Dutsen Udzungwa, wanda ya kai mita 2,250 sama da kwarin (7°47′0′′S 36°36′0′′E / 7.78333°S 36.60000°E / -7.78333333333; 36.600000000000), a gefen arewa maso yamma da Dutsen Mahenge/ 36.65′75000′′E). Ruhudji yana karɓar mahimman ruwa da yawa sannan ya rabu a kan ambaliyar ruwa zuwa tashoshi da yawa, waɗanda ke samar da cibiyar sadarwa a tsakiyar ambaliyar. Sauran masu wadata da ke zubar da duwatsu a bangarorin da ke adawa da kwarin sun shiga hanyar sadarwa don a tsakiyar akwai manyan tashoshi goma da ke gudana kusan a layi daya. Yankin tafkuna na dindindin, mai tsawon kilomita 45, ya kai kilomita 4 daga yammacin Kogin [[Kihansi Dam|Kihansi]]. An yi madatsar ruwa a cikin kogin da ke sama da Kihansi Gorge a shekarar 1995. Yankunan kudancin tsakiyar ambaliyar ruwa sun sauka da mita 40 a kan nisan kilomita 210. A [[Ifakara]] kwarin ya ragu ya zama kusan kilomita 4 kuma koguna sun haɗu cikin babban rafin Kogin Ulanga. Gabashin Ifakara Ulanga yana gudana ta hanyar delta na tabkuna na oxbow kuma an haɗa shi a gefen hagu ta Kogin Msolwa. Wannan rafi ya fito ne daga tsaunuka masu tsawo na Udzungwas kuma yana ratsa arewacin yankin ambaliyar ruwa, yana kewaye da wani yanki na dindindin zuwa yamma. Daga wurin haɗuwa Kogin Ulanga yana juyawa sosai kudu maso gabas kuma yana barin filin ambaliyar ruwa (da Ramsar Site) a kan iyakar Selous Game Reserve. Kogin Ulanga ya ci gaba da kilomita 65 don haɗuwa da [[Luwegu River|Luwegu]] inda suka haɗu a [[Shuguli Falls]] don zama [[Rafin Rufiji|Kogin Rufiji]]. Rufiji sa'an nan kuma yana gudana zuwa arewa maso gabas ta hanyar Selous Game Reserve a kan hanyarsa zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreas Wildner |display-authors=etal |title=Rufiji River |url=http://www.selous-mbega-camp.com/Rufiji/rufiji.html |access-date=2010-05-14}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi == Tun daga shekarar 1885, Karl Peters ya fara mallakar yankunan [[Gabashin Afirka]] ga [[Jamus]]. Gabar tekun Tanganyikan ta kasance mai sauƙi, amma mamaye yankunan cikin ƙasar mulkin mallaka har zuwa [[Belgian Congo|Kongo ta Belgium]] ya fi wahala domin har yanzu ba a gano manyan sassa ba. Saboda wannan dalili, [[Gwamna]] Gustav Adolf von Götzen ya jagoranci wani balaguro don mallakar waɗannan yankunan. Ya tafi da [[Georg von Prittwitz]] da [[Hermann Kersting]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Durch Afrika von Ost nach West|author=Gustav Adolf von Götzen|year=1895|publisher=D. Reimer|url=https://archive.org/details/durchafrikavono00gtgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/durchafrikavono00gtgoog/page/n108 1]|quote=Gustav Adolf von Götzen.|location=Berlin}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Deutsch-Ostafrika im Aufstand 1905/06|location=Berlin|year=1909}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Reinhart Bindseil|title=Ruanda im Lebensbild des Offiziers, Afrikaforschers und Kaiserlichen Gouverneurs Gustav Adolf Graf von Götzen (1866—1910). Mit einem Abriss über die zeitgenössischen Forschungsreisenden Franz Stuhlmann, Oscar Baumann, Richard Kandt, Adolf Friedrich Herzog zu Mecklenburg und Hans Meyer|location=Berlin|year=1992|isbn=3-496-00427-4}}</ref> An fara binciken Kogin Ulanga da magudanar ruwansa na Kihansi a shekarar 1897-98 ta hannun von Prittwitz a yunƙurin tantance ko kogin biyu zai iya samun hanyar ruwa mai tafiya daga bakin teku zuwa yankin tsaunuka na [[Uhehe]]. Daga [[Perondo, Tanzania|Perondo]] von Prittwitz ya yi tafiya da Kihansi a cikin kwale-kwale, yana tabbatar da cewa Kihansi yana da wahalar tafiya saboda yawan lanƙwasa masu kaifi tare da ƙaramin tashar da dorinar ruwa ke toshewa. Ulanga mai faɗi da lanƙwasa mai santsi yana da sauƙin tafiya da jirgin ruwa mai sauƙin shaƙa.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Geographical journal, Volume 13|author=Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain|publisher=Royal Geographical Society|location=London|year=1899|pages=660–661}}</ref> == Siyasa da tattalin arziki == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:Tanzania_Regions.png|right|thumb|204x204px|Yankunan Tanzaniya]] Kogin Ulanga ya samar da iyaka tsakanin gundumar Ulanga da gundumar Kilombero ta yankin Morogoro a kudu maso gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Yawancin mazauna ƙauyen da ke kwarin Ulanga manoma ne na masara da shinkafa, kodayake da yawa suna kamun kifi. Akwai manyan gonakin itacen teak a kwarin Ulanga. A arewa maso yammacin gundumar, gonakin kamfanin sukari na Illovo sun mamaye mafi yawan yankunan da ke da ƙarancin ruwa. == Namun daji == Kwarin Ulanga yana da yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar [[Ɓauna|barewa]], [[giwa]], dorinar ruwa, [[zaki]], da puku. Yawancin barewa na puku a duniya suna zaune ne a kwarin Ulanga. Kwarin yana gida ga ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan mutane na kada na Nilu a Afirka kuma wuri ne mai mahimmanci na kiwo ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye kamar su [[Cimakankari|openbill na Afirka]], lapwing mai kai fari, da kuma skimmer na Afirka.<ref name="Ramsar" /><ref name="Games">Games I., & Severre E. L. M., 1999, Tanzanian crocodile survey, October 1999, A report to the Director of Wildlife, Tanzania</ref><ref name="Dinesen">Dinesen, L., Lehmberg, T., Rahner, M. & Fjeldsa, J. 2001. Conservation priorities for the forests of the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania, based on primates, duikers and birds. Biological Conservation 99:223-236.</ref><ref name="Stattersfield">Stattersfield, A. J., Crowby, M.J., long, A. J., Wege, D. C. 1998. Endemic Bird Areas of the World. Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. BirdLife International, Cambridge UK. Tanzania Country Study on Biological Diversity 1998. Sponsored by UNEP, GEF, NORAD. Government of the United Republic of Tanzania, Vice Presidents Office.</ref><ref name="Baker1996">Baker, N. 1996. Tanzania Waterbird Count - The first coordinated count on the major wetlands of Tanzania. For Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania/BirdLife Tanzania.</ref><ref name="Jenkins2000b">Jenkins, R, Roettcher, K, Corti, G & Fanning, E, 2000b, The Ulanga River Fishery, Annual Report, unpublished, Frontier Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.</ref><ref name="Rainey">Rainey, H., Birnie, N., Cameron, A., Mwangomo, E., Starkey, M. 2000. Bird Survey in Ulanga Valley in 1997. Unpublished report.</ref> Kwarin yana da nau'ikan halittu da yawa da ake samu a can kawai, kamar biri Udzungwa red colobus da nau'ikan tsuntsaye uku, Ulanga weaver da nau'ikan cisticolas guda biyu da ba a bayyana su ba. <ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite journal |date=2002-06-19 |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands |url=http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |url-status=dead |location=Dar es Salaam |publisher=United Republic of Tanzania, Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural resources and Tourism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014353/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-22 |access-date=2010-05-15}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014353/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf "Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Kogin yana ɗauke da nau'ikan kifaye 23 waɗanda ake kamawa akai-akai, ciki har da nau'ikan kifaye uku da ba a samu a ƙasan Rufiji ba: ''Alestes stuhlmannii'' da nau'ikan ''Citharinus congicus'' guda biyu. Kifi daga tsarin kogin Rufiji suna ƙaura zuwa sama zuwa Ulanga don yin haihu, yawanci a farkon ruwan sama a watan Nuwamba tare da yawan haihuwa a watan Disamba. == Nassoshin al'adu == [[Fayil:KuhnertGalleryofTrees.jpg|thumb|''Hotunan Bishiyoyi Kogin Ulanga'', zane na Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert (1898)]] Jirgin ruwan da aka yi wa lakabi da "The African Queen" a cikin littafin CS Forester mai suna ''"The African Queen"'' (1935) da kuma [[Sarauniyar Afirka|fim ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi]] daga baya (1951) wani jirgin ruwa ne mai amfani da tururi, mallakar wani kamfanin haƙar ma'adinai na Belgium, wanda ya ratsa saman Kogin Ulanga. Mai zane-zanen dabbobi na Jamus Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert ya nuna kogin a cikin zanensa na 1898 mai suna ''The Gallery of Trees River Ulanga''. == Duba kuma == * Gadar Kilombero == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 141reaexssnmq1alsnu4l9bfdz3mpjk 0 152865 841810 2026-05-28T18:57:31Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1299276737|Simiyu River]]" 841810 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Simiyu''' kogi ne da ke yankin Simiyu da kuma yankin Arusha, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Yana kwarara zuwa [[tafkin Victoria]] a yankin Manyan Tafkuna na Afirka. A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin shiga Tafkin Victoria guda shida, yana zama wani ɓangare na babban kogin [[Nil|Nilu]]. An sanya wa yankin Simiyu suna bayan kogin. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tushen kogin yana kan gangaren yamma na Dutsen Loolmalasin da tsaunukan Ngorongoro a Yankin Arusha. Yana gudana ta gefen kudu na Serengeti National Park zuwa Magu Bay na [[Speke Gulf]] of Lake Victoria. Simiyu yana da manyan rafuka guda biyu da ke shiga daga dama, Kogin Duma da Kogin Komahola, da kuma ɗaya daga hagu Kogin Maloho. Akwai noma mai yawa a ƙananan yankin Simiyu Basin, wanda ke haifar da kwararar takin zamani da magungunan kashe kwari. <ref name="Rwetabula">{{Cite journal |last=Rwetabula, J. |last2=De Smedt, F. |last3=Rebhun, M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions |volume=4 |pages=881&ndash;908 |doi=10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Delta na Simiyu wani dausayi ne da ke farawa daga ƙasa daga garin Magu . <ref name="Malya-map" /> Sama daga Magu a ƙasan Dajin Ndagalu ƙauyen Samilunga ne. <ref name="Malya-map" /> == Tarihi == A shekarar 1875, Henry Morton Stanley shi ne Ba’amurke na farko da ya ga Kogin Simiyu. <ref name="Stanley">Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, {{ISBN|0486256677}}</ref> {{Rp|124}} == Yanayi == Akwai yanayi biyu na damina, na farko mai haske daga watan Nuwamba zuwa Janairu, na biyu kuma mai nauyi daga watan Maris zuwa Mayu, wanda ke haifar da 700 zuwa 1000&nbsp;mm na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara. Ƙasa da kashi 10% na ruwan sama yana isa bakin kogin saboda yawan fitar da hayaki. <ref name="Rwetabula">{{Cite journal |last=Rwetabula, J. |last2=De Smedt, F. |last3=Rebhun, M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions |volume=4 |pages=881&ndash;908 |doi=10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRwetabula,_J.De_Smedt,_F.Rebhun,_M.2007">Rwetabula, J.; De Smedt, F. & Rebhun, M. (2007). [https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf "Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions''. '''4''': <span class="nowrap">881–</span>908. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007|10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007]]</span>.</cite></ref> == Hydrometri == Matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Simiyu na wata-wata da aka auna a tashar ruwa da ke Magu Mjini Estate, kimanin 10&nbsp;km sama da baki a cikin m³ / s (1999–2004). <ref name="Rwetabula">{{Cite journal |last=Rwetabula, J. |last2=De Smedt, F. |last3=Rebhun, M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions |volume=4 |pages=881&ndash;908 |doi=10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRwetabula,_J.De_Smedt,_F.Rebhun,_M.2007">Rwetabula, J.; De Smedt, F. & Rebhun, M. (2007). [https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf "Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions''. '''4''': <span class="nowrap">881–</span>908. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007|10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007]]</span>.</cite></ref> Guduwar Simiyu tana motsa dangane da lokaci, kamar yawancin koguna a yankin.<timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:220 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:35 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:5 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:January bar:Fév text:February bar:Mar text:Marz bar:Avr text:April bar:Mai text:May bar:Jun text:June bar:Jul text:July bar:Aoû text:August bar:Sep text:Sept. bar:Oct text:Oct. bar:Nov text:Nov. bar:Déc text:Dec. PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 32 bar:Fév from:0 till: 7 bar:Mar from:0 till: 29 bar:Avr from:0 till: 30 bar:Mai from:0 till: 33 bar:Jun from:0 till: 2 bar:Jul from:0 till: 0 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 0 bar:Sep from:0 till: 0 bar:Oct from:0 till: 0 bar:Nov from:0 till: 9 bar:Déc from:0 till: 34 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 32 fontsize:S text: 32 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 7 fontsize:S text: 7 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 29 fontsize:S text: 29 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 30 fontsize:S text: 30 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 33 fontsize:S text: 33 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 2 fontsize:S text: 2 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 0 fontsize:S text: 0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 0 fontsize:S text: 0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 0 fontsize:S text: 0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 0 fontsize:S text: 0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 9 fontsize:S text: 9 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 34 fontsize:S text: 34 shift:(-10,5) </timeline> == Manazarta == Lake Manyara tabkin da ya riga ya kasance a yankin.Tsarin Yanayi na Tarangire—wanda kuma aka sani da Tsarin Yanayi na Masai Steppe+ Tarangire-Manyara nx0qzk1nbxtt2mx1loqsmwa2lrpqj72 841811 841810 2026-05-28T18:58:24Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 841811 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Simiyu''' kogi ne da ke yankin Simiyu da kuma yankin Arusha, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Yana kwarara zuwa [[tafkin Victoria]] a yankin Manyan Tafkuna na Afirka. A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin shiga Tafkin Victoria guda shida, yana zama wani ɓangare na babban kogin [[Nil|Nilu]]. An sanya wa yankin Simiyu suna bayan kogin. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tushen kogin yana kan gangaren yamma na Dutsen Loolmalasin da tsaunukan Ngorongoro a Yankin Arusha. Yana gudana ta gefen kudu na Serengeti National Park zuwa Magu Bay na [[Speke Gulf]] of Lake Victoria. Simiyu yana da manyan rafuka guda biyu da ke shiga daga dama, Kogin Duma da Kogin Komahola, da kuma ɗaya daga hagu Kogin Maloho. Akwai noma mai yawa a ƙananan yankin Simiyu Basin, wanda ke haifar da kwararar takin zamani da magungunan kashe kwari. <ref name="Rwetabula">{{Cite journal |last=Rwetabula, J. |last2=De Smedt, F. |last3=Rebhun, M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions |volume=4 |pages=881&ndash;908 |doi=10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Delta na Simiyu wani dausayi ne da ke farawa daga ƙasa daga garin Magu . <ref name="Malya-map" /> Sama daga Magu a ƙasan Dajin Ndagalu ƙauyen Samilunga ne. <ref name="Malya-map" /> == Tarihi == A shekarar 1875, Henry Morton Stanley shi ne Ba’amurke na farko da ya ga Kogin Simiyu. <ref name="Stanley">Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, {{ISBN|0486256677}}</ref> {{Rp|124}} == Yanayi == Akwai yanayi biyu na damina, na farko mai haske daga watan Nuwamba zuwa Janairu, na biyu kuma mai nauyi daga watan Maris zuwa Mayu, wanda ke haifar da 700 zuwa 1000&nbsp;mm na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara. Ƙasa da kashi 10% na ruwan sama yana isa bakin kogin saboda yawan fitar da hayaki. <ref name="Rwetabula">{{Cite journal |last=Rwetabula, J. |last2=De Smedt, F. |last3=Rebhun, M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions |volume=4 |pages=881&ndash;908 |doi=10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRwetabula,_J.De_Smedt,_F.Rebhun,_M.2007">Rwetabula, J.; De Smedt, F. & Rebhun, M. (2007). [https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf "Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions''. '''4''': <span class="nowrap">881–</span>908. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007|10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007]]</span>.</cite></ref> == Hydrometri == Matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Simiyu na wata-wata da aka auna a tashar ruwa da ke Magu Mjini Estate, kimanin 10&nbsp;km sama da baki a cikin m³ / s (1999–2004). <ref name="Rwetabula">{{Cite journal |last=Rwetabula, J. |last2=De Smedt, F. |last3=Rebhun, M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions |volume=4 |pages=881&ndash;908 |doi=10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRwetabula,_J.De_Smedt,_F.Rebhun,_M.2007">Rwetabula, J.; De Smedt, F. & Rebhun, M. (2007). [https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf "Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions''. '''4''': <span class="nowrap">881–</span>908. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007|10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007]]</span>.</cite></ref> Guduwar Simiyu tana motsa dangane da lokaci, kamar yawancin koguna a yankin.<timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:220 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:35 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:5 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:January bar:Fév text:February bar:Mar text:Marz bar:Avr text:April bar:Mai text:May bar:Jun text:June bar:Jul text:July bar:Aoû text:August bar:Sep text:Sept. bar:Oct text:Oct. bar:Nov text:Nov. bar:Déc text:Dec. PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 32 bar:Fév from:0 till: 7 bar:Mar from:0 till: 29 bar:Avr from:0 till: 30 bar:Mai from:0 till: 33 bar:Jun from:0 till: 2 bar:Jul from:0 till: 0 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 0 bar:Sep from:0 till: 0 bar:Oct from:0 till: 0 bar:Nov from:0 till: 9 bar:Déc from:0 till: 34 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 32 fontsize:S text: 32 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 7 fontsize:S text: 7 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 29 fontsize:S text: 29 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 30 fontsize:S text: 30 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 33 fontsize:S text: 33 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 2 fontsize:S text: 2 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 0 fontsize:S text: 0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 0 fontsize:S text: 0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 0 fontsize:S text: 0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 0 fontsize:S text: 0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 9 fontsize:S text: 9 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 34 fontsize:S text: 34 shift:(-10,5) </timeline> == Manazarta == qx88qrrona0hrckbd8y2ky1kw9tjt8h 841812 841811 2026-05-28T18:59:11Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841812 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Simiyu'''<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881923C03774E0440003BA962ED3|Simiyu River (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> kogi ne da ke yankin Simiyu da kuma yankin Arusha, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Yana kwarara zuwa [[tafkin Victoria]] a yankin Manyan Tafkuna na Afirka. A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin shiga Tafkin Victoria guda shida, yana zama wani ɓangare na babban kogin [[Nil|Nilu]]. An sanya wa yankin Simiyu suna bayan kogin. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tushen kogin yana kan gangaren yamma na Dutsen Loolmalasin da tsaunukan Ngorongoro a Yankin Arusha. Yana gudana ta gefen kudu na Serengeti National Park zuwa Magu Bay na [[Speke Gulf]] of Lake Victoria. Simiyu yana da manyan rafuka guda biyu da ke shiga daga dama, Kogin Duma da Kogin Komahola, da kuma ɗaya daga hagu Kogin Maloho. Akwai noma mai yawa a ƙananan yankin Simiyu Basin, wanda ke haifar da kwararar takin zamani da magungunan kashe kwari. <ref name="Rwetabula">{{Cite journal |last=Rwetabula, J. |last2=De Smedt, F. |last3=Rebhun, M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions |volume=4 |pages=881&ndash;908 |doi=10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Delta na Simiyu wani dausayi ne da ke farawa daga ƙasa daga garin Magu . <ref name="Malya-map" /> Sama daga Magu a ƙasan Dajin Ndagalu ƙauyen Samilunga ne. <ref name="Malya-map" /> == Tarihi == A shekarar 1875, Henry Morton Stanley shi ne Ba’amurke na farko da ya ga Kogin Simiyu. <ref name="Stanley">Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, {{ISBN|0486256677}}</ref> {{Rp|124}} == Yanayi == Akwai yanayi biyu na damina, na farko mai haske daga watan Nuwamba zuwa Janairu, na biyu kuma mai nauyi daga watan Maris zuwa Mayu, wanda ke haifar da 700 zuwa 1000&nbsp;mm na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara. Ƙasa da kashi 10% na ruwan sama yana isa bakin kogin saboda yawan fitar da hayaki. <ref name="Rwetabula">{{Cite journal |last=Rwetabula, J. |last2=De Smedt, F. |last3=Rebhun, M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions |volume=4 |pages=881&ndash;908 |doi=10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRwetabula,_J.De_Smedt,_F.Rebhun,_M.2007">Rwetabula, J.; De Smedt, F. & Rebhun, M. (2007). [https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf "Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions''. '''4''': <span class="nowrap">881–</span>908. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007|10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007]]</span>.</cite></ref> == Hydrometri == Matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Simiyu na wata-wata da aka auna a tashar ruwa da ke Magu Mjini Estate, kimanin 10&nbsp;km sama da baki a cikin m³ / s (1999–2004). <ref name="Rwetabula">{{Cite journal |last=Rwetabula, J. |last2=De Smedt, F. |last3=Rebhun, M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions |volume=4 |pages=881&ndash;908 |doi=10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRwetabula,_J.De_Smedt,_F.Rebhun,_M.2007">Rwetabula, J.; De Smedt, F. & Rebhun, M. (2007). [https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf "Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions''. '''4''': <span class="nowrap">881–</span>908. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007|10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007]]</span>.</cite></ref> Guduwar Simiyu tana motsa dangane da lokaci, kamar yawancin koguna a yankin.<timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:220 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:35 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:5 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:January bar:Fév text:February bar:Mar text:Marz bar:Avr text:April bar:Mai text:May bar:Jun text:June bar:Jul text:July bar:Aoû text:August bar:Sep text:Sept. bar:Oct text:Oct. bar:Nov text:Nov. bar:Déc text:Dec. PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 32 bar:Fév from:0 till: 7 bar:Mar from:0 till: 29 bar:Avr from:0 till: 30 bar:Mai from:0 till: 33 bar:Jun from:0 till: 2 bar:Jul from:0 till: 0 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 0 bar:Sep from:0 till: 0 bar:Oct from:0 till: 0 bar:Nov from:0 till: 9 bar:Déc from:0 till: 34 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 32 fontsize:S text: 32 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 7 fontsize:S text: 7 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 29 fontsize:S text: 29 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 30 fontsize:S text: 30 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 33 fontsize:S text: 33 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 2 fontsize:S text: 2 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 0 fontsize:S text: 0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 0 fontsize:S text: 0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 0 fontsize:S text: 0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 0 fontsize:S text: 0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 9 fontsize:S text: 9 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 34 fontsize:S text: 34 shift:(-10,5) </timeline> == Manazarta == kheb5uwxwx6sbowxg3d05foyuu05ewy 841813 841812 2026-05-28T19:01:32Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Yanayin ƙasa */ 841813 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Simiyu'''<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881923C03774E0440003BA962ED3|Simiyu River (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> kogi ne da ke yankin Simiyu da kuma yankin Arusha, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Yana kwarara zuwa [[tafkin Victoria]] a yankin Manyan Tafkuna na Afirka. A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin shiga Tafkin Victoria guda shida, yana zama wani ɓangare na babban kogin [[Nil|Nilu]]. An sanya wa yankin Simiyu suna bayan kogin. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tushen kogin yana kan gangaren yamma na Dutsen Loolmalasin da tsaunukan Ngorongoro a Yankin Arusha.<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA8819410B3774E0440003BA962ED3|Magu Bay (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> Yana gudana ta gefen kudu na Serengeti National Park zuwa Magu Bay na [[Speke Gulf]] of Lake Victoria.<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881959153774E0440003BA962ED3|Duma River (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> Simiyu yana da manyan rafuka guda biyu da ke shiga daga dama,<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881947CC3774E0440003BA962ED3|Komahola (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> Kogin Duma da Kogin Komahola, da kuma ɗaya daga hagu Kogin Maloho.<ref name="Malya-map">{{Citation|author=Survey and Mapping Division, Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development|year=1982|title=Topographic Map 1:250,000, Malya, SA 36-11|publisher=United Republic of Tanzania}}</ref> Akwai noma mai yawa a ƙananan yankin Simiyu Basin, wanda ke haifar da kwararar takin zamani da magungunan kashe kwari. <ref name="Rwetabula">{{Cite journal |last=Rwetabula, J. |last2=De Smedt, F. |last3=Rebhun, M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions |volume=4 |pages=881&ndash;908 |doi=10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Delta na Simiyu wani dausayi ne da ke farawa daga ƙasa daga garin Magu . <ref name="Malya-map" /> Sama daga Magu a ƙasan Dajin Ndagalu ƙauyen Samilunga ne.<ref name="Rwetabula">{{Cite journal|author1=Rwetabula, J. |author2=De Smedt, F. |author3=Rebhun, M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007|title=Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions|volume=4|pages=881&ndash;908|url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf|doi=10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Malya-map" /> == Tarihi == A shekarar 1875, Henry Morton Stanley shi ne Ba’amurke na farko da ya ga Kogin Simiyu. <ref name="Stanley">Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, {{ISBN|0486256677}}</ref> {{Rp|124}} == Yanayi == Akwai yanayi biyu na damina, na farko mai haske daga watan Nuwamba zuwa Janairu, na biyu kuma mai nauyi daga watan Maris zuwa Mayu, wanda ke haifar da 700 zuwa 1000&nbsp;mm na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara. Ƙasa da kashi 10% na ruwan sama yana isa bakin kogin saboda yawan fitar da hayaki. <ref name="Rwetabula">{{Cite journal |last=Rwetabula, J. |last2=De Smedt, F. |last3=Rebhun, M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions |volume=4 |pages=881&ndash;908 |doi=10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRwetabula,_J.De_Smedt,_F.Rebhun,_M.2007">Rwetabula, J.; De Smedt, F. & Rebhun, M. (2007). [https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf "Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions''. '''4''': <span class="nowrap">881–</span>908. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007|10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007]]</span>.</cite></ref> == Hydrometri == Matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Simiyu na wata-wata da aka auna a tashar ruwa da ke Magu Mjini Estate, kimanin 10&nbsp;km sama da baki a cikin m³ / s (1999–2004). <ref name="Rwetabula">{{Cite journal |last=Rwetabula, J. |last2=De Smedt, F. |last3=Rebhun, M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions |volume=4 |pages=881&ndash;908 |doi=10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRwetabula,_J.De_Smedt,_F.Rebhun,_M.2007">Rwetabula, J.; De Smedt, F. & Rebhun, M. (2007). [https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf "Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions''. '''4''': <span class="nowrap">881–</span>908. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007|10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007]]</span>.</cite></ref> Guduwar Simiyu tana motsa dangane da lokaci, kamar yawancin koguna a yankin.<timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:220 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:35 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:5 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:January bar:Fév text:February bar:Mar text:Marz bar:Avr text:April bar:Mai text:May bar:Jun text:June bar:Jul text:July bar:Aoû text:August bar:Sep text:Sept. bar:Oct text:Oct. bar:Nov text:Nov. bar:Déc text:Dec. PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 32 bar:Fév from:0 till: 7 bar:Mar from:0 till: 29 bar:Avr from:0 till: 30 bar:Mai from:0 till: 33 bar:Jun from:0 till: 2 bar:Jul from:0 till: 0 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 0 bar:Sep from:0 till: 0 bar:Oct from:0 till: 0 bar:Nov from:0 till: 9 bar:Déc from:0 till: 34 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 32 fontsize:S text: 32 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 7 fontsize:S text: 7 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 29 fontsize:S text: 29 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 30 fontsize:S text: 30 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 33 fontsize:S text: 33 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 2 fontsize:S text: 2 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 0 fontsize:S text: 0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 0 fontsize:S text: 0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 0 fontsize:S text: 0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 0 fontsize:S text: 0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 9 fontsize:S text: 9 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 34 fontsize:S text: 34 shift:(-10,5) </timeline> == Manazarta == cks4tegb0ka3u7roy5za0lnekqwoo7w 841814 841813 2026-05-28T19:02:57Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Simiyu'''<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881923C03774E0440003BA962ED3|Simiyu River (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> kogi ne da ke yankin Simiyu da kuma yankin Arusha, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Yana kwarara zuwa [[tafkin Victoria]] a yankin Manyan Tafkuna na Afirka. A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin shiga Tafkin Victoria guda shida, yana zama wani ɓangare na babban kogin [[Nil|Nilu]]. An sanya wa yankin Simiyu suna bayan kogin. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tushen kogin yana kan gangaren yamma na Dutsen Loolmalasin da tsaunukan Ngorongoro a Yankin Arusha.<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA8819410B3774E0440003BA962ED3|Magu Bay (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> Yana gudana ta gefen kudu na Serengeti National Park zuwa Magu Bay na [[Speke Gulf]] of Lake Victoria.<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881959153774E0440003BA962ED3|Duma River (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> Simiyu yana da manyan rafuka guda biyu da ke shiga daga dama,<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881947CC3774E0440003BA962ED3|Komahola (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> Kogin Duma da Kogin Komahola, da kuma ɗaya daga hagu Kogin Maloho.<ref name="Malya-map">{{Citation|author=Survey and Mapping Division, Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development|year=1982|title=Topographic Map 1:250,000, Malya, SA 36-11|publisher=United Republic of Tanzania}}</ref> Akwai noma mai yawa a ƙananan yankin Simiyu Basin, wanda ke haifar da kwararar takin zamani da magungunan kashe kwari. <ref name="Rwetabula">{{Cite journal |last=Rwetabula, J. |last2=De Smedt, F. |last3=Rebhun, M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions |volume=4 |pages=881&ndash;908 |doi=10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Delta na Simiyu wani dausayi ne da ke farawa daga ƙasa daga garin Magu . <ref name="Malya-map" /> Sama daga Magu a ƙasan Dajin Ndagalu ƙauyen Samilunga ne.<ref name="Rwetabula">{{Cite journal|author1=Rwetabula, J. |author2=De Smedt, F. |author3=Rebhun, M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007|title=Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions|volume=4|pages=881&ndash;908|url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf|doi=10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Malya-map" /> == Tarihi == A shekarar 1875, Henry Morton Stanley shi ne Ba’amurke na farko da ya ga Kogin Simiyu. <ref name="Stanley">Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, {{ISBN|0486256677}}</ref> {{Rp|124}} == Yanayi == Akwai yanayi biyu na damina, na farko mai haske daga watan Nuwamba zuwa Janairu, na biyu kuma mai nauyi daga watan Maris zuwa Mayu, wanda ke haifar da 700 zuwa 1000&nbsp;mm na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara. Ƙasa da kashi 10% na ruwan sama yana isa bakin kogin saboda yawan fitar da hayaki. <ref name="Rwetabula">{{Cite journal |last=Rwetabula, J. |last2=De Smedt, F. |last3=Rebhun, M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions |volume=4 |pages=881&ndash;908 |doi=10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRwetabula,_J.De_Smedt,_F.Rebhun,_M.2007">Rwetabula, J.; De Smedt, F. & Rebhun, M. (2007). [https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf "Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions''. '''4''': <span class="nowrap">881–</span>908. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007|10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007]]</span>.</cite></ref> == Hydrometri == Matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Simiyu na wata-wata da aka auna a tashar ruwa da ke Magu Mjini Estate, kimanin 10&nbsp;km sama da baki a cikin m³ / s (1999–2004). <ref name="Rwetabula">{{Cite journal |last=Rwetabula, J. |last2=De Smedt, F. |last3=Rebhun, M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions |volume=4 |pages=881&ndash;908 |doi=10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRwetabula,_J.De_Smedt,_F.Rebhun,_M.2007">Rwetabula, J.; De Smedt, F. & Rebhun, M. (2007). [https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/881/2007/hessd-4-881-2007-print.pdf "Prediction of runoff and discharge in the Simiyu River (tributary of Lake Victoria, Tanzania) using the WetSpa model"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions''. '''4''': <span class="nowrap">881–</span>908. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007|10.5194/hessd-4-881-2007]]</span>.</cite></ref> Guduwar Simiyu tana motsa dangane da lokaci, kamar yawancin koguna a yankin.<timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:220 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:35 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:5 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:January bar:Fév text:February bar:Mar text:Marz bar:Avr text:April bar:Mai text:May bar:Jun text:June bar:Jul text:July bar:Aoû text:August bar:Sep text:Sept. bar:Oct text:Oct. bar:Nov text:Nov. bar:Déc text:Dec. PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 32 bar:Fév from:0 till: 7 bar:Mar from:0 till: 29 bar:Avr from:0 till: 30 bar:Mai from:0 till: 33 bar:Jun from:0 till: 2 bar:Jul from:0 till: 0 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 0 bar:Sep from:0 till: 0 bar:Oct from:0 till: 0 bar:Nov from:0 till: 9 bar:Déc from:0 till: 34 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 32 fontsize:S text: 32 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 7 fontsize:S text: 7 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 29 fontsize:S text: 29 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 30 fontsize:S text: 30 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 33 fontsize:S text: 33 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 2 fontsize:S text: 2 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 0 fontsize:S text: 0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 0 fontsize:S text: 0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 0 fontsize:S text: 0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 0 fontsize:S text: 0 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 9 fontsize:S text: 9 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 34 fontsize:S text: 34 shift:(-10,5) </timeline> == Manazarta == mkczsvtrgx7gmsrfehnuwx67o84ty76 0 152866 841815 2026-05-28T19:05:44Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335018726|Saunyi River]]" 841815 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Saunyi''' (''Mto Saunyi'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana yankin yammacin Tanga da kuma kudancin Manyara na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Ya fara ne a gundumar [[Mkindi]] da gundumar Kilindi ta yankin Tanga sannan daga bisani ya malalo zuwa kogin Pangani a gundumar Mkalamo a gundumar Korogwe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saunyi River |url=http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/consultation/station.asp?STID=09537011&lang=en |access-date=2023-05-11}}</ref> == Manazarta == h7x6fw855iusbqmrepyu05tre8sr8xq 841816 841815 2026-05-28T19:07:09Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841816 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Saunyi''' (''Mto Saunyi'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana yankin yammacin Tanga da kuma kudancin Manyara na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Saunyi River|url=http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/consultation/station.asp?STID=09537011&lang=en|access-date= 2023-05-11}}</ref><ref>Ibrahim, Barbara, and Fouad Ibrahim N. “Pastoralists in Transition - A Case Study from Lengijape, Maasai Steppe.” GeoJournal, vol. 36, no. 1, 1995, pp. 27–48. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41146468. Accessed 11 May 2023.</ref><ref>Mungâ, Henry G., Milline J. Mbonile, and Faustin P. Maganga. "Innovative pathways for enhancing climate change and variability resilience among agro-pastoral communities in semi-arid areas of Kiteto and Kilindi Districts, Tanzania." African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 13.5 (2019): 201-219.</ref> Ya fara ne a gundumar [[Mkindi]] da gundumar Kilindi ta yankin Tanga sannan daga bisani ya malalo zuwa kogin Pangani a gundumar Mkalamo a gundumar Korogwe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saunyi River |url=http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/consultation/station.asp?STID=09537011&lang=en |access-date=2023-05-11}}</ref> == Manazarta == jqhj3o4smmv7r5385dxykx8f7vmeqh6 841818 841816 2026-05-28T19:08:19Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Saunyi''' (''Mto Saunyi'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana yankin yammacin Tanga da kuma kudancin Manyara na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Saunyi River|url=http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/consultation/station.asp?STID=09537011&lang=en|access-date= 2023-05-11}}</ref><ref>Ibrahim, Barbara, and Fouad Ibrahim N. “Pastoralists in Transition - A Case Study from Lengijape, Maasai Steppe.” GeoJournal, vol. 36, no. 1, 1995, pp. 27–48. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41146468. Accessed 11 May 2023.</ref><ref>Mungâ, Henry G., Milline J. Mbonile, and Faustin P. Maganga. "Innovative pathways for enhancing climate change and variability resilience among agro-pastoral communities in semi-arid areas of Kiteto and Kilindi Districts, Tanzania." African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 13.5 (2019): 201-219.</ref> Ya fara ne a gundumar [[Mkindi]] da gundumar Kilindi ta yankin Tanga sannan daga bisani ya malalo zuwa kogin Pangani a gundumar Mkalamo a gundumar Korogwe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saunyi River |url=http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/consultation/station.asp?STID=09537011&lang=en |access-date=2023-05-11}}</ref> == Manazarta == pmqxmne6mz4xsv6c8p6zeqowad6qlir 0 152867 841820 2026-05-28T19:37:23Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1171910531|Sanya River (Kilimanjaro)]]" 841820 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Sanya''' (''Mto Sanya'' a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana a arewacin yankin Kilimanjaro na [[Tanzaniya]]. Yana farawa a gundumar Livishi a gundumar Siha kuma daga ƙarshe ya magudawa zuwa Kogin Kikuletwa wani rafi na kogin Pangani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanya River |url=https://www.geonames.org/150224/sanya-river.html |access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> Kogin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin Chagga a masarautar Chagga ta [[Siha (Kibongoto)]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanya River profile |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-150224.html |access-date=2023-05-10}}</ref> == Manazarta == 74td0qohbgzci93vwisjbfetop920r5 841823 841820 2026-05-28T19:41:45Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841823 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Sanya''' (''Mto Sanya'' a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana a arewacin yankin Kilimanjaro na [[Tanzaniya]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Sanya River|url=https://www.geonames.org/150224/sanya-river.html|access-date= 2023-05-09}}</ref><ref>Part, A. "Tanzania Energy Development and Access Project (TEDAP)." (2005).</ref> Yana farawa a gundumar Livishi a gundumar Siha kuma daga ƙarshe ya magudawa zuwa Kogin Kikuletwa wani rafi na kogin Pangani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanya River |url=https://www.geonames.org/150224/sanya-river.html |access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> Kogin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin Chagga a masarautar Chagga ta [[Siha (Kibongoto)]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Sanya River profile|url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-150224.html|access-date= 2023-05-10}}</ref><ref>Ijumulana, Julian, et al. "Spatial variability of the sources and distribution of fluoride in groundwater of the Sanya alluvial plain aquifers in northern Tanzania." Science of the Total Environment 810 (2022): 152153.</ref><ref>Komakech, Hans C., and Pieter van der Zaag. "Polycentrism and pitfalls: the formation of water users forums in the Kikuletwa catchment, Tanzania." Water International 38.3 (2013): 231-249.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanya River profile |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-150224.html |access-date=2023-05-10}}</ref> == Manazarta == fypcic0xav6da4spr6b6hty16yt0srw 841824 841823 2026-05-28T19:42:11Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Sanya''' (''Mto Sanya'' a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana a arewacin yankin Kilimanjaro na [[Tanzaniya]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Sanya River|url=https://www.geonames.org/150224/sanya-river.html|access-date= 2023-05-09}}</ref><ref>Part, A. "Tanzania Energy Development and Access Project (TEDAP)." (2005).</ref> Yana farawa a gundumar Livishi a gundumar Siha kuma daga ƙarshe ya magudawa zuwa Kogin Kikuletwa wani rafi na kogin Pangani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanya River |url=https://www.geonames.org/150224/sanya-river.html |access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref> Kogin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin Chagga a masarautar Chagga ta [[Siha (Kibongoto)]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Sanya River profile|url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-150224.html|access-date= 2023-05-10}}</ref><ref>Ijumulana, Julian, et al. "Spatial variability of the sources and distribution of fluoride in groundwater of the Sanya alluvial plain aquifers in northern Tanzania." Science of the Total Environment 810 (2022): 152153.</ref><ref>Komakech, Hans C., and Pieter van der Zaag. "Polycentrism and pitfalls: the formation of water users forums in the Kikuletwa catchment, Tanzania." Water International 38.3 (2013): 231-249.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanya River profile |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-150224.html |access-date=2023-05-10}}</ref> == Manazarta == d1eqrr0ro8mqnl21ngzgmgtfudw5rge 0 152868 841821 2026-05-28T19:38:26Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339926960|Amisa River]]" 841821 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Amisa''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Ochi Amisa''', '''Okyi-Amisa''', '''Eminsa Ɔkye''', da '''Eminsa Okye''' ) ya tashi ya ratsa ta [[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|yankin Tsakiyar]] [[Ghana]], ta cikin Mankessim, ya shiga tafkin Amisa sannan ya gangara zuwa [[Tekun Guinea]] a kudancin [[Suprudu]], kusa da Saltpond . == Yanayin ƙasa == Fadin kogin Amisa ya kai kilomita 15,576; kamar yadda aka gani a shekarar 2007, yankin ruwan yana da ƙarancin yawan jama'a idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankunan kogin da ke makwabtaka da shi, inda mazauna 150 ke zaune a kowace murabba'in kilomita. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Nixon |first=Scott W. |last2=Buckley |first2=Betty A. |last3=Granger |first3=S. L. |last4=Entsua-Mensah |first4=M. |last5=Ansa-Asare |first5=O. |last6=White |first6=M. J. |last7=McKinney |first7=Richard A. |last8=Mensah |first8=E. |date=2007 |title=Anthropogenic Enrichment and Nutrients in Some Tropical Lagoons of Ghana, West Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061823 |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=S144–S164 |issn=1051-0761}}</ref> {{Rp|146}}Yankin magudanar ruwansa ya kai kilomita 1368 kuma a shekarar 1998 an kiyasta matsakaicin fitar ruwansa a kowace shekara ya kai mita 12.8 a kowace daƙiƙa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=OPOKU-ANKOMAH |first=Y. |last2=FORSON |first2=M. A. |date=1998-10-01 |title=Assessing surface water resources of the Southwestern and Coastal basin systems of Ghana |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02626669809492169 |journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=733–740 |doi=10.1080/02626669809492169 |issn=0262-6667 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> : 737 Kogin yana da siffa ta "wurare masu faɗi" da kuma "faɗin shiga" daga teku. <ref name=":12" /> {{Rp|146}} == tattalin arziki == Kogin yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin ruwa guda tara da ake samun ruwa mai tsafta a Yankin Tsakiya, tare da tsarin samar da ruwan da ke Baifikrom Headworks. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Central – GWL – Welcome |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/central/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Hakanan yana da mahimmanci ga ban ruwa na noma, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Armah |first=A. K. |last2=Darpaah |first2=G. A. |last3=Wiafe |first3=G. |date=1999-02-01 |title=Water quality studies on two irrigation-associated rivers in southern Ghana |url=http://www.ajol.info/index.php/jgsa/article/view/17810 |journal=Journal of the Ghana Science Association |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.4314/jgsa.v1i2.17810 |issn=0855-3823 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> yayin da tafkinsa mai fadin kilomita 2.1 yana da alaƙa da samar da gishiri da kamun kifi. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Nixon |first=Scott W. |last2=Buckley |first2=Betty A. |last3=Granger |first3=S. L. |last4=Entsua-Mensah |first4=M. |last5=Ansa-Asare |first5=O. |last6=White |first6=M. J. |last7=McKinney |first7=Richard A. |last8=Mensah |first8=E. |date=2007 |title=Anthropogenic Enrichment and Nutrients in Some Tropical Lagoons of Ghana, West Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061823 |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=S144–S164 |issn=1051-0761}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNixonBuckleyGrangerEntsua-Mensah2007">Nixon, Scott W.; Buckley, Betty A.; Granger, S. L.; Entsua-Mensah, M.; Ansa-Asare, O.; White, M. J.; McKinney, Richard A.; Mensah, E. (2007). </cite></ref> {{Rp|146, 147}} == Al'adu == Kogin yana ciyar da ɗaya daga cikin manyan tafkuna biyu a cikin gandun daji na gargajiya na Nananom Pow, Atsendu Pod. {{Rp|6}} == Manazarta == m8lxlei7bhhh782cuzm4ulk3nr7ezqw 841822 841821 2026-05-28T19:39:05Z Engineer014 44591 841822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Amisa''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Ochi Amisa''', '''Okyi-Amisa''', '''Eminsa Ɔkye''', da '''Eminsa Okye''' ) ya tashi ya ratsa ta [[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|yankin Tsakiyar]] [[Ghana]], ta cikin Mankessim, ya shiga tafkin Amisa sannan ya gangara zuwa [[Tekun Guinea]] a kudancin [[Suprudu]], kusa da Saltpond . == Yanayin ƙasa == Fadin kogin Amisa ya kai kilomita 15,576; kamar yadda aka gani a shekarar 2007, yankin ruwan yana da ƙarancin yawan jama'a idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankunan kogin da ke makwabtaka da shi, inda mazauna 150 ke zaune a kowace murabba'in kilomita. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Nixon |first=Scott W. |last2=Buckley |first2=Betty A. |last3=Granger |first3=S. L. |last4=Entsua-Mensah |first4=M. |last5=Ansa-Asare |first5=O. |last6=White |first6=M. J. |last7=McKinney |first7=Richard A. |last8=Mensah |first8=E. |date=2007 |title=Anthropogenic Enrichment and Nutrients in Some Tropical Lagoons of Ghana, West Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061823 |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=S144–S164 |issn=1051-0761}}</ref> {{Rp|146}}Yankin magudanar ruwansa ya kai kilomita 1368 kuma a shekarar 1998 an kiyasta matsakaicin fitar ruwansa a kowace shekara ya kai mita 12.8 a kowace daƙiƙa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=OPOKU-ANKOMAH |first=Y. |last2=FORSON |first2=M. A. |date=1998-10-01 |title=Assessing surface water resources of the Southwestern and Coastal basin systems of Ghana |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02626669809492169 |journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=733–740 |doi=10.1080/02626669809492169 |issn=0262-6667 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> : 737 Kogin yana da siffa ta "wurare masu faɗi" da kuma "faɗin shiga" daga teku. <ref name=":12" /> {{Rp|146}} == tattalin arziki == Kogin yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin ruwa guda tara da ake samun ruwa mai tsafta a Yankin Tsakiya, tare da tsarin samar da ruwan da ke Baifikrom Headworks. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Central – GWL – Welcome |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/central/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Hakanan yana da mahimmanci ga ban ruwa na noma, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Armah |first=A. K. |last2=Darpaah |first2=G. A. |last3=Wiafe |first3=G. |date=1999-02-01 |title=Water quality studies on two irrigation-associated rivers in southern Ghana |url=http://www.ajol.info/index.php/jgsa/article/view/17810 |journal=Journal of the Ghana Science Association |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.4314/jgsa.v1i2.17810 |issn=0855-3823 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> yayin da tafkinsa mai fadin kilomita 2.1 yana da alaƙa da samar da gishiri da kamun kifi. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Nixon |first=Scott W. |last2=Buckley |first2=Betty A. |last3=Granger |first3=S. L. |last4=Entsua-Mensah |first4=M. |last5=Ansa-Asare |first5=O. |last6=White |first6=M. J. |last7=McKinney |first7=Richard A. |last8=Mensah |first8=E. |date=2007 |title=Anthropogenic Enrichment and Nutrients in Some Tropical Lagoons of Ghana, West Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061823 |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=S144–S164 |issn=1051-0761}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNixonBuckleyGrangerEntsua-Mensah2007">Nixon, Scott W.; Buckley, Betty A.; Granger, S. L.; Entsua-Mensah, M.; Ansa-Asare, O.; White, M. J.; McKinney, Richard A.; Mensah, E. (2007). </cite></ref> {{Rp|146, 147}} == Al'adu == Kogin yana ciyar da ɗaya daga cikin manyan tafkuna biyu a cikin gandun daji na gargajiya na Nananom Pow, Atsendu Pod. {{Rp|6}} == Manazarta == ljdbje7k56xf2fhd1s5i3mqt92sg55z 0 152869 841825 2026-05-28T19:43:43Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339835805|Sanaga River]]" 841825 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Sanaga''' (wanda a ake German ) shine kogi mafi girma a [[Kamaru]] wanda ke yankin Gabas, yankin tsakiya da yankin Littoral . Tsawonsa ya kai kimanin {{Cvt|603|km}} daga mahaɗar Djérem da Kogin Lom. Jimillar tsawon tsarin Kogin Sanaga-Djérem ya kai kimanin {{Cvt|1,067.5|km}} . Djérem shine mafi tsayin maɓuɓɓugar Kogin Sanaga, tsawonsa ya kai kilomita 464.5. == Kwas ɗin == Kogin Sanaga yana da tushe daga Plateau na Adamawa . An samar da shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwar kogunan [[Djérem River|Djérem]] da [[Lom River (Cameroon)|Lom]] a arewacin Yankin Gabas . Kogin Djérem yana da jimillar tsawonsa {{Cvt|464.5|km}} da Kogin Lom jimillar tsawonsu ya kai {{Cvt|424.2|km}} . Baya ga waɗannan kogunan da suka samo asali, babbar magudanar ruwa ta Sanaga ita ce [[Kogin Mbam]] wanda jimillar tsawonsa ya kai {{Cvt|548|km}} . == Yanayi == Kogin Sanaga ya samar da iyaka tsakanin yankuna biyu na [[Kudancin zafi da na subtropical mai laushi|dazuzzukan da ke da danshi a wurare masu zafi]] . [[Gidajen da ke bakin teku na Cross-Sanaga-Bioko|Dazuzzukan bakin teku na Cross-Sanaga-Bioko]] suna arewa tsakanin Kogin Sanaga da [[Kogin Cross River (Najeriya)|Kogin Cross]] na [[Najeriya]], kuma dazuzzukan bakin teku na Tekun Atlantika sun miƙe kudu da kogin ta hanyar kudu maso yammacin Kamaru da [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Congo]], Cabinda da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo]] . == Ilimin Ruwa da Ruwa == An auna kwararar kogin a Edéa a cikin m ³ / s: == Madatsun ruwa da ma'ajiyar ruwa == Tun daga farkon kogin, akwai madatsun ruwa guda biyu a kogin Sanaga: == Sufuri == [[Fayil:Photo_Pont_Allemand_d'Edéa.JPG|right|thumb|Gadar Edea a kan titin Sanaga]] * Jirgin ƙasa na Camrail yana haɗe da Kogin Sanaga da ke Edea . [[Fayil:Alentour_fleuve_sanaga_09.jpg|thumb|Daji a kusa da Kogin Sanaga]] [[Fayil:Alentour_fleuve_sanaga_06.jpg|thumb|A kusa da Kogin Sanaga]] == Manazarta == atrvplnwzp2j43igczdblm2a6letnez 841826 841825 2026-05-28T19:44:16Z Engineer014 44591 841826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Sanaga''' (wanda a ake German ) shine kogi mafi girma a [[Kamaru]] wanda ke yankin Gabas, yankin tsakiya da yankin Littoral . Tsawonsa ya kai kimanin {{Cvt|603|km}} daga mahaɗar Djérem da Kogin Lom. Jimillar tsawon tsarin Kogin Sanaga-Djérem ya kai kimanin {{Cvt|1,067.5|km}} . Djérem shine mafi tsayin maɓuɓɓugar Kogin Sanaga, tsawonsa ya kai kilomita 464.5. == Kwas ɗin == Kogin Sanaga yana da tushe daga Plateau na Adamawa . An samar da shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwar kogunan [[Djérem River|Djérem]] da [[Lom River (Cameroon)|Lom]] a arewacin Yankin Gabas . Kogin Djérem yana da jimillar tsawonsa {{Cvt|464.5|km}} da Kogin Lom jimillar tsawonsu ya kai {{Cvt|424.2|km}} . Baya ga waɗannan kogunan da suka samo asali, babbar magudanar ruwa ta Sanaga ita ce [[Kogin Mbam]] wanda jimillar tsawonsa ya kai {{Cvt|548|km}} . == Yanayi == Kogin Sanaga ya samar da iyaka tsakanin yankuna biyu na [[Kudancin zafi da na subtropical mai laushi|dazuzzukan da ke da danshi a wurare masu zafi]] . [[Gidajen da ke bakin teku na Cross-Sanaga-Bioko|Dazuzzukan bakin teku na Cross-Sanaga-Bioko]] suna arewa tsakanin Kogin Sanaga da [[Kogin Cross River (Najeriya)|Kogin Cross]] na [[Najeriya]], kuma dazuzzukan bakin teku na Tekun Atlantika sun miƙe kudu da kogin ta hanyar kudu maso yammacin Kamaru da [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Congo]], Cabinda da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo]] . == Ilimin Ruwa da Ruwa == An auna kwararar kogin a Edéa a cikin m ³ / s: == Madatsun ruwa da ma'ajiyar ruwa == Tun daga farkon kogin, akwai madatsun ruwa guda biyu a kogin Sanaga: == Sufuri == [[Fayil:Photo_Pont_Allemand_d'Edéa.JPG|right|thumb|Gadar Edea a kan titin Sanaga]] * Jirgin ƙasa na Camrail yana haɗe da Kogin Sanaga da ke Edea . [[Fayil:Alentour_fleuve_sanaga_09.jpg|thumb|Daji a kusa da Kogin Sanaga]] [[Fayil:Alentour_fleuve_sanaga_06.jpg|thumb|A kusa da Kogin Sanaga]] == Manazarta == qe2c3f4qx6243gazf9hn9m1xxtk18ra 0 152870 841828 2026-05-28T19:46:53Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304256914|Tati River]]" 841828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Location map|Botswana}}'''Kogin Tati''' kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin [[Botswana]], wani magudanar ruwa ne na Kogin Shashe, wanda shi ma magudanar ruwa ce ta [[Kogin Limpopo]] . Kogin yana ratsa ta Francistown, inda Kogin Ntshe (ko Inchwe) ya haɗu da shi daga hagu. {{Sfn|Bule|2010}} == Tarihi == A kusan shekara ta 1865, wani mafarauci ya ci karo da alamun tsoffin haƙa zinare kusa da Tati. {{Sfn|White|2004}} Ya gayyaci Karl Mauch ya raka shi a tafiyarsa ta gaba, kuma a shekara ta 1866, Mauch ya sanar da cewa ya sami filayen zinare na Tati da suka kai kimanin {{Convert|80|by|3|mi}} {{Sfn|White|2004}} wanda ya fara neman zinare na farko a Kudancin Afirka a shekara mai zuwa. {{Sfn|Eriksson|Altermann|Förtsch|1995}} A shekara ta 1869, ɗan Ingila Daniel Francis ya zo neman zinare a kogin, kafin ya nufi kudu zuwa filayen lu'u-lu'u na Kimberley a shekara ta 1870. {{Sfn|Murphy|Armstrong|Bainbridge|Firestone|2010}} Zinare yana da wuya a haƙo shi, kuma neman zinare ya ragu. {{Sfn|Main|2001}} Francis ya dawo a shekara ta 1880 ya sami haƙƙin haƙo daga Sarki Lobengula. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jenny |date=2014-08-12 |title=The Rudd concession |url=https://1870to1918.wordpress.com/2014/08/12/the-rudd-concession/ |access-date=2017-02-15 |website=1870 to 1918}}</ref> {{Sfn|Murphy|Armstrong|Bainbridge|Firestone|2010}} Aikin haƙo ma'adinai ya farfaɗo a shekarun 1880 da 1890, kuma an kafa Francistown a shekara ta 1897 lokacin da layin dogo ya isa. An sanya wa garin suna bayan Francis, wanda ya mallaki mafi yawan ƙasar da ke yankin. {{Sfn|Main|2001}} == Amfani == Gaɓar yashi ta kogin Tati tana riƙe ruwa na 'yan kwanaki ne kawai a kowace shekara, kamar yadda yake faruwa a koguna a Botswana. {{Sfn|Nas|1993}} Kogin yana ciyar da madatsar ruwa ta Ntimbale, tare da damar ajiya na {{Convert|26,370,000|m3}} . {{Sfn|Central Statistics Office|2009}} Madatsar ruwan, wacce aka fara aikinta a shekarar 2008, tana samar da ruwa ga ƙauyuka a duk faɗin gundumar Arewa maso Gabas . {{Sfn|Kologwe|2008}} Bugu da ƙari, kogin yana ɗaukar ruwa zuwa [[Dam din Dikgatlhong|madatsar ruwan Dikgatlhong]] . {{Sfn|Bule|2010}} Ruwa ya gurɓata daga sharar masana'antu da na mutum, kuma akwai haɗarin kwalara idan an yi amfani da ruwa ba tare da an tsabtace shi ba. A lokacin fari mai tsawo, kogin ya rasa ruwansa na sama, kodayake ana iya samun ruwa a cikin yashi. Yin hakar wannan yashi ya sa teburin ruwa ya faɗi, kuma yana iya taimakawa ga ambaliyar ruwa.{{Sfn|Bule|2010}} == Manazarta == 0ssbb9w39eh7z9rswl8esnirh6ni1lm 841829 841828 2026-05-28T19:47:57Z Engineer014 44591 841829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Location map|Botswana}}'''Kogin Tati''' kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin [[Botswana]], wani magudanar ruwa ne na Kogin Shashe, wanda shi ma magudanar ruwa ce ta [[Kogin Limpopo]] . Kogin yana ratsa ta Francistown, inda Kogin Ntshe (ko Inchwe) ya haɗu da shi daga hagu. {{Sfn|Bule|2010}} == Tarihi == A kusan shekara ta 1865, wani mafarauci ya ci karo da alamun tsoffin haƙa zinare kusa da Tati. {{Sfn|White|2004}} Ya gayyaci Karl Mauch ya raka shi a tafiyarsa ta gaba, kuma a shekara ta 1866, Mauch ya sanar da cewa ya sami filayen zinare na Tati da suka kai kimanin {{Convert|80|by|3|mi}} {{Sfn|White|2004}} wanda ya fara neman zinare na farko a Kudancin Afirka a shekara mai zuwa. {{Sfn|Eriksson|Altermann|Förtsch|1995}} A shekara ta 1869, ɗan Ingila Daniel Francis ya zo neman zinare a kogin, kafin ya nufi kudu zuwa filayen lu'u-lu'u na Kimberley a shekara ta 1870. {{Sfn|Murphy|Armstrong|Bainbridge|Firestone|2010}} Zinare yana da wuya a haƙo shi, kuma neman zinare ya ragu. {{Sfn|Main|2001}} Francis ya dawo a shekara ta 1880 ya sami haƙƙin haƙo daga Sarki Lobengula. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jenny |date=2014-08-12 |title=The Rudd concession |url=https://1870to1918.wordpress.com/2014/08/12/the-rudd-concession/ |access-date=2017-02-15 |website=1870 to 1918}}</ref> {{Sfn|Murphy|Armstrong|Bainbridge|Firestone|2010}} Aikin haƙo ma'adinai ya farfaɗo a shekarun 1880 da 1890, kuma an kafa Francistown a shekara ta 1897 lokacin da layin dogo ya isa. An sanya wa garin suna bayan Francis, wanda ya mallaki mafi yawan ƙasar da ke yankin. {{Sfn|Main|2001}} == Amfani == Gaɓar yashi ta kogin Tati tana riƙe ruwa na 'yan kwanaki ne kawai a kowace shekara, kamar yadda yake faruwa a koguna a Botswana. {{Sfn|Nas|1993}} Kogin yana ciyar da madatsar ruwa ta Ntimbale, tare da damar ajiya na {{Convert|26,370,000|m3}} . {{Sfn|Central Statistics Office|2009}} Madatsar ruwan, wacce aka fara aikinta a shekarar 2008, tana samar da ruwa ga ƙauyuka a duk faɗin gundumar Arewa maso Gabas . {{Sfn|Kologwe|2008}} Bugu da ƙari, kogin yana ɗaukar ruwa zuwa [[Dam din Dikgatlhong|madatsar ruwan Dikgatlhong]] . {{Sfn|Bule|2010}} Ruwa ya gurɓata daga sharar masana'antu da na mutum, kuma akwai haɗarin kwalara idan an yi amfani da ruwa ba tare da an tsabtace shi ba. A lokacin fari mai tsawo, kogin ya rasa ruwansa na sama, kodayake ana iya samun ruwa a cikin yashi. Yin hakar wannan yashi ya sa teburin ruwa ya faɗi, kuma yana iya taimakawa ga ambaliyar ruwa.{{Sfn|Bule|2010}} == Manazarta == 2swezmezpvg19f8zhtyduzwxhuiqg7q 0 152871 841831 2026-05-28T19:53:20Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338944520|Ruvuma River]]" 841831 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Ruvuma''', wanda a da ake kira '''Kogin Rovuma''', kogi ne a yankin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka. A mafi yawan sassan tafiyarsa, yana kan iyaka tsakanin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]. Kogin yana da faɗin {{Cvt|998|km|mi}} tsayi, tare da [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwa]] na ~ {{Cvt|155,000|km2|mi2}} girmansa. Matsakaicin fitarsa a kowace shekara shine {{Cvt|475|m3/s|cuft/s}} zuwa {{Cvt|2,286|m3/s|cuft/s}} a bakinsa. <ref name="Ceantral East Coast">{{Cite web |title=Central East Coast |url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179}}</ref> == Fitowa == Matsakaicin da matsakaicin kwararar Kogin Rovuma (11°9′53.9532″S 39°15′37.8072″E / 11.164987000°S 39.260502000°E) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !An yi samfurin VIC (1999–2008) ! An kiyasta kwararar ruwa ta MFR (1999–2008) ! Zamanin tarihi na UNH-GRDC (1957-1999) |- | colspan="3" | Matsakaicin fitarwa |- | {{Cvt|1,864|m3/s|cuft/s}} | {{Cvt|1,866|m3/s|cuft/s}} | {{Cvt|1,838|m3/s|cuft/s}} |- | colspan="3" | Mafi girman fitarwa |- | {{Cvt|22,365|m3/s|cuft/s}} | {{Cvt|22,630|m3/s|cuft/s}} | {{Cvt|22,053|m3/s|cuft/s}} |} Matsakaicin fitar ruwa a kowane wata na Kogin Rovuma (11°9′53.9532″S 39°15′37.8072″E / 11.164987000°S 39.260502000°E), UNH-GRDC historical period (1957–1999) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Wata ! Fitowa (m ³ /s) |- | JAN | 3,340 |- | Fabrairu | 4,040 |- | MAR | 5,390 |- | APR | 3,880 |- | MAYU | 1,780 |- | YUNI | 780 |- | YULI | 350 |- | AUG | 160 |- | Satumba | 50 |- | OCT | 80 |- | NOV | 270 |- | Disamba | 1,940 |} == Magudanar ruwa == Manyan magudanan ruwa na Kogin Rovuma: <ref name="Ceantral East Coast">{{Cite web |title=Central East Coast |url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179 "Central East Coast"].</cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Left tributary !Right tributary !Length (km) !Basin size (km²) !Average discharge (m³/s) |- | colspan="2" |''Rovuma'' |''760'' |''155,316.4'' |''1,773'' |- |Kitama | |70 |1,065.8 |12.3 |- | |Matiu |100 |1,920.1 |26.1 |- |Mwiti | |80 |994.2 |14 |- | |Ninga |100 |1,572.8 |19.8 |- |Miesi | rowspan="2" | |80 |946.7 |12.5 |- |Mbangala |160 |3 598.2 |44.4 |- | |Lugenda |650 |60,990.4 |752.1 |- |Lukwika | |100 |1,331.5 |16.3 |- | |Manjesi |90 |1,084.2 |16.3 |- |Lumesule | rowspan="4" | |180 |2,342.8 |28.9 |- |Muhuwesi |240 |10,319.6 |137.3 |- |Mzinieva |100 |1,285.4 |22.5 |- |Chimovero | |638.3 |11.2 |- | |Licombe |60 |975.7 |16 |- |Lukembule | | |1,234.6 |21.6 |- | rowspan="2" | |Chiluezi | |3,544.9 |55.1 |- |Lopele | |763.1 |13.3 |- |Luvingo | |80 |592.4 |10.3 |- | |Ludimilé | |1,129.4 |20.7 |- |Sasawara | rowspan="2" | |90 |2,322.8 |37.3 |- |Msangesi |120 |1,614.1 |23.8 |- | rowspan="4" | |Lipapa | |753.5 |14.2 |- |Lussanhando | |2,863.2 |51.9 |- |Lucheringo |250 |9,288.1 |200.5 |- |Lualece |60 |611.9 |11 |- |Miongosi | rowspan="3" | |50 |964.3 |11.6 |- |Likonde |150 |5,914.8 |61.2 |- |Mlongasi |100 |960.8 |11.9 |- | |Messinge |238 |7,525.4 |174.8 |- |Lunyere | |190 |6,210.1 |78.7 |} == Bayani == Ƙananan kogin Ruvuma an kafa shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwa a 11 ° 25 'S, 38 ° 31 'E na rassa biyu na kusan daidai, wanda ya fi tsayi, Lujenda, ya fito ne daga kudu maso yamma, ɗayan, wanda har yanzu yana ɗauke da sunan Ruvuma, daga yamma. Tushenta yana kan tudu mai tsawo, {{Convert|1,000|m}} m (3,300 , nan da nan zuwa gabashin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Nyasa]], a 10 ° 45 'S, 35 ° 40 'E, kogin da ke gudana da farko saboda yamma kafin juya kudu da gabas. A gefen gabas, Ruvuma tana gudana kusa da tushen wani busasshen tudun yashi a arewa, daga inda rafukan, waɗanda suka yanke kansu zurfafan hanyoyin shiga a gefen tudun, ke da kusan dukkan gajerun hanyoyin shiga. A gefen da ke gaban kogin Ruvuma yana da [[Msinje River|Kogin Msinje]] da [[Luchulingo River|Kogin Luchulingo]], waɗanda ke gudana a cikin manyan kwaruruka daga kudu zuwa arewa. Lujenda yana tashi kusa da [[Tafkin Chilwa]], a cikin ƙaramin Tafkin Chiuta ( {{Convert|1700|ft}} ), [[Fadama|dausayin]] da ke kudu da wannan yana rabuwa da Chilwa ne kawai ta wani ƙaramin tudu mai dausayi. Kogin da ke fitowa daga Chiuta yana ratsawa ta wani kwarin dausayi zuwa cikin kunkuntar tafkin Amaramba, daga nan ne Kogin Lujenda ya fito a matsayin rafi mai tsawon {{Convert|80|yd}} faɗi. Ƙasa ƙasa ya bambanta sosai a faɗinsa, yana ɗauke da [[Tsibirin|tsibirai]] masu tsayi a wurare da yawa masu dazuzzuka waɗanda suka haura matakin ambaliyar ruwa, kuma galibi ana zaune a cikinsu. Kogin yana da sauƙin yin iyo a wurare da yawa a lokacin rani. A bakinsa yana da nisan {{Convert|1|mi|km|1}} faɗin. Ƙananan Ruvuma, wanda sau da yawa yana da a fadin amma gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi, yana gudana ta cikin kwarin da ke kewaye da tsaunuka masu tsawo waɗanda ke dauke da ƙananan ruwa na kogi. Bakin yana kusa da 10 ° 28 'S, 40 ° 30 'E, iyakar kusa da bakin tekun da aka kafa ta hanyar layi daya na 10 ° 40 'S. Tsawon Ruvuma kusan kilomita 500 ne (800.{{Convert|1/2|mi|km|1}} == Gada == An gabatar da wata gada mai suna Unity Bridge a faɗin kogin tsakanin Mozambique da Tanzania tun a shekarar 1975, kuma duk da cewa an fara ginawa, an yi watsi da aikin saboda rashin kuɗi. A shekarar 2002, gwamnatocin ƙasashen biyu sun cimma yarjejeniya ta musamman don gina sabuwar gada mai tsawon mita 600 a faɗin kogin, kuma a ƙarshe an buɗe ta a wani biki a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu 2010. Gadar tana nan a Negomano, {{Convert|200|km}} cikin ƙasa da {{Convert|100|km}} daga titin da ya fi kusa da Mozambique. An amince da wurin tsakanin Shugabanni [[Samora michel|Machel]] da [[Julius Nyerere|Nyerere]] domin wannan shine wurin da sojojin [[FRELIMO|Frelimo]] suka fara shiga Mozambique a [[yakin 'yancin kai na Mozambique]] a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba, 1964. Negomano kuma shine wurin da sojojin Jamus suka ketare kogin Rovuma a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, 1917. <ref>Paice, Edward, 2008, ''Tip & Run,'' Phoenix, p. 339 {{ISBN|978-0753823491}}</ref> An fara shimfida duwatsun harsashi a gefen Tanzaniya da Mozambique a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba, 2005. An kammala ginin a farkon shekarar 2010 kuma ya ci dala miliyan 28. A da, ana iya ketare kogin da rafts (wanda ke gefen Tanzaniya) wanda zai iya ɗaukar jirage 3. Jirgin ruwan ya nutse a shekarar 2008 kuma ba a maye gurbinsa ba. A lokacin da ruwa ya yi ƙasa, kogin wani lokacin ana iya jurewa da kyau tare da tuƙi mai ƙafa 4. An kuma kammala wani ƙaramin gada mai suna Unity Two a shekarar 2007 a saman Rovuma kusa da Matchedge a Lardin Niassa. == Manazarta == Ruvuma RiverRuvuma RiverRuvuma RiverRuvuma RiverRuvuma RiverRuvuma RiverRuvuma RiverRuvuma RiverRuvuma RiverRuvuma RiverRuvuma RiverRuvuma RiverRuvuma RiverRuvuma River bc900xh1rzkive2zo6whth7vz99exxr 841832 841831 2026-05-28T19:53:55Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 841832 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Ruvuma''', wanda a da ake kira '''Kogin Rovuma''', kogi ne a yankin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka. A mafi yawan sassan tafiyarsa, yana kan iyaka tsakanin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]. Kogin yana da faɗin {{Cvt|998|km|mi}} tsayi, tare da [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwa]] na ~ {{Cvt|155,000|km2|mi2}} girmansa. Matsakaicin fitarsa a kowace shekara shine {{Cvt|475|m3/s|cuft/s}} zuwa {{Cvt|2,286|m3/s|cuft/s}} a bakinsa. <ref name="Ceantral East Coast">{{Cite web |title=Central East Coast |url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179}}</ref> == Fitowa == Matsakaicin da matsakaicin kwararar Kogin Rovuma (11°9′53.9532″S 39°15′37.8072″E / 11.164987000°S 39.260502000°E) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !An yi samfurin VIC (1999–2008) ! An kiyasta kwararar ruwa ta MFR (1999–2008) ! Zamanin tarihi na UNH-GRDC (1957-1999) |- | colspan="3" | Matsakaicin fitarwa |- | {{Cvt|1,864|m3/s|cuft/s}} | {{Cvt|1,866|m3/s|cuft/s}} | {{Cvt|1,838|m3/s|cuft/s}} |- | colspan="3" | Mafi girman fitarwa |- | {{Cvt|22,365|m3/s|cuft/s}} | {{Cvt|22,630|m3/s|cuft/s}} | {{Cvt|22,053|m3/s|cuft/s}} |} Matsakaicin fitar ruwa a kowane wata na Kogin Rovuma (11°9′53.9532″S 39°15′37.8072″E / 11.164987000°S 39.260502000°E), UNH-GRDC historical period (1957–1999) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Wata ! Fitowa (m ³ /s) |- | JAN | 3,340 |- | Fabrairu | 4,040 |- | MAR | 5,390 |- | APR | 3,880 |- | MAYU | 1,780 |- | YUNI | 780 |- | YULI | 350 |- | AUG | 160 |- | Satumba | 50 |- | OCT | 80 |- | NOV | 270 |- | Disamba | 1,940 |} == Magudanar ruwa == Manyan magudanan ruwa na Kogin Rovuma: <ref name="Ceantral East Coast">{{Cite web |title=Central East Coast |url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179 "Central East Coast"].</cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Left tributary !Right tributary !Length (km) !Basin size (km²) !Average discharge (m³/s) |- | colspan="2" |''Rovuma'' |''760'' |''155,316.4'' |''1,773'' |- |Kitama | |70 |1,065.8 |12.3 |- | |Matiu |100 |1,920.1 |26.1 |- |Mwiti | |80 |994.2 |14 |- | |Ninga |100 |1,572.8 |19.8 |- |Miesi | rowspan="2" | |80 |946.7 |12.5 |- |Mbangala |160 |3 598.2 |44.4 |- | |Lugenda |650 |60,990.4 |752.1 |- |Lukwika | |100 |1,331.5 |16.3 |- | |Manjesi |90 |1,084.2 |16.3 |- |Lumesule | rowspan="4" | |180 |2,342.8 |28.9 |- |Muhuwesi |240 |10,319.6 |137.3 |- |Mzinieva |100 |1,285.4 |22.5 |- |Chimovero | |638.3 |11.2 |- | |Licombe |60 |975.7 |16 |- |Lukembule | | |1,234.6 |21.6 |- | rowspan="2" | |Chiluezi | |3,544.9 |55.1 |- |Lopele | |763.1 |13.3 |- |Luvingo | |80 |592.4 |10.3 |- | |Ludimilé | |1,129.4 |20.7 |- |Sasawara | rowspan="2" | |90 |2,322.8 |37.3 |- |Msangesi |120 |1,614.1 |23.8 |- | rowspan="4" | |Lipapa | |753.5 |14.2 |- |Lussanhando | |2,863.2 |51.9 |- |Lucheringo |250 |9,288.1 |200.5 |- |Lualece |60 |611.9 |11 |- |Miongosi | rowspan="3" | |50 |964.3 |11.6 |- |Likonde |150 |5,914.8 |61.2 |- |Mlongasi |100 |960.8 |11.9 |- | |Messinge |238 |7,525.4 |174.8 |- |Lunyere | |190 |6,210.1 |78.7 |} == Bayani == Ƙananan kogin Ruvuma an kafa shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwa a 11 ° 25 'S, 38 ° 31 'E na rassa biyu na kusan daidai, wanda ya fi tsayi, Lujenda, ya fito ne daga kudu maso yamma, ɗayan, wanda har yanzu yana ɗauke da sunan Ruvuma, daga yamma. Tushenta yana kan tudu mai tsawo, {{Convert|1,000|m}} m (3,300 , nan da nan zuwa gabashin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Nyasa]], a 10 ° 45 'S, 35 ° 40 'E, kogin da ke gudana da farko saboda yamma kafin juya kudu da gabas. A gefen gabas, Ruvuma tana gudana kusa da tushen wani busasshen tudun yashi a arewa, daga inda rafukan, waɗanda suka yanke kansu zurfafan hanyoyin shiga a gefen tudun, ke da kusan dukkan gajerun hanyoyin shiga. A gefen da ke gaban kogin Ruvuma yana da [[Msinje River|Kogin Msinje]] da [[Luchulingo River|Kogin Luchulingo]], waɗanda ke gudana a cikin manyan kwaruruka daga kudu zuwa arewa. Lujenda yana tashi kusa da [[Tafkin Chilwa]], a cikin ƙaramin Tafkin Chiuta ( {{Convert|1700|ft}} ), [[Fadama|dausayin]] da ke kudu da wannan yana rabuwa da Chilwa ne kawai ta wani ƙaramin tudu mai dausayi. Kogin da ke fitowa daga Chiuta yana ratsawa ta wani kwarin dausayi zuwa cikin kunkuntar tafkin Amaramba, daga nan ne Kogin Lujenda ya fito a matsayin rafi mai tsawon {{Convert|80|yd}} faɗi. Ƙasa ƙasa ya bambanta sosai a faɗinsa, yana ɗauke da [[Tsibirin|tsibirai]] masu tsayi a wurare da yawa masu dazuzzuka waɗanda suka haura matakin ambaliyar ruwa, kuma galibi ana zaune a cikinsu. Kogin yana da sauƙin yin iyo a wurare da yawa a lokacin rani. A bakinsa yana da nisan {{Convert|1|mi|km|1}} faɗin. Ƙananan Ruvuma, wanda sau da yawa yana da a fadin amma gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi, yana gudana ta cikin kwarin da ke kewaye da tsaunuka masu tsawo waɗanda ke dauke da ƙananan ruwa na kogi. Bakin yana kusa da 10 ° 28 'S, 40 ° 30 'E, iyakar kusa da bakin tekun da aka kafa ta hanyar layi daya na 10 ° 40 'S. Tsawon Ruvuma kusan kilomita 500 ne (800.{{Convert|1/2|mi|km|1}} == Gada == An gabatar da wata gada mai suna Unity Bridge a faɗin kogin tsakanin Mozambique da Tanzania tun a shekarar 1975, kuma duk da cewa an fara ginawa, an yi watsi da aikin saboda rashin kuɗi. A shekarar 2002, gwamnatocin ƙasashen biyu sun cimma yarjejeniya ta musamman don gina sabuwar gada mai tsawon mita 600 a faɗin kogin, kuma a ƙarshe an buɗe ta a wani biki a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu 2010. Gadar tana nan a Negomano, {{Convert|200|km}} cikin ƙasa da {{Convert|100|km}} daga titin da ya fi kusa da Mozambique. An amince da wurin tsakanin Shugabanni [[Samora michel|Machel]] da [[Julius Nyerere|Nyerere]] domin wannan shine wurin da sojojin [[FRELIMO|Frelimo]] suka fara shiga Mozambique a [[yakin 'yancin kai na Mozambique]] a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba, 1964. Negomano kuma shine wurin da sojojin Jamus suka ketare kogin Rovuma a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, 1917. <ref>Paice, Edward, 2008, ''Tip & Run,'' Phoenix, p. 339 {{ISBN|978-0753823491}}</ref> An fara shimfida duwatsun harsashi a gefen Tanzaniya da Mozambique a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba, 2005. An kammala ginin a farkon shekarar 2010 kuma ya ci dala miliyan 28. A da, ana iya ketare kogin da rafts (wanda ke gefen Tanzaniya) wanda zai iya ɗaukar jirage 3. Jirgin ruwan ya nutse a shekarar 2008 kuma ba a maye gurbinsa ba. A lokacin da ruwa ya yi ƙasa, kogin wani lokacin ana iya jurewa da kyau tare da tuƙi mai ƙafa 4. An kuma kammala wani ƙaramin gada mai suna Unity Two a shekarar 2007 a saman Rovuma kusa da Matchedge a Lardin Niassa. == Manazarta == 0j5abbjfv8q2bjvvckkhtoaelj108gj 841833 841832 2026-05-28T19:55:42Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841833 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Ruvuma''', wanda a da ake kira '''Kogin Rovuma''', kogi ne a yankin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka.<ref name="GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP">{{cite web|url=http://geftwap.org|title=GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP}}</ref> A mafi yawan sassan tafiyarsa, yana kan iyaka tsakanin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Mozambik|Mozambique]].<ref name="Ceantral East Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179|title=Central East Coast}}</ref> Kogin yana da faɗin {{Cvt|998|km|mi}} tsayi, tare da [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwa]] na ~ {{Cvt|155,000|km2|mi2}} girmansa.<ref name="gwb">[http://gwb-ccaw.re.kr/upload/board/mz/mozambique_manage_vol02_201804.pdf Development of Master Plan for Water Resources Management in Mozambique] (PDF; 10,0&nbsp;MB)</ref> Matsakaicin fitarsa a kowace shekara shine {{Cvt|475|m3/s|cuft/s}} zuwa {{Cvt|2,286|m3/s|cuft/s}} a bakinsa.<ref name="Ceantral East Coast">{{Cite web |title=Central East Coast |url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179}}</ref> == Fitowa == Matsakaicin da matsakaicin kwararar Kogin Rovuma (11°9′53.9532″S 39°15′37.8072″E / 11.164987000°S 39.260502000°E) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !An yi samfurin VIC (1999–2008) ! An kiyasta kwararar ruwa ta MFR (1999–2008) ! Zamanin tarihi na UNH-GRDC (1957-1999) |- | colspan="3" | Matsakaicin fitarwa |- | {{Cvt|1,864|m3/s|cuft/s}} | {{Cvt|1,866|m3/s|cuft/s}} | {{Cvt|1,838|m3/s|cuft/s}} |- | colspan="3" | Mafi girman fitarwa |- | {{Cvt|22,365|m3/s|cuft/s}} | {{Cvt|22,630|m3/s|cuft/s}} | {{Cvt|22,053|m3/s|cuft/s}} |} Matsakaicin fitar ruwa a kowane wata na Kogin Rovuma (11°9′53.9532″S 39°15′37.8072″E / 11.164987000°S 39.260502000°E), UNH-GRDC historical period (1957–1999) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Wata ! Fitowa (m ³ /s) |- | JAN | 3,340 |- | Fabrairu | 4,040 |- | MAR | 5,390 |- | APR | 3,880 |- | MAYU | 1,780 |- | YUNI | 780 |- | YULI | 350 |- | AUG | 160 |- | Satumba | 50 |- | OCT | 80 |- | NOV | 270 |- | Disamba | 1,940 |} == Magudanar ruwa == Manyan magudanan ruwa na Kogin Rovuma: <ref name="Ceantral East Coast">{{Cite web |title=Central East Coast |url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179 "Central East Coast"].</cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Left tributary !Right tributary !Length (km) !Basin size (km²) !Average discharge (m³/s) |- | colspan="2" |''Rovuma'' |''760'' |''155,316.4'' |''1,773'' |- |Kitama | |70 |1,065.8 |12.3 |- | |Matiu |100 |1,920.1 |26.1 |- |Mwiti | |80 |994.2 |14 |- | |Ninga |100 |1,572.8 |19.8 |- |Miesi | rowspan="2" | |80 |946.7 |12.5 |- |Mbangala |160 |3 598.2 |44.4 |- | |Lugenda |650 |60,990.4 |752.1 |- |Lukwika | |100 |1,331.5 |16.3 |- | |Manjesi |90 |1,084.2 |16.3 |- |Lumesule | rowspan="4" | |180 |2,342.8 |28.9 |- |Muhuwesi |240 |10,319.6 |137.3 |- |Mzinieva |100 |1,285.4 |22.5 |- |Chimovero | |638.3 |11.2 |- | |Licombe |60 |975.7 |16 |- |Lukembule | | |1,234.6 |21.6 |- | rowspan="2" | |Chiluezi | |3,544.9 |55.1 |- |Lopele | |763.1 |13.3 |- |Luvingo | |80 |592.4 |10.3 |- | |Ludimilé | |1,129.4 |20.7 |- |Sasawara | rowspan="2" | |90 |2,322.8 |37.3 |- |Msangesi |120 |1,614.1 |23.8 |- | rowspan="4" | |Lipapa | |753.5 |14.2 |- |Lussanhando | |2,863.2 |51.9 |- |Lucheringo |250 |9,288.1 |200.5 |- |Lualece |60 |611.9 |11 |- |Miongosi | rowspan="3" | |50 |964.3 |11.6 |- |Likonde |150 |5,914.8 |61.2 |- |Mlongasi |100 |960.8 |11.9 |- | |Messinge |238 |7,525.4 |174.8 |- |Lunyere | |190 |6,210.1 |78.7 |} == Bayani == Ƙananan kogin Ruvuma an kafa shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwa a 11 ° 25 'S, 38 ° 31 'E na rassa biyu na kusan daidai, wanda ya fi tsayi, Lujenda, ya fito ne daga kudu maso yamma, ɗayan, wanda har yanzu yana ɗauke da sunan Ruvuma, daga yamma. Tushenta yana kan tudu mai tsawo, {{Convert|1,000|m}} m (3,300 , nan da nan zuwa gabashin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Nyasa]], a 10 ° 45 'S, 35 ° 40 'E, kogin da ke gudana da farko saboda yamma kafin juya kudu da gabas. A gefen gabas, Ruvuma tana gudana kusa da tushen wani busasshen tudun yashi a arewa, daga inda rafukan, waɗanda suka yanke kansu zurfafan hanyoyin shiga a gefen tudun, ke da kusan dukkan gajerun hanyoyin shiga. A gefen da ke gaban kogin Ruvuma yana da [[Msinje River|Kogin Msinje]] da [[Luchulingo River|Kogin Luchulingo]], waɗanda ke gudana a cikin manyan kwaruruka daga kudu zuwa arewa. Lujenda yana tashi kusa da [[Tafkin Chilwa]], a cikin ƙaramin Tafkin Chiuta ( {{Convert|1700|ft}} ), [[Fadama|dausayin]] da ke kudu da wannan yana rabuwa da Chilwa ne kawai ta wani ƙaramin tudu mai dausayi. Kogin da ke fitowa daga Chiuta yana ratsawa ta wani kwarin dausayi zuwa cikin kunkuntar tafkin Amaramba, daga nan ne Kogin Lujenda ya fito a matsayin rafi mai tsawon {{Convert|80|yd}} faɗi. Ƙasa ƙasa ya bambanta sosai a faɗinsa, yana ɗauke da [[Tsibirin|tsibirai]] masu tsayi a wurare da yawa masu dazuzzuka waɗanda suka haura matakin ambaliyar ruwa, kuma galibi ana zaune a cikinsu. Kogin yana da sauƙin yin iyo a wurare da yawa a lokacin rani. A bakinsa yana da nisan {{Convert|1|mi|km|1}} faɗin. Ƙananan Ruvuma, wanda sau da yawa yana da a fadin amma gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi, yana gudana ta cikin kwarin da ke kewaye da tsaunuka masu tsawo waɗanda ke dauke da ƙananan ruwa na kogi. Bakin yana kusa da 10 ° 28 'S, 40 ° 30 'E, iyakar kusa da bakin tekun da aka kafa ta hanyar layi daya na 10 ° 40 'S. Tsawon Ruvuma kusan kilomita 500 ne (800.{{Convert|1/2|mi|km|1}} == Gada == An gabatar da wata gada mai suna Unity Bridge a faɗin kogin tsakanin Mozambique da Tanzania tun a shekarar 1975, kuma duk da cewa an fara ginawa, an yi watsi da aikin saboda rashin kuɗi. A shekarar 2002, gwamnatocin ƙasashen biyu sun cimma yarjejeniya ta musamman don gina sabuwar gada mai tsawon mita 600 a faɗin kogin, kuma a ƙarshe an buɗe ta a wani biki a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu 2010. Gadar tana nan a Negomano, {{Convert|200|km}} cikin ƙasa da {{Convert|100|km}} daga titin da ya fi kusa da Mozambique. An amince da wurin tsakanin Shugabanni [[Samora michel|Machel]] da [[Julius Nyerere|Nyerere]] domin wannan shine wurin da sojojin [[FRELIMO|Frelimo]] suka fara shiga Mozambique a [[yakin 'yancin kai na Mozambique]] a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba, 1964. Negomano kuma shine wurin da sojojin Jamus suka ketare kogin Rovuma a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, 1917. <ref>Paice, Edward, 2008, ''Tip & Run,'' Phoenix, p. 339 {{ISBN|978-0753823491}}</ref> An fara shimfida duwatsun harsashi a gefen Tanzaniya da Mozambique a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba, 2005. An kammala ginin a farkon shekarar 2010 kuma ya ci dala miliyan 28. A da, ana iya ketare kogin da rafts (wanda ke gefen Tanzaniya) wanda zai iya ɗaukar jirage 3. Jirgin ruwan ya nutse a shekarar 2008 kuma ba a maye gurbinsa ba. A lokacin da ruwa ya yi ƙasa, kogin wani lokacin ana iya jurewa da kyau tare da tuƙi mai ƙafa 4. An kuma kammala wani ƙaramin gada mai suna Unity Two a shekarar 2007 a saman Rovuma kusa da Matchedge a Lardin Niassa. == Manazarta == mpqje4mt6w74mrfk209yvuobhbokkiy 841834 841833 2026-05-28T19:57:46Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Ruvuma''', wanda a da ake kira '''Kogin Rovuma''', kogi ne a yankin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka.<ref name="GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP">{{cite web|url=http://geftwap.org|title=GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP}}</ref> A mafi yawan sassan tafiyarsa, yana kan iyaka tsakanin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Mozambik|Mozambique]].<ref name="Ceantral East Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179|title=Central East Coast}}</ref> Kogin yana da faɗin {{Cvt|998|km|mi}} tsayi, tare da [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwa]] na ~ {{Cvt|155,000|km2|mi2}} girmansa.<ref name="gwb">[http://gwb-ccaw.re.kr/upload/board/mz/mozambique_manage_vol02_201804.pdf Development of Master Plan for Water Resources Management in Mozambique] (PDF; 10,0&nbsp;MB)</ref> Matsakaicin fitarsa a kowace shekara shine {{Cvt|475|m3/s|cuft/s}} zuwa {{Cvt|2,286|m3/s|cuft/s}} a bakinsa.<ref name="Ceantral East Coast">{{Cite web |title=Central East Coast |url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179}}</ref> == Fitowa == Matsakaicin da matsakaicin kwararar Kogin Rovuma (11°9′53.9532″S 39°15′37.8072″E / 11.164987000°S 39.260502000°E) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !An yi samfurin VIC (1999–2008) ! An kiyasta kwararar ruwa ta MFR (1999–2008) ! Zamanin tarihi na UNH-GRDC (1957-1999) |- | colspan="3" | Matsakaicin fitarwa |- | {{Cvt|1,864|m3/s|cuft/s}} | {{Cvt|1,866|m3/s|cuft/s}} | {{Cvt|1,838|m3/s|cuft/s}} |- | colspan="3" | Mafi girman fitarwa |- | {{Cvt|22,365|m3/s|cuft/s}} | {{Cvt|22,630|m3/s|cuft/s}} | {{Cvt|22,053|m3/s|cuft/s}} |} Matsakaicin fitar ruwa a kowane wata na Kogin Rovuma (11°9′53.9532″S 39°15′37.8072″E / 11.164987000°S 39.260502000°E), UNH-GRDC historical period (1957–1999) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Wata ! Fitowa (m ³ /s) |- | JAN | 3,340 |- | Fabrairu | 4,040 |- | MAR | 5,390 |- | APR | 3,880 |- | MAYU | 1,780 |- | YUNI | 780 |- | YULI | 350 |- | AUG | 160 |- | Satumba | 50 |- | OCT | 80 |- | NOV | 270 |- | Disamba | 1,940 |} == Magudanar ruwa == Manyan magudanan ruwa na Kogin Rovuma: <ref name="Ceantral East Coast">{{Cite web |title=Central East Coast |url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179 "Central East Coast"].</cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Left tributary !Right tributary !Length (km) !Basin size (km²) !Average discharge (m³/s) |- | colspan="2" |''Rovuma'' |''760'' |''155,316.4'' |''1,773'' |- |Kitama | |70 |1,065.8 |12.3 |- | |Matiu |100 |1,920.1 |26.1 |- |Mwiti | |80 |994.2 |14 |- | |Ninga |100 |1,572.8 |19.8 |- |Miesi | rowspan="2" | |80 |946.7 |12.5 |- |Mbangala |160 |3 598.2 |44.4 |- | |Lugenda |650 |60,990.4 |752.1 |- |Lukwika | |100 |1,331.5 |16.3 |- | |Manjesi |90 |1,084.2 |16.3 |- |Lumesule | rowspan="4" | |180 |2,342.8 |28.9 |- |Muhuwesi |240 |10,319.6 |137.3 |- |Mzinieva |100 |1,285.4 |22.5 |- |Chimovero | |638.3 |11.2 |- | |Licombe |60 |975.7 |16 |- |Lukembule | | |1,234.6 |21.6 |- | rowspan="2" | |Chiluezi | |3,544.9 |55.1 |- |Lopele | |763.1 |13.3 |- |Luvingo | |80 |592.4 |10.3 |- | |Ludimilé | |1,129.4 |20.7 |- |Sasawara | rowspan="2" | |90 |2,322.8 |37.3 |- |Msangesi |120 |1,614.1 |23.8 |- | rowspan="4" | |Lipapa | |753.5 |14.2 |- |Lussanhando | |2,863.2 |51.9 |- |Lucheringo |250 |9,288.1 |200.5 |- |Lualece |60 |611.9 |11 |- |Miongosi | rowspan="3" | |50 |964.3 |11.6 |- |Likonde |150 |5,914.8 |61.2 |- |Mlongasi |100 |960.8 |11.9 |- | |Messinge |238 |7,525.4 |174.8 |- |Lunyere | |190 |6,210.1 |78.7 |} == Bayani == Ƙananan kogin Ruvuma an kafa shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwa a 11 ° 25 'S, 38 ° 31 'E na rassa biyu na kusan daidai, wanda ya fi tsayi, Lujenda, ya fito ne daga kudu maso yamma, ɗayan, wanda har yanzu yana ɗauke da sunan Ruvuma, daga yamma. Tushenta yana kan tudu mai tsawo, {{Convert|1,000|m}} m (3,300 , nan da nan zuwa gabashin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Nyasa]], a 10 ° 45 'S, 35 ° 40 'E, kogin da ke gudana da farko saboda yamma kafin juya kudu da gabas. A gefen gabas, Ruvuma tana gudana kusa da tushen wani busasshen tudun yashi a arewa, daga inda rafukan, waɗanda suka yanke kansu zurfafan hanyoyin shiga a gefen tudun, ke da kusan dukkan gajerun hanyoyin shiga. A gefen da ke gaban kogin Ruvuma yana da [[Msinje River|Kogin Msinje]] da [[Luchulingo River|Kogin Luchulingo]], waɗanda ke gudana a cikin manyan kwaruruka daga kudu zuwa arewa. Lujenda yana tashi kusa da [[Tafkin Chilwa]], a cikin ƙaramin Tafkin Chiuta ( {{Convert|1700|ft}} ), [[Fadama|dausayin]] da ke kudu da wannan yana rabuwa da Chilwa ne kawai ta wani ƙaramin tudu mai dausayi. Kogin da ke fitowa daga Chiuta yana ratsawa ta wani kwarin dausayi zuwa cikin kunkuntar tafkin Amaramba, daga nan ne Kogin Lujenda ya fito a matsayin rafi mai tsawon {{Convert|80|yd}} faɗi. Ƙasa ƙasa ya bambanta sosai a faɗinsa, yana ɗauke da [[Tsibirin|tsibirai]] masu tsayi a wurare da yawa masu dazuzzuka waɗanda suka haura matakin ambaliyar ruwa, kuma galibi ana zaune a cikinsu. Kogin yana da sauƙin yin iyo a wurare da yawa a lokacin rani. A bakinsa yana da nisan {{Convert|1|mi|km|1}} faɗin. Ƙananan Ruvuma, wanda sau da yawa yana da a fadin amma gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi, yana gudana ta cikin kwarin da ke kewaye da tsaunuka masu tsawo waɗanda ke dauke da ƙananan ruwa na kogi. Bakin yana kusa da 10 ° 28 'S, 40 ° 30 'E, iyakar kusa da bakin tekun da aka kafa ta hanyar layi daya na 10 ° 40 'S. Tsawon Ruvuma kusan kilomita 500 ne (800.{{Convert|1/2|mi|km|1}} == Gada == An gabatar da wata gada mai suna Unity Bridge a faɗin kogin tsakanin Mozambique da Tanzania tun a shekarar 1975, kuma duk da cewa an fara ginawa, an yi watsi da aikin saboda rashin kuɗi. A shekarar 2002, gwamnatocin ƙasashen biyu sun cimma yarjejeniya ta musamman don gina sabuwar gada mai tsawon mita 600 a faɗin kogin, kuma a ƙarshe an buɗe ta a wani biki a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu 2010. Gadar tana nan a Negomano, {{Convert|200|km}} cikin ƙasa da {{Convert|100|km}} daga titin da ya fi kusa da Mozambique. An amince da wurin tsakanin Shugabanni [[Samora michel|Machel]] da [[Julius Nyerere|Nyerere]] domin wannan shine wurin da sojojin [[FRELIMO|Frelimo]] suka fara shiga Mozambique a [[yakin 'yancin kai na Mozambique]] a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba, 1964. Negomano kuma shine wurin da sojojin Jamus suka ketare kogin Rovuma a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, 1917. <ref>Paice, Edward, 2008, ''Tip & Run,'' Phoenix, p. 339 {{ISBN|978-0753823491}}</ref> An fara shimfida duwatsun harsashi a gefen Tanzaniya da Mozambique a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba, 2005. An kammala ginin a farkon shekarar 2010 kuma ya ci dala miliyan 28. A da, ana iya ketare kogin da rafts (wanda ke gefen Tanzaniya) wanda zai iya ɗaukar jirage 3. Jirgin ruwan ya nutse a shekarar 2008 kuma ba a maye gurbinsa ba. A lokacin da ruwa ya yi ƙasa, kogin wani lokacin ana iya jurewa da kyau tare da tuƙi mai ƙafa 4. An kuma kammala wani ƙaramin gada mai suna Unity Two a shekarar 2007 a saman Rovuma kusa da Matchedge a Lardin Niassa. == Manazarta == 05nct1qmfp46em6tknfbl9fiy0fjq8c 0 152872 841846 2026-05-28T20:37:22Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox filin wasa | suna = Soun Stadium | cikakken_suna = Soun Township Stadium | hoto = | wurin = Ogbomoso, Jihar Oyo, Najeriya | nauyi = Filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa | mallaka = Gwamnatin Jihar Oyo | masu_amfani = Crown FC | shekara_bude = | an_gyara = 2020–2023 }} '''Soun Stadium''' ko kuma '''Soun Township Stadium''' filin wasa ne da ke garin Ogbomoso a Jihar Oyo ta ƙasar Najeriya. Ana amfani da filin wasan musamman domin wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa da sauran harkokin w... 841846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox filin wasa | suna = Soun Stadium | cikakken_suna = Soun Township Stadium | hoto = | wurin = Ogbomoso, Jihar Oyo, Najeriya | nauyi = Filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa | mallaka = Gwamnatin Jihar Oyo | masu_amfani = Crown FC | shekara_bude = | an_gyara = 2020–2023 }} '''Soun Stadium''' ko kuma '''Soun Township Stadium''' filin wasa ne da ke garin Ogbomoso a Jihar Oyo ta ƙasar Najeriya. Ana amfani da filin wasan musamman domin wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa da sauran harkokin wasanni a yankin Ogbomoso. Filin wasan ya kasance gida ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Crown FC]], ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa a jihar Oyo. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sports247.ng/nnl-2022-23-abs-fc-adopts-soun-township-stadium-as-home-ground-for-the-season/ |title=NNL 2022/23 : ABS FC Adopts Soun Township Stadium As Home Ground For The Season |website=Sports247 Nigeria |date=1 March 2023 |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> Filin wasan ya samu karɓuwa sosai a harkar wasanni a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, musamman saboda yadda yake karɓar wasannin lig da na ƙananan rukuni. A shekarar 2023, ƙungiyar ABS FC ta Ilorin ta ɗauki Soun Stadium a matsayin filin wasanta na wucin gadi yayin da ake gyaran babban filin wasa na Kwara State Stadium da ke Ilorin. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sports247.ng/nnl-2022-23-abs-fc-adopts-soun-township-stadium-as-home-ground-for-the-season/ |title=NNL 2022/23 : ABS FC Adopts Soun Township Stadium As Home Ground For The Season |website=Sports247 Nigeria |date=1 March 2023 |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, gwamnatin Jihar Oyo ta fara aikin sake gina da gyaran Soun Stadium domin mayar da shi filin wasa na zamani. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa aikin ya haɗa da sake fasalin rumfunan kallon wasa da sauran muhimman gine-ginen cikin filin wasan. Hakan ya sa ƙungiyar Crown FC ta bar amfani da filin na ɗan lokaci yayin gudanar da aikin gyaran. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sports247.ng/ongoing-construction-of-soun-stadium-crown-fc-commends-governor-seyi-makinde/ |title=Ongoing Construction Of Soun Stadium: Crown FC Commends Governor Seyi Makinde |website=Sports247 Nigeria |date=30 November 2020 |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> Haka kuma, shugabannin Crown FC sun yaba wa tsohon Ministan Matasa da Wasanni na Najeriya, Sunday Dare, bisa rawar da ya taka wajen gyaran wasu sassa na filin wasan, musamman gyaran rufin babban rumfar kallon wasa wanda iska ta lalata a baya. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://insideoyo.com/crown-fc-hail-sports-minister-for-renovating-stadium-in-ogbomoso/ |title=Crown FC Hail Sports Minister For Renovating Stadium In Ogbomoso |website=Inside Oyo |date=3 March 2020 |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> Rahotanni daga kafafen yaɗa labarai sun nuna cewa gwamnatin Jihar Oyo ta ƙara faɗaɗa shirinta na sabunta filayen wasa zuwa yankuna daban-daban na jihar ciki har da Ogbomoso, inda aka tsara sake gina Soun Stadium zuwa matakin da zai dace da zamani. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nationalinsightnews.com/oyo-extends-remodeling-of-stadium-to-ogbomoso-oyo-others/ |title=Oyo Extends Remodeling of Stadium to Ogbomoso, Oyo, Others |website=National Insight News |date=19 November 2020 |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin da ke amfani da filin == * [[Crown FC]] * ABS FC (na wucin gadi a shekarar 2023) == Duba kuma == * [[Crown FC]] * [[Ogbomoso]] * [[Jihar Oyo]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Filayen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Jihar Oyo]] ll7yz5yq5s3mdmrqfu1jbqk288g9ku6 841857 841846 2026-05-28T20:45:41Z Saad Nuhu 43323 841857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox venue | suna = Soun Stadium | cikakken_suna = Soun Township Stadium | wurin = Ogbomoso, Jihar Oyo, Najeriya | nauyi = Filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa | mallaka = Gwamnatin Jihar Oyo | masu_amfani = Crown FC | shekara_bude = | an_gyara = 2020–2023 }} '''Soun Stadium''' ko kuma '''Soun Township Stadium''' filin wasa ne da ke garin Ogbomoso a Jihar Oyo ta ƙasar Najeriya. Ana amfani da filin wasan musamman domin wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa da sauran harkokin wasanni a yankin Ogbomoso. Filin wasan ya kasance gida ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Crown FC]], ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa a jihar Oyo. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sports247.ng/nnl-2022-23-abs-fc-adopts-soun-township-stadium-as-home-ground-for-the-season/ |title=NNL 2022/23 : ABS FC Adopts Soun Township Stadium As Home Ground For The Season |website=Sports247 Nigeria |date=1 March 2023 |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> Filin wasan ya samu karɓuwa sosai a harkar wasanni a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, musamman saboda yadda yake karɓar wasannin lig da na ƙananan rukuni. A shekarar 2023, ƙungiyar ABS FC ta Ilorin ta ɗauki Soun Stadium a matsayin filin wasanta na wucin gadi yayin da ake gyaran babban filin wasa na Kwara State Stadium da ke Ilorin. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sports247.ng/nnl-2022-23-abs-fc-adopts-soun-township-stadium-as-home-ground-for-the-season/ |title=NNL 2022/23 : ABS FC Adopts Soun Township Stadium As Home Ground For The Season |website=Sports247 Nigeria |date=1 March 2023 |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, gwamnatin Jihar Oyo ta fara aikin sake gina da gyaran Soun Stadium domin mayar da shi filin wasa na zamani. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa aikin ya haɗa da sake fasalin rumfunan kallon wasa da sauran muhimman gine-ginen cikin filin wasan. Hakan ya sa ƙungiyar Crown FC ta bar amfani da filin na ɗan lokaci yayin gudanar da aikin gyaran. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sports247.ng/ongoing-construction-of-soun-stadium-crown-fc-commends-governor-seyi-makinde/ |title=Ongoing Construction Of Soun Stadium: Crown FC Commends Governor Seyi Makinde |website=Sports247 Nigeria |date=30 November 2020 |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> Haka kuma, shugabannin Crown FC sun yaba wa tsohon Ministan Matasa da Wasanni na Najeriya, Sunday Dare, bisa rawar da ya taka wajen gyaran wasu sassa na filin wasan, musamman gyaran rufin babban rumfar kallon wasa wanda iska ta lalata a baya. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://insideoyo.com/crown-fc-hail-sports-minister-for-renovating-stadium-in-ogbomoso/ |title=Crown FC Hail Sports Minister For Renovating Stadium In Ogbomoso |website=Inside Oyo |date=3 March 2020 |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> Rahotanni daga kafafen yaɗa labarai sun nuna cewa gwamnatin Jihar Oyo ta ƙara faɗaɗa shirinta na sabunta filayen wasa zuwa yankuna daban-daban na jihar ciki har da Ogbomoso, inda aka tsara sake gina Soun Stadium zuwa matakin da zai dace da zamani. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nationalinsightnews.com/oyo-extends-remodeling-of-stadium-to-ogbomoso-oyo-others/ |title=Oyo Extends Remodeling of Stadium to Ogbomoso, Oyo, Others |website=National Insight News |date=19 November 2020 |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin da ke amfani da filin == * [[Crown FC]] * ABS FC (na wucin gadi a shekarar 2023) == Duba kuma == * [[Crown FC]] * [[Ogbomoso]] * [[Jihar Oyo]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Filayen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Jihar Oyo]] ahyp9t4wn2eom9q2aieha32aumb64ph 0 152873 841847 2026-05-28T20:37:37Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Daniel Kolawole Olukoya | image = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|7|15}} | birth_place = Akure, Jihar Ondo, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Fasto, farfesa, masanin kimiyya | known_for = Wanda ya kafa Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries | spouse = Elizabeth Folashade Olukoya | children = 1 | alma_mater = Jami'ar Legas<br>Jami'ar Reading }} '''Daniel Kolawole Olukoya''' (an haife shi 15 ga Yuli, 1957), wanda aka fi... 841847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Daniel Kolawole Olukoya | image = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|7|15}} | birth_place = Akure, Jihar Ondo, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Fasto, farfesa, masanin kimiyya | known_for = Wanda ya kafa Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries | spouse = Elizabeth Folashade Olukoya | children = 1 | alma_mater = Jami'ar Legas<br>Jami'ar Reading }} '''Daniel Kolawole Olukoya''' (an haife shi 15 ga Yuli, 1957), wanda aka fi sani da '''Dr. D.K. Olukoya''', fasto ne ɗan Najeriya, masanin kimiyyar ƙwayoyin halitta kuma farfesa. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai kula da cocin ''Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries (MFM)''. Haka kuma ya yi suna a fannin binciken kimiyyar ƙwayoyin halitta da ilimin biotechnology a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Daniel Olukoya, MFM General Overseer, becomes a Professor|url=https://dailytrust.com/daniel-olukoya-mfm-general-overseer-becomes-a-professor/|work=Daily Trust|date=2022-12-08}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Olukoya a garin Akure da ke Jihar Ondo a Najeriya. Mahaifinsa jami’in ɗan sanda ne yayin da mahaifiyarsa ‘yar kasuwa ce. Ya fara makarantar firamare a St. John’s CAC Primary School da ke Akure kafin iyalinsu su koma Legas inda ya ci gaba da karatu a St. Jude’s Primary School, Ebute Metta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Dr D.K Olukoya and Pastor Mrs Shade Olukoya|url=https://www.mountainoffire.org/About/MummyAndDaddyGO|website=Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries}}</ref> Daga baya ya halarci makarantar Methodist Boys’ High School da ke Legas. A shekarar 1976 ya samu gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Legas domin nazarin ilimin microbiology. Ya kammala karatun digirinsa na farko da sakamako mafi girma a fannin microbiology a jami'ar.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Osinbajo celebrates Pastors Adeboye, Olukoya as UNILAG's firsts|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/|work=Premium Times}}</ref> Bayan haka ya samu gurbin karatu zuwa Jami'ar Reading da ke Birtaniya inda ya yi digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin Molecular Genetics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Dr. Daniel Olukoya|url=https://www.mfmrockville.org/aboutgo/|website=MFM Rockville}}</ref> == Aikin kimiyya == Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya, Olukoya ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya ta Najeriya (Nigerian Institute of Medical Research – NIMR) da ke Yaba, Legas. Ya wallafa bincike sama da 70 a mujallun kimiyya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our General Overseer|url=https://www.mfmhyattsville.com/our-general-overseer/|website=MFM Hyattsville}}</ref> An bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyyar Najeriya da suka ba da gudummawa a fannin biotechnology da nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta. Haka kuma ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar wani ingantaccen nau’in ''ogi'' mai suna ''DogiK'' wanda ake dangantawa da taimakawa wajen rage gudawa da inganta abinci.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Daniel Kolawole Olukoya|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kolawole_Olukoya|work=Wikipedia}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, Jami'ar Legas ta ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Science saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga ilimi da binciken kimiyya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=UNILAG awards Olukoya Doctor of Science degree|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/unilag-awards-olukoya-doctor-of-science-degree/|work=Vanguard|date=2019-04-04}}</ref> A shekarar 2022 kuma ya zama farfesa a fannin Biotechnology a Mountain Top University.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Daniel Olukoya, MFM General Overseer, becomes a Professor|url=https://dailytrust.com/daniel-olukoya-mfm-general-overseer-becomes-a-professor/|work=Daily Trust|date=2022-12-08}}</ref> == Aikin addini == A shekarar 1989, Olukoya ya fara taron addu’a a gidansa wanda daga baya ya zama cocin ''Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries (MFM)''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_of_Fire_and_Miracles_Ministries|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Cocin ya fara ne a Yaba, Legas, sannan daga baya ya bazu zuwa ƙasashe fiye da 100 a duniya. Cocin MFM ta yi fice wajen koyar da addu’o’in neman kubuta daga matsalolin ruhaniya da kuma tsarkake rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=With MFM, music education gets reloaded|url=https://guardian.ng/art/with-mfm-music-education-gets-reloaded/|work=The Guardian Nigeria}}</ref> Olukoya ya kuma kafa ''Mountain Top University'' da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ''MFM FC''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Testimonies, jubilation as Olukoya holds miracle service in Warri|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/testimonies-jubilation-as-olukoya-holds-miracle-service-in-warri/|work=Nigerian Tribune|date=2024-03-24}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Olukoya ya rubuta littattafai masu yawa kan addu’a, yaƙin ruhaniya da rayuwar Kiristanci. Daga cikin shahararrun littattafansa akwai: * ''Prayer Rain'' * ''Stop Them Before They Stop You'' * ''Overpowering Witchcraft'' * ''Brokenness'' * ''Dealing with Hidden Curses'' <ref>{{Cite news|title=ICONS: Dr. Daniel Kolawole Olukoya|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/icons-dr-daniel-kolawole-olukoya/|work=Nigerian Tribune|date=2024-03-20}}</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == Olukoya ya auri Elizabeth Folashade Olukoya a shekarar 1989 kuma suna da ɗa guda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Dr. Daniel Olukoya|url=https://www.mfmrockville.org/aboutgo/|website=MFM Rockville}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:1957 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian scientists]] [[Category:Nigerian pastors]] [[Category:Nigerian academics]] [[Category:People from Ondo State]] [[Category:University of Lagos alumni]] [[Category:Pentecostal pastors]] pisldz0768ip8cp1300fua2l63e3mfe 0 152874 841848 2026-05-28T20:37:57Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1299923262|Bafing River]]" 841848 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Bafing''' ( Manding na nufin "baƙar kogin", [[Faransanci]] : ''Rivière Bafing'' ) shine babban titin kuma babban raɓar [[Kogin Senegal]] wanda ke ratsa [[Gini|Guinea]] da [[Mali]] kuma yana da nisan {{Convert|350|miles}} tsayi. == Kwas ɗin == Fonta Djallon a Guinea ita ce tushen Kogin Bafing, {{Convert|30|miles}} arewacin Mamou . Yana gudana na kimanin {{Convert|350|miles}} kuma ya haɗu da Kogin Bakoy don haɗuwa da [[Kogin Senegal]] a yammacin Afirka. Kogin Bafing shine mafi girman magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Senegal, kuma yana ba da gudummawar kusan rabin jimlar ruwansa. Bafing wani ɓangare ne na iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa tsakanin Guinea da Mali. <ref name="Brownlie, I.">{{Cite book|last3=Ian Brownlie}}</ref> == Ban ruwa == Ambaliyar ruwa daga Kogin Bafing da ke gefen Kogin Senegal ta saba dogara da ita a matsayin hanyar tallafawa noma na gida. Duk da haka, fari a shekarun 1970 ya tilasta gina madatsun ruwa a Kogin Bafing da Kogin Senegal. Madatsar ruwa ta Manantali, wacce aka kammala a shekarar 1987, tana kan Kogin Bafing {{Convert|90|km}} daga saman Bafoulabé. Ita ce tafki mafi girma a Mali, [[Tafkin Manantali]] . Madatsar ruwan tana da tsawon {{Convert|11.3|km3|cumi}} na ruwa wanda ake amfani da shi wajen samar da wutar lantarki ga injinan turbines a lokacin rani. Sakamakon haka, yawan ambaliyar ruwa da ke gangarowa daga madatsar ruwa ya ragu amma a lokacin rani, kwararar ruwa tsakanin {{Convert|150|m3/s|cuyd/s}} da {{Convert|200|m3/s|cuyd/s}}Ana kiyaye . == Ilimin Halittu == Akwai yiwuwar samun adadi mai yawa na birai a yankin gabashin Kogin Bafing. An kuma ga birai masu cin kudan zuma masu launin shuɗi ( ''merops muelleri'' ) a dajin da ke kan kogin kudu da tsaunukan Manding . gumxa33m7j04c0aiofmore4snd97nwq 841849 841848 2026-05-28T20:38:20Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1299923262|Bafing River]]" 841849 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Bafing''' ( Manding na nufin "baƙar kogin", [[Faransanci]] : ''Rivière Bafing'' ) shine babban titin kuma babban raɓar [[Kogin Senegal]] wanda ke ratsa [[Gini|Guinea]] da [[Mali]] kuma yana da nisan {{Convert|350|miles}} tsayi. == Kwas ɗin == Fonta Djallon a Guinea ita ce tushen Kogin Bafing, {{Convert|30|miles}} arewacin Mamou . Yana gudana na kimanin {{Convert|350|miles}} kuma ya haɗu da Kogin Bakoy don haɗuwa da [[Kogin Senegal]] a yammacin Afirka. Kogin Bafing shine mafi girman magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Senegal, kuma yana ba da gudummawar kusan rabin jimlar ruwansa. Bafing wani ɓangare ne na iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa tsakanin Guinea da Mali. <ref name="Brownlie, I.">{{Cite book|last3=Ian Brownlie}}</ref> == Ban ruwa == Ambaliyar ruwa daga Kogin Bafing da ke gefen Kogin Senegal ta saba dogara da ita a matsayin hanyar tallafawa noma na gida. Duk da haka, fari a shekarun 1970 ya tilasta gina madatsun ruwa a Kogin Bafing da Kogin Senegal. Madatsar ruwa ta Manantali, wacce aka kammala a shekarar 1987, tana kan Kogin Bafing {{Convert|90|km}} daga saman Bafoulabé. Ita ce tafki mafi girma a Mali, [[Tafkin Manantali]] . Madatsar ruwan tana da tsawon {{Convert|11.3|km3|cumi}} na ruwa wanda ake amfani da shi wajen samar da wutar lantarki ga injinan turbines a lokacin rani. Sakamakon haka, yawan ambaliyar ruwa da ke gangarowa daga madatsar ruwa ya ragu amma a lokacin rani, kwararar ruwa tsakanin {{Convert|150|m3/s|cuyd/s}} da {{Convert|200|m3/s|cuyd/s}}Ana kiyaye . == Ilimin Halittu == Akwai yiwuwar samun adadi mai yawa na birai a yankin gabashin Kogin Bafing. An kuma ga birai masu cin kudan zuma masu launin shuɗi ( ''merops muelleri'' ) a dajin da ke kan kogin kudu da tsaunukan Manding . == Manazarta == 4qfpay7mqws3c6abxzvl65fmgincppn 841850 841849 2026-05-28T20:38:50Z Engineer014 44591 841850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Bafing''' ( Manding na nufin "baƙar kogin", [[Faransanci]] : ''Rivière Bafing'' ) shine babban titin kuma babban raɓar [[Kogin Senegal]] wanda ke ratsa [[Gini|Guinea]] da [[Mali]] kuma yana da nisan {{Convert|350|miles}} tsayi. == Kwas ɗin == Fonta Djallon a Guinea ita ce tushen Kogin Bafing, {{Convert|30|miles}} arewacin Mamou . Yana gudana na kimanin {{Convert|350|miles}} kuma ya haɗu da Kogin Bakoy don haɗuwa da [[Kogin Senegal]] a yammacin Afirka. Kogin Bafing shine mafi girman magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Senegal, kuma yana ba da gudummawar kusan rabin jimlar ruwansa. Bafing wani ɓangare ne na iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa tsakanin Guinea da Mali. <ref name="Brownlie, I.">{{Cite book|last3=Ian Brownlie}}</ref> == Ban ruwa == Ambaliyar ruwa daga Kogin Bafing da ke gefen Kogin Senegal ta saba dogara da ita a matsayin hanyar tallafawa noma na gida. Duk da haka, fari a shekarun 1970 ya tilasta gina madatsun ruwa a Kogin Bafing da Kogin Senegal. Madatsar ruwa ta Manantali, wacce aka kammala a shekarar 1987, tana kan Kogin Bafing {{Convert|90|km}} daga saman Bafoulabé. Ita ce tafki mafi girma a Mali, [[Tafkin Manantali]] . Madatsar ruwan tana da tsawon {{Convert|11.3|km3|cumi}} na ruwa wanda ake amfani da shi wajen samar da wutar lantarki ga injinan turbines a lokacin rani. Sakamakon haka, yawan ambaliyar ruwa da ke gangarowa daga madatsar ruwa ya ragu amma a lokacin rani, kwararar ruwa tsakanin {{Convert|150|m3/s|cuyd/s}} da {{Convert|200|m3/s|cuyd/s}}Ana kiyaye . == Ilimin Halittu == Akwai yiwuwar samun adadi mai yawa na birai a yankin gabashin Kogin Bafing. An kuma ga birai masu cin kudan zuma masu launin shuɗi ( ''merops muelleri'' ) a dajin da ke kan kogin kudu da tsaunukan Manding . == Manazarta == d3eamyp0l3hqgzwniibjmmmuh7kn4xf 0 152875 841852 2026-05-28T20:43:08Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341564072|Corubal River]]" 841852 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tarihi == A lokacin [[Yaƙin mulkin mallaka na Portugal|Yaƙin Mulkin Mallaka na Portugal]] a watan Fabrairun 1969, sojojin Portugal, yayin da suke ja da baya daga yankunan da ke yankin Madina do Boe, sun rasa sojoji 47 sakamakon nutsewa lokacin da kwale-kwalen jirgin ruwansu mai cike da kaya ya faɗi zuwa gefe yayin da suke ketare Corubal. Lamarin ya zama sananne da [[Annobar Cheche|Bala'in Cheche]] . === Yarjejeniya === An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya mai suna "Yarjejeniyar Kogin Corubal" a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1978 a [[Conakry]] ta [[Gini|Jamhuriyar Guinea]] da [[Gine-Bisau|Jamhuriyar Guinea Bissau]] don haɓaka da kuma kula da Kogin Kaliba-Koribal; Kogin Corubal kuma ana kiransa Kaliba. An kuma amince da kafa "Ƙungiyar zuba jari a Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Gambie" (OMVG) wanda aka fi sani da "Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Kogin Gambia" don yin nazari da haɓaka tsare-tsaren gudanarwa don ayyukan da ke kan Kogin Gambia, Kogin Geba da Kogin Corubal don samar da wutar lantarki, ban ruwa, kula da ambaliyar ruwa, kewayawa, ingancin ruwa da kayayyakin more rayuwa. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma amince da jimlar yankin kwarin Kogin Corubal na 24000&nbsp;km ² tare da 17500&nbsp;km ² (72.71%) a Guinea da kuma daidaiton kashi 27.02% a Guinea Bissau. <ref name="Basin">{{Cite web |title=Appendix 1 International Freshwater Agreements, River Basin organizations, and River Basin Commissions of Africa |url=http://www.awiru.co.za/pdf/F_BACK%20UNEP%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110210929/http://www.awiru.co.za/pdf/F_BACK%20UNEP%20Africa.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2015 |access-date=31 January 2013 |website=Corubal |publisher=UNEP Africa |format=pdf}}</ref> OMVG ta yi nazarin wurare huɗu don ci gaba a matsayin ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Ayyukan su ne, Sambangalou a Kogin Gambia, Ayyukan Fello Sounga da Saltinho a Kogin Koliba/Corubal, da Aikin Gaoual a Kogin Géba. Duk da haka, yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya ba ta da wasu ƙa'idodi masu mahimmanci da ƙa'idoji waɗanda ke jagorantar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Guinea da Guinea-Bissau. Don haka an ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da " Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Amfani da Magudanar Ruwa ta Ƙasa da Ƙasashen Duniya " wanda kayan aiki ne na duniya, wanda aka amince da shi a 1997, don haɓaka ci gaba mai adalci da dorewa da kuma kula da kwaruruka da jihohi biyu ko fiye suka raba. Ta amfani da tanade-tanaden wannan yarjejeniya, yarjejeniyar da ke tsakanin ƙasashen biyu kan haɓaka Kogin Corubal za ta buƙaci a faɗaɗa ta, ta hanyar yin takamaiman tanade-tanaden "wayar da kai da jagorantar haɗin gwiwa, da kuma ta hanyar ba wa kwamitin fasaha jagorar shari'a don inganta aiwatar da ayyukanta." <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Watercourses Convention: Applicability And Relevance In West Africa |url=http://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/bibliography/WWF/RA_West_Africa.pdf |access-date=31 January 2013 |publisher=International Water Law organization |format=pdf}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Kolanut.jpg|right|thumb|An cire goro na Kola don musanya zinariya]] Tana tashi kusa da Labe a cikin tsaunukan [[Fouta Djallon]] na [[Gini|Guinea]] kuma gabaɗaya tana gudana a gabas zuwa yamma. [[Bentala River|Kogin Bentala]] wani magudanar ruwa ne na sama. <ref name="River">{{Cite web |title=Corubal River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1481521/Corubal-River |access-date=31 January 2013 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Tana shiga [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]] a kan iyakar gabas, sannan ta nufi kudu maso yamma, kusa da kan iyakar Guinea-Bissau, sannan ta juya arewa maso yamma, ta wuce ta Xitole, sannan ta shiga ƙarshen saman bakin tekun [[Kogin Geba|Geba]], kimanin {{Convert|50|km}} daga sama daga birnin [[Bisau|Bissau]] . Na ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana samar da iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa tsakanin Guinea da Guinea-Bissau. Yana gudana tsakanin iyakar kudancin Bafatá da yankunan Quinará da Tombali . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corubal River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1481521/Corubal-River |access-date=28 January 2013 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Yana iya tafiya a kusa da garin Bafatá. <ref name="River" /> Kewaya Kogin Corubal da Geba shi ma ya zama hanyoyin ayarin [[Mandavan]] na [[Biofada]] don ɗaukar girbin gishiri da kola don cinikin zinare, har zuwa kudu da Koya a Yankin Dutsen Cape. Biafada ita ce ƙasar da ke sama da mahaɗar da ke gefen arewa na Kogin Corubal kuma bakin teku yana da kusan nisan mil 10.&nbsp;Faɗin kilomita a mahaɗar koguna biyu. <ref name="Brooks2003" /> == Tsarin Halittar Halitta == An lura da fitar ruwan kogin tsawon shekaru 18 (1977-1994) a Saltinho, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 200 daga teku. A tashar Saltinho amont, matsakaicin fitar ruwan da aka gani a kowace shekara a lokacin shine 304 m3/s don yankin magudanar ruwa wanda ya rufe kilomita 23,840, sama da kashi 90% na dukkan magudanar ruwan kogin. Zurfin ruwan ya kai 404&nbsp;mm/shekara, wanda za a iya ɗauka a matsayin babba. Rio Corubal tana da yawan fitar ruwa amma ba ta da tsari sosai. Matsakaicin fitar ruwa na wata-wata da aka gani a watan Mayu (mafi ƙarancin) shine 8 m3/s kawai, fiye da sau 140 ƙasa da matsakaicin watan Satumba, lokacin da fitar ruwa ta kai mafi girma. Saboda haka bambancin yanayi yana da yawa sosai, wanda ke nuna babban rashin daidaituwa. A tsawon lokacin lura na shekaru 18, mafi ƙarancin fitar ruwa na wata-wata shine 5.4 m3/s, yayin da matsakaicin shine 1,600 m3/s. == Kayan lambu == A ƙananan kogunan biyu, bakin kogin yana da dazuzzukan Mangrove da kuma ƙasa mai dausayi, waɗanda kuma ke cike da sauro iri-iri . A saman kogin, kwarin yana da dajin savanna . == Fauna == Yawancin nau'ikan barewa na Guinea-Bissau suna cikin yankin Kogin Corubal-Dulombi. Hippopotamus sun ƙunshi al'umma da aka keɓe. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> k7bscwwo7e80uupt71cflwzx5cbvnx4 841853 841852 2026-05-28T20:43:48Z Engineer014 44591 841853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Tarihi == A lokacin [[Yaƙin mulkin mallaka na Portugal|Yaƙin Mulkin Mallaka na Portugal]] a watan Fabrairun 1969, sojojin Portugal, yayin da suke ja da baya daga yankunan da ke yankin Madina do Boe, sun rasa sojoji 47 sakamakon nutsewa lokacin da kwale-kwalen jirgin ruwansu mai cike da kaya ya faɗi zuwa gefe yayin da suke ketare Corubal. Lamarin ya zama sananne da [[Annobar Cheche|Bala'in Cheche]] . === Yarjejeniya === An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya mai suna "Yarjejeniyar Kogin Corubal" a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1978 a [[Conakry]] ta [[Gini|Jamhuriyar Guinea]] da [[Gine-Bisau|Jamhuriyar Guinea Bissau]] don haɓaka da kuma kula da Kogin Kaliba-Koribal; Kogin Corubal kuma ana kiransa Kaliba. An kuma amince da kafa "Ƙungiyar zuba jari a Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Gambie" (OMVG) wanda aka fi sani da "Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Kogin Gambia" don yin nazari da haɓaka tsare-tsaren gudanarwa don ayyukan da ke kan Kogin Gambia, Kogin Geba da Kogin Corubal don samar da wutar lantarki, ban ruwa, kula da ambaliyar ruwa, kewayawa, ingancin ruwa da kayayyakin more rayuwa. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma amince da jimlar yankin kwarin Kogin Corubal na 24000&nbsp;km ² tare da 17500&nbsp;km ² (72.71%) a Guinea da kuma daidaiton kashi 27.02% a Guinea Bissau. <ref name="Basin">{{Cite web |title=Appendix 1 International Freshwater Agreements, River Basin organizations, and River Basin Commissions of Africa |url=http://www.awiru.co.za/pdf/F_BACK%20UNEP%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110210929/http://www.awiru.co.za/pdf/F_BACK%20UNEP%20Africa.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2015 |access-date=31 January 2013 |website=Corubal |publisher=UNEP Africa |format=pdf}}</ref> OMVG ta yi nazarin wurare huɗu don ci gaba a matsayin ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. Ayyukan su ne, Sambangalou a Kogin Gambia, Ayyukan Fello Sounga da Saltinho a Kogin Koliba/Corubal, da Aikin Gaoual a Kogin Géba. Duk da haka, yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya ba ta da wasu ƙa'idodi masu mahimmanci da ƙa'idoji waɗanda ke jagorantar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Guinea da Guinea-Bissau. Don haka an ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da " Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Amfani da Magudanar Ruwa ta Ƙasa da Ƙasashen Duniya " wanda kayan aiki ne na duniya, wanda aka amince da shi a 1997, don haɓaka ci gaba mai adalci da dorewa da kuma kula da kwaruruka da jihohi biyu ko fiye suka raba. Ta amfani da tanade-tanaden wannan yarjejeniya, yarjejeniyar da ke tsakanin ƙasashen biyu kan haɓaka Kogin Corubal za ta buƙaci a faɗaɗa ta, ta hanyar yin takamaiman tanade-tanaden "wayar da kai da jagorantar haɗin gwiwa, da kuma ta hanyar ba wa kwamitin fasaha jagorar shari'a don inganta aiwatar da ayyukanta." <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Watercourses Convention: Applicability And Relevance In West Africa |url=http://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/bibliography/WWF/RA_West_Africa.pdf |access-date=31 January 2013 |publisher=International Water Law organization |format=pdf}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Kolanut.jpg|right|thumb|An cire goro na Kola don musanya zinariya]] Tana tashi kusa da Labe a cikin tsaunukan [[Fouta Djallon]] na [[Gini|Guinea]] kuma gabaɗaya tana gudana a gabas zuwa yamma. [[Bentala River|Kogin Bentala]] wani magudanar ruwa ne na sama. <ref name="River">{{Cite web |title=Corubal River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1481521/Corubal-River |access-date=31 January 2013 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Tana shiga [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]] a kan iyakar gabas, sannan ta nufi kudu maso yamma, kusa da kan iyakar Guinea-Bissau, sannan ta juya arewa maso yamma, ta wuce ta Xitole, sannan ta shiga ƙarshen saman bakin tekun [[Kogin Geba|Geba]], kimanin {{Convert|50|km}} daga sama daga birnin [[Bisau|Bissau]] . Na ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana samar da iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa tsakanin Guinea da Guinea-Bissau. Yana gudana tsakanin iyakar kudancin Bafatá da yankunan Quinará da Tombali . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corubal River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1481521/Corubal-River |access-date=28 January 2013 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Yana iya tafiya a kusa da garin Bafatá. <ref name="River" /> Kewaya Kogin Corubal da Geba shi ma ya zama hanyoyin ayarin [[Mandavan]] na [[Biofada]] don ɗaukar girbin gishiri da kola don cinikin zinare, har zuwa kudu da Koya a Yankin Dutsen Cape. Biafada ita ce ƙasar da ke sama da mahaɗar da ke gefen arewa na Kogin Corubal kuma bakin teku yana da kusan nisan mil 10.&nbsp;Faɗin kilomita a mahaɗar koguna biyu. <ref name="Brooks2003" /> == Tsarin Halittar Halitta == An lura da fitar ruwan kogin tsawon shekaru 18 (1977-1994) a Saltinho, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 200 daga teku. A tashar Saltinho amont, matsakaicin fitar ruwan da aka gani a kowace shekara a lokacin shine 304 m3/s don yankin magudanar ruwa wanda ya rufe kilomita 23,840, sama da kashi 90% na dukkan magudanar ruwan kogin. Zurfin ruwan ya kai 404&nbsp;mm/shekara, wanda za a iya ɗauka a matsayin babba. Rio Corubal tana da yawan fitar ruwa amma ba ta da tsari sosai. Matsakaicin fitar ruwa na wata-wata da aka gani a watan Mayu (mafi ƙarancin) shine 8 m3/s kawai, fiye da sau 140 ƙasa da matsakaicin watan Satumba, lokacin da fitar ruwa ta kai mafi girma. Saboda haka bambancin yanayi yana da yawa sosai, wanda ke nuna babban rashin daidaituwa. A tsawon lokacin lura na shekaru 18, mafi ƙarancin fitar ruwa na wata-wata shine 5.4 m3/s, yayin da matsakaicin shine 1,600 m3/s. == Kayan lambu == A ƙananan kogunan biyu, bakin kogin yana da dazuzzukan Mangrove da kuma ƙasa mai dausayi, waɗanda kuma ke cike da sauro iri-iri . A saman kogin, kwarin yana da dajin savanna . == Fauna == Yawancin nau'ikan barewa na Guinea-Bissau suna cikin yankin Kogin Corubal-Dulombi. Hippopotamus sun ƙunshi al'umma da aka keɓe. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> f6b2trsol211qcz5e9c77sqxyafyiia 0 152876 841854 2026-05-28T20:44:06Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1171910772|Kikuletwa River]]" 841854 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Kikuletwa''' (''Mto Kikuletwa'' a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana cikin yankin arewacin Kilimanjaro, yankin Manyara da gabashin yankin Arusha na [[Tanzaniya]]. Yana farawa a unguwar Songoro a gundumar Meru, Arusha kuma daga ƙarshe ya matse zuwa kogin Pangani a Dam Nyumba ya Mungu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kikuletwa River |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-157544.html |access-date=2023-05-11}}</ref> Ruwan zafi na Kikuletwa su ma suna malala cikin kogin. == Manazarta == 2ial66a6p34sq4m28pl3kadtvtos1as 841855 841854 2026-05-28T20:45:24Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841855 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Kikuletwa''' (''Mto Kikuletwa'' a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana cikin yankin arewacin Kilimanjaro, yankin Manyara da gabashin yankin Arusha na [[Tanzaniya]].<ref>Lein, Haakon. “Managing the Water of Kilimanjaro: Irrigation, Peasants, and Hydropower Development.” GeoJournal, vol. 61, no. 2, 2004, pp. 155–62. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41147926. Accessed 11 May 2023.</ref><ref>Mdegela, Lawrence, et al. "A Multi-Modal Wireless Sensor System for River Monitoring: A Case for Kikuletwa River Floods in Tanzania." Sensors 23.8 (2023): 4055.</ref><ref>Munishi, P. K. T., A. M. Hermegast, and B. P. Mbilinyi. "The impacts of changes in vegetation cover on dry season flow in the Kikuletwa River, northern Tanzania." African Journal of Ecology 47 (2009): 84-92.</ref> Yana farawa a unguwar Songoro a gundumar Meru, Arusha kuma daga ƙarshe ya matse zuwa kogin Pangani a Dam Nyumba ya Mungu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kikuletwa River |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-157544.html |access-date=2023-05-11}}</ref> Ruwan zafi na Kikuletwa su ma suna malala cikin kogin.<ref>Lein, Haakon. “Managing the Water of Kilimanjaro: Irrigation, Peasants, and Hydropower Development.” GeoJournal, vol. 61, no. 2, 2004, pp. 155–62. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41147926. Accessed 11 May 2023.</ref><ref>Mdegela, Lawrence, et al. "A Multi-Modal Wireless Sensor System for River Monitoring: A Case for Kikuletwa River Floods in Tanzania." Sensors 23.8 (2023): 4055.</ref><ref>Munishi, P. K. T., A. M. Hermegast, and B. P. Mbilinyi. "The impacts of changes in vegetation cover on dry season flow in the Kikuletwa River, northern Tanzania." African Journal of Ecology 47 (2009): 84-92.</ref> == Manazarta == h8562ewqtfaambp7pos662ubu5bqxqr 841858 841855 2026-05-28T20:46:10Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841858 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Kikuletwa''' (''Mto Kikuletwa'' a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana cikin yankin arewacin Kilimanjaro, yankin Manyara da gabashin yankin Arusha na [[Tanzaniya]].<ref>Lein, Haakon. “Managing the Water of Kilimanjaro: Irrigation, Peasants, and Hydropower Development.” GeoJournal, vol. 61, no. 2, 2004, pp. 155–62. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41147926. Accessed 11 May 2023.</ref><ref>Mdegela, Lawrence, et al. "A Multi-Modal Wireless Sensor System for River Monitoring: A Case for Kikuletwa River Floods in Tanzania." Sensors 23.8 (2023): 4055.</ref><ref>Munishi, P. K. T., A. M. Hermegast, and B. P. Mbilinyi. "The impacts of changes in vegetation cover on dry season flow in the Kikuletwa River, northern Tanzania." African Journal of Ecology 47 (2009): 84-92.</ref> Yana farawa a unguwar Songoro a gundumar Meru, Arusha kuma daga ƙarshe ya matse zuwa kogin Pangani a Dam Nyumba ya Mungu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kikuletwa River |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-157544.html |access-date=2023-05-11}}</ref> Ruwan zafi na Kikuletwa su ma suna malala cikin kogin.<ref>Lein, Haakon. “Managing the Water of Kilimanjaro: Irrigation, Peasants, and Hydropower Development.” GeoJournal, vol. 61, no. 2, 2004, pp. 155–62. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41147926. Accessed 11 May 2023.</ref><ref>Mdegela, Lawrence, et al. "A Multi-Modal Wireless Sensor System for River Monitoring: A Case for Kikuletwa River Floods in Tanzania." Sensors 23.8 (2023): 4055.</ref><ref>Munishi, P. K. T., A. M. Hermegast, and B. P. Mbilinyi. "The impacts of changes in vegetation cover on dry season flow in the Kikuletwa River, northern Tanzania." African Journal of Ecology 47 (2009): 84-92.</ref> == Manazarta == pt0mwgqul7tvfzygesows0aw26es5h3 841859 841858 2026-05-28T20:48:24Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Kikuletwa''' (''Mto Kikuletwa'' a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana cikin yankin arewacin Kilimanjaro, yankin Manyara da gabashin yankin Arusha na [[Tanzaniya]].<ref>Lein, Haakon. “Managing the Water of Kilimanjaro: Irrigation, Peasants, and Hydropower Development.” GeoJournal, vol. 61, no. 2, 2004, pp. 155–62. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41147926. Accessed 11 May 2023.</ref><ref>Mdegela, Lawrence, et al. "A Multi-Modal Wireless Sensor System for River Monitoring: A Case for Kikuletwa River Floods in Tanzania." Sensors 23.8 (2023): 4055.</ref><ref>Munishi, P. K. T., A. M. Hermegast, and B. P. Mbilinyi. "The impacts of changes in vegetation cover on dry season flow in the Kikuletwa River, northern Tanzania." African Journal of Ecology 47 (2009): 84-92.</ref> Yana farawa a unguwar Songoro a gundumar Meru, Arusha kuma daga ƙarshe ya matse zuwa kogin Pangani a Dam Nyumba ya Mungu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kikuletwa River |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-157544.html |access-date=2023-05-11}}</ref> Ruwan zafi na Kikuletwa su ma suna malala cikin kogin.<ref>Lein, Haakon. “Managing the Water of Kilimanjaro: Irrigation, Peasants, and Hydropower Development.” GeoJournal, vol. 61, no. 2, 2004, pp. 155–62. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41147926. Accessed 11 May 2023.</ref><ref>Mdegela, Lawrence, et al. "A Multi-Modal Wireless Sensor System for River Monitoring: A Case for Kikuletwa River Floods in Tanzania." Sensors 23.8 (2023): 4055.</ref><ref>Munishi, P. K. T., A. M. Hermegast, and B. P. Mbilinyi. "The impacts of changes in vegetation cover on dry season flow in the Kikuletwa River, northern Tanzania." African Journal of Ecology 47 (2009): 84-92.</ref> == Manazarta == b6r0visb8isb1znn1isvt7vhbzu077j 0 152877 841856 2026-05-28T20:45:31Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Daniel Nwachukwu | image = | caption = Farfesa Daniel Nwachukwu | birth_place = Okposi, Jihar Ebonyi, Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, masani a fannin ilimin kimiyyar jikin ɗan Adam | known_for = Mataimakin shugaban jami'a da kuma shugaban jami'a | alma_mater = Jami'ar Legas da Jami'ar Benin | employer = Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka }} '''Farfesa Daniel Nwachukwu''' malami ne ɗan Najeriya kuma farfesa a fannin '''Cardiovasc... 841856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Daniel Nwachukwu | image = | caption = Farfesa Daniel Nwachukwu | birth_place = Okposi, Jihar Ebonyi, Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, masani a fannin ilimin kimiyyar jikin ɗan Adam | known_for = Mataimakin shugaban jami'a da kuma shugaban jami'a | alma_mater = Jami'ar Legas da Jami'ar Benin | employer = Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka }} '''Farfesa Daniel Nwachukwu''' malami ne ɗan Najeriya kuma farfesa a fannin '''Cardiovascular Physiology'''. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Najeriya, harabar Enugu (UNEC), kafin daga baya a naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban jami'ar [[Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike]] (AE-FUNAI) da ke Jihar Ebonyi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/ae-funai-announces-nwachukwu-as-new-vice-chancellor/ |title=AE-FUNAI Announces Nwachukwu As New Vice-Chancellor |publisher=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |date=21 Disamba 2025 |access-date=28 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Daniel Nwachukwu ne a garin Okposi da ke ƙaramar hukumar Ohaozara a Jihar Ebonyi, Najeriya. Ya halarci makarantar Government Secondary School kafin ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a Federal School of Arts and Science da ke Suleja a shekarar 1988.<ref>{{Cite news |title=UNN appoints Nwachukwu UNEC DVC |url=https://thesun.ng/unn-appoints-nwachukwu-unec-dvc/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=23 Yuli 2023 |access-date=28 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Ya samu digirinsa na farko a fannin '''Human Physiology''' daga [[Jami'ar Legas]] a shekarar 1995. Daga baya ya sami digirin digirgir da na uku (PhD) daga [[Jami'ar Benin]] a shekarun 1997 da 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nwachukwu, ex-UNEC DVC emerges AE-FUNAI's 4th vice chancellor |url=https://thesun.ng/nwachukwu-ex-unec-dvc-emerges-ae-funais-4th-vice-chancellor/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=20 Disamba 2025 |access-date=28 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aiki == Nwachukwu ya fara aiki a Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (UNN) a shekarar 1999 a matsayin Lecturer II. Ya ci gaba da hawa matakan aiki har aka naɗa shi farfesa a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unn.edu.ng/professor-daniel-c-nwachukwu/ |title=Professor Daniel C Nwachukwu |publisher=University of Nigeria Nsukka |access-date=28 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A lokacin aikinsa a UNN, ya riƙe muƙamai daban-daban ciki har da shugaban sashen Physiology da kuma shugaban Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences.<ref>{{Cite news |title=UNN appoints Nwachukwu UNEC DVC |url=https://thesun.ng/unn-appoints-nwachukwu-unec-dvc/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=23 Yuli 2023 |access-date=28 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, an zaɓe shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Najeriya, harabar Enugu (UNEC). Wannan naɗi ya sanya shi cikin manyan shugabannin jami'ar daga Jihar Ebonyi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=UNN appoints Nwachukwu UNEC DVC |url=https://thesun.ng/unn-appoints-nwachukwu-unec-dvc/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=23 Yuli 2023 |access-date=28 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A ranar 20 Disamba 2025, majalisar gudanarwar AE-FUNAI ta naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban jami'ar na huɗu bayan wata gasa da ta haɗa da manyan farfesoshi daga sassa daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/ae-funai-announces-nwachukwu-as-new-vice-chancellor/ |title=AE-FUNAI Announces Nwachukwu As New Vice-Chancellor |publisher=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |date=21 Disamba 2025 |access-date=28 Mayu 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nwachukwu, ex-UNEC DVC emerges AE-FUNAI's 4th vice chancellor |url=https://thesun.ng/nwachukwu-ex-unec-dvc-emerges-ae-funais-4th-vice-chancellor/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=20 Disamba 2025 |access-date=28 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Bincike da gudummawa == Farfesa Nwachukwu ya yi fice wajen bincike a fannin cututtukan zuciya da hawan jini. A cikin laccarsa ta 201 a Jami'ar Najeriya, ya bayyana cewa abin sha na ''zobo'' (''Hibiscus sabdariffa'') na da tasiri wajen rage hawan jini, bayan gudanar da bincike da gwaje-gwaje a kan mutane da dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nwachukwu, ex-UNEC DVC emerges AE-FUNAI's 4th vice chancellor |url=https://thesun.ng/nwachukwu-ex-unec-dvc-emerges-ae-funais-4th-vice-chancellor/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=20 Disamba 2025 |access-date=28 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar kai == Daniel Nwachukwu ya yi aure kuma yana da ’ya’ya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unn.edu.ng/professor-daniel-c-nwachukwu/ |title=Professor Daniel C Nwachukwu |publisher=University of Nigeria Nsukka |access-date=28 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshin Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman jami'a]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar jiki]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Ebonyi]] 5grti80rajf4eg2zlerp11w3x24wqk4 0 152878 841860 2026-05-28T20:51:10Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Dapo Akande''' cikakken sunansa '''Oludapọ Akande''', masanin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa ne ɗan Najeriya kuma farfesa a fannin ''Public International Law'' a Jami'ar Oxford. Ya yi fice wajen bincike da koyarwa a kan dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, dokokin yaƙi, haƙƙin ɗan Adam da kuma dokokin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Haka kuma memba ne na Hukumar Dokokin Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (International Law Commission). <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/peop... 841860 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dapo Akande''' cikakken sunansa '''Oludapọ Akande''', masanin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa ne ɗan Najeriya kuma farfesa a fannin ''Public International Law'' a Jami'ar Oxford. Ya yi fice wajen bincike da koyarwa a kan dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, dokokin yaƙi, haƙƙin ɗan Adam da kuma dokokin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Haka kuma memba ne na Hukumar Dokokin Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (International Law Commission). <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/dapo-akande |title=Dapo Akande |publisher=University of Oxford Faculty of Law |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Dapo Akande a Najeriya kuma ya taso ne a garin Ibadan, jihar Oyo. Ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a (LLB) a Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife a shekarar 1992. Bayan haka ya halarci makarantar koyon aikin lauya ta Najeriya (Nigerian Law School) inda ya samu cancantar zama lauya a shekarar 1993. Daga baya ya samu digirin Master of Laws (LLM) daga London School of Economics and Political Science a shekarar 1994. <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nigeria-co-nominates-uk-candidate-professor-dapo-akande-for-the-international-law-commission-2021 |title=Nigeria co-nominates UK candidate Professor Dapo Akande for the International Law Commission 2021 |publisher=GOV.UK |date=18 March 2021 |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == Akande ya koyar a jami'o'i daban-daban da suka haɗa da London School of Economics, Jami'ar Cambridge, Jami'ar Nottingham da Jami'ar Durham kafin ya koma Jami'ar Oxford. Tun daga shekarar 2004 yake koyar da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa a Oxford. A shekarar 2023 aka naɗa shi matsayin '''Chichele Professor of Public International Law''', ɗaya daga cikin manyan kujerun farfesoshi a fannin shari'a a Oxford. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/content/news/dapo-akande-appointed-chichele-professor-public-international-law |title=Dapo Akande appointed Chichele Professor of Public International Law |publisher=University of Oxford |date=4 August 2023 |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance ɗan kwalejin All Souls College a Oxford tare da kasancewa co-director na cibiyar bincike ta ''Oxford Institute for Ethics, Law and Armed Conflict (ELAC)''. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/dapo-akande |title=Dapo Akande |publisher=University of Oxford Faculty of Law |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> == Gudummawa a dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa == Dapo Akande ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya, mashawarci da ƙwararre a kotunan ƙasa da ƙasa daban-daban kamar: * Kotun Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Duniya (ICJ) * Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya (ICC) * Kotun Turai ta Haƙƙin Dan Adam * World Trade Organization (WTO) * International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) Ya kuma ba da shawara ga gwamnatoci da ƙungiyoyi na duniya ciki har da Tarayyar Afirka, NATO da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/people/dapo-akande |title=Dapo Akande |publisher=University of Oxford Faculty of Law |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Najeriya da Birtaniya suka haɗa kai wajen tsayar da shi takara domin zama memba na Hukumar Dokokin Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Wannan ya sanya shi mutum na farko da ƙasashe daga yankuna daban-daban na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya suka haɗa kai wajen mara wa baya. <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/united-kingdoms-prof-dapo-akande-backed-by-five-united-nations-members-for-2021-international-law-commission-election |title=United Kingdom’s Prof Dapo Akande backed by five United Nations members for 2021 International Law Commission election |publisher=GOV.UK |date=4 June 2021 |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> == Suna da karramawa == Ana kallon Akande a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa daga Afirka. A shekarar 2024 an sanar da shirye-shiryen tsayar da shi takara domin zama alƙali a Kotun Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Duniya (ICJ). <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/content/news/dapo-akande-nominated-election-judge-international-court-justice |title=Dapo Akande nominated for election as Judge to the International Court of Justice |publisher=University of Oxford |date=10 September 2024 |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> Har ila yau, an yaba masa saboda gudummawar da yake bayarwa wajen bunƙasa dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma horas da jami'an gwamnati da lauyoyi a ƙasashe daban-daban ciki har da Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nigeria-and-uks-joint-candidate-for-the-international-law-commission-visits-abuja |title=Nigeria and UK’s joint candidate for the International Law Commission visits Abuja |publisher=GOV.UK |date=12 July 2021 |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Akande, Dapo}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Lauyoyin Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman jami'a]] [[Category:Masanan dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa]] [[Category:Alumni na Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] [[Category:Malaman Jami'ar Oxford]] mcl0uz7s2wg98gmmfe6jw59jwzqluh7 0 152879 841862 2026-05-28T20:58:49Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Farfesa Dibu Ojerinde''' cikakken sunansa '''Adedibu Adegoke Ojerinde''', fitaccen malamin jami'a ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya yi suna a fannin gwaje-gwaje da aunawa (Tests and Measurement). Ya kasance tsohon shugaban hukumar shirya jarabawar shiga jami’o’i ta Najeriya wato [[Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board]] (JAMB), sannan ya taba jagorantar [[National Examinations Council]] (NECO). An san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin farkon farfesoshin Najeriya a fannin kiman... 841862 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Farfesa Dibu Ojerinde''' cikakken sunansa '''Adedibu Adegoke Ojerinde''', fitaccen malamin jami'a ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya yi suna a fannin gwaje-gwaje da aunawa (Tests and Measurement). Ya kasance tsohon shugaban hukumar shirya jarabawar shiga jami’o’i ta Najeriya wato [[Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board]] (JAMB), sannan ya taba jagorantar [[National Examinations Council]] (NECO). An san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin farkon farfesoshin Najeriya a fannin kimanta ilimi da gwaje-gwaje.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibu_Ojerinde |title=Dibu Ojerinde |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> == Tarihi == An haifi Dibu Ojerinde a garin Igboho da ke jihar Oyo a Najeriya. Ya fara karatunsa a makarantar Wesley College da ke Ibadan inda ya samu shaidar koyarwa ta Grade II a shekarar 1964. Daga baya ya halarci [[Adeyemi College of Education]] inda ya samu takardar NCE a shekarar 1968. Ya ci gaba da karatu a [[Obafemi Awolowo University]] inda ya samu digiri na farko a fannin ilimi a shekarar 1973 sannan ya sami digirin digirgir na biyu (M.Ed) a shekarar 1975. Bayan haka ya tafi [[Cornell University]] da ke kasar Amurka inda ya samu digirin PhD a fannin Educational Measurement a shekarar 1978.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dibu Ojerinde profile and career history |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibu_Ojerinde |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> == Aiki == Ojerinde ya fara aiki a matsayin malamin makaranta a shekarar 1965. Daga baya ya yi aiki a jami’o’i da cibiyoyin bincike daban-daban a Najeriya. A shekarar 1992 aka nada shi shugaban [[National Board for Educational Measurement]] (NBEM). Daga nan kuma ya zama shugaban [[National Examinations Council]] (NECO) daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2007. A shekarar 2007 gwamnatin Najeriya ta nada shi shugaban [[Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board]] (JAMB). A lokacin mulkinsa an fara amfani da tsarin jarabawar kwamfuta (CBT) a wasu matakai na JAMB domin rage satar amsa da inganta sahihancin jarabawa.<ref>{{cite news |title=By 2015 JAMB will only use e-testing |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/by-2015-jamb-will-only-use-e-testing/ |work=The Nation |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> An kuma san shi da ƙoƙarin gyara tsarin gudanar da jarabawar shiga jami’o’i a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Varsities set irrelevant post-UTME questions and blame candidates for failing - Prof. Dibu Ojerinde |url=https://punchng.com/varsities-set-irrelevant-post-utme-questions-and-blame-candidates-for-failing-prof-dibu-ojerinde/ |work=The Punch |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> == Zarge-zargen cin hanci == A shekarar 2021, hukumar [[Independent Corrupt Practices Commission]] (ICPC) ta kama Dibu Ojerinde bisa zargin karkatar da kudaden gwamnati yayin da yake shugabancin JAMB da NECO. Hukumar ta zarge shi da almundahanar kudade da suka kai biliyoyin naira tare da bayar da kwangiloli ga kamfanonin bogi.<ref>{{cite news |title=ICPC arrests Ex-JAMB Registrar, Professor Ojerinde over N900m Fraud |url=https://icpc.gov.ng/icpc-arrests-ex-jamb-registrar-professor-ojerinde-over-n900m-fraud/ |publisher=ICPC |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, ICPC ta sake gurfanar da shi tare da wasu ‘ya’yansa bisa zargin almundahanar sama da naira biliyan 5.<ref>{{cite news |title=ICPC Drags Ojerinde, Children, Six Companies To Court Over N5bn Fraud |url=https://icpc.gov.ng/icpc-drags-ojerinde-children-six-companies-to-court-over-n5bn-fraud/ |publisher=ICPC |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> Rahotanni daga kafafen yada labarai sun nuna cewa shari’ar ta ci gaba a kotun tarayya da ke Abuja.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alleged ₦5.2b Fraud: Court Dismisses Ex-Jamb Registrar Dibu Ojerinde’s No-Case Submission |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2025/06/11/alleged-%E2%82%A65-2b-fraud-court-dismisses-ex-jamb-registrar-dibu-ojerindes-no-case-submission/ |work=Channels Television |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> == Mukamai == * Tsohon shugaban [[Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board]] (JAMB) * Tsohon shugaban [[National Examinations Council]] (NECO) * Tsohon shugaban [[National Board for Educational Measurement]] (NBEM) * Farfesa a fannin Tests and Measurement == Duba kuma == * [[Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board]] * [[National Examinations Council]] * [[Independent Corrupt Practices Commission]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 1ycq9ux33vkffh2h9vpa1u169gglhbq 0 152880 841863 2026-05-28T21:05:51Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1264350577|Mbezi River]]" 841863 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Mbezi''' (''Mto Mbezi'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana yankin Dar es Salaam na Tanzania. Ya fara ne daga yankin Kwembe a Ubungo MC sannan daga baya ya malalo zuwa Zanzibar Channel a yankin Kawe na Kinondoni MC. An sanya wa unguwanni da dama da kuma unguwanni biyu suna saboda kogin. == Barazana == === Gurɓatar ƙarfe === Kamar dukkan kogunan da ke cikin birnin, Kogin Mbezi ya fuskanci [[Rashin lalacewar muhalli|lalacewar muhalli]] tsawon shekaru da dama. Ma'aunin tarin ƙasa, abin da ya shafi gurɓatawa, matakin gurɓatawa, canjin matakin gurɓatawa, yuwuwar gurɓatawa, da kuma yawan gubar muhalli duk sun nuna cewa gurɓatattun abubuwa daga kogunan Dar sun ƙazantu, tare da ɓarnar kogunan Msimbazi da Kizinga. Wannan gaskiya ne duk da cewa abin da ya shafi wadatar abinci yana nuna bambancin yanayin gurɓataccen ƙarfe masu nauyi a cikin koguna. An tantance matakan gurɓatar ƙarfe na Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Al, Mn, Fe, da [[Zinc|Zn]] ta amfani da laka daga kogin Kizinga, Mbezi, Msimbazi, da Mzinga. Yawancin mafi girman yawan Cd, Pb, Cr, Al, Mn, Fe, da Zn an same su ne a Kogin Msimbazi. Yayin da aka sami mafi girman yawan Ni da Cu a Kogin Kizinga, an sami mafi girman yawan Mn a Kogin Mbezi. Banda Mn, Kogin Mzinga yana da mafi ƙarancin adadin yawancin karafa. Yawan Mn ya fi ƙanƙanta a Kogin Kizinga. === Zaizayar ƙasa === Mazauna ƙauye mai tarihi da ke zaune a yankin kogin kusa da mashigar ruwa a cikin matsugunin Ukwamani na yau da kullum. Gwamnati ta ayyana yankin a matsayin yankin da ke fuskantar barazanar ambaliyar ruwa, kuma an haramta zama ko gini a wurin. Hukumomi sun fara ƙaura da 'yan ƙasa; an ba masu shi diyya, amma mafi yawansu sun ƙi ƙaura. Kogin wannan yankin yana aiki a matsayin wurin zubar da shara, noma, da bayan gida. Abin da ya fi faruwa ba zato ba tsammani tsakanin halayen kogi, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da ba a zata ba galibi tana shafar mazauna Ukwamani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When the River Crosses a City: Dar es Salaam and the Mbezi |url=https://chartercitiesinstitute.org/blog-posts/when-the-river-crosses-a-city-dar-es-salaam-and-the-mbezi/ |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> === Haƙar ma'adinai === Tsakiya da ƙasan kogin gida ne ga masu hakar yashi na yanayi. Ana cire yashi daga busasshen gefen kogi kuma ana sayar da shi a matsayin babban sinadari a aikin yin tubali. Duk da cewa hakar ma'adinai sana'a ce mai riba da ta shafi kogi, an haramta shi don kare bankunan. Haramcin wannan aiki ya haifar da kafa kamfanonin aikata laifuka waɗanda yanzu ke gudanar da masana'antar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When the River Crosses a City: Dar es Salaam and the Mbezi |url=https://chartercitiesinstitute.org/blog-posts/when-the-river-crosses-a-city-dar-es-salaam-and-the-mbezi/ |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> == Manazarta == Kikuletwa RiverMbezi RiverKikuletwa RiverMbezi RiverKikuletwa RiverMbezi RiverKikuletwa RiverMbezi RiverKikuletwa RiverMbezi RiverKikuletwa RiverMbezi RiverKikuletwa RiverMbezi RiverKikuletwa RiverMbezi RiverKikuletwa RiverMbezi RiverKikuletwa River eg84j1jd7ijiamljihj2alwx8bbs9q4 841867 841863 2026-05-28T21:10:37Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 841867 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Mbezi''' (''Mto Mbezi'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana yankin Dar es Salaam na Tanzania. Ya fara ne daga yankin Kwembe a Ubungo MC sannan daga baya ya malalo zuwa Zanzibar Channel a yankin Kawe na Kinondoni MC. An sanya wa unguwanni da dama da kuma unguwanni biyu suna saboda kogin. == Barazana == === Gurɓatar ƙarfe === Kamar dukkan kogunan da ke cikin birnin, Kogin Mbezi ya fuskanci [[Rashin lalacewar muhalli|lalacewar muhalli]] tsawon shekaru da dama. Ma'aunin tarin ƙasa, abin da ya shafi gurɓatawa, matakin gurɓatawa, canjin matakin gurɓatawa, yuwuwar gurɓatawa, da kuma yawan gubar muhalli duk sun nuna cewa gurɓatattun abubuwa daga kogunan Dar sun ƙazantu, tare da ɓarnar kogunan Msimbazi da Kizinga. Wannan gaskiya ne duk da cewa abin da ya shafi wadatar abinci yana nuna bambancin yanayin gurɓataccen ƙarfe masu nauyi a cikin koguna. An tantance matakan gurɓatar ƙarfe na Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Al, Mn, Fe, da [[Zinc|Zn]] ta amfani da laka daga kogin Kizinga, Mbezi, Msimbazi, da Mzinga. Yawancin mafi girman yawan Cd, Pb, Cr, Al, Mn, Fe, da Zn an same su ne a Kogin Msimbazi. Yayin da aka sami mafi girman yawan Ni da Cu a Kogin Kizinga, an sami mafi girman yawan Mn a Kogin Mbezi. Banda Mn, Kogin Mzinga yana da mafi ƙarancin adadin yawancin karafa. Yawan Mn ya fi ƙanƙanta a Kogin Kizinga. === Zaizayar ƙasa === Mazauna ƙauye mai tarihi da ke zaune a yankin kogin kusa da mashigar ruwa a cikin matsugunin Ukwamani na yau da kullum. Gwamnati ta ayyana yankin a matsayin yankin da ke fuskantar barazanar ambaliyar ruwa, kuma an haramta zama ko gini a wurin. Hukumomi sun fara ƙaura da 'yan ƙasa; an ba masu shi diyya, amma mafi yawansu sun ƙi ƙaura. Kogin wannan yankin yana aiki a matsayin wurin zubar da shara, noma, da bayan gida. Abin da ya fi faruwa ba zato ba tsammani tsakanin halayen kogi, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da ba a zata ba galibi tana shafar mazauna Ukwamani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When the River Crosses a City: Dar es Salaam and the Mbezi |url=https://chartercitiesinstitute.org/blog-posts/when-the-river-crosses-a-city-dar-es-salaam-and-the-mbezi/ |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> === Haƙar ma'adinai === Tsakiya da ƙasan kogin gida ne ga masu hakar yashi na yanayi. Ana cire yashi daga busasshen gefen kogi kuma ana sayar da shi a matsayin babban sinadari a aikin yin tubali. Duk da cewa hakar ma'adinai sana'a ce mai riba da ta shafi kogi, an haramta shi don kare bankunan. Haramcin wannan aiki ya haifar da kafa kamfanonin aikata laifuka waɗanda yanzu ke gudanar da masana'antar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When the River Crosses a City: Dar es Salaam and the Mbezi |url=https://chartercitiesinstitute.org/blog-posts/when-the-river-crosses-a-city-dar-es-salaam-and-the-mbezi/ |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6rsh7i2i6kccmpuosptp96pgnhm5ssx 841868 841867 2026-05-28T21:11:22Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841868 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Mbezi''' (''Mto Mbezi'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana yankin Dar es Salaam na Tanzania. Ya fara ne daga yankin Kwembe a Ubungo MC sannan daga baya ya malalo zuwa Zanzibar Channel a yankin Kawe na Kinondoni MC. An sanya wa unguwanni da dama da kuma unguwanni biyu suna saboda kogin.<ref>Justin, Mhina Given, et al. "Mapping the gap of water and erosion control measures in the rapidly urbanizing Mbezi river catchment of Dar es Salaam." Water 10.1 (2018): 64.</ref><ref>Mhina, G. J., et al. "Suitability of storm water runoff for water supply in fast urbanizing cities: The case of Mbezi River catchment in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania." Journal of Building and Land Development 21.1 (2020): 1–13.</ref> == Barazana == === Gurɓatar ƙarfe === Kamar dukkan kogunan da ke cikin birnin, Kogin Mbezi ya fuskanci [[Rashin lalacewar muhalli|lalacewar muhalli]] tsawon shekaru da dama. Ma'aunin tarin ƙasa, abin da ya shafi gurɓatawa, matakin gurɓatawa, canjin matakin gurɓatawa, yuwuwar gurɓatawa, da kuma yawan gubar muhalli duk sun nuna cewa gurɓatattun abubuwa daga kogunan Dar sun ƙazantu, tare da ɓarnar kogunan Msimbazi da Kizinga. Wannan gaskiya ne duk da cewa abin da ya shafi wadatar abinci yana nuna bambancin yanayin gurɓataccen ƙarfe masu nauyi a cikin koguna. An tantance matakan gurɓatar ƙarfe na Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Al, Mn, Fe, da [[Zinc|Zn]] ta amfani da laka daga kogin Kizinga, Mbezi, Msimbazi, da Mzinga. Yawancin mafi girman yawan Cd, Pb, Cr, Al, Mn, Fe, da Zn an same su ne a Kogin Msimbazi. Yayin da aka sami mafi girman yawan Ni da Cu a Kogin Kizinga, an sami mafi girman yawan Mn a Kogin Mbezi. Banda Mn, Kogin Mzinga yana da mafi ƙarancin adadin yawancin karafa. Yawan Mn ya fi ƙanƙanta a Kogin Kizinga. === Zaizayar ƙasa === Mazauna ƙauye mai tarihi da ke zaune a yankin kogin kusa da mashigar ruwa a cikin matsugunin Ukwamani na yau da kullum. Gwamnati ta ayyana yankin a matsayin yankin da ke fuskantar barazanar ambaliyar ruwa, kuma an haramta zama ko gini a wurin. Hukumomi sun fara ƙaura da 'yan ƙasa; an ba masu shi diyya, amma mafi yawansu sun ƙi ƙaura. Kogin wannan yankin yana aiki a matsayin wurin zubar da shara, noma, da bayan gida. Abin da ya fi faruwa ba zato ba tsammani tsakanin halayen kogi, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da ba a zata ba galibi tana shafar mazauna Ukwamani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When the River Crosses a City: Dar es Salaam and the Mbezi |url=https://chartercitiesinstitute.org/blog-posts/when-the-river-crosses-a-city-dar-es-salaam-and-the-mbezi/ |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> === Haƙar ma'adinai === Tsakiya da ƙasan kogin gida ne ga masu hakar yashi na yanayi. Ana cire yashi daga busasshen gefen kogi kuma ana sayar da shi a matsayin babban sinadari a aikin yin tubali. Duk da cewa hakar ma'adinai sana'a ce mai riba da ta shafi kogi, an haramta shi don kare bankunan. Haramcin wannan aiki ya haifar da kafa kamfanonin aikata laifuka waɗanda yanzu ke gudanar da masana'antar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When the River Crosses a City: Dar es Salaam and the Mbezi |url=https://chartercitiesinstitute.org/blog-posts/when-the-river-crosses-a-city-dar-es-salaam-and-the-mbezi/ |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> == Manazarta == howeye7odf565zjut6w2ql7qjcdzkyr 841870 841868 2026-05-28T21:12:58Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Gurɓatar ƙarfe */ 841870 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Mbezi''' (''Mto Mbezi'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana yankin Dar es Salaam na Tanzania. Ya fara ne daga yankin Kwembe a Ubungo MC sannan daga baya ya malalo zuwa Zanzibar Channel a yankin Kawe na Kinondoni MC. An sanya wa unguwanni da dama da kuma unguwanni biyu suna saboda kogin.<ref>Justin, Mhina Given, et al. "Mapping the gap of water and erosion control measures in the rapidly urbanizing Mbezi river catchment of Dar es Salaam." Water 10.1 (2018): 64.</ref><ref>Mhina, G. J., et al. "Suitability of storm water runoff for water supply in fast urbanizing cities: The case of Mbezi River catchment in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania." Journal of Building and Land Development 21.1 (2020): 1–13.</ref> == Barazana == === Gurɓatar ƙarfe === Kamar dukkan kogunan da ke cikin birnin, Kogin Mbezi ya fuskanci [[Rashin lalacewar muhalli|lalacewar muhalli]] tsawon shekaru da dama. Ma'aunin tarin ƙasa, abin da ya shafi gurɓatawa, matakin gurɓatawa, canjin matakin gurɓatawa, yuwuwar gurɓatawa, da kuma yawan gubar muhalli duk sun nuna cewa gurɓatattun abubuwa daga kogunan Dar sun ƙazantu, tare da ɓarnar kogunan Msimbazi da Kizinga. Wannan gaskiya ne duk da cewa abin da ya shafi wadatar abinci yana nuna bambancin yanayin gurɓataccen ƙarfe masu nauyi a cikin koguna.<ref>Mihale, Matobola J. "Metal contamination in sediments of coastal rivers around Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania 27.2 (2021).</ref> An tantance matakan gurɓatar ƙarfe na Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Al, Mn, Fe, da [[Zinc|Zn]] ta amfani da laka daga kogin Kizinga, Mbezi, Msimbazi, da Mzinga. Yawancin mafi girman yawan Cd, Pb, Cr, Al, Mn, Fe, da Zn an same su ne a Kogin Msimbazi.<ref>Mihale, Matobola J. "Metal contamination in sediments of coastal rivers around Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania 27.2 (2021).</ref> Yayin da aka sami mafi girman yawan Ni da Cu a Kogin Kizinga, an sami mafi girman yawan Mn a Kogin Mbezi.<ref>{{cite web|title= When the River Crosses a City: Dar es Salaam and the Mbezi|url=https://chartercitiesinstitute.org/blog-posts/when-the-river-crosses-a-city-dar-es-salaam-and-the-mbezi/|access-date= 4 August 2023}}</ref> Banda Mn, Kogin Mzinga yana da mafi ƙarancin adadin yawancin karafa. Yawan Mn ya fi ƙanƙanta a Kogin Kizinga. === Zaizayar ƙasa === Mazauna ƙauye mai tarihi da ke zaune a yankin kogin kusa da mashigar ruwa a cikin matsugunin Ukwamani na yau da kullum. Gwamnati ta ayyana yankin a matsayin yankin da ke fuskantar barazanar ambaliyar ruwa, kuma an haramta zama ko gini a wurin. Hukumomi sun fara ƙaura da 'yan ƙasa; an ba masu shi diyya, amma mafi yawansu sun ƙi ƙaura. Kogin wannan yankin yana aiki a matsayin wurin zubar da shara, noma, da bayan gida. Abin da ya fi faruwa ba zato ba tsammani tsakanin halayen kogi, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da ba a zata ba galibi tana shafar mazauna Ukwamani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When the River Crosses a City: Dar es Salaam and the Mbezi |url=https://chartercitiesinstitute.org/blog-posts/when-the-river-crosses-a-city-dar-es-salaam-and-the-mbezi/ |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> === Haƙar ma'adinai === Tsakiya da ƙasan kogin gida ne ga masu hakar yashi na yanayi. Ana cire yashi daga busasshen gefen kogi kuma ana sayar da shi a matsayin babban sinadari a aikin yin tubali. Duk da cewa hakar ma'adinai sana'a ce mai riba da ta shafi kogi, an haramta shi don kare bankunan. Haramcin wannan aiki ya haifar da kafa kamfanonin aikata laifuka waɗanda yanzu ke gudanar da masana'antar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When the River Crosses a City: Dar es Salaam and the Mbezi |url=https://chartercitiesinstitute.org/blog-posts/when-the-river-crosses-a-city-dar-es-salaam-and-the-mbezi/ |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> == Manazarta == 9uqwzere3s6b9bqlio3450z5nqiwllm 841871 841870 2026-05-28T21:14:29Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Mbezi''' (''Mto Mbezi'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana yankin Dar es Salaam na Tanzania. Ya fara ne daga yankin Kwembe a Ubungo MC sannan daga baya ya malalo zuwa Zanzibar Channel a yankin Kawe na Kinondoni MC. An sanya wa unguwanni da dama da kuma unguwanni biyu suna saboda kogin.<ref>Justin, Mhina Given, et al. "Mapping the gap of water and erosion control measures in the rapidly urbanizing Mbezi river catchment of Dar es Salaam." Water 10.1 (2018): 64.</ref><ref>Mhina, G. J., et al. "Suitability of storm water runoff for water supply in fast urbanizing cities: The case of Mbezi River catchment in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania." Journal of Building and Land Development 21.1 (2020): 1–13.</ref> == Barazana == === Gurɓatar ƙarfe === Kamar dukkan kogunan da ke cikin birnin, Kogin Mbezi ya fuskanci [[Rashin lalacewar muhalli|lalacewar muhalli]] tsawon shekaru da dama. Ma'aunin tarin ƙasa, abin da ya shafi gurɓatawa, matakin gurɓatawa, canjin matakin gurɓatawa, yuwuwar gurɓatawa, da kuma yawan gubar muhalli duk sun nuna cewa gurɓatattun abubuwa daga kogunan Dar sun ƙazantu, tare da ɓarnar kogunan Msimbazi da Kizinga. Wannan gaskiya ne duk da cewa abin da ya shafi wadatar abinci yana nuna bambancin yanayin gurɓataccen ƙarfe masu nauyi a cikin koguna.<ref>Mihale, Matobola J. "Metal contamination in sediments of coastal rivers around Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania 27.2 (2021).</ref> An tantance matakan gurɓatar ƙarfe na Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Al, Mn, Fe, da [[Zinc|Zn]] ta amfani da laka daga kogin Kizinga, Mbezi, Msimbazi, da Mzinga. Yawancin mafi girman yawan Cd, Pb, Cr, Al, Mn, Fe, da Zn an same su ne a Kogin Msimbazi.<ref>Mihale, Matobola J. "Metal contamination in sediments of coastal rivers around Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania 27.2 (2021).</ref> Yayin da aka sami mafi girman yawan Ni da Cu a Kogin Kizinga, an sami mafi girman yawan Mn a Kogin Mbezi.<ref>{{cite web|title= When the River Crosses a City: Dar es Salaam and the Mbezi|url=https://chartercitiesinstitute.org/blog-posts/when-the-river-crosses-a-city-dar-es-salaam-and-the-mbezi/|access-date= 4 August 2023}}</ref> Banda Mn, Kogin Mzinga yana da mafi ƙarancin adadin yawancin karafa. Yawan Mn ya fi ƙanƙanta a Kogin Kizinga. === Zaizayar ƙasa === Mazauna ƙauye mai tarihi da ke zaune a yankin kogin kusa da mashigar ruwa a cikin matsugunin Ukwamani na yau da kullum. Gwamnati ta ayyana yankin a matsayin yankin da ke fuskantar barazanar ambaliyar ruwa, kuma an haramta zama ko gini a wurin. Hukumomi sun fara ƙaura da 'yan ƙasa; an ba masu shi diyya, amma mafi yawansu sun ƙi ƙaura. Kogin wannan yankin yana aiki a matsayin wurin zubar da shara, noma, da bayan gida. Abin da ya fi faruwa ba zato ba tsammani tsakanin halayen kogi, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da ba a zata ba galibi tana shafar mazauna Ukwamani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When the River Crosses a City: Dar es Salaam and the Mbezi |url=https://chartercitiesinstitute.org/blog-posts/when-the-river-crosses-a-city-dar-es-salaam-and-the-mbezi/ |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> === Haƙar ma'adinai === Tsakiya da ƙasan kogin gida ne ga masu hakar yashi na yanayi. Ana cire yashi daga busasshen gefen kogi kuma ana sayar da shi a matsayin babban sinadari a aikin yin tubali. Duk da cewa hakar ma'adinai sana'a ce mai riba da ta shafi kogi, an haramta shi don kare bankunan. Haramcin wannan aiki ya haifar da kafa kamfanonin aikata laifuka waɗanda yanzu ke gudanar da masana'antar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When the River Crosses a City: Dar es Salaam and the Mbezi |url=https://chartercitiesinstitute.org/blog-posts/when-the-river-crosses-a-city-dar-es-salaam-and-the-mbezi/ |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> == Manazarta == q64qsv6kfetkhxm6p6eb660whq7yau7 0 152881 841872 2026-05-28T21:21:46Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311706544|Mpiji River]]" 841872 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Mpiji''' (''Mto Mpiji'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana arewa maso gabashin Yankin Pwani da kuma yammacin Yankin Dar es Salaam na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Ya fara ne a gundumar [[Masaki, Kisarawe|Masaki]] da ke gundumar Kisarawe sannan daga ƙarshe ya malala zuwa Zanzibar Channel a kan iyakar gundumar Mbweni da ke gundumar Kinondoni da ke Dar es Salaam da kuma gundumar Kerege da ke gundumar Bagamoyo da ke yankin Pwani. == Barazana == A Dar es Salaam, koguna da kogunan da ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya suna ƙara ƙazanta, a cewar wani rahoto na shekarar 2021. Kogunan Mpiji da Msimbazi, da kuma kogunan Mzinga da Kizinga, duk sun gurɓata ta hanyar [[Sharar masana'antu|sharar ɗan adam da ta masana'antu]]. Mutanen da ke zaune kusa sun lalata daidaita ruwan halitta kuma sun mayar da kogunan da ke kusa da su zuwa wurin zubar da shara. Kogunan da ke Dar es Salaam ba su da kariya sosai, kuma ayyukan ɗan adam suna kawo cikas ga daidaiton yanayinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dar's rivers |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/dar-rivers-in-danger-of-drying-up-2590322#google_vignette |access-date=2023-08-04}}</ref> == Manazarta == Mbezi RiverMpiji RiverMbezi RiverMpiji RiverMpiji RiverMbezi River j59sv9offkxticevfzl1wx62esymngo 841873 841872 2026-05-28T21:22:55Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 841873 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Mpiji''' (''Mto Mpiji'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana arewa maso gabashin Yankin Pwani da kuma yammacin Yankin Dar es Salaam na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Ya fara ne a gundumar [[Masaki, Kisarawe|Masaki]] da ke gundumar Kisarawe sannan daga ƙarshe ya malala zuwa Zanzibar Channel a kan iyakar gundumar Mbweni da ke gundumar Kinondoni da ke Dar es Salaam da kuma gundumar Kerege da ke gundumar Bagamoyo da ke yankin Pwani. == Barazana == A Dar es Salaam, koguna da kogunan da ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya suna ƙara ƙazanta, a cewar wani rahoto na shekarar 2021. Kogunan Mpiji da Msimbazi, da kuma kogunan Mzinga da Kizinga, duk sun gurɓata ta hanyar [[Sharar masana'antu|sharar ɗan adam da ta masana'antu]]. Mutanen da ke zaune kusa sun lalata daidaita ruwan halitta kuma sun mayar da kogunan da ke kusa da su zuwa wurin zubar da shara. Kogunan da ke Dar es Salaam ba su da kariya sosai, kuma ayyukan ɗan adam suna kawo cikas ga daidaiton yanayinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dar's rivers |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/dar-rivers-in-danger-of-drying-up-2590322#google_vignette |access-date=2023-08-04}}</ref> == Manazarta == jx4nrhiyrte71uzk7apvcy5c610f691 841897 841873 2026-05-28T21:28:06Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841897 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Mpiji''' (''Mto Mpiji'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana arewa maso gabashin Yankin Pwani da kuma yammacin Yankin Dar es Salaam na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Ya fara ne a gundumar [[Masaki, Kisarawe|Masaki]] da ke gundumar Kisarawe sannan daga ƙarshe ya malala zuwa Zanzibar Channel a kan iyakar gundumar Mbweni da ke gundumar Kinondoni da ke Dar es Salaam da kuma gundumar Kerege da ke gundumar Bagamoyo da ke yankin Pwani.<ref>Mtoni, Y., et al. "Social and Environmental impact of river and pit sand mining activities along the Mbezi and Mpiji rivers." Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Kinondoni Integrated Coastal Area Management Programme (KICAMP), Tanzania (2006).</ref><ref>Malipa, J. "Site selection for dam construction using RS and GIS to select dam site for irrigation along Mpiji river in Bagamoyo district Tanzania." ITC, 2005.</ref> == Barazana == A Dar es Salaam, koguna da kogunan da ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya suna ƙara ƙazanta, a cewar wani rahoto na shekarar 2021. Kogunan Mpiji da Msimbazi, da kuma kogunan Mzinga da Kizinga, duk sun gurɓata ta hanyar [[Sharar masana'antu|sharar ɗan adam da ta masana'antu]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Dar's rivers|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/dar-rivers-in-danger-of-drying-up-2590322#google_vignette|access-date= 2023-08-04}}</ref><ref>Machiwa, John F. "Coastal marine pollution in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) relative to recommended environmental quality targets for the Western Indian Ocean." Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 9.1 (2010): 17-30.</ref> Mutanen da ke zaune kusa sun lalata daidaita ruwan halitta kuma sun mayar da kogunan da ke kusa da su zuwa wurin zubar da shara. Kogunan da ke Dar es Salaam ba su da kariya sosai, kuma ayyukan ɗan adam suna kawo cikas ga daidaiton yanayinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dar's rivers |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/dar-rivers-in-danger-of-drying-up-2590322#google_vignette |access-date=2023-08-04}}</ref> == Manazarta == 8c3p3epd4xsqc4m6ao9rol62sq57gku 841898 841897 2026-05-28T21:29:37Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Mpiji''' (''Mto Mpiji'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana arewa maso gabashin Yankin Pwani da kuma yammacin Yankin Dar es Salaam na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Ya fara ne a gundumar [[Masaki, Kisarawe|Masaki]] da ke gundumar Kisarawe sannan daga ƙarshe ya malala zuwa Zanzibar Channel a kan iyakar gundumar Mbweni da ke gundumar Kinondoni da ke Dar es Salaam da kuma gundumar Kerege da ke gundumar Bagamoyo da ke yankin Pwani.<ref>Mtoni, Y., et al. "Social and Environmental impact of river and pit sand mining activities along the Mbezi and Mpiji rivers." Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Kinondoni Integrated Coastal Area Management Programme (KICAMP), Tanzania (2006).</ref><ref>Malipa, J. "Site selection for dam construction using RS and GIS to select dam site for irrigation along Mpiji river in Bagamoyo district Tanzania." ITC, 2005.</ref> == Barazana == A Dar es Salaam, koguna da kogunan da ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Indiya suna ƙara ƙazanta, a cewar wani rahoto na shekarar 2021. Kogunan Mpiji da Msimbazi, da kuma kogunan Mzinga da Kizinga, duk sun gurɓata ta hanyar [[Sharar masana'antu|sharar ɗan adam da ta masana'antu]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Dar's rivers|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/dar-rivers-in-danger-of-drying-up-2590322#google_vignette|access-date= 2023-08-04}}</ref><ref>Machiwa, John F. "Coastal marine pollution in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) relative to recommended environmental quality targets for the Western Indian Ocean." Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 9.1 (2010): 17-30.</ref> Mutanen da ke zaune kusa sun lalata daidaita ruwan halitta kuma sun mayar da kogunan da ke kusa da su zuwa wurin zubar da shara. Kogunan da ke Dar es Salaam ba su da kariya sosai, kuma ayyukan ɗan adam suna kawo cikas ga daidaiton yanayinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dar's rivers |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/dar-rivers-in-danger-of-drying-up-2590322#google_vignette |access-date=2023-08-04}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3j1he32m3e6qc4ba4toevaqimkg9dz5 3 152882 841874 2026-05-28T21:23:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841874 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dan Gatan Baahir Maishaddaa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dan Gatan Baahir Maishaddaa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) a0p4xmhs5y88seqymsnu09hm9ipsnad 3 152883 841875 2026-05-28T21:23:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841875 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mcyjerry! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mcyjerry|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) dsyn57bo0zrpj8gz17zlccstt04aibo 3 152884 841876 2026-05-28T21:23:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841876 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nabilalady! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nabilalady|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) tl3cjvp2x4ttnm6yesswaf9n9f72p1j 3 152885 841877 2026-05-28T21:23:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841877 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abacard! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abacard|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) mckp1s169fqmfhhkus5uzcizvohlmj9 3 152886 841878 2026-05-28T21:23:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841878 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Elprof01! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Elprof01|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) aabu0yii5z95f4jcwibxxscl5l8e32i 3 152887 841879 2026-05-28T21:24:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841879 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Гренадеръ! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Гренадеръ|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 3qjza2tu15dduxzulxu9yr4am7d84i6 3 152888 841880 2026-05-28T21:24:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841880 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ShehabTweel165! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ShehabTweel165|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 0f0zyq5dy885jfz3915lczja1nn2d23 3 152889 841881 2026-05-28T21:24:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841881 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Eureka-WMF! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Eureka-WMF|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) igljewn2xchwzokx7c05wvyvmptf7su 3 152890 841882 2026-05-28T21:24:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841882 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Damselette0114! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Damselette0114|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) mrqe9f20r8cb1n4931960teugvrwp84 3 152891 841883 2026-05-28T21:24:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841883 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Radziulon! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Radziulon|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) o8zmg8ze63w751hilta2v37cnlq0yik 3 152892 841884 2026-05-28T21:24:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841884 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bookwood112! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bookwood112|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 1kbvyot1tgqb8gloo8m2es1s7d1k9xr 3 152893 841885 2026-05-28T21:25:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841885 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, TifennD! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/TifennD|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) rox2esdn2mdgeccir1431m8rdzn077y 3 152894 841886 2026-05-28T21:25:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841886 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Muhammadsanijalingo003! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Muhammadsanijalingo003|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 9jecfju99d6gs23581xnntfc97yebwy 3 152895 841887 2026-05-28T21:25:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841887 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Macrakis! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Macrakis|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 9iklbcobrpis1hswkykm6you79eowu2 3 152896 841888 2026-05-28T21:25:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841888 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Vinodsharmabrainscience1! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Vinodsharmabrainscience1|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) mvr6iyl2q7yd34hetxx0u3falcxa483 3 152897 841889 2026-05-28T21:25:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841889 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dolhaemjjiii! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dolhaemjjiii|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) esmrpzsp0dxpjcw0xge0131869gx0ze 3 152898 841890 2026-05-28T21:25:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841890 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ramkoretome! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ramkoretome|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) nz578emt7g95113p0sxgebzwhum7l24 3 152899 841891 2026-05-28T21:26:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841891 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Zakster9191! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Zakster9191|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) mwm2ck8pvlquv0h6ef01fpt1mv5l026 3 152900 841892 2026-05-28T21:26:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841892 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Danfinklerr! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Danfinklerr|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 511w5eyr49cqagq0e7fx63zpcx7f435 3 152901 841893 2026-05-28T21:26:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841893 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Naija Wikipediano! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Naija Wikipediano|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) dcsp5ce4putdejoj25ebhc06eno5ccx 3 152902 841894 2026-05-28T21:26:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841894 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jomitdemnas! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jomitdemnas|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) qo7hiyh51odblhvg0c6eq3ida7dklpd 3 152903 841895 2026-05-28T21:26:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 841895 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Գայանե Սողոմոնյան! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Գայանե Սողոմոնյան|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 28 Mayu 2026 (UTC) s25iphrr4o31p9pvfil745p0omshofp 0 152904 841900 2026-05-28T21:41:48Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340126401|Niassa Reserve]]" 841900 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wurin ajiyar Niassa''' wani wurin ajiyar yanayi ne a lardin Cabo Delgado da lardin Niassa, [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]. Yana da faɗin {{Convert|42000|sqkm|acre}}, kuma shine mafi girman yankin da aka kiyaye a ƙasar. Wurin ajiyar wani ɓangare ne na Yankin Kare Muhalli na Trans-Frontier kuma yana haɗe da [[Lukwika-Lumesule Game Reserve|Wurin Ajiye Muhalli na Lukwika-Lumesule]] na Tanzaniya. <ref name="b">{{Cite web |title=Other Game Reserves |url=http://tanzaniatouristboard.com/places_to_go/national_parks_and_reserves/other_game_reserves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414062536/http://tanzaniatouristboard.com/places_to_go/national_parks_and_reserves/other_game_reserves |archive-date=2009-04-14 |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=Tanzania Tourist Board}}</ref> Zai haɗu da Wurin Ajiye Muhalli na Tafkin Niassa idan an kammala shi. <ref name="b2">{{Cite web |date=2009-09-23 |title=Establishment of Lake Niassa Reserve |url=http://www.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/mozambique/index.cfm?uProjectID=MZ0020 |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=[[World Wildlife Fund]]}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2016)">tabbacin da ya gaza</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == An kafa Niassa a shekarar 1954 lokacin da Mozambique har yanzu tana gabashin Afirka ta Portugal, ba ta sami ingantaccen kariya ba har sai da aka kawo ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Basasar Mozambik|Yaƙin Basasa na Mozambique]] tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Rome. Tun daga lokacin, gwamnatin Mozambique ta kafa tsarin gudanarwa don kare muhallin arewacin Mozambique. Warewa da rashin ci gaba da ke kare wurin shakatawar suma suna cutar da yuwuwar yawon buɗe ido. Jami'an Mozambique sun yarda cewa akwai wasu matsaloli ga ci gaban wurin shakatawar, ciki har da "nesa da wahalar shiga ... rashin ingantattun kayayyakin more rayuwa na yawon buɗe ido da kuma wahalar dabaru da ke tattare da fara kasuwanci a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yanayi." <ref name="c">{{Cite web |date= |title=Northern Mozambique becomes "charter" destination |url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/13418 |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=afrol News}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2005, yankin da aka kare ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin Sashen Kula da Zaki. == Iyakoki == Kogin [[Kogin Ruvuma|Rovuma]] ne ya samar da iyakar arewa, wanda kuma ya samar da iyaka da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Niassa Reserve ya ninka girman Kruger National Park sau biyu kuma ya yi daidai da jimlar yankin [[Wales]], [[Denmark]] ko [[Massachusetts]]. <ref name="a">{{Cite web |title=Niassa Reserve |url=http://www.zambezi.com/locations/niassa-gorongosa/ |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=Zambezi Safari and Travel Company}}</ref> == Tsarin muhalli == Niassa wani ɓangare ne na dazuzzukan Miombo na Gabashin ƙasar, wanda ya ƙunshi sassan Tanzaniya da [[Malawi]]. Wurin ajiyar yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan dazuzzukan Miombo a duniya, tare da dajin Miombo wanda ya mamaye rabin dazuzzukan. Sauran kuma galibi shine savannah a buɗe, tare da wasu dausayi da kuma wuraren dazuzzuka da aka keɓe. Kashi 95% na biomass na wurin ajiyar tsire-tsire ne, wanda ya haɗa da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin shuka 21 da nau'ikan bishiyoyi da shrubs 191. <ref name="a">{{Cite web |title=Niassa Reserve |url=http://www.zambezi.com/locations/niassa-gorongosa/ |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=Zambezi Safari and Travel Company}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.zambezi.com/locations/niassa-gorongosa/ "Niassa Reserve"]. ''Zambezi Safari and Travel Company''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> Niassa Preserve tana da yawan [[karen daji na Afirka]] sama da 350, wanda ya yi daidai da na dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa, inda aka kiyasta yawan mutanen duniya ya kai 8000. Wurin shakatawa yana da yawan barewa sama da 12000, yawan giwaye 16000, nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 400, da kuma yawan bauna na Cape, impala, wildebeest, zebra da damisa. Yankin yana da nau'ikan karnuka uku da suka fi yawa wildebeest na Niassa, zebra na Boehm, da Impala na Johnston. <ref name="a">{{Cite web |title=Niassa Reserve |url=http://www.zambezi.com/locations/niassa-gorongosa/ |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=Zambezi Safari and Travel Company}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.zambezi.com/locations/niassa-gorongosa/ "Niassa Reserve"]. ''Zambezi Safari and Travel Company''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wurin ajiyar kayan tarihi gida ne ga Dutsen Mecula, wanda yake tsakiyar wurin shakatawa mai tsayin {{Convert|1441|m|ft}}. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Hare-haren 2025 == A ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu, 2025, 'yan bindiga sun kai hari kan gine-gine a yankin Niassa, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar wasu masu binciken laifuka biyu. Har yanzu ba a gano wasu biyu ba, yayin da wani ya ji mummunan rauni. Daga baya kungiyar Islamic State-Mozambique ta ɗauki alhakin harin, wanda ya faru kwanaki goma kacal bayan wani hari daban da aka kai a sansanin safari da ke kusa, inda aka yanke wa mutane biyu kai tare da sojoji shida suka rasa rayukansu. == Manazarta == Mpiji RiverNiassa ReserveMpiji RiverNiassa ReserveMpiji RiverNiassa ReserveMpiji RiverNiassa ReserveMpiji RiverNiassa ReserveMpiji River 602cxctap6cia46w22t6l2fl9x08ip1 841901 841900 2026-05-28T21:42:16Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 841901 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wurin ajiyar Niassa''' wani wurin ajiyar yanayi ne a lardin Cabo Delgado da lardin Niassa, [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]. Yana da faɗin {{Convert|42000|sqkm|acre}}, kuma shine mafi girman yankin da aka kiyaye a ƙasar. Wurin ajiyar wani ɓangare ne na Yankin Kare Muhalli na Trans-Frontier kuma yana haɗe da [[Lukwika-Lumesule Game Reserve|Wurin Ajiye Muhalli na Lukwika-Lumesule]] na Tanzaniya. <ref name="b">{{Cite web |title=Other Game Reserves |url=http://tanzaniatouristboard.com/places_to_go/national_parks_and_reserves/other_game_reserves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414062536/http://tanzaniatouristboard.com/places_to_go/national_parks_and_reserves/other_game_reserves |archive-date=2009-04-14 |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=Tanzania Tourist Board}}</ref> Zai haɗu da Wurin Ajiye Muhalli na Tafkin Niassa idan an kammala shi. <ref name="b2">{{Cite web |date=2009-09-23 |title=Establishment of Lake Niassa Reserve |url=http://www.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/mozambique/index.cfm?uProjectID=MZ0020 |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=[[World Wildlife Fund]]}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2016)">tabbacin da ya gaza</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == An kafa Niassa a shekarar 1954 lokacin da Mozambique har yanzu tana gabashin Afirka ta Portugal, ba ta sami ingantaccen kariya ba har sai da aka kawo ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Basasar Mozambik|Yaƙin Basasa na Mozambique]] tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Rome. Tun daga lokacin, gwamnatin Mozambique ta kafa tsarin gudanarwa don kare muhallin arewacin Mozambique. Warewa da rashin ci gaba da ke kare wurin shakatawar suma suna cutar da yuwuwar yawon buɗe ido. Jami'an Mozambique sun yarda cewa akwai wasu matsaloli ga ci gaban wurin shakatawar, ciki har da "nesa da wahalar shiga ... rashin ingantattun kayayyakin more rayuwa na yawon buɗe ido da kuma wahalar dabaru da ke tattare da fara kasuwanci a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yanayi." <ref name="c">{{Cite web |date= |title=Northern Mozambique becomes "charter" destination |url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/13418 |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=afrol News}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2005, yankin da aka kare ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin Sashen Kula da Zaki. == Iyakoki == Kogin [[Kogin Ruvuma|Rovuma]] ne ya samar da iyakar arewa, wanda kuma ya samar da iyaka da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Niassa Reserve ya ninka girman Kruger National Park sau biyu kuma ya yi daidai da jimlar yankin [[Wales]], [[Denmark]] ko [[Massachusetts]]. <ref name="a">{{Cite web |title=Niassa Reserve |url=http://www.zambezi.com/locations/niassa-gorongosa/ |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=Zambezi Safari and Travel Company}}</ref> == Tsarin muhalli == Niassa wani ɓangare ne na dazuzzukan Miombo na Gabashin ƙasar, wanda ya ƙunshi sassan Tanzaniya da [[Malawi]]. Wurin ajiyar yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan dazuzzukan Miombo a duniya, tare da dajin Miombo wanda ya mamaye rabin dazuzzukan. Sauran kuma galibi shine savannah a buɗe, tare da wasu dausayi da kuma wuraren dazuzzuka da aka keɓe. Kashi 95% na biomass na wurin ajiyar tsire-tsire ne, wanda ya haɗa da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin shuka 21 da nau'ikan bishiyoyi da shrubs 191. <ref name="a">{{Cite web |title=Niassa Reserve |url=http://www.zambezi.com/locations/niassa-gorongosa/ |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=Zambezi Safari and Travel Company}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.zambezi.com/locations/niassa-gorongosa/ "Niassa Reserve"]. ''Zambezi Safari and Travel Company''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> Niassa Preserve tana da yawan [[karen daji na Afirka]] sama da 350, wanda ya yi daidai da na dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa, inda aka kiyasta yawan mutanen duniya ya kai 8000. Wurin shakatawa yana da yawan barewa sama da 12000, yawan giwaye 16000, nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 400, da kuma yawan bauna na Cape, impala, wildebeest, zebra da damisa. Yankin yana da nau'ikan karnuka uku da suka fi yawa wildebeest na Niassa, zebra na Boehm, da Impala na Johnston. <ref name="a">{{Cite web |title=Niassa Reserve |url=http://www.zambezi.com/locations/niassa-gorongosa/ |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=Zambezi Safari and Travel Company}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.zambezi.com/locations/niassa-gorongosa/ "Niassa Reserve"]. ''Zambezi Safari and Travel Company''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wurin ajiyar kayan tarihi gida ne ga Dutsen Mecula, wanda yake tsakiyar wurin shakatawa mai tsayin {{Convert|1441|m|ft}}. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Hare-haren 2025 == A ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu, 2025, 'yan bindiga sun kai hari kan gine-gine a yankin Niassa, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar wasu masu binciken laifuka biyu. Har yanzu ba a gano wasu biyu ba, yayin da wani ya ji mummunan rauni. Daga baya kungiyar Islamic State-Mozambique ta ɗauki alhakin harin, wanda ya faru kwanaki goma kacal bayan wani hari daban da aka kai a sansanin safari da ke kusa, inda aka yanke wa mutane biyu kai tare da sojoji shida suka rasa rayukansu. == Manazarta == agsi3893criuzjcrkfoigtr3vqtf15v 841902 841901 2026-05-28T21:43:24Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Hare-haren 2025 */ 841902 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wurin ajiyar Niassa''' wani wurin ajiyar yanayi ne a lardin Cabo Delgado da lardin Niassa, [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]. Yana da faɗin {{Convert|42000|sqkm|acre}}, kuma shine mafi girman yankin da aka kiyaye a ƙasar. Wurin ajiyar wani ɓangare ne na Yankin Kare Muhalli na Trans-Frontier kuma yana haɗe da [[Lukwika-Lumesule Game Reserve|Wurin Ajiye Muhalli na Lukwika-Lumesule]] na Tanzaniya. <ref name="b">{{Cite web |title=Other Game Reserves |url=http://tanzaniatouristboard.com/places_to_go/national_parks_and_reserves/other_game_reserves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414062536/http://tanzaniatouristboard.com/places_to_go/national_parks_and_reserves/other_game_reserves |archive-date=2009-04-14 |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=Tanzania Tourist Board}}</ref> Zai haɗu da Wurin Ajiye Muhalli na Tafkin Niassa idan an kammala shi. <ref name="b2">{{Cite web |date=2009-09-23 |title=Establishment of Lake Niassa Reserve |url=http://www.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/mozambique/index.cfm?uProjectID=MZ0020 |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=[[World Wildlife Fund]]}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2016)">tabbacin da ya gaza</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == An kafa Niassa a shekarar 1954 lokacin da Mozambique har yanzu tana gabashin Afirka ta Portugal, ba ta sami ingantaccen kariya ba har sai da aka kawo ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Basasar Mozambik|Yaƙin Basasa na Mozambique]] tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Rome. Tun daga lokacin, gwamnatin Mozambique ta kafa tsarin gudanarwa don kare muhallin arewacin Mozambique. Warewa da rashin ci gaba da ke kare wurin shakatawar suma suna cutar da yuwuwar yawon buɗe ido. Jami'an Mozambique sun yarda cewa akwai wasu matsaloli ga ci gaban wurin shakatawar, ciki har da "nesa da wahalar shiga ... rashin ingantattun kayayyakin more rayuwa na yawon buɗe ido da kuma wahalar dabaru da ke tattare da fara kasuwanci a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yanayi." <ref name="c">{{Cite web |date= |title=Northern Mozambique becomes "charter" destination |url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/13418 |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=afrol News}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2005, yankin da aka kare ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin Sashen Kula da Zaki. == Iyakoki == Kogin [[Kogin Ruvuma|Rovuma]] ne ya samar da iyakar arewa, wanda kuma ya samar da iyaka da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Niassa Reserve ya ninka girman Kruger National Park sau biyu kuma ya yi daidai da jimlar yankin [[Wales]], [[Denmark]] ko [[Massachusetts]]. <ref name="a">{{Cite web |title=Niassa Reserve |url=http://www.zambezi.com/locations/niassa-gorongosa/ |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=Zambezi Safari and Travel Company}}</ref> == Tsarin muhalli == Niassa wani ɓangare ne na dazuzzukan Miombo na Gabashin ƙasar, wanda ya ƙunshi sassan Tanzaniya da [[Malawi]]. Wurin ajiyar yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan dazuzzukan Miombo a duniya, tare da dajin Miombo wanda ya mamaye rabin dazuzzukan. Sauran kuma galibi shine savannah a buɗe, tare da wasu dausayi da kuma wuraren dazuzzuka da aka keɓe. Kashi 95% na biomass na wurin ajiyar tsire-tsire ne, wanda ya haɗa da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin shuka 21 da nau'ikan bishiyoyi da shrubs 191. <ref name="a">{{Cite web |title=Niassa Reserve |url=http://www.zambezi.com/locations/niassa-gorongosa/ |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=Zambezi Safari and Travel Company}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.zambezi.com/locations/niassa-gorongosa/ "Niassa Reserve"]. ''Zambezi Safari and Travel Company''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> Niassa Preserve tana da yawan [[karen daji na Afirka]] sama da 350, wanda ya yi daidai da na dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa, inda aka kiyasta yawan mutanen duniya ya kai 8000. Wurin shakatawa yana da yawan barewa sama da 12000, yawan giwaye 16000, nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 400, da kuma yawan bauna na Cape, impala, wildebeest, zebra da damisa. Yankin yana da nau'ikan karnuka uku da suka fi yawa wildebeest na Niassa, zebra na Boehm, da Impala na Johnston. <ref name="a">{{Cite web |title=Niassa Reserve |url=http://www.zambezi.com/locations/niassa-gorongosa/ |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=Zambezi Safari and Travel Company}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.zambezi.com/locations/niassa-gorongosa/ "Niassa Reserve"]. ''Zambezi Safari and Travel Company''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wurin ajiyar kayan tarihi gida ne ga Dutsen Mecula, wanda yake tsakiyar wurin shakatawa mai tsayin {{Convert|1441|m|ft}}. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Hare-haren 2025 == A ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu, 2025, 'yan bindiga sun kai hari kan gine-gine a yankin Niassa, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar wasu masu binciken laifuka biyu. Har yanzu ba a gano wasu biyu ba, yayin da wani ya ji mummunan rauni. Daga baya kungiyar Islamic State-Mozambique ta ɗauki alhakin harin, wanda ya faru kwanaki goma kacal bayan wani hari daban da aka kai a sansanin safari da ke kusa, inda aka yanke wa mutane biyu kai tare da sojoji shida suka rasa rayukansu.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Greenfield |first=Patrick |date=2025-05-18 |title=Ten dead in ‘brutal’ attacks by Isis-linked militants on Mozambique wildlife reserve |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/may/18/mozambique-niassa-militant-islamist-isis-attacks-aoe |access-date=2025-05-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Manazarta == edy9bvmg17gedlj1ky256u6u8vk6etd 841903 841902 2026-05-28T21:44:25Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wurin ajiyar Niassa''' wani wurin ajiyar yanayi ne a lardin Cabo Delgado da lardin Niassa, [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]. Yana da faɗin {{Convert|42000|sqkm|acre}}, kuma shine mafi girman yankin da aka kiyaye a ƙasar. Wurin ajiyar wani ɓangare ne na Yankin Kare Muhalli na Trans-Frontier kuma yana haɗe da [[Lukwika-Lumesule Game Reserve|Wurin Ajiye Muhalli na Lukwika-Lumesule]] na Tanzaniya. <ref name="b">{{Cite web |title=Other Game Reserves |url=http://tanzaniatouristboard.com/places_to_go/national_parks_and_reserves/other_game_reserves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414062536/http://tanzaniatouristboard.com/places_to_go/national_parks_and_reserves/other_game_reserves |archive-date=2009-04-14 |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=Tanzania Tourist Board}}</ref> Zai haɗu da Wurin Ajiye Muhalli na Tafkin Niassa idan an kammala shi. <ref name="b2">{{Cite web |date=2009-09-23 |title=Establishment of Lake Niassa Reserve |url=http://www.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/mozambique/index.cfm?uProjectID=MZ0020 |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=[[World Wildlife Fund]]}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2016)">tabbacin da ya gaza</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == An kafa Niassa a shekarar 1954 lokacin da Mozambique har yanzu tana gabashin Afirka ta Portugal, ba ta sami ingantaccen kariya ba har sai da aka kawo ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Basasar Mozambik|Yaƙin Basasa na Mozambique]] tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Rome. Tun daga lokacin, gwamnatin Mozambique ta kafa tsarin gudanarwa don kare muhallin arewacin Mozambique. Warewa da rashin ci gaba da ke kare wurin shakatawar suma suna cutar da yuwuwar yawon buɗe ido. Jami'an Mozambique sun yarda cewa akwai wasu matsaloli ga ci gaban wurin shakatawar, ciki har da "nesa da wahalar shiga ... rashin ingantattun kayayyakin more rayuwa na yawon buɗe ido da kuma wahalar dabaru da ke tattare da fara kasuwanci a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yanayi." <ref name="c">{{Cite web |date= |title=Northern Mozambique becomes "charter" destination |url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/13418 |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=afrol News}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2005, yankin da aka kare ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin Sashen Kula da Zaki. == Iyakoki == Kogin [[Kogin Ruvuma|Rovuma]] ne ya samar da iyakar arewa, wanda kuma ya samar da iyaka da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Niassa Reserve ya ninka girman Kruger National Park sau biyu kuma ya yi daidai da jimlar yankin [[Wales]], [[Denmark]] ko [[Massachusetts]]. <ref name="a">{{Cite web |title=Niassa Reserve |url=http://www.zambezi.com/locations/niassa-gorongosa/ |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=Zambezi Safari and Travel Company}}</ref> == Tsarin muhalli == Niassa wani ɓangare ne na dazuzzukan Miombo na Gabashin ƙasar, wanda ya ƙunshi sassan Tanzaniya da [[Malawi]]. Wurin ajiyar yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan dazuzzukan Miombo a duniya, tare da dajin Miombo wanda ya mamaye rabin dazuzzukan. Sauran kuma galibi shine savannah a buɗe, tare da wasu dausayi da kuma wuraren dazuzzuka da aka keɓe. Kashi 95% na biomass na wurin ajiyar tsire-tsire ne, wanda ya haɗa da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin shuka 21 da nau'ikan bishiyoyi da shrubs 191. <ref name="a">{{Cite web |title=Niassa Reserve |url=http://www.zambezi.com/locations/niassa-gorongosa/ |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=Zambezi Safari and Travel Company}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.zambezi.com/locations/niassa-gorongosa/ "Niassa Reserve"]. ''Zambezi Safari and Travel Company''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> Niassa Preserve tana da yawan [[karen daji na Afirka]] sama da 350, wanda ya yi daidai da na dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa, inda aka kiyasta yawan mutanen duniya ya kai 8000. Wurin shakatawa yana da yawan barewa sama da 12000, yawan giwaye 16000, nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 400, da kuma yawan bauna na Cape, impala, wildebeest, zebra da damisa. Yankin yana da nau'ikan karnuka uku da suka fi yawa wildebeest na Niassa, zebra na Boehm, da Impala na Johnston. <ref name="a">{{Cite web |title=Niassa Reserve |url=http://www.zambezi.com/locations/niassa-gorongosa/ |access-date=2009-12-31 |website=Zambezi Safari and Travel Company}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.zambezi.com/locations/niassa-gorongosa/ "Niassa Reserve"]. ''Zambezi Safari and Travel Company''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wurin ajiyar kayan tarihi gida ne ga Dutsen Mecula, wanda yake tsakiyar wurin shakatawa mai tsayin {{Convert|1441|m|ft}}. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Hare-haren 2025 == A ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu, 2025, 'yan bindiga sun kai hari kan gine-gine a yankin Niassa, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar wasu masu binciken laifuka biyu. Har yanzu ba a gano wasu biyu ba, yayin da wani ya ji mummunan rauni. Daga baya kungiyar Islamic State-Mozambique ta ɗauki alhakin harin, wanda ya faru kwanaki goma kacal bayan wani hari daban da aka kai a sansanin safari da ke kusa, inda aka yanke wa mutane biyu kai tare da sojoji shida suka rasa rayukansu.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Greenfield |first=Patrick |date=2025-05-18 |title=Ten dead in ‘brutal’ attacks by Isis-linked militants on Mozambique wildlife reserve |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/may/18/mozambique-niassa-militant-islamist-isis-attacks-aoe |access-date=2025-05-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Manazarta == 4ab6k2ovpcwsylw0wxcd4s5z90ezt7v 0 152905 841905 2026-05-28T21:47:22Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351533190|Sudd]]" 841905 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Sudd''' ( Arabic , Nuer : Baki̱ec, [[Harshen Dinka|Dinka]] : Toc) wani babban [[Fadama|dausayi]] ne a [[Sudan ta Kudu|Kudancin Sudan]], wanda sashen ''Baḥr al-Jabal'' na White Nile ya samar. Kalmar [[Larabci]] ''{{Transl|ar|sudd}}'' ta samo asali ne daga ''{{Transl|ar|sadd}}'' ( {{Lang|ar|[[wikt:سد|سد]]}} ), ma'ana "shinge" ko "shingaye". Kalmar "sudd" ta zo ga kowace babban tsibiri ko tabarmi mai ƙarfi da ke iyo a cikin ciyayi. Yankin da fadama ta rufe yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren dausayi a duniya kuma mafi girman wuraren dausayi mai ruwa a cikin Kogin Nilu . Tsawon ƙarni da yawa, dausayin, musamman ma dausayin ciyayi, ya zama shingen da ba za a iya shiga ba ga hanyoyin tafiya a bakin kogin Nilu. [[Tsohuwar Masar|Tsoffin Masarawa]] sun kasa shiga yankin Sudd su isa yankunan kudu da shi. A shekara ta 61 AD, wani rukunin sojojin Romawa da Sarki Nero ya aika sun hau kogin Fari amma ba su iya ketare kogin Sudd ba, wanda hakan ya nuna iyakar shigar Romawa cikin Afirka ta Equatorial . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kirwan |first=L.P. |author-link=L. P. Kirwan |year=1957 |title=Rome beyond The Southern Egyptian Frontier |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1790717 |journal=[[Geographical Journal]] |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=13–19 |bibcode=1957GeogJ.123...13K |doi=10.2307/1790717 |jstor=1790717 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Saboda irin waɗannan dalilai a zamanin baya, [[Nil|neman tushen kogin Nilu]] ya kasance da wahala musamman; daga ƙarshe ya ƙunshi balaguron ƙasa daga bakin tekun tsakiyar Afirka, don guje wa yin tafiya ta cikin Sudd. A shekarar 2019, wani bincike ya nuna cewa karuwar ruwa a cikin Sudd na iya haifar da har zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukkan matakan [[Methane na sararin samaniya|methane na Yammacin]] [[Afirka ta Yamma|Afirka]] a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lunt |first=Mark F. |last2=Palmer |first2=Paul I. |last3=Feng |first3=Liang |last4=Taylor |first4=Christopher M. |last5=Boesch |first5=Hartmut |last6=Parker |first6=Robert J. |display-authors=3 |year=2019 |title=An increase in methane emissions from tropical Africa between 2010 and 2016 inferred from satellite data |journal=[[Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics]] |volume=19 |issue=23 |pages=14721–14740 |bibcode=2019ACP....1914721L |doi=10.5194/acp-19-14721-2019 |s2cid=198448426 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Climate change: Methane pulse detected from South Sudan wetlands |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-50708544 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Girmansa yana da bambanci sosai, matsakaicinsa ya wuce {{Convert|30000|km2|sqmi}} . A lokacin damina, zai iya kaiwa sama da {{Convert|130000|km2|sqmi}} ya ƙunshi kashi 21% na ƙasar, ya danganta da ruwan da ke shigowa, tare da fitar da ruwa daga [[Tafkin Victoria]] shine babban abin da ke daidaita matakan ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa a yankin. Tunda yankin Sudd ya ƙunshi hanyoyi daban-daban [[Menander|na juyawa]], tafkuna, filayen reed da papyrus kuma yana rasa rabin ruwan da ke shigowa ta hanyar fitar da ruwa a cikin filayen ambaliyar ruwa na dindindin da na yanayi, ilimin ruwa mai rikitarwa yana da tasirin farko da na biyu. Babban fasalin yankin shine magudanar ruwa ta Jonglei da ba ta cika ba, wanda aka shirya don ratsa ruwa daga Sudd don guje wa asarar fitar da ruwa da kuma ƙara yawan ruwan da ke fita daga mashigar Sudd. Daga 1961 zuwa 1963, an sami ƙaruwa sosai a yankin da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa lokacin da matakin [[Tafkin Victoria]] ya ƙaru, kuma kwararar ruwan ta ƙaru. Jimillar yankin Sudd yana da alaƙa da adadin ruwan da ke isa Bor daga kogin Albert da kuma daga rafuka ko magudanan ruwa na yanayi waɗanda za su iya ƙara yawan kwararar ruwa a ƙarshen kogin Sudd. A lokacin shekarun 1960, kwararar ruwa a Tafkin Victoria ta ƙaru, inda kwararar ruwa a Mongalla ta ninka sau biyu, kwararar ruwa a Malakal a ƙarshen arewa na dausayin ta ƙaru da sau 1.5 matsakaicin kwararar ruwa a baya. Sakamakon waɗannan kwararar ruwa mai yawa, yankunan dausayin ruwa na dindindin da kuma dausayin ruwa na yanayi sun ƙaru, idan aka haɗa su, zuwa sau 2.5 girmansu na dā. Dausayin ruwa sun ƙaru sosai, kuma dausayin ruwa na yanayi ya ninka girmansa na baya sau 1.5. [[Fayil:Судд.jpg|thumb|Matsugunin da ke kan ciyawar da ambaliyar ruwa ta yi wa Sudd]] Daga kwararar ruwan Bahr al Jabal ("Tekun Dutse") da ke Mongalla, yankin kogin da aka ayyana yana faɗaɗa a jere zuwa wani fili mai ambaliya, inda ruwan ke gudana a cikin kogi mai yawo da kuma hanyoyi daban-daban da tafkuna a duk lokacin rani. Tare da ƙaruwar ruwan, yana faɗaɗa a kan ciyayi da suka kai rabin ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin ambaliyar. Daga ƙasan Bor kaɗan, kogin Bahr el Zeraf ("Tekun Raƙuman Ruwa ") ya rarrafe daga Bahr al Jabal zuwa gabas, yana karkatar da wani ɓangare na kwararar, sannan ya sake haɗuwa da Bahr al Jabal kafin ya isa Malakal. A lokacin kwararar sa, Bahr al Jabal ya ratsa [[Tafkin A'a|Tafkin No]], inda [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] ("Tekun Gazelles ") ya haɗu da Bahr al Jabal, yana ba da gudummawa ga shigowar ruwa tare da bambancin yanayi. A Malakal, Kogin Sobat ya shiga cikin tsarin. Haɗaɗɗen kwararar ruwa daga nan sai ya kwarara zuwa arewa kamar Farin Kogin Nilu a cikin wani gado da aka ƙayyade, yana haɗuwa da ruwan Blue Nile a Khartoum don samar da babban Kogin Nilu. == Yanayi == A fannin ruwa, Sudd tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen adana ruwan ambaliya da kuma kama laka daga Bahr al Jabal. Kimanin kashi 55% na ruwan da ke shiga yankin ya ɓace saboda ƙafewa. Matsayin ruwa yana canzawa har zuwa mita 1.5, ya danganta da tsananin ambaliyar ruwa ta yanayi. Yankin yana samun ƙarancin ruwan sama (yawanci tsakanin santimita 55 zuwa 65 a kowace shekara) fiye da yankunan da ke makwabtaka da shi a wannan latitude. [[Girman Orographic|Ɗagawa ta fuskar magana]] a gefen gabas da yamma na Sudd yana taimakawa wajen wannan yanayin. An bayyana yanayin yankin ta hanyar hanyar ruwa da kuma tsarin tafkin ruwa na dausayin Sudd na dindindin, filayen ambaliyar ruwa da ke kusa, da kuma filin da ke kewaye da shi. Bahr al Jabal yana gudana zuwa arewa maso yamma kuma saboda haka yana cikin kusurwa zuwa ga yanayin [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliyar ruwa]], wanda ke gangarowa zuwa arewa, yayin da arewacin [[Juba]] kogin ke gudana a cikin wani rami da aka yanke. Gaɓar wannan ramin yana raguwa a tsayi daga kudu zuwa arewa tare da Bahr al Jabal yana kusantar Bor kuma yana ƙarewa a cikin filin ambaliyar ruwa na Sudd a arewacin Bor a gefen gabas da kuma zuwa Shambe a gefen yamma. A yankin kudu, kogin yana tafiya daga gefe zuwa gefe a cikin kwarin da ke hana ruwa shiga cikin wata hanya ko fiye, amma a arewa, dausayin ba a iyakance shi da ƙasa mai tsayi ba kuma tsarin hanyoyin koguna yana ƙara rikitarwa. Halayen kogin tare da hanyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin ruwa da tafkuna ana iya bambanta su a cikin hotunan tauraron dan adam da samfuran tsayi na dijital. An bayyana yanayin ƙasa na yankin ta hanyar ƙasa mai nauyi ta yumbu, wadda ba ta shiga cikin ruwa sosai, tare da saman Layer na "auduga baƙi" mai nauyin kusan 500.&nbsp;a matsakaici mm. Ana samun ƙasa mai yashi ne kawai a zurfin kusan {{Convert|30|m|ft}} da ƙasa, kamar yadda bayanan haƙa rijiyoyi suka ƙayyade. Wannan yana nuna ƙarancin tasirin ruwan ƙasa akan ilimin ruwa na yankin. == Yawan Jama'a == Makiyayan Nuer da Dinka suna amfani da yankin Sudd da kewaye sosai. Dabbobi da noma da ake nomawa daga ruwan sama sune manyan hanyoyin tallafawa al'ummar karkara, inda ciyayi da ke cike da ruwa a lokacin bazara ke samar da filayen kiwo masu mahimmanci. == Tsire-tsire da tsarin halittu == Gabaɗaya, ana iya rarraba murabba'in ciyayi na yankin zuwa rukuni biyar waɗanda suka dogara da tsayin yankin sama da matakin ambaliyar ruwa na kogi: tafkuna da koguna, rayuwar shuke-shuke masu iyo a cikin fadama, ciyayin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye kogi (Toic), ciyayin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye, da kuma ciyayin dazuzzuka a gefen. Al'ummar yankin sun noma yankunan ciyayi da dazuzzuka. Yawan ciyawar da ke gefen Sudd yana canzawa tare da kakar, tare da dogayen ciyawa a lokacin damina da kuma gajeriyar ciyawar busasshiya a lokacin rani, lokacin da gobara ke faruwa akai-akai. Yankin ruwan sama galibi yana cike da ciyayi, tare da wasu manyan hanyoyin ruwa da na gefe da kuma tafkuna masu buɗaɗɗen ruwa. An bayyana yadda ciyayi ke yaɗuwa dalla-dalla a cikin Sutcliffe (1974) da Petersen (2007). Manyan nau'ikan sune: == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lv002exsbxl570qeu8nc95p6x6wn0bt 841906 841905 2026-05-28T21:47:57Z Engineer014 44591 841906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''Sudd''' ( Arabic , Nuer : Baki̱ec, [[Harshen Dinka|Dinka]] : Toc) wani babban [[Fadama|dausayi]] ne a [[Sudan ta Kudu|Kudancin Sudan]], wanda sashen ''Baḥr al-Jabal'' na White Nile ya samar. Kalmar [[Larabci]] ''{{Transl|ar|sudd}}'' ta samo asali ne daga ''{{Transl|ar|sadd}}'' ( {{Lang|ar|[[wikt:سد|سد]]}} ), ma'ana "shinge" ko "shingaye". Kalmar "sudd" ta zo ga kowace babban tsibiri ko tabarmi mai ƙarfi da ke iyo a cikin ciyayi. Yankin da fadama ta rufe yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren dausayi a duniya kuma mafi girman wuraren dausayi mai ruwa a cikin Kogin Nilu . Tsawon ƙarni da yawa, dausayin, musamman ma dausayin ciyayi, ya zama shingen da ba za a iya shiga ba ga hanyoyin tafiya a bakin kogin Nilu. [[Tsohuwar Masar|Tsoffin Masarawa]] sun kasa shiga yankin Sudd su isa yankunan kudu da shi. A shekara ta 61 AD, wani rukunin sojojin Romawa da Sarki Nero ya aika sun hau kogin Fari amma ba su iya ketare kogin Sudd ba, wanda hakan ya nuna iyakar shigar Romawa cikin Afirka ta Equatorial . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kirwan |first=L.P. |author-link=L. P. Kirwan |year=1957 |title=Rome beyond The Southern Egyptian Frontier |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1790717 |journal=[[Geographical Journal]] |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=13–19 |bibcode=1957GeogJ.123...13K |doi=10.2307/1790717 |jstor=1790717 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Saboda irin waɗannan dalilai a zamanin baya, [[Nil|neman tushen kogin Nilu]] ya kasance da wahala musamman; daga ƙarshe ya ƙunshi balaguron ƙasa daga bakin tekun tsakiyar Afirka, don guje wa yin tafiya ta cikin Sudd. A shekarar 2019, wani bincike ya nuna cewa karuwar ruwa a cikin Sudd na iya haifar da har zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukkan matakan [[Methane na sararin samaniya|methane na Yammacin]] [[Afirka ta Yamma|Afirka]] a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lunt |first=Mark F. |last2=Palmer |first2=Paul I. |last3=Feng |first3=Liang |last4=Taylor |first4=Christopher M. |last5=Boesch |first5=Hartmut |last6=Parker |first6=Robert J. |display-authors=3 |year=2019 |title=An increase in methane emissions from tropical Africa between 2010 and 2016 inferred from satellite data |journal=[[Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics]] |volume=19 |issue=23 |pages=14721–14740 |bibcode=2019ACP....1914721L |doi=10.5194/acp-19-14721-2019 |s2cid=198448426 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Climate change: Methane pulse detected from South Sudan wetlands |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-50708544 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Girmansa yana da bambanci sosai, matsakaicinsa ya wuce {{Convert|30000|km2|sqmi}} . A lokacin damina, zai iya kaiwa sama da {{Convert|130000|km2|sqmi}} ya ƙunshi kashi 21% na ƙasar, ya danganta da ruwan da ke shigowa, tare da fitar da ruwa daga [[Tafkin Victoria]] shine babban abin da ke daidaita matakan ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa a yankin. Tunda yankin Sudd ya ƙunshi hanyoyi daban-daban [[Menander|na juyawa]], tafkuna, filayen reed da papyrus kuma yana rasa rabin ruwan da ke shigowa ta hanyar fitar da ruwa a cikin filayen ambaliyar ruwa na dindindin da na yanayi, ilimin ruwa mai rikitarwa yana da tasirin farko da na biyu. Babban fasalin yankin shine magudanar ruwa ta Jonglei da ba ta cika ba, wanda aka shirya don ratsa ruwa daga Sudd don guje wa asarar fitar da ruwa da kuma ƙara yawan ruwan da ke fita daga mashigar Sudd. Daga 1961 zuwa 1963, an sami ƙaruwa sosai a yankin da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa lokacin da matakin [[Tafkin Victoria]] ya ƙaru, kuma kwararar ruwan ta ƙaru. Jimillar yankin Sudd yana da alaƙa da adadin ruwan da ke isa Bor daga kogin Albert da kuma daga rafuka ko magudanan ruwa na yanayi waɗanda za su iya ƙara yawan kwararar ruwa a ƙarshen kogin Sudd. A lokacin shekarun 1960, kwararar ruwa a Tafkin Victoria ta ƙaru, inda kwararar ruwa a Mongalla ta ninka sau biyu, kwararar ruwa a Malakal a ƙarshen arewa na dausayin ta ƙaru da sau 1.5 matsakaicin kwararar ruwa a baya. Sakamakon waɗannan kwararar ruwa mai yawa, yankunan dausayin ruwa na dindindin da kuma dausayin ruwa na yanayi sun ƙaru, idan aka haɗa su, zuwa sau 2.5 girmansu na dā. Dausayin ruwa sun ƙaru sosai, kuma dausayin ruwa na yanayi ya ninka girmansa na baya sau 1.5. [[Fayil:Судд.jpg|thumb|Matsugunin da ke kan ciyawar da ambaliyar ruwa ta yi wa Sudd]] Daga kwararar ruwan Bahr al Jabal ("Tekun Dutse") da ke Mongalla, yankin kogin da aka ayyana yana faɗaɗa a jere zuwa wani fili mai ambaliya, inda ruwan ke gudana a cikin kogi mai yawo da kuma hanyoyi daban-daban da tafkuna a duk lokacin rani. Tare da ƙaruwar ruwan, yana faɗaɗa a kan ciyayi da suka kai rabin ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin ambaliyar. Daga ƙasan Bor kaɗan, kogin Bahr el Zeraf ("Tekun Raƙuman Ruwa ") ya rarrafe daga Bahr al Jabal zuwa gabas, yana karkatar da wani ɓangare na kwararar, sannan ya sake haɗuwa da Bahr al Jabal kafin ya isa Malakal. A lokacin kwararar sa, Bahr al Jabal ya ratsa [[Tafkin A'a|Tafkin No]], inda [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] ("Tekun Gazelles ") ya haɗu da Bahr al Jabal, yana ba da gudummawa ga shigowar ruwa tare da bambancin yanayi. A Malakal, Kogin Sobat ya shiga cikin tsarin. Haɗaɗɗen kwararar ruwa daga nan sai ya kwarara zuwa arewa kamar Farin Kogin Nilu a cikin wani gado da aka ƙayyade, yana haɗuwa da ruwan Blue Nile a Khartoum don samar da babban Kogin Nilu. == Yanayi == A fannin ruwa, Sudd tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen adana ruwan ambaliya da kuma kama laka daga Bahr al Jabal. Kimanin kashi 55% na ruwan da ke shiga yankin ya ɓace saboda ƙafewa. Matsayin ruwa yana canzawa har zuwa mita 1.5, ya danganta da tsananin ambaliyar ruwa ta yanayi. Yankin yana samun ƙarancin ruwan sama (yawanci tsakanin santimita 55 zuwa 65 a kowace shekara) fiye da yankunan da ke makwabtaka da shi a wannan latitude. [[Girman Orographic|Ɗagawa ta fuskar magana]] a gefen gabas da yamma na Sudd yana taimakawa wajen wannan yanayin. An bayyana yanayin yankin ta hanyar hanyar ruwa da kuma tsarin tafkin ruwa na dausayin Sudd na dindindin, filayen ambaliyar ruwa da ke kusa, da kuma filin da ke kewaye da shi. Bahr al Jabal yana gudana zuwa arewa maso yamma kuma saboda haka yana cikin kusurwa zuwa ga yanayin [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliyar ruwa]], wanda ke gangarowa zuwa arewa, yayin da arewacin [[Juba]] kogin ke gudana a cikin wani rami da aka yanke. Gaɓar wannan ramin yana raguwa a tsayi daga kudu zuwa arewa tare da Bahr al Jabal yana kusantar Bor kuma yana ƙarewa a cikin filin ambaliyar ruwa na Sudd a arewacin Bor a gefen gabas da kuma zuwa Shambe a gefen yamma. A yankin kudu, kogin yana tafiya daga gefe zuwa gefe a cikin kwarin da ke hana ruwa shiga cikin wata hanya ko fiye, amma a arewa, dausayin ba a iyakance shi da ƙasa mai tsayi ba kuma tsarin hanyoyin koguna yana ƙara rikitarwa. Halayen kogin tare da hanyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin ruwa da tafkuna ana iya bambanta su a cikin hotunan tauraron dan adam da samfuran tsayi na dijital. An bayyana yanayin ƙasa na yankin ta hanyar ƙasa mai nauyi ta yumbu, wadda ba ta shiga cikin ruwa sosai, tare da saman Layer na "auduga baƙi" mai nauyin kusan 500.&nbsp;a matsakaici mm. Ana samun ƙasa mai yashi ne kawai a zurfin kusan {{Convert|30|m|ft}} da ƙasa, kamar yadda bayanan haƙa rijiyoyi suka ƙayyade. Wannan yana nuna ƙarancin tasirin ruwan ƙasa akan ilimin ruwa na yankin. == Yawan Jama'a == Makiyayan Nuer da Dinka suna amfani da yankin Sudd da kewaye sosai. Dabbobi da noma da ake nomawa daga ruwan sama sune manyan hanyoyin tallafawa al'ummar karkara, inda ciyayi da ke cike da ruwa a lokacin bazara ke samar da filayen kiwo masu mahimmanci. == Tsire-tsire da tsarin halittu == Gabaɗaya, ana iya rarraba murabba'in ciyayi na yankin zuwa rukuni biyar waɗanda suka dogara da tsayin yankin sama da matakin ambaliyar ruwa na kogi: tafkuna da koguna, rayuwar shuke-shuke masu iyo a cikin fadama, ciyayin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye kogi (Toic), ciyayin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye, da kuma ciyayin dazuzzuka a gefen. Al'ummar yankin sun noma yankunan ciyayi da dazuzzuka. Yawan ciyawar da ke gefen Sudd yana canzawa tare da kakar, tare da dogayen ciyawa a lokacin damina da kuma gajeriyar ciyawar busasshiya a lokacin rani, lokacin da gobara ke faruwa akai-akai. Yankin ruwan sama galibi yana cike da ciyayi, tare da wasu manyan hanyoyin ruwa da na gefe da kuma tafkuna masu buɗaɗɗen ruwa. An bayyana yadda ciyayi ke yaɗuwa dalla-dalla a cikin Sutcliffe (1974) da Petersen (2007). Manyan nau'ikan sune: == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 899b8f82354er8c26hm05izbbphpohj 0 152906 841908 2026-05-28T21:52:18Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338150051|Nilometer]]" 841908 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nilometer''' tsari ne na auna tsabtar Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] da matakin ruwa a lokacin [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara]] a Masar. <ref name="H" /> Akwai manyan nau'ikan nilometer guda uku, waɗanda aka daidaita su da ƙafafuwan Masar : (1) ginshiƙi a tsaye, (2) matattakalar matakai da ke kaiwa ga Kogin Nilu, da kuma (3) rijiya mai zurfi mai magudanar ruwa . <ref name="H" /> Idan matakin ruwan ya yi ƙasa, yawan amfanin gonar zai ragu. Idan ya yi yawa, ambaliyar ruwan za ta yi barna. Akwai takamaiman alama da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ruwan ya kamata ta kasance idan gonakin za su sami ƙasa mai kyau. Nilometers sun samo asali ne a zamanin Fir'auna, kuma an gina su ne a zamanin Romawa, kuma sun shahara sosai a Masar ta Musulunci a zamanin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun|Rashidun]], [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Ummayad]], [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]], Tulunid, Mamluk, Alawiyya da Republican, har sai da madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ta sa su tsufa a shekarun 1960. == Bayani == [[Fayil:Nilometre_at_the_southern_tip_of_Roda_Island,_Environs_du_Kaire_(Cairo)._Plan_général_de_Boulâq,_du_Kaire,_de_l'île_de_Roudah_(el-Rôda),_du_Vieux_Kaire_et_de_Gyzeh_(Jîzah)_(NYPL_b14212718-1268726)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Nilmeter da aka nuna {{Circa}} 1800 a ƙarshen kudancin Tsibirin Roda]] Tsakanin watan Yuli da Nuwamba, iyakar kogin Nilu da ke ratsawa ta [[Misra|Masar]] zai fashe ya kuma rufe [[Filin Ambaliyar|yankin ambaliyar ruwa]] da ke kusa. Idan ruwan ya ragu, a watan Satumba ko Oktoba, sai su bar wani tarin ƙasa mai albarka ta ƙasa mai albarka a kan gonakin amfanin gona. ''Akhet'', ko Lokacin Ruwan Sama, yana ɗaya daga cikin yanayi uku da [[Tsohuwar Masar|Masarawa na dā]] suka raba shekararsu. Ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara tana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga wayewar Masar. Ruwan sama mai matsakaicin yawa muhimmin ɓangare ne na zagayowar noma; duk da haka, ambaliyar ruwa mai sauƙi fiye da yadda aka saba zai haifar da yunwa, kuma ambaliyar ruwa da yawa za ta yi mummunan tasiri, ta share yawancin kayayyakin more rayuwa da aka gina a yankin ambaliyar ruwa. Bayanan da aka samu daga AD 622 {{En dash}} 999 sun nuna cewa, a matsakaici, kashi 28% na shekarun sun ga ambaliyar ruwa da ta gaza yadda aka zata. [[Fayil:Palermo_Ston_fragment-Akademie_der_Wissenschaften_Berlin.jpg|thumb|Dutse na Palermo, Daular 5 (2392 KZ-2283 KZ)]] A faɗin Masar, an sami nau'ikan nilometers daban-daban waɗanda suka rubuta karatun matakan Nilu na shekara-shekara. Wani ɓangare na wani dutse mai suna "Royal Annals of the Old Kingdom" wanda aka fi sani da " Palermo Stone " wanda aka ɗauka daga zamanin Daular Farko kusan 3,000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-09 |title=The Palermo Stone and its unsolved mysteries {{!}} www.palermoviva.it |url=https://www.palermoviva.it/the-palermo-stone-and-its-unsolved-mysteries/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |language=it-IT}}</ref> Dutse na Palermo ya ba da rahoton tsarin ma'auni ta amfani da raka'a kamar su kamu, tafukan hannu, da yatsu. Ikon hasashen yawan ambaliyar ruwa da ke tafe wani ɓangare ne na sirrin firistocin Masar na dā. Wannan fasaha ma ta taka rawa a siyasa da shugabanci, tunda an yi amfani da ingancin ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara don tantance matakan harajin da za a biya. Nan ne nilometer ya shiga aiki, inda firistoci ke sa ido kan matakin kogin na yau da kullun kuma suna sanar da isowar ambaliyar ruwa ta bazara da ake jira. Sifofin addini da suka shafi kogin Nil sun haɗu da akida ko imani da Ma'at (tsarin daidaiton yanayi). Firistoci da manyan mutane ne kawai ke iya samun damar yin amfani da nilometers. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-05-18 |title=Ancient Device for Determining Taxes Discovered in Egypt |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/160517-nilometer-discovered-ancient-egypt-nile-river-archaeology |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=History |language=en}}</ref> Takaita wa waɗanda za su iya shiga waɗannan gine-ginen ya tabbatar da cewa an ɗauki alhakin karatu mai kyau da kuma ikon siyasa ga al'ummomin addini da masu mulki. <ref name=":0" /> == Zane-zane == [[Fayil:Nilometer_Rhoda_Island_Cairo_June_1966.jpg|left|thumb|Tsarin mazugi ya rufe nimita a gefen kudancin Tsibirin Roda a Kogin Nilu a Alkahira. Ginin na zamani ne amma nimita ya samo asali ne daga 715.&nbsp;AD. ]] [[Fayil:Île_de_Roudah_(el-Rôda)._1._Plan_général_du_meqyâs_ou_nilomètre;_2._Plan_du_puits;_3._Coupe_du_nilomètre;_4-6._Détails_de_la_colonne_(NYPL_b14212718-1268734).jpg|thumb|Zane-zanen nilometer a Tsibirin Roda kimanin shekara ta 1800]] Tsarin nilometer mafi sauƙi shine ginshiƙi a tsaye wanda aka nutse a cikin ruwan kogin, tare da tazara mai alama da ke nuna zurfin ruwan. Wanda ke bin wannan tsari mai sauƙi, duk da cewa an gina shi a cikin wani tsari mai kyau da ado, har yanzu ana iya ganinsa a tsibirin Roda da ke tsakiyar [[Kairo|Alkahira]] <ref name="H" /> {{Nowrap|({{coord|30.0069|N|31.2250|E|type:landmark_region:EG_source:wikidata|display=inline|name=Rhoda Island nilometer}}).}} == Tarihi == Duk da cewa nilometers sun samo asali ne daga zamanin Fir'auna, amma al'adun da suka ci gaba da mamaye Masar sun ci gaba da amfani da su. An gina wasu a zamanin Romawa. <ref name="H" /> A ƙarni na 20, ambaliyar ruwa ta Nilu ta kowace shekara ta fara raguwa sosai, sannan aka kawar da ita gaba ɗaya, tare da gina Madatsar Ruwan Aswan . Duk da cewa tasirin Babban Madatsar Ruwan Aswan ga Masar da nomanta ya kasance abin ce-ce-ku-ce saboda wasu dalilai masu rikitarwa, amma kuma ya sami ƙarin tasirin sanya nilometer ya tsufa. === Tsibirin Roda === Usama bin Zayd bin Adl ne ya gina nilometer na farko a Tsibirin Roda kafin [[Jumada al-Thani|Jumada II]], 96 AH (Fabrairu 715), a lokacin mulkin khalifa al-Walid [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|na Umayyad]] . Masanin tarihin Larabci na ƙarni na 14 Maqrīzī ya rubuta cewa ginin ya kashe dirham 24,000. A lokacin mulkin Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, Usama ya rubuta wa khalifa ya sanar da shi halin da nilometer ɗin ya lalace. Ya sami amsa da aka umarce shi da ya gina sabuwa, wanda ya yi a shekara ta 97 AH (5 Satumba 715 - 24 Agusta 716). : 296 Yaqut al-Hamawi, wanda ya rubuta a ƙarni na 12-13, ya rubuta cewa a farkon shekara ta 247 bayan hijira (Maris 861), a lokacin mulkin Yazid ibn Abd Allah al-Turki a Masar, khalifa al-Mutawakkil na Abbasiyawa ya sa aka gina 'sabon' nilometer, kuma ya ba da umarnin a 'ƙara wa Kiristoci damar auna kogin.' Sai gwamnan ya naɗa wani mutum daga [[Basra]] mai suna Abu'r-Raddad wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Masar kuma ya koyar da [[hadisi]] . Ya mutu a shekara ta 266 bayan hijira (879/80), inda Yaqut ya ba da labarin "sarrafa Nilometer ya kasance a hannun zuriyarsa har zuwa yau" (wanda zai kasance kusan shekara ta 1225 ga marubucin). <ref name=":1" /> : 297 Ibn Khallikan, wani masanin tarihi na ƙarni na 13, ya ba da wani bayani daban game da wannan nilometer, yana mai ba da labarin cewa wani [[Ladani|muezzin]] mai 'taƙawa' a tsohon [[Masallacin Amr ibn al-As|Masallacin Amr]] yana son sassaka rubuce-rubuce a wurare daban-daban na nilometer. Bayan ya yi shawara da Yazid ibn Abd Allah, Sulayman ibn Wahb da Hasan al-Khadim, muezzin ya ba da shawarar rubuta sassa daban-daban [[Alqur'ani mai girma|na Alƙur'ani]] da sunan al-Mutawakkil. Sai Sulayman ibn Wahb ya rubuta wa khalifa, wanda ya amsa a rubuce don zaɓar ayoyin Alƙur'ani 'mafi dacewa' ga nilometer kuma ya rubuta sunan khalifa. <ref name=":1" /> : 297–298  Ibn Khallikan ya rubuta cewa mai ginin nilometer shine Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Hasib. Abu Ja'far al-Katib da Ibn Abi Usaybi'a sun ambaci cewa al-Mutawakkil ne ya aika Ahmad ibn Kathir al-Farghani zuwa [[Fustat]] don ya kula da ginin. Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1604) ya yi irin wannan magana amma ya kira shi Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani (cikakken suna: Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani). Saboda wannan dalili, Gaston Wiet da Creswell sun yi jayayya cewa al-Farghani da al-Hasib mutum ɗaya ne. : 303  A shekara ta 872–3 (259 AH), Ahmad ibn Tulun, sarkin Masar mai cin gashin kansa, ya sake dawo da nilometer. An cire sunan Al-Mutawakkil daga rubutun nilometer na Kufic . KAC Creswell ya bayyana cewa babban rubutun nilometer wataƙila Ibn Tulun ne ya yi masa kutse, yana cewa "babu shakka cewa shi ne ya cire sunan Khalifan Abbasid ." Duk da haka, Ibn Tulun ya guji maye gurbin sunansa, inda Creswell ya ce wataƙila bai ji daɗin yin hakan ba. Sarki, Ahmad ibn Tulun a shekara ta 872-873 zai kashe dinare 1,000 akan ayyukan da aka yi akan nilometer. : 298–299 Saboda haka, a cewar Abdul Rofik Bruno, za a inganta ban ruwa a kogin Nilu, kuma yawan amfanin gona zai ƙaru. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=A |first=Muhammad Esa Prasastia |last2=Rofiq |first2=Abdul |date=2022 |title=Analysis of The Causes of The Disintegration of The Government of The Abbasiyah Dynasty (1000 M-1250 M) |url=https://www.academia.edu/97440998 |journal=Devotion: Journal of Community Service |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=241 |issn=2797-6068}}</ref> Bayan cin nasarar Masar, Amr ibn al-As ya ba da rahoto ga [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Khalifa Umar]] cewa lokacin da kogin Nilu ya tashi zuwa kamu 14, an sami isasshen girbi, 16 an sami girbi mai yawa, 17 shine tsayin da ya fi dacewa, kuma a shekara ta 18, kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na Masar za a yi [[ambaliya]] kuma yawanci annoba za ta biyo baya. Likitan Baghdad, Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa Masar tsakanin 1192-1201 shi ma ya ba da irin wannan ma'auni. A cikin ƙarancin matakan ruwa na 1201 da 1202, nilometer ya kasance bushe. A shekara ta 1201, shekarar ta fara da hauhawar ƙafa 2 kafin ta tashi matsakaici A shekara ta 1202, shekarar ta fara da 1½ kafin ta tashi zuwa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ardagh |first=J. C. |date=1889 |title=Nilometers |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1800840 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=28–38 |doi=10.2307/1800840 |issn=0266-626X |jstor=1800840}}</ref> : 31–32 A [[Daular Abbasiyyah|zamanin Abbasiyawa]], an yi amfani da nilometer don auna matakin kogin don haka ana tantance ƙimar haraji a Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-24 |title=Nilometer {{!}} IRCICA |url=https://www.islamicarchitecturalheritage.com/listings/nilometer |access-date=2024-04-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Reflist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3o4vc6wsw355xz9k3cr77s9roej1bf6 841909 841908 2026-05-28T21:52:57Z Engineer014 44591 841909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nilometer''' tsari ne na auna tsabtar Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] da matakin ruwa a lokacin [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara]] a Masar. <ref name="H" /> Akwai manyan nau'ikan nilometer guda uku, waɗanda aka daidaita su da ƙafafuwan Masar : (1) ginshiƙi a tsaye, (2) matattakalar matakai da ke kaiwa ga Kogin Nilu, da kuma (3) rijiya mai zurfi mai magudanar ruwa . <ref name="H" /> Idan matakin ruwan ya yi ƙasa, yawan amfanin gonar zai ragu. Idan ya yi yawa, ambaliyar ruwan za ta yi barna. Akwai takamaiman alama da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ruwan ya kamata ta kasance idan gonakin za su sami ƙasa mai kyau. Nilometers sun samo asali ne a zamanin Fir'auna, kuma an gina su ne a zamanin Romawa, kuma sun shahara sosai a Masar ta Musulunci a zamanin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun|Rashidun]], [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Ummayad]], [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]], Tulunid, Mamluk, Alawiyya da Republican, har sai da madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ta sa su tsufa a shekarun 1960. == Bayani == [[Fayil:Nilometre_at_the_southern_tip_of_Roda_Island,_Environs_du_Kaire_(Cairo)._Plan_général_de_Boulâq,_du_Kaire,_de_l'île_de_Roudah_(el-Rôda),_du_Vieux_Kaire_et_de_Gyzeh_(Jîzah)_(NYPL_b14212718-1268726)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Nilmeter da aka nuna {{Circa}} 1800 a ƙarshen kudancin Tsibirin Roda]] Tsakanin watan Yuli da Nuwamba, iyakar kogin Nilu da ke ratsawa ta [[Misra|Masar]] zai fashe ya kuma rufe [[Filin Ambaliyar|yankin ambaliyar ruwa]] da ke kusa. Idan ruwan ya ragu, a watan Satumba ko Oktoba, sai su bar wani tarin ƙasa mai albarka ta ƙasa mai albarka a kan gonakin amfanin gona. ''Akhet'', ko Lokacin Ruwan Sama, yana ɗaya daga cikin yanayi uku da [[Tsohuwar Masar|Masarawa na dā]] suka raba shekararsu. Ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara tana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga wayewar Masar. Ruwan sama mai matsakaicin yawa muhimmin ɓangare ne na zagayowar noma; duk da haka, ambaliyar ruwa mai sauƙi fiye da yadda aka saba zai haifar da yunwa, kuma ambaliyar ruwa da yawa za ta yi mummunan tasiri, ta share yawancin kayayyakin more rayuwa da aka gina a yankin ambaliyar ruwa. Bayanan da aka samu daga AD 622 {{En dash}} 999 sun nuna cewa, a matsakaici, kashi 28% na shekarun sun ga ambaliyar ruwa da ta gaza yadda aka zata. [[Fayil:Palermo_Ston_fragment-Akademie_der_Wissenschaften_Berlin.jpg|thumb|Dutse na Palermo, Daular 5 (2392 KZ-2283 KZ)]] A faɗin Masar, an sami nau'ikan nilometers daban-daban waɗanda suka rubuta karatun matakan Nilu na shekara-shekara. Wani ɓangare na wani dutse mai suna "Royal Annals of the Old Kingdom" wanda aka fi sani da " Palermo Stone " wanda aka ɗauka daga zamanin Daular Farko kusan 3,000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-09 |title=The Palermo Stone and its unsolved mysteries {{!}} www.palermoviva.it |url=https://www.palermoviva.it/the-palermo-stone-and-its-unsolved-mysteries/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |language=it-IT}}</ref> Dutse na Palermo ya ba da rahoton tsarin ma'auni ta amfani da raka'a kamar su kamu, tafukan hannu, da yatsu. Ikon hasashen yawan ambaliyar ruwa da ke tafe wani ɓangare ne na sirrin firistocin Masar na dā. Wannan fasaha ma ta taka rawa a siyasa da shugabanci, tunda an yi amfani da ingancin ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara don tantance matakan harajin da za a biya. Nan ne nilometer ya shiga aiki, inda firistoci ke sa ido kan matakin kogin na yau da kullun kuma suna sanar da isowar ambaliyar ruwa ta bazara da ake jira. Sifofin addini da suka shafi kogin Nil sun haɗu da akida ko imani da Ma'at (tsarin daidaiton yanayi). Firistoci da manyan mutane ne kawai ke iya samun damar yin amfani da nilometers. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-05-18 |title=Ancient Device for Determining Taxes Discovered in Egypt |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/160517-nilometer-discovered-ancient-egypt-nile-river-archaeology |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=History |language=en}}</ref> Takaita wa waɗanda za su iya shiga waɗannan gine-ginen ya tabbatar da cewa an ɗauki alhakin karatu mai kyau da kuma ikon siyasa ga al'ummomin addini da masu mulki. <ref name=":0" /> == Zane-zane == [[Fayil:Nilometer_Rhoda_Island_Cairo_June_1966.jpg|left|thumb|Tsarin mazugi ya rufe nimita a gefen kudancin Tsibirin Roda a Kogin Nilu a Alkahira. Ginin na zamani ne amma nimita ya samo asali ne daga 715.&nbsp;AD. ]] [[Fayil:Île_de_Roudah_(el-Rôda)._1._Plan_général_du_meqyâs_ou_nilomètre;_2._Plan_du_puits;_3._Coupe_du_nilomètre;_4-6._Détails_de_la_colonne_(NYPL_b14212718-1268734).jpg|thumb|Zane-zanen nilometer a Tsibirin Roda kimanin shekara ta 1800]] Tsarin nilometer mafi sauƙi shine ginshiƙi a tsaye wanda aka nutse a cikin ruwan kogin, tare da tazara mai alama da ke nuna zurfin ruwan. Wanda ke bin wannan tsari mai sauƙi, duk da cewa an gina shi a cikin wani tsari mai kyau da ado, har yanzu ana iya ganinsa a tsibirin Roda da ke tsakiyar [[Kairo|Alkahira]] <ref name="H" /> {{Nowrap|({{coord|30.0069|N|31.2250|E|type:landmark_region:EG_source:wikidata|display=inline|name=Rhoda Island nilometer}}).}} == Tarihi == Duk da cewa nilometers sun samo asali ne daga zamanin Fir'auna, amma al'adun da suka ci gaba da mamaye Masar sun ci gaba da amfani da su. An gina wasu a zamanin Romawa. <ref name="H" /> A ƙarni na 20, ambaliyar ruwa ta Nilu ta kowace shekara ta fara raguwa sosai, sannan aka kawar da ita gaba ɗaya, tare da gina Madatsar Ruwan Aswan . Duk da cewa tasirin Babban Madatsar Ruwan Aswan ga Masar da nomanta ya kasance abin ce-ce-ku-ce saboda wasu dalilai masu rikitarwa, amma kuma ya sami ƙarin tasirin sanya nilometer ya tsufa. === Tsibirin Roda === Usama bin Zayd bin Adl ne ya gina nilometer na farko a Tsibirin Roda kafin [[Jumada al-Thani|Jumada II]], 96 AH (Fabrairu 715), a lokacin mulkin khalifa al-Walid [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|na Umayyad]] . Masanin tarihin Larabci na ƙarni na 14 Maqrīzī ya rubuta cewa ginin ya kashe dirham 24,000. A lokacin mulkin Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, Usama ya rubuta wa khalifa ya sanar da shi halin da nilometer ɗin ya lalace. Ya sami amsa da aka umarce shi da ya gina sabuwa, wanda ya yi a shekara ta 97 AH (5 Satumba 715 - 24 Agusta 716). : 296 Yaqut al-Hamawi, wanda ya rubuta a ƙarni na 12-13, ya rubuta cewa a farkon shekara ta 247 bayan hijira (Maris 861), a lokacin mulkin Yazid ibn Abd Allah al-Turki a Masar, khalifa al-Mutawakkil na Abbasiyawa ya sa aka gina 'sabon' nilometer, kuma ya ba da umarnin a 'ƙara wa Kiristoci damar auna kogin.' Sai gwamnan ya naɗa wani mutum daga [[Basra]] mai suna Abu'r-Raddad wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Masar kuma ya koyar da [[hadisi]] . Ya mutu a shekara ta 266 bayan hijira (879/80), inda Yaqut ya ba da labarin "sarrafa Nilometer ya kasance a hannun zuriyarsa har zuwa yau" (wanda zai kasance kusan shekara ta 1225 ga marubucin). <ref name=":1" /> : 297 Ibn Khallikan, wani masanin tarihi na ƙarni na 13, ya ba da wani bayani daban game da wannan nilometer, yana mai ba da labarin cewa wani [[Ladani|muezzin]] mai 'taƙawa' a tsohon [[Masallacin Amr ibn al-As|Masallacin Amr]] yana son sassaka rubuce-rubuce a wurare daban-daban na nilometer. Bayan ya yi shawara da Yazid ibn Abd Allah, Sulayman ibn Wahb da Hasan al-Khadim, muezzin ya ba da shawarar rubuta sassa daban-daban [[Alqur'ani mai girma|na Alƙur'ani]] da sunan al-Mutawakkil. Sai Sulayman ibn Wahb ya rubuta wa khalifa, wanda ya amsa a rubuce don zaɓar ayoyin Alƙur'ani 'mafi dacewa' ga nilometer kuma ya rubuta sunan khalifa. <ref name=":1" /> : 297–298  Ibn Khallikan ya rubuta cewa mai ginin nilometer shine Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Hasib. Abu Ja'far al-Katib da Ibn Abi Usaybi'a sun ambaci cewa al-Mutawakkil ne ya aika Ahmad ibn Kathir al-Farghani zuwa [[Fustat]] don ya kula da ginin. Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1604) ya yi irin wannan magana amma ya kira shi Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani (cikakken suna: Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani). Saboda wannan dalili, Gaston Wiet da Creswell sun yi jayayya cewa al-Farghani da al-Hasib mutum ɗaya ne. : 303  A shekara ta 872–3 (259 AH), Ahmad ibn Tulun, sarkin Masar mai cin gashin kansa, ya sake dawo da nilometer. An cire sunan Al-Mutawakkil daga rubutun nilometer na Kufic . KAC Creswell ya bayyana cewa babban rubutun nilometer wataƙila Ibn Tulun ne ya yi masa kutse, yana cewa "babu shakka cewa shi ne ya cire sunan Khalifan Abbasid ." Duk da haka, Ibn Tulun ya guji maye gurbin sunansa, inda Creswell ya ce wataƙila bai ji daɗin yin hakan ba. Sarki, Ahmad ibn Tulun a shekara ta 872-873 zai kashe dinare 1,000 akan ayyukan da aka yi akan nilometer. : 298–299 Saboda haka, a cewar Abdul Rofik Bruno, za a inganta ban ruwa a kogin Nilu, kuma yawan amfanin gona zai ƙaru. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=A |first=Muhammad Esa Prasastia |last2=Rofiq |first2=Abdul |date=2022 |title=Analysis of The Causes of The Disintegration of The Government of The Abbasiyah Dynasty (1000 M-1250 M) |url=https://www.academia.edu/97440998 |journal=Devotion: Journal of Community Service |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=241 |issn=2797-6068}}</ref> Bayan cin nasarar Masar, Amr ibn al-As ya ba da rahoto ga [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Khalifa Umar]] cewa lokacin da kogin Nilu ya tashi zuwa kamu 14, an sami isasshen girbi, 16 an sami girbi mai yawa, 17 shine tsayin da ya fi dacewa, kuma a shekara ta 18, kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na Masar za a yi [[ambaliya]] kuma yawanci annoba za ta biyo baya. Likitan Baghdad, Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa Masar tsakanin 1192-1201 shi ma ya ba da irin wannan ma'auni. A cikin ƙarancin matakan ruwa na 1201 da 1202, nilometer ya kasance bushe. A shekara ta 1201, shekarar ta fara da hauhawar ƙafa 2 kafin ta tashi matsakaici A shekara ta 1202, shekarar ta fara da 1½ kafin ta tashi zuwa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ardagh |first=J. C. |date=1889 |title=Nilometers |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1800840 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=28–38 |doi=10.2307/1800840 |issn=0266-626X |jstor=1800840}}</ref> : 31–32 A [[Daular Abbasiyyah|zamanin Abbasiyawa]], an yi amfani da nilometer don auna matakin kogin don haka ana tantance ƙimar haraji a Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-24 |title=Nilometer {{!}} IRCICA |url=https://www.islamicarchitecturalheritage.com/listings/nilometer |access-date=2024-04-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Reflist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6o8gjqtmhi198n945valqwjlsbx0qp5 0 152907 841910 2026-05-28T21:53:54Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331094396|Lake Chala]]" 841910 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Chala''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Tafkin Challa''', wani [[Tafkin dutse mai aman wuta|tafki ne mai rami]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanzania » Places Of Interest » Lake Chala |url=http://www.go2africa.com/tanzania/lake-chala |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422024256/https://www.go2africa.com/destinations/tanzania/why-go |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=12 June 2010 |website=go2africa.com}}</ref> wanda ke ratsa kan iyakar [[Kenya]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Tafkin ya samo asali kimanin shekaru 250,000 da suka gabata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jorunn Dieleman |last2=Moritz Muschick |last3=Wanja Dorothy Nyingi |last4=Dirk Verschuren |date=4 April 2018 |title=Species integrity and origin of ''Oreochromis hunteri'' (Pisces: Cichlidae), endemic to crater Lake Chala (Tanzania-Kenya) |url=http://www.aqua.iee.unibe.ch/unibe/portal/fak_naturwis/d_dbio/b_ioekev/abt_ae/content/e60752/e339757/e376721/files681202/Dieleman_Muschicketal.2018_Hydrobio_LakeChala_eng.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Hydrobiologia]] |series=Advances in Cichlid Research III |volume=832 |page=12 |doi=10.1007/s10750-018-3570-7 |s2cid=4591524 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627173649/http://www.aqua.iee.unibe.ch/unibe/portal/fak_naturwis/d_dbio/b_ioekev/abt_ae/content/e60752/e339757/e376721/files681202/Dieleman_Muschicketal.2018_Hydrobio_LakeChala_eng.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2018 |access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref> Tafkin yana gabashin [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]], {{Convert|8|km}} arewa da Taveta, Kenya, da {{Convert|55|km}} gabashin Gundumar Rombo. Tafkin yana kewaye da wani babban rami mai tsayi wanda tsayinsa ya kai {{Convert|170|m}}. <ref name="Seasonality">{{Cite journal |last=Christian Wolff |last2=Iris Kristen-Jenny |last3=Georg Schettler |last4=Birgit Plessen |last5=Hanno Meyer |last6=Peter Dulski |last7=Rudolf Naumann |last8=Achim Brauer |last9=Dirk Verschuren |last10=Gerald H. Haug |year=2014 |title=Modern seasonality in Lake Challa (Kenya/Tanzania) and its sedimentary documentation in recent lake sediments |url=https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/36193/1/Wolff_LO_2014.pdf |journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] |volume=59 |page=1621 |doi=10.4319/lo.2014.59.5.1621 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Matsakaicin ruwan sama na Tafkin Chala na shekara-shekara yana da kimanin {{Convert|565|mm}}. <ref name="Seismic">{{Cite journal |last=J. Moemaut |last2=D. Verschuren |last3=F. Charlet |last4=I. Kristen |last5=M. Fagot |last6=M. De Batist |date=13 January 2010 |title=The seismic-stratigraphic record of lake-level fluctuations in Lake Challa: Hydrological stability and change in equatorial East Africa over the last 140 kyr |url=http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/ocrd/229981.pdf |journal=[[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]] |volume=290 |issue=1–2 |pages=214–223 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.023 |access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref> {{Rp|215}}Matsakaicin ƙafewar ruwa a saman tafkin a kowace shekara yana kusan {{Convert|1735|mm}}. <ref name="Seismic" /> Kimanin kashi 80 cikin 100 na kwararar tafkin ta fito ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, wanda galibi ana samunsa ne daga ruwan sama a yankin dajin tsaunuka na Dutsen Kilimanjaro a tsayin {{Convert|1800 to 2800|m}}. Yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni uku kafin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya isa tafkin. <ref name="Seismic" /> {{Rp|221}}Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana kwarara zuwa cikin tafkin a kimanin girman {{Convert|8390000|m3}} daga 1964 zuwa 1977. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=B. R. Payne |year=1982 |title=Radioisotopes for the Estimation of the Water Balance of Lakes and Reservoirs |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0eb4/3f2932b390a81d7a1e15ae178f59dabd2520.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Tracer Methods in Isotope Hydrology |publisher=[[International Atomic Energy Agency]] |page=161 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161058/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0eb4/3f2932b390a81d7a1e15ae178f59dabd2520.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=25 June 2018}}</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == [[Fayil:Lake_Chala_Aerial.jpg|thumb|Hoton sama na Tafkin Chala]] Kifin da aka fi sani da shi a wannan tafkin shine Tafkin Chala tilapia (''Oreochromis hunteri''), wanda ba a samunsa a wani wuri a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Oreochromis hunteri'' |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/speciessummary.php?id=2032 |access-date=25 June 2018 |website=fishbase.org}}</ref> <ref name="Dieleman2019">{{Cite journal |last=Dieleman, J. |last2=M. Muschick |last3=W.D. Nyingi |last4=D. Verschuren |year=2019 |title=Species integrity and origin of Oreochromis hunteri (Pisces: Cichlidae), endemic to crater Lake Chala (Kenya–Tanzania) |url=https://boris.unibe.ch/116496/ |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=832 |issue=1 |pages=269–282 |doi=10.1007/s10750-018-3570-7 |s2cid=4591524}}</ref> Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ke fuskantar barazanar rayuwa sakamakon IUCN, <ref>{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Oreochromis hunteri |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/60634/0 |access-date=25 June 2018 |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature}}</ref> kuma yanzu ya fi sauran nau'ikan tilapia da aka shigar a Tafkin Chala yawa. <ref name="Moser2019">{{Cite journal |last=Moser, F.N. |last2=J.C. van Rijssel |last3=B. Ngatunga |last4=S. Mwaiko |last5=O. Seehausen |year=2019 |title=The origin and future of an endangered crater lake endemic; phylogeography and ecology of Oreochromis hunteri and its invasive relatives |url=https://boris.unibe.ch/120465/7/Moser%20et%20al.%202018%20Hydrobiologia%20Lake%20Chala_accepted%20version.pdf |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=832 |issue=1 |pages=283–296 |doi=10.1007/s10750-018-3780-z |s2cid=52944759}}</ref> Wata 'yar Birtaniya mai shekaru 18 ta mutu a shekarar 2002 sakamakon wani ƙaramin kada a kogin Nile yayin da take iyo da daddare a cikin tafkin. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, Hukumar 'Yan sandan Kenya ta ce tafkin ya cika da kada, yayin da Hukumar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kenya ta ce, "Ana samun kada a tafkin Chala kuma ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin amintaccen wurin iyo kwata-kwata." <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Duba kuma == * Mutanen Chaga * Jerin tafkuna na Kenya * [[Jerin tabkuna na Tanzania|Jerin tafkuna na Tanzaniya]] * Gundumar Rombo == Manazarta == Niassa ReserveLake ChalaNiassa ReserveLake ChalaNiassa ReserveLake ChalaNiassa ReserveLake Chala i3ehx9um6h0koul1b03m7agbvndiri9 841911 841910 2026-05-28T21:54:18Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 841911 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Chala''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Tafkin Challa''', wani [[Tafkin dutse mai aman wuta|tafki ne mai rami]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanzania » Places Of Interest » Lake Chala |url=http://www.go2africa.com/tanzania/lake-chala |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422024256/https://www.go2africa.com/destinations/tanzania/why-go |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=12 June 2010 |website=go2africa.com}}</ref> wanda ke ratsa kan iyakar [[Kenya]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Tafkin ya samo asali kimanin shekaru 250,000 da suka gabata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jorunn Dieleman |last2=Moritz Muschick |last3=Wanja Dorothy Nyingi |last4=Dirk Verschuren |date=4 April 2018 |title=Species integrity and origin of ''Oreochromis hunteri'' (Pisces: Cichlidae), endemic to crater Lake Chala (Tanzania-Kenya) |url=http://www.aqua.iee.unibe.ch/unibe/portal/fak_naturwis/d_dbio/b_ioekev/abt_ae/content/e60752/e339757/e376721/files681202/Dieleman_Muschicketal.2018_Hydrobio_LakeChala_eng.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Hydrobiologia]] |series=Advances in Cichlid Research III |volume=832 |page=12 |doi=10.1007/s10750-018-3570-7 |s2cid=4591524 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627173649/http://www.aqua.iee.unibe.ch/unibe/portal/fak_naturwis/d_dbio/b_ioekev/abt_ae/content/e60752/e339757/e376721/files681202/Dieleman_Muschicketal.2018_Hydrobio_LakeChala_eng.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2018 |access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref> Tafkin yana gabashin [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]], {{Convert|8|km}} arewa da Taveta, Kenya, da {{Convert|55|km}} gabashin Gundumar Rombo. Tafkin yana kewaye da wani babban rami mai tsayi wanda tsayinsa ya kai {{Convert|170|m}}. <ref name="Seasonality">{{Cite journal |last=Christian Wolff |last2=Iris Kristen-Jenny |last3=Georg Schettler |last4=Birgit Plessen |last5=Hanno Meyer |last6=Peter Dulski |last7=Rudolf Naumann |last8=Achim Brauer |last9=Dirk Verschuren |last10=Gerald H. Haug |year=2014 |title=Modern seasonality in Lake Challa (Kenya/Tanzania) and its sedimentary documentation in recent lake sediments |url=https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/36193/1/Wolff_LO_2014.pdf |journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] |volume=59 |page=1621 |doi=10.4319/lo.2014.59.5.1621 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Matsakaicin ruwan sama na Tafkin Chala na shekara-shekara yana da kimanin {{Convert|565|mm}}. <ref name="Seismic">{{Cite journal |last=J. Moemaut |last2=D. Verschuren |last3=F. Charlet |last4=I. Kristen |last5=M. Fagot |last6=M. De Batist |date=13 January 2010 |title=The seismic-stratigraphic record of lake-level fluctuations in Lake Challa: Hydrological stability and change in equatorial East Africa over the last 140 kyr |url=http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/ocrd/229981.pdf |journal=[[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]] |volume=290 |issue=1–2 |pages=214–223 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.023 |access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref> {{Rp|215}}Matsakaicin ƙafewar ruwa a saman tafkin a kowace shekara yana kusan {{Convert|1735|mm}}. <ref name="Seismic" /> Kimanin kashi 80 cikin 100 na kwararar tafkin ta fito ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, wanda galibi ana samunsa ne daga ruwan sama a yankin dajin tsaunuka na Dutsen Kilimanjaro a tsayin {{Convert|1800 to 2800|m}}. Yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni uku kafin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya isa tafkin. <ref name="Seismic" /> {{Rp|221}}Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana kwarara zuwa cikin tafkin a kimanin girman {{Convert|8390000|m3}} daga 1964 zuwa 1977. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=B. R. Payne |year=1982 |title=Radioisotopes for the Estimation of the Water Balance of Lakes and Reservoirs |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0eb4/3f2932b390a81d7a1e15ae178f59dabd2520.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Tracer Methods in Isotope Hydrology |publisher=[[International Atomic Energy Agency]] |page=161 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161058/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0eb4/3f2932b390a81d7a1e15ae178f59dabd2520.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=25 June 2018}}</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == [[Fayil:Lake_Chala_Aerial.jpg|thumb|Hoton sama na Tafkin Chala]] Kifin da aka fi sani da shi a wannan tafkin shine Tafkin Chala tilapia (''Oreochromis hunteri''), wanda ba a samunsa a wani wuri a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Oreochromis hunteri'' |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/speciessummary.php?id=2032 |access-date=25 June 2018 |website=fishbase.org}}</ref> <ref name="Dieleman2019">{{Cite journal |last=Dieleman, J. |last2=M. Muschick |last3=W.D. Nyingi |last4=D. Verschuren |year=2019 |title=Species integrity and origin of Oreochromis hunteri (Pisces: Cichlidae), endemic to crater Lake Chala (Kenya–Tanzania) |url=https://boris.unibe.ch/116496/ |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=832 |issue=1 |pages=269–282 |doi=10.1007/s10750-018-3570-7 |s2cid=4591524}}</ref> Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ke fuskantar barazanar rayuwa sakamakon IUCN, <ref>{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Oreochromis hunteri |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/60634/0 |access-date=25 June 2018 |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature}}</ref> kuma yanzu ya fi sauran nau'ikan tilapia da aka shigar a Tafkin Chala yawa. <ref name="Moser2019">{{Cite journal |last=Moser, F.N. |last2=J.C. van Rijssel |last3=B. Ngatunga |last4=S. Mwaiko |last5=O. Seehausen |year=2019 |title=The origin and future of an endangered crater lake endemic; phylogeography and ecology of Oreochromis hunteri and its invasive relatives |url=https://boris.unibe.ch/120465/7/Moser%20et%20al.%202018%20Hydrobiologia%20Lake%20Chala_accepted%20version.pdf |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=832 |issue=1 |pages=283–296 |doi=10.1007/s10750-018-3780-z |s2cid=52944759}}</ref> Wata 'yar Birtaniya mai shekaru 18 ta mutu a shekarar 2002 sakamakon wani ƙaramin kada a kogin Nile yayin da take iyo da daddare a cikin tafkin. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, Hukumar 'Yan sandan Kenya ta ce tafkin ya cika da kada, yayin da Hukumar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kenya ta ce, "Ana samun kada a tafkin Chala kuma ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin amintaccen wurin iyo kwata-kwata." <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Duba kuma == * Mutanen Chaga * Jerin tafkuna na Kenya * [[Jerin tabkuna na Tanzania|Jerin tafkuna na Tanzaniya]] * Gundumar Rombo == Manazarta == 07llfjpghcooq87aeep1yimsm5sagcj 841912 841911 2026-05-28T21:55:05Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Ilimin Halittu */ 841912 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Chala''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Tafkin Challa''', wani [[Tafkin dutse mai aman wuta|tafki ne mai rami]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanzania » Places Of Interest » Lake Chala |url=http://www.go2africa.com/tanzania/lake-chala |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422024256/https://www.go2africa.com/destinations/tanzania/why-go |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=12 June 2010 |website=go2africa.com}}</ref> wanda ke ratsa kan iyakar [[Kenya]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Tafkin ya samo asali kimanin shekaru 250,000 da suka gabata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jorunn Dieleman |last2=Moritz Muschick |last3=Wanja Dorothy Nyingi |last4=Dirk Verschuren |date=4 April 2018 |title=Species integrity and origin of ''Oreochromis hunteri'' (Pisces: Cichlidae), endemic to crater Lake Chala (Tanzania-Kenya) |url=http://www.aqua.iee.unibe.ch/unibe/portal/fak_naturwis/d_dbio/b_ioekev/abt_ae/content/e60752/e339757/e376721/files681202/Dieleman_Muschicketal.2018_Hydrobio_LakeChala_eng.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Hydrobiologia]] |series=Advances in Cichlid Research III |volume=832 |page=12 |doi=10.1007/s10750-018-3570-7 |s2cid=4591524 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627173649/http://www.aqua.iee.unibe.ch/unibe/portal/fak_naturwis/d_dbio/b_ioekev/abt_ae/content/e60752/e339757/e376721/files681202/Dieleman_Muschicketal.2018_Hydrobio_LakeChala_eng.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2018 |access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref> Tafkin yana gabashin [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]], {{Convert|8|km}} arewa da Taveta, Kenya, da {{Convert|55|km}} gabashin Gundumar Rombo. Tafkin yana kewaye da wani babban rami mai tsayi wanda tsayinsa ya kai {{Convert|170|m}}. <ref name="Seasonality">{{Cite journal |last=Christian Wolff |last2=Iris Kristen-Jenny |last3=Georg Schettler |last4=Birgit Plessen |last5=Hanno Meyer |last6=Peter Dulski |last7=Rudolf Naumann |last8=Achim Brauer |last9=Dirk Verschuren |last10=Gerald H. Haug |year=2014 |title=Modern seasonality in Lake Challa (Kenya/Tanzania) and its sedimentary documentation in recent lake sediments |url=https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/36193/1/Wolff_LO_2014.pdf |journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] |volume=59 |page=1621 |doi=10.4319/lo.2014.59.5.1621 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Matsakaicin ruwan sama na Tafkin Chala na shekara-shekara yana da kimanin {{Convert|565|mm}}. <ref name="Seismic">{{Cite journal |last=J. Moemaut |last2=D. Verschuren |last3=F. Charlet |last4=I. Kristen |last5=M. Fagot |last6=M. De Batist |date=13 January 2010 |title=The seismic-stratigraphic record of lake-level fluctuations in Lake Challa: Hydrological stability and change in equatorial East Africa over the last 140 kyr |url=http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/ocrd/229981.pdf |journal=[[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]] |volume=290 |issue=1–2 |pages=214–223 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.023 |access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref> {{Rp|215}}Matsakaicin ƙafewar ruwa a saman tafkin a kowace shekara yana kusan {{Convert|1735|mm}}. <ref name="Seismic" /> Kimanin kashi 80 cikin 100 na kwararar tafkin ta fito ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, wanda galibi ana samunsa ne daga ruwan sama a yankin dajin tsaunuka na Dutsen Kilimanjaro a tsayin {{Convert|1800 to 2800|m}}. Yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni uku kafin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya isa tafkin. <ref name="Seismic" /> {{Rp|221}}Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana kwarara zuwa cikin tafkin a kimanin girman {{Convert|8390000|m3}} daga 1964 zuwa 1977. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=B. R. Payne |year=1982 |title=Radioisotopes for the Estimation of the Water Balance of Lakes and Reservoirs |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0eb4/3f2932b390a81d7a1e15ae178f59dabd2520.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Tracer Methods in Isotope Hydrology |publisher=[[International Atomic Energy Agency]] |page=161 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161058/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0eb4/3f2932b390a81d7a1e15ae178f59dabd2520.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=25 June 2018}}</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == [[Fayil:Lake_Chala_Aerial.jpg|thumb|Hoton sama na Tafkin Chala]] Kifin da aka fi sani da shi a wannan tafkin shine Tafkin Chala tilapia (''Oreochromis hunteri''), wanda ba a samunsa a wani wuri a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Oreochromis hunteri'' |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/speciessummary.php?id=2032 |access-date=25 June 2018 |website=fishbase.org}}</ref> <ref name="Dieleman2019">{{Cite journal |last=Dieleman, J. |last2=M. Muschick |last3=W.D. Nyingi |last4=D. Verschuren |year=2019 |title=Species integrity and origin of Oreochromis hunteri (Pisces: Cichlidae), endemic to crater Lake Chala (Kenya–Tanzania) |url=https://boris.unibe.ch/116496/ |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=832 |issue=1 |pages=269–282 |doi=10.1007/s10750-018-3570-7 |s2cid=4591524}}</ref> Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ke fuskantar barazanar rayuwa sakamakon IUCN, <ref>{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Oreochromis hunteri |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/60634/0 |access-date=25 June 2018 |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature}}</ref> kuma yanzu ya fi sauran nau'ikan tilapia da aka shigar a Tafkin Chala yawa. <ref name="Moser2019">{{Cite journal |last=Moser, F.N. |last2=J.C. van Rijssel |last3=B. Ngatunga |last4=S. Mwaiko |last5=O. Seehausen |year=2019 |title=The origin and future of an endangered crater lake endemic; phylogeography and ecology of Oreochromis hunteri and its invasive relatives |url=https://boris.unibe.ch/120465/7/Moser%20et%20al.%202018%20Hydrobiologia%20Lake%20Chala_accepted%20version.pdf |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=832 |issue=1 |pages=283–296 |doi=10.1007/s10750-018-3780-z |s2cid=52944759}}</ref> Wata 'yar Birtaniya mai shekaru 18 ta mutu a shekarar 2002 sakamakon wani ƙaramin kada a kogin Nile yayin da take iyo da daddare a cikin tafkin.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/kenya/1387739/British-girl-killed-by-rare-dwarf-crocodile.html | location=London | newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | author=Adrian Blomfield | title=British girl 'killed by rare dwarf crocodile' | date=14 March 2002 | accessdate=25 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/mar/12/world.education | title=Girl's body found in crocodile lake | author=James Astill | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | location=London | date=12 March 2002 | accessdate=25 June 2018}}</ref> Bayan 'yan kwanaki, Hukumar 'Yan sandan Kenya ta ce tafkin ya cika da kada, yayin da Hukumar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kenya ta ce, "Ana samun kada a tafkin Chala kuma ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin amintaccen wurin iyo kwata-kwata." <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Duba kuma == * Mutanen Chaga * Jerin tafkuna na Kenya * [[Jerin tabkuna na Tanzania|Jerin tafkuna na Tanzaniya]] * Gundumar Rombo == Manazarta == qba7pbkxnmerymp0rxr1k6c0nw4wuw1 841915 841912 2026-05-28T21:56:22Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Chala''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Tafkin Challa''', wani [[Tafkin dutse mai aman wuta|tafki ne mai rami]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanzania » Places Of Interest » Lake Chala |url=http://www.go2africa.com/tanzania/lake-chala |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422024256/https://www.go2africa.com/destinations/tanzania/why-go |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=12 June 2010 |website=go2africa.com}}</ref> wanda ke ratsa kan iyakar [[Kenya]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Tafkin ya samo asali kimanin shekaru 250,000 da suka gabata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jorunn Dieleman |last2=Moritz Muschick |last3=Wanja Dorothy Nyingi |last4=Dirk Verschuren |date=4 April 2018 |title=Species integrity and origin of ''Oreochromis hunteri'' (Pisces: Cichlidae), endemic to crater Lake Chala (Tanzania-Kenya) |url=http://www.aqua.iee.unibe.ch/unibe/portal/fak_naturwis/d_dbio/b_ioekev/abt_ae/content/e60752/e339757/e376721/files681202/Dieleman_Muschicketal.2018_Hydrobio_LakeChala_eng.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Hydrobiologia]] |series=Advances in Cichlid Research III |volume=832 |page=12 |doi=10.1007/s10750-018-3570-7 |s2cid=4591524 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627173649/http://www.aqua.iee.unibe.ch/unibe/portal/fak_naturwis/d_dbio/b_ioekev/abt_ae/content/e60752/e339757/e376721/files681202/Dieleman_Muschicketal.2018_Hydrobio_LakeChala_eng.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2018 |access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref> Tafkin yana gabashin [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]], {{Convert|8|km}} arewa da Taveta, Kenya, da {{Convert|55|km}} gabashin Gundumar Rombo. Tafkin yana kewaye da wani babban rami mai tsayi wanda tsayinsa ya kai {{Convert|170|m}}. <ref name="Seasonality">{{Cite journal |last=Christian Wolff |last2=Iris Kristen-Jenny |last3=Georg Schettler |last4=Birgit Plessen |last5=Hanno Meyer |last6=Peter Dulski |last7=Rudolf Naumann |last8=Achim Brauer |last9=Dirk Verschuren |last10=Gerald H. Haug |year=2014 |title=Modern seasonality in Lake Challa (Kenya/Tanzania) and its sedimentary documentation in recent lake sediments |url=https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/36193/1/Wolff_LO_2014.pdf |journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] |volume=59 |page=1621 |doi=10.4319/lo.2014.59.5.1621 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Matsakaicin ruwan sama na Tafkin Chala na shekara-shekara yana da kimanin {{Convert|565|mm}}. <ref name="Seismic">{{Cite journal |last=J. Moemaut |last2=D. Verschuren |last3=F. Charlet |last4=I. Kristen |last5=M. Fagot |last6=M. De Batist |date=13 January 2010 |title=The seismic-stratigraphic record of lake-level fluctuations in Lake Challa: Hydrological stability and change in equatorial East Africa over the last 140 kyr |url=http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/ocrd/229981.pdf |journal=[[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]] |volume=290 |issue=1–2 |pages=214–223 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.023 |access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref> {{Rp|215}}Matsakaicin ƙafewar ruwa a saman tafkin a kowace shekara yana kusan {{Convert|1735|mm}}. <ref name="Seismic" /> Kimanin kashi 80 cikin 100 na kwararar tafkin ta fito ne daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, wanda galibi ana samunsa ne daga ruwan sama a yankin dajin tsaunuka na Dutsen Kilimanjaro a tsayin {{Convert|1800 to 2800|m}}. Yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni uku kafin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya isa tafkin. <ref name="Seismic" /> {{Rp|221}}Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana kwarara zuwa cikin tafkin a kimanin girman {{Convert|8390000|m3}} daga 1964 zuwa 1977. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=B. R. Payne |year=1982 |title=Radioisotopes for the Estimation of the Water Balance of Lakes and Reservoirs |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0eb4/3f2932b390a81d7a1e15ae178f59dabd2520.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Tracer Methods in Isotope Hydrology |publisher=[[International Atomic Energy Agency]] |page=161 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161058/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0eb4/3f2932b390a81d7a1e15ae178f59dabd2520.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=25 June 2018}}</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == [[Fayil:Lake_Chala_Aerial.jpg|thumb|Hoton sama na Tafkin Chala]] Kifin da aka fi sani da shi a wannan tafkin shine Tafkin Chala tilapia (''Oreochromis hunteri''), wanda ba a samunsa a wani wuri a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Oreochromis hunteri'' |url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/speciessummary.php?id=2032 |access-date=25 June 2018 |website=fishbase.org}}</ref> <ref name="Dieleman2019">{{Cite journal |last=Dieleman, J. |last2=M. Muschick |last3=W.D. Nyingi |last4=D. Verschuren |year=2019 |title=Species integrity and origin of Oreochromis hunteri (Pisces: Cichlidae), endemic to crater Lake Chala (Kenya–Tanzania) |url=https://boris.unibe.ch/116496/ |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=832 |issue=1 |pages=269–282 |doi=10.1007/s10750-018-3570-7 |s2cid=4591524}}</ref> Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ke fuskantar barazanar rayuwa sakamakon IUCN, <ref>{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Oreochromis hunteri |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/60634/0 |access-date=25 June 2018 |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature}}</ref> kuma yanzu ya fi sauran nau'ikan tilapia da aka shigar a Tafkin Chala yawa. <ref name="Moser2019">{{Cite journal |last=Moser, F.N. |last2=J.C. van Rijssel |last3=B. Ngatunga |last4=S. Mwaiko |last5=O. Seehausen |year=2019 |title=The origin and future of an endangered crater lake endemic; phylogeography and ecology of Oreochromis hunteri and its invasive relatives |url=https://boris.unibe.ch/120465/7/Moser%20et%20al.%202018%20Hydrobiologia%20Lake%20Chala_accepted%20version.pdf |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=832 |issue=1 |pages=283–296 |doi=10.1007/s10750-018-3780-z |s2cid=52944759}}</ref> Wata 'yar Birtaniya mai shekaru 18 ta mutu a shekarar 2002 sakamakon wani ƙaramin kada a kogin Nile yayin da take iyo da daddare a cikin tafkin.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/kenya/1387739/British-girl-killed-by-rare-dwarf-crocodile.html | location=London | newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | author=Adrian Blomfield | title=British girl 'killed by rare dwarf crocodile' | date=14 March 2002 | accessdate=25 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/mar/12/world.education | title=Girl's body found in crocodile lake | author=James Astill | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | location=London | date=12 March 2002 | accessdate=25 June 2018}}</ref> Bayan 'yan kwanaki, Hukumar 'Yan sandan Kenya ta ce tafkin ya cika da kada, yayin da Hukumar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kenya ta ce, "Ana samun kada a tafkin Chala kuma ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin amintaccen wurin iyo kwata-kwata." <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Duba kuma == * Mutanen Chaga * Jerin tafkuna na Kenya * [[Jerin tabkuna na Tanzania|Jerin tafkuna na Tanzaniya]] * Gundumar Rombo == Manazarta == 7d1d8gesk3c3mefh0nslsstbnj90oq5 0 152908 841913 2026-05-28T21:55:24Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334049290|Pishon]]" 841913 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />'''Pishon''' ( Hebrew ''Pīšōn'' ; Koine Girkanci : ''Phisṓn'' ) ɗaya ne daga cikin [[Koginan Aljannah|koguna huɗu]] (tare da Hiddekel ( [[Kogin Tigris|Tigris]] ), Perath ( Euphrates ) da Gihon ) da aka ambata a cikin Littafin Farawa na [[Baibûl|Littafi Mai Tsarki]] . A cikin wannan nassin, wani kogi mai tushe yana gudana daga Adnin don shayar da Lambun Adnin kuma daga nan ya rabu zuwa [[Koginan Aljannah|koguna huɗu masu suna]] . An bayyana Pishon a matsayin wanda ya kewaye "dukan ƙasar Havila inda akwai zinariya; bdellium da dutsen onyx ." == Ganowa == Ba kamar Tigris da Euphrates ba, ba a taɓa samun wurin Pishon a sarari ba. An ambaci shi a taƙaice tare da Tigris a cikin Hikimar Sirach (24:25/35), amma wannan ambaton bai ƙara bayyana wurin da kogin yake ba. Masanin tarihi na Yahudawa da Romawa Flavius Josephus, a farkon littafinsa na ''Antiquities of the Jews'' (ƙarni na 1 AD) ya gano Pishon da Ganges . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Josephus |first=Flavius |date= |title=Antiquities of the Jews – Book I |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/josephus/ant-1.htm |access-date= |website= |publisher= |at=Chapter 1.3 |quote=And Phison, which denotes a multitude, running into India, makes its exit into the sea, and is by the Greeks called Ganges. Euphrates also, as well as Tigris, goes down into the Red Sea.}}</ref> Malamin Faransa na zamanin da Rashi ya gano shi da [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolf |first=Shaul |title=Where Are the Four Rivers that Come from Eden? |url=https://www.chabad.org/parshah/article_cdo/aid/3082157/jewish/Where-Are-the-Four-Rivers-that-Come-from-Eden.htm |access-date=2 June 2018 |website=Chabad.org}}</ref> Wasu malaman zamani na farko kamar Antoine Augustin Calmet (1672–1757) da kuma waɗanda suka fito daga baya kamar Ernst Friedrich Karl Rosenmüller (1768–1835), da Carl Friedrich Keil (1807–1888), sun yi imanin cewa tushen kogin [na Adnin] yanki ne na maɓuɓɓugan ruwa: "Pishon da Gihon rafukan dutse ne. Na farko wataƙila Phasis ko [[Aras (kogin)|Araxes]] ne, na biyu kuma Oxus ne ." [[Fayil:Pishon_River_in_Context.png|thumb|Taswirar Wadi al-Batin da Wadi al-Rummah]] James A. Sauer, tsohon mai kula da Gidan Tarihi na Harvard Semitic, ya yi jayayya daga ilimin ƙasa da tarihi cewa Pishon ya yi nuni ga abin da yanzu ake kira [[Wadi al-Batin]], wani bututun da ya bushe wanda tushensa ya fara daga [[Duwatsun Hijaz|tsaunukan Hijaz]] kusa da [[Madinah|Madina]], don ya ratsa arewa maso gabas zuwa [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] . Tare da taimakon hotunan tauraron dan adam, Farouk El-Baz na Jami'ar Boston ya bi diddigin busasshen hanyar daga Kuwait zuwa [[Wadi al-Batin]] da tsarin Wadi al-Rummah wanda ya samo asali kusa da Madina a Jibāl al Abyaḑ . David Rohl ya gano Pishon da Uizhun , yana sanya Havilah a arewa maso gabashin [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]] . Ana kiran Uizhun a yankin da Kogin Zinare. Yana tashi kusa da stratovolcano Sahand, yana yawo tsakanin tsoffin ma'adinan zinariya da kuma tsaunukan lapis lazuli kafin ya ciyar da [[Tekun Caspian]] . Irin waɗannan albarkatun ƙasa sun yi daidai da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙasar Havilah a cikin Farawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandys |first=Edwin |title=Bishop's Bible |url=https://studybible.info/Bishops/Genesis%202:11 |access-date=5 May 2020 |website=studybible.info}}</ref> Dan'el Kahn na Jami'ar Haifa ya ba da shawarar cewa sunan Pishon na iya fitowa daga kalmar Masar pA-Shen, ma'ana teku. Taswirar Duniya ta Babila ta kira teku "kogi mai ɗaci". <gallery> Fayil:Qasr_libya_1_02d_pishon.jpg|alt=Mosaic representing Pishon from Church of Theodorias (Qasr Libya) c. AD 539| Mosaic wanda ke wakiltar Pishon daga Cocin Theodorias ( Qasr Libya ) {{Circa}} shekara ta 539 AD Fayil:Opere_di_Filippo_Biagioli_Libri_d'Oro_Ebraici,_dedicato_al_fiume_Piscion.jpg|alt=Jewish Golden Books by Filippo Biagioli, dedicated to the river Pison (Piscion or Pishon)| Littattafan Zinare na Yahudawa na mai zane na zamani [[Filippo Biagioli]], wanda aka keɓe ga kogin Pishon <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ancillotti |first=Sofia |title=Libri d'Oro Ebraici |url=https://www.filippo-biagioli.com/libri-doro-ebraici/}}</ref> </gallery> == Manazarta == jm1tt0s7dlcghlf42g8w1v9st9wrkmp 841916 841913 2026-05-28T21:58:00Z Engineer014 44591 841916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />'''Pishon''' ( Hebrew ''Pīšōn'' ; Koine Girkanci : ''Phisṓn'' ) ɗaya ne daga cikin [[Koginan Aljannah|koguna huɗu]] (tare da Hiddekel ( [[Kogin Tigris|Tigris]] ), Perath ( Euphrates ) da Gihon ) da aka ambata a cikin Littafin Farawa na [[Baibûl|Littafi Mai Tsarki]] . A cikin wannan nassin, wani kogi mai tushe yana gudana daga Adnin don shayar da Lambun Adnin kuma daga nan ya rabu zuwa [[Koginan Aljannah|koguna huɗu masu suna]] . An bayyana Pishon a matsayin wanda ya kewaye "dukan ƙasar Havila inda akwai zinariya; bdellium da dutsen onyx ." == Ganowa == Ba kamar Tigris da Euphrates ba, ba a taɓa samun wurin Pishon a sarari ba. An ambaci shi a taƙaice tare da Tigris a cikin Hikimar Sirach (24:25/35), amma wannan ambaton bai ƙara bayyana wurin da kogin yake ba. Masanin tarihi na Yahudawa da Romawa Flavius Josephus, a farkon littafinsa na ''Antiquities of the Jews'' (ƙarni na 1 AD) ya gano Pishon da Ganges . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Josephus |first=Flavius |date= |title=Antiquities of the Jews – Book I |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/josephus/ant-1.htm |access-date= |website= |publisher= |at=Chapter 1.3 |quote=And Phison, which denotes a multitude, running into India, makes its exit into the sea, and is by the Greeks called Ganges. Euphrates also, as well as Tigris, goes down into the Red Sea.}}</ref> Malamin Faransa na zamanin da Rashi ya gano shi da [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolf |first=Shaul |title=Where Are the Four Rivers that Come from Eden? |url=https://www.chabad.org/parshah/article_cdo/aid/3082157/jewish/Where-Are-the-Four-Rivers-that-Come-from-Eden.htm |access-date=2 June 2018 |website=Chabad.org}}</ref> Wasu malaman zamani na farko kamar Antoine Augustin Calmet (1672–1757) da kuma waɗanda suka fito daga baya kamar Ernst Friedrich Karl Rosenmüller (1768–1835), da Carl Friedrich Keil (1807–1888), sun yi imanin cewa tushen kogin [na Adnin] yanki ne na maɓuɓɓugan ruwa: "Pishon da Gihon rafukan dutse ne. Na farko wataƙila Phasis ko [[Aras (kogin)|Araxes]] ne, na biyu kuma Oxus ne ." [[Fayil:Pishon_River_in_Context.png|thumb|Taswirar Wadi al-Batin da Wadi al-Rummah]] James A. Sauer, tsohon mai kula da Gidan Tarihi na Harvard Semitic, ya yi jayayya daga ilimin ƙasa da tarihi cewa Pishon ya yi nuni ga abin da yanzu ake kira [[Wadi al-Batin]], wani bututun da ya bushe wanda tushensa ya fara daga [[Duwatsun Hijaz|tsaunukan Hijaz]] kusa da [[Madinah|Madina]], don ya ratsa arewa maso gabas zuwa [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] . Tare da taimakon hotunan tauraron dan adam, Farouk El-Baz na Jami'ar Boston ya bi diddigin busasshen hanyar daga Kuwait zuwa [[Wadi al-Batin]] da tsarin Wadi al-Rummah wanda ya samo asali kusa da Madina a Jibāl al Abyaḑ . David Rohl ya gano Pishon da Uizhun , yana sanya Havilah a arewa maso gabashin [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]] . Ana kiran Uizhun a yankin da Kogin Zinare. Yana tashi kusa da stratovolcano Sahand, yana yawo tsakanin tsoffin ma'adinan zinariya da kuma tsaunukan lapis lazuli kafin ya ciyar da [[Tekun Caspian]] . Irin waɗannan albarkatun ƙasa sun yi daidai da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙasar Havilah a cikin Farawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandys |first=Edwin |title=Bishop's Bible |url=https://studybible.info/Bishops/Genesis%202:11 |access-date=5 May 2020 |website=studybible.info}}</ref> Dan'el Kahn na Jami'ar Haifa ya ba da shawarar cewa sunan Pishon na iya fitowa daga kalmar Masar pA-Shen, ma'ana teku. Taswirar Duniya ta Babila ta kira teku "kogi mai ɗaci". <gallery> Fayil:Qasr_libya_1_02d_pishon.jpg|alt=Mosaic representing Pishon from Church of Theodorias (Qasr Libya) c. AD 539| Mosaic wanda ke wakiltar Pishon daga Cocin Theodorias ( Qasr Libya ) {{Circa}} shekara ta 539 AD Fayil:Opere_di_Filippo_Biagioli_Libri_d'Oro_Ebraici,_dedicato_al_fiume_Piscion.jpg|alt=Jewish Golden Books by Filippo Biagioli, dedicated to the river Pison (Piscion or Pishon)| Littattafan Zinare na Yahudawa na mai zane na zamani [[Filippo Biagioli]], wanda aka keɓe ga kogin Pishon <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ancillotti |first=Sofia |title=Libri d'Oro Ebraici |url=https://www.filippo-biagioli.com/libri-doro-ebraici/}}</ref> </gallery> == Manazarta == q1w70hnf4ezhdl58x0pz6cnfyzvodry 0 152909 841917 2026-05-28T22:03:53Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291792475|Dry rivers of Africa]]" 841917 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Busassun koguna a Afirka''' na nufin koguna waɗanda ko dai suke saman teburin ruwa ko kuma waɗanda suke bushewa lokaci-lokaci. Sau da yawa suna zama manyan hanyoyin samun ruwa a lokacin damina, kuma filayen ambaliyar ruwa na iya tallafawa nau'ikan namun daji da ciyayi iri-iri. == Jerin manyan kogunan busassun koguna == === Kogin Kuiseb (Namibiya) === Kogin Swakop wani babban kogi ne da ba a saba gani ba a Namibia. Tsawonsa kimanin kilomita 460 ne, yana kwarara daga gabashin gangaren Khomas Highland, kuma yana isa Tekun Atlantika ne kawai bayan ruwan sama mai karfi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rameshwaran |first=Ponnambalam |last2=Bell |first2=Victoria A. |last3=Davies |first3=Helen N. |last4=Kay |first4=Alison L. |date=2021 |title=How might climate change affect river flows across West Africa? |journal=Climatic Change |language=en |volume=169 |issue=3–4 |doi=10.1007/s10584-021-03256-0 |issn=0165-0009 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Kogin Draa (Morocco) === Kogin Draa da ke Morocco shi ne mafi tsayin kogin Morocco, amma kwararar ruwansa ba ta da tsari. Kogin yakan bushe tsawon shekara kuma yana gudana ne kawai a lokacin damina. <ref>{{Citation|journal=Christian|url-status=Otero}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanzel |first=Philipp |last2=Kling |first2=Harald |last3=Bauer |first3=Hannes |date=2018-08-01 |title=Climate change impact on West African rivers under an ensemble of CORDEX climate projections |journal=Climate Services |language=en |volume=11 |pages=36–48 |doi=10.1016/j.cliser.2018.05.003 |issn=2405-8807 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == r7f8pdln97ccp1g5jjjhxb3p8v26t77 841918 841917 2026-05-28T22:05:47Z Engineer014 44591 841918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Busassun koguna a Afirka''' na nufin koguna waɗanda ko dai suke saman teburin ruwa ko kuma waɗanda suke bushewa lokaci-lokaci. Sau da yawa suna zama manyan hanyoyin samun ruwa a lokacin damina, kuma filayen ambaliyar ruwa na iya tallafawa nau'ikan namun daji da ciyayi iri-iri. == Jerin manyan kogunan busassun koguna == === Kogin Kuiseb (Namibiya) === Kogin Swakop wani babban kogi ne da ba a saba gani ba a Namibia. Tsawonsa kimanin kilomita 460 ne, yana kwarara daga gabashin gangaren Khomas Highland, kuma yana isa Tekun Atlantika ne kawai bayan ruwan sama mai karfi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rameshwaran |first=Ponnambalam |last2=Bell |first2=Victoria A. |last3=Davies |first3=Helen N. |last4=Kay |first4=Alison L. |date=2021 |title=How might climate change affect river flows across West Africa? |journal=Climatic Change |language=en |volume=169 |issue=3–4 |doi=10.1007/s10584-021-03256-0 |issn=0165-0009 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Kogin Draa (Morocco) === Kogin Draa da ke Morocco shi ne mafi tsayin kogin Morocco, amma kwararar ruwansa ba ta da tsari. Kogin yakan bushe tsawon shekara kuma yana gudana ne kawai a lokacin damina. <ref>{{Citation|journal=Christian|url-status=Otero}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanzel |first=Philipp |last2=Kling |first2=Harald |last3=Bauer |first3=Hannes |date=2018-08-01 |title=Climate change impact on West African rivers under an ensemble of CORDEX climate projections |journal=Climate Services |language=en |volume=11 |pages=36–48 |doi=10.1016/j.cliser.2018.05.003 |issn=2405-8807 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == efaj42w8v2molynxgt7qmdp9e16oylh 0 152910 841922 2026-05-28T22:11:29Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352214811|Tamanrasset River]]" 841922 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Tamanrasset''' babban dutse ne da ake kyautata zaton ya ratsa [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] tun shekaru 5000 da suka gabata a [[Lokacin zafi na Afirka|lokacin damina na Afirka]] . Ana kyautata zaton kogin Tamanrasset ya yi daidai da kogin Ganges-Brahmaputra na yanzu a Asiya. == Magudanar ruwa == * Oued Saura * Oued Namous Ana kyautata zaton Tamanrasset ya ratsa Sahara a zamanin da daga tushe a kudancin tsaunukan Atlas da kuma tsaunukan Hoggar a yankin da yanzu ake kira [[Aljeriya|Algeria]] . Ana kyautata zaton kogin ya ratsa cikin kogin Cap Timiris, wanda ke gefen gabar tekun [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] ; kwarin yana cikin ruwa mai zurfin kilomita uku kuma faɗinsa kilomita 2.5 a wasu wurare. Ana kyautata zaton kasancewar kogin yana da tasiri mai yawa ga ƙaura daga Afirka ta Tsakiya zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya, Turai, da Asiya. A da, an yi imanin cewa [[Sahara|hamadar Sahara]] mara kyau ta sa hanyar ƙaura zuwa Turai ta zama hanyar yamma ba ta da amfani. Masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa tsohon kogin ya fara aiki a lokacin [[Lokacin zafi na Afirka|da ake danshi a Afirka]], yanayin da ya faru sakamakon raguwar juyawar duniya . An gano palaeoriver ta amfani da tsarin tauraron dan adam na Japan mai suna Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR). Ta amfani da na'urar gano microwave, PALSAR na iya ganin ƙasan yashi na Sahara kuma ya gano ruwan burbushin da har yanzu yake akwai. An lura da Tamanrasset a matsayin wurin da zai yiwu a sami tsohon wayewar Sahara bisa ga kwatantawa da tsarin kogunan zamani iri ɗaya da kuma wayewar da ke da alaƙa da su. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Sajjad |date=Aug 15, 2021 |title=The Mysterious People That Lived in the Green Sahara |url=https://historyofyesterday.com/the-mysterious-people-that-lived-in-the-green-sahara-f993fe30a9d9 |access-date=August 8, 2022 |website=History of Yesterday}}</ref> Masana kimiyya ne kawai suka tabbatar da wanzuwar da wurin da Kogin Tamanrasset yake a shekarar 2015, kodayake wani bincike da ke neman mai ya gano Cap Timiris Canyon a shekarar 2003 wanda wataƙila ya samo asali ne sakamakon kwararar ruwan da ke cike da laka a cikin wannan tsarin kogin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wynn |first=R. B. |last2=Wien |first2=K. |last3=Schulz |first3=H. D. |last4=Kölling |first4=M. |last5=Holz |first5=C. |last6=Henrich |first6=R. |last7=Antobreh |first7=A. A. |last8=Hanebuth |first8=T. J. J. |last9=Krastel |first9=S. |date=June 3, 2011 |title=CapTimiris Canyon: A newly discovered channel system offshore of Mauritania |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=85 |issue=42 |page=417 |doi=10.1029/2004EO420001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A halin yanzu babu wata shaida da ke nuna wata tsohuwar wayewa ko al'umma ta noma wadda ta samo asali tun lokacin da kogin yake a ciki. == Manazarta == mfwgxn5l7tmroaxzl7s669r7ud2frpf 841923 841922 2026-05-28T22:12:35Z Engineer014 44591 841923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Tamanrasset''' babban dutse ne da ake kyautata zaton ya ratsa [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] tun shekaru 5000 da suka gabata a [[Lokacin zafi na Afirka|lokacin damina na Afirka]] . Ana kyautata zaton kogin Tamanrasset ya yi daidai da kogin Ganges-Brahmaputra na yanzu a Asiya. == Magudanar ruwa == * Oued Saura * Oued Namous Ana kyautata zaton Tamanrasset ya ratsa Sahara a zamanin da daga tushe a kudancin tsaunukan Atlas da kuma tsaunukan Hoggar a yankin da yanzu ake kira [[Aljeriya|Algeria]] . Ana kyautata zaton kogin ya ratsa cikin kogin Cap Timiris, wanda ke gefen gabar tekun [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] ; kwarin yana cikin ruwa mai zurfin kilomita uku kuma faɗinsa kilomita 2.5 a wasu wurare. Ana kyautata zaton kasancewar kogin yana da tasiri mai yawa ga ƙaura daga Afirka ta Tsakiya zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya, Turai, da Asiya. A da, an yi imanin cewa [[Sahara|hamadar Sahara]] mara kyau ta sa hanyar ƙaura zuwa Turai ta zama hanyar yamma ba ta da amfani. Masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa tsohon kogin ya fara aiki a lokacin [[Lokacin zafi na Afirka|da ake danshi a Afirka]], yanayin da ya faru sakamakon raguwar juyawar duniya . An gano palaeoriver ta amfani da tsarin tauraron dan adam na Japan mai suna Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR). Ta amfani da na'urar gano microwave, PALSAR na iya ganin ƙasan yashi na Sahara kuma ya gano ruwan burbushin da har yanzu yake akwai. An lura da Tamanrasset a matsayin wurin da zai yiwu a sami tsohon wayewar Sahara bisa ga kwatantawa da tsarin kogunan zamani iri ɗaya da kuma wayewar da ke da alaƙa da su. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Sajjad |date=Aug 15, 2021 |title=The Mysterious People That Lived in the Green Sahara |url=https://historyofyesterday.com/the-mysterious-people-that-lived-in-the-green-sahara-f993fe30a9d9 |access-date=August 8, 2022 |website=History of Yesterday}}</ref> Masana kimiyya ne kawai suka tabbatar da wanzuwar da wurin da Kogin Tamanrasset yake a shekarar 2015, kodayake wani bincike da ke neman mai ya gano Cap Timiris Canyon a shekarar 2003 wanda wataƙila ya samo asali ne sakamakon kwararar ruwan da ke cike da laka a cikin wannan tsarin kogin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wynn |first=R. B. |last2=Wien |first2=K. |last3=Schulz |first3=H. D. |last4=Kölling |first4=M. |last5=Holz |first5=C. |last6=Henrich |first6=R. |last7=Antobreh |first7=A. A. |last8=Hanebuth |first8=T. J. J. |last9=Krastel |first9=S. |date=June 3, 2011 |title=CapTimiris Canyon: A newly discovered channel system offshore of Mauritania |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=85 |issue=42 |page=417 |doi=10.1029/2004EO420001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A halin yanzu babu wata shaida da ke nuna wata tsohuwar wayewa ko al'umma ta noma wadda ta samo asali tun lokacin da kogin yake a ciki. == Manazarta == rjzyajyroee9kf2ojxvrrrha1ii6l1t 0 152911 841924 2026-05-28T22:15:32Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344593687|Mahas]]" 841924 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Mahas''' ( Arabic ) wani ƙaramin rukuni ne na [[Nubians (ƙabila)|mutanen Nubian]] da ke Kudancin Masar da Arewacin Sudan a gefen Kogin Nilu. Shekaru aru-aru, ƙabilar Mahas ta zauna a yankin da ya ƙunshi arewacin Sudan na yanzu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lobban |first=Richard A. |date=1982 |title=Class and Kinship in Sudanese Urban Communities |url=http://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=51–76 |doi=10.2307/1159141 |jstor=1159141 |s2cid=145647784 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ƙaramin ƙasa mai noma da ruwan sama mai iyaka ya sa Mahas, da sauran mazauna yankin, su yi ƙaura daga yankin. <ref name=":0" /> Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1400 zuwa farkon shekarun 1500, bayan ƙarshen Sarauta ta Mamluke a Masar da masarautar Kirista a Nubia, ƙabilar Mahas ta fara ƙaura. <ref name=":0" /> Masu ƙaura daga Mahas sun zauna a yankin "Garuruwa Uku", biranen [[Khartoum]] na yanzu, Khartoum North, da [[Omdurman]], da kuma gefen [[Blue Nile]] . <ref name=":0" /> Arkell ya nuna cewa Mahas sun sami ƙasa a yankin "Garuruwa Uku" da Tsibirin Tuti daga ƙabilar Jummu'iya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lobban |first=Richard A. |date=1983 |title=A Genealogical and Historical Study of the Mahas of the "Three Towns," Sudan |url=https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |url-status=dead |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=231–262 |doi=10.2307/217787 |jstor=217787 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721134542/https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |archive-date=2018-07-21 |access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref> Lokacin da Mahas suka iso, yankin ya riga ya kasance cike da mutanen Rufa'a, [[Kabilar Ja'alin|Ja'aliyin]], Shayqia, da Juma'iya. <ref name=":1" /> Mahas a cikin "Garuruwa Uku" galibi sun fito ne daga zuriyar Nubian. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lobban |first=Richard A. |date=1982 |title=Class and Kinship in Sudanese Urban Communities |url=http://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=51–76 |doi=10.2307/1159141 |jstor=1159141 |s2cid=145647784 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLobban1982">Lobban, Richard A. (1982). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications "Class and Kinship in Sudanese Urban Communities"]</span>. ''Africa: Journal of the International African Institute''. '''52''' (2): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>76. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/1159141|10.2307/1159141]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1159141 1159141]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145647784 145647784].</cite></ref> Lobban ya yi jayayya cewa su 'yan Nubian ne gaba ɗaya. <ref name=":0" /> Mahas na wannan jinsi ba sa da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da Nubian a arewa da gabas. <ref name=":0" /> Ba su san yaren Nubian sosai ba. <ref name=":0" /> Suna zaune a arewacin Sudan da kudancin Masar a lokacin da Musulunci ke faɗaɗa kudu zuwa Kogin Nilu, Mahas na wannan rukunin sun zama Larabawa tun da wuri. <ref name=":0" /> Yayin da aka kafa iyalan Mahas a cikin Garuruwa Uku, kusan asalin Mahas ne kawai. <ref name=":0" /> Yankin Garuruwa Uku ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin Nubian, Larabawa, Sudan, Nilotic, da Turai. <ref name=":0" /> Duk da haka, a cikin al'ummomin Mahas, akwai babban sha'awar kiyaye zuriyar Mahas. <ref name=":0" /> Aure ya fi yawa tsakanin al'ummomin Larabawa a kwarin Nilu. <ref name=":0" /> Ba kasafai ake samun auratayya tsakanin al'ummomin Mahas da Darfur na Sudan da kuma yankunan kudancin Sudan na yanzu ba. <ref name=":0" /> An ƙarfafa muhimmancin daidaiton al'adu a cikin al'ummomin Mahas da dabi'un Musulunci a wancan lokacin waɗanda suka ci gaba da wanzuwar daidaito. <ref name=":0" /> A wancan lokacin, al'ummar gargajiya ta rungumi bambance-bambancen zamantakewa da tattalin arziki tsakanin mutanen yankin. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lobban |first=Richard A. |date=1982 |title=Class and Kinship in Sudanese Urban Communities |url=http://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=51–76 |doi=10.2307/1159141 |jstor=1159141 |s2cid=145647784 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLobban1982">Lobban, Richard A. (1982). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications "Class and Kinship in Sudanese Urban Communities"]</span>. ''Africa: Journal of the International African Institute''. '''52''' (2): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>76. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/1159141|10.2307/1159141]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1159141 1159141]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145647784 145647784].</cite></ref> Bayi, tsoffin bayi, da ma'aikatan gona daga yamma da kudancin Sudan sune suka fi kowa a cikin tsarin mulki. <ref name=":0" /> Daga cikin Mahas, akwai damar samun iko daban-daban a sama. <ref name=":0" /> Wasu ƙungiyoyin iyalan Mahas sun kawo adadi mai yawa na riba ta hanyar mallakar filayen noma. <ref name=":0" /> Sauran ƙungiyoyin Mahas sun ga masu ba da shawara kan addini, ''omdas'' (magadan gari), da manyan jami'an soja, 'yan kasuwa, da ma'aikatan gwamnati a matsayin haɗin gwiwar iko. <ref name=":0" /> Al'ummar Mahas da aka kafa a Tsibirin Tuti, a haɗuwar Blue and White Nile, tana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin al'ummomin Mahas. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lobban |first=Richard A. |date=1983 |title=A Genealogical and Historical Study of the Mahas of the "Three Towns," Sudan |url=https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |url-status=dead |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=231–262 |doi=10.2307/217787 |jstor=217787 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721134542/https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |archive-date=2018-07-21 |access-date=2019-07-11}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLobban1983">Lobban, Richard A. (1983). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180721134542/https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications "A Genealogical and Historical Study of the Mahas of the "Three Towns," Sudan"]. ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies''. '''16''' (2): <span class="nowrap">231–</span>262. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/217787|10.2307/217787]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/217787 217787]. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications the original]</span> on 2018-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> Mahas sun mamaye wurinsu a Tsibirin Tuti tsawon kimanin shekaru ɗari biyar. <ref name=":1" /> Wurin yana da kama da Mahas. <ref name=":1" /> A ƙarni na 15, an ɗauki Mahas fukahaa na Tuti a matsayin mabuɗin Musulunci a Sudan. <ref name=":1" /> A matsayin farkon wanda ya gina gine-gine na dindindin a yankin Khartoum, ana iya yaba wa Mahas da suka fara sabunta Sudan. <ref name=":1" /> Yankin "Garuruwa Uku" shine cibiyar Sudan ta zamani a yanzu. <ref name=":1" /> A farkon karni na 16, an kafa al'ummar Mahas a yankin. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lobban |first=Richard A. |date=1983 |title=A Genealogical and Historical Study of the Mahas of the "Three Towns," Sudan |url=https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |url-status=dead |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=231–262 |doi=10.2307/217787 |jstor=217787 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721134542/https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |archive-date=2018-07-21 |access-date=2019-07-11}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLobban1983">Lobban, Richard A. (1983). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180721134542/https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications "A Genealogical and Historical Study of the Mahas of the "Three Towns," Sudan"]. ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies''. '''16''' (2): <span class="nowrap">231–</span>262. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/217787|10.2307/217787]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/217787 217787]. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications the original]</span> on 2018-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wani fitaccen malami kuma jagora na Musulunci mai suna ''fukahaa'' ne ya kafa yawancin al'ummomin Mahas <ref name=":1" /> ''.'' Kowace ''fukahaa'' za ta kawo iyalanta zuwa wurin da al'ummar take. <ref name=":1" /> Baya ga gidan da iyalin za su gina, za a kuma sami makarantar addini, ko ''khalwa'' <ref name=":1" /> ''.'' Yayin da al'ummar ke ƙaruwa, za ta haɗa da gidaje da yawa, ''khalwa'', da ''masallacin gida,'' ko masallaci <ref name=":1" /> ''.'' Lokacin da malamin da ya kafa al'ummar Mahas ya mutu, al'ummar Mahas ta yau da kullun za ta haɗa da ''gumba'', ko kabari, wanda zai zama cibiyar makabartar birnin. <ref name=":1" /> Ga manyan ƙauyukan Mahas, sau da yawa za a sami kasuwa da wurare don ƙwarewa a sana'o'i yayin da mazauna al'ummar za su iya sayarwa, musanya, da siyan sana'o'i, dabbobi, da kayan amfanin gona daban-daban. <ref name=":1" /> Shahararrun mutane da dama na Mahas ne suka haifar da yankin "Garuruwa Uku". A shekarar 1691, Sheikh Arbab El Agyed ya kafa wata al'umma da cibiyar yankin Musulunci a [[Khartoum]] . <ref name=":1" /> An haifi Agayed a tsibirin Tuti a kusan karni na 17, yana da alaƙa da Mohammed Busati, wani malamin addini da ke da alhakin yaɗa addinin Musulunci a jihar Kordofan . <ref name=":1" /> ''Khalwa'' da ya kafa ya jawo hankalin ɗalibai kusan 500, 300 daga cikinsu 'yan Nubian ne. <ref name=":1" /> ''Masallacin'' da ke cikin al'ummar ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Turkiyya da Ottoman]] suka mamaye Sudan. <ref name=":1" /> Wannan al'umma ta zama matsuguni na farko na dindindin a (yamma) Khartoum. <ref name=":1" /> Mahas sun gamu da lalata ''masallacin'' Agayed da al'ummarsa a duk tsawon mulkin Turkiyya. <ref name=":1" /> A yau, har yanzu ana tunawa da wurin a matsayin wasu tubalan kudu da Blue Nile. <ref name=":1" /> Ana cewa a kusa, ko wataƙila daga baya, fiye da 1646, an haifi Sheikh Hamad a Tsibirin Tuti. <ref name=":1" /> Ya kasance wani ɓangare na addinin kuma ɗalibi ne na El Agyed. <ref name=":1" /> Saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba, Sheikh ya ƙaura ya zauna a gefen yamma na White Nile. <ref name=":1" /> Mun ga ƙauyensa da mazauninsa a kan White Nile a matsayin matsugunin farko na [[Omdurman]] . <ref name=":1" /> Sheikj Idiris wad Muhammad el Arbab yana ɗaya daga cikin Mahas ''fukahaa'' na farko da ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan addini a yankin. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lobban |first=Richard A. |date=1983 |title=A Genealogical and Historical Study of the Mahas of the "Three Towns," Sudan |url=https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |url-status=dead |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=231–262 |doi=10.2307/217787 |jstor=217787 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721134542/https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |archive-date=2018-07-21 |access-date=2019-07-11}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLobban1983">Lobban, Richard A. (1983). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180721134542/https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications "A Genealogical and Historical Study of the Mahas of the "Three Towns," Sudan"]. ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies''. '''16''' (2): <span class="nowrap">231–</span>262. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/217787|10.2307/217787]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/217787 217787]. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications the original]</span> on 2018-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ana ganinsa a matsayin wanda ya kafa tariqa ta Qadriya, ko kuma hanya, a Sudan. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":1" /> a matsayin mai sihiri wanda ke da alaƙa da warkar da marasa lafiya, dawo da ƙuruciya, da kuma warkar da rashin haihuwa. <ref name=":1" /> Saboda karimcinsa da kuma alfaharinsa, an ba shi kadada na ƙasa wanda yanzu ya zama yankin Eilafun a Khartoum. <ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == 9o5lb52phieolroaw1u34aygjnafbg6 841925 841924 2026-05-28T22:16:23Z Engineer014 44591 841925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''Mahas''' ( Arabic ) wani ƙaramin rukuni ne na [[Nubians (ƙabila)|mutanen Nubian]] da ke Kudancin Masar da Arewacin Sudan a gefen Kogin Nilu. Shekaru aru-aru, ƙabilar Mahas ta zauna a yankin da ya ƙunshi arewacin Sudan na yanzu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lobban |first=Richard A. |date=1982 |title=Class and Kinship in Sudanese Urban Communities |url=http://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=51–76 |doi=10.2307/1159141 |jstor=1159141 |s2cid=145647784 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ƙaramin ƙasa mai noma da ruwan sama mai iyaka ya sa Mahas, da sauran mazauna yankin, su yi ƙaura daga yankin. <ref name=":0" /> Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1400 zuwa farkon shekarun 1500, bayan ƙarshen Sarauta ta Mamluke a Masar da masarautar Kirista a Nubia, ƙabilar Mahas ta fara ƙaura. <ref name=":0" /> Masu ƙaura daga Mahas sun zauna a yankin "Garuruwa Uku", biranen [[Khartoum]] na yanzu, Khartoum North, da [[Omdurman]], da kuma gefen [[Blue Nile]] . <ref name=":0" /> Arkell ya nuna cewa Mahas sun sami ƙasa a yankin "Garuruwa Uku" da Tsibirin Tuti daga ƙabilar Jummu'iya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lobban |first=Richard A. |date=1983 |title=A Genealogical and Historical Study of the Mahas of the "Three Towns," Sudan |url=https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |url-status=dead |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=231–262 |doi=10.2307/217787 |jstor=217787 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721134542/https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |archive-date=2018-07-21 |access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref> Lokacin da Mahas suka iso, yankin ya riga ya kasance cike da mutanen Rufa'a, [[Kabilar Ja'alin|Ja'aliyin]], Shayqia, da Juma'iya. <ref name=":1" /> Mahas a cikin "Garuruwa Uku" galibi sun fito ne daga zuriyar Nubian. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lobban |first=Richard A. |date=1982 |title=Class and Kinship in Sudanese Urban Communities |url=http://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=51–76 |doi=10.2307/1159141 |jstor=1159141 |s2cid=145647784 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLobban1982">Lobban, Richard A. (1982). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications "Class and Kinship in Sudanese Urban Communities"]</span>. ''Africa: Journal of the International African Institute''. '''52''' (2): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>76. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/1159141|10.2307/1159141]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1159141 1159141]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145647784 145647784].</cite></ref> Lobban ya yi jayayya cewa su 'yan Nubian ne gaba ɗaya. <ref name=":0" /> Mahas na wannan jinsi ba sa da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da Nubian a arewa da gabas. <ref name=":0" /> Ba su san yaren Nubian sosai ba. <ref name=":0" /> Suna zaune a arewacin Sudan da kudancin Masar a lokacin da Musulunci ke faɗaɗa kudu zuwa Kogin Nilu, Mahas na wannan rukunin sun zama Larabawa tun da wuri. <ref name=":0" /> Yayin da aka kafa iyalan Mahas a cikin Garuruwa Uku, kusan asalin Mahas ne kawai. <ref name=":0" /> Yankin Garuruwa Uku ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin Nubian, Larabawa, Sudan, Nilotic, da Turai. <ref name=":0" /> Duk da haka, a cikin al'ummomin Mahas, akwai babban sha'awar kiyaye zuriyar Mahas. <ref name=":0" /> Aure ya fi yawa tsakanin al'ummomin Larabawa a kwarin Nilu. <ref name=":0" /> Ba kasafai ake samun auratayya tsakanin al'ummomin Mahas da Darfur na Sudan da kuma yankunan kudancin Sudan na yanzu ba. <ref name=":0" /> An ƙarfafa muhimmancin daidaiton al'adu a cikin al'ummomin Mahas da dabi'un Musulunci a wancan lokacin waɗanda suka ci gaba da wanzuwar daidaito. <ref name=":0" /> A wancan lokacin, al'ummar gargajiya ta rungumi bambance-bambancen zamantakewa da tattalin arziki tsakanin mutanen yankin. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lobban |first=Richard A. |date=1982 |title=Class and Kinship in Sudanese Urban Communities |url=http://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=51–76 |doi=10.2307/1159141 |jstor=1159141 |s2cid=145647784 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLobban1982">Lobban, Richard A. (1982). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications "Class and Kinship in Sudanese Urban Communities"]</span>. ''Africa: Journal of the International African Institute''. '''52''' (2): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>76. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/1159141|10.2307/1159141]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1159141 1159141]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145647784 145647784].</cite></ref> Bayi, tsoffin bayi, da ma'aikatan gona daga yamma da kudancin Sudan sune suka fi kowa a cikin tsarin mulki. <ref name=":0" /> Daga cikin Mahas, akwai damar samun iko daban-daban a sama. <ref name=":0" /> Wasu ƙungiyoyin iyalan Mahas sun kawo adadi mai yawa na riba ta hanyar mallakar filayen noma. <ref name=":0" /> Sauran ƙungiyoyin Mahas sun ga masu ba da shawara kan addini, ''omdas'' (magadan gari), da manyan jami'an soja, 'yan kasuwa, da ma'aikatan gwamnati a matsayin haɗin gwiwar iko. <ref name=":0" /> Al'ummar Mahas da aka kafa a Tsibirin Tuti, a haɗuwar Blue and White Nile, tana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin al'ummomin Mahas. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lobban |first=Richard A. |date=1983 |title=A Genealogical and Historical Study of the Mahas of the "Three Towns," Sudan |url=https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |url-status=dead |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=231–262 |doi=10.2307/217787 |jstor=217787 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721134542/https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |archive-date=2018-07-21 |access-date=2019-07-11}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLobban1983">Lobban, Richard A. (1983). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180721134542/https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications "A Genealogical and Historical Study of the Mahas of the "Three Towns," Sudan"]. ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies''. '''16''' (2): <span class="nowrap">231–</span>262. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/217787|10.2307/217787]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/217787 217787]. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications the original]</span> on 2018-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> Mahas sun mamaye wurinsu a Tsibirin Tuti tsawon kimanin shekaru ɗari biyar. <ref name=":1" /> Wurin yana da kama da Mahas. <ref name=":1" /> A ƙarni na 15, an ɗauki Mahas fukahaa na Tuti a matsayin mabuɗin Musulunci a Sudan. <ref name=":1" /> A matsayin farkon wanda ya gina gine-gine na dindindin a yankin Khartoum, ana iya yaba wa Mahas da suka fara sabunta Sudan. <ref name=":1" /> Yankin "Garuruwa Uku" shine cibiyar Sudan ta zamani a yanzu. <ref name=":1" /> A farkon karni na 16, an kafa al'ummar Mahas a yankin. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lobban |first=Richard A. |date=1983 |title=A Genealogical and Historical Study of the Mahas of the "Three Towns," Sudan |url=https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |url-status=dead |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=231–262 |doi=10.2307/217787 |jstor=217787 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721134542/https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |archive-date=2018-07-21 |access-date=2019-07-11}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLobban1983">Lobban, Richard A. (1983). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180721134542/https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications "A Genealogical and Historical Study of the Mahas of the "Three Towns," Sudan"]. ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies''. '''16''' (2): <span class="nowrap">231–</span>262. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/217787|10.2307/217787]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/217787 217787]. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications the original]</span> on 2018-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> Wani fitaccen malami kuma jagora na Musulunci mai suna ''fukahaa'' ne ya kafa yawancin al'ummomin Mahas <ref name=":1" /> ''.'' Kowace ''fukahaa'' za ta kawo iyalanta zuwa wurin da al'ummar take. <ref name=":1" /> Baya ga gidan da iyalin za su gina, za a kuma sami makarantar addini, ko ''khalwa'' <ref name=":1" /> ''.'' Yayin da al'ummar ke ƙaruwa, za ta haɗa da gidaje da yawa, ''khalwa'', da ''masallacin gida,'' ko masallaci <ref name=":1" /> ''.'' Lokacin da malamin da ya kafa al'ummar Mahas ya mutu, al'ummar Mahas ta yau da kullun za ta haɗa da ''gumba'', ko kabari, wanda zai zama cibiyar makabartar birnin. <ref name=":1" /> Ga manyan ƙauyukan Mahas, sau da yawa za a sami kasuwa da wurare don ƙwarewa a sana'o'i yayin da mazauna al'ummar za su iya sayarwa, musanya, da siyan sana'o'i, dabbobi, da kayan amfanin gona daban-daban. <ref name=":1" /> Shahararrun mutane da dama na Mahas ne suka haifar da yankin "Garuruwa Uku". A shekarar 1691, Sheikh Arbab El Agyed ya kafa wata al'umma da cibiyar yankin Musulunci a [[Khartoum]] . <ref name=":1" /> An haifi Agayed a tsibirin Tuti a kusan karni na 17, yana da alaƙa da Mohammed Busati, wani malamin addini da ke da alhakin yaɗa addinin Musulunci a jihar Kordofan . <ref name=":1" /> ''Khalwa'' da ya kafa ya jawo hankalin ɗalibai kusan 500, 300 daga cikinsu 'yan Nubian ne. <ref name=":1" /> ''Masallacin'' da ke cikin al'ummar ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Turkiyya da Ottoman]] suka mamaye Sudan. <ref name=":1" /> Wannan al'umma ta zama matsuguni na farko na dindindin a (yamma) Khartoum. <ref name=":1" /> Mahas sun gamu da lalata ''masallacin'' Agayed da al'ummarsa a duk tsawon mulkin Turkiyya. <ref name=":1" /> A yau, har yanzu ana tunawa da wurin a matsayin wasu tubalan kudu da Blue Nile. <ref name=":1" /> Ana cewa a kusa, ko wataƙila daga baya, fiye da 1646, an haifi Sheikh Hamad a Tsibirin Tuti. <ref name=":1" /> Ya kasance wani ɓangare na addinin kuma ɗalibi ne na El Agyed. <ref name=":1" /> Saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba, Sheikh ya ƙaura ya zauna a gefen yamma na White Nile. <ref name=":1" /> Mun ga ƙauyensa da mazauninsa a kan White Nile a matsayin matsugunin farko na [[Omdurman]] . <ref name=":1" /> Sheikj Idiris wad Muhammad el Arbab yana ɗaya daga cikin Mahas ''fukahaa'' na farko da ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan addini a yankin. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lobban |first=Richard A. |date=1983 |title=A Genealogical and Historical Study of the Mahas of the "Three Towns," Sudan |url=https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |url-status=dead |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=231–262 |doi=10.2307/217787 |jstor=217787 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721134542/https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications |archive-date=2018-07-21 |access-date=2019-07-11}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLobban1983">Lobban, Richard A. (1983). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180721134542/https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications "A Genealogical and Historical Study of the Mahas of the "Three Towns," Sudan"]. ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies''. '''16''' (2): <span class="nowrap">231–</span>262. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/217787|10.2307/217787]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/217787 217787]. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=facultypublications the original]</span> on 2018-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ana ganinsa a matsayin wanda ya kafa tariqa ta Qadriya, ko kuma hanya, a Sudan. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":1" /> a matsayin mai sihiri wanda ke da alaƙa da warkar da marasa lafiya, dawo da ƙuruciya, da kuma warkar da rashin haihuwa. <ref name=":1" /> Saboda karimcinsa da kuma alfaharinsa, an ba shi kadada na ƙasa wanda yanzu ya zama yankin Eilafun a Khartoum. <ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == rjdvyx0o2muirab63xanp94fzhhvzdi 0 152912 841928 2026-05-28T22:29:41Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317358351|Lake Sulunga]]" 841928 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Sulunga-See.png|left|thumb|300x300px|Magudanar ruwa ta tafkin Sulunga (kore)]] '''Tafkin Sulunga''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Bahi Flood''', wani tafki ne mai zurfi na yanayi a kan iyakar yankunan Dodoma da Singida a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Shi ne mafi girman ruwa a yankunan biyu a lokacin damina. Yana da nisan kilomita 45 yamma da babban birnin [[Dodoma]] a cikin wani yanki mai cike da endorheic wanda aka sani da yankin Bahi. Yana da tsayin {{Convert|830|m}} kuma yana da matsakaicin faɗin {{Convert|974|km2}}. Yankin magudanar ruwa shine {{Convert|23,447|km2}}. Tafkin yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|42|km}} tsayi da {{Convert|26|km}} faɗinsa, amma zai iya ɓacewa gaba ɗaya a cikin shekarun bushewa. Manyan magudanar ruwanta sune [[Bubu River|Bubu]] da [[Mponde]]. Tafkin yana kewaye da wurare daban-daban kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin kamun kifi da kiwon dabbobi na gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrology of the Bahi wetland, Tanzania |url=http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040528.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205223726/http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040528.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-05 |access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref> Tafkin yana cikin haɗarin fuskantar mummunan tasiri daga haƙar ma'adinai a nan gaba, domin a bayyane yake cewa yankin gida ne na uranium, zinariya da kuma wataƙila lu'u-lu'u. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahi North |url=http://mantraresources.com.au:80/?id=221 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224134230/http://mantraresources.com.au/?id=221 |archive-date=2011-02-24 |access-date=2020-09-20}}</ref> == Manazarta == Lake ChalaLake SulungaLake ChalaLake SulungaLake ChalaLake SulungaLake ChalaLake Sulunga 247noohsesu75eh4n9tc6xlh9frb3ud 841929 841928 2026-05-28T22:30:42Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 841929 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Sulunga-See.png|left|thumb|300x300px|Magudanar ruwa ta tafkin Sulunga (kore)]] '''Tafkin Sulunga''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Bahi Flood''', wani tafki ne mai zurfi na yanayi a kan iyakar yankunan Dodoma da Singida a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Shi ne mafi girman ruwa a yankunan biyu a lokacin damina. Yana da nisan kilomita 45 yamma da babban birnin [[Dodoma]] a cikin wani yanki mai cike da endorheic wanda aka sani da yankin Bahi. Yana da tsayin {{Convert|830|m}} kuma yana da matsakaicin faɗin {{Convert|974|km2}}. Yankin magudanar ruwa shine {{Convert|23,447|km2}}. Tafkin yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|42|km}} tsayi da {{Convert|26|km}} faɗinsa, amma zai iya ɓacewa gaba ɗaya a cikin shekarun bushewa. Manyan magudanar ruwanta sune [[Bubu River|Bubu]] da [[Mponde]]. Tafkin yana kewaye da wurare daban-daban kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin kamun kifi da kiwon dabbobi na gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrology of the Bahi wetland, Tanzania |url=http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040528.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205223726/http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040528.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-05 |access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref> Tafkin yana cikin haɗarin fuskantar mummunan tasiri daga haƙar ma'adinai a nan gaba, domin a bayyane yake cewa yankin gida ne na uranium, zinariya da kuma wataƙila lu'u-lu'u. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahi North |url=http://mantraresources.com.au:80/?id=221 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224134230/http://mantraresources.com.au/?id=221 |archive-date=2011-02-24 |access-date=2020-09-20}}</ref> == Manazarta == 278c9vg7aum8f3xm7ud60uys6ldzmja 841935 841929 2026-05-28T22:38:20Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Sulunga-See.png|left|thumb|300x300px|Magudanar ruwa ta tafkin Sulunga (kore)]] '''Tafkin Sulunga''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Bahi Flood''', wani tafki ne mai zurfi na yanayi a kan iyakar yankunan Dodoma da Singida a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Shi ne mafi girman ruwa a yankunan biyu a lokacin damina. Yana da nisan kilomita 45 yamma da babban birnin [[Dodoma]] a cikin wani yanki mai cike da endorheic wanda aka sani da yankin Bahi. Yana da tsayin {{Convert|830|m}} kuma yana da matsakaicin faɗin {{Convert|974|km2}}. Yankin magudanar ruwa shine {{Convert|23,447|km2}}. Tafkin yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|42|km}} tsayi da {{Convert|26|km}} faɗinsa, amma zai iya ɓacewa gaba ɗaya a cikin shekarun bushewa. Manyan magudanar ruwanta sune [[Bubu River|Bubu]] da [[Mponde]]. Tafkin yana kewaye da wurare daban-daban kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin kamun kifi da kiwon dabbobi na gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrology of the Bahi wetland, Tanzania |url=http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040528.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205223726/http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040528.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-05 |access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref> Tafkin yana cikin haɗarin fuskantar mummunan tasiri daga haƙar ma'adinai a nan gaba, domin a bayyane yake cewa yankin gida ne na uranium, zinariya da kuma wataƙila lu'u-lu'u. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahi North |url=http://mantraresources.com.au:80/?id=221 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224134230/http://mantraresources.com.au/?id=221 |archive-date=2011-02-24 |access-date=2020-09-20}}</ref> == Manazarta == hbth6w10zu7hiakmeeqi6hmewaoqwmo 0 152913 841930 2026-05-28T22:33:45Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1308461417|Gihon]]" 841930 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gihon''' sunan [[kogi]] na biyu ne da aka ambata a babi na biyu na Littafin Farawa na [[Baibûl|Littafi Mai Tsarki]] . An ambaci Gihon a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin [[Koginan Aljannah|koguna huɗu]] (tare da [[Kogin Tigris|Tigris]], Euphrates, da [[Pishon]] ) da ke fitowa daga Adnin, suna fitowa daga kogi ɗaya da ya rabu bayan ya shayar da Lambun Adnin (Farawa 2:10-14). == Bayani == Ana iya fassara sunan ( [[Ibrananci]] ''Gīḥōn'' גיחון) a matsayin "fashewa, mai ɓuɓɓuga". Littafin Farawa ya bayyana Gihon a matsayin "wanda ya kewaye ƙasar Kush gaba ɗaya", sunan da ke da alaƙa da Aethiopia a wani wuri a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Habashawa suka daɗe suna gane Gihon ( ''Giyon'' ) da Kogin Abay ( [[Blue Nile]] ), wanda ke kewaye da tsohuwar masarautar Gojjam . Daga mahangar ƙasa, wannan na iya zama abin mamaki, domin wasu koguna biyu da aka ce suna fitowa daga Adnin, Tigris da Euphrates, suna cikin [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]] . Duk da haka, masanin tarihin Yahudawa na ƙarni na farko Josephus ya danganta kogin Gihon da Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]], wanda shine haɗin Fari da Blue Nile. A cikin taswirar Italiya (Venetian) Fra Mauro na 1459, ana kiran Kogin Nilu ''Gion'', wanda ke nuna wannan iƙirari. Masanin Edward Ullendorff shi ma ya yi jayayya don goyon bayan wannan ganewar. [[Fayil:Blue_Nile_Falls_Ethiopia_III.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile, ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ake kyautata zaton Gihon ne]] Masana na zamani da na Larabci a ƙarni na sha tara sun yi ƙoƙarin gano "ƙasar Kush" tare da Hindu Kush, da Gihon tare da Amu Darya (Jihon/Jayhon na rubutun Musulunci). A zamanin da, marubutan Musulunci sun san Amu Darya a matsayin Jayhun ko Ceyhun a cikin [[Turkanci|harshen Turkanci]] . Wannan ya samo asali ne daga Jihon, ko Zhihon kamar yadda har yanzu Farisawa suka san shi. <ref>Svat Soucek. 2000. ''A History of Inner Asia''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-65704-0}}.</ref> Wani mujallar 1929 ta kuma nuna cewa Gihon shine kogin Oxus (Amu Darya). Juris Zarins sun gano Gihon da Kogin Karun a Iran, Kush kuma sun gano ƙasar Kassites, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamblin |first=Dora Jane |date=May 1987 |title=Has the Garden of Eden been located at last? |url=http://www.theeffect.org/resources/articles/pdfsetc/Eden.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |volume=18 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109135715/http://www.theeffect.org/resources/articles/pdfsetc/Eden.pdf |archive-date=9 January 2014 |access-date=8 January 2014}}</ref> wadda ta ƙunshi yankin Mesopotamiya wanda kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ke cika da ruwa akai-akai. Karun yana kwarara zuwa yankin da ke kan Tekun Farisa kamar Tigris, Euphrates, da [[Wadi al-Batin]] (wanda aka yi nuni da cewa shine asalin [[Pishon]], kogi na huɗu na Adnin). Wannan ra'ayi ya samo asali ne daga Herodotus, wanda ya yi tunanin akwai Habasha ta Afirka da Habasha ta Asiya. Sefer haYashar, wani masanin midrash na Ibrananci na zamanin da, ya yi iƙirarin cewa a zamanin Enos, jikan Adamu, kogin Gihon ya fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani saboda muguntar ɗan adam. == Manazarta == pobprl1g3fh80bhgmaw58jyvq3gi6qs 841931 841930 2026-05-28T22:34:10Z Engineer014 44591 841931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gihon''' sunan [[kogi]] na biyu ne da aka ambata a babi na biyu na Littafin Farawa na [[Baibûl|Littafi Mai Tsarki]] . An ambaci Gihon a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin [[Koginan Aljannah|koguna huɗu]] (tare da [[Kogin Tigris|Tigris]], Euphrates, da [[Pishon]] ) da ke fitowa daga Adnin, suna fitowa daga kogi ɗaya da ya rabu bayan ya shayar da Lambun Adnin (Farawa 2:10-14). == Bayani == Ana iya fassara sunan ( [[Ibrananci]] ''Gīḥōn'' גיחון) a matsayin "fashewa, mai ɓuɓɓuga". Littafin Farawa ya bayyana Gihon a matsayin "wanda ya kewaye ƙasar Kush gaba ɗaya", sunan da ke da alaƙa da Aethiopia a wani wuri a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Habashawa suka daɗe suna gane Gihon ( ''Giyon'' ) da Kogin Abay ( [[Blue Nile]] ), wanda ke kewaye da tsohuwar masarautar Gojjam . Daga mahangar ƙasa, wannan na iya zama abin mamaki, domin wasu koguna biyu da aka ce suna fitowa daga Adnin, Tigris da Euphrates, suna cikin [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]] . Duk da haka, masanin tarihin Yahudawa na ƙarni na farko Josephus ya danganta kogin Gihon da Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]], wanda shine haɗin Fari da Blue Nile. A cikin taswirar Italiya (Venetian) Fra Mauro na 1459, ana kiran Kogin Nilu ''Gion'', wanda ke nuna wannan iƙirari. Masanin Edward Ullendorff shi ma ya yi jayayya don goyon bayan wannan ganewar. [[Fayil:Blue_Nile_Falls_Ethiopia_III.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile, ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ake kyautata zaton Gihon ne]] Masana na zamani da na Larabci a ƙarni na sha tara sun yi ƙoƙarin gano "ƙasar Kush" tare da Hindu Kush, da Gihon tare da Amu Darya (Jihon/Jayhon na rubutun Musulunci). A zamanin da, marubutan Musulunci sun san Amu Darya a matsayin Jayhun ko Ceyhun a cikin [[Turkanci|harshen Turkanci]] . Wannan ya samo asali ne daga Jihon, ko Zhihon kamar yadda har yanzu Farisawa suka san shi. <ref>Svat Soucek. 2000. ''A History of Inner Asia''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-65704-0}}.</ref> Wani mujallar 1929 ta kuma nuna cewa Gihon shine kogin Oxus (Amu Darya). Juris Zarins sun gano Gihon da Kogin Karun a Iran, Kush kuma sun gano ƙasar Kassites, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamblin |first=Dora Jane |date=May 1987 |title=Has the Garden of Eden been located at last? |url=http://www.theeffect.org/resources/articles/pdfsetc/Eden.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |volume=18 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109135715/http://www.theeffect.org/resources/articles/pdfsetc/Eden.pdf |archive-date=9 January 2014 |access-date=8 January 2014}}</ref> wadda ta ƙunshi yankin Mesopotamiya wanda kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ke cika da ruwa akai-akai. Karun yana kwarara zuwa yankin da ke kan Tekun Farisa kamar Tigris, Euphrates, da [[Wadi al-Batin]] (wanda aka yi nuni da cewa shine asalin [[Pishon]], kogi na huɗu na Adnin). Wannan ra'ayi ya samo asali ne daga Herodotus, wanda ya yi tunanin akwai Habasha ta Afirka da Habasha ta Asiya. Sefer haYashar, wani masanin midrash na Ibrananci na zamanin da, ya yi iƙirarin cewa a zamanin Enos, jikan Adamu, kogin Gihon ya fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani saboda muguntar ɗan adam. == Manazarta == rcoqqip73rw1e8bviwazohax8x9t41r 0 152914 841932 2026-05-28T22:35:32Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326113603|Upper Nubia]]" 841932 wikitext text/x-wiki A fannin ƙasa, ''Upper Nubia'' tana tsara yankin da ke tsakanin cataracts na biyu da na shida na kogin Nilu . A wasu lokutan ana amfani da kalmar ''Middle Nubia'' don tsara yankin da ke tsakanin cataracts na biyu da na uku; a wannan yanayin, ''Upper Nubia'' tana farawa ne daga cataracts na uku da ke hawa sama. {| class="wikitable" style="width: 60%;" |+Rarrabuwar yanayin jiki na Upper Nubia tare da katangar Nilu: <ref> William Yewdale Adams; Nubia: Corridor to Africa; 1977; {{ISBN|978-0-7139-0579-3}}.</ref> ! width="20%" | Yanki ! width="40%" | Daga ! width="40%" | Zuwa |- | [[Batn-El-Hajar]] | Katakon ido na biyu | Dal cataract |- | [[Abri-Delgo Reach]] | Dal cataract | Katakon ido na uku |- | Dongola Reach | Katakon ido na uku | Katara ta huɗu |- | [[Abu Hamed Reach]] | Katara ta huɗu | Katakon ido na biyar |- |<div style="font-size:80%"> Za a fayyace</div> | Katakon ido na biyar | Haɗuwar kogunan Atbara da na Nilu |- | [[Shendi Reach]] | Haɗakar Kogin Atbara da Kogin Nilu | Katakon ido na shida |- |} == Tsarin siyasa == A siyasance, ''Upper Nubia'' tana faɗuwa a arewa da tsakiyar [[Sudan]] ta yanzu, wadda ta miƙe daga kan iyakar Masar zuwa kudu zuwa [[Khartoum]] ta yanzu, a inda White Nile da [[Blue Nile]] suka haɗu. <ref>Barbara Ann Kipfer; Upper Nubia in: Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology; 2000; {{ISBN|978-0-306-46158-3}}.</ref> == Tsarin tarihi == [[Fayil:UpperNubiaAndAbyssinia1891map.jpg|thumb|{{Center|Upper Nubia and Abyssinia in 1891}}]] A tarihi, ''Upper Nubia'' ta ƙunshi yankunan da ɓangaren Nubian na [[Sabuwar Masarautar Masar]] ko masarautar Kush ko Meroe ke tasiri. Tana haɗa duniyar Bahar Rum da Afirka ta ciki, ''Upper Nubia'' ta haɗu da muhimman hanyoyin kasuwanci kuma ta kasance tushen al'adu daban-daban. == Manazarta == om6d93ygq9o9q6hixrnrks89wkjmwd7 841933 841932 2026-05-28T22:35:54Z Engineer014 44591 841933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A fannin ƙasa, ''Upper Nubia'' tana tsara yankin da ke tsakanin cataracts na biyu da na shida na kogin Nilu . A wasu lokutan ana amfani da kalmar ''Middle Nubia'' don tsara yankin da ke tsakanin cataracts na biyu da na uku; a wannan yanayin, ''Upper Nubia'' tana farawa ne daga cataracts na uku da ke hawa sama. {| class="wikitable" style="width: 60%;" |+Rarrabuwar yanayin jiki na Upper Nubia tare da katangar Nilu: <ref> William Yewdale Adams; Nubia: Corridor to Africa; 1977; {{ISBN|978-0-7139-0579-3}}.</ref> ! width="20%" | Yanki ! width="40%" | Daga ! width="40%" | Zuwa |- | [[Batn-El-Hajar]] | Katakon ido na biyu | Dal cataract |- | [[Abri-Delgo Reach]] | Dal cataract | Katakon ido na uku |- | Dongola Reach | Katakon ido na uku | Katara ta huɗu |- | [[Abu Hamed Reach]] | Katara ta huɗu | Katakon ido na biyar |- |<div style="font-size:80%"> Za a fayyace</div> | Katakon ido na biyar | Haɗuwar kogunan Atbara da na Nilu |- | [[Shendi Reach]] | Haɗakar Kogin Atbara da Kogin Nilu | Katakon ido na shida |- |} == Tsarin siyasa == A siyasance, ''Upper Nubia'' tana faɗuwa a arewa da tsakiyar [[Sudan]] ta yanzu, wadda ta miƙe daga kan iyakar Masar zuwa kudu zuwa [[Khartoum]] ta yanzu, a inda White Nile da [[Blue Nile]] suka haɗu. <ref>Barbara Ann Kipfer; Upper Nubia in: Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology; 2000; {{ISBN|978-0-306-46158-3}}.</ref> == Tsarin tarihi == [[Fayil:UpperNubiaAndAbyssinia1891map.jpg|thumb|{{Center|Upper Nubia and Abyssinia in 1891}}]] A tarihi, ''Upper Nubia'' ta ƙunshi yankunan da ɓangaren Nubian na [[Sabuwar Masarautar Masar]] ko masarautar Kush ko Meroe ke tasiri. Tana haɗa duniyar Bahar Rum da Afirka ta ciki, ''Upper Nubia'' ta haɗu da muhimman hanyoyin kasuwanci kuma ta kasance tushen al'adu daban-daban. == Manazarta == n30wtnjnvmeg8ly5fofuaftp1bpzlsa 0 152915 841937 2026-05-28T22:41:20Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Donatus Nwoga | birth_name = Donatus Ibeakwadalam Nwoga | birth_date = {{birth date|1933|7|30}} | birth_place = Mbaise, Imo State, Najeriya | death_date = 1991 | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, marubuci, mai nazarin adabin Afirka | known_for = Nazarin waƙoƙin Afirka da adabin Igbo | alma_mater = Queen's University Belfast<br>University College London }} '''Donatus Ibeakwadalam Nwoga''' (30 ga Yuli, 1933 – 1991) farfesa ne ɗan... 841937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Donatus Nwoga | birth_name = Donatus Ibeakwadalam Nwoga | birth_date = {{birth date|1933|7|30}} | birth_place = Mbaise, Imo State, Najeriya | death_date = 1991 | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, marubuci, mai nazarin adabin Afirka | known_for = Nazarin waƙoƙin Afirka da adabin Igbo | alma_mater = Queen's University Belfast<br>University College London }} '''Donatus Ibeakwadalam Nwoga''' (30 ga Yuli, 1933 – 1991) farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya, mai nazarin waƙoƙi da kuma masani a fannin adabin Afirka. Ya yi fice wajen nazarin adabin gargajiyar Igbo da kuma bunƙasa karatun adabin Afirka a jami’o’in Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/nwoga-professor-donatus-ibe/ |title=NWOGA, Prof. Donatus Ibe |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Nwoga a yankin Mbaise da ke Jihar Imo a Najeriya. Ya yi karatunsa na farko a makarantar St. Brigid's School da ke Ahiara, sannan ya halarci Christ the King College da ke Onitsha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/nwoga-professor-donatus-ibe/ |title=NWOGA, Prof. Donatus Ibe |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> Daga baya ya tafi ƙasar Ireland inda ya yi karatu a Queen's University Belfast tsakanin shekarun 1956 zuwa 1960. A lokacin karatunsa ya haɗu da mashahurin mawaƙin Ireland Seamus Heaney, kuma ana ganin yana daga cikin mutanen farko da suka taimaka wajen wallafa ayyukan Heaney.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatus_Nwoga |title=Donatus Nwoga |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> Ya kuma ci gaba da karatu a University College London inda ya samu digirinsa na gaba har zuwa matakin digirin digirgir (PhD).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/nwoga-professor-donatus-ibe/ |title=NWOGA, Prof. Donatus Ibe |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == Nwoga ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Najeriya da ke Nsukka a matsayin malami kuma daga baya ya zama farfesa a fannin adabin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatus_Nwoga |title=Donatus Nwoga |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da fitaccen marubucin Najeriya, Chinua Achebe, a Faculty of Arts na jami'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nigeria |title=University of Nigeria |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> Haka kuma ya taba zama shugaban sashen Turanci da kuma daraktan Institute of African Studies a Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rienner.com/title/Critical_Perspectives_on_Christopher_Okigbo |title=Critical Perspectives on Christopher Okigbo |website=Lynne Rienner Publishers |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> == Gudummawa ga adabin Afirka == Donatus Nwoga ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa nazarin waƙoƙin Afirka da adabin gargajiyar Igbo. Ya yi bincike tare da Romanus Egudu kan waƙoƙin gargajiyar Igbo, inda suka tattara tare da fassara su zuwa Turanci.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatus_Nwoga |title=Donatus Nwoga |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> An san shi da wallafa ayyuka da dama da suka shafi adabin Afirka da tarihin waƙoƙi. Daga cikin sanannun ayyukansa akwai ''West African Verse: An Anthology'' da kuma ''Poetic Heritage: Igbo Traditional Verse''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/nwoga-professor-donatus-ibe/ |title=NWOGA, Prof. Donatus Ibe |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> Ya kuma shirya littafin ''Rhythms of Creation'', wanda ya tattara waƙoƙin mujallar ''Okike'', mujallar da Chinua Achebe ya kafa domin bunƙasa rubuce-rubucen Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://africanbookscollective.com/books/rhythms-of-creation/ |title=Rhythms of Creation |website=African Books Collective |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> == Tasiri da gado == Masana adabi da dama sun amfana daga koyarwar Nwoga, ciki har da marubucin Najeriya Ezenwa-Ohaeto wanda ya yi karatu ƙarƙashinsa a Jami'ar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezenwa-Ohaeto |title=Ezenwa-Ohaeto |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> Bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1991, jami'o'i da cibiyoyin bincike sun ci gaba da girmama gudummawar da ya bayar wajen haɓaka adabin Afirka da nazarin al'adun Igbo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatus_Nwoga |title=Donatus Nwoga |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> == Manyan ayyukansa == * ''West African Verse: An Anthology'' (1967) * ''Poetic Heritage: Igbo Traditional Verse'' (1971) * ''Rhythms of Creation'' (1982) * ''Critical Perspectives on Christopher Okigbo'' (1984) * ''The Changing Identity of the Igbo in Literature'' (1986) == Duba kuma == * [[Chinua Achebe]] * [[Christopher Okigbo]] * [[Adabin Afirka]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana adabin Afirka]] [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:1991 deaths]] 2doer49g8gqoa542zf8uhewndhvhgt3 0 152916 841938 2026-05-28T22:41:49Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350145981|White Nile]]" 841938 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Farin Nilu''' ( Arabic الأبيض ''{{Transl|ar|DIN|an-nīl al-'abyaḍ}}'' ) kogi ne a Arewa da Gabashin Afirka. Yana da ƙarancin girma, amma ya fi tsayi (kuma ya fi faɗi kuma ya fi ƙasa), daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwa guda biyu na [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], mafi girma shine [[Blue Nile]] . Sunan "Fari" ya fito ne daga laka da aka ɗauka a cikin ruwan da ke canza ruwan zuwa launin fari. A ma'anar da aka saba amfani da ita, "Farin Nilu" yana nufin kogin da aka samar a [[Tafkin A'a|Tafkin Lamba]], a mahaɗar Kogunan Bahr al Jabal da [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] . A ma'anar da ta fi faɗi, "Farin Nilu" yana nufin dukkan layukan kogin da ke malalowa daga [[Tafkin Victoria]] zuwa haɗewa da Blue Nile: "Victoria Nile" daga Tafkin Victoria ta [[Tafkin Kyoga]] zuwa [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]], sannan "Albert Nile" zuwa iyakar [[Sudan ta Kudu]], sannan kuma "Mountain Nile" ko "Bahr-al-Jabal" zuwa Tafkin Lamba. "Farin Nilu" wani lokacin yana iya haɗawa da tushen Tafkin Victoria, wanda mafi nisa daga ciki shine {{Cvt|2300|mi|km}} daga Blue Nile. [[Fayil:White_and_Blue_Nile-en.svg|thumb|Taswirar da ke nuna Farin Kogin Nilu da [[Blue Nile]] a Gabashin Afirka.]] == Kwas ɗin == === Ruwan sama === [[Fayil:RusumoFalls2.jpg|left|thumb|[[Faɗuwar ruwan Rusumo|Ruwan Rusumo]]]] [[Kogin Kagera]], wanda ke kwarara zuwa Tafkin Victoria kusa da garin Bukoba na Tanzaniya, shine mafi tsayin kogin ciyar da Tafkin Victoria, kodayake majiyoyi ba su yarda da wanne ne mafi tsayin kogin Kagera ba, don haka shine mafi nisa daga Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Ana iya ɗaukar tushen Kogin a matsayin ko dai [[Kogin Ruvyironza|Ruvyironza]], wanda ke fitowa a Lardin Bururi, Burundi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (kusa da Bukirasaz), ko [[Kogin Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wanda ke kwarara daga Dajin Nyungwe a Rwanda. Waɗannan koguna biyu masu ciyar da ruwa sun haɗu kusa da [[Faɗuwar ruwan Rusumo|Rusumo Falls]] a kan iyakar Rwanda da Tanzania. Waɗannan magudanan ruwa an san su da wani taron da aka yi a ranakun 28-29 ga Afrilu 1994, lokacin da 'yan Ruwanda 250,000 suka ketare gadar Rusumo Falls zuwa Ngara, Tanzania, cikin awanni 24, a cikin abin da Babban Kwamishinan 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kira "babban gudun hijira mafi sauri a wannan zamani". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Kagera wani ɓangare ne na iyakokin Rwanda-Tanzania da Tanzania-Uganda kafin ya kwarara zuwa Tafkin Victoria. [[Fayil:Flipping_raft_in_Bujagali_falls,_Uganda.jpg|left|thumb|Gilashin ruwa suna shawagi a cikin magudanar ruwa ta Bujagali kusa da bakin kogin Victoria]] Farin kogin Nilu a Uganda yana ƙarƙashin sunan "Victoria Nile" daga Tafkin Victoria ta hanyar [[Tafkin Kyoga]] zuwa Tafkin Albert, sannan kuma a matsayin "Albert Nile" daga nan zuwa kan iyaka da Sudan ta Kudu. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[Fayil:Victoria_Nile_River,_Uganda_(15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]] Kogin Victoria yana farawa ne daga mashigar Tafkin Victoria, a Jinja, Uganda, a gefen arewacin tafkin. Daga ƙasan Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nalubaale da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiira a mashigar tafkin, kogin ya ratsa ta magudanar ruwa ta Bujagali (wurin da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali take) kimanin {{Cvt|15|km|mi}} daga ƙasa daga Jinja. Daga nan kogin ya ratsa arewa maso yamma ta Uganda zuwa Tafkin Kyoga a tsakiyar ƙasar, daga nan ya nufi yamma zuwa Tafkin Albert. A Karuma Falls, kogin yana gudana a ƙarƙashin Gadar Karuna ( Kafin shiga Tafkin Albert, kogin ya matse cikin wata hanya mai faɗin mita bakwai kawai a [[Murchison Falls]], wanda ke nuna shiga [[Kyautar Albertine|reshen yamma]] na Gabashin Afirka . Daga nan kogin zai kwarara zuwa Tafkin Albert da ke fuskantar tsaunukan Blue Mountains a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]] . Wani lokaci ana kiran fadin kogin daga Tafkin Kyoga zuwa Tafkin Albert da "Kyoga Nile". ==== Albert Nile ==== [[Fayil:A_track_and_pedestrians_cross_the_Albert_Nile_bridge_in_Northern_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Gada a kan kogin Albert]] Kogin da ke malala daga Tafkin Albert zuwa arewa ana kiransa da "Albert Nile". Yana raba yankin Yammacin Kogin Nilu na Uganda da sauran sassan ƙasar. Gada ta ratsa kogin Albert kusa da mashigar sa a gundumar Nebbi, amma ba a gina wata gada a kan wannan ɓangaren ba. Jirgin ruwa ya haɗa hanyoyin da ke tsakanin Adjumani da Moyo, kuma ana yin kewaya kogin ta hanyar ƙaramin jirgin ruwa ko kwale-kwale. === A Sudan ta Kudu da Sudan === [[Fayil:Zusammenfluss_der_Nile.JPG|left|thumb|Haɗakar Blue and White Nile kusa da Khartoum]] Daga inda kogin ya shiga [[Sudan ta Kudu|Kudancin Sudan]] daga Uganda, kogin yana shiga ƙarƙashin sunan "Mountain Nile". Daga Tafkin No a Kudancin Sudan kogin ya zama "Farin Nilu" a ma'anarsa mafi tsauri, don haka ya ci gaba zuwa arewa zuwa [[Sudan]] inda ya ƙare a haɗuwa da Blue Nile. Daga Nimule a Sudan ta Kudu, kusa da kan iyaka da Uganda, kogin ya zama sananne da "Mountain Nile" ko "Baḥr al-Jabal" (wanda kuma ake kira "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{Lang|ar|بحر الجبل}} ), a zahiri "Kogin Dutse" ko "Kogin Dutse". {{Refn|The [[Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' ({{lang|ar|بحر}}) can refer to either a sea or a large river}} Jihar Kudancin Sudan ta Tsakiyar Equatoria wadda kogin ke gudana ta cikinta an san ta da ''Bahr al-Jabal'' har zuwa 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2006 |title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}</ref> Yankin kudancin kogin ya haɗu da raƙuman ruwa da dama kafin ya isa yankin Sudan da kuma babban dausayin [[Sudd]] . Ya nufi Tafkin No, inda ya haɗu da Bahr el Ghazal kuma a can ya samar da Farin Nilu. <ref name=":0" /> Wani kogin anabranch mai suna Bahr el Zeraf yana kwarara daga Bahr al-Jabal a kuma yana gudana ta cikin Sudd, don daga ƙarshe ya haɗu da Farin Nilu. Dutsen Nile yana kwarara ta cikin ƙananan kwaruruka da kuma jerin raƙuman ruwa waɗanda suka haɗa da Fula (Fola) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nile River (Mountain) {{!}} Waterbodies.org |url=http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021185241/http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=2020-08-20 |website=www.waterbodies.org |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g8j866q4ox8gt2fto7oyuee3enot3vb 841939 841938 2026-05-28T22:42:25Z Engineer014 44591 841939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Farin Nilu''' ( Arabic الأبيض ''{{Transl|ar|DIN|an-nīl al-'abyaḍ}}'' ) kogi ne a Arewa da Gabashin Afirka. Yana da ƙarancin girma, amma ya fi tsayi (kuma ya fi faɗi kuma ya fi ƙasa), daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwa guda biyu na [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], mafi girma shine [[Blue Nile]] . Sunan "Fari" ya fito ne daga laka da aka ɗauka a cikin ruwan da ke canza ruwan zuwa launin fari. A ma'anar da aka saba amfani da ita, "Farin Nilu" yana nufin kogin da aka samar a [[Tafkin A'a|Tafkin Lamba]], a mahaɗar Kogunan Bahr al Jabal da [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] . A ma'anar da ta fi faɗi, "Farin Nilu" yana nufin dukkan layukan kogin da ke malalowa daga [[Tafkin Victoria]] zuwa haɗewa da Blue Nile: "Victoria Nile" daga Tafkin Victoria ta [[Tafkin Kyoga]] zuwa [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]], sannan "Albert Nile" zuwa iyakar [[Sudan ta Kudu]], sannan kuma "Mountain Nile" ko "Bahr-al-Jabal" zuwa Tafkin Lamba. "Farin Nilu" wani lokacin yana iya haɗawa da tushen Tafkin Victoria, wanda mafi nisa daga ciki shine {{Cvt|2300|mi|km}} daga Blue Nile. [[Fayil:White_and_Blue_Nile-en.svg|thumb|Taswirar da ke nuna Farin Kogin Nilu da [[Blue Nile]] a Gabashin Afirka.]] == Kwas ɗin == === Ruwan sama === [[Fayil:RusumoFalls2.jpg|left|thumb|[[Faɗuwar ruwan Rusumo|Ruwan Rusumo]]]] [[Kogin Kagera]], wanda ke kwarara zuwa Tafkin Victoria kusa da garin Bukoba na Tanzaniya, shine mafi tsayin kogin ciyar da Tafkin Victoria, kodayake majiyoyi ba su yarda da wanne ne mafi tsayin kogin Kagera ba, don haka shine mafi nisa daga Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Ana iya ɗaukar tushen Kogin a matsayin ko dai [[Kogin Ruvyironza|Ruvyironza]], wanda ke fitowa a Lardin Bururi, Burundi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (kusa da Bukirasaz), ko [[Kogin Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wanda ke kwarara daga Dajin Nyungwe a Rwanda. Waɗannan koguna biyu masu ciyar da ruwa sun haɗu kusa da [[Faɗuwar ruwan Rusumo|Rusumo Falls]] a kan iyakar Rwanda da Tanzania. Waɗannan magudanan ruwa an san su da wani taron da aka yi a ranakun 28-29 ga Afrilu 1994, lokacin da 'yan Ruwanda 250,000 suka ketare gadar Rusumo Falls zuwa Ngara, Tanzania, cikin awanni 24, a cikin abin da Babban Kwamishinan 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kira "babban gudun hijira mafi sauri a wannan zamani". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Kagera wani ɓangare ne na iyakokin Rwanda-Tanzania da Tanzania-Uganda kafin ya kwarara zuwa Tafkin Victoria. [[Fayil:Flipping_raft_in_Bujagali_falls,_Uganda.jpg|left|thumb|Gilashin ruwa suna shawagi a cikin magudanar ruwa ta Bujagali kusa da bakin kogin Victoria]] Farin kogin Nilu a Uganda yana ƙarƙashin sunan "Victoria Nile" daga Tafkin Victoria ta hanyar [[Tafkin Kyoga]] zuwa Tafkin Albert, sannan kuma a matsayin "Albert Nile" daga nan zuwa kan iyaka da Sudan ta Kudu. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[Fayil:Victoria_Nile_River,_Uganda_(15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]] Kogin Victoria yana farawa ne daga mashigar Tafkin Victoria, a Jinja, Uganda, a gefen arewacin tafkin. Daga ƙasan Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nalubaale da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Kiira a mashigar tafkin, kogin ya ratsa ta magudanar ruwa ta Bujagali (wurin da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali take) kimanin {{Cvt|15|km|mi}} daga ƙasa daga Jinja. Daga nan kogin ya ratsa arewa maso yamma ta Uganda zuwa Tafkin Kyoga a tsakiyar ƙasar, daga nan ya nufi yamma zuwa Tafkin Albert. A Karuma Falls, kogin yana gudana a ƙarƙashin Gadar Karuna ( Kafin shiga Tafkin Albert, kogin ya matse cikin wata hanya mai faɗin mita bakwai kawai a [[Murchison Falls]], wanda ke nuna shiga [[Kyautar Albertine|reshen yamma]] na Gabashin Afirka . Daga nan kogin zai kwarara zuwa Tafkin Albert da ke fuskantar tsaunukan Blue Mountains a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]] . Wani lokaci ana kiran fadin kogin daga Tafkin Kyoga zuwa Tafkin Albert da "Kyoga Nile". ==== Albert Nile ==== [[Fayil:A_track_and_pedestrians_cross_the_Albert_Nile_bridge_in_Northern_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Gada a kan kogin Albert]] Kogin da ke malala daga Tafkin Albert zuwa arewa ana kiransa da "Albert Nile". Yana raba yankin Yammacin Kogin Nilu na Uganda da sauran sassan ƙasar. Gada ta ratsa kogin Albert kusa da mashigar sa a gundumar Nebbi, amma ba a gina wata gada a kan wannan ɓangaren ba. Jirgin ruwa ya haɗa hanyoyin da ke tsakanin Adjumani da Moyo, kuma ana yin kewaya kogin ta hanyar ƙaramin jirgin ruwa ko kwale-kwale. === A Sudan ta Kudu da Sudan === [[Fayil:Zusammenfluss_der_Nile.JPG|left|thumb|Haɗakar Blue and White Nile kusa da Khartoum]] Daga inda kogin ya shiga [[Sudan ta Kudu|Kudancin Sudan]] daga Uganda, kogin yana shiga ƙarƙashin sunan "Mountain Nile". Daga Tafkin No a Kudancin Sudan kogin ya zama "Farin Nilu" a ma'anarsa mafi tsauri, don haka ya ci gaba zuwa arewa zuwa [[Sudan]] inda ya ƙare a haɗuwa da Blue Nile. Daga Nimule a Sudan ta Kudu, kusa da kan iyaka da Uganda, kogin ya zama sananne da "Mountain Nile" ko "Baḥr al-Jabal" (wanda kuma ake kira "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{Lang|ar|بحر الجبل}} ), a zahiri "Kogin Dutse" ko "Kogin Dutse". {{Refn|The [[Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' ({{lang|ar|بحر}}) can refer to either a sea or a large river}} Jihar Kudancin Sudan ta Tsakiyar Equatoria wadda kogin ke gudana ta cikinta an san ta da ''Bahr al-Jabal'' har zuwa 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2006 |title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}</ref> Yankin kudancin kogin ya haɗu da raƙuman ruwa da dama kafin ya isa yankin Sudan da kuma babban dausayin [[Sudd]] . Ya nufi Tafkin No, inda ya haɗu da Bahr el Ghazal kuma a can ya samar da Farin Nilu. <ref name=":0" /> Wani kogin anabranch mai suna Bahr el Zeraf yana kwarara daga Bahr al-Jabal a kuma yana gudana ta cikin Sudd, don daga ƙarshe ya haɗu da Farin Nilu. Dutsen Nile yana kwarara ta cikin ƙananan kwaruruka da kuma jerin raƙuman ruwa waɗanda suka haɗa da Fula (Fola) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nile River (Mountain) {{!}} Waterbodies.org |url=http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021185241/http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=2020-08-20 |website=www.waterbodies.org |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0nlgwh36pp095gtlvsnl99l5re3cj4f 0 152917 841942 2026-05-28T22:44:17Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Fabian Ajogwu | image = | caption = Farfesa Fabian Ajogwu | birth_name = Fabian Ikenna Ajogwu | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|6|23}} | birth_place = Jihar Enugu, Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Lauya, farfesa, marubuci | known_for = Dokokin kamfanoni da shugabanci nagari | spouse = Audrey Ifeoma Ajogwu }} '''Farfesa Fabian Ikenna Ajogwu''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Yunin 1970) lauya ne ɗan Najeriya, marubuci kuma masa... 841942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Fabian Ajogwu | image = | caption = Farfesa Fabian Ajogwu | birth_name = Fabian Ikenna Ajogwu | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|6|23}} | birth_place = Jihar Enugu, Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Lauya, farfesa, marubuci | known_for = Dokokin kamfanoni da shugabanci nagari | spouse = Audrey Ifeoma Ajogwu }} '''Farfesa Fabian Ikenna Ajogwu''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Yunin 1970) lauya ne ɗan Najeriya, marubuci kuma masani a fannin shugabancin kamfanoni. Shi ne ɗaya daga cikin manyan lauyoyin Najeriya masu lambar [[Senior Advocate of Nigeria]] (SAN), sannan kuma ana kallonsa a matsayin farfesan farko a Najeriya da ya ƙware a fannin ''Corporate Governance'' (shugabancin kamfanoni). Yana koyarwa a [[Lagos Business School]] ta jami’ar Pan-Atlantic University tun daga shekarar 2000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Professor Fabian Profile |url=https://awards.corpgovnigeria.org/professor-fabian-profile/ |website=SCGN Awards |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fabian Ajogwu |url=https://www.lbs.edu.ng/team/fabian-ajogwu/ |website=Lagos Business School |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Fabian Ajogwu a Jihar Enugu a Najeriya bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Basasar Najeriya. Mahaifinsa, Dr. Michael Ajogwu, shi ma babban lauya ne mai lambar SAN, yayin da mahaifiyarsa Caroline Ajogwu ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar makaranta.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fabian Ajogwu |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Ajogwu |website=Wikipedia |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> Ya yi makarantar firamare a University of Nigeria Primary School sannan ya halarci St. Louis School a Kano da kuma Federal Government College Kano. Ya samu digirin lauya daga [[University of Nigeria]] da [[University of Lagos]]. Haka kuma ya samu MBA daga IESE Business School na Jami’ar Navarra a Barcelona, Spain, sannan ya samu digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin doka daga Jami’ar Aberdeen da ke Scotland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Professor Fabian Profile |url=https://awards.corpgovnigeria.org/professor-fabian-profile/ |website=SCGN Awards |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> == Sana’a == Ajogwu ya kafa kamfanin lauyoyi na ''Kenna Partners'' a shekarar 1993, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun kamfanonin shari’a a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fabian Ajogwu |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Ajogwu |website=Wikipedia |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> A matsayinsa na masani a harkokin shugabancin kamfanoni, ya taimaka wajen tsara dokokin shugabanci nagari na farko a Najeriya ta hannun Hukumar Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) a shekarar 2003. Ya kuma jagoranci kwamitin Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) wajen samar da tsarin shugabanci ga kamfanonin sadarwa a shekarar 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guinness Nigeria Board of Directors – Fabian Ajogwu |url=https://www.guinness-nigeria.com/en/our-business/board-of-directors/fabian-ajogwu.html |website=Guinness Nigeria |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2000 yana koyarwa a Lagos Business School inda ya zama farfesa a fannin ''Corporate Governance''. Ana yawan ambatonsa a matsayin “farfesan farko na shugabancin kamfanoni a Najeriya”.<ref>{{cite web |title=Integrity, professionalism, dedication, hallmark of the legal practitioner, says Professor Ajogwu |url=https://guardian.ng/features/law/integrity-professionalism-dedication-hallmark-of-the-legal-practitioner-says-professor-ajogwu/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> Ajogwu ya kasance memba a kwamitoci da dama na ƙasa da na ƙasashen waje. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba a General Council of the Bar da kuma Council of Legal Education ta Nigerian Law School.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fabian Ajogwu |url=https://www.lbs.edu.ng/team/fabian-ajogwu/ |website=Lagos Business School |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> == Gudummawa ga harkokin kasuwanci == Ajogwu ya kasance mamba a kwamitin gudanarwa na manyan kamfanoni irin su [[Guinness Nigeria]] da Stanbic IBTC Holdings. A shekarar 2025 an nada shi shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na Guinness Nigeria Plc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guinness Nigeria Plc Appoints Prof Fabian Ajogwu as Board Chairman |url=https://fabianajogwu.com/guinness-nigeria-plc-appoints-prof-fabian-ajogwu-as-board-chairman/ |website=Fabian Ajogwu Official Website |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> Ya kuma kafa ''Society for Corporate Governance Nigeria'' domin bunƙasa shugabanci nagari da ɗabi’a a harkokin kasuwanci a Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Professor Fabian Profile |url=https://awards.corpgovnigeria.org/professor-fabian-profile/ |website=SCGN Awards |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Farfesa Ajogwu ya wallafa littattafai da dama a fannin shari’a da shugabancin kamfanoni. Daga cikin littattafan nasa akwai: * ''Corporate Governance in Nigeria: Law and Practice'' * ''Commercial Arbitration in Nigeria: Law and Practice'' * ''Mergers & Acquisition in Nigeria: Law and Practice'' * ''The Law & Practice of Private Equity'' * ''Corporate Governance & Group Dynamics''<ref>{{cite web |title=A Senior Advocate’s Passion for Writing in the Legal Field |url=https://fabianajogwu.com/a-senior-advocates-passion-for-writing-in-the-legal-field/ |website=Fabian Ajogwu Official Website |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> == Ayyukan jin ƙai == Ajogwu ya kafa ''Fabian Ajogwu Foundation'', wata gidauniya da ke tallafa wa ilimi, al’adu, karatun littattafai da cigaban al’umma a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – Fabian Ajogwu Foundation |url=https://fabianajogwufoundation.org/about-us/ |website=Fabian Ajogwu Foundation |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo == An karrama Fabian Ajogwu da lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta ''Officer of the Order of the Federal Republic'' (OFR) saboda gudummawar da yake bayarwa a fannin shari’a da shugabanci.<ref>{{cite web |title=Professor Fabian Profile |url=https://awards.corpgovnigeria.org/professor-fabian-profile/ |website=SCGN Awards |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.lbs.edu.ng/team/fabian-ajogwu/ Fabian Ajogwu a Lagos Business School] * [https://fabianajogwufoundation.org/ Fabian Ajogwu Foundation] * [https://fabianajogwu.com/ Official Website] [[Category:1970 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian lawyers]] [[Category:Nigerian academics]] [[Category:People from Enugu State]] [[Category:University of Nigeria alumni]] [[Category:University of Lagos alumni]] skgn0kgkb8ycrjqajem46okwkh0qnbf 0 152918 841953 2026-05-28T22:50:05Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Emmanuel Babatunde Alo | image = | image_size = | caption = Farfesa Emmanuel Babatunde Alo | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|4|15}} | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | fields = Kimiyyar halittu, ilimin kwari, ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta | workplaces = Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Yola | known_for = Bincike kan HIV, ilimin muhalli da kwari | alma_mater = | occupation... 841953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Emmanuel Babatunde Alo | image = | image_size = | caption = Farfesa Emmanuel Babatunde Alo | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|4|15}} | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | fields = Kimiyyar halittu, ilimin kwari, ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta | workplaces = Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Yola | known_for = Bincike kan HIV, ilimin muhalli da kwari | alma_mater = | occupation = Farfesa, mai bincike, jami'in jami'a }} '''Emmanuel Babatunde Alo''' (an haife shi ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1950) farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin kimiyyar halittu, ilimin kwari (Entomology), ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta (Parasitology) da nazarin muhalli. Ya yi fice wajen bincike kan yaduwar ƙwayar cutar HIV dangane da rukunin jini na ABO da Rhesus, tare da bincike a kan tsirrai da kariyar muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Alo |title=Emmanuel Alo |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> == Rayuwa da karatu == Emmanuel Alo ya yi karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilimin dabbobi (Zoology) a shekarar 1977. Daga baya ya samu digiri na biyu a fannin Applied Entomology and Parasitology a shekarar 1978 sannan ya kammala digirin digirgir (PhD) a Applied Entomology a shekarar 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://veniteuniversity.edu.ng/2024/12/10/venite-university-ushers-in-a-new-era-with-the-appointment-of-prof-babatope-emmanuel-alo-as-deputy-vice-chancellor/ |title=Venite University Ushers in a New Era with the Appointment of Prof. Babatope Emmanuel Alo as Deputy Vice Chancellor |website=Venite University |date=2024-12-10 |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> == Aiki == Alo ya fara aikin koyarwa a matsayin mataimakin malami a Jami'ar Jos a shekarar 1980. Daga baya ya koma Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya da ke Yola inda ya zama farfesa a shekarar 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://veniteuniversity.edu.ng/2024/12/10/venite-university-ushers-in-a-new-era-with-the-appointment-of-prof-babatope-emmanuel-alo-as-deputy-vice-chancellor/ |title=Venite University Ushers in a New Era with the Appointment of Prof. Babatope Emmanuel Alo as Deputy Vice Chancellor |website=Venite University |date=2024-12-10 |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> A shekarar 1991, an naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban farko kuma wanda ya kafa Makarantar Digiri ta gaba (School of Postgraduate Studies) a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Yola. Daga bisani ya zama mataimakin shugaban jami'a (Deputy Vice-Chancellor) daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 2000, sannan ya riƙe muƙamin shugaban jami'a na riƙo a shekarar 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Alo |title=Emmanuel Alo |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, an naɗa shi mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Venite University da ke jihar Ekiti.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://veniteuniversity.edu.ng/2024/12/10/venite-university-ushers-in-a-new-era-with-the-appointment-of-prof-babatope-emmanuel-alo-as-deputy-vice-chancellor/ |title=Venite University Ushers in a New Era with the Appointment of Prof. Babatope Emmanuel Alo as Deputy Vice Chancellor |website=Venite University |date=2024-12-10 |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> == Bincike == Farfesa Alo ya gudanar da bincike masu yawa kan: * Yaduwar cutar HIV bisa tsarin rukunin jini * Kariyar muhalli * Ilimin kwari * Cututtukan da ƙwari ke yadawa * Nazarin tsirrai masu muhimmanci ga lafiya An adana wasu daga cikin ayyukansa na bincike a cibiyoyin kimiyya na ƙasashen duniya ciki har da cibiyoyin bincike na ƙasar Sin, Faransa da Birtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Alo |title=Emmanuel Alo |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> == Muƙamai da jagoranci == Baya ga aikin koyarwa da bincike, Alo ya riƙe muƙamai daban-daban na shugabanci a jami'o'i da ƙungiyoyin ilimi. Haka kuma ya kasance memba a kwamitocin gudanarwa na jami'o'i da dama a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://veniteuniversity.edu.ng/2025/02/17/venite-universitys-professor-alo-joins-prestigious-iarsa-worldwide-council/ |title=Venite University’s Professor Alo Joins Prestigious IARSA Worldwide Council |website=Venite University |date=2025-02-17 |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Masana kimiyya na Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu bincike na Najeriya]] [[Category:Haihuwa a 1950]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] q4nazuneanzsufcc85l9clvyu8wlioe 0 152919 841954 2026-05-28T22:51:26Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1278181706|Lake Kamnarok]]" 841954 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Kamnarok''' tafki ne na yanayi kuma ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tafkunan shanu a [[Kenya]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2019 |title=Lake Kamnarok National Reserve |url=https://ventesventures.com/attractions/wildlife/lake-kamnarok-national-reserve/}}</ref> da ake samu a gindin kwarin Kerio. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Yaren Kalenjin|Kalenjin]] ''Narok'', wacce ake amfani da ita wajen nufin wani nau'in shukar ruwa da aka samu a cikin tafkin. Dasashi mai kauri yana kewaye da tafkin, wanda hakan ke sa samun damar shiga ya zama ƙalubale. Tafkin ya mamaye yanki na kusan 1&nbsp;^km2 duk da cewa tafkin yanayi ne, girmansa na iya zama ƙarami a wasu lokutan. Ya kasance kafin 1961 amma ruwan sama na wannan shekarar ya haifar da faɗaɗa shi. Bala'in ambaliyar ruwan ya sa aka kwashe mutanen da ke zaune a yankin domin ceton rayuka. An yi amfani da jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu a lokacin aikin kwashe mutane daga yankin don jigilar mutane zuwa tudun Maab Konga wani tudu kusa da cibiyar kasuwanci ta Muchukwo. == Darajar muhalli == An yi [[wiktionary:gazette#Verb|wa]] tafkin kallon teku a shekarar 1983, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri [[Lake Kamnarok Game Reserve|Tafkin Kamnarok Namun]] Daji kuma an taɓa kiransa da shi a matsayin na biyu mafi girman yanayin halittu a Afirka tare da mafi yawan dabbobi bayan Tafkin Chad. A cewar rahoton Nation Media Group, tafkin ya samar da mafaka ga fararen kada sama da 10,000, giwaye 400, nau'ikan wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa 13 da nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri nan da shekarar 2020, wanda hakan ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin wuraren adana namun daji mafi arziki dangane da bambancin halittu a ƙasar da kuma Afirka. Wannan ya jawo hankalin dubban masu yawon buɗe ido waɗanda suka yi tururuwa zuwa tafkin don kallon kyawawan namun daji na Afirka, wanda ya samar da babbar riba ga gundumar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kimuge |first=Stanley |date=2023-03-08 |title=Animals perish as dry spell sounds death knell for Lake Kamnarok Game Reserve |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/baringo/animals-perish-as-dry-spell-sounds-death-knell-for-lake-kamnarok-game-reserve-4151096 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Nation |language=en}}</ref> == Barazana da kiyayewa == Kamar sauran tafkunan [[Babban kwarin Rift, Kenya|Great Rift Valley]], wanzuwar Tafkin Kamnarok na fuskantar barazana, galibi saboda ayyukan noma a yankin, kiwo fiye da kima da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]]. Magudanan ruwa da ke ciyar da Tafkin Kamnarok sun haɗa da kogunan Ketipborok, Cheplogoi, Oiwo da Lelabei. Duk da ƙoƙarin da mazauna yankin da gwamnati suka yi don ceto tafkin, namun daji na Tafkin Kamnarok har yanzu suna fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa sakamakon mamayewar mutane da kuma sauyin yanayi. Da yake magana da ƙungiyar Nation Media Group, hukumar [[Lake Kamnarok Game Reserve|kula da gandun daji na Tafkin Kamnarok]] ta tabbatar da cewa aƙalla fararen kada 200 sun mutu sakamakon yunwa da ƙishirwa tsakanin watan Janairu da Maris, 2023, yayin da waɗanda suka tsira ke tilasta musu ƙaura zuwa sama don neman ingantaccen wurin zama. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa wasu fararen kada har yanzu suna makale a cikin laka za su iya halaka idan ba a ɗauki mataki ba. Mutanen yankin suna kuma roƙon hukumomin jihar da suka dace kamar Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin Daji ta Kenya da su ɗauki matakai masu mahimmanci waɗanda za su iya ceton rayukan sauran namun daji. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wafula |first=Paul |date=2019-03-08 |title=The tragedy of Lake Kamnarok |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/special-report/the-tragedy-of-lake-kamnarok/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == Lake SulungaLake KamnarokLake SulungaLake KamnarokLake SulungaLake KamnarokLake SulungaLake KamnarokLake Lake ChalaLake SulungaLake ChalaLake SulungaLake ChalaLake SulungaLake ChalaLake SulungaSulungaLake KamnarokLake SulungaLake KamnarokLake SulungaLake KamnarokLake KamnarokLake Sulunga cazyu185uye48t7l4f8ayw737czzze2 841956 841954 2026-05-28T22:51:51Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 841956 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Kamnarok''' tafki ne na yanayi kuma ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tafkunan shanu a [[Kenya]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2019 |title=Lake Kamnarok National Reserve |url=https://ventesventures.com/attractions/wildlife/lake-kamnarok-national-reserve/}}</ref> da ake samu a gindin kwarin Kerio. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Yaren Kalenjin|Kalenjin]] ''Narok'', wacce ake amfani da ita wajen nufin wani nau'in shukar ruwa da aka samu a cikin tafkin. Dasashi mai kauri yana kewaye da tafkin, wanda hakan ke sa samun damar shiga ya zama ƙalubale. Tafkin ya mamaye yanki na kusan 1&nbsp;^km2 duk da cewa tafkin yanayi ne, girmansa na iya zama ƙarami a wasu lokutan. Ya kasance kafin 1961 amma ruwan sama na wannan shekarar ya haifar da faɗaɗa shi. Bala'in ambaliyar ruwan ya sa aka kwashe mutanen da ke zaune a yankin domin ceton rayuka. An yi amfani da jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu a lokacin aikin kwashe mutane daga yankin don jigilar mutane zuwa tudun Maab Konga wani tudu kusa da cibiyar kasuwanci ta Muchukwo. == Darajar muhalli == An yi [[wiktionary:gazette#Verb|wa]] tafkin kallon teku a shekarar 1983, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri [[Lake Kamnarok Game Reserve|Tafkin Kamnarok Namun]] Daji kuma an taɓa kiransa da shi a matsayin na biyu mafi girman yanayin halittu a Afirka tare da mafi yawan dabbobi bayan Tafkin Chad. A cewar rahoton Nation Media Group, tafkin ya samar da mafaka ga fararen kada sama da 10,000, giwaye 400, nau'ikan wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa 13 da nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri nan da shekarar 2020, wanda hakan ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin wuraren adana namun daji mafi arziki dangane da bambancin halittu a ƙasar da kuma Afirka. Wannan ya jawo hankalin dubban masu yawon buɗe ido waɗanda suka yi tururuwa zuwa tafkin don kallon kyawawan namun daji na Afirka, wanda ya samar da babbar riba ga gundumar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kimuge |first=Stanley |date=2023-03-08 |title=Animals perish as dry spell sounds death knell for Lake Kamnarok Game Reserve |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/baringo/animals-perish-as-dry-spell-sounds-death-knell-for-lake-kamnarok-game-reserve-4151096 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Nation |language=en}}</ref> == Barazana da kiyayewa == Kamar sauran tafkunan [[Babban kwarin Rift, Kenya|Great Rift Valley]], wanzuwar Tafkin Kamnarok na fuskantar barazana, galibi saboda ayyukan noma a yankin, kiwo fiye da kima da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]]. Magudanan ruwa da ke ciyar da Tafkin Kamnarok sun haɗa da kogunan Ketipborok, Cheplogoi, Oiwo da Lelabei. Duk da ƙoƙarin da mazauna yankin da gwamnati suka yi don ceto tafkin, namun daji na Tafkin Kamnarok har yanzu suna fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa sakamakon mamayewar mutane da kuma sauyin yanayi. Da yake magana da ƙungiyar Nation Media Group, hukumar [[Lake Kamnarok Game Reserve|kula da gandun daji na Tafkin Kamnarok]] ta tabbatar da cewa aƙalla fararen kada 200 sun mutu sakamakon yunwa da ƙishirwa tsakanin watan Janairu da Maris, 2023, yayin da waɗanda suka tsira ke tilasta musu ƙaura zuwa sama don neman ingantaccen wurin zama. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa wasu fararen kada har yanzu suna makale a cikin laka za su iya halaka idan ba a ɗauki mataki ba. Mutanen yankin suna kuma roƙon hukumomin jihar da suka dace kamar Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin Daji ta Kenya da su ɗauki matakai masu mahimmanci waɗanda za su iya ceton rayukan sauran namun daji. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wafula |first=Paul |date=2019-03-08 |title=The tragedy of Lake Kamnarok |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/special-report/the-tragedy-of-lake-kamnarok/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == a58tup9tob9we3ivwhrfdhkv09td187 0 152920 841955 2026-05-28T22:51:45Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331903994|Qorsaya Island]]" 841955 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsibirin Qorsaya''' (ko '''el-Qursaya''', '''Kursaya''', [[Larabci]] : ‏ القرصاية, '''Ǧazīrat al-Qurṣāya''' ) tsibiri ne [[Nil|na Nilu]] dake cikin babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] kusa da gabar yammacin Nilu kudu da tsibirin Roda kuma kusa da tsibirin Dahab . Tsibirin na [[Giza]] ne kuma yana da halayen noma mai ƙarfi. == Yanayin ƙasa da yawan jama'a == {{Convert|1850|m|mi|-long}} Tsibirin Qorsaya yana da mazauna kimanin masunta 1,000 da manoma 4,000. Rabin arewacin tsibirin ya ƙunshi ƙananan gidaje da filayen noma, kuma rabin kudancin tsibirin shine babban yankin zama. Ana gina gidaje da yawa a yankin arewa. Ana shiga tsibirin ta hanyar jirgin ruwa mai amfani da hannu daga Giza. Akwai takaddama a fili tsakanin mazauna tsibirin da shirin ci gaban birnin Alkahira na gwamnatin Masar. == Manazarta == 12ilc06011p6dq7tisrca8g10eg5vi5 841959 841955 2026-05-28T22:52:31Z Engineer014 44591 841959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsibirin Qorsaya''' (ko '''el-Qursaya''', '''Kursaya''', [[Larabci]] : ‏ القرصاية, '''Ǧazīrat al-Qurṣāya''' ) tsibiri ne [[Nil|na Nilu]] dake cikin babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] kusa da gabar yammacin Nilu kudu da tsibirin Roda kuma kusa da tsibirin Dahab . Tsibirin na [[Giza]] ne kuma yana da halayen noma mai ƙarfi. == Yanayin ƙasa da yawan jama'a == {{Convert|1850|m|mi|-long}} Tsibirin Qorsaya yana da mazauna kimanin masunta 1,000 da manoma 4,000. Rabin arewacin tsibirin ya ƙunshi ƙananan gidaje da filayen noma, kuma rabin kudancin tsibirin shine babban yankin zama. Ana gina gidaje da yawa a yankin arewa. Ana shiga tsibirin ta hanyar jirgin ruwa mai amfani da hannu daga Giza. Akwai takaddama a fili tsakanin mazauna tsibirin da shirin ci gaban birnin Alkahira na gwamnatin Masar. == Manazarta == g3ng89sscm4d5akewbuh5l4ovp6jkmo 0 152921 841957 2026-05-28T22:52:13Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312376925|Droughts in the Sahel]]" 841957 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Sahel_rainfall_timeseries_en.svg|thumb|Fiye da ƙarni guda na bayanan ruwan sama a cikin Sahel ya nuna lokacin da ba a saba gani ba daga 1950 har zuwa 1970 (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mai kyau), sannan shekaru masu bushewa sosai daga 1970 zuwa 1991. (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mara kyau). Daga 1990 har zuwa yanzu ruwan sama ya koma matakan da ke ƙasa da matsakaicin 1898-1993, amma bambancin shekara-shekara yana da yawa.]] [[Fayil:Map_of_the_Sahel.png|thumb|Taswirar girman Sahel]] Yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka ya daɗe yana fuskantar jerin fari na tarihi, wanda ya samo asali ne daga akalla karni na 17. Yankin Sahel yanki ne na yanayi wanda ke tsakanin [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]] zuwa kudu da hamadar Sahara zuwa arewa, a fadin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yamma]] da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Duk da yake ana zaton yawan fari a yankin ya karu daga ƙarshen karni na 19, fari mai tsawo guda uku sun sami mummunar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa a kan al'ummomin Sahel. Yunwa ta biyo bayan fari mai tsanani a cikin 1910s, 1940s, da 1960s, 1970s da 1980s, kodayake raguwar farfadowa ta faru daga 1975-80. Harshen da ya faru kwanan nan ya faru ne a shekarar 2012. Duk da yake aƙalla an tabbatar da fari mai tsanani a kowane ƙarni tun daga ƙarni na 17, yawanci da tsananin fari na Sahelian na baya-bayan nan sun fito fili. yunwa da rarrabuwa a kan babban sikelin - daga 1968 zuwa 1974 kuma a farkon da tsakiyar shekarun 1980 - an zarge su da spikes biyu a cikin tsananin lokacin fari na shekarun 1960-1980. Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980 yunwa ta kashe mutane 100,000, ta bar 750,000 masu dogaro da taimakon abinci, kuma ta shafi mafi yawan mutane miliyan 50 na Sahel. Tattalin arzikin, noma, dabbobi da yawan mutane na yawancin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Burkina Faso]] (wanda aka sani da Upper Volta a lokacin fari) sun yi mummunar tasiri. Kamar yadda ya kasance mai rushewa kamar yadda fari na ƙarshen karni na 20 ya kasance, shaidar fari da ta gabata da aka rubuta a cikin tafkin tafkin Ghana ta nuna cewa manyan rikice-rikice da yawa sun zama ruwan dare a Yammacin Afirka a cikin shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata kuma fari da yawa sun fi tsanani.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}</ref>&nbsp; Tun daga shekarun 1980s, ruwan sama na rani a cikin Sahel yana ƙaruwa; wannan an haɗa shi da ƙaruwa a cikin ciyayi, yana samar da abin da ake kira 'kore' na Sahel. Karin da aka lura a cikin ruwan sama an lissafa shi ta hanyar haɓaka a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka, wanda aka sani yana haifar da anomalies na rigar. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2011 ya gano cewa sauye-sauyen matsayi a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka da raƙuman ruwa na gabas sun kasance tare da ƙaura zuwa arewacin Sahel. == Tarihi == Saboda ruwan sama na Sahel yana da yawa a cikin ƙaramin lokaci na shekara, yankin yana da saurin rikicewa lokacin da fari ya faru tun lokacin da aikin gona ya bunkasa kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata. Sahel yana da alamar ruwan sama na kasa da millimeters 1,000 ko inci 40 a shekara, kusan duk abin da ke faruwa a cikin lokaci ɗaya mai ci gaba, wanda zai iya gudana daga makonni da yawa zuwa watanni huɗu. Duk da wannan rauni, tarihin fari da yunwa a Sahel ba su da cikakkiyar alaƙa. Duk da yake yanayin kimiyya na zamani da nazarin ruwan sama sun sami damar gano yanayin har ma da takamaiman lokacin fari a yankin, bayanan baki da rubuce-rubuce a cikin karni na baya ba su yi rikodin yunwa a duk wurare a duk lokacin fari ba. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1997, a kokarin tsara tarihin ruwan sama mai tsawo zuwa tarihin yunwa a Arewacin Najeriya, ya kammala cewa "mafi yawan yunwa na tarihi ya faru ne lokacin da karancin ruwan sama ya fadi kasa da sau 1.3 na daidaitattun ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na dogon lokaci don wani wuri. " [1] Shekarar 1982 zuwa 1984, alal misali, ya kasance mai lalacewa ga Mutanen Fula na Senegal, Mali da Nijar, da Tuareg na arewacin Mali da Nija. Jama'a ba wai kawai sun sha wahala a cikin shekarun 1968 zuwa 1974 ba, amma rashin iyawar mutane da yawa don sake gina garken ya lalata shekaru goma da suka gabata, tare da dalilai daban-daban kamar sauya ikon siyasa zuwa ga mutanen da suka zauna tare da 'yancin kai a cikin shekarun 1960, dangantakar iyakar Senegal da Mauritania, da kuma dogaro da Nijar akan faduwar farashin uranium na duniya wanda ya dace da mummunan yunwa. === 600-700 AD === Rubuce-rubucen zamani na yanayi a cikin Sahel sun fara ne da matafiya [[Musulmi]] na farko a farkon Lokacin zafi na zamani. Wadannan suna nuna cewa ruwan sama na Sahel ya kasance kadan a cikin ƙarni na 7 da 8 sannan ya karu sosai daga kimanin 800 AD. Akwai raguwar ruwan sama daga kimanin 1300 AD, amma karuwa a kusa da shekaru 200 bayan haka. === "Ƙaramin Ice Age" fari === Dangane da binciken fari na Yammacin Afirka wanda ya dogara da ruwan tafkin Ghana (ba asusun tarihi na shaidu ba) wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar Science a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009:<blockquote>Mafi kwanan nan daga cikin wadannan [yawan fari] sun faru ne tsakanin 1400 da 1750 AZ (550 zuwa 200 shekara B.P.), kama da lokacin Little Ice Age (LIA, 1400 zuwa 1850 AZ), sanannen lokaci lokacin da yanayin zafi na Arewa ya fi sanyi fiye da yanzu. Ya bambanta da binciken da ya gabata, wanda ya sake gina yanayin rigar a Gabashin Afirka a wannan lokacin, shaidar daga [[Tabkin Bosumtwi|Tafkin Bosumtwi]] tana tallafawa binciken da aka yi kwanan nan da ke nuna cewa wannan lokacin ya bushe. Shaidar fari na LIA ba ta iyakance ga Afirka ba, duk da haka. Rubuce-rubuce daga ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi, gami da tafkin zafi na yammacin Pacific, Tekun Larabawa, nahiyar Asiya, da Amurka ta Kudu duk suna nuna shaidar yanayin bushewa a wannan lokacin.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShanahanOverpeckAnchukaitisBeck2009">Shanahan, T. M.; Overpeck, J. T.; Anchukaitis, K. J.; Beck, JW; Cole, JE; Dettman, DL; Peck, JA; Scholz, CA; King, JW (2009). "Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa". ''Science''. '''324''' (5925): <span class="nowrap">377–</span>380. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..377S 2009Sci...324..377S]. [[CiteSeerX (identifier)|CiteSeerX]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.366.1394 10.1.1.366.1394]</span>. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1166352|10.1126/science.1166352]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19372429 19372429]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2679216 2679216].</cite></ref></blockquote> ==== 1640 ==== Babban fari na farko da aka rubuta a tarihi a Sahel ya faru ne a kusa da shekara ta 1640. Dangane da rahotanni na matafiya na Turai, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and Man in the Sahel during the Historical Period |url=http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219124305/http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl%3Bjsessionid%3D1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |archive-date=2010-12-19 |access-date=2008-06-19 |website=World Environmental Library}}</ref> babban fari bayan yanayin rigar gabaɗaya ya faru a cikin shekarun 1680. o9cdjg4n8sm3vhl30w1ismu5id39ufy 841958 841957 2026-05-28T22:52:30Z Gwanki 3834 841958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Sahel_rainfall_timeseries_en.svg|thumb|Fiye da ƙarni guda na bayanan ruwan sama a cikin Sahel ya nuna lokacin da ba a saba gani ba daga 1950 har zuwa 1970 (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mai kyau), sannan shekaru masu bushewa sosai daga 1970 zuwa 1991. (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mara kyau). Daga 1990 har zuwa yanzu ruwan sama ya koma matakan da ke ƙasa da matsakaicin 1898-1993, amma bambancin shekara-shekara yana da yawa.]] [[Fayil:Map_of_the_Sahel.png|thumb|Taswirar girman Sahel]] Yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka ya daɗe yana fuskantar jerin fari na tarihi, wanda ya samo asali ne daga akalla karni na 17. Yankin Sahel yanki ne na yanayi wanda ke tsakanin [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]] zuwa kudu da hamadar Sahara zuwa arewa, a fadin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yamma]] da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Duk da yake ana zaton yawan fari a yankin ya karu daga ƙarshen karni na 19, fari mai tsawo guda uku sun sami mummunar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa a kan al'ummomin Sahel. Yunwa ta biyo bayan fari mai tsanani a cikin 1910s, 1940s, da 1960s, 1970s da 1980s, kodayake raguwar farfadowa ta faru daga 1975-80. Harshen da ya faru kwanan nan ya faru ne a shekarar 2012. Duk da yake aƙalla an tabbatar da fari mai tsanani a kowane ƙarni tun daga ƙarni na 17, yawanci da tsananin fari na Sahelian na baya-bayan nan sun fito fili. yunwa da rarrabuwa a kan babban sikelin - daga 1968 zuwa 1974 kuma a farkon da tsakiyar shekarun 1980 - an zarge su da spikes biyu a cikin tsananin lokacin fari na shekarun 1960-1980. Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980 yunwa ta kashe mutane 100,000, ta bar 750,000 masu dogaro da taimakon abinci, kuma ta shafi mafi yawan mutane miliyan 50 na Sahel. Tattalin arzikin, noma, dabbobi da yawan mutane na yawancin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Burkina Faso]] (wanda aka sani da Upper Volta a lokacin fari) sun yi mummunar tasiri. Kamar yadda ya kasance mai rushewa kamar yadda fari na ƙarshen karni na 20 ya kasance, shaidar fari da ta gabata da aka rubuta a cikin tafkin tafkin Ghana ta nuna cewa manyan rikice-rikice da yawa sun zama ruwan dare a Yammacin Afirka a cikin shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata kuma fari da yawa sun fi tsanani.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}</ref>&nbsp; Tun daga shekarun 1980s, ruwan sama na rani a cikin Sahel yana ƙaruwa; wannan an haɗa shi da ƙaruwa a cikin ciyayi, yana samar da abin da ake kira 'kore' na Sahel. Karin da aka lura a cikin ruwan sama an lissafa shi ta hanyar haɓaka a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka, wanda aka sani yana haifar da anomalies na rigar. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2011 ya gano cewa sauye-sauyen matsayi a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka da raƙuman ruwa na gabas sun kasance tare da ƙaura zuwa arewacin Sahel. == Tarihi == Saboda ruwan sama na Sahel yana da yawa a cikin ƙaramin lokaci na shekara, yankin yana da saurin rikicewa lokacin da fari ya faru tun lokacin da aikin gona ya bunkasa kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata. Sahel yana da alamar ruwan sama na kasa da millimeters 1,000 ko inci 40 a shekara, kusan duk abin da ke faruwa a cikin lokaci ɗaya mai ci gaba, wanda zai iya gudana daga makonni da yawa zuwa watanni huɗu. Duk da wannan rauni, tarihin fari da yunwa a Sahel ba su da cikakkiyar alaƙa. Duk da yake yanayin kimiyya na zamani da nazarin ruwan sama sun sami damar gano yanayin har ma da takamaiman lokacin fari a yankin, bayanan baki da rubuce-rubuce a cikin karni na baya ba su yi rikodin yunwa a duk wurare a duk lokacin fari ba. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1997, a kokarin tsara tarihin ruwan sama mai tsawo zuwa tarihin yunwa a Arewacin Najeriya, ya kammala cewa "mafi yawan yunwa na tarihi ya faru ne lokacin da karancin ruwan sama ya fadi kasa da sau 1.3 na daidaitattun ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na dogon lokaci don wani wuri. " [1] Shekarar 1982 zuwa 1984, alal misali, ya kasance mai lalacewa ga Mutanen Fula na Senegal, Mali da Nijar, da Tuareg na arewacin Mali da Nija. Jama'a ba wai kawai sun sha wahala a cikin shekarun 1968 zuwa 1974 ba, amma rashin iyawar mutane da yawa don sake gina garken ya lalata shekaru goma da suka gabata, tare da dalilai daban-daban kamar sauya ikon siyasa zuwa ga mutanen da suka zauna tare da 'yancin kai a cikin shekarun 1960, dangantakar iyakar Senegal da Mauritania, da kuma dogaro da Nijar akan faduwar farashin uranium na duniya wanda ya dace da mummunan yunwa. === 600-700 AD === Rubuce-rubucen zamani na yanayi a cikin Sahel sun fara ne da matafiya [[Musulmi]] na farko a farkon Lokacin zafi na zamani. Wadannan suna nuna cewa ruwan sama na Sahel ya kasance kadan a cikin ƙarni na 7 da 8 sannan ya karu sosai daga kimanin 800 AD. Akwai raguwar ruwan sama daga kimanin 1300 AD, amma karuwa a kusa da shekaru 200 bayan haka. === "Ƙaramin Ice Age" fari === Dangane da binciken fari na Yammacin Afirka wanda ya dogara da ruwan tafkin Ghana (ba asusun tarihi na shaidu ba) wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar Science a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009:<blockquote>Mafi kwanan nan daga cikin wadannan [yawan fari] sun faru ne tsakanin 1400 da 1750 AZ (550 zuwa 200 shekara B.P.), kama da lokacin Little Ice Age (LIA, 1400 zuwa 1850 AZ), sanannen lokaci lokacin da yanayin zafi na Arewa ya fi sanyi fiye da yanzu. Ya bambanta da binciken da ya gabata, wanda ya sake gina yanayin rigar a Gabashin Afirka a wannan lokacin, shaidar daga [[Tabkin Bosumtwi|Tafkin Bosumtwi]] tana tallafawa binciken da aka yi kwanan nan da ke nuna cewa wannan lokacin ya bushe. Shaidar fari na LIA ba ta iyakance ga Afirka ba, duk da haka. Rubuce-rubuce daga ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi, gami da tafkin zafi na yammacin Pacific, Tekun Larabawa, nahiyar Asiya, da Amurka ta Kudu duk suna nuna shaidar yanayin bushewa a wannan lokacin.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShanahanOverpeckAnchukaitisBeck2009">Shanahan, T. M.; Overpeck, J. T.; Anchukaitis, K. J.; Beck, JW; Cole, JE; Dettman, DL; Peck, JA; Scholz, CA; King, JW (2009). "Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa". ''Science''. '''324''' (5925): <span class="nowrap">377–</span>380. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..377S 2009Sci...324..377S]. [[CiteSeerX (identifier)|CiteSeerX]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.366.1394 10.1.1.366.1394]</span>. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1166352|10.1126/science.1166352]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19372429 19372429]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2679216 2679216].</cite></ref></blockquote> ==== 1640 ==== Babban fari na farko da aka rubuta a tarihi a Sahel ya faru ne a kusa da shekara ta 1640. Dangane da rahotanni na matafiya na Turai, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and Man in the Sahel during the Historical Period |url=http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219124305/http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl%3Bjsessionid%3D1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |archive-date=2010-12-19 |access-date=2008-06-19 |website=World Environmental Library}}</ref> babban fari bayan yanayin rigar gabaɗaya ya faru a cikin shekarun 1680. oi99fd8dlo8rhtra5sc6wk91o0fdjfh 841966 841958 2026-05-28T22:58:54Z Sirjat 20447 /* 1640 */ 841966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Sahel_rainfall_timeseries_en.svg|thumb|Fiye da ƙarni guda na bayanan ruwan sama a cikin Sahel ya nuna lokacin da ba a saba gani ba daga 1950 har zuwa 1970 (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mai kyau), sannan shekaru masu bushewa sosai daga 1970 zuwa 1991. (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mara kyau). Daga 1990 har zuwa yanzu ruwan sama ya koma matakan da ke ƙasa da matsakaicin 1898-1993, amma bambancin shekara-shekara yana da yawa.]] [[Fayil:Map_of_the_Sahel.png|thumb|Taswirar girman Sahel]] Yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka ya daɗe yana fuskantar jerin fari na tarihi, wanda ya samo asali ne daga akalla karni na 17. Yankin Sahel yanki ne na yanayi wanda ke tsakanin [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]] zuwa kudu da hamadar Sahara zuwa arewa, a fadin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yamma]] da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Duk da yake ana zaton yawan fari a yankin ya karu daga ƙarshen karni na 19, fari mai tsawo guda uku sun sami mummunar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa a kan al'ummomin Sahel. Yunwa ta biyo bayan fari mai tsanani a cikin 1910s, 1940s, da 1960s, 1970s da 1980s, kodayake raguwar farfadowa ta faru daga 1975-80. Harshen da ya faru kwanan nan ya faru ne a shekarar 2012. Duk da yake aƙalla an tabbatar da fari mai tsanani a kowane ƙarni tun daga ƙarni na 17, yawanci da tsananin fari na Sahelian na baya-bayan nan sun fito fili. yunwa da rarrabuwa a kan babban sikelin - daga 1968 zuwa 1974 kuma a farkon da tsakiyar shekarun 1980 - an zarge su da spikes biyu a cikin tsananin lokacin fari na shekarun 1960-1980. Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980 yunwa ta kashe mutane 100,000, ta bar 750,000 masu dogaro da taimakon abinci, kuma ta shafi mafi yawan mutane miliyan 50 na Sahel. Tattalin arzikin, noma, dabbobi da yawan mutane na yawancin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Burkina Faso]] (wanda aka sani da Upper Volta a lokacin fari) sun yi mummunar tasiri. Kamar yadda ya kasance mai rushewa kamar yadda fari na ƙarshen karni na 20 ya kasance, shaidar fari da ta gabata da aka rubuta a cikin tafkin tafkin Ghana ta nuna cewa manyan rikice-rikice da yawa sun zama ruwan dare a Yammacin Afirka a cikin shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata kuma fari da yawa sun fi tsanani.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}</ref>&nbsp; Tun daga shekarun 1980s, ruwan sama na rani a cikin Sahel yana ƙaruwa; wannan an haɗa shi da ƙaruwa a cikin ciyayi, yana samar da abin da ake kira 'kore' na Sahel. Karin da aka lura a cikin ruwan sama an lissafa shi ta hanyar haɓaka a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka, wanda aka sani yana haifar da anomalies na rigar. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2011 ya gano cewa sauye-sauyen matsayi a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka da raƙuman ruwa na gabas sun kasance tare da ƙaura zuwa arewacin Sahel. == Tarihi == Saboda ruwan sama na Sahel yana da yawa a cikin ƙaramin lokaci na shekara, yankin yana da saurin rikicewa lokacin da fari ya faru tun lokacin da aikin gona ya bunkasa kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata. Sahel yana da alamar ruwan sama na kasa da millimeters 1,000 ko inci 40 a shekara, kusan duk abin da ke faruwa a cikin lokaci ɗaya mai ci gaba, wanda zai iya gudana daga makonni da yawa zuwa watanni huɗu. Duk da wannan rauni, tarihin fari da yunwa a Sahel ba su da cikakkiyar alaƙa. Duk da yake yanayin kimiyya na zamani da nazarin ruwan sama sun sami damar gano yanayin har ma da takamaiman lokacin fari a yankin, bayanan baki da rubuce-rubuce a cikin karni na baya ba su yi rikodin yunwa a duk wurare a duk lokacin fari ba. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1997, a kokarin tsara tarihin ruwan sama mai tsawo zuwa tarihin yunwa a Arewacin Najeriya, ya kammala cewa "mafi yawan yunwa na tarihi ya faru ne lokacin da karancin ruwan sama ya fadi kasa da sau 1.3 na daidaitattun ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na dogon lokaci don wani wuri. " [1] Shekarar 1982 zuwa 1984, alal misali, ya kasance mai lalacewa ga Mutanen Fula na Senegal, Mali da Nijar, da Tuareg na arewacin Mali da Nija. Jama'a ba wai kawai sun sha wahala a cikin shekarun 1968 zuwa 1974 ba, amma rashin iyawar mutane da yawa don sake gina garken ya lalata shekaru goma da suka gabata, tare da dalilai daban-daban kamar sauya ikon siyasa zuwa ga mutanen da suka zauna tare da 'yancin kai a cikin shekarun 1960, dangantakar iyakar Senegal da Mauritania, da kuma dogaro da Nijar akan faduwar farashin uranium na duniya wanda ya dace da mummunan yunwa. === 600-700 AD === Rubuce-rubucen zamani na yanayi a cikin Sahel sun fara ne da matafiya [[Musulmi]] na farko a farkon Lokacin zafi na zamani. Wadannan suna nuna cewa ruwan sama na Sahel ya kasance kadan a cikin ƙarni na 7 da 8 sannan ya karu sosai daga kimanin 800 AD. Akwai raguwar ruwan sama daga kimanin 1300 AD, amma karuwa a kusa da shekaru 200 bayan haka. === "Ƙaramin Ice Age" fari === Dangane da binciken fari na Yammacin Afirka wanda ya dogara da ruwan tafkin Ghana (ba asusun tarihi na shaidu ba) wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar Science a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009:<blockquote>Mafi kwanan nan daga cikin wadannan [yawan fari] sun faru ne tsakanin 1400 da 1750 AZ (550 zuwa 200 shekara B.P.), kama da lokacin Little Ice Age (LIA, 1400 zuwa 1850 AZ), sanannen lokaci lokacin da yanayin zafi na Arewa ya fi sanyi fiye da yanzu. Ya bambanta da binciken da ya gabata, wanda ya sake gina yanayin rigar a Gabashin Afirka a wannan lokacin, shaidar daga [[Tabkin Bosumtwi|Tafkin Bosumtwi]] tana tallafawa binciken da aka yi kwanan nan da ke nuna cewa wannan lokacin ya bushe. Shaidar fari na LIA ba ta iyakance ga Afirka ba, duk da haka. Rubuce-rubuce daga ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi, gami da tafkin zafi na yammacin Pacific, Tekun Larabawa, nahiyar Asiya, da Amurka ta Kudu duk suna nuna shaidar yanayin bushewa a wannan lokacin.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShanahanOverpeckAnchukaitisBeck2009">Shanahan, T. M.; Overpeck, J. T.; Anchukaitis, K. J.; Beck, JW; Cole, JE; Dettman, DL; Peck, JA; Scholz, CA; King, JW (2009). "Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa". ''Science''. '''324''' (5925): <span class="nowrap">377–</span>380. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..377S 2009Sci...324..377S]. [[CiteSeerX (identifier)|CiteSeerX]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.366.1394 10.1.1.366.1394]</span>. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1166352|10.1126/science.1166352]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19372429 19372429]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2679216 2679216].</cite></ref></blockquote> ==== 1640 ==== Babban fari na farko da aka rubuta a tarihi a Sahel ya faru ne a kusa da shekara ta 1640. Dangane da rahotanni na matafiya na Turai, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and Man in the Sahel during the Historical Period |url=http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219124305/http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl%3Bjsessionid%3D1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |archive-date=2010-12-19 |access-date=2008-06-19 |website=World Environmental Library}}</ref> babban fari bayan yanayin rigar gabaɗaya ya faru a cikin shekarun 1680. === Fari na ƙarni na 20 === Na farko an fara auna ruwan sama a Sahel daga 1898. An samu fari a 1910s, sannan damina mai yawa a 1920s da 1930s. Shekarun 1940s sun samu ƙananan fari, amma 1950s sun kasance masu ruwan sama sosai. === Fari na ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 === Burkina Faso, arewacin Najeriya, Nijar, arewacin Kamaru da tsakiyar Chad sun fuskanci ƙarancin ruwan sama daga 1960s. Fari na 1968–73 ya jawo yunwa mai tsanani, ya kashe mutane 100,000 da dabbobi da dama.<ref>[https://www.wearewater.org/en/the-sahel-desertification-beyond-drought_318262 The Sahel, desertification beyond drought]</ref> A 1983–84 an samu ƙarancin ruwan sama mafi tsanani, amma tasirin ga mutane ya ragu saboda an samu hanyoyin rage tasiri.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/burkina-faso/west-africa-sahels-nutrition-revolution WEST AFRICA: The Sahel's nutrition revolution]</ref> === Fari na ƙarni na 21 === ==== 2010 Sahel drought ==== Daga Yuni zuwa Agusta 2010, yunwa ta shafi Sahel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drought threatens African humanitarian crisis - Channel 4 News}}</ref> A Nijar, amfanin gona ya lalace, mutane 350,000 sun fuskanci yunwa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Millions face starvation in west Africa, warn aid agencies |work=The Guardian |date=June 21, 2010}}</ref> ==== 2012 Sahel drought ==== A tsakiyar 2010, an yi hasashen wani fari a 2011 da 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Desertification in the Sahel |publisher=Oceanworld.tamu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SOS Sahel |publisher=Sahel.org.uk}}</ref> kbb1axrsuzttkrtbzgmwh197y6kgzuz 841967 841966 2026-05-28T22:59:48Z Sirjat 20447 /* 1640 */ 841967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Sahel_rainfall_timeseries_en.svg|thumb|Fiye da ƙarni guda na bayanan ruwan sama a cikin Sahel ya nuna lokacin da ba a saba gani ba daga 1950 har zuwa 1970 (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mai kyau), sannan shekaru masu bushewa sosai daga 1970 zuwa 1991. (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mara kyau). Daga 1990 har zuwa yanzu ruwan sama ya koma matakan da ke ƙasa da matsakaicin 1898-1993, amma bambancin shekara-shekara yana da yawa.]] [[Fayil:Map_of_the_Sahel.png|thumb|Taswirar girman Sahel]] Yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka ya daɗe yana fuskantar jerin fari na tarihi, wanda ya samo asali ne daga akalla karni na 17. Yankin Sahel yanki ne na yanayi wanda ke tsakanin [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]] zuwa kudu da hamadar Sahara zuwa arewa, a fadin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yamma]] da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Duk da yake ana zaton yawan fari a yankin ya karu daga ƙarshen karni na 19, fari mai tsawo guda uku sun sami mummunar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa a kan al'ummomin Sahel. Yunwa ta biyo bayan fari mai tsanani a cikin 1910s, 1940s, da 1960s, 1970s da 1980s, kodayake raguwar farfadowa ta faru daga 1975-80. Harshen da ya faru kwanan nan ya faru ne a shekarar 2012. Duk da yake aƙalla an tabbatar da fari mai tsanani a kowane ƙarni tun daga ƙarni na 17, yawanci da tsananin fari na Sahelian na baya-bayan nan sun fito fili. yunwa da rarrabuwa a kan babban sikelin - daga 1968 zuwa 1974 kuma a farkon da tsakiyar shekarun 1980 - an zarge su da spikes biyu a cikin tsananin lokacin fari na shekarun 1960-1980. Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980 yunwa ta kashe mutane 100,000, ta bar 750,000 masu dogaro da taimakon abinci, kuma ta shafi mafi yawan mutane miliyan 50 na Sahel. Tattalin arzikin, noma, dabbobi da yawan mutane na yawancin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Burkina Faso]] (wanda aka sani da Upper Volta a lokacin fari) sun yi mummunar tasiri. Kamar yadda ya kasance mai rushewa kamar yadda fari na ƙarshen karni na 20 ya kasance, shaidar fari da ta gabata da aka rubuta a cikin tafkin tafkin Ghana ta nuna cewa manyan rikice-rikice da yawa sun zama ruwan dare a Yammacin Afirka a cikin shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata kuma fari da yawa sun fi tsanani.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}</ref>&nbsp; Tun daga shekarun 1980s, ruwan sama na rani a cikin Sahel yana ƙaruwa; wannan an haɗa shi da ƙaruwa a cikin ciyayi, yana samar da abin da ake kira 'kore' na Sahel. Karin da aka lura a cikin ruwan sama an lissafa shi ta hanyar haɓaka a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka, wanda aka sani yana haifar da anomalies na rigar. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2011 ya gano cewa sauye-sauyen matsayi a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka da raƙuman ruwa na gabas sun kasance tare da ƙaura zuwa arewacin Sahel. == Tarihi == Saboda ruwan sama na Sahel yana da yawa a cikin ƙaramin lokaci na shekara, yankin yana da saurin rikicewa lokacin da fari ya faru tun lokacin da aikin gona ya bunkasa kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata. Sahel yana da alamar ruwan sama na kasa da millimeters 1,000 ko inci 40 a shekara, kusan duk abin da ke faruwa a cikin lokaci ɗaya mai ci gaba, wanda zai iya gudana daga makonni da yawa zuwa watanni huɗu. Duk da wannan rauni, tarihin fari da yunwa a Sahel ba su da cikakkiyar alaƙa. Duk da yake yanayin kimiyya na zamani da nazarin ruwan sama sun sami damar gano yanayin har ma da takamaiman lokacin fari a yankin, bayanan baki da rubuce-rubuce a cikin karni na baya ba su yi rikodin yunwa a duk wurare a duk lokacin fari ba. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1997, a kokarin tsara tarihin ruwan sama mai tsawo zuwa tarihin yunwa a Arewacin Najeriya, ya kammala cewa "mafi yawan yunwa na tarihi ya faru ne lokacin da karancin ruwan sama ya fadi kasa da sau 1.3 na daidaitattun ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na dogon lokaci don wani wuri. " [1] Shekarar 1982 zuwa 1984, alal misali, ya kasance mai lalacewa ga Mutanen Fula na Senegal, Mali da Nijar, da Tuareg na arewacin Mali da Nija. Jama'a ba wai kawai sun sha wahala a cikin shekarun 1968 zuwa 1974 ba, amma rashin iyawar mutane da yawa don sake gina garken ya lalata shekaru goma da suka gabata, tare da dalilai daban-daban kamar sauya ikon siyasa zuwa ga mutanen da suka zauna tare da 'yancin kai a cikin shekarun 1960, dangantakar iyakar Senegal da Mauritania, da kuma dogaro da Nijar akan faduwar farashin uranium na duniya wanda ya dace da mummunan yunwa. === 600-700 AD === Rubuce-rubucen zamani na yanayi a cikin Sahel sun fara ne da matafiya [[Musulmi]] na farko a farkon Lokacin zafi na zamani. Wadannan suna nuna cewa ruwan sama na Sahel ya kasance kadan a cikin ƙarni na 7 da 8 sannan ya karu sosai daga kimanin 800 AD. Akwai raguwar ruwan sama daga kimanin 1300 AD, amma karuwa a kusa da shekaru 200 bayan haka. === "Ƙaramin Ice Age" fari === Dangane da binciken fari na Yammacin Afirka wanda ya dogara da ruwan tafkin Ghana (ba asusun tarihi na shaidu ba) wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar Science a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009:<blockquote>Mafi kwanan nan daga cikin wadannan [yawan fari] sun faru ne tsakanin 1400 da 1750 AZ (550 zuwa 200 shekara B.P.), kama da lokacin Little Ice Age (LIA, 1400 zuwa 1850 AZ), sanannen lokaci lokacin da yanayin zafi na Arewa ya fi sanyi fiye da yanzu. Ya bambanta da binciken da ya gabata, wanda ya sake gina yanayin rigar a Gabashin Afirka a wannan lokacin, shaidar daga [[Tabkin Bosumtwi|Tafkin Bosumtwi]] tana tallafawa binciken da aka yi kwanan nan da ke nuna cewa wannan lokacin ya bushe. Shaidar fari na LIA ba ta iyakance ga Afirka ba, duk da haka. Rubuce-rubuce daga ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi, gami da tafkin zafi na yammacin Pacific, Tekun Larabawa, nahiyar Asiya, da Amurka ta Kudu duk suna nuna shaidar yanayin bushewa a wannan lokacin.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShanahanOverpeckAnchukaitisBeck2009">Shanahan, T. M.; Overpeck, J. T.; Anchukaitis, K. J.; Beck, JW; Cole, JE; Dettman, DL; Peck, JA; Scholz, CA; King, JW (2009). "Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa". ''Science''. '''324''' (5925): <span class="nowrap">377–</span>380. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..377S 2009Sci...324..377S]. [[CiteSeerX (identifier)|CiteSeerX]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.366.1394 10.1.1.366.1394]</span>. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1166352|10.1126/science.1166352]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19372429 19372429]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2679216 2679216].</cite></ref></blockquote> ==== 1640 ==== Babban fari na farko da aka rubuta a tarihi a Sahel ya faru ne a kusa da shekara ta 1640. Dangane da rahotanni na matafiya na Turai, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and Man in the Sahel during the Historical Period |url=http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219124305/http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl%3Bjsessionid%3D1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |archive-date=2010-12-19 |access-date=2008-06-19 |website=World Environmental Library}}</ref> babban fari bayan yanayin rigar gabaɗaya ya faru a cikin shekarun 1680. ==== 1740s da 1750s ==== Fari ya kashe dubban mutane a 1740s da 1750s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs 'Natural' Climate Trends |publisher=Ag.arizona.edu}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da "Great Famine" a arewacin Najeriya, Nijar da Mali.<ref name=Lovejoy1975>Paul E. Lovejoy and Stephen Baier. The Desert-Side Economy of the Central Sudan. IJ of African Historical Studies, 1975.</ref> === Fari na ƙarni na 20 === Na farko an fara auna ruwan sama a Sahel daga 1898. An samu fari a 1910s, sannan damina mai yawa a 1920s da 1930s. Shekarun 1940s sun samu ƙananan fari, amma 1950s sun kasance masu ruwan sama sosai. === Fari na ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 === Burkina Faso, arewacin Najeriya, Nijar, arewacin Kamaru da tsakiyar Chad sun fuskanci ƙarancin ruwan sama daga 1960s. Fari na 1968–73 ya jawo yunwa mai tsanani, ya kashe mutane 100,000 da dabbobi da dama.<ref>[https://www.wearewater.org/en/the-sahel-desertification-beyond-drought_318262 The Sahel, desertification beyond drought]</ref> A 1983–84 an samu ƙarancin ruwan sama mafi tsanani, amma tasirin ga mutane ya ragu saboda an samu hanyoyin rage tasiri.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/burkina-faso/west-africa-sahels-nutrition-revolution WEST AFRICA: The Sahel's nutrition revolution]</ref> === Fari na ƙarni na 21 === ==== 2010 Sahel drought ==== Daga Yuni zuwa Agusta 2010, yunwa ta shafi Sahel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drought threatens African humanitarian crisis - Channel 4 News}}</ref> A Nijar, amfanin gona ya lalace, mutane 350,000 sun fuskanci yunwa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Millions face starvation in west Africa, warn aid agencies |work=The Guardian |date=June 21, 2010}}</ref> ==== 2012 Sahel drought ==== A tsakiyar 2010, an yi hasashen wani fari a 2011 da 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Desertification in the Sahel |publisher=Oceanworld.tamu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SOS Sahel |publisher=Sahel.org.uk}}</ref> qj8mydnr18axjcl7vsy37aeelrhcgic 841968 841967 2026-05-28T23:00:03Z Sirjat 20447 /* 2012 Sahel drought */ 841968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Sahel_rainfall_timeseries_en.svg|thumb|Fiye da ƙarni guda na bayanan ruwan sama a cikin Sahel ya nuna lokacin da ba a saba gani ba daga 1950 har zuwa 1970 (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mai kyau), sannan shekaru masu bushewa sosai daga 1970 zuwa 1991. (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mara kyau). Daga 1990 har zuwa yanzu ruwan sama ya koma matakan da ke ƙasa da matsakaicin 1898-1993, amma bambancin shekara-shekara yana da yawa.]] [[Fayil:Map_of_the_Sahel.png|thumb|Taswirar girman Sahel]] Yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka ya daɗe yana fuskantar jerin fari na tarihi, wanda ya samo asali ne daga akalla karni na 17. Yankin Sahel yanki ne na yanayi wanda ke tsakanin [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]] zuwa kudu da hamadar Sahara zuwa arewa, a fadin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yamma]] da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Duk da yake ana zaton yawan fari a yankin ya karu daga ƙarshen karni na 19, fari mai tsawo guda uku sun sami mummunar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa a kan al'ummomin Sahel. Yunwa ta biyo bayan fari mai tsanani a cikin 1910s, 1940s, da 1960s, 1970s da 1980s, kodayake raguwar farfadowa ta faru daga 1975-80. Harshen da ya faru kwanan nan ya faru ne a shekarar 2012. Duk da yake aƙalla an tabbatar da fari mai tsanani a kowane ƙarni tun daga ƙarni na 17, yawanci da tsananin fari na Sahelian na baya-bayan nan sun fito fili. yunwa da rarrabuwa a kan babban sikelin - daga 1968 zuwa 1974 kuma a farkon da tsakiyar shekarun 1980 - an zarge su da spikes biyu a cikin tsananin lokacin fari na shekarun 1960-1980. Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980 yunwa ta kashe mutane 100,000, ta bar 750,000 masu dogaro da taimakon abinci, kuma ta shafi mafi yawan mutane miliyan 50 na Sahel. Tattalin arzikin, noma, dabbobi da yawan mutane na yawancin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Burkina Faso]] (wanda aka sani da Upper Volta a lokacin fari) sun yi mummunar tasiri. Kamar yadda ya kasance mai rushewa kamar yadda fari na ƙarshen karni na 20 ya kasance, shaidar fari da ta gabata da aka rubuta a cikin tafkin tafkin Ghana ta nuna cewa manyan rikice-rikice da yawa sun zama ruwan dare a Yammacin Afirka a cikin shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata kuma fari da yawa sun fi tsanani.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}</ref>&nbsp; Tun daga shekarun 1980s, ruwan sama na rani a cikin Sahel yana ƙaruwa; wannan an haɗa shi da ƙaruwa a cikin ciyayi, yana samar da abin da ake kira 'kore' na Sahel. Karin da aka lura a cikin ruwan sama an lissafa shi ta hanyar haɓaka a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka, wanda aka sani yana haifar da anomalies na rigar. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2011 ya gano cewa sauye-sauyen matsayi a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka da raƙuman ruwa na gabas sun kasance tare da ƙaura zuwa arewacin Sahel. == Tarihi == Saboda ruwan sama na Sahel yana da yawa a cikin ƙaramin lokaci na shekara, yankin yana da saurin rikicewa lokacin da fari ya faru tun lokacin da aikin gona ya bunkasa kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata. Sahel yana da alamar ruwan sama na kasa da millimeters 1,000 ko inci 40 a shekara, kusan duk abin da ke faruwa a cikin lokaci ɗaya mai ci gaba, wanda zai iya gudana daga makonni da yawa zuwa watanni huɗu. Duk da wannan rauni, tarihin fari da yunwa a Sahel ba su da cikakkiyar alaƙa. Duk da yake yanayin kimiyya na zamani da nazarin ruwan sama sun sami damar gano yanayin har ma da takamaiman lokacin fari a yankin, bayanan baki da rubuce-rubuce a cikin karni na baya ba su yi rikodin yunwa a duk wurare a duk lokacin fari ba. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1997, a kokarin tsara tarihin ruwan sama mai tsawo zuwa tarihin yunwa a Arewacin Najeriya, ya kammala cewa "mafi yawan yunwa na tarihi ya faru ne lokacin da karancin ruwan sama ya fadi kasa da sau 1.3 na daidaitattun ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na dogon lokaci don wani wuri. " [1] Shekarar 1982 zuwa 1984, alal misali, ya kasance mai lalacewa ga Mutanen Fula na Senegal, Mali da Nijar, da Tuareg na arewacin Mali da Nija. Jama'a ba wai kawai sun sha wahala a cikin shekarun 1968 zuwa 1974 ba, amma rashin iyawar mutane da yawa don sake gina garken ya lalata shekaru goma da suka gabata, tare da dalilai daban-daban kamar sauya ikon siyasa zuwa ga mutanen da suka zauna tare da 'yancin kai a cikin shekarun 1960, dangantakar iyakar Senegal da Mauritania, da kuma dogaro da Nijar akan faduwar farashin uranium na duniya wanda ya dace da mummunan yunwa. === 600-700 AD === Rubuce-rubucen zamani na yanayi a cikin Sahel sun fara ne da matafiya [[Musulmi]] na farko a farkon Lokacin zafi na zamani. Wadannan suna nuna cewa ruwan sama na Sahel ya kasance kadan a cikin ƙarni na 7 da 8 sannan ya karu sosai daga kimanin 800 AD. Akwai raguwar ruwan sama daga kimanin 1300 AD, amma karuwa a kusa da shekaru 200 bayan haka. === "Ƙaramin Ice Age" fari === Dangane da binciken fari na Yammacin Afirka wanda ya dogara da ruwan tafkin Ghana (ba asusun tarihi na shaidu ba) wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar Science a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009:<blockquote>Mafi kwanan nan daga cikin wadannan [yawan fari] sun faru ne tsakanin 1400 da 1750 AZ (550 zuwa 200 shekara B.P.), kama da lokacin Little Ice Age (LIA, 1400 zuwa 1850 AZ), sanannen lokaci lokacin da yanayin zafi na Arewa ya fi sanyi fiye da yanzu. Ya bambanta da binciken da ya gabata, wanda ya sake gina yanayin rigar a Gabashin Afirka a wannan lokacin, shaidar daga [[Tabkin Bosumtwi|Tafkin Bosumtwi]] tana tallafawa binciken da aka yi kwanan nan da ke nuna cewa wannan lokacin ya bushe. Shaidar fari na LIA ba ta iyakance ga Afirka ba, duk da haka. Rubuce-rubuce daga ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi, gami da tafkin zafi na yammacin Pacific, Tekun Larabawa, nahiyar Asiya, da Amurka ta Kudu duk suna nuna shaidar yanayin bushewa a wannan lokacin.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShanahanOverpeckAnchukaitisBeck2009">Shanahan, T. M.; Overpeck, J. T.; Anchukaitis, K. J.; Beck, JW; Cole, JE; Dettman, DL; Peck, JA; Scholz, CA; King, JW (2009). "Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa". ''Science''. '''324''' (5925): <span class="nowrap">377–</span>380. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..377S 2009Sci...324..377S]. [[CiteSeerX (identifier)|CiteSeerX]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.366.1394 10.1.1.366.1394]</span>. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1166352|10.1126/science.1166352]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19372429 19372429]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2679216 2679216].</cite></ref></blockquote> ==== 1640 ==== Babban fari na farko da aka rubuta a tarihi a Sahel ya faru ne a kusa da shekara ta 1640. Dangane da rahotanni na matafiya na Turai, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and Man in the Sahel during the Historical Period |url=http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219124305/http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl%3Bjsessionid%3D1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |archive-date=2010-12-19 |access-date=2008-06-19 |website=World Environmental Library}}</ref> babban fari bayan yanayin rigar gabaɗaya ya faru a cikin shekarun 1680. ==== 1740s da 1750s ==== Fari ya kashe dubban mutane a 1740s da 1750s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs 'Natural' Climate Trends |publisher=Ag.arizona.edu}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da "Great Famine" a arewacin Najeriya, Nijar da Mali.<ref name=Lovejoy1975>Paul E. Lovejoy and Stephen Baier. The Desert-Side Economy of the Central Sudan. IJ of African Historical Studies, 1975.</ref> === Fari na ƙarni na 20 === Na farko an fara auna ruwan sama a Sahel daga 1898. An samu fari a 1910s, sannan damina mai yawa a 1920s da 1930s. Shekarun 1940s sun samu ƙananan fari, amma 1950s sun kasance masu ruwan sama sosai. === Fari na ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 === Burkina Faso, arewacin Najeriya, Nijar, arewacin Kamaru da tsakiyar Chad sun fuskanci ƙarancin ruwan sama daga 1960s. Fari na 1968–73 ya jawo yunwa mai tsanani, ya kashe mutane 100,000 da dabbobi da dama.<ref>[https://www.wearewater.org/en/the-sahel-desertification-beyond-drought_318262 The Sahel, desertification beyond drought]</ref> A 1983–84 an samu ƙarancin ruwan sama mafi tsanani, amma tasirin ga mutane ya ragu saboda an samu hanyoyin rage tasiri.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/burkina-faso/west-africa-sahels-nutrition-revolution WEST AFRICA: The Sahel's nutrition revolution]</ref> === Fari na ƙarni na 21 === ==== 2010 Sahel drought ==== Daga Yuni zuwa Agusta 2010, yunwa ta shafi Sahel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drought threatens African humanitarian crisis - Channel 4 News}}</ref> A Nijar, amfanin gona ya lalace, mutane 350,000 sun fuskanci yunwa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Millions face starvation in west Africa, warn aid agencies |work=The Guardian |date=June 21, 2010}}</ref> ==== 2012 Sahel drought ==== A tsakiyar 2010, an yi hasashen wani fari a 2011 da 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Desertification in the Sahel |publisher=Oceanworld.tamu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SOS Sahel |publisher=Sahel.org.uk}}</ref> == Manazarta == ctc1yx5gwqaf5gvb925xf4kkg7l8a50 841973 841968 2026-05-28T23:03:02Z Sirjat 20447 /* 2012 Sahel drought */ 841973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Sahel_rainfall_timeseries_en.svg|thumb|Fiye da ƙarni guda na bayanan ruwan sama a cikin Sahel ya nuna lokacin da ba a saba gani ba daga 1950 har zuwa 1970 (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mai kyau), sannan shekaru masu bushewa sosai daga 1970 zuwa 1991. (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mara kyau). Daga 1990 har zuwa yanzu ruwan sama ya koma matakan da ke ƙasa da matsakaicin 1898-1993, amma bambancin shekara-shekara yana da yawa.]] [[Fayil:Map_of_the_Sahel.png|thumb|Taswirar girman Sahel]] Yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka ya daɗe yana fuskantar jerin fari na tarihi, wanda ya samo asali ne daga akalla karni na 17. Yankin Sahel yanki ne na yanayi wanda ke tsakanin [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]] zuwa kudu da hamadar Sahara zuwa arewa, a fadin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yamma]] da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Duk da yake ana zaton yawan fari a yankin ya karu daga ƙarshen karni na 19, fari mai tsawo guda uku sun sami mummunar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa a kan al'ummomin Sahel. Yunwa ta biyo bayan fari mai tsanani a cikin 1910s, 1940s, da 1960s, 1970s da 1980s, kodayake raguwar farfadowa ta faru daga 1975-80. Harshen da ya faru kwanan nan ya faru ne a shekarar 2012. Duk da yake aƙalla an tabbatar da fari mai tsanani a kowane ƙarni tun daga ƙarni na 17, yawanci da tsananin fari na Sahelian na baya-bayan nan sun fito fili. yunwa da rarrabuwa a kan babban sikelin - daga 1968 zuwa 1974 kuma a farkon da tsakiyar shekarun 1980 - an zarge su da spikes biyu a cikin tsananin lokacin fari na shekarun 1960-1980. Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980 yunwa ta kashe mutane 100,000, ta bar 750,000 masu dogaro da taimakon abinci, kuma ta shafi mafi yawan mutane miliyan 50 na Sahel. Tattalin arzikin, noma, dabbobi da yawan mutane na yawancin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Burkina Faso]] (wanda aka sani da Upper Volta a lokacin fari) sun yi mummunar tasiri. Kamar yadda ya kasance mai rushewa kamar yadda fari na ƙarshen karni na 20 ya kasance, shaidar fari da ta gabata da aka rubuta a cikin tafkin tafkin Ghana ta nuna cewa manyan rikice-rikice da yawa sun zama ruwan dare a Yammacin Afirka a cikin shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata kuma fari da yawa sun fi tsanani.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}</ref>&nbsp; Tun daga shekarun 1980s, ruwan sama na rani a cikin Sahel yana ƙaruwa; wannan an haɗa shi da ƙaruwa a cikin ciyayi, yana samar da abin da ake kira 'kore' na Sahel. Karin da aka lura a cikin ruwan sama an lissafa shi ta hanyar haɓaka a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka, wanda aka sani yana haifar da anomalies na rigar. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2011 ya gano cewa sauye-sauyen matsayi a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka da raƙuman ruwa na gabas sun kasance tare da ƙaura zuwa arewacin Sahel. == Tarihi == Saboda ruwan sama na Sahel yana da yawa a cikin ƙaramin lokaci na shekara, yankin yana da saurin rikicewa lokacin da fari ya faru tun lokacin da aikin gona ya bunkasa kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata. Sahel yana da alamar ruwan sama na kasa da millimeters 1,000 ko inci 40 a shekara, kusan duk abin da ke faruwa a cikin lokaci ɗaya mai ci gaba, wanda zai iya gudana daga makonni da yawa zuwa watanni huɗu. Duk da wannan rauni, tarihin fari da yunwa a Sahel ba su da cikakkiyar alaƙa. Duk da yake yanayin kimiyya na zamani da nazarin ruwan sama sun sami damar gano yanayin har ma da takamaiman lokacin fari a yankin, bayanan baki da rubuce-rubuce a cikin karni na baya ba su yi rikodin yunwa a duk wurare a duk lokacin fari ba. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1997, a kokarin tsara tarihin ruwan sama mai tsawo zuwa tarihin yunwa a Arewacin Najeriya, ya kammala cewa "mafi yawan yunwa na tarihi ya faru ne lokacin da karancin ruwan sama ya fadi kasa da sau 1.3 na daidaitattun ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na dogon lokaci don wani wuri. " [1] Shekarar 1982 zuwa 1984, alal misali, ya kasance mai lalacewa ga Mutanen Fula na Senegal, Mali da Nijar, da Tuareg na arewacin Mali da Nija. Jama'a ba wai kawai sun sha wahala a cikin shekarun 1968 zuwa 1974 ba, amma rashin iyawar mutane da yawa don sake gina garken ya lalata shekaru goma da suka gabata, tare da dalilai daban-daban kamar sauya ikon siyasa zuwa ga mutanen da suka zauna tare da 'yancin kai a cikin shekarun 1960, dangantakar iyakar Senegal da Mauritania, da kuma dogaro da Nijar akan faduwar farashin uranium na duniya wanda ya dace da mummunan yunwa. === 600-700 AD === Rubuce-rubucen zamani na yanayi a cikin Sahel sun fara ne da matafiya [[Musulmi]] na farko a farkon Lokacin zafi na zamani. Wadannan suna nuna cewa ruwan sama na Sahel ya kasance kadan a cikin ƙarni na 7 da 8 sannan ya karu sosai daga kimanin 800 AD. Akwai raguwar ruwan sama daga kimanin 1300 AD, amma karuwa a kusa da shekaru 200 bayan haka. === "Ƙaramin Ice Age" fari === Dangane da binciken fari na Yammacin Afirka wanda ya dogara da ruwan tafkin Ghana (ba asusun tarihi na shaidu ba) wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar Science a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009:<blockquote>Mafi kwanan nan daga cikin wadannan [yawan fari] sun faru ne tsakanin 1400 da 1750 AZ (550 zuwa 200 shekara B.P.), kama da lokacin Little Ice Age (LIA, 1400 zuwa 1850 AZ), sanannen lokaci lokacin da yanayin zafi na Arewa ya fi sanyi fiye da yanzu. Ya bambanta da binciken da ya gabata, wanda ya sake gina yanayin rigar a Gabashin Afirka a wannan lokacin, shaidar daga [[Tabkin Bosumtwi|Tafkin Bosumtwi]] tana tallafawa binciken da aka yi kwanan nan da ke nuna cewa wannan lokacin ya bushe. Shaidar fari na LIA ba ta iyakance ga Afirka ba, duk da haka. Rubuce-rubuce daga ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi, gami da tafkin zafi na yammacin Pacific, Tekun Larabawa, nahiyar Asiya, da Amurka ta Kudu duk suna nuna shaidar yanayin bushewa a wannan lokacin.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShanahanOverpeckAnchukaitisBeck2009">Shanahan, T. M.; Overpeck, J. T.; Anchukaitis, K. J.; Beck, JW; Cole, JE; Dettman, DL; Peck, JA; Scholz, CA; King, JW (2009). "Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa". ''Science''. '''324''' (5925): <span class="nowrap">377–</span>380. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..377S 2009Sci...324..377S]. [[CiteSeerX (identifier)|CiteSeerX]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.366.1394 10.1.1.366.1394]</span>. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1166352|10.1126/science.1166352]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19372429 19372429]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2679216 2679216].</cite></ref></blockquote> ==== 1640 ==== Babban fari na farko da aka rubuta a tarihi a Sahel ya faru ne a kusa da shekara ta 1640. Dangane da rahotanni na matafiya na Turai, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and Man in the Sahel during the Historical Period |url=http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219124305/http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl%3Bjsessionid%3D1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |archive-date=2010-12-19 |access-date=2008-06-19 |website=World Environmental Library}}</ref> babban fari bayan yanayin rigar gabaɗaya ya faru a cikin shekarun 1680. ==== 1740s da 1750s ==== Fari ya kashe dubban mutane a 1740s da 1750s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs 'Natural' Climate Trends |publisher=Ag.arizona.edu}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da "Great Famine" a arewacin Najeriya, Nijar da Mali.<ref name=Lovejoy1975>Paul E. Lovejoy and Stephen Baier. The Desert-Side Economy of the Central Sudan. IJ of African Historical Studies, 1975.</ref> === Fari na ƙarni na 20 === Na farko an fara auna ruwan sama a Sahel daga 1898. An samu fari a 1910s, sannan damina mai yawa a 1920s da 1930s. Shekarun 1940s sun samu ƙananan fari, amma 1950s sun kasance masu ruwan sama sosai. === Fari na ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 === Burkina Faso, arewacin Najeriya, Nijar, arewacin Kamaru da tsakiyar Chad sun fuskanci ƙarancin ruwan sama daga 1960s. Fari na 1968–73 ya jawo yunwa mai tsanani, ya kashe mutane 100,000 da dabbobi da dama.<ref>[https://www.wearewater.org/en/the-sahel-desertification-beyond-drought_318262 The Sahel, desertification beyond drought]</ref> A 1983–84 an samu ƙarancin ruwan sama mafi tsanani, amma tasirin ga mutane ya ragu saboda an samu hanyoyin rage tasiri.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/burkina-faso/west-africa-sahels-nutrition-revolution WEST AFRICA: The Sahel's nutrition revolution]</ref> === Fari na ƙarni na 21 === ==== 2010 Sahel drought ==== Daga Yuni zuwa Agusta 2010, yunwa ta shafi Sahel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drought threatens African humanitarian crisis - Channel 4 News}}</ref> A Nijar, amfanin gona ya lalace, mutane 350,000 sun fuskanci yunwa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Millions face starvation in west Africa, warn aid agencies |work=The Guardian |date=June 21, 2010}}</ref> ==== 2012 Sahel drought ==== A tsakiyar 2010, an yi hasashen wani fari a 2011 da 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Desertification in the Sahel |publisher=Oceanworld.tamu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SOS Sahel |publisher=Sahel.org.uk}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke iya taimakawa wajen haifar da fari == A da, an yi imani cewa farin da ya shafi yankin Sahel ya fi yawa saboda mutane suna amfani da albarkatun ƙasa fiye da kima ta hanyar kiwo da yawa, sare daji<ref>{{cite journal|author=J Odihi |title=Deforestation in afforestation priority zone in Sudano-Sahelian Nigeria|doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2003.08.004 |volume=23 |issue=4 |journal=Applied Geography |pages=227–259|year=2003 }}</ref> da kuma rashin kyakkyawan sarrafa ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eden Foundation |url=http://www.eden-foundation.org/project/desertif.html |title="Desertification - a threat to the Sahel", August 1994 |publisher=Eden-foundation.org |date=1992-11-07 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0801/p01s02-woaf.html |title=Hunger is spreading in Africa |publisher=Csmonitor.com |date=2005-08-01 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1990,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-19 |title=The Sahel: One region, many crises |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2013/sahel-one-region-many-crises |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Africa Renewal |language=en}}</ref> nazarin samfurin yanayi ya nuna cewa sauyin yanayi na duniya ma yana daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da fari. Dangane da zagayowar kogin Senegal da sauran wuraren a Sahel, Yousef da Ghilly a 2000 sun yi hasashen cewa akwai yiwuwar fari zai faru a yankin Sahel a cikin 2005±4 shekaru. Wannan hasashen ya tabbata yayin da fari ya faru a Niger a 2005 da kuma 2010.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yousef and Ghilly|title=Alert el Sahel countries; drought is approaching|work=virtualacademia.com |url=http://www.virtualacademia.com/pdf/cli209_220.pdf}}</ref> A 2002, bayan gano al’amari na global dimming, wani bincike na CSIRO<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |title=1970-85 Famine Blamed on Pollution |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-07.htm |access-date=2012-05-27 |date=2002-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601025414/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-07.htm |archive-date=2012-06-01 }} {{Cite journal|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2103:TRTATI>2.0.CO;2|title=Tropical Rainfall Trends and the Indirect Aerosol Effect|volume=15|issue=15|pages=2103–2116|last1=Rotstayn|first1=Leon D.|last2=Lohmann|first2=Ulrike|journal=Journal of Climate|date=August 2002|bibcode=2002JCli...15.2103R|s2cid=55802370|doi-access=free}}</ref> ya nuna cewa farin na iya zama sakamakon gurbatar iska daga Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka, wanda ya sauya halayen gajimare a saman Tekun Atlantika, ya katse damina kuma ya karkatar da ruwan sama zuwa kudu. A 2005, nazarin yanayi da NOAA / Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory suka yi ya nuna cewa farin Sahel na ƙarni na 20 ya fi yawa saboda sauyin yanayin teku da kuma haɗin sauyin yanayi na ɗabi’a da tasirin ɗan adam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Held |first1=I. M. |year=2005 |title=Simulation of Sahel drought in the 20th and 21st centuries |journal=PNAS |volume=102 |issue=50 |pages=17891–17896 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0509057102 |pmid=16322101 |pmc=1312412 |bibcode = 2005PNAS..10217891H |display-authors=2 |last2=Delworth |first2=T. L. |last3=Findell |first3=K. L. |last4=Knutson |first4=T. R. |doi-access=free }}</ref> Wannan ya danganta da ƙaruwa a iskar gas mai dumama duniya da kuma ƙaruwa a aerosols. Wani bincike a 2013 ya nuna cewa aerosols sun jawo sauyin Intertropical Convergence Zone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2013|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=94|issue=9|pages=S1–S74|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00085.1|bibcode=2013BAMS...94S...1P|last1=Peterson|first1=Thomas C.|title=Explaining Extreme Events of 2012 from a Climate Perspective|last2=Hoerling|first2=Martin P.|last3=Stott|first3=Peter A.|last4=Herring|first4=Stephanie C.|doi-access=free|hdl=10261/93203|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wannan sauyi ya bar yankunan da ke da ruwan sama a Afirka ta Tsakiya cikin bushewa.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == 263o8qoh8yud3om44zslcjqr7ap7zty 841974 841973 2026-05-28T23:03:14Z Sirjat 20447 /* Abubuwan da ke iya taimakawa wajen haifar da fari */ 841974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Sahel_rainfall_timeseries_en.svg|thumb|Fiye da ƙarni guda na bayanan ruwan sama a cikin Sahel ya nuna lokacin da ba a saba gani ba daga 1950 har zuwa 1970 (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mai kyau), sannan shekaru masu bushewa sosai daga 1970 zuwa 1991. (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mara kyau). Daga 1990 har zuwa yanzu ruwan sama ya koma matakan da ke ƙasa da matsakaicin 1898-1993, amma bambancin shekara-shekara yana da yawa.]] [[Fayil:Map_of_the_Sahel.png|thumb|Taswirar girman Sahel]] Yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka ya daɗe yana fuskantar jerin fari na tarihi, wanda ya samo asali ne daga akalla karni na 17. Yankin Sahel yanki ne na yanayi wanda ke tsakanin [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]] zuwa kudu da hamadar Sahara zuwa arewa, a fadin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yamma]] da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Duk da yake ana zaton yawan fari a yankin ya karu daga ƙarshen karni na 19, fari mai tsawo guda uku sun sami mummunar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa a kan al'ummomin Sahel. Yunwa ta biyo bayan fari mai tsanani a cikin 1910s, 1940s, da 1960s, 1970s da 1980s, kodayake raguwar farfadowa ta faru daga 1975-80. Harshen da ya faru kwanan nan ya faru ne a shekarar 2012. Duk da yake aƙalla an tabbatar da fari mai tsanani a kowane ƙarni tun daga ƙarni na 17, yawanci da tsananin fari na Sahelian na baya-bayan nan sun fito fili. yunwa da rarrabuwa a kan babban sikelin - daga 1968 zuwa 1974 kuma a farkon da tsakiyar shekarun 1980 - an zarge su da spikes biyu a cikin tsananin lokacin fari na shekarun 1960-1980. Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980 yunwa ta kashe mutane 100,000, ta bar 750,000 masu dogaro da taimakon abinci, kuma ta shafi mafi yawan mutane miliyan 50 na Sahel. Tattalin arzikin, noma, dabbobi da yawan mutane na yawancin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Burkina Faso]] (wanda aka sani da Upper Volta a lokacin fari) sun yi mummunar tasiri. Kamar yadda ya kasance mai rushewa kamar yadda fari na ƙarshen karni na 20 ya kasance, shaidar fari da ta gabata da aka rubuta a cikin tafkin tafkin Ghana ta nuna cewa manyan rikice-rikice da yawa sun zama ruwan dare a Yammacin Afirka a cikin shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata kuma fari da yawa sun fi tsanani.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}</ref>&nbsp; Tun daga shekarun 1980s, ruwan sama na rani a cikin Sahel yana ƙaruwa; wannan an haɗa shi da ƙaruwa a cikin ciyayi, yana samar da abin da ake kira 'kore' na Sahel. Karin da aka lura a cikin ruwan sama an lissafa shi ta hanyar haɓaka a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka, wanda aka sani yana haifar da anomalies na rigar. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2011 ya gano cewa sauye-sauyen matsayi a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka da raƙuman ruwa na gabas sun kasance tare da ƙaura zuwa arewacin Sahel. == Tarihi == Saboda ruwan sama na Sahel yana da yawa a cikin ƙaramin lokaci na shekara, yankin yana da saurin rikicewa lokacin da fari ya faru tun lokacin da aikin gona ya bunkasa kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata. Sahel yana da alamar ruwan sama na kasa da millimeters 1,000 ko inci 40 a shekara, kusan duk abin da ke faruwa a cikin lokaci ɗaya mai ci gaba, wanda zai iya gudana daga makonni da yawa zuwa watanni huɗu. Duk da wannan rauni, tarihin fari da yunwa a Sahel ba su da cikakkiyar alaƙa. Duk da yake yanayin kimiyya na zamani da nazarin ruwan sama sun sami damar gano yanayin har ma da takamaiman lokacin fari a yankin, bayanan baki da rubuce-rubuce a cikin karni na baya ba su yi rikodin yunwa a duk wurare a duk lokacin fari ba. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1997, a kokarin tsara tarihin ruwan sama mai tsawo zuwa tarihin yunwa a Arewacin Najeriya, ya kammala cewa "mafi yawan yunwa na tarihi ya faru ne lokacin da karancin ruwan sama ya fadi kasa da sau 1.3 na daidaitattun ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na dogon lokaci don wani wuri. " [1] Shekarar 1982 zuwa 1984, alal misali, ya kasance mai lalacewa ga Mutanen Fula na Senegal, Mali da Nijar, da Tuareg na arewacin Mali da Nija. Jama'a ba wai kawai sun sha wahala a cikin shekarun 1968 zuwa 1974 ba, amma rashin iyawar mutane da yawa don sake gina garken ya lalata shekaru goma da suka gabata, tare da dalilai daban-daban kamar sauya ikon siyasa zuwa ga mutanen da suka zauna tare da 'yancin kai a cikin shekarun 1960, dangantakar iyakar Senegal da Mauritania, da kuma dogaro da Nijar akan faduwar farashin uranium na duniya wanda ya dace da mummunan yunwa. === 600-700 AD === Rubuce-rubucen zamani na yanayi a cikin Sahel sun fara ne da matafiya [[Musulmi]] na farko a farkon Lokacin zafi na zamani. Wadannan suna nuna cewa ruwan sama na Sahel ya kasance kadan a cikin ƙarni na 7 da 8 sannan ya karu sosai daga kimanin 800 AD. Akwai raguwar ruwan sama daga kimanin 1300 AD, amma karuwa a kusa da shekaru 200 bayan haka. === "Ƙaramin Ice Age" fari === Dangane da binciken fari na Yammacin Afirka wanda ya dogara da ruwan tafkin Ghana (ba asusun tarihi na shaidu ba) wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar Science a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009:<blockquote>Mafi kwanan nan daga cikin wadannan [yawan fari] sun faru ne tsakanin 1400 da 1750 AZ (550 zuwa 200 shekara B.P.), kama da lokacin Little Ice Age (LIA, 1400 zuwa 1850 AZ), sanannen lokaci lokacin da yanayin zafi na Arewa ya fi sanyi fiye da yanzu. Ya bambanta da binciken da ya gabata, wanda ya sake gina yanayin rigar a Gabashin Afirka a wannan lokacin, shaidar daga [[Tabkin Bosumtwi|Tafkin Bosumtwi]] tana tallafawa binciken da aka yi kwanan nan da ke nuna cewa wannan lokacin ya bushe. Shaidar fari na LIA ba ta iyakance ga Afirka ba, duk da haka. Rubuce-rubuce daga ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi, gami da tafkin zafi na yammacin Pacific, Tekun Larabawa, nahiyar Asiya, da Amurka ta Kudu duk suna nuna shaidar yanayin bushewa a wannan lokacin.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShanahanOverpeckAnchukaitisBeck2009">Shanahan, T. M.; Overpeck, J. T.; Anchukaitis, K. J.; Beck, JW; Cole, JE; Dettman, DL; Peck, JA; Scholz, CA; King, JW (2009). "Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa". ''Science''. '''324''' (5925): <span class="nowrap">377–</span>380. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..377S 2009Sci...324..377S]. [[CiteSeerX (identifier)|CiteSeerX]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.366.1394 10.1.1.366.1394]</span>. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1166352|10.1126/science.1166352]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19372429 19372429]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2679216 2679216].</cite></ref></blockquote> ==== 1640 ==== Babban fari na farko da aka rubuta a tarihi a Sahel ya faru ne a kusa da shekara ta 1640. Dangane da rahotanni na matafiya na Turai, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and Man in the Sahel during the Historical Period |url=http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219124305/http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl%3Bjsessionid%3D1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |archive-date=2010-12-19 |access-date=2008-06-19 |website=World Environmental Library}}</ref> babban fari bayan yanayin rigar gabaɗaya ya faru a cikin shekarun 1680. ==== 1740s da 1750s ==== Fari ya kashe dubban mutane a 1740s da 1750s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs 'Natural' Climate Trends |publisher=Ag.arizona.edu}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da "Great Famine" a arewacin Najeriya, Nijar da Mali.<ref name=Lovejoy1975>Paul E. Lovejoy and Stephen Baier. The Desert-Side Economy of the Central Sudan. IJ of African Historical Studies, 1975.</ref> === Fari na ƙarni na 20 === Na farko an fara auna ruwan sama a Sahel daga 1898. An samu fari a 1910s, sannan damina mai yawa a 1920s da 1930s. Shekarun 1940s sun samu ƙananan fari, amma 1950s sun kasance masu ruwan sama sosai. === Fari na ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 === Burkina Faso, arewacin Najeriya, Nijar, arewacin Kamaru da tsakiyar Chad sun fuskanci ƙarancin ruwan sama daga 1960s. Fari na 1968–73 ya jawo yunwa mai tsanani, ya kashe mutane 100,000 da dabbobi da dama.<ref>[https://www.wearewater.org/en/the-sahel-desertification-beyond-drought_318262 The Sahel, desertification beyond drought]</ref> A 1983–84 an samu ƙarancin ruwan sama mafi tsanani, amma tasirin ga mutane ya ragu saboda an samu hanyoyin rage tasiri.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/burkina-faso/west-africa-sahels-nutrition-revolution WEST AFRICA: The Sahel's nutrition revolution]</ref> === Fari na ƙarni na 21 === ==== 2010 Sahel drought ==== Daga Yuni zuwa Agusta 2010, yunwa ta shafi Sahel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drought threatens African humanitarian crisis - Channel 4 News}}</ref> A Nijar, amfanin gona ya lalace, mutane 350,000 sun fuskanci yunwa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Millions face starvation in west Africa, warn aid agencies |work=The Guardian |date=June 21, 2010}}</ref> ==== 2012 Sahel drought ==== A tsakiyar 2010, an yi hasashen wani fari a 2011 da 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Desertification in the Sahel |publisher=Oceanworld.tamu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SOS Sahel |publisher=Sahel.org.uk}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke iya taimakawa wajen haifar da fari == A da, an yi imani cewa farin da ya shafi yankin Sahel ya fi yawa saboda mutane suna amfani da albarkatun ƙasa fiye da kima ta hanyar kiwo da yawa, sare daji<ref>{{cite journal|author=J Odihi |title=Deforestation in afforestation priority zone in Sudano-Sahelian Nigeria|doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2003.08.004 |volume=23 |issue=4 |journal=Applied Geography |pages=227–259|year=2003 }}</ref> da kuma rashin kyakkyawan sarrafa ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eden Foundation |url=http://www.eden-foundation.org/project/desertif.html |title="Desertification - a threat to the Sahel", August 1994 |publisher=Eden-foundation.org |date=1992-11-07 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0801/p01s02-woaf.html |title=Hunger is spreading in Africa |publisher=Csmonitor.com |date=2005-08-01 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1990,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-19 |title=The Sahel: One region, many crises |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2013/sahel-one-region-many-crises |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Africa Renewal |language=en}}</ref> nazarin samfurin yanayi ya nuna cewa sauyin yanayi na duniya ma yana daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da fari. Dangane da zagayowar kogin Senegal da sauran wuraren a Sahel, Yousef da Ghilly a 2000 sun yi hasashen cewa akwai yiwuwar fari zai faru a yankin Sahel a cikin 2005±4 shekaru. Wannan hasashen ya tabbata yayin da fari ya faru a Niger a 2005 da kuma 2010.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yousef and Ghilly|title=Alert el Sahel countries; drought is approaching|work=virtualacademia.com |url=http://www.virtualacademia.com/pdf/cli209_220.pdf}}</ref> A 2002, bayan gano al’amari na global dimming, wani bincike na CSIRO<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |title=1970-85 Famine Blamed on Pollution |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-07.htm |access-date=2012-05-27 |date=2002-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601025414/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-07.htm |archive-date=2012-06-01 }} {{Cite journal|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2103:TRTATI>2.0.CO;2|title=Tropical Rainfall Trends and the Indirect Aerosol Effect|volume=15|issue=15|pages=2103–2116|last1=Rotstayn|first1=Leon D.|last2=Lohmann|first2=Ulrike|journal=Journal of Climate|date=August 2002|bibcode=2002JCli...15.2103R|s2cid=55802370|doi-access=free}}</ref> ya nuna cewa farin na iya zama sakamakon gurbatar iska daga Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka, wanda ya sauya halayen gajimare a saman Tekun Atlantika, ya katse damina kuma ya karkatar da ruwan sama zuwa kudu. A 2005, nazarin yanayi da NOAA / Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory suka yi ya nuna cewa farin Sahel na ƙarni na 20 ya fi yawa saboda sauyin yanayin teku da kuma haɗin sauyin yanayi na ɗabi’a da tasirin ɗan adam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Held |first1=I. M. |year=2005 |title=Simulation of Sahel drought in the 20th and 21st centuries |journal=PNAS |volume=102 |issue=50 |pages=17891–17896 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0509057102 |pmid=16322101 |pmc=1312412 |bibcode = 2005PNAS..10217891H |display-authors=2 |last2=Delworth |first2=T. L. |last3=Findell |first3=K. L. |last4=Knutson |first4=T. R. |doi-access=free }}</ref> Wannan ya danganta da ƙaruwa a iskar gas mai dumama duniya da kuma ƙaruwa a aerosols. Wani bincike a 2013 ya nuna cewa aerosols sun jawo sauyin Intertropical Convergence Zone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2013|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=94|issue=9|pages=S1–S74|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00085.1|bibcode=2013BAMS...94S...1P|last1=Peterson|first1=Thomas C.|title=Explaining Extreme Events of 2012 from a Climate Perspective|last2=Hoerling|first2=Martin P.|last3=Stott|first3=Peter A.|last4=Herring|first4=Stephanie C.|doi-access=free|hdl=10261/93203|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wannan sauyi ya bar yankunan da ke da ruwan sama a Afirka ta Tsakiya cikin bushewa.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin IPCC future scenario A2 (CO₂ ≈860 ppm), ana hasashen cewa ruwan sama a Sahel zai iya raguwa har zuwa 25% nan da 2100. Wani bincike na NOAA a 2006 ya nuna cewa Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) na taka muhimmiyar rawa. Lokacin AMO mai zafi yana ƙara ruwan sama a Sahel, yayin da lokacin sanyi ke rage shi.<ref name="Zhang2006">{{cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Rong |author2=Delworth, Thomas L. |year=2006 |title=Impact of Atlantic multidecadal oscillations on India/Sahel rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=33 |issue= 17|pages=L17712 |doi=10.1029/2006GL026267 |bibcode=2006GeoRL..3317712Z|s2cid=16588748 }}</ref> AMO ya shiga lokacin zafi a 1995 kuma ana hasashen zai kai kololuwa a kusa da 2020.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Enfield |first=David B. |author2=Cid-Serrano, Luis |title=Secular and multidecadal warmings in the North Atlantic and their relationships with major hurricane activity |journal=International Journal of Climatology |date=2010 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=174–184 |doi=10.1002/joc.1881|s2cid=18833210 }}</ref> Wani bincike a 2009 ya ƙara tabbatar da alaƙa tsakanin AMO da farin Afirka ta Yamma.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last1=Shanahan |first1=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |s2cid=2679216 }}</ref> Wani bincike a 2013 ya nuna cewa East Atlantic mode ma yana da tasiri ga ruwan sama a Sahel.<ref>Barandiaran and Wang (2013) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asl2.457/abstract</ref> File:Greening Sahel 1982-1999.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Sabon "greening" na Sahel daga 1982 zuwa 1999. Dawo da ruwan sama a Sahel tun daga shekarun 1990, wanda aka kira "Sahel Greening", ya danganta da ƙaruwa a African easterly jet da African easterly waves, wanda suka j == Manazarta == me834lx7ybvgos8jb5kspmc8bu4cnpf 841975 841974 2026-05-28T23:05:00Z Sirjat 20447 /* Abubuwan da ke iya taimakawa wajen haifar da fari */ 841975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Sahel_rainfall_timeseries_en.svg|thumb|Fiye da ƙarni guda na bayanan ruwan sama a cikin Sahel ya nuna lokacin da ba a saba gani ba daga 1950 har zuwa 1970 (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mai kyau), sannan shekaru masu bushewa sosai daga 1970 zuwa 1991. (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mara kyau). Daga 1990 har zuwa yanzu ruwan sama ya koma matakan da ke ƙasa da matsakaicin 1898-1993, amma bambancin shekara-shekara yana da yawa.]] [[Fayil:Map_of_the_Sahel.png|thumb|Taswirar girman Sahel]] Yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka ya daɗe yana fuskantar jerin fari na tarihi, wanda ya samo asali ne daga akalla karni na 17. Yankin Sahel yanki ne na yanayi wanda ke tsakanin [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]] zuwa kudu da hamadar Sahara zuwa arewa, a fadin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yamma]] da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Duk da yake ana zaton yawan fari a yankin ya karu daga ƙarshen karni na 19, fari mai tsawo guda uku sun sami mummunar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa a kan al'ummomin Sahel. Yunwa ta biyo bayan fari mai tsanani a cikin 1910s, 1940s, da 1960s, 1970s da 1980s, kodayake raguwar farfadowa ta faru daga 1975-80. Harshen da ya faru kwanan nan ya faru ne a shekarar 2012. Duk da yake aƙalla an tabbatar da fari mai tsanani a kowane ƙarni tun daga ƙarni na 17, yawanci da tsananin fari na Sahelian na baya-bayan nan sun fito fili. yunwa da rarrabuwa a kan babban sikelin - daga 1968 zuwa 1974 kuma a farkon da tsakiyar shekarun 1980 - an zarge su da spikes biyu a cikin tsananin lokacin fari na shekarun 1960-1980. Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980 yunwa ta kashe mutane 100,000, ta bar 750,000 masu dogaro da taimakon abinci, kuma ta shafi mafi yawan mutane miliyan 50 na Sahel. Tattalin arzikin, noma, dabbobi da yawan mutane na yawancin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Burkina Faso]] (wanda aka sani da Upper Volta a lokacin fari) sun yi mummunar tasiri. Kamar yadda ya kasance mai rushewa kamar yadda fari na ƙarshen karni na 20 ya kasance, shaidar fari da ta gabata da aka rubuta a cikin tafkin tafkin Ghana ta nuna cewa manyan rikice-rikice da yawa sun zama ruwan dare a Yammacin Afirka a cikin shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata kuma fari da yawa sun fi tsanani.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}</ref>&nbsp; Tun daga shekarun 1980s, ruwan sama na rani a cikin Sahel yana ƙaruwa; wannan an haɗa shi da ƙaruwa a cikin ciyayi, yana samar da abin da ake kira 'kore' na Sahel. Karin da aka lura a cikin ruwan sama an lissafa shi ta hanyar haɓaka a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka, wanda aka sani yana haifar da anomalies na rigar. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2011 ya gano cewa sauye-sauyen matsayi a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka da raƙuman ruwa na gabas sun kasance tare da ƙaura zuwa arewacin Sahel. == Tarihi == Saboda ruwan sama na Sahel yana da yawa a cikin ƙaramin lokaci na shekara, yankin yana da saurin rikicewa lokacin da fari ya faru tun lokacin da aikin gona ya bunkasa kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata. Sahel yana da alamar ruwan sama na kasa da millimeters 1,000 ko inci 40 a shekara, kusan duk abin da ke faruwa a cikin lokaci ɗaya mai ci gaba, wanda zai iya gudana daga makonni da yawa zuwa watanni huɗu. Duk da wannan rauni, tarihin fari da yunwa a Sahel ba su da cikakkiyar alaƙa. Duk da yake yanayin kimiyya na zamani da nazarin ruwan sama sun sami damar gano yanayin har ma da takamaiman lokacin fari a yankin, bayanan baki da rubuce-rubuce a cikin karni na baya ba su yi rikodin yunwa a duk wurare a duk lokacin fari ba. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1997, a kokarin tsara tarihin ruwan sama mai tsawo zuwa tarihin yunwa a Arewacin Najeriya, ya kammala cewa "mafi yawan yunwa na tarihi ya faru ne lokacin da karancin ruwan sama ya fadi kasa da sau 1.3 na daidaitattun ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na dogon lokaci don wani wuri. " [1] Shekarar 1982 zuwa 1984, alal misali, ya kasance mai lalacewa ga Mutanen Fula na Senegal, Mali da Nijar, da Tuareg na arewacin Mali da Nija. Jama'a ba wai kawai sun sha wahala a cikin shekarun 1968 zuwa 1974 ba, amma rashin iyawar mutane da yawa don sake gina garken ya lalata shekaru goma da suka gabata, tare da dalilai daban-daban kamar sauya ikon siyasa zuwa ga mutanen da suka zauna tare da 'yancin kai a cikin shekarun 1960, dangantakar iyakar Senegal da Mauritania, da kuma dogaro da Nijar akan faduwar farashin uranium na duniya wanda ya dace da mummunan yunwa. === 600-700 AD === Rubuce-rubucen zamani na yanayi a cikin Sahel sun fara ne da matafiya [[Musulmi]] na farko a farkon Lokacin zafi na zamani. Wadannan suna nuna cewa ruwan sama na Sahel ya kasance kadan a cikin ƙarni na 7 da 8 sannan ya karu sosai daga kimanin 800 AD. Akwai raguwar ruwan sama daga kimanin 1300 AD, amma karuwa a kusa da shekaru 200 bayan haka. === "Ƙaramin Ice Age" fari === Dangane da binciken fari na Yammacin Afirka wanda ya dogara da ruwan tafkin Ghana (ba asusun tarihi na shaidu ba) wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar Science a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009:<blockquote>Mafi kwanan nan daga cikin wadannan [yawan fari] sun faru ne tsakanin 1400 da 1750 AZ (550 zuwa 200 shekara B.P.), kama da lokacin Little Ice Age (LIA, 1400 zuwa 1850 AZ), sanannen lokaci lokacin da yanayin zafi na Arewa ya fi sanyi fiye da yanzu. Ya bambanta da binciken da ya gabata, wanda ya sake gina yanayin rigar a Gabashin Afirka a wannan lokacin, shaidar daga [[Tabkin Bosumtwi|Tafkin Bosumtwi]] tana tallafawa binciken da aka yi kwanan nan da ke nuna cewa wannan lokacin ya bushe. Shaidar fari na LIA ba ta iyakance ga Afirka ba, duk da haka. Rubuce-rubuce daga ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi, gami da tafkin zafi na yammacin Pacific, Tekun Larabawa, nahiyar Asiya, da Amurka ta Kudu duk suna nuna shaidar yanayin bushewa a wannan lokacin.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShanahanOverpeckAnchukaitisBeck2009">Shanahan, T. M.; Overpeck, J. T.; Anchukaitis, K. J.; Beck, JW; Cole, JE; Dettman, DL; Peck, JA; Scholz, CA; King, JW (2009). "Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa". ''Science''. '''324''' (5925): <span class="nowrap">377–</span>380. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..377S 2009Sci...324..377S]. [[CiteSeerX (identifier)|CiteSeerX]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.366.1394 10.1.1.366.1394]</span>. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1166352|10.1126/science.1166352]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19372429 19372429]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2679216 2679216].</cite></ref></blockquote> ==== 1640 ==== Babban fari na farko da aka rubuta a tarihi a Sahel ya faru ne a kusa da shekara ta 1640. Dangane da rahotanni na matafiya na Turai, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and Man in the Sahel during the Historical Period |url=http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219124305/http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl%3Bjsessionid%3D1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |archive-date=2010-12-19 |access-date=2008-06-19 |website=World Environmental Library}}</ref> babban fari bayan yanayin rigar gabaɗaya ya faru a cikin shekarun 1680. ==== 1740s da 1750s ==== Fari ya kashe dubban mutane a 1740s da 1750s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs 'Natural' Climate Trends |publisher=Ag.arizona.edu}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da "Great Famine" a arewacin Najeriya, Nijar da Mali.<ref name=Lovejoy1975>Paul E. Lovejoy and Stephen Baier. The Desert-Side Economy of the Central Sudan. IJ of African Historical Studies, 1975.</ref> === Fari na ƙarni na 20 === Na farko an fara auna ruwan sama a Sahel daga 1898. An samu fari a 1910s, sannan damina mai yawa a 1920s da 1930s. Shekarun 1940s sun samu ƙananan fari, amma 1950s sun kasance masu ruwan sama sosai. === Fari na ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 === Burkina Faso, arewacin Najeriya, Nijar, arewacin Kamaru da tsakiyar Chad sun fuskanci ƙarancin ruwan sama daga 1960s. Fari na 1968–73 ya jawo yunwa mai tsanani, ya kashe mutane 100,000 da dabbobi da dama.<ref>[https://www.wearewater.org/en/the-sahel-desertification-beyond-drought_318262 The Sahel, desertification beyond drought]</ref> A 1983–84 an samu ƙarancin ruwan sama mafi tsanani, amma tasirin ga mutane ya ragu saboda an samu hanyoyin rage tasiri.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/burkina-faso/west-africa-sahels-nutrition-revolution WEST AFRICA: The Sahel's nutrition revolution]</ref> === Fari na ƙarni na 21 === ==== 2010 Sahel drought ==== Daga Yuni zuwa Agusta 2010, yunwa ta shafi Sahel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drought threatens African humanitarian crisis - Channel 4 News}}</ref> A Nijar, amfanin gona ya lalace, mutane 350,000 sun fuskanci yunwa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Millions face starvation in west Africa, warn aid agencies |work=The Guardian |date=June 21, 2010}}</ref> ==== 2012 Sahel drought ==== A tsakiyar 2010, an yi hasashen wani fari a 2011 da 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Desertification in the Sahel |publisher=Oceanworld.tamu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SOS Sahel |publisher=Sahel.org.uk}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke iya taimakawa wajen haifar da fari == A da, an yi imani cewa farin da ya shafi yankin Sahel ya fi yawa saboda mutane suna amfani da albarkatun ƙasa fiye da kima ta hanyar kiwo da yawa, sare daji<ref>{{cite journal|author=J Odihi |title=Deforestation in afforestation priority zone in Sudano-Sahelian Nigeria|doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2003.08.004 |volume=23 |issue=4 |journal=Applied Geography |pages=227–259|year=2003 }}</ref> da kuma rashin kyakkyawan sarrafa ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eden Foundation |url=http://www.eden-foundation.org/project/desertif.html |title="Desertification - a threat to the Sahel", August 1994 |publisher=Eden-foundation.org |date=1992-11-07 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0801/p01s02-woaf.html |title=Hunger is spreading in Africa |publisher=Csmonitor.com |date=2005-08-01 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1990,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-19 |title=The Sahel: One region, many crises |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2013/sahel-one-region-many-crises |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Africa Renewal |language=en}}</ref> nazarin samfurin yanayi ya nuna cewa sauyin yanayi na duniya ma yana daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da fari. Dangane da zagayowar kogin Senegal da sauran wuraren a Sahel, Yousef da Ghilly a 2000 sun yi hasashen cewa akwai yiwuwar fari zai faru a yankin Sahel a cikin 2005±4 shekaru. Wannan hasashen ya tabbata yayin da fari ya faru a Niger a 2005 da kuma 2010.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yousef and Ghilly|title=Alert el Sahel countries; drought is approaching|work=virtualacademia.com |url=http://www.virtualacademia.com/pdf/cli209_220.pdf}}</ref> A 2002, bayan gano al’amari na global dimming, wani bincike na CSIRO<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |title=1970-85 Famine Blamed on Pollution |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-07.htm |access-date=2012-05-27 |date=2002-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601025414/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-07.htm |archive-date=2012-06-01 }} {{Cite journal|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2103:TRTATI>2.0.CO;2|title=Tropical Rainfall Trends and the Indirect Aerosol Effect|volume=15|issue=15|pages=2103–2116|last1=Rotstayn|first1=Leon D.|last2=Lohmann|first2=Ulrike|journal=Journal of Climate|date=August 2002|bibcode=2002JCli...15.2103R|s2cid=55802370|doi-access=free}}</ref> ya nuna cewa farin na iya zama sakamakon gurbatar iska daga Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka, wanda ya sauya halayen gajimare a saman Tekun Atlantika, ya katse damina kuma ya karkatar da ruwan sama zuwa kudu. A 2005, nazarin yanayi da NOAA / Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory suka yi ya nuna cewa farin Sahel na ƙarni na 20 ya fi yawa saboda sauyin yanayin teku da kuma haɗin sauyin yanayi na ɗabi’a da tasirin ɗan adam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Held |first1=I. M. |year=2005 |title=Simulation of Sahel drought in the 20th and 21st centuries |journal=PNAS |volume=102 |issue=50 |pages=17891–17896 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0509057102 |pmid=16322101 |pmc=1312412 |bibcode = 2005PNAS..10217891H |display-authors=2 |last2=Delworth |first2=T. L. |last3=Findell |first3=K. L. |last4=Knutson |first4=T. R. |doi-access=free }}</ref> Wannan ya danganta da ƙaruwa a iskar gas mai dumama duniya da kuma ƙaruwa a aerosols. Wani bincike a 2013 ya nuna cewa aerosols sun jawo sauyin Intertropical Convergence Zone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2013|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=94|issue=9|pages=S1–S74|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00085.1|bibcode=2013BAMS...94S...1P|last1=Peterson|first1=Thomas C.|title=Explaining Extreme Events of 2012 from a Climate Perspective|last2=Hoerling|first2=Martin P.|last3=Stott|first3=Peter A.|last4=Herring|first4=Stephanie C.|doi-access=free|hdl=10261/93203|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wannan sauyi ya bar yankunan da ke da ruwan sama a Afirka ta Tsakiya cikin bushewa.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin IPCC future scenario A2 (CO₂ ≈860 ppm), ana hasashen cewa ruwan sama a Sahel zai iya raguwa har zuwa 25% nan da 2100. Wani bincike na NOAA a 2006 ya nuna cewa Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) na taka muhimmiyar rawa. Lokacin AMO mai zafi yana ƙara ruwan sama a Sahel, yayin da lokacin sanyi ke rage shi.<ref name="Zhang2006">{{cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Rong |author2=Delworth, Thomas L. |year=2006 |title=Impact of Atlantic multidecadal oscillations on India/Sahel rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=33 |issue= 17|pages=L17712 |doi=10.1029/2006GL026267 |bibcode=2006GeoRL..3317712Z|s2cid=16588748 }}</ref> AMO ya shiga lokacin zafi a 1995 kuma ana hasashen zai kai kololuwa a kusa da 2020.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Enfield |first=David B. |author2=Cid-Serrano, Luis |title=Secular and multidecadal warmings in the North Atlantic and their relationships with major hurricane activity |journal=International Journal of Climatology |date=2010 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=174–184 |doi=10.1002/joc.1881|s2cid=18833210 }}</ref> Wani bincike a 2009 ya ƙara tabbatar da alaƙa tsakanin AMO da farin Afirka ta Yamma.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last1=Shanahan |first1=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |s2cid=2679216 }}</ref> Wani bincike a 2013 ya nuna cewa East Atlantic mode ma yana da tasiri ga ruwan sama a Sahel.<ref>Barandiaran and Wang (2013) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asl2.457/abstract</ref> [[File:Greening Sahel 1982-1999.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Sabon "greening" na Sahel daga 1982 zuwa 1999.]] Dawo da ruwan sama a Sahel tun daga shekarun 1990, wanda aka kira "Sahel Greening", ya danganta da ƙaruwa a African easterly jet da African easterly waves, wanda suka j == Manazarta == 8vi8vjm669tz211zagcah2vbbtz1lhc 841976 841975 2026-05-28T23:05:15Z Sirjat 20447 /* Abubuwan da ke iya taimakawa wajen haifar da fari */ 841976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Sahel_rainfall_timeseries_en.svg|thumb|Fiye da ƙarni guda na bayanan ruwan sama a cikin Sahel ya nuna lokacin da ba a saba gani ba daga 1950 har zuwa 1970 (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mai kyau), sannan shekaru masu bushewa sosai daga 1970 zuwa 1991. (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mara kyau). Daga 1990 har zuwa yanzu ruwan sama ya koma matakan da ke ƙasa da matsakaicin 1898-1993, amma bambancin shekara-shekara yana da yawa.]] [[Fayil:Map_of_the_Sahel.png|thumb|Taswirar girman Sahel]] Yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka ya daɗe yana fuskantar jerin fari na tarihi, wanda ya samo asali ne daga akalla karni na 17. Yankin Sahel yanki ne na yanayi wanda ke tsakanin [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]] zuwa kudu da hamadar Sahara zuwa arewa, a fadin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yamma]] da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Duk da yake ana zaton yawan fari a yankin ya karu daga ƙarshen karni na 19, fari mai tsawo guda uku sun sami mummunar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa a kan al'ummomin Sahel. Yunwa ta biyo bayan fari mai tsanani a cikin 1910s, 1940s, da 1960s, 1970s da 1980s, kodayake raguwar farfadowa ta faru daga 1975-80. Harshen da ya faru kwanan nan ya faru ne a shekarar 2012. Duk da yake aƙalla an tabbatar da fari mai tsanani a kowane ƙarni tun daga ƙarni na 17, yawanci da tsananin fari na Sahelian na baya-bayan nan sun fito fili. yunwa da rarrabuwa a kan babban sikelin - daga 1968 zuwa 1974 kuma a farkon da tsakiyar shekarun 1980 - an zarge su da spikes biyu a cikin tsananin lokacin fari na shekarun 1960-1980. Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980 yunwa ta kashe mutane 100,000, ta bar 750,000 masu dogaro da taimakon abinci, kuma ta shafi mafi yawan mutane miliyan 50 na Sahel. Tattalin arzikin, noma, dabbobi da yawan mutane na yawancin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Burkina Faso]] (wanda aka sani da Upper Volta a lokacin fari) sun yi mummunar tasiri. Kamar yadda ya kasance mai rushewa kamar yadda fari na ƙarshen karni na 20 ya kasance, shaidar fari da ta gabata da aka rubuta a cikin tafkin tafkin Ghana ta nuna cewa manyan rikice-rikice da yawa sun zama ruwan dare a Yammacin Afirka a cikin shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata kuma fari da yawa sun fi tsanani.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}</ref>&nbsp; Tun daga shekarun 1980s, ruwan sama na rani a cikin Sahel yana ƙaruwa; wannan an haɗa shi da ƙaruwa a cikin ciyayi, yana samar da abin da ake kira 'kore' na Sahel. Karin da aka lura a cikin ruwan sama an lissafa shi ta hanyar haɓaka a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka, wanda aka sani yana haifar da anomalies na rigar. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2011 ya gano cewa sauye-sauyen matsayi a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka da raƙuman ruwa na gabas sun kasance tare da ƙaura zuwa arewacin Sahel. == Tarihi == Saboda ruwan sama na Sahel yana da yawa a cikin ƙaramin lokaci na shekara, yankin yana da saurin rikicewa lokacin da fari ya faru tun lokacin da aikin gona ya bunkasa kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata. Sahel yana da alamar ruwan sama na kasa da millimeters 1,000 ko inci 40 a shekara, kusan duk abin da ke faruwa a cikin lokaci ɗaya mai ci gaba, wanda zai iya gudana daga makonni da yawa zuwa watanni huɗu. Duk da wannan rauni, tarihin fari da yunwa a Sahel ba su da cikakkiyar alaƙa. Duk da yake yanayin kimiyya na zamani da nazarin ruwan sama sun sami damar gano yanayin har ma da takamaiman lokacin fari a yankin, bayanan baki da rubuce-rubuce a cikin karni na baya ba su yi rikodin yunwa a duk wurare a duk lokacin fari ba. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1997, a kokarin tsara tarihin ruwan sama mai tsawo zuwa tarihin yunwa a Arewacin Najeriya, ya kammala cewa "mafi yawan yunwa na tarihi ya faru ne lokacin da karancin ruwan sama ya fadi kasa da sau 1.3 na daidaitattun ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na dogon lokaci don wani wuri. " [1] Shekarar 1982 zuwa 1984, alal misali, ya kasance mai lalacewa ga Mutanen Fula na Senegal, Mali da Nijar, da Tuareg na arewacin Mali da Nija. Jama'a ba wai kawai sun sha wahala a cikin shekarun 1968 zuwa 1974 ba, amma rashin iyawar mutane da yawa don sake gina garken ya lalata shekaru goma da suka gabata, tare da dalilai daban-daban kamar sauya ikon siyasa zuwa ga mutanen da suka zauna tare da 'yancin kai a cikin shekarun 1960, dangantakar iyakar Senegal da Mauritania, da kuma dogaro da Nijar akan faduwar farashin uranium na duniya wanda ya dace da mummunan yunwa. === 600-700 AD === Rubuce-rubucen zamani na yanayi a cikin Sahel sun fara ne da matafiya [[Musulmi]] na farko a farkon Lokacin zafi na zamani. Wadannan suna nuna cewa ruwan sama na Sahel ya kasance kadan a cikin ƙarni na 7 da 8 sannan ya karu sosai daga kimanin 800 AD. Akwai raguwar ruwan sama daga kimanin 1300 AD, amma karuwa a kusa da shekaru 200 bayan haka. === "Ƙaramin Ice Age" fari === Dangane da binciken fari na Yammacin Afirka wanda ya dogara da ruwan tafkin Ghana (ba asusun tarihi na shaidu ba) wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar Science a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009:<blockquote>Mafi kwanan nan daga cikin wadannan [yawan fari] sun faru ne tsakanin 1400 da 1750 AZ (550 zuwa 200 shekara B.P.), kama da lokacin Little Ice Age (LIA, 1400 zuwa 1850 AZ), sanannen lokaci lokacin da yanayin zafi na Arewa ya fi sanyi fiye da yanzu. Ya bambanta da binciken da ya gabata, wanda ya sake gina yanayin rigar a Gabashin Afirka a wannan lokacin, shaidar daga [[Tabkin Bosumtwi|Tafkin Bosumtwi]] tana tallafawa binciken da aka yi kwanan nan da ke nuna cewa wannan lokacin ya bushe. Shaidar fari na LIA ba ta iyakance ga Afirka ba, duk da haka. Rubuce-rubuce daga ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi, gami da tafkin zafi na yammacin Pacific, Tekun Larabawa, nahiyar Asiya, da Amurka ta Kudu duk suna nuna shaidar yanayin bushewa a wannan lokacin.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShanahanOverpeckAnchukaitisBeck2009">Shanahan, T. M.; Overpeck, J. T.; Anchukaitis, K. J.; Beck, JW; Cole, JE; Dettman, DL; Peck, JA; Scholz, CA; King, JW (2009). "Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa". ''Science''. '''324''' (5925): <span class="nowrap">377–</span>380. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..377S 2009Sci...324..377S]. [[CiteSeerX (identifier)|CiteSeerX]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.366.1394 10.1.1.366.1394]</span>. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1166352|10.1126/science.1166352]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19372429 19372429]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2679216 2679216].</cite></ref></blockquote> ==== 1640 ==== Babban fari na farko da aka rubuta a tarihi a Sahel ya faru ne a kusa da shekara ta 1640. Dangane da rahotanni na matafiya na Turai, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and Man in the Sahel during the Historical Period |url=http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219124305/http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl%3Bjsessionid%3D1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |archive-date=2010-12-19 |access-date=2008-06-19 |website=World Environmental Library}}</ref> babban fari bayan yanayin rigar gabaɗaya ya faru a cikin shekarun 1680. ==== 1740s da 1750s ==== Fari ya kashe dubban mutane a 1740s da 1750s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs 'Natural' Climate Trends |publisher=Ag.arizona.edu}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da "Great Famine" a arewacin Najeriya, Nijar da Mali.<ref name=Lovejoy1975>Paul E. Lovejoy and Stephen Baier. The Desert-Side Economy of the Central Sudan. IJ of African Historical Studies, 1975.</ref> === Fari na ƙarni na 20 === Na farko an fara auna ruwan sama a Sahel daga 1898. An samu fari a 1910s, sannan damina mai yawa a 1920s da 1930s. Shekarun 1940s sun samu ƙananan fari, amma 1950s sun kasance masu ruwan sama sosai. === Fari na ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 === Burkina Faso, arewacin Najeriya, Nijar, arewacin Kamaru da tsakiyar Chad sun fuskanci ƙarancin ruwan sama daga 1960s. Fari na 1968–73 ya jawo yunwa mai tsanani, ya kashe mutane 100,000 da dabbobi da dama.<ref>[https://www.wearewater.org/en/the-sahel-desertification-beyond-drought_318262 The Sahel, desertification beyond drought]</ref> A 1983–84 an samu ƙarancin ruwan sama mafi tsanani, amma tasirin ga mutane ya ragu saboda an samu hanyoyin rage tasiri.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/burkina-faso/west-africa-sahels-nutrition-revolution WEST AFRICA: The Sahel's nutrition revolution]</ref> === Fari na ƙarni na 21 === ==== 2010 Sahel drought ==== Daga Yuni zuwa Agusta 2010, yunwa ta shafi Sahel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drought threatens African humanitarian crisis - Channel 4 News}}</ref> A Nijar, amfanin gona ya lalace, mutane 350,000 sun fuskanci yunwa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Millions face starvation in west Africa, warn aid agencies |work=The Guardian |date=June 21, 2010}}</ref> ==== 2012 Sahel drought ==== A tsakiyar 2010, an yi hasashen wani fari a 2011 da 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Desertification in the Sahel |publisher=Oceanworld.tamu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SOS Sahel |publisher=Sahel.org.uk}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke iya taimakawa wajen haifar da fari == A da, an yi imani cewa farin da ya shafi yankin Sahel ya fi yawa saboda mutane suna amfani da albarkatun ƙasa fiye da kima ta hanyar kiwo da yawa, sare daji<ref>{{cite journal|author=J Odihi |title=Deforestation in afforestation priority zone in Sudano-Sahelian Nigeria|doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2003.08.004 |volume=23 |issue=4 |journal=Applied Geography |pages=227–259|year=2003 }}</ref> da kuma rashin kyakkyawan sarrafa ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eden Foundation |url=http://www.eden-foundation.org/project/desertif.html |title="Desertification - a threat to the Sahel", August 1994 |publisher=Eden-foundation.org |date=1992-11-07 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0801/p01s02-woaf.html |title=Hunger is spreading in Africa |publisher=Csmonitor.com |date=2005-08-01 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1990,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-19 |title=The Sahel: One region, many crises |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2013/sahel-one-region-many-crises |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Africa Renewal |language=en}}</ref> nazarin samfurin yanayi ya nuna cewa sauyin yanayi na duniya ma yana daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da fari. Dangane da zagayowar kogin Senegal da sauran wuraren a Sahel, Yousef da Ghilly a 2000 sun yi hasashen cewa akwai yiwuwar fari zai faru a yankin Sahel a cikin 2005±4 shekaru. Wannan hasashen ya tabbata yayin da fari ya faru a Niger a 2005 da kuma 2010.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yousef and Ghilly|title=Alert el Sahel countries; drought is approaching|work=virtualacademia.com |url=http://www.virtualacademia.com/pdf/cli209_220.pdf}}</ref> A 2002, bayan gano al’amari na global dimming, wani bincike na CSIRO<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |title=1970-85 Famine Blamed on Pollution |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-07.htm |access-date=2012-05-27 |date=2002-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601025414/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-07.htm |archive-date=2012-06-01 }} {{Cite journal|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2103:TRTATI>2.0.CO;2|title=Tropical Rainfall Trends and the Indirect Aerosol Effect|volume=15|issue=15|pages=2103–2116|last1=Rotstayn|first1=Leon D.|last2=Lohmann|first2=Ulrike|journal=Journal of Climate|date=August 2002|bibcode=2002JCli...15.2103R|s2cid=55802370|doi-access=free}}</ref> ya nuna cewa farin na iya zama sakamakon gurbatar iska daga Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka, wanda ya sauya halayen gajimare a saman Tekun Atlantika, ya katse damina kuma ya karkatar da ruwan sama zuwa kudu. A 2005, nazarin yanayi da NOAA / Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory suka yi ya nuna cewa farin Sahel na ƙarni na 20 ya fi yawa saboda sauyin yanayin teku da kuma haɗin sauyin yanayi na ɗabi’a da tasirin ɗan adam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Held |first1=I. M. |year=2005 |title=Simulation of Sahel drought in the 20th and 21st centuries |journal=PNAS |volume=102 |issue=50 |pages=17891–17896 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0509057102 |pmid=16322101 |pmc=1312412 |bibcode = 2005PNAS..10217891H |display-authors=2 |last2=Delworth |first2=T. L. |last3=Findell |first3=K. L. |last4=Knutson |first4=T. R. |doi-access=free }}</ref> Wannan ya danganta da ƙaruwa a iskar gas mai dumama duniya da kuma ƙaruwa a aerosols. Wani bincike a 2013 ya nuna cewa aerosols sun jawo sauyin Intertropical Convergence Zone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2013|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=94|issue=9|pages=S1–S74|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00085.1|bibcode=2013BAMS...94S...1P|last1=Peterson|first1=Thomas C.|title=Explaining Extreme Events of 2012 from a Climate Perspective|last2=Hoerling|first2=Martin P.|last3=Stott|first3=Peter A.|last4=Herring|first4=Stephanie C.|doi-access=free|hdl=10261/93203|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wannan sauyi ya bar yankunan da ke da ruwan sama a Afirka ta Tsakiya cikin bushewa.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin IPCC future scenario A2 (CO₂ ≈860 ppm), ana hasashen cewa ruwan sama a Sahel zai iya raguwa har zuwa 25% nan da 2100. Wani bincike na NOAA a 2006 ya nuna cewa Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) na taka muhimmiyar rawa. Lokacin AMO mai zafi yana ƙara ruwan sama a Sahel, yayin da lokacin sanyi ke rage shi.<ref name="Zhang2006">{{cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Rong |author2=Delworth, Thomas L. |year=2006 |title=Impact of Atlantic multidecadal oscillations on India/Sahel rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=33 |issue= 17|pages=L17712 |doi=10.1029/2006GL026267 |bibcode=2006GeoRL..3317712Z|s2cid=16588748 }}</ref> AMO ya shiga lokacin zafi a 1995 kuma ana hasashen zai kai kololuwa a kusa da 2020.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Enfield |first=David B. |author2=Cid-Serrano, Luis |title=Secular and multidecadal warmings in the North Atlantic and their relationships with major hurricane activity |journal=International Journal of Climatology |date=2010 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=174–184 |doi=10.1002/joc.1881|s2cid=18833210 }}</ref> Wani bincike a 2009 ya ƙara tabbatar da alaƙa tsakanin AMO da farin Afirka ta Yamma.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last1=Shanahan |first1=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |s2cid=2679216 }}</ref> Wani bincike a 2013 ya nuna cewa East Atlantic mode ma yana da tasiri ga ruwan sama a Sahel.<ref>Barandiaran and Wang (2013) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asl2.457/abstract</ref> [[File:Greening Sahel 1982-1999.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Sabon "greening" na Sahel daga 1982 zuwa 1999.]] Dawo da ruwan sama a Sahel tun daga shekarun 1990, wanda aka kira "Sahel Greening", ya danganta da ƙaruwa a African easterly jet da African easterly waves, wanda suka j ==Martanin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya== A shekarar 1973, Ofishin Sahel na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSO) an kafa shi domin magance matsalolin fari a yankin Sahel bayan faruwar farin Sahel na Yammacin Afirka daga 1968 zuwa 1973. A cikin shekarun 1990, an amince da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Yaki da Hamada (UNCCD) kuma UNSO ta zama Ofishin Shirin Cigaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Yaki da Hamada da Fari, yayin da aikinsa ya fadada zuwa matakin duniya maimakon mayar da hankali kawai kan Afirka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/drylands/history.html |title=Drylands Development Centre |publisher=UNDP |access-date=2012-09-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208081007/http://www.undp.org/drylands/history.html |archive-date=2012-02-08 }}</ref> == Manazarta == 1wv9v5muefcsryp3bxal5tcl37ywzot 841979 841976 2026-05-28T23:05:57Z Sirjat 20447 /* Manazarta */ 841979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Sahel_rainfall_timeseries_en.svg|thumb|Fiye da ƙarni guda na bayanan ruwan sama a cikin Sahel ya nuna lokacin da ba a saba gani ba daga 1950 har zuwa 1970 (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mai kyau), sannan shekaru masu bushewa sosai daga 1970 zuwa 1991. (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mara kyau). Daga 1990 har zuwa yanzu ruwan sama ya koma matakan da ke ƙasa da matsakaicin 1898-1993, amma bambancin shekara-shekara yana da yawa.]] [[Fayil:Map_of_the_Sahel.png|thumb|Taswirar girman Sahel]] Yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka ya daɗe yana fuskantar jerin fari na tarihi, wanda ya samo asali ne daga akalla karni na 17. Yankin Sahel yanki ne na yanayi wanda ke tsakanin [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]] zuwa kudu da hamadar Sahara zuwa arewa, a fadin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yamma]] da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Duk da yake ana zaton yawan fari a yankin ya karu daga ƙarshen karni na 19, fari mai tsawo guda uku sun sami mummunar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa a kan al'ummomin Sahel. Yunwa ta biyo bayan fari mai tsanani a cikin 1910s, 1940s, da 1960s, 1970s da 1980s, kodayake raguwar farfadowa ta faru daga 1975-80. Harshen da ya faru kwanan nan ya faru ne a shekarar 2012. Duk da yake aƙalla an tabbatar da fari mai tsanani a kowane ƙarni tun daga ƙarni na 17, yawanci da tsananin fari na Sahelian na baya-bayan nan sun fito fili. yunwa da rarrabuwa a kan babban sikelin - daga 1968 zuwa 1974 kuma a farkon da tsakiyar shekarun 1980 - an zarge su da spikes biyu a cikin tsananin lokacin fari na shekarun 1960-1980. Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980 yunwa ta kashe mutane 100,000, ta bar 750,000 masu dogaro da taimakon abinci, kuma ta shafi mafi yawan mutane miliyan 50 na Sahel. Tattalin arzikin, noma, dabbobi da yawan mutane na yawancin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Burkina Faso]] (wanda aka sani da Upper Volta a lokacin fari) sun yi mummunar tasiri. Kamar yadda ya kasance mai rushewa kamar yadda fari na ƙarshen karni na 20 ya kasance, shaidar fari da ta gabata da aka rubuta a cikin tafkin tafkin Ghana ta nuna cewa manyan rikice-rikice da yawa sun zama ruwan dare a Yammacin Afirka a cikin shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata kuma fari da yawa sun fi tsanani.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}</ref>&nbsp; Tun daga shekarun 1980s, ruwan sama na rani a cikin Sahel yana ƙaruwa; wannan an haɗa shi da ƙaruwa a cikin ciyayi, yana samar da abin da ake kira 'kore' na Sahel. Karin da aka lura a cikin ruwan sama an lissafa shi ta hanyar haɓaka a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka, wanda aka sani yana haifar da anomalies na rigar. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2011 ya gano cewa sauye-sauyen matsayi a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka da raƙuman ruwa na gabas sun kasance tare da ƙaura zuwa arewacin Sahel. == Tarihi == Saboda ruwan sama na Sahel yana da yawa a cikin ƙaramin lokaci na shekara, yankin yana da saurin rikicewa lokacin da fari ya faru tun lokacin da aikin gona ya bunkasa kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata. Sahel yana da alamar ruwan sama na kasa da millimeters 1,000 ko inci 40 a shekara, kusan duk abin da ke faruwa a cikin lokaci ɗaya mai ci gaba, wanda zai iya gudana daga makonni da yawa zuwa watanni huɗu. Duk da wannan rauni, tarihin fari da yunwa a Sahel ba su da cikakkiyar alaƙa. Duk da yake yanayin kimiyya na zamani da nazarin ruwan sama sun sami damar gano yanayin har ma da takamaiman lokacin fari a yankin, bayanan baki da rubuce-rubuce a cikin karni na baya ba su yi rikodin yunwa a duk wurare a duk lokacin fari ba. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1997, a kokarin tsara tarihin ruwan sama mai tsawo zuwa tarihin yunwa a Arewacin Najeriya, ya kammala cewa "mafi yawan yunwa na tarihi ya faru ne lokacin da karancin ruwan sama ya fadi kasa da sau 1.3 na daidaitattun ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na dogon lokaci don wani wuri. " [1] Shekarar 1982 zuwa 1984, alal misali, ya kasance mai lalacewa ga Mutanen Fula na Senegal, Mali da Nijar, da Tuareg na arewacin Mali da Nija. Jama'a ba wai kawai sun sha wahala a cikin shekarun 1968 zuwa 1974 ba, amma rashin iyawar mutane da yawa don sake gina garken ya lalata shekaru goma da suka gabata, tare da dalilai daban-daban kamar sauya ikon siyasa zuwa ga mutanen da suka zauna tare da 'yancin kai a cikin shekarun 1960, dangantakar iyakar Senegal da Mauritania, da kuma dogaro da Nijar akan faduwar farashin uranium na duniya wanda ya dace da mummunan yunwa. === 600-700 AD === Rubuce-rubucen zamani na yanayi a cikin Sahel sun fara ne da matafiya [[Musulmi]] na farko a farkon Lokacin zafi na zamani. Wadannan suna nuna cewa ruwan sama na Sahel ya kasance kadan a cikin ƙarni na 7 da 8 sannan ya karu sosai daga kimanin 800 AD. Akwai raguwar ruwan sama daga kimanin 1300 AD, amma karuwa a kusa da shekaru 200 bayan haka. === "Ƙaramin Ice Age" fari === Dangane da binciken fari na Yammacin Afirka wanda ya dogara da ruwan tafkin Ghana (ba asusun tarihi na shaidu ba) wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar Science a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009:<blockquote>Mafi kwanan nan daga cikin wadannan [yawan fari] sun faru ne tsakanin 1400 da 1750 AZ (550 zuwa 200 shekara B.P.), kama da lokacin Little Ice Age (LIA, 1400 zuwa 1850 AZ), sanannen lokaci lokacin da yanayin zafi na Arewa ya fi sanyi fiye da yanzu. Ya bambanta da binciken da ya gabata, wanda ya sake gina yanayin rigar a Gabashin Afirka a wannan lokacin, shaidar daga [[Tabkin Bosumtwi|Tafkin Bosumtwi]] tana tallafawa binciken da aka yi kwanan nan da ke nuna cewa wannan lokacin ya bushe. Shaidar fari na LIA ba ta iyakance ga Afirka ba, duk da haka. Rubuce-rubuce daga ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi, gami da tafkin zafi na yammacin Pacific, Tekun Larabawa, nahiyar Asiya, da Amurka ta Kudu duk suna nuna shaidar yanayin bushewa a wannan lokacin.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShanahanOverpeckAnchukaitisBeck2009">Shanahan, T. M.; Overpeck, J. T.; Anchukaitis, K. J.; Beck, JW; Cole, JE; Dettman, DL; Peck, JA; Scholz, CA; King, JW (2009). "Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa". ''Science''. '''324''' (5925): <span class="nowrap">377–</span>380. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..377S 2009Sci...324..377S]. [[CiteSeerX (identifier)|CiteSeerX]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.366.1394 10.1.1.366.1394]</span>. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1166352|10.1126/science.1166352]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19372429 19372429]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2679216 2679216].</cite></ref></blockquote> ==== 1640 ==== Babban fari na farko da aka rubuta a tarihi a Sahel ya faru ne a kusa da shekara ta 1640. Dangane da rahotanni na matafiya na Turai, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and Man in the Sahel during the Historical Period |url=http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219124305/http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl%3Bjsessionid%3D1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |archive-date=2010-12-19 |access-date=2008-06-19 |website=World Environmental Library}}</ref> babban fari bayan yanayin rigar gabaɗaya ya faru a cikin shekarun 1680. ==== 1740s da 1750s ==== Fari ya kashe dubban mutane a 1740s da 1750s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs 'Natural' Climate Trends |publisher=Ag.arizona.edu}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da "Great Famine" a arewacin Najeriya, Nijar da Mali.<ref name=Lovejoy1975>Paul E. Lovejoy and Stephen Baier. The Desert-Side Economy of the Central Sudan. IJ of African Historical Studies, 1975.</ref> === Fari na ƙarni na 20 === Na farko an fara auna ruwan sama a Sahel daga 1898. An samu fari a 1910s, sannan damina mai yawa a 1920s da 1930s. Shekarun 1940s sun samu ƙananan fari, amma 1950s sun kasance masu ruwan sama sosai. === Fari na ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 === Burkina Faso, arewacin Najeriya, Nijar, arewacin Kamaru da tsakiyar Chad sun fuskanci ƙarancin ruwan sama daga 1960s. Fari na 1968–73 ya jawo yunwa mai tsanani, ya kashe mutane 100,000 da dabbobi da dama.<ref>[https://www.wearewater.org/en/the-sahel-desertification-beyond-drought_318262 The Sahel, desertification beyond drought]</ref> A 1983–84 an samu ƙarancin ruwan sama mafi tsanani, amma tasirin ga mutane ya ragu saboda an samu hanyoyin rage tasiri.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/burkina-faso/west-africa-sahels-nutrition-revolution WEST AFRICA: The Sahel's nutrition revolution]</ref> === Fari na ƙarni na 21 === ==== 2010 Sahel drought ==== Daga Yuni zuwa Agusta 2010, yunwa ta shafi Sahel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drought threatens African humanitarian crisis - Channel 4 News}}</ref> A Nijar, amfanin gona ya lalace, mutane 350,000 sun fuskanci yunwa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Millions face starvation in west Africa, warn aid agencies |work=The Guardian |date=June 21, 2010}}</ref> ==== 2012 Sahel drought ==== A tsakiyar 2010, an yi hasashen wani fari a 2011 da 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Desertification in the Sahel |publisher=Oceanworld.tamu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SOS Sahel |publisher=Sahel.org.uk}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke iya taimakawa wajen haifar da fari == A da, an yi imani cewa farin da ya shafi yankin Sahel ya fi yawa saboda mutane suna amfani da albarkatun ƙasa fiye da kima ta hanyar kiwo da yawa, sare daji<ref>{{cite journal|author=J Odihi |title=Deforestation in afforestation priority zone in Sudano-Sahelian Nigeria|doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2003.08.004 |volume=23 |issue=4 |journal=Applied Geography |pages=227–259|year=2003 }}</ref> da kuma rashin kyakkyawan sarrafa ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eden Foundation |url=http://www.eden-foundation.org/project/desertif.html |title="Desertification - a threat to the Sahel", August 1994 |publisher=Eden-foundation.org |date=1992-11-07 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0801/p01s02-woaf.html |title=Hunger is spreading in Africa |publisher=Csmonitor.com |date=2005-08-01 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1990,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-19 |title=The Sahel: One region, many crises |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2013/sahel-one-region-many-crises |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Africa Renewal |language=en}}</ref> nazarin samfurin yanayi ya nuna cewa sauyin yanayi na duniya ma yana daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da fari. Dangane da zagayowar kogin Senegal da sauran wuraren a Sahel, Yousef da Ghilly a 2000 sun yi hasashen cewa akwai yiwuwar fari zai faru a yankin Sahel a cikin 2005±4 shekaru. Wannan hasashen ya tabbata yayin da fari ya faru a Niger a 2005 da kuma 2010.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yousef and Ghilly|title=Alert el Sahel countries; drought is approaching|work=virtualacademia.com |url=http://www.virtualacademia.com/pdf/cli209_220.pdf}}</ref> A 2002, bayan gano al’amari na global dimming, wani bincike na CSIRO<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |title=1970-85 Famine Blamed on Pollution |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-07.htm |access-date=2012-05-27 |date=2002-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601025414/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-07.htm |archive-date=2012-06-01 }} {{Cite journal|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2103:TRTATI>2.0.CO;2|title=Tropical Rainfall Trends and the Indirect Aerosol Effect|volume=15|issue=15|pages=2103–2116|last1=Rotstayn|first1=Leon D.|last2=Lohmann|first2=Ulrike|journal=Journal of Climate|date=August 2002|bibcode=2002JCli...15.2103R|s2cid=55802370|doi-access=free}}</ref> ya nuna cewa farin na iya zama sakamakon gurbatar iska daga Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka, wanda ya sauya halayen gajimare a saman Tekun Atlantika, ya katse damina kuma ya karkatar da ruwan sama zuwa kudu. A 2005, nazarin yanayi da NOAA / Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory suka yi ya nuna cewa farin Sahel na ƙarni na 20 ya fi yawa saboda sauyin yanayin teku da kuma haɗin sauyin yanayi na ɗabi’a da tasirin ɗan adam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Held |first1=I. M. |year=2005 |title=Simulation of Sahel drought in the 20th and 21st centuries |journal=PNAS |volume=102 |issue=50 |pages=17891–17896 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0509057102 |pmid=16322101 |pmc=1312412 |bibcode = 2005PNAS..10217891H |display-authors=2 |last2=Delworth |first2=T. L. |last3=Findell |first3=K. L. |last4=Knutson |first4=T. R. |doi-access=free }}</ref> Wannan ya danganta da ƙaruwa a iskar gas mai dumama duniya da kuma ƙaruwa a aerosols. Wani bincike a 2013 ya nuna cewa aerosols sun jawo sauyin Intertropical Convergence Zone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2013|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=94|issue=9|pages=S1–S74|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00085.1|bibcode=2013BAMS...94S...1P|last1=Peterson|first1=Thomas C.|title=Explaining Extreme Events of 2012 from a Climate Perspective|last2=Hoerling|first2=Martin P.|last3=Stott|first3=Peter A.|last4=Herring|first4=Stephanie C.|doi-access=free|hdl=10261/93203|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wannan sauyi ya bar yankunan da ke da ruwan sama a Afirka ta Tsakiya cikin bushewa.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin IPCC future scenario A2 (CO₂ ≈860 ppm), ana hasashen cewa ruwan sama a Sahel zai iya raguwa har zuwa 25% nan da 2100. Wani bincike na NOAA a 2006 ya nuna cewa Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) na taka muhimmiyar rawa. Lokacin AMO mai zafi yana ƙara ruwan sama a Sahel, yayin da lokacin sanyi ke rage shi.<ref name="Zhang2006">{{cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Rong |author2=Delworth, Thomas L. |year=2006 |title=Impact of Atlantic multidecadal oscillations on India/Sahel rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=33 |issue= 17|pages=L17712 |doi=10.1029/2006GL026267 |bibcode=2006GeoRL..3317712Z|s2cid=16588748 }}</ref> AMO ya shiga lokacin zafi a 1995 kuma ana hasashen zai kai kololuwa a kusa da 2020.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Enfield |first=David B. |author2=Cid-Serrano, Luis |title=Secular and multidecadal warmings in the North Atlantic and their relationships with major hurricane activity |journal=International Journal of Climatology |date=2010 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=174–184 |doi=10.1002/joc.1881|s2cid=18833210 }}</ref> Wani bincike a 2009 ya ƙara tabbatar da alaƙa tsakanin AMO da farin Afirka ta Yamma.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last1=Shanahan |first1=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |s2cid=2679216 }}</ref> Wani bincike a 2013 ya nuna cewa East Atlantic mode ma yana da tasiri ga ruwan sama a Sahel.<ref>Barandiaran and Wang (2013) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asl2.457/abstract</ref> [[File:Greening Sahel 1982-1999.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Sabon "greening" na Sahel daga 1982 zuwa 1999.]] Dawo da ruwan sama a Sahel tun daga shekarun 1990, wanda aka kira "Sahel Greening", ya danganta da ƙaruwa a African easterly jet da African easterly waves, wanda suka j ==Martanin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya== A shekarar 1973, Ofishin Sahel na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSO) an kafa shi domin magance matsalolin fari a yankin Sahel bayan faruwar farin Sahel na Yammacin Afirka daga 1968 zuwa 1973. A cikin shekarun 1990, an amince da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Yaki da Hamada (UNCCD) kuma UNSO ta zama Ofishin Shirin Cigaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Yaki da Hamada da Fari, yayin da aikinsa ya fadada zuwa matakin duniya maimakon mayar da hankali kawai kan Afirka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/drylands/history.html |title=Drylands Development Centre |publisher=UNDP |access-date=2012-09-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208081007/http://www.undp.org/drylands/history.html |archive-date=2012-02-08 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} kob4z6b012kkplvbhbos9e4kfd4bwqs 841980 841979 2026-05-28T23:06:16Z Sirjat 20447 /* Manazarta */ 841980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Sahel_rainfall_timeseries_en.svg|thumb|Fiye da ƙarni guda na bayanan ruwan sama a cikin Sahel ya nuna lokacin da ba a saba gani ba daga 1950 har zuwa 1970 (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mai kyau), sannan shekaru masu bushewa sosai daga 1970 zuwa 1991. (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mara kyau). Daga 1990 har zuwa yanzu ruwan sama ya koma matakan da ke ƙasa da matsakaicin 1898-1993, amma bambancin shekara-shekara yana da yawa.]] [[Fayil:Map_of_the_Sahel.png|thumb|Taswirar girman Sahel]] Yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka ya daɗe yana fuskantar jerin fari na tarihi, wanda ya samo asali ne daga akalla karni na 17. Yankin Sahel yanki ne na yanayi wanda ke tsakanin [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]] zuwa kudu da hamadar Sahara zuwa arewa, a fadin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yamma]] da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Duk da yake ana zaton yawan fari a yankin ya karu daga ƙarshen karni na 19, fari mai tsawo guda uku sun sami mummunar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa a kan al'ummomin Sahel. Yunwa ta biyo bayan fari mai tsanani a cikin 1910s, 1940s, da 1960s, 1970s da 1980s, kodayake raguwar farfadowa ta faru daga 1975-80. Harshen da ya faru kwanan nan ya faru ne a shekarar 2012. Duk da yake aƙalla an tabbatar da fari mai tsanani a kowane ƙarni tun daga ƙarni na 17, yawanci da tsananin fari na Sahelian na baya-bayan nan sun fito fili. yunwa da rarrabuwa a kan babban sikelin - daga 1968 zuwa 1974 kuma a farkon da tsakiyar shekarun 1980 - an zarge su da spikes biyu a cikin tsananin lokacin fari na shekarun 1960-1980. Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980 yunwa ta kashe mutane 100,000, ta bar 750,000 masu dogaro da taimakon abinci, kuma ta shafi mafi yawan mutane miliyan 50 na Sahel. Tattalin arzikin, noma, dabbobi da yawan mutane na yawancin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Burkina Faso]] (wanda aka sani da Upper Volta a lokacin fari) sun yi mummunar tasiri. Kamar yadda ya kasance mai rushewa kamar yadda fari na ƙarshen karni na 20 ya kasance, shaidar fari da ta gabata da aka rubuta a cikin tafkin tafkin Ghana ta nuna cewa manyan rikice-rikice da yawa sun zama ruwan dare a Yammacin Afirka a cikin shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata kuma fari da yawa sun fi tsanani.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}</ref>&nbsp; Tun daga shekarun 1980s, ruwan sama na rani a cikin Sahel yana ƙaruwa; wannan an haɗa shi da ƙaruwa a cikin ciyayi, yana samar da abin da ake kira 'kore' na Sahel. Karin da aka lura a cikin ruwan sama an lissafa shi ta hanyar haɓaka a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka, wanda aka sani yana haifar da anomalies na rigar. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2011 ya gano cewa sauye-sauyen matsayi a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka da raƙuman ruwa na gabas sun kasance tare da ƙaura zuwa arewacin Sahel. == Tarihi == Saboda ruwan sama na Sahel yana da yawa a cikin ƙaramin lokaci na shekara, yankin yana da saurin rikicewa lokacin da fari ya faru tun lokacin da aikin gona ya bunkasa kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata. Sahel yana da alamar ruwan sama na kasa da millimeters 1,000 ko inci 40 a shekara, kusan duk abin da ke faruwa a cikin lokaci ɗaya mai ci gaba, wanda zai iya gudana daga makonni da yawa zuwa watanni huɗu. Duk da wannan rauni, tarihin fari da yunwa a Sahel ba su da cikakkiyar alaƙa. Duk da yake yanayin kimiyya na zamani da nazarin ruwan sama sun sami damar gano yanayin har ma da takamaiman lokacin fari a yankin, bayanan baki da rubuce-rubuce a cikin karni na baya ba su yi rikodin yunwa a duk wurare a duk lokacin fari ba. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1997, a kokarin tsara tarihin ruwan sama mai tsawo zuwa tarihin yunwa a Arewacin Najeriya, ya kammala cewa "mafi yawan yunwa na tarihi ya faru ne lokacin da karancin ruwan sama ya fadi kasa da sau 1.3 na daidaitattun ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na dogon lokaci don wani wuri. " [1] Shekarar 1982 zuwa 1984, alal misali, ya kasance mai lalacewa ga Mutanen Fula na Senegal, Mali da Nijar, da Tuareg na arewacin Mali da Nija. Jama'a ba wai kawai sun sha wahala a cikin shekarun 1968 zuwa 1974 ba, amma rashin iyawar mutane da yawa don sake gina garken ya lalata shekaru goma da suka gabata, tare da dalilai daban-daban kamar sauya ikon siyasa zuwa ga mutanen da suka zauna tare da 'yancin kai a cikin shekarun 1960, dangantakar iyakar Senegal da Mauritania, da kuma dogaro da Nijar akan faduwar farashin uranium na duniya wanda ya dace da mummunan yunwa. === 600-700 AD === Rubuce-rubucen zamani na yanayi a cikin Sahel sun fara ne da matafiya [[Musulmi]] na farko a farkon Lokacin zafi na zamani. Wadannan suna nuna cewa ruwan sama na Sahel ya kasance kadan a cikin ƙarni na 7 da 8 sannan ya karu sosai daga kimanin 800 AD. Akwai raguwar ruwan sama daga kimanin 1300 AD, amma karuwa a kusa da shekaru 200 bayan haka. === "Ƙaramin Ice Age" fari === Dangane da binciken fari na Yammacin Afirka wanda ya dogara da ruwan tafkin Ghana (ba asusun tarihi na shaidu ba) wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar Science a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009:<blockquote>Mafi kwanan nan daga cikin wadannan [yawan fari] sun faru ne tsakanin 1400 da 1750 AZ (550 zuwa 200 shekara B.P.), kama da lokacin Little Ice Age (LIA, 1400 zuwa 1850 AZ), sanannen lokaci lokacin da yanayin zafi na Arewa ya fi sanyi fiye da yanzu. Ya bambanta da binciken da ya gabata, wanda ya sake gina yanayin rigar a Gabashin Afirka a wannan lokacin, shaidar daga [[Tabkin Bosumtwi|Tafkin Bosumtwi]] tana tallafawa binciken da aka yi kwanan nan da ke nuna cewa wannan lokacin ya bushe. Shaidar fari na LIA ba ta iyakance ga Afirka ba, duk da haka. Rubuce-rubuce daga ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi, gami da tafkin zafi na yammacin Pacific, Tekun Larabawa, nahiyar Asiya, da Amurka ta Kudu duk suna nuna shaidar yanayin bushewa a wannan lokacin.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShanahanOverpeckAnchukaitisBeck2009">Shanahan, T. M.; Overpeck, J. T.; Anchukaitis, K. J.; Beck, JW; Cole, JE; Dettman, DL; Peck, JA; Scholz, CA; King, JW (2009). "Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa". ''Science''. '''324''' (5925): <span class="nowrap">377–</span>380. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..377S 2009Sci...324..377S]. [[CiteSeerX (identifier)|CiteSeerX]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.366.1394 10.1.1.366.1394]</span>. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1166352|10.1126/science.1166352]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19372429 19372429]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2679216 2679216].</cite></ref></blockquote> ==== 1640 ==== Babban fari na farko da aka rubuta a tarihi a Sahel ya faru ne a kusa da shekara ta 1640. Dangane da rahotanni na matafiya na Turai, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and Man in the Sahel during the Historical Period |url=http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219124305/http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl%3Bjsessionid%3D1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |archive-date=2010-12-19 |access-date=2008-06-19 |website=World Environmental Library}}</ref> babban fari bayan yanayin rigar gabaɗaya ya faru a cikin shekarun 1680. ==== 1740s da 1750s ==== Fari ya kashe dubban mutane a 1740s da 1750s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs 'Natural' Climate Trends |publisher=Ag.arizona.edu}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da "Great Famine" a arewacin Najeriya, Nijar da Mali.<ref name=Lovejoy1975>Paul E. Lovejoy and Stephen Baier. The Desert-Side Economy of the Central Sudan. IJ of African Historical Studies, 1975.</ref> === Fari na ƙarni na 20 === Na farko an fara auna ruwan sama a Sahel daga 1898. An samu fari a 1910s, sannan damina mai yawa a 1920s da 1930s. Shekarun 1940s sun samu ƙananan fari, amma 1950s sun kasance masu ruwan sama sosai. === Fari na ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 === Burkina Faso, arewacin Najeriya, Nijar, arewacin Kamaru da tsakiyar Chad sun fuskanci ƙarancin ruwan sama daga 1960s. Fari na 1968–73 ya jawo yunwa mai tsanani, ya kashe mutane 100,000 da dabbobi da dama.<ref>[https://www.wearewater.org/en/the-sahel-desertification-beyond-drought_318262 The Sahel, desertification beyond drought]</ref> A 1983–84 an samu ƙarancin ruwan sama mafi tsanani, amma tasirin ga mutane ya ragu saboda an samu hanyoyin rage tasiri.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/burkina-faso/west-africa-sahels-nutrition-revolution WEST AFRICA: The Sahel's nutrition revolution]</ref> === Fari na ƙarni na 21 === ==== 2010 Sahel drought ==== Daga Yuni zuwa Agusta 2010, yunwa ta shafi Sahel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drought threatens African humanitarian crisis - Channel 4 News}}</ref> A Nijar, amfanin gona ya lalace, mutane 350,000 sun fuskanci yunwa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Millions face starvation in west Africa, warn aid agencies |work=The Guardian |date=June 21, 2010}}</ref> ==== 2012 Sahel drought ==== A tsakiyar 2010, an yi hasashen wani fari a 2011 da 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Desertification in the Sahel |publisher=Oceanworld.tamu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SOS Sahel |publisher=Sahel.org.uk}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke iya taimakawa wajen haifar da fari == A da, an yi imani cewa farin da ya shafi yankin Sahel ya fi yawa saboda mutane suna amfani da albarkatun ƙasa fiye da kima ta hanyar kiwo da yawa, sare daji<ref>{{cite journal|author=J Odihi |title=Deforestation in afforestation priority zone in Sudano-Sahelian Nigeria|doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2003.08.004 |volume=23 |issue=4 |journal=Applied Geography |pages=227–259|year=2003 }}</ref> da kuma rashin kyakkyawan sarrafa ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eden Foundation |url=http://www.eden-foundation.org/project/desertif.html |title="Desertification - a threat to the Sahel", August 1994 |publisher=Eden-foundation.org |date=1992-11-07 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0801/p01s02-woaf.html |title=Hunger is spreading in Africa |publisher=Csmonitor.com |date=2005-08-01 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1990,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-19 |title=The Sahel: One region, many crises |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2013/sahel-one-region-many-crises |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Africa Renewal |language=en}}</ref> nazarin samfurin yanayi ya nuna cewa sauyin yanayi na duniya ma yana daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da fari. Dangane da zagayowar kogin Senegal da sauran wuraren a Sahel, Yousef da Ghilly a 2000 sun yi hasashen cewa akwai yiwuwar fari zai faru a yankin Sahel a cikin 2005±4 shekaru. Wannan hasashen ya tabbata yayin da fari ya faru a Niger a 2005 da kuma 2010.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yousef and Ghilly|title=Alert el Sahel countries; drought is approaching|work=virtualacademia.com |url=http://www.virtualacademia.com/pdf/cli209_220.pdf}}</ref> A 2002, bayan gano al’amari na global dimming, wani bincike na CSIRO<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |title=1970-85 Famine Blamed on Pollution |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-07.htm |access-date=2012-05-27 |date=2002-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601025414/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-07.htm |archive-date=2012-06-01 }} {{Cite journal|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2103:TRTATI>2.0.CO;2|title=Tropical Rainfall Trends and the Indirect Aerosol Effect|volume=15|issue=15|pages=2103–2116|last1=Rotstayn|first1=Leon D.|last2=Lohmann|first2=Ulrike|journal=Journal of Climate|date=August 2002|bibcode=2002JCli...15.2103R|s2cid=55802370|doi-access=free}}</ref> ya nuna cewa farin na iya zama sakamakon gurbatar iska daga Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka, wanda ya sauya halayen gajimare a saman Tekun Atlantika, ya katse damina kuma ya karkatar da ruwan sama zuwa kudu. A 2005, nazarin yanayi da NOAA / Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory suka yi ya nuna cewa farin Sahel na ƙarni na 20 ya fi yawa saboda sauyin yanayin teku da kuma haɗin sauyin yanayi na ɗabi’a da tasirin ɗan adam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Held |first1=I. M. |year=2005 |title=Simulation of Sahel drought in the 20th and 21st centuries |journal=PNAS |volume=102 |issue=50 |pages=17891–17896 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0509057102 |pmid=16322101 |pmc=1312412 |bibcode = 2005PNAS..10217891H |display-authors=2 |last2=Delworth |first2=T. L. |last3=Findell |first3=K. L. |last4=Knutson |first4=T. R. |doi-access=free }}</ref> Wannan ya danganta da ƙaruwa a iskar gas mai dumama duniya da kuma ƙaruwa a aerosols. Wani bincike a 2013 ya nuna cewa aerosols sun jawo sauyin Intertropical Convergence Zone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2013|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=94|issue=9|pages=S1–S74|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00085.1|bibcode=2013BAMS...94S...1P|last1=Peterson|first1=Thomas C.|title=Explaining Extreme Events of 2012 from a Climate Perspective|last2=Hoerling|first2=Martin P.|last3=Stott|first3=Peter A.|last4=Herring|first4=Stephanie C.|doi-access=free|hdl=10261/93203|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wannan sauyi ya bar yankunan da ke da ruwan sama a Afirka ta Tsakiya cikin bushewa.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin IPCC future scenario A2 (CO₂ ≈860 ppm), ana hasashen cewa ruwan sama a Sahel zai iya raguwa har zuwa 25% nan da 2100. Wani bincike na NOAA a 2006 ya nuna cewa Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) na taka muhimmiyar rawa. Lokacin AMO mai zafi yana ƙara ruwan sama a Sahel, yayin da lokacin sanyi ke rage shi.<ref name="Zhang2006">{{cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Rong |author2=Delworth, Thomas L. |year=2006 |title=Impact of Atlantic multidecadal oscillations on India/Sahel rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=33 |issue= 17|pages=L17712 |doi=10.1029/2006GL026267 |bibcode=2006GeoRL..3317712Z|s2cid=16588748 }}</ref> AMO ya shiga lokacin zafi a 1995 kuma ana hasashen zai kai kololuwa a kusa da 2020.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Enfield |first=David B. |author2=Cid-Serrano, Luis |title=Secular and multidecadal warmings in the North Atlantic and their relationships with major hurricane activity |journal=International Journal of Climatology |date=2010 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=174–184 |doi=10.1002/joc.1881|s2cid=18833210 }}</ref> Wani bincike a 2009 ya ƙara tabbatar da alaƙa tsakanin AMO da farin Afirka ta Yamma.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last1=Shanahan |first1=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |s2cid=2679216 }}</ref> Wani bincike a 2013 ya nuna cewa East Atlantic mode ma yana da tasiri ga ruwan sama a Sahel.<ref>Barandiaran and Wang (2013) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asl2.457/abstract</ref> [[File:Greening Sahel 1982-1999.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Sabon "greening" na Sahel daga 1982 zuwa 1999.]] Dawo da ruwan sama a Sahel tun daga shekarun 1990, wanda aka kira "Sahel Greening", ya danganta da ƙaruwa a African easterly jet da African easterly waves, wanda suka j ==Martanin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya== A shekarar 1973, Ofishin Sahel na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSO) an kafa shi domin magance matsalolin fari a yankin Sahel bayan faruwar farin Sahel na Yammacin Afirka daga 1968 zuwa 1973. A cikin shekarun 1990, an amince da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Yaki da Hamada (UNCCD) kuma UNSO ta zama Ofishin Shirin Cigaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Yaki da Hamada da Fari, yayin da aikinsa ya fadada zuwa matakin duniya maimakon mayar da hankali kawai kan Afirka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/drylands/history.html |title=Drylands Development Centre |publisher=UNDP |access-date=2012-09-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208081007/http://www.undp.org/drylands/history.html |archive-date=2012-02-08 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ==Ƙara karatu== * {{Cite journal | last1=Dai | first1=A. | last2=Lamb | first2=P.J. | last3=Trenberth | first3=K.E. | last4=Hulme | first4=M. | last5=Jones | first5=P.D. | last6=Xie | first6=P. | year=2004 | title=The recent Sahel drought is real | journal=International Journal of Climatology | volume=24 | issue=11 | pages=1323–1331 | url= http://www.mikehulme.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/2004-dai-et-al-sahel.pdf | doi= 10.1002/joc.1083 |bibcode = 2004IJCli..24.1323D | s2cid=6955930 }}. * {{Cite journal |last1=Folland |first1=C. K. |last2=Palmer |first2=T. N. |last3=Parker |first3=D. E. |year=1986 |title=Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperatures, 1901−85 |journal=Nature |volume=320 |issue=6063 |pages=602&ndash;607 |doi=10.1038/320602a0 |bibcode = 1986Natur.320..602F |s2cid=4231823 }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Giannini |first1=A. |last2=Saravanan |first2=R. |last3=Chang |first3=P. |year=2003 |title=Oceanic Forcing of Sahel Rainfall on Interannual to Interdecadal Time Scales |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5647 |pages=1027&ndash;1030 |doi=10.1126/science.1089357 |pmid=14551320 |bibcode = 2003Sci...302.1027G |s2cid=25009125 }} * {{Cite book |editor-first=Michael H. |editor-last=Glantz |title=The Politics of Natural Disasters: The Case of the Sahel Drought |location=New York |publisher=Praeger |year=1976 }} 1vtqb7v3n9fkqgeaofho96jopgxju72 841982 841980 2026-05-28T23:07:01Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ƙara karatu */ 841982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Sahel_rainfall_timeseries_en.svg|thumb|Fiye da ƙarni guda na bayanan ruwan sama a cikin Sahel ya nuna lokacin da ba a saba gani ba daga 1950 har zuwa 1970 (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mai kyau), sannan shekaru masu bushewa sosai daga 1970 zuwa 1991. (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mara kyau). Daga 1990 har zuwa yanzu ruwan sama ya koma matakan da ke ƙasa da matsakaicin 1898-1993, amma bambancin shekara-shekara yana da yawa.]] [[Fayil:Map_of_the_Sahel.png|thumb|Taswirar girman Sahel]] Yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka ya daɗe yana fuskantar jerin fari na tarihi, wanda ya samo asali ne daga akalla karni na 17. Yankin Sahel yanki ne na yanayi wanda ke tsakanin [[Gandun daji na Sudan|Savanna na Sudan]] zuwa kudu da hamadar Sahara zuwa arewa, a fadin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yamma]] da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Duk da yake ana zaton yawan fari a yankin ya karu daga ƙarshen karni na 19, fari mai tsawo guda uku sun sami mummunar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa a kan al'ummomin Sahel. Yunwa ta biyo bayan fari mai tsanani a cikin 1910s, 1940s, da 1960s, 1970s da 1980s, kodayake raguwar farfadowa ta faru daga 1975-80. Harshen da ya faru kwanan nan ya faru ne a shekarar 2012. Duk da yake aƙalla an tabbatar da fari mai tsanani a kowane ƙarni tun daga ƙarni na 17, yawanci da tsananin fari na Sahelian na baya-bayan nan sun fito fili. yunwa da rarrabuwa a kan babban sikelin - daga 1968 zuwa 1974 kuma a farkon da tsakiyar shekarun 1980 - an zarge su da spikes biyu a cikin tsananin lokacin fari na shekarun 1960-1980. Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980 yunwa ta kashe mutane 100,000, ta bar 750,000 masu dogaro da taimakon abinci, kuma ta shafi mafi yawan mutane miliyan 50 na Sahel. Tattalin arzikin, noma, dabbobi da yawan mutane na yawancin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Burkina Faso]] (wanda aka sani da Upper Volta a lokacin fari) sun yi mummunar tasiri. Kamar yadda ya kasance mai rushewa kamar yadda fari na ƙarshen karni na 20 ya kasance, shaidar fari da ta gabata da aka rubuta a cikin tafkin tafkin Ghana ta nuna cewa manyan rikice-rikice da yawa sun zama ruwan dare a Yammacin Afirka a cikin shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata kuma fari da yawa sun fi tsanani.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}</ref>&nbsp; Tun daga shekarun 1980s, ruwan sama na rani a cikin Sahel yana ƙaruwa; wannan an haɗa shi da ƙaruwa a cikin ciyayi, yana samar da abin da ake kira 'kore' na Sahel. Karin da aka lura a cikin ruwan sama an lissafa shi ta hanyar haɓaka a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka, wanda aka sani yana haifar da anomalies na rigar. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2011 ya gano cewa sauye-sauyen matsayi a cikin jet na gabas na Afirka da raƙuman ruwa na gabas sun kasance tare da ƙaura zuwa arewacin Sahel. == Tarihi == Saboda ruwan sama na Sahel yana da yawa a cikin ƙaramin lokaci na shekara, yankin yana da saurin rikicewa lokacin da fari ya faru tun lokacin da aikin gona ya bunkasa kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata. Sahel yana da alamar ruwan sama na kasa da millimeters 1,000 ko inci 40 a shekara, kusan duk abin da ke faruwa a cikin lokaci ɗaya mai ci gaba, wanda zai iya gudana daga makonni da yawa zuwa watanni huɗu. Duk da wannan rauni, tarihin fari da yunwa a Sahel ba su da cikakkiyar alaƙa. Duk da yake yanayin kimiyya na zamani da nazarin ruwan sama sun sami damar gano yanayin har ma da takamaiman lokacin fari a yankin, bayanan baki da rubuce-rubuce a cikin karni na baya ba su yi rikodin yunwa a duk wurare a duk lokacin fari ba. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1997, a kokarin tsara tarihin ruwan sama mai tsawo zuwa tarihin yunwa a Arewacin Najeriya, ya kammala cewa "mafi yawan yunwa na tarihi ya faru ne lokacin da karancin ruwan sama ya fadi kasa da sau 1.3 na daidaitattun ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na dogon lokaci don wani wuri. " [1] Shekarar 1982 zuwa 1984, alal misali, ya kasance mai lalacewa ga Mutanen Fula na Senegal, Mali da Nijar, da Tuareg na arewacin Mali da Nija. Jama'a ba wai kawai sun sha wahala a cikin shekarun 1968 zuwa 1974 ba, amma rashin iyawar mutane da yawa don sake gina garken ya lalata shekaru goma da suka gabata, tare da dalilai daban-daban kamar sauya ikon siyasa zuwa ga mutanen da suka zauna tare da 'yancin kai a cikin shekarun 1960, dangantakar iyakar Senegal da Mauritania, da kuma dogaro da Nijar akan faduwar farashin uranium na duniya wanda ya dace da mummunan yunwa. === 600-700 AD === Rubuce-rubucen zamani na yanayi a cikin Sahel sun fara ne da matafiya [[Musulmi]] na farko a farkon Lokacin zafi na zamani. Wadannan suna nuna cewa ruwan sama na Sahel ya kasance kadan a cikin ƙarni na 7 da 8 sannan ya karu sosai daga kimanin 800 AD. Akwai raguwar ruwan sama daga kimanin 1300 AD, amma karuwa a kusa da shekaru 200 bayan haka. === "Ƙaramin Ice Age" fari === Dangane da binciken fari na Yammacin Afirka wanda ya dogara da ruwan tafkin Ghana (ba asusun tarihi na shaidu ba) wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar Science a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009:<blockquote>Mafi kwanan nan daga cikin wadannan [yawan fari] sun faru ne tsakanin 1400 da 1750 AZ (550 zuwa 200 shekara B.P.), kama da lokacin Little Ice Age (LIA, 1400 zuwa 1850 AZ), sanannen lokaci lokacin da yanayin zafi na Arewa ya fi sanyi fiye da yanzu. Ya bambanta da binciken da ya gabata, wanda ya sake gina yanayin rigar a Gabashin Afirka a wannan lokacin, shaidar daga [[Tabkin Bosumtwi|Tafkin Bosumtwi]] tana tallafawa binciken da aka yi kwanan nan da ke nuna cewa wannan lokacin ya bushe. Shaidar fari na LIA ba ta iyakance ga Afirka ba, duk da haka. Rubuce-rubuce daga ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi, gami da tafkin zafi na yammacin Pacific, Tekun Larabawa, nahiyar Asiya, da Amurka ta Kudu duk suna nuna shaidar yanayin bushewa a wannan lokacin.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last=Shanahan |first=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShanahanOverpeckAnchukaitisBeck2009">Shanahan, T. M.; Overpeck, J. T.; Anchukaitis, K. J.; Beck, JW; Cole, JE; Dettman, DL; Peck, JA; Scholz, CA; King, JW (2009). "Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa". ''Science''. '''324''' (5925): <span class="nowrap">377–</span>380. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..377S 2009Sci...324..377S]. [[CiteSeerX (identifier)|CiteSeerX]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.366.1394 10.1.1.366.1394]</span>. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1166352|10.1126/science.1166352]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19372429 19372429]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2679216 2679216].</cite></ref></blockquote> ==== 1640 ==== Babban fari na farko da aka rubuta a tarihi a Sahel ya faru ne a kusa da shekara ta 1640. Dangane da rahotanni na matafiya na Turai, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and Man in the Sahel during the Historical Period |url=http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219124305/http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl%3Bjsessionid%3D1AB0DFF58D047EC9E8B55C523A65856F?a=d&d=HASH99771026b305b974da2200.7&c=envl&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= |archive-date=2010-12-19 |access-date=2008-06-19 |website=World Environmental Library}}</ref> babban fari bayan yanayin rigar gabaɗaya ya faru a cikin shekarun 1680. ==== 1740s da 1750s ==== Fari ya kashe dubban mutane a 1740s da 1750s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs 'Natural' Climate Trends |publisher=Ag.arizona.edu}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da "Great Famine" a arewacin Najeriya, Nijar da Mali.<ref name=Lovejoy1975>Paul E. Lovejoy and Stephen Baier. The Desert-Side Economy of the Central Sudan. IJ of African Historical Studies, 1975.</ref> === Fari na ƙarni na 20 === Na farko an fara auna ruwan sama a Sahel daga 1898. An samu fari a 1910s, sannan damina mai yawa a 1920s da 1930s. Shekarun 1940s sun samu ƙananan fari, amma 1950s sun kasance masu ruwan sama sosai. === Fari na ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 === Burkina Faso, arewacin Najeriya, Nijar, arewacin Kamaru da tsakiyar Chad sun fuskanci ƙarancin ruwan sama daga 1960s. Fari na 1968–73 ya jawo yunwa mai tsanani, ya kashe mutane 100,000 da dabbobi da dama.<ref>[https://www.wearewater.org/en/the-sahel-desertification-beyond-drought_318262 The Sahel, desertification beyond drought]</ref> A 1983–84 an samu ƙarancin ruwan sama mafi tsanani, amma tasirin ga mutane ya ragu saboda an samu hanyoyin rage tasiri.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/burkina-faso/west-africa-sahels-nutrition-revolution WEST AFRICA: The Sahel's nutrition revolution]</ref> === Fari na ƙarni na 21 === ==== 2010 Sahel drought ==== Daga Yuni zuwa Agusta 2010, yunwa ta shafi Sahel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drought threatens African humanitarian crisis - Channel 4 News}}</ref> A Nijar, amfanin gona ya lalace, mutane 350,000 sun fuskanci yunwa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Millions face starvation in west Africa, warn aid agencies |work=The Guardian |date=June 21, 2010}}</ref> ==== 2012 Sahel drought ==== A tsakiyar 2010, an yi hasashen wani fari a 2011 da 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Desertification in the Sahel |publisher=Oceanworld.tamu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SOS Sahel |publisher=Sahel.org.uk}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke iya taimakawa wajen haifar da fari == A da, an yi imani cewa farin da ya shafi yankin Sahel ya fi yawa saboda mutane suna amfani da albarkatun ƙasa fiye da kima ta hanyar kiwo da yawa, sare daji<ref>{{cite journal|author=J Odihi |title=Deforestation in afforestation priority zone in Sudano-Sahelian Nigeria|doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2003.08.004 |volume=23 |issue=4 |journal=Applied Geography |pages=227–259|year=2003 }}</ref> da kuma rashin kyakkyawan sarrafa ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eden Foundation |url=http://www.eden-foundation.org/project/desertif.html |title="Desertification - a threat to the Sahel", August 1994 |publisher=Eden-foundation.org |date=1992-11-07 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0801/p01s02-woaf.html |title=Hunger is spreading in Africa |publisher=Csmonitor.com |date=2005-08-01 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1990,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-19 |title=The Sahel: One region, many crises |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2013/sahel-one-region-many-crises |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Africa Renewal |language=en}}</ref> nazarin samfurin yanayi ya nuna cewa sauyin yanayi na duniya ma yana daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da fari. Dangane da zagayowar kogin Senegal da sauran wuraren a Sahel, Yousef da Ghilly a 2000 sun yi hasashen cewa akwai yiwuwar fari zai faru a yankin Sahel a cikin 2005±4 shekaru. Wannan hasashen ya tabbata yayin da fari ya faru a Niger a 2005 da kuma 2010.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yousef and Ghilly|title=Alert el Sahel countries; drought is approaching|work=virtualacademia.com |url=http://www.virtualacademia.com/pdf/cli209_220.pdf}}</ref> A 2002, bayan gano al’amari na global dimming, wani bincike na CSIRO<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |title=1970-85 Famine Blamed on Pollution |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-07.htm |access-date=2012-05-27 |date=2002-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601025414/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-07.htm |archive-date=2012-06-01 }} {{Cite journal|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2103:TRTATI>2.0.CO;2|title=Tropical Rainfall Trends and the Indirect Aerosol Effect|volume=15|issue=15|pages=2103–2116|last1=Rotstayn|first1=Leon D.|last2=Lohmann|first2=Ulrike|journal=Journal of Climate|date=August 2002|bibcode=2002JCli...15.2103R|s2cid=55802370|doi-access=free}}</ref> ya nuna cewa farin na iya zama sakamakon gurbatar iska daga Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka, wanda ya sauya halayen gajimare a saman Tekun Atlantika, ya katse damina kuma ya karkatar da ruwan sama zuwa kudu. A 2005, nazarin yanayi da NOAA / Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory suka yi ya nuna cewa farin Sahel na ƙarni na 20 ya fi yawa saboda sauyin yanayin teku da kuma haɗin sauyin yanayi na ɗabi’a da tasirin ɗan adam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Held |first1=I. M. |year=2005 |title=Simulation of Sahel drought in the 20th and 21st centuries |journal=PNAS |volume=102 |issue=50 |pages=17891–17896 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0509057102 |pmid=16322101 |pmc=1312412 |bibcode = 2005PNAS..10217891H |display-authors=2 |last2=Delworth |first2=T. L. |last3=Findell |first3=K. L. |last4=Knutson |first4=T. R. |doi-access=free }}</ref> Wannan ya danganta da ƙaruwa a iskar gas mai dumama duniya da kuma ƙaruwa a aerosols. Wani bincike a 2013 ya nuna cewa aerosols sun jawo sauyin Intertropical Convergence Zone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2013|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=94|issue=9|pages=S1–S74|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00085.1|bibcode=2013BAMS...94S...1P|last1=Peterson|first1=Thomas C.|title=Explaining Extreme Events of 2012 from a Climate Perspective|last2=Hoerling|first2=Martin P.|last3=Stott|first3=Peter A.|last4=Herring|first4=Stephanie C.|doi-access=free|hdl=10261/93203|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wannan sauyi ya bar yankunan da ke da ruwan sama a Afirka ta Tsakiya cikin bushewa.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin IPCC future scenario A2 (CO₂ ≈860 ppm), ana hasashen cewa ruwan sama a Sahel zai iya raguwa har zuwa 25% nan da 2100. Wani bincike na NOAA a 2006 ya nuna cewa Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) na taka muhimmiyar rawa. Lokacin AMO mai zafi yana ƙara ruwan sama a Sahel, yayin da lokacin sanyi ke rage shi.<ref name="Zhang2006">{{cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Rong |author2=Delworth, Thomas L. |year=2006 |title=Impact of Atlantic multidecadal oscillations on India/Sahel rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=33 |issue= 17|pages=L17712 |doi=10.1029/2006GL026267 |bibcode=2006GeoRL..3317712Z|s2cid=16588748 }}</ref> AMO ya shiga lokacin zafi a 1995 kuma ana hasashen zai kai kololuwa a kusa da 2020.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Enfield |first=David B. |author2=Cid-Serrano, Luis |title=Secular and multidecadal warmings in the North Atlantic and their relationships with major hurricane activity |journal=International Journal of Climatology |date=2010 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=174–184 |doi=10.1002/joc.1881|s2cid=18833210 }}</ref> Wani bincike a 2009 ya ƙara tabbatar da alaƙa tsakanin AMO da farin Afirka ta Yamma.<ref name="shanahan">{{Cite journal |last1=Shanahan |first1=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |s2cid=2679216 }}</ref> Wani bincike a 2013 ya nuna cewa East Atlantic mode ma yana da tasiri ga ruwan sama a Sahel.<ref>Barandiaran and Wang (2013) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asl2.457/abstract</ref> [[File:Greening Sahel 1982-1999.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Sabon "greening" na Sahel daga 1982 zuwa 1999.]] Dawo da ruwan sama a Sahel tun daga shekarun 1990, wanda aka kira "Sahel Greening", ya danganta da ƙaruwa a African easterly jet da African easterly waves, wanda suka j ==Martanin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya== A shekarar 1973, Ofishin Sahel na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSO) an kafa shi domin magance matsalolin fari a yankin Sahel bayan faruwar farin Sahel na Yammacin Afirka daga 1968 zuwa 1973. A cikin shekarun 1990, an amince da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Yaki da Hamada (UNCCD) kuma UNSO ta zama Ofishin Shirin Cigaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Yaki da Hamada da Fari, yayin da aikinsa ya fadada zuwa matakin duniya maimakon mayar da hankali kawai kan Afirka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/drylands/history.html |title=Drylands Development Centre |publisher=UNDP |access-date=2012-09-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208081007/http://www.undp.org/drylands/history.html |archive-date=2012-02-08 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ==Ƙara karatu== * {{Cite journal | last1=Dai | first1=A. | last2=Lamb | first2=P.J. | last3=Trenberth | first3=K.E. | last4=Hulme | first4=M. | last5=Jones | first5=P.D. | last6=Xie | first6=P. | year=2004 | title=The recent Sahel drought is real | journal=International Journal of Climatology | volume=24 | issue=11 | pages=1323–1331 | url= http://www.mikehulme.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/2004-dai-et-al-sahel.pdf | doi= 10.1002/joc.1083 |bibcode = 2004IJCli..24.1323D | s2cid=6955930 }}. * {{Cite journal |last1=Folland |first1=C. K. |last2=Palmer |first2=T. N. |last3=Parker |first3=D. E. |year=1986 |title=Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperatures, 1901−85 |journal=Nature |volume=320 |issue=6063 |pages=602&ndash;607 |doi=10.1038/320602a0 |bibcode = 1986Natur.320..602F |s2cid=4231823 }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Giannini |first1=A. |last2=Saravanan |first2=R. |last3=Chang |first3=P. |year=2003 |title=Oceanic Forcing of Sahel Rainfall on Interannual to Interdecadal Time Scales |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5647 |pages=1027&ndash;1030 |doi=10.1126/science.1089357 |pmid=14551320 |bibcode = 2003Sci...302.1027G |s2cid=25009125 }} * {{Cite book |editor-first=Michael H. |editor-last=Glantz |title=The Politics of Natural Disasters: The Case of the Sahel Drought |location=New York |publisher=Praeger |year=1976 }} ==Sauran mahaɗu== * [http://www.unccd.int/ United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification home page] * Climate research summary -[http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/research/climate/highlights/index.html#sahel Sahel drought: past problems, an uncertain future] Text, graphics and [http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/research/climate/highlights/images/ani/SahelPR_ANN5yr_CM2Q_h1_A1B_6fps_720x480.mov animations] from [[NOAA]] / [[Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory]] ar1dvrn5kzvgwdi3r2ldzjcclx6n5m4 0 152922 841960 2026-05-28T22:53:05Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Ebunoluwa Olufemi Oduwole | image = | birth_date = 10 Satumba 1962 | birth_place = Ogun State, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, masaniyar falsafa | known_for = Falsafar Afirka, ɗabi'a da Bioethics | employer = [[Ajayi Crowther University]] | title = Mataimakiyar Shugabar Jami'a (Vice Chancellor) | alma_mater = [[University of Ibadan]] }} '''Farfesa Ebunoluwa Olufemi Oduwole''' masaniya ce ‘yar Najeriya a fannin Afri... 841960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ebunoluwa Olufemi Oduwole | image = | birth_date = 10 Satumba 1962 | birth_place = Ogun State, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, masaniyar falsafa | known_for = Falsafar Afirka, ɗabi'a da Bioethics | employer = [[Ajayi Crowther University]] | title = Mataimakiyar Shugabar Jami'a (Vice Chancellor) | alma_mater = [[University of Ibadan]] }} '''Farfesa Ebunoluwa Olufemi Oduwole''' masaniya ce ‘yar Najeriya a fannin [[African Philosophy|Falsafar Afirka]], ɗabi'a (Ethics), da kuma Bioethics. Ta yi suna a matsayin farfesa a Sashen Falsafa na [[Olabisi Onabanjo University]], Ago-Iwoye, jihar Ogun. A shekarar 2025 aka naɗa ta a matsayin mace ta farko da ta zama Shugabar Jami'a (Vice Chancellor) ta [[Ajayi Crowther University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thecable.ng/?p=1188969 |title=Ebunoluwa Oduwole is first female VC of Ajayi Crowther University |publisher=TheCable |date=2025-07-07 |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Ebunoluwa Olufemi Oduwole a jihar Ogun, Najeriya. Ta yi karatun digirinta na farko (B.A), digiri na biyu (M.A), da digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin falsafa daga [[University of Ibadan]]. Bayan haka, ta samu MSc a Bioethics daga haɗin gwiwar jami’o’in Turai wanda ya haɗa da Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ta Belgium, Radboud University Nijmegen ta Netherlands, da University of Padova ta Italiya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://main.oouagoiwoye.edu.ng/colleges/faculties/arts/philosophy/ |title=Professor (Mrs.) Ebunoluwa Olufemi Oduwole |publisher=Olabisi Onabanjo University |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> == Aiki == Oduwole ta yi aiki na shekaru masu yawa a [[Olabisi Onabanjo University]] inda ta rike mukamai daban-daban na shugabanci da koyarwa. Ta kasance: * Shugabar Sashen Falsafa * Daraktar General and Entrepreneurial Studies * Dekan Faculty of Arts * Mataimakiyar Shugabar Jami'a mai kula da gudanarwa A shekarar 2025, hukumar gudanarwar [[Ajayi Crowther University]] ta naɗa ta a matsayin Shugabar jami'ar, lamarin da ya sa ta zama mace ta farko da ta taba rike wannan mukami a tarihin jami'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://techeconomy.ng/meet-prof-ebunoluwa-olufemi-oduwole/ |title=Meet Prof. Ebunoluwa Olufemi Oduwole, First Female VC of Ajayi Crowther University |publisher=TechEconomy |date=2025-07-04 |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> == Bincike da gudummawa == Ayyukan binciken Oduwole sun fi mayar da hankali kan: * Falsafar Afirka * Bioethics * Nazarin jinsi (Gender Studies) * Matsalolin ɗabi'a da zamantakewa Ta wallafa makalu da dama a mujallu na ilimi na duniya. Daga cikin sanannun ayyukanta akwai: * ''The Dialects of Ire and Ibi: An African Understanding of the Philosophical Problem of Evil'' * ''Morality in Yoruba Culture: An Ethics of Virtue'' * ''Personhood and Abortion: An African Perspective''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/ODUTDO |title=The Dialects of Ire and Ibi : An African Understanding of the Philosophical Problem of Evil |publisher=PhilPapers |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance edita a mujallar BEOnline Journal of the West African Bioethics Training Program.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nalonline.org.ng/oduwole-ebunoluwa-olufemi/ |title=Oduwole Ebunoluwa Olufemi |publisher=Nigerian Academy of Letters |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> == Membobinsu == Oduwole mamba ce a ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na masana ilimi da suka haɗa da: * Philosophers Association of Nigeria (PAN) * Nigerian Academy of Letters (NAL) * Bioethics Society of Nigeria<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bioethicscenter.net/user/oduwole/ |title=Ebunoluwa Olufemi Oduwole |publisher=Center for Bioethics and Research |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> == Rayuwar addini == Oduwole mamba ce ta cocin Anglican kuma tana da hannu wajen koyar da nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki a Ibadan. Mijinta, Venerable Olusoji Oduwole, limamin Anglican ne.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thecable.ng/?p=1188969 |title=Ebunoluwa Oduwole is first female VC of Ajayi Crowther University |publisher=TheCable |date=2025-07-07 |access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Ajayi Crowther University]] * [[Olabisi Onabanjo University]] * [[African Philosophy]] * [[Tai Solarin]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Masanan falsafa]] [[Category:Mata masu ilimi]] [[Category:Mutanen Ogun State]] hntwy6792b17emkbs0a5jd6m4u2vy5b 0 152923 841964 2026-05-28T22:55:27Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320578409|Bigeh]]" 841964 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery> Fayil:David_Roberts_Temple_Island_Philae.jpg|alt=Bigeh (foreground) and Philae with temple,in the First Cataract of the Nile River.(1838 painting by David Roberts).| Bigeh (gaba) da [[Haikali na Philae|Philae]] tare da haikalin,<br /><br /><br /><br /> a cikin Ciwon Cataract na Farko na [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] .<br /><br /><br /><br /> (zanen 1838 na David Roberts ). Fayil:BigaTemplePylonGate.jpg|alt=Bigeh island ruins in 2006 in the Old Aswan Dam reservoir.| An gano buraguzan tsibirin Bigeh a shekarar 2006 a ma'ajiyar madatsar ruwa ta Old Aswan . </gallery>'''Bigeh''' ( Arabic ; Tsohon Masar ''znmwt'' ) tsibiri ne da wurin tarihi da ke gefen [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a cikin tarihi na Nubia da kuma cikin gundumar Aswan ta kudancin [[Misra|Masar]] . Tsibirin yana cikin ma'ajiyar tsohon madatsar ruwa ta Aswan tun lokacin da aka fara kammala madatsar ruwa a shekarar 1902. == Tsohuwar Masar == A da, tsibiri ne a cikin Cataract na Farko na [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] kuma katangarsa ta sarrafa hanyoyin shiga tsohuwar Masar ta Upper Egypt da Nubia. [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Wurin Tarihi ne na Duniya]], wanda ke kusa da Tsibirin [[Haikali na Philae|Philae]] da Agilkia da tsoffin wuraren tarihi a cikin ma'ajiyar. Tsibirin Bigeh ya kasance mai tsarki ga [[Tsohuwar Masar|tsoffin Masarawa]] . Sun yi imani cewa an binne Osiris a tsibirin kuma wani haikali da ke kan sa an san shi da ''Abaton'', Girkanci don "wurin da ba a yi masa birgima ba", domin firistoci ne kawai aka yarda su taka ƙafa a wurin. Seneca da Lucan sun ambaci haikalin. Allahn Thoth yana da lakabin "Allah Mai Girma da Daukaka a Bigeh" da kuma "Wanda Ya Kwantar da ''Hankali'' a Bigeh". Ana tsammanin akwai haikalin Thoth a tsibirin. A tsakiyar ko ƙarshen ƙarni na 3, wani jakadan Sarki Talakhidamani na Kush ya ziyarci Abaton da kyaututtuka. == Hotunan Hotuna == == Manazarta == d073ss2g4g08z6fpdgkabwgl5rdadcg 841965 841964 2026-05-28T22:56:10Z Engineer014 44591 841965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <gallery> Fayil:David_Roberts_Temple_Island_Philae.jpg|alt=Bigeh (foreground) and Philae with temple,in the First Cataract of the Nile River.(1838 painting by David Roberts).| Bigeh (gaba) da [[Haikali na Philae|Philae]] tare da haikalin,<br /><br /><br /><br /> a cikin Ciwon Cataract na Farko na [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] .<br /><br /><br /><br /> (zanen 1838 na David Roberts ). Fayil:BigaTemplePylonGate.jpg|alt=Bigeh island ruins in 2006 in the Old Aswan Dam reservoir.| An gano buraguzan tsibirin Bigeh a shekarar 2006 a ma'ajiyar madatsar ruwa ta Old Aswan . </gallery>'''Bigeh''' ( Arabic ; Tsohon Masar ''znmwt'' ) tsibiri ne da wurin tarihi da ke gefen [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a cikin tarihi na Nubia da kuma cikin gundumar Aswan ta kudancin [[Misra|Masar]] . Tsibirin yana cikin ma'ajiyar tsohon madatsar ruwa ta Aswan tun lokacin da aka fara kammala madatsar ruwa a shekarar 1902. == Tsohuwar Masar == A da, tsibiri ne a cikin Cataract na Farko na [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] kuma katangarsa ta sarrafa hanyoyin shiga tsohuwar Masar ta Upper Egypt da Nubia. [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Wurin Tarihi ne na Duniya]], wanda ke kusa da Tsibirin [[Haikali na Philae|Philae]] da Agilkia da tsoffin wuraren tarihi a cikin ma'ajiyar. Tsibirin Bigeh ya kasance mai tsarki ga [[Tsohuwar Masar|tsoffin Masarawa]] . Sun yi imani cewa an binne Osiris a tsibirin kuma wani haikali da ke kan sa an san shi da ''Abaton'', Girkanci don "wurin da ba a yi masa birgima ba", domin firistoci ne kawai aka yarda su taka ƙafa a wurin. Seneca da Lucan sun ambaci haikalin. Allahn Thoth yana da lakabin "Allah Mai Girma da Daukaka a Bigeh" da kuma "Wanda Ya Kwantar da ''Hankali'' a Bigeh". Ana tsammanin akwai haikalin Thoth a tsibirin. A tsakiyar ko ƙarshen ƙarni na 3, wani jakadan Sarki Talakhidamani na Kush ya ziyarci Abaton da kyaututtuka. == Hotunan Hotuna == == Manazarta == 98rhjov5sr8sgl72bterrm51leifhpr 0 152924 841970 2026-05-28T23:01:32Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Ebere Onwudiwe | image = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1952|10|10}} | birth_place = Isu-Njaba, Najeriya | death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|1|9|1952|10|10}} | death_place = Abuja, Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Masanin kimiyyar siyasa, masanin tattalin arziki, marubuci | known_for = Nazari kan dimokuraɗiyya, tsarin tarayya da ci gaban Afirka | education = Florida State University }} '''Ebere Onwudiwe''' (10 Oktoba 1952 – 9... 841970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ebere Onwudiwe | image = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1952|10|10}} | birth_place = Isu-Njaba, Najeriya | death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|1|9|1952|10|10}} | death_place = Abuja, Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Masanin kimiyyar siyasa, masanin tattalin arziki, marubuci | known_for = Nazari kan dimokuraɗiyya, tsarin tarayya da ci gaban Afirka | education = Florida State University }} '''Ebere Onwudiwe''' (10 Oktoba 1952 – 9 Janairu 2021) ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya shahara a matsayin masanin kimiyyar siyasa, masanin tattalin arziki da kuma mai sharhi kan harkokin mulki da dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka. Ya yi rubuce-rubuce da dama kan siyasar Najeriya, tsarin tarayya, dimokuraɗiyya da ci gaban nahiyar Afirka. Haka kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu ra’ayin “Afro-optimism”, wato ra’ayin cewa Afirka na da damar samun cigaba duk da ƙalubalen da take fuskanta. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Onwudiwe a garin Isu-Njaba da ke jihar Imo a Najeriya. Ya yi karatun sakandare a makarantar Sacred Heart College kafin ya tafi ƙasashen waje domin neman ilimi. Ya sami digirori a fannin tattalin arziki, hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma kimiyyar siyasa daga '''Florida State University''' da ke Amurka. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} == Aiki == Ebere Onwudiwe ya koyar a jami’o’i daban-daban a Amurka, musamman a '''Central State University''' da ke jihar Ohio inda ya kasance farfesa a fannin kimiyyar siyasa da tattalin arziki. Haka kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan cibiyar nazarin Afirka ta jami’ar. :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2} Baya ga koyarwa, ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga ƙungiyoyi da hukumomin duniya kan harkokin shugabanci da dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka. Ya yi aiki da '''United Nations Economic Commission for Africa''' a Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, inda ya taimaka wajen shirya rahotanni kan shugabanci a Afirka. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3} A Najeriya kuma, ya kasance fitaccen mai sharhi a jaridun ƙasar kamar ''Newswatch'' da ''BusinessDay''. Rubuce-rubucensa sun bayyana a manyan kafafen yaɗa labarai na duniya ciki har da ''The New York Times'', ''Los Angeles Times'' da ''Christian Science Monitor''. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4} == Ra’ayoyi da gudummawa == Onwudiwe ya yi fice wajen kare tsarin dimokuraɗiyya da tsarin tarayya a Najeriya. Ya yi imanin cewa ƙarfafa jihohi da ba su damar samar da kuɗaɗensu zai taimaka wajen bunƙasa tattalin arziki da rage dogaro da gwamnatin tarayya. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5} Ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu inganta ra’ayin '''Afro-optimism''', inda ya yi jayayya cewa nahiyar Afirka ta samu ci gaba bayan mulkin mallaka duk da matsalolin da ake fuskanta. Wannan ra’ayi ya fito sosai a cikin littafinsa ''Afro-Optimism: Perspectives on Africa's Advances'' wanda ya haɗa tare da Minabere Ibelema. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6} == Talabijin == A shekarar 2013, Onwudiwe ya gabatar da wani shirin talabijin mai suna ''The Conference'' a gidan talabijin na Najeriya (NTA), inda yake tattauna muhimman batutuwan siyasa da zamantakewa tare da masana da shugabanni. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7} == Mutuwa == Ebere Onwudiwe ya rasu a ranar 9 Janairu 2021 a Abuja yana da shekaru 68. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya mutu ne sakamakon matsalolin rashin lafiya da suka danganci annobar COVID-19. :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8} == Fitattun wallafe-wallafe == * ''Afro-Optimism: Perspectives on Africa's Advances'' (tare da Minabere Ibelema) * ''Nigeria's Struggle for Democracy and Good Governance'' * ''The Management of the National Question in Nigeria'' * ''Nigerian Federalism in Crisis'' :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/authors/ebere-onwudiwe/ Journal of Democracy profile] * [https://independent.ng/ebere-onwudiwe-man-of-ideas/ Independent Nigeria tribute] * [https://www.westafricanpilotnews.com/2021/01/13/tribute-the-man-died-prof-ebere-onwudiwe-1952-2021/ West African Pilot News tribute] [[Category:1952 births]] [[Category:2021 deaths]] [[Category:Nigerian political scientists]] [[Category:Nigerian economists]] [[Category:People from Imo State]] [[Category:Florida State University alumni]] 1rlc76ux89l6svc91cvf46ymwamlb6m 0 152925 841971 2026-05-28T23:02:19Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1252783634|Al Massira Dam]]" 841971 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Al Massira''' madatsar ruwa ce mai nisan {{Convert|70|km}} kudu da [[Settat]] a kan Kogin Oum Er-Rbia a Lardin Settat, [[Moroko|Morocco]] . An kammala madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1979, tana samar da ruwa don ban ruwa na sama da {{Convert|100000|ha|acre}} na gonaki a yankin Doukkala . Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta madatsar ruwan kuma tana samar da {{Convert|221|GWh}} a matsakaicin shekara. An ƙaddamar da tashar wutar lantarki a shekarar 1980. A arewacin madatsar akwai madatsar ruwa ta rip rap saddle wadda ke tallafawa ɗaga ruwa a cikin madatsar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Al Massira |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=227 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183249/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=227 |archive-date=9 October 2011 |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}</ref> == Muhalli == An sanya tafkin madatsar ruwan da wuraren da ke da ruwa a matsayin shafin Ramsar a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2005 |title=Morocco names 20 varied new Ramsar sites |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-26-76^16152_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}</ref> Har ila yau, an sanya wuraren da ke da ruwa a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) ta BirdLife International saboda suna tallafawa yawan tsuntsayen ruwa masu hunturu, gami da ruddy shelducks, marbled teals, shovelers na arewa da gull-billed terns.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |title=Barrage al Massira |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/barrage-al-massira-iba-morocco |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> A cikin nazarin 2024 na hotunan tauraron dan adam na madatsar ruwan ta BBC ta nuna yawan ruwa ya kasance 3% na adadin da ke cikin shekaru tara da suka gabata. Kasar ta sha wahala daga shekaru shida a jere na fari. Ma'aikatar ruwa ta Maroko ta gaya wa BBC cewa an dakatar da amfani da ruwan madatsar ruwan don ban ruwa tun 2021, ana ajiye ruwa don samar da birane kamar [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] da [[Marrakesh]]. Yawancin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a cikin tsaunukan Atlas na Tsakiya, waɗanda ke ciyar da tafkin, sun bushe. Rage dusar ƙanƙara a mafi girman tsawo ya ba da gudummawa ga karancin ruwan da ke gudana cikin koguna da ke ciyar da madatsar ruwan. A watan Agustan 2023 Morocco ta yi rikodin mafi girman zafin jiki na 50.4C wanda ya haifar da karuwar evaporation, yana ƙarawa ga raguwar matakin ruwa. == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == pxxg6efrh2a1edl1opg2iyq6k3p0pwd 841972 841971 2026-05-28T23:02:51Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 841972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Al Massira''' madatsar ruwa ce mai nisan {{Convert|70|km}} kudu da [[Settat]] a kan Kogin Oum Er-Rbia a Lardin Settat, [[Moroko|Morocco]] . An kammala madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1979, tana samar da ruwa don ban ruwa na sama da {{Convert|100000|ha|acre}} na gonaki a yankin Doukkala . Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta madatsar ruwan kuma tana samar da {{Convert|221|GWh}} a matsakaicin shekara. An ƙaddamar da tashar wutar lantarki a shekarar 1980. A arewacin madatsar akwai madatsar ruwa ta rip rap saddle wadda ke tallafawa ɗaga ruwa a cikin madatsar ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Al Massira |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=227 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183249/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=227 |archive-date=9 October 2011 |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement |language=French}}</ref> == Muhalli == An sanya tafkin madatsar ruwan da wuraren da ke da ruwa a matsayin shafin Ramsar a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2005 |title=Morocco names 20 varied new Ramsar sites |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-26-76^16152_4000_0__ |access-date=23 August 2011 |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}</ref> Har ila yau, an sanya wuraren da ke da ruwa a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) ta BirdLife International saboda suna tallafawa yawan tsuntsayen ruwa masu hunturu, gami da ruddy shelducks, marbled teals, shovelers na arewa da gull-billed terns.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |title=Barrage al Massira |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/barrage-al-massira-iba-morocco |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> A cikin nazarin 2024 na hotunan tauraron dan adam na madatsar ruwan ta BBC ta nuna yawan ruwa ya kasance 3% na adadin da ke cikin shekaru tara da suka gabata. Kasar ta sha wahala daga shekaru shida a jere na fari. Ma'aikatar ruwa ta Maroko ta gaya wa BBC cewa an dakatar da amfani da ruwan madatsar ruwan don ban ruwa tun 2021, ana ajiye ruwa don samar da birane kamar [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] da [[Marrakesh]]. Yawancin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a cikin tsaunukan Atlas na Tsakiya, waɗanda ke ciyar da tafkin, sun bushe. Rage dusar ƙanƙara a mafi girman tsawo ya ba da gudummawa ga karancin ruwan da ke gudana cikin koguna da ke ciyar da madatsar ruwan. A watan Agustan 2023 Morocco ta yi rikodin mafi girman zafin jiki na 50.4C wanda ya haifar da karuwar evaporation, yana ƙarawa ga raguwar matakin ruwa. == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == mwflw7u1mt6jmzf6fn4etc4nx2mcmup 0 152926 841977 2026-05-28T23:05:22Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340161122|Rugezi Marsh]]" 841977 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marsh na Rugezi''' (wanda kuma aka sani da ''Marsh [[Ruhengeri|na Ruhengeri]]'' <ref name="IBA">{{Cite web |title=Rugezi Marsh |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 |access-date=23 April 2013 |publisher=BirdLife International organization}}</ref> ) yanki ne mai kariya a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], wanda ya mamaye {{Convert|6735|ha}} . <ref name="Paper">{{Cite web |title=The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh |url=http://www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630150821/http://irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2014 |access-date=23 April 2013 |publisher=Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Rwanda}}</ref> Yankin danshi yana ɗaya daga cikin magudanar ruwan Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]], wanda ke cikin Lardin Arewa a cikin tsaunukan Buberuka . Tsawonsa ya kai {{Convert|2100|m}}, dausayin wani [[Bog|yanki]] ne mai tsayin tsayi. Rugezi ya samo asali ne daga tarin kayan halitta a cikin ruwa mai kama da duwatsu masu kama da quartzite. A yanayinsa na halitta, Rugezi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin muhalli, ruwa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, tarihi, da kuma nishaɗi a Rwanda. <ref name="Paper" /> Haka kuma wani muhimmin yanki ne na Tsuntsaye (IBA) wanda BirdLife International ta amince da shi a shekarar 2001, kuma an ruwaito cewa shine wurin zama na nau'ikan tsuntsaye 43 a cikin da kewayen dausayin; an gano yankin IBA a matsayin {{Convert|8500|ha}} . An ruwaito takamaiman nau'in warbler na fadama na Grauer ( ''Bradypterus graueri'' ) da warbler na fadama mai farin fuka-fuki ( ''Bradypterus carpalis'' ) suna zaune tare a matsayin "ba sabon abu ba" ta BirdLife International . <ref name="IBA" /> == Yanayin ƙasa == Rugezi Marsh kwari ne mai tsawo wanda aka kirkira saboda hauhawar Buberuka Highlands . Yankin ya shimfiɗa tsakanin latitude kudu 1° 21"30"" da 1°36"11"" da kuma longitudes na gabas 29°49"59"" da 29°59"50. "" Duwatsun da ƙasar marshy suna haifar da lalacewa kuma an samo su a cikin siffar zagaye. Tsarin yanayin ƙasa ya ƙunshi duwatsu masu tasowa. Tuddan da ke kewaye da tafkin da aka ambaliya suna da tsarin Quartzite. A cikin yanayin halitta, Rugezi Marsh ya samar da matattara mai yawa a kan tsari mai iyo a cikin ruwa mai zurfi.<ref name="IBA">{{Cite web |title=Rugezi Marsh |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 |access-date=23 April 2013 |publisher=BirdLife International organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 "Rugezi Marsh"]. BirdLife International organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Paper">{{Cite web |title=The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh |url=http://www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630150821/http://irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2014 |access-date=23 April 2013 |publisher=Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Rwanda}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140630150821/http://irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf "The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Rwanda. Archived from [http://www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a cikin marsh an ruwaito ya kasance 1,200 millimeters (47 in). <ref name="IBA" /> [[Fayil:Rugezi_wetland.jpg|thumb|Yankin Rugezi]] == Ilimin ruwa == Yankin marsh yana aiki azaman kwandon daidaitawa don daidaita kwararar shigowa da fitarwa kuma an ba shi taken "kashin duniya". Yankin yana tsarawa, riƙewa, da kuma tace albarkatun ruwa waɗanda ke gudana cikin tabkuna na [[Tafkin Burera|Bulera]] (ƙasar [[Uganda]]) da [[Tafkin Ruhondo|Ruhondo]]. Batutuwan muhalli da suka shafi Rugezi Marsh sun haɗa da farfado da aikin gona da kuma zubar da ruwa ta hanyar ELECTROGAZ (Hukumar Lantarki, Ruwa da Gas). <ref name="Paper" /><ref name="Hategekimana2007">{{Cite web |last=Hategekimana |first=Sylvère |last2=Twarabamenye, Emmanuel |year=2007 |title=The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:N85Du-22HmYJ:www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjwoA3wVRvx-yIkDG1DEGib-bZoH_PgvO6JZhCuUsvotpotgQJOVfUc6YAJTqMyjpDuHeF5yJe7DNQdbxpTZQ_kEDJ3xWOFdsibxLHXQRvA-UOrIKrXQQpgJkTXnOP9UcOfknvD&sig=AHIEtbTSVngg3quOw9dm0Nrog811Ml_GEQ |website=Paper presented at the International Symposium on Hydrology}}</ref> Koyaya, tasirinsa a matsayin daidaitaccen ruwa na albarkatun ya lalace a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda matsin lamba na ɗan adam da kuma saboda ƙayyadaddun aikin ci gaba na farfado da aikin gona da kuma zubar da ruwa na marsh.<ref name="Paper" /> == Tsire-tsire ==   Nau'in furanni da aka ruwaito daga tafkin sune ''Miscanthidium violaceum'', ''Cyperus latifolius'' da kuma nau'in papyrus C. an ruwaito nau'in papayrus kusa da tashar tafkin.<ref name="IBA">{{Cite web |title=Rugezi Marsh |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 |access-date=23 April 2013 |publisher=BirdLife International organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 "Rugezi Marsh"]. BirdLife International organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> == Tsuntsaye == Daga cikin nau'ikan tsuntsaye 43 (dukansu tsuntsaye ne masu zama) a cikin marsh da kewaye da shi na Afrotropical Highlands, nau'ikan da ke fuskantar barazana a duniya a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun rukunoni sune:<ref name="IBA">{{Cite web |title=Rugezi Marsh |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 |access-date=23 April 2013 |publisher=BirdLife International organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 "Rugezi Marsh"]. BirdLife International organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> crck48e178fs0qjkhyfy6mt6bgy0rq5 841978 841977 2026-05-28T23:05:51Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 841978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marsh na Rugezi''' (wanda kuma aka sani da ''Marsh [[Ruhengeri|na Ruhengeri]]'' <ref name="IBA">{{Cite web |title=Rugezi Marsh |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 |access-date=23 April 2013 |publisher=BirdLife International organization}}</ref> ) yanki ne mai kariya a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], wanda ya mamaye {{Convert|6735|ha}} . <ref name="Paper">{{Cite web |title=The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh |url=http://www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630150821/http://irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2014 |access-date=23 April 2013 |publisher=Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Rwanda}}</ref> Yankin danshi yana ɗaya daga cikin magudanar ruwan Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]], wanda ke cikin Lardin Arewa a cikin tsaunukan Buberuka . Tsawonsa ya kai {{Convert|2100|m}}, dausayin wani [[Bog|yanki]] ne mai tsayin tsayi. Rugezi ya samo asali ne daga tarin kayan halitta a cikin ruwa mai kama da duwatsu masu kama da quartzite. A yanayinsa na halitta, Rugezi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin muhalli, ruwa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, tarihi, da kuma nishaɗi a Rwanda. <ref name="Paper" /> Haka kuma wani muhimmin yanki ne na Tsuntsaye (IBA) wanda BirdLife International ta amince da shi a shekarar 2001, kuma an ruwaito cewa shine wurin zama na nau'ikan tsuntsaye 43 a cikin da kewayen dausayin; an gano yankin IBA a matsayin {{Convert|8500|ha}} . An ruwaito takamaiman nau'in warbler na fadama na Grauer ( ''Bradypterus graueri'' ) da warbler na fadama mai farin fuka-fuki ( ''Bradypterus carpalis'' ) suna zaune tare a matsayin "ba sabon abu ba" ta BirdLife International . <ref name="IBA" /> == Yanayin ƙasa == Rugezi Marsh kwari ne mai tsawo wanda aka kirkira saboda hauhawar Buberuka Highlands . Yankin ya shimfiɗa tsakanin latitude kudu 1° 21"30"" da 1°36"11"" da kuma longitudes na gabas 29°49"59"" da 29°59"50. "" Duwatsun da ƙasar marshy suna haifar da lalacewa kuma an samo su a cikin siffar zagaye. Tsarin yanayin ƙasa ya ƙunshi duwatsu masu tasowa. Tuddan da ke kewaye da tafkin da aka ambaliya suna da tsarin Quartzite. A cikin yanayin halitta, Rugezi Marsh ya samar da matattara mai yawa a kan tsari mai iyo a cikin ruwa mai zurfi.<ref name="IBA">{{Cite web |title=Rugezi Marsh |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 |access-date=23 April 2013 |publisher=BirdLife International organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 "Rugezi Marsh"]. BirdLife International organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Paper">{{Cite web |title=The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh |url=http://www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630150821/http://irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2014 |access-date=23 April 2013 |publisher=Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Rwanda}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140630150821/http://irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf "The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Rwanda. Archived from [http://www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a cikin marsh an ruwaito ya kasance 1,200 millimeters (47 in). <ref name="IBA" /> [[Fayil:Rugezi_wetland.jpg|thumb|Yankin Rugezi]] == Ilimin ruwa == Yankin marsh yana aiki azaman kwandon daidaitawa don daidaita kwararar shigowa da fitarwa kuma an ba shi taken "kashin duniya". Yankin yana tsarawa, riƙewa, da kuma tace albarkatun ruwa waɗanda ke gudana cikin tabkuna na [[Tafkin Burera|Bulera]] (ƙasar [[Uganda]]) da [[Tafkin Ruhondo|Ruhondo]]. Batutuwan muhalli da suka shafi Rugezi Marsh sun haɗa da farfado da aikin gona da kuma zubar da ruwa ta hanyar ELECTROGAZ (Hukumar Lantarki, Ruwa da Gas). <ref name="Paper" /><ref name="Hategekimana2007">{{Cite web |last=Hategekimana |first=Sylvère |last2=Twarabamenye, Emmanuel |year=2007 |title=The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:N85Du-22HmYJ:www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjwoA3wVRvx-yIkDG1DEGib-bZoH_PgvO6JZhCuUsvotpotgQJOVfUc6YAJTqMyjpDuHeF5yJe7DNQdbxpTZQ_kEDJ3xWOFdsibxLHXQRvA-UOrIKrXQQpgJkTXnOP9UcOfknvD&sig=AHIEtbTSVngg3quOw9dm0Nrog811Ml_GEQ |website=Paper presented at the International Symposium on Hydrology}}</ref> Koyaya, tasirinsa a matsayin daidaitaccen ruwa na albarkatun ya lalace a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda matsin lamba na ɗan adam da kuma saboda ƙayyadaddun aikin ci gaba na farfado da aikin gona da kuma zubar da ruwa na marsh.<ref name="Paper" /> == Tsire-tsire ==   Nau'in furanni da aka ruwaito daga tafkin sune ''Miscanthidium violaceum'', ''Cyperus latifolius'' da kuma nau'in papyrus C. an ruwaito nau'in papayrus kusa da tashar tafkin.<ref name="IBA">{{Cite web |title=Rugezi Marsh |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 |access-date=23 April 2013 |publisher=BirdLife International organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 "Rugezi Marsh"]. BirdLife International organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> == Tsuntsaye == Daga cikin nau'ikan tsuntsaye 43 (dukansu tsuntsaye ne masu zama) a cikin marsh da kewaye da shi na Afrotropical Highlands, nau'ikan da ke fuskantar barazana a duniya a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun rukunoni sune:<ref name="IBA">{{Cite web |title=Rugezi Marsh |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 |access-date=23 April 2013 |publisher=BirdLife International organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 "Rugezi Marsh"]. BirdLife International organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> ==manazarta== pj27c183judpq28255o28g1mkk5yha7 0 152927 841981 2026-05-28T23:06:57Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1231238112|Lake Solai]]" 841981 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Solai''' tafkin ruwan gishiri ne a Lardin Rift Valley na [[Kenya|ƙasar Kenya]]. Tana kusa da garin Solai, a tsawo na mita 1,667 (5,469. Yanayin yanayin ƙasa a tafkin a lokacin Little Ice Age sun kasance abin binciken kimiyya.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=6 November 2012 |title=Abstract: RECONSTRUCTED HYDROLOGICAL CHANGES DURING THE LITTLE ICE AGE, LAKE SOLAI WETLANDS, KENYA (2012 GSA Annual Meeting in Charlotte) |url=https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2012AM/webprogram/Paper208358.html |access-date=2016-01-13}}</ref> A shekarar 2014 an sami wani babban gurɓataccen yanayi a tafkin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Residents in fear as Lake Solai turns blue, emits foul smell |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/counties/nakuru/Lake-Solai-foul-smell/-/1183314/2605160/-/view/printVersion/-/gf39asz/-/index.html |access-date=2016-01-13 |website=www.nation.co.ke}}</ref> Gwamnatin gundumar Nakuru ta wadata tafkin da kifaye tare da samar da jiragen ruwa masu amfani da motoci don kamun kifi da yawon buɗe ido. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How growing tourism is changing lives in little-known Lake Solai |url=http://www.the-star.co.ke/counties/rift-valley/2021-09-28-how-growing-tourism-is-changing-lives-in-little-known-lake-solai/ |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=www.the-star.co.ke/}}</ref> == Manazarta == 30ffpcbjmizr82af1080e1e10p7598x 841992 841981 2026-05-28T23:14:20Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 841992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Solai''' tafkin ruwan gishiri ne a Lardin Rift Valley na [[Kenya|ƙasar Kenya]]. Tana kusa da garin Solai, a tsawo na mita 1,667 (5,469. Yanayin yanayin ƙasa a tafkin a lokacin Little Ice Age sun kasance abin binciken kimiyya.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=6 November 2012 |title=Abstract: RECONSTRUCTED HYDROLOGICAL CHANGES DURING THE LITTLE ICE AGE, LAKE SOLAI WETLANDS, KENYA (2012 GSA Annual Meeting in Charlotte) |url=https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2012AM/webprogram/Paper208358.html |access-date=2016-01-13}}</ref> A shekarar 2014 an sami wani babban gurɓataccen yanayi a tafkin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Residents in fear as Lake Solai turns blue, emits foul smell |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/counties/nakuru/Lake-Solai-foul-smell/-/1183314/2605160/-/view/printVersion/-/gf39asz/-/index.html |access-date=2016-01-13 |website=www.nation.co.ke}}</ref> Gwamnatin gundumar Nakuru ta wadata tafkin da kifaye tare da samar da jiragen ruwa masu amfani da motoci don kamun kifi da yawon buɗe ido. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How growing tourism is changing lives in little-known Lake Solai |url=http://www.the-star.co.ke/counties/rift-valley/2021-09-28-how-growing-tourism-is-changing-lives-in-little-known-lake-solai/ |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=www.the-star.co.ke/}}</ref> == Manazarta == eoh8uo2pwlsmv6bjj8m1325wjy9qmol 0 152928 841983 2026-05-28T23:07:28Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336732423|Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda]]" 841983 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Rwanda''' yana da alaƙa da manufofin gwamnati bayyanannu da kuma tallafin masu ba da gudummawa mai yawa. Dangane da rashin dorewar tsarin ruwa na karkara da rashin ingancin sabis, a shekarar 2002, ƙananan hukumomi a Lardin Byumba na Arewacin ƙasar sun yi kwangilar samar da ayyuka ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na gida a cikin wani nau'i na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu . Tallafin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu ya zama manufar gwamnati a shekarar 2004 kuma haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu da aka fara a cikin gida ya bazu cikin sauri, wanda ya mamaye kashi 25% na tsarin ruwa na karkara kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2007. A cikin birane, Kamfanin [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]] da Kiwon Lafiya (WASAC) yana kula da samar da ruwa. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru 27 tare da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa don saka hannun jari na dala miliyan 75 don samar da cubic mita 40,000 / rana na ruwa mai yawa daga wani rijiyar da ke kusa da [[Kogin Nyabarongo]] zuwa babban birnin [[Kigali]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kigali Bulk Water Supply Project will add 40,000m3/d of potable water |url=http://www.wasac.rw/index.php/media-centre/news/146-kigali-bulk-water-supply-project-will-add-40-000m3-d-of-potable-water |access-date=30 April 2015 |publisher=WASAC}}</ref> Wannan shine kwangila na farko na wannan nau'in a Afirka ta Kudu. == Samun dama == === Matsayi da yanayin === [[Fayil:Access_to_Improved_Water_Sources_and_Sanitation_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png|thumb|450x450px|Samun damar inganta samar da ruwa da tsabta, a cikin ƙasashe 7 na yankin Sahara, daga 1990 har zuwa 2008. ]] Adadin samun ruwa da tsaftacewa sun bambanta dangane da tushen bayanai, a bayyane yake a wani bangare saboda ana iya amfani da ma'anoni daban-daban don samun damar [[ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] da ingantaccen tsaftacewa. Gaskiyar cewa yawancin tsarin ruwa na karkara ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata ya sa ya zama da wahala a kimanta ingancin samun damar ingantaccen samar da ruwa. Tebur mai zuwa yana kwatanta samun damar samar da ruwa bisa ga kafofin daban-daban, yana nuna wahalar samun bayanai masu aminci game da canjin samun damar samarwa da ruwa saboda ma'anoni daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su. Bayanan sun bayyana suna nuna cewa samun dama ya ragu a tsawon lokaci, yayin da a cikin wannan lokacin aka gudanar da manyan saka hannun jari a samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara. Takardar dabarun rage talauci ta gwamnati ta 2002 ta yarda cewa hakika "tsayawa da hanyoyin ruwa mai sha tabbas ya ragu a yankunan karkara" tun daga shekarar 1995. Babban dalilin shine rashin kulawa da rashin isasshen farashi, wanda ke haifar da rushewar tsarin rufe samar da ruwa, musamman wadanda suka dogara da famfo. Dangane da binciken Multi-Indicator na 2000 da kuma binciken Demographic da Lafiya na 2000, samun damar ingantaccen tushen samar da ruwa ya kasance 91% a cikin birane da 67% a yankunan karkara. A cewar wannan tushen, samun isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya kasance 54% a cikin birane da 37% a cikin yankunan karkara. Dangane da lissafi bisa ga bayanai daga ƙidayar shekara ta 2002, samun damar ingantaccen tushen samar da ruwa ya kasance 80% a cikin birane da 67% a cikin yankunan karkara, gami da ma'anar ingantaccen haɗin gida, haɗin yadi, matsayi na jama'a, kariya rijiyoyi da kariya. Idan adadi sun kasance kwatankwacin, wannan zai nuna raguwar samun dama a cikin birane da kuma tsayawa a yankunan karkara. Taswirar da ke biyowa tana nuna samun damar samun ingantaccen tushen samar da ruwa ta gundumomi da garuruwa bisa ga ƙididdigar shekara ta 2002: Taswirar samun damar samun ingantattun tushen samar da ruwan[http://www.statisticsrwanda.gov.rw/Maps/French/map50.htm Taswirar samun damar ingantaccen tushen ruwa] Dangane da Binciken Yanayi na Rayuwa na Gida na 2005, duk da haka, kashi 66% na yawan mutanen birane da kashi 57% na yawan yankunan karkara suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwan sha. Game da isasshen tsabtace muhalli, an kiyasta samun damar zuwa kashi 10% kawai a cikin birane da kashi 8% a cikin yankunan karkara. ) Idan adadi sun kasance kwatankwacin, wannan zai nuna raguwa mai yawa a samun ruwa da tsabta a cikin birane da yankunan karkara a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata. ha5la3vpelc4883p7a0yw31hwgbqc8e 841984 841983 2026-05-28T23:07:53Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 841984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Rwanda''' yana da alaƙa da manufofin gwamnati bayyanannu da kuma tallafin masu ba da gudummawa mai yawa. Dangane da rashin dorewar tsarin ruwa na karkara da rashin ingancin sabis, a shekarar 2002, ƙananan hukumomi a Lardin Byumba na Arewacin ƙasar sun yi kwangilar samar da ayyuka ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na gida a cikin wani nau'i na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu . Tallafin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu ya zama manufar gwamnati a shekarar 2004 kuma haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu da aka fara a cikin gida ya bazu cikin sauri, wanda ya mamaye kashi 25% na tsarin ruwa na karkara kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2007. A cikin birane, Kamfanin [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]] da Kiwon Lafiya (WASAC) yana kula da samar da ruwa. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru 27 tare da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa don saka hannun jari na dala miliyan 75 don samar da cubic mita 40,000 / rana na ruwa mai yawa daga wani rijiyar da ke kusa da [[Kogin Nyabarongo]] zuwa babban birnin [[Kigali]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kigali Bulk Water Supply Project will add 40,000m3/d of potable water |url=http://www.wasac.rw/index.php/media-centre/news/146-kigali-bulk-water-supply-project-will-add-40-000m3-d-of-potable-water |access-date=30 April 2015 |publisher=WASAC}}</ref> Wannan shine kwangila na farko na wannan nau'in a Afirka ta Kudu. == Samun dama == === Matsayi da yanayin === [[Fayil:Access_to_Improved_Water_Sources_and_Sanitation_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png|thumb|450x450px|Samun damar inganta samar da ruwa da tsabta, a cikin ƙasashe 7 na yankin Sahara, daga 1990 har zuwa 2008. ]] Adadin samun ruwa da tsaftacewa sun bambanta dangane da tushen bayanai, a bayyane yake a wani bangare saboda ana iya amfani da ma'anoni daban-daban don samun damar [[ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] da ingantaccen tsaftacewa. Gaskiyar cewa yawancin tsarin ruwa na karkara ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata ya sa ya zama da wahala a kimanta ingancin samun damar ingantaccen samar da ruwa. Tebur mai zuwa yana kwatanta samun damar samar da ruwa bisa ga kafofin daban-daban, yana nuna wahalar samun bayanai masu aminci game da canjin samun damar samarwa da ruwa saboda ma'anoni daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su. Bayanan sun bayyana suna nuna cewa samun dama ya ragu a tsawon lokaci, yayin da a cikin wannan lokacin aka gudanar da manyan saka hannun jari a samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara. Takardar dabarun rage talauci ta gwamnati ta 2002 ta yarda cewa hakika "tsayawa da hanyoyin ruwa mai sha tabbas ya ragu a yankunan karkara" tun daga shekarar 1995. Babban dalilin shine rashin kulawa da rashin isasshen farashi, wanda ke haifar da rushewar tsarin rufe samar da ruwa, musamman wadanda suka dogara da famfo. Dangane da binciken Multi-Indicator na 2000 da kuma binciken Demographic da Lafiya na 2000, samun damar ingantaccen tushen samar da ruwa ya kasance 91% a cikin birane da 67% a yankunan karkara. A cewar wannan tushen, samun isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya kasance 54% a cikin birane da 37% a cikin yankunan karkara. Dangane da lissafi bisa ga bayanai daga ƙidayar shekara ta 2002, samun damar ingantaccen tushen samar da ruwa ya kasance 80% a cikin birane da 67% a cikin yankunan karkara, gami da ma'anar ingantaccen haɗin gida, haɗin yadi, matsayi na jama'a, kariya rijiyoyi da kariya. Idan adadi sun kasance kwatankwacin, wannan zai nuna raguwar samun dama a cikin birane da kuma tsayawa a yankunan karkara. Taswirar da ke biyowa tana nuna samun damar samun ingantaccen tushen samar da ruwa ta gundumomi da garuruwa bisa ga ƙididdigar shekara ta 2002: Taswirar samun damar samun ingantattun tushen samar da ruwan[http://www.statisticsrwanda.gov.rw/Maps/French/map50.htm Taswirar samun damar ingantaccen tushen ruwa] Dangane da Binciken Yanayi na Rayuwa na Gida na 2005, duk da haka, kashi 66% na yawan mutanen birane da kashi 57% na yawan yankunan karkara suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwan sha. Game da isasshen tsabtace muhalli, an kiyasta samun damar zuwa kashi 10% kawai a cikin birane da kashi 8% a cikin yankunan karkara. ) Idan adadi sun kasance kwatankwacin, wannan zai nuna raguwa mai yawa a samun ruwa da tsabta a cikin birane da yankunan karkara a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata. ==manazarta== 8g8br2txs1z5gqtn8xlqbfk17d5viq4 0 152929 841986 2026-05-28T23:09:19Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Efosa Ojomo''' ɗan Najeriya ne marubuci, mai bincike, kuma masani kan harkokin ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire da ci gaban tattalin arziƙi. Ya shahara ne saboda aikinsa kan yadda ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire masu samar da kasuwa (market-creating innovations) za su taimaka wajen rage talauci da bunƙasa ƙasashe masu tasowa. Shi ne shugaban sashen binciken ''Global Prosperity'' a {{nowrap|Clayton Christensen Institute for Disruptive Innovation}}, sannan kuma tsohon babban mai bincike ne a maka... 841986 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Efosa Ojomo''' ɗan Najeriya ne marubuci, mai bincike, kuma masani kan harkokin ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire da ci gaban tattalin arziƙi. Ya shahara ne saboda aikinsa kan yadda ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire masu samar da kasuwa (market-creating innovations) za su taimaka wajen rage talauci da bunƙasa ƙasashe masu tasowa. Shi ne shugaban sashen binciken ''Global Prosperity'' a {{nowrap|Clayton Christensen Institute for Disruptive Innovation}}, sannan kuma tsohon babban mai bincike ne a makarantar kasuwanci ta [[Harvard Business School]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.christenseninstitute.org/people/efosa-ojomo/ |title=Efosa Ojomo |publisher=Christensen Institute |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> Ya haɗa littafin ''The Prosperity Paradox: How Innovation Can Lift Nations Out of Poverty'' tare da fitaccen farfesan kasuwanci [[Clayton Christensen]] da Karen Dillon a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=55515 |title=Cracking Frontier Markets |publisher=Harvard Business School |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Efosa Ojomo a Najeriya inda ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.christenseninstitute.org/podcast/interview-creating-a-prosperous-africa/ |title=Interview: Creating a prosperous Africa |publisher=Christensen Institute |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> Bayan ya kasa cin jarabawar shiga jami'a sau biyu, daga baya ya tafi ƙasar Amurka domin ci gaba da karatu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.christenseninstitute.org/podcast/interview-creating-a-prosperous-africa/ |title=Interview: Creating a prosperous Africa |publisher=Christensen Institute |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> Ojomo ya yi karatun injiniyan kwamfuta a [[Vanderbilt University]] bayan ya fara karatu a [[Fisk University]]. Daga baya ya samu digirin MBA daga [[Harvard Business School]], inda ya yi aiki tare da farfesa Clayton Christensen wajen bincike kan ci gaban tattalin arziƙi da ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/directory/ojomo_efosa/ |title=Efosa Ojomo |publisher=Kellogg School of Management |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Ojomo ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniya da kuma sashen bunƙasa kasuwanci a kamfanin National Instruments na tsawon shekaru da dama.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.christenseninstitute.org/people/efosa-ojomo/ |title=Efosa Ojomo |publisher=Christensen Institute |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ya shiga aikin bincike tare da Clayton Christensen a ''Forum for Growth and Innovation'' na Harvard Business School kafin ya koma Christensen Institute.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hbs.edu/businesshistory/about/impact-stories-details?id=7 |title=Angle of Insight |publisher=Harvard Business School |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun fi mayar da hankali kan yadda ƙasashe masu tasowa za su iya samar da ci gaba ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sabbin kasuwanni ga mutanen da ba sa iya samun wasu kayayyaki ko ayyuka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/team/e/efosa-ojomo |title=Efosa Ojomo |publisher=World Bank Blogs |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> Ya kuma koyar a matsayin malami mai ziyara a makarantar kasuwanci ta Kellogg School of Management.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/directory/ojomo_efosa/ |title=Efosa Ojomo |publisher=Kellogg School of Management |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce da ra'ayoyi == Ojomo ya yi fice wajen bayyana cewa ci gaban tattalin arziƙi ba ya samuwa ne kawai ta hanyar tallafi ko taimakon ƙasashen waje ba, sai dai ta hanyar ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire da ke samar da sabbin kasuwanni da ayyukan yi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.christenseninstitute.org/blog/efosa-ojomo-on-why-africa-needs-market-creating-innovation-not-aid/ |title=Efosa Ojomo on why Africa needs market-creating innovation, not aid |publisher=Christensen Institute |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2019 ya haɗa littafin: * ''The Prosperity Paradox: How Innovation Can Lift Nations Out of Poverty'' Littafin ya yi bayanin yadda ƙasashe masu tasowa za su iya samar da wadata ta hanyar ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire maimakon dogaro da tallafi kawai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://efosaojomo.com/ |title=Efosa Ojomo |publisher=Efosa Ojomo Official Website |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> Haka kuma ya rubuta maƙaloli da dama a mujallar ''Harvard Business Review'', ciki har da: * ''Africa's New Generation of Innovators''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hbr.org/2017/01/africas-new-generation-of-innovators |title=Africa’s New Generation of Innovators |publisher=Harvard Business Review |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> * ''Cracking Frontier Markets''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=55515 |title=Cracking Frontier Markets |publisher=Harvard Business School |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Jawabai == Efosa Ojomo ya gabatar da jawabai a wurare daban-daban kamar TED, Aspen Ideas Festival, da World Bank.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/directory/ojomo_efosa/ |title=Efosa Ojomo |publisher=Kellogg School of Management |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> A wani shahararren jawabin TED mai taken ''Reducing Corruption Takes a Specific Kind of Investment'', ya bayyana cewa rage cin hanci yana buƙatar ci gaban tattalin arziƙi da samar da dama ga jama'a.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.christenseninstitute.org/people/efosa-ojomo/ |title=Efosa Ojomo |publisher=Christensen Institute |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo == A shekarar 2020, an saka sunansa cikin jerin ''Thinkers50 Radar'' na manyan masu tunani kan harkokin gudanarwa da kasuwanci.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/directory/ojomo_efosa/ |title=Efosa Ojomo |publisher=Kellogg School of Management |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Clayton Christensen]] * [[Harvard Business School]] * [[Innovation]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://efosaojomo.com/ Shafin Efosa Ojomo] * [https://www.christenseninstitute.org/people/efosa-ojomo/ Efosa Ojomo a Christensen Institute] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ojomo, Efosa}} [[Category:'Yan Najeriya marubuta]] [[Category:Masu bincike]] [[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] teesejivc8nopmzokdfbbs9aqikepj9 0 152930 841987 2026-05-28T23:09:28Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356032204|Water politics in the Nile Basin]]" 841987 wikitext text/x-wiki A matsayinta na wani tarin ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin siyasa na duniya da dama, Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] yana fuskantar takaddama da dama game da haƙƙin ruwa . A al'adance ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kogin da ya fi tsayi a duniya wanda ke gudana {{Convert|6,700|km|mi}} ta hanyar ƙasashe goma a arewa maso gabashin [[Afirka]] - [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC), [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Sudan]] da [[Misra|Masar]] tare da yanayi daban-daban. Dangane da yankin kogin Nilu, Sudan ce ke da mafi girman girman ( {{Convert|1,900,000|km2|mi2}} ) yayin da, daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwa guda huɗu da ke ratsa kogin Nilu, uku sun fito ne daga Habasha - [[Blue Nile]], [[Kogin Sobat|Sobat]] da Atbara . Tarihin zamani na siyasa a cikin Kogin Nilu yana da matuƙar rikitarwa kuma yana da fa'idodi masu yawa ga ci gaban yanki da na duniya. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna wadatar ruwa a kowace ƙasa a cikin kwarin Nilu, da kuma kimantawar masu bincike game da raguwar wadatar ruwa ga waɗannan ƙasashe, saboda karuwar yawan mutanen ƙasashe. Sudan kuma tana da ƙarfin ruwa kuma ta ƙirƙiri madatsun ruwa guda huɗu a ƙarni na ƙarshe. Wannan ya haifar da ci gaban da ya zuwa yanzu ya kai {{Convert|18,000|km2|mi2}} na ƙasar ban ruwa, wanda hakan ya sanya [[Sudan]] ta zama ta biyu mafi yawan amfani da kogin Nilu, bayan Masar. Duk da yake Masar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, akwai dalilai da zasu iya haifar da rikici game da rarraba ruwan Kogin Nulu. Misali, Masar tana da irin wannan tattalin arzikin da ke dogara da aikin gona. Bugu da ƙari, Masar ta riga ta dogara da shigo da ruwa mai kama da juna, dabarar da za ta iya haifar da ƙasar don ƙoƙarin rikice-rikicen ruwa na gaba. Kogin Habasha yana samar da kusan kashi 86 cikin 100 na ruwan Kogin Nilu. A cikin shekaru, jihohin da ke da hannu sun sanya yarjejeniyoyi da yarjejeniyoyi don a iya sarrafa rikici. === Misira da Kogin Nilu === Al'adun Masar sun ci gaba da amfani da gudanar da ruwa da aikin gona na kimanin shekaru 5,000 a kwarin Kogin Nilu. Masarawa sun yi aikin ban ruwa, wani nau'i na gudanar da ruwa wanda ya dace da tashi da faduwar Kogin Nilu. Tun a kusa da 3000 KZ, Masarawa sun gina bankunan yumɓu don samar da tafkunan ambaliyar ruwa na girma daban-daban waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar shingen don ambaliyar ambaliyar a cikin kwandon inda za ta zauna har sai ƙasa ta cika, sannan aka zubar da ruwa, kuma an dasa amfanin gona. Wannan hanyar noma ba ta lalata ƙasa da abubuwan gina jiki ba ko kuma ta haifar da matsalolin salinization da hanyoyin noma na zamani ke fuskanta. === Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi amfani da ruwan Nilu === ==== Afrilu 15, 1891 - Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Italian ==== Mataki na III ya bayyana cewa "gwamnatin Italiya ba ta gina a kan Kogin Atbara ba, saboda ban ruwa, duk wani aiki wanda zai iya canza kwararar sa cikin Kogin Nilu". Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan labarin ya kasance mai wuyar fahimta don samar da haƙƙin mallaka ko haƙƙin amfani da ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] cn4wriu9ba48n4k6ttcd33w23rf6j12 841989 841987 2026-05-28T23:09:51Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 841989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A matsayinta na wani tarin ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin siyasa na duniya da dama, Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] yana fuskantar takaddama da dama game da haƙƙin ruwa . A al'adance ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kogin da ya fi tsayi a duniya wanda ke gudana {{Convert|6,700|km|mi}} ta hanyar ƙasashe goma a arewa maso gabashin [[Afirka]] - [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC), [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Sudan]] da [[Misra|Masar]] tare da yanayi daban-daban. Dangane da yankin kogin Nilu, Sudan ce ke da mafi girman girman ( {{Convert|1,900,000|km2|mi2}} ) yayin da, daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwa guda huɗu da ke ratsa kogin Nilu, uku sun fito ne daga Habasha - [[Blue Nile]], [[Kogin Sobat|Sobat]] da Atbara . Tarihin zamani na siyasa a cikin Kogin Nilu yana da matuƙar rikitarwa kuma yana da fa'idodi masu yawa ga ci gaban yanki da na duniya. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna wadatar ruwa a kowace ƙasa a cikin kwarin Nilu, da kuma kimantawar masu bincike game da raguwar wadatar ruwa ga waɗannan ƙasashe, saboda karuwar yawan mutanen ƙasashe. Sudan kuma tana da ƙarfin ruwa kuma ta ƙirƙiri madatsun ruwa guda huɗu a ƙarni na ƙarshe. Wannan ya haifar da ci gaban da ya zuwa yanzu ya kai {{Convert|18,000|km2|mi2}} na ƙasar ban ruwa, wanda hakan ya sanya [[Sudan]] ta zama ta biyu mafi yawan amfani da kogin Nilu, bayan Masar. Duk da yake Masar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, akwai dalilai da zasu iya haifar da rikici game da rarraba ruwan Kogin Nulu. Misali, Masar tana da irin wannan tattalin arzikin da ke dogara da aikin gona. Bugu da ƙari, Masar ta riga ta dogara da shigo da ruwa mai kama da juna, dabarar da za ta iya haifar da ƙasar don ƙoƙarin rikice-rikicen ruwa na gaba. Kogin Habasha yana samar da kusan kashi 86 cikin 100 na ruwan Kogin Nilu. A cikin shekaru, jihohin da ke da hannu sun sanya yarjejeniyoyi da yarjejeniyoyi don a iya sarrafa rikici. === Misira da Kogin Nilu === Al'adun Masar sun ci gaba da amfani da gudanar da ruwa da aikin gona na kimanin shekaru 5,000 a kwarin Kogin Nilu. Masarawa sun yi aikin ban ruwa, wani nau'i na gudanar da ruwa wanda ya dace da tashi da faduwar Kogin Nilu. Tun a kusa da 3000 KZ, Masarawa sun gina bankunan yumɓu don samar da tafkunan ambaliyar ruwa na girma daban-daban waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar shingen don ambaliyar ambaliyar a cikin kwandon inda za ta zauna har sai ƙasa ta cika, sannan aka zubar da ruwa, kuma an dasa amfanin gona. Wannan hanyar noma ba ta lalata ƙasa da abubuwan gina jiki ba ko kuma ta haifar da matsalolin salinization da hanyoyin noma na zamani ke fuskanta. === Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi amfani da ruwan Nilu === ==== Afrilu 15, 1891 - Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Italian ==== Mataki na III ya bayyana cewa "gwamnatin Italiya ba ta gina a kan Kogin Atbara ba, saboda ban ruwa, duk wani aiki wanda zai iya canza kwararar sa cikin Kogin Nilu". Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan labarin ya kasance mai wuyar fahimta don samar da haƙƙin mallaka ko haƙƙin amfani da ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] edagu3gt2m14a0tqyqhdtsscfxcvs9o 0 152931 841991 2026-05-28T23:14:17Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Sir Eldryd Hugh Owen Parry''' (27 Nuwamba 1930 – 13 Nuwamba 2022) fitaccen masanin likitanci ne, malamin jami'a kuma mai rajin bunkasa ilimin lafiya a Afirka. Ya yi suna sosai wajen taimakawa ci gaban koyar da aikin likitanci a kasashen Afirka musamman a Nijeriya, inda ya koyar a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da kuma [[Jami'ar Ilorin]]. Haka kuma shi ne ya kafa kungiyar '''Tropical Health and Education Trust (THET)''' wadda ke tallafa wa cibiyoyin lafiya da makarantu a kasashe... 841991 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sir Eldryd Hugh Owen Parry''' (27 Nuwamba 1930 – 13 Nuwamba 2022) fitaccen masanin likitanci ne, malamin jami'a kuma mai rajin bunkasa ilimin lafiya a Afirka. Ya yi suna sosai wajen taimakawa ci gaban koyar da aikin likitanci a kasashen Afirka musamman a Nijeriya, inda ya koyar a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da kuma [[Jami'ar Ilorin]]. Haka kuma shi ne ya kafa kungiyar '''Tropical Health and Education Trust (THET)''' wadda ke tallafa wa cibiyoyin lafiya da makarantu a kasashe masu tasowa. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/blogs/2022/obituary-eldryd-parry |title=Obituary: Eldryd Parry |publisher=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine |date=23 Nuwamba 2022 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Eldryd Parry a ranar 27 Nuwamba 1930 a Birtaniya. Ya yi karatun likitanci a jami'o'in Cambridge da Cardiff. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki a Hammersmith Hospital da ke Landan kafin a tura shi zuwa Nijeriya a shekarar 1960 domin koyarwa da aikin likitanci a University College Hospital, Ibadan. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rstmh.org/news-blog/news/in-memoriam-professor-sir-eldryd-parry |title=In Memoriam: Professor Sir Eldryd Parry |publisher=Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=2 Disamba 2022 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aikinsa a Afirka == Parry ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa ilimin likitanci a Afirka. Bayan ya yi aiki a Ibadan, ya tafi Habasha inda ya koyar a Haile Selassie University da ke Addis Ababa. Daga bisani ya dawo Nijeriya a shekarar 1969 inda aka nada shi Farfesa a fannin likitanci a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.globalhealthpartnerships.org/patrons/professor-sir-eldyrd-parry/ |title=Professor Sir Eldryd Parry, KCMG OBE |publisher=Global Health Partnerships |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1977, ya zama shugaban farko na Faculty of Medicine a [[Jami'ar Ilorin]]. A nan ne ya kirkiro tsarin '''Community Based Experience and Service (COBES)''', wanda ya mayar da hankali wajen koyar da daliban likitanci yadda za su yi aiki tare da al’umma kai tsaye. Wannan tsari ya taimaka wajen inganta kula da lafiya musamman a yankunan karkara. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.globalhealthpartnerships.org/remembering-sir-eldryd-parry/ |title=Remembering Professor Sir Eldryd Parry |publisher=Global Health Partnerships |date=17 Nuwamba 2022 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1985, ya kasance shugaban makarantar likitanci kuma Farfesa a Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology da ke Kumasi a kasar Ghana. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/blogs/2022/obituary-eldryd-parry |title=Obituary: Eldryd Parry |publisher=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine |date=23 Nuwamba 2022 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Gudummawa ga ilimin lafiya == Eldryd Parry ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu fafutukar ganin an samar da ilimin likitanci da ya dace da bukatun kasashen Afirka. Ya shirya kuma ya jagoranci rubuta littafin '''Principles of Medicine in Africa''', wanda ya zama daya daga cikin muhimman littattafan koyar da likitanci a nahiyar Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1258/td.2008.080108 |title=Professor Eldryd Parry Chairman, Tropical Doctor Editorial Board (1986–2008) |publisher=Tropical Doctor |date=1 Afrilu 2008 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1988, ya kafa kungiyar '''Tropical Health and Education Trust (THET)''' domin hada asibitoci da makarantu a Birtaniya da Afirka wajen horas da ma’aikatan lafiya da inganta kiwon lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.globalhealthpartnerships.org/reflections-medical-education-africa/ |title=Reflections on Medical Education in Africa |publisher=Global Health Partnerships |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Karramawa == An karrama Parry da lambobin yabo da dama saboda gudummawar da ya bayar wajen bunkasa lafiya a Afirka. Ya samu lambar yabo ta '''OBE''' a shekarar 1982 sannan aka ba shi sarautar '''KCMG''' a shekarar 2011 saboda ayyukansa wajen bunkasa harkokin lafiya a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.globalhealthpartnerships.org/patrons/professor-sir-eldyrd-parry/ |title=Professor Sir Eldryd Parry, KCMG OBE |publisher=Global Health Partnerships |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2007 kuma ya samu lambar yabo ta rayuwa daga Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene saboda gudummawarsa ga ilimin likitanci a yankunan zafi. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rstmh.org/news-blog/news/in-memoriam-professor-sir-eldryd-parry |title=In Memoriam: Professor Sir Eldryd Parry |publisher=Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=2 Disamba 2022 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Sir Eldryd Parry ya rasu a ranar 13 Nuwamba 2022 yana da shekaru 91. Mutuwarsa ta jawo jimami daga masana harkar lafiya da tsoffin dalibansa a kasashen Afirka da dama musamman Nijeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.globalhealthpartnerships.org/remembering-sir-eldryd-parry/ |title=Remembering Professor Sir Eldryd Parry |publisher=Global Health Partnerships |date=17 Nuwamba 2022 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'a]] [[Category:Likitocin Birtaniya]] [[Category:Masana lafiya]] [[Category:Mutanen da suka yi aiki a Nijeriya]] [[Category:1930 births]] [[Category:2022 deaths]] 97ks8w74bap0pvne6gbfe48xzcw3o1n 0 152932 841993 2026-05-28T23:15:59Z Sirjat 20447 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355653074|Ancient Egyptian agriculture]]" 841993 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg|thumb|Yin noma tare da karkiya na shanu masu ƙaho a Misira ta dā. Zane daga ɗakin binnewar Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]] Al'adar Masar ta dā tana da bashi ga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da ambaliyar yanayi mai aminci. Tsinkaya na kogin da ƙasa mai kyau sun ba Masarawa damar gina daular bisa ga babban arzikin noma. An yaba wa Masarawa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin rukunin mutane na farko da suka yi aikin gona a babban sikelin. Wannan ya yiwu ne saboda basirar Masarawa yayin da suka bunkasa ban ruwa. Ayyukansu na noma sun ba su damar shuka amfanin gona na yau da kullun, musamman hatsi kamar alkama da sha'ir, da amfanin gona, kamar flax da papyrus.<ref name="Origins">{{Cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |date=June 2002 |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1}}</ref> == Farkon aikin gona == A yammacin kwarin Nilu, gabashin Sahara gida ne na al'adun Neolithic da yawa. A [[Lokacin zafi na Afirka]], wannan yanki ne mai wadataccen ciyayi, kuma yawan mutane a cikin Sahara ya karu sosai da kimanin shekaru 8000 BC. Sun rayu ta hanyar farauta da kamun kifi a cikin tabkuna na gida, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Kevin H. |last2=Bristow |first2=Charlie S. |last3=Armitage |first3=Simon J. |last4=Blench |first4=Roger M. |last5=Drake |first5=Nick A. |date=11 January 2011 |title=Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=458–462 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108..458D |doi=10.1073/pnas.1012231108 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=3021035 |pmid=21187416 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma tattara [[Siril|hatsi]] na daji na Sahara, wanda yake da yawa. Alkama irin su brachiaria, [[sorghum]] da urochloa muhimmiyar hanyar abinci ce.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tafuri |first=Mary Anne |last2=Bentley |first2=R. Alexander |last3=Manzi |first3=Giorgio |last4=di Lernia |first4=Savino |date=September 2006 |title=Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya) |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=390–402 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002 |issn=0278-4165}}</ref> Lokacin zafi na Afirka yana zuwa ƙarshe a hankali, kuma kimanin shekaru 6,000-5,000 da suka gabata ya ƙare. Kafin wannan lokacin, makiyaya masu ƙaura suna zuwa wasu sassan Afirka, amma kuma suna zuwa Kogin Nilu, inda akwai alamun noma kaɗan kafin hakan. Dakhleh Oasis, musamman, ya kasance batun bincike mai yawa na baya-bayan nan, kuma yana ba da muhimmiyar shaida ga aikin gona na Masar na farko.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin al'ada na abubuwan da suka faru bayan Pleistocene a Arewa maso gabashin Afirka gabaɗaya. Dakhleh Oasis yana cikin Yammacin Yammacin (Masar). Yana da nisan kilomita 350 (220 mi.) daga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] tsakanin oases na Farafra da [[Kharga]] . A Dakhleh, mutanen al'adun Bashendi sun kasance makiyaya masu tafi-da-goma a lokacin zafi na Afirka. Sun zauna a wuraren da aka gina da dutse, da wuraren da ke buɗewa waɗanda suka ƙunshi tarin tuddai. A wani wuri a cikin Yammacin Yammacin Misira, kungiyoyin Bashendi sun zauna a Farafra Oasis, da Nabta Playa, zuwa kudu.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Bashendi sun yi amfani da sandstone grinders don niƙa millet da sorghum na daji.&nbsp;&nbsp; A Farafra Oasis, an sami awaki da aka rubuta a kusa da 6100 BC (8100 cal BP) a ƙauyen Hidden Valley. A Nabta Playa, ragowar tumaki / awaki da shanu suna nan tun daga kimanin 6000 BC (8000 cal BP). Duk da haka awaki da shanu kusan sune kawai abubuwan Neolithic daga Gabas ta Tsakiya waɗanda mazaunan oasis suka yarda. Sauran ci gaban al'adu, kamar masana'antar lithic, sun samo asali ne a cikin gida, ko aƙalla daga cikin Arewa maso gabashin Afirka.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Faiyum Oasis na Masar kuma yana ba da shaida ga aikin gona daga kusan wannan lokacin. [[Rago|tumaki]], [[Akwiya|awaki]], [[aladu]], da [[Saniya|shanu]] suna nan. Tumaki a shafin Qasr El-Sagha an rubuta shi ne a 5350 BC (7350 cal BP), kuma tumaki, awaki, da shanu a 5150 BC (7150 cal BP). <ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amma ga amfanin gona, ana samun alkama da [[sha'ir]] a cikin Faiyum a shafukan Kom K da Kom W, wanda aka rubuta ca. 4500-4200 KZ. <ref name="Wendrich Taylor Southon 2010 pp. 999–1002">{{Cite journal |last=Wendrich |first=W. |last2=Taylor |first2=R.E. |last3=Southon |first3=J. |year=2010 |title=Dating stratified settlement sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for the Fayum Neolithic |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=268 |issue=7–8 |pages=999–1002 |bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..999W |doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.083 |issn=0168-583X}}</ref><ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLinseeleVan_NeerThysPhillipps2014">Linseele, Veerle; Van Neer, Wim; Thys, Sofie; Phillipps, Rebecca; Cappers, René; Wendrich, Willeke; Holdaway, Simon (2014-10-13). Caramelli, David (ed.). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 "New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''9''' (10) e108517. Public Library of Science (PLoS). [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j8517L 2014PLoSO...9j8517L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108517|10.1371/journal.pone.0108517]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203 1932-6203]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 4195595]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25310283 25310283].</cite></ref> Ana samun tukwane da yawa a waɗannan shafuka, amma akwai ƙananan shaidar gine-gine na dindindin da ake ginawa. Al'adun Merimde sun kasance daga kusan 4800 zuwa 4300 BC. Wadannan mutane sun zo ne don bunkasa tattalin arzikin noma. Har ila yau, shafin da ake kira Merimde Beni Salama, kimanin kilomita 15 a arewa maso yammacin Alkahira, an yi imanin cewa shine farkon garin da aka zauna har abada a Misira Al'adun Merimde sun haɗu a lokaci tare da al'adun Faiyum A, da kuma Al'adun Badari a Upper Egypt, waɗanda aka tsara su daga baya. Wadannan duk al'adun noma ne Tsarin noma. === Nilu da shuka filin === 6b9qp5ntrypnb31dh6a0rn5azqv29pw 841994 841993 2026-05-28T23:16:17Z Sirjat 20447 841994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg|thumb|Yin noma tare da karkiya na shanu masu ƙaho a Misira ta dā. Zane daga ɗakin binnewar Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]] Al'adar Masar ta dā tana da bashi ga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da ambaliyar yanayi mai aminci. Tsinkaya na kogin da ƙasa mai kyau sun ba Masarawa damar gina daular bisa ga babban arzikin noma. An yaba wa Masarawa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin rukunin mutane na farko da suka yi aikin gona a babban sikelin. Wannan ya yiwu ne saboda basirar Masarawa yayin da suka bunkasa ban ruwa. Ayyukansu na noma sun ba su damar shuka amfanin gona na yau da kullun, musamman hatsi kamar alkama da sha'ir, da amfanin gona, kamar flax da papyrus.<ref name="Origins">{{Cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |date=June 2002 |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1}}</ref> == Farkon aikin gona == A yammacin kwarin Nilu, gabashin Sahara gida ne na al'adun Neolithic da yawa. A [[Lokacin zafi na Afirka]], wannan yanki ne mai wadataccen ciyayi, kuma yawan mutane a cikin Sahara ya karu sosai da kimanin shekaru 8000 BC. Sun rayu ta hanyar farauta da kamun kifi a cikin tabkuna na gida, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Kevin H. |last2=Bristow |first2=Charlie S. |last3=Armitage |first3=Simon J. |last4=Blench |first4=Roger M. |last5=Drake |first5=Nick A. |date=11 January 2011 |title=Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=458–462 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108..458D |doi=10.1073/pnas.1012231108 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=3021035 |pmid=21187416 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma tattara [[Siril|hatsi]] na daji na Sahara, wanda yake da yawa. Alkama irin su brachiaria, [[sorghum]] da urochloa muhimmiyar hanyar abinci ce.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tafuri |first=Mary Anne |last2=Bentley |first2=R. Alexander |last3=Manzi |first3=Giorgio |last4=di Lernia |first4=Savino |date=September 2006 |title=Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya) |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=390–402 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002 |issn=0278-4165}}</ref> Lokacin zafi na Afirka yana zuwa ƙarshe a hankali, kuma kimanin shekaru 6,000-5,000 da suka gabata ya ƙare. Kafin wannan lokacin, makiyaya masu ƙaura suna zuwa wasu sassan Afirka, amma kuma suna zuwa Kogin Nilu, inda akwai alamun noma kaɗan kafin hakan. Dakhleh Oasis, musamman, ya kasance batun bincike mai yawa na baya-bayan nan, kuma yana ba da muhimmiyar shaida ga aikin gona na Masar na farko.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin al'ada na abubuwan da suka faru bayan Pleistocene a Arewa maso gabashin Afirka gabaɗaya. Dakhleh Oasis yana cikin Yammacin Yammacin (Masar). Yana da nisan kilomita 350 (220 mi.) daga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] tsakanin oases na Farafra da [[Kharga]] . A Dakhleh, mutanen al'adun Bashendi sun kasance makiyaya masu tafi-da-goma a lokacin zafi na Afirka. Sun zauna a wuraren da aka gina da dutse, da wuraren da ke buɗewa waɗanda suka ƙunshi tarin tuddai. A wani wuri a cikin Yammacin Yammacin Misira, kungiyoyin Bashendi sun zauna a Farafra Oasis, da Nabta Playa, zuwa kudu.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Bashendi sun yi amfani da sandstone grinders don niƙa millet da sorghum na daji.&nbsp;&nbsp; A Farafra Oasis, an sami awaki da aka rubuta a kusa da 6100 BC (8100 cal BP) a ƙauyen Hidden Valley. A Nabta Playa, ragowar tumaki / awaki da shanu suna nan tun daga kimanin 6000 BC (8000 cal BP). Duk da haka awaki da shanu kusan sune kawai abubuwan Neolithic daga Gabas ta Tsakiya waɗanda mazaunan oasis suka yarda. Sauran ci gaban al'adu, kamar masana'antar lithic, sun samo asali ne a cikin gida, ko aƙalla daga cikin Arewa maso gabashin Afirka.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Faiyum Oasis na Masar kuma yana ba da shaida ga aikin gona daga kusan wannan lokacin. [[Rago|tumaki]], [[Akwiya|awaki]], [[aladu]], da [[Saniya|shanu]] suna nan. Tumaki a shafin Qasr El-Sagha an rubuta shi ne a 5350 BC (7350 cal BP), kuma tumaki, awaki, da shanu a 5150 BC (7150 cal BP). <ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amma ga amfanin gona, ana samun alkama da [[sha'ir]] a cikin Faiyum a shafukan Kom K da Kom W, wanda aka rubuta ca. 4500-4200 KZ. <ref name="Wendrich Taylor Southon 2010 pp. 999–1002">{{Cite journal |last=Wendrich |first=W. |last2=Taylor |first2=R.E. |last3=Southon |first3=J. |year=2010 |title=Dating stratified settlement sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for the Fayum Neolithic |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=268 |issue=7–8 |pages=999–1002 |bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..999W |doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.083 |issn=0168-583X}}</ref><ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLinseeleVan_NeerThysPhillipps2014">Linseele, Veerle; Van Neer, Wim; Thys, Sofie; Phillipps, Rebecca; Cappers, René; Wendrich, Willeke; Holdaway, Simon (2014-10-13). Caramelli, David (ed.). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 "New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''9''' (10) e108517. Public Library of Science (PLoS). [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j8517L 2014PLoSO...9j8517L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108517|10.1371/journal.pone.0108517]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203 1932-6203]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 4195595]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25310283 25310283].</cite></ref> Ana samun tukwane da yawa a waɗannan shafuka, amma akwai ƙananan shaidar gine-gine na dindindin da ake ginawa. Al'adun Merimde sun kasance daga kusan 4800 zuwa 4300 BC. Wadannan mutane sun zo ne don bunkasa tattalin arzikin noma. Har ila yau, shafin da ake kira Merimde Beni Salama, kimanin kilomita 15 a arewa maso yammacin Alkahira, an yi imanin cewa shine farkon garin da aka zauna har abada a Misira Al'adun Merimde sun haɗu a lokaci tare da al'adun Faiyum A, da kuma Al'adun Badari a Upper Egypt, waɗanda aka tsara su daga baya. Wadannan duk al'adun noma ne Tsarin noma. === Nilu da shuka filin === 2he116tn7yww903z1t2pa75jzl4mres 841997 841994 2026-05-28T23:19:55Z Sirjat 20447 /* Nilu da shuka filin */ 841997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg|thumb|Yin noma tare da karkiya na shanu masu ƙaho a Misira ta dā. Zane daga ɗakin binnewar Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]] Al'adar Masar ta dā tana da bashi ga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da ambaliyar yanayi mai aminci. Tsinkaya na kogin da ƙasa mai kyau sun ba Masarawa damar gina daular bisa ga babban arzikin noma. An yaba wa Masarawa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin rukunin mutane na farko da suka yi aikin gona a babban sikelin. Wannan ya yiwu ne saboda basirar Masarawa yayin da suka bunkasa ban ruwa. Ayyukansu na noma sun ba su damar shuka amfanin gona na yau da kullun, musamman hatsi kamar alkama da sha'ir, da amfanin gona, kamar flax da papyrus.<ref name="Origins">{{Cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |date=June 2002 |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1}}</ref> == Farkon aikin gona == A yammacin kwarin Nilu, gabashin Sahara gida ne na al'adun Neolithic da yawa. A [[Lokacin zafi na Afirka]], wannan yanki ne mai wadataccen ciyayi, kuma yawan mutane a cikin Sahara ya karu sosai da kimanin shekaru 8000 BC. Sun rayu ta hanyar farauta da kamun kifi a cikin tabkuna na gida, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Kevin H. |last2=Bristow |first2=Charlie S. |last3=Armitage |first3=Simon J. |last4=Blench |first4=Roger M. |last5=Drake |first5=Nick A. |date=11 January 2011 |title=Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=458–462 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108..458D |doi=10.1073/pnas.1012231108 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=3021035 |pmid=21187416 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma tattara [[Siril|hatsi]] na daji na Sahara, wanda yake da yawa. Alkama irin su brachiaria, [[sorghum]] da urochloa muhimmiyar hanyar abinci ce.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tafuri |first=Mary Anne |last2=Bentley |first2=R. Alexander |last3=Manzi |first3=Giorgio |last4=di Lernia |first4=Savino |date=September 2006 |title=Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya) |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=390–402 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002 |issn=0278-4165}}</ref> Lokacin zafi na Afirka yana zuwa ƙarshe a hankali, kuma kimanin shekaru 6,000-5,000 da suka gabata ya ƙare. Kafin wannan lokacin, makiyaya masu ƙaura suna zuwa wasu sassan Afirka, amma kuma suna zuwa Kogin Nilu, inda akwai alamun noma kaɗan kafin hakan. Dakhleh Oasis, musamman, ya kasance batun bincike mai yawa na baya-bayan nan, kuma yana ba da muhimmiyar shaida ga aikin gona na Masar na farko.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin al'ada na abubuwan da suka faru bayan Pleistocene a Arewa maso gabashin Afirka gabaɗaya. Dakhleh Oasis yana cikin Yammacin Yammacin (Masar). Yana da nisan kilomita 350 (220 mi.) daga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] tsakanin oases na Farafra da [[Kharga]] . A Dakhleh, mutanen al'adun Bashendi sun kasance makiyaya masu tafi-da-goma a lokacin zafi na Afirka. Sun zauna a wuraren da aka gina da dutse, da wuraren da ke buɗewa waɗanda suka ƙunshi tarin tuddai. A wani wuri a cikin Yammacin Yammacin Misira, kungiyoyin Bashendi sun zauna a Farafra Oasis, da Nabta Playa, zuwa kudu.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Bashendi sun yi amfani da sandstone grinders don niƙa millet da sorghum na daji.&nbsp;&nbsp; A Farafra Oasis, an sami awaki da aka rubuta a kusa da 6100 BC (8100 cal BP) a ƙauyen Hidden Valley. A Nabta Playa, ragowar tumaki / awaki da shanu suna nan tun daga kimanin 6000 BC (8000 cal BP). Duk da haka awaki da shanu kusan sune kawai abubuwan Neolithic daga Gabas ta Tsakiya waɗanda mazaunan oasis suka yarda. Sauran ci gaban al'adu, kamar masana'antar lithic, sun samo asali ne a cikin gida, ko aƙalla daga cikin Arewa maso gabashin Afirka.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Faiyum Oasis na Masar kuma yana ba da shaida ga aikin gona daga kusan wannan lokacin. [[Rago|tumaki]], [[Akwiya|awaki]], [[aladu]], da [[Saniya|shanu]] suna nan. Tumaki a shafin Qasr El-Sagha an rubuta shi ne a 5350 BC (7350 cal BP), kuma tumaki, awaki, da shanu a 5150 BC (7150 cal BP). <ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amma ga amfanin gona, ana samun alkama da [[sha'ir]] a cikin Faiyum a shafukan Kom K da Kom W, wanda aka rubuta ca. 4500-4200 KZ. <ref name="Wendrich Taylor Southon 2010 pp. 999–1002">{{Cite journal |last=Wendrich |first=W. |last2=Taylor |first2=R.E. |last3=Southon |first3=J. |year=2010 |title=Dating stratified settlement sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for the Fayum Neolithic |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=268 |issue=7–8 |pages=999–1002 |bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..999W |doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.083 |issn=0168-583X}}</ref><ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLinseeleVan_NeerThysPhillipps2014">Linseele, Veerle; Van Neer, Wim; Thys, Sofie; Phillipps, Rebecca; Cappers, René; Wendrich, Willeke; Holdaway, Simon (2014-10-13). Caramelli, David (ed.). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 "New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''9''' (10) e108517. Public Library of Science (PLoS). [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j8517L 2014PLoSO...9j8517L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108517|10.1371/journal.pone.0108517]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203 1932-6203]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 4195595]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25310283 25310283].</cite></ref> Ana samun tukwane da yawa a waɗannan shafuka, amma akwai ƙananan shaidar gine-gine na dindindin da ake ginawa. Al'adun Merimde sun kasance daga kusan 4800 zuwa 4300 BC. Wadannan mutane sun zo ne don bunkasa tattalin arzikin noma. Har ila yau, shafin da ake kira Merimde Beni Salama, kimanin kilomita 15 a arewa maso yammacin Alkahira, an yi imanin cewa shine farkon garin da aka zauna har abada a Misira Al'adun Merimde sun haɗu a lokaci tare da al'adun Faiyum A, da kuma Al'adun Badari a Upper Egypt, waɗanda aka tsara su daga baya. Wadannan duk al'adun noma ne Tsarin noma. tiyweef3kowwdbagwk2pjrpnnhur04z 841998 841997 2026-05-28T23:20:11Z Sirjat 20447 /* Farkon aikin gona */ 841998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg|thumb|Yin noma tare da karkiya na shanu masu ƙaho a Misira ta dā. Zane daga ɗakin binnewar Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]] Al'adar Masar ta dā tana da bashi ga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da ambaliyar yanayi mai aminci. Tsinkaya na kogin da ƙasa mai kyau sun ba Masarawa damar gina daular bisa ga babban arzikin noma. An yaba wa Masarawa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin rukunin mutane na farko da suka yi aikin gona a babban sikelin. Wannan ya yiwu ne saboda basirar Masarawa yayin da suka bunkasa ban ruwa. Ayyukansu na noma sun ba su damar shuka amfanin gona na yau da kullun, musamman hatsi kamar alkama da sha'ir, da amfanin gona, kamar flax da papyrus.<ref name="Origins">{{Cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |date=June 2002 |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1}}</ref> == Farkon aikin gona == A yammacin kwarin Nilu, gabashin Sahara gida ne na al'adun Neolithic da yawa. A [[Lokacin zafi na Afirka]], wannan yanki ne mai wadataccen ciyayi, kuma yawan mutane a cikin Sahara ya karu sosai da kimanin shekaru 8000 BC. Sun rayu ta hanyar farauta da kamun kifi a cikin tabkuna na gida, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Kevin H. |last2=Bristow |first2=Charlie S. |last3=Armitage |first3=Simon J. |last4=Blench |first4=Roger M. |last5=Drake |first5=Nick A. |date=11 January 2011 |title=Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=458–462 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108..458D |doi=10.1073/pnas.1012231108 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=3021035 |pmid=21187416 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma tattara [[Siril|hatsi]] na daji na Sahara, wanda yake da yawa. Alkama irin su brachiaria, [[sorghum]] da urochloa muhimmiyar hanyar abinci ce.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tafuri |first=Mary Anne |last2=Bentley |first2=R. Alexander |last3=Manzi |first3=Giorgio |last4=di Lernia |first4=Savino |date=September 2006 |title=Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya) |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=390–402 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002 |issn=0278-4165}}</ref> Lokacin zafi na Afirka yana zuwa ƙarshe a hankali, kuma kimanin shekaru 6,000-5,000 da suka gabata ya ƙare. Kafin wannan lokacin, makiyaya masu ƙaura suna zuwa wasu sassan Afirka, amma kuma suna zuwa Kogin Nilu, inda akwai alamun noma kaɗan kafin hakan. Dakhleh Oasis, musamman, ya kasance batun bincike mai yawa na baya-bayan nan, kuma yana ba da muhimmiyar shaida ga aikin gona na Masar na farko.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin al'ada na abubuwan da suka faru bayan Pleistocene a Arewa maso gabashin Afirka gabaɗaya. Dakhleh Oasis yana cikin Yammacin Yammacin (Masar). Yana da nisan kilomita 350 (220 mi.) daga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] tsakanin oases na Farafra da [[Kharga]] . A Dakhleh, mutanen al'adun Bashendi sun kasance makiyaya masu tafi-da-goma a lokacin zafi na Afirka. Sun zauna a wuraren da aka gina da dutse, da wuraren da ke buɗewa waɗanda suka ƙunshi tarin tuddai. A wani wuri a cikin Yammacin Yammacin Misira, kungiyoyin Bashendi sun zauna a Farafra Oasis, da Nabta Playa, zuwa kudu.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Bashendi sun yi amfani da sandstone grinders don niƙa millet da sorghum na daji.&nbsp;&nbsp; A Farafra Oasis, an sami awaki da aka rubuta a kusa da 6100 BC (8100 cal BP) a ƙauyen Hidden Valley. A Nabta Playa, ragowar tumaki / awaki da shanu suna nan tun daga kimanin 6000 BC (8000 cal BP). Duk da haka awaki da shanu kusan sune kawai abubuwan Neolithic daga Gabas ta Tsakiya waɗanda mazaunan oasis suka yarda. Sauran ci gaban al'adu, kamar masana'antar lithic, sun samo asali ne a cikin gida, ko aƙalla daga cikin Arewa maso gabashin Afirka.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Faiyum Oasis na Masar kuma yana ba da shaida ga aikin gona daga kusan wannan lokacin. [[Rago|tumaki]], [[Akwiya|awaki]], [[aladu]], da [[Saniya|shanu]] suna nan. Tumaki a shafin Qasr El-Sagha an rubuta shi ne a 5350 BC (7350 cal BP), kuma tumaki, awaki, da shanu a 5150 BC (7150 cal BP). <ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amma ga amfanin gona, ana samun alkama da [[sha'ir]] a cikin Faiyum a shafukan Kom K da Kom W, wanda aka rubuta ca. 4500-4200 KZ. <ref name="Wendrich Taylor Southon 2010 pp. 999–1002">{{Cite journal |last=Wendrich |first=W. |last2=Taylor |first2=R.E. |last3=Southon |first3=J. |year=2010 |title=Dating stratified settlement sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for the Fayum Neolithic |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=268 |issue=7–8 |pages=999–1002 |bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..999W |doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.083 |issn=0168-583X}}</ref><ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLinseeleVan_NeerThysPhillipps2014">Linseele, Veerle; Van Neer, Wim; Thys, Sofie; Phillipps, Rebecca; Cappers, René; Wendrich, Willeke; Holdaway, Simon (2014-10-13). Caramelli, David (ed.). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 "New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''9''' (10) e108517. Public Library of Science (PLoS). [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j8517L 2014PLoSO...9j8517L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108517|10.1371/journal.pone.0108517]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203 1932-6203]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 4195595]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25310283 25310283].</cite></ref> Ana samun tukwane da yawa a waɗannan shafuka, amma akwai ƙananan shaidar gine-gine na dindindin da ake ginawa. Al'adun Merimde sun kasance daga kusan 4800 zuwa 4300 BC. Wadannan mutane sun zo ne don bunkasa tattalin arzikin noma. Har ila yau, shafin da ake kira Merimde Beni Salama, kimanin kilomita 15 a arewa maso yammacin Alkahira, an yi imanin cewa shine farkon garin da aka zauna har abada a Misira Al'adun Merimde sun haɗu a lokaci tare da al'adun Faiyum A, da kuma Al'adun Badari a Upper Egypt, waɗanda aka tsara su daga baya. Wadannan duk al'adun noma ne Tsarin noma. ===Nilu da shuka a filaye=== [[File:Nile watershed topo.png|thumb|Ruwan Nilu]] {{further|Geography of Egypt}} Daular Masar ta dā ta bunƙasa a cikin yanayin hamada na arewacin Afirka. Wannan yanki yana tsakanin hamadar Larabawa da ta Libiya,<ref name="Canada">"Mysteries of Egypt. Canadian Museum of Civilization. "http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcgeo2e.shtml</ref> da kuma Nilu. Nilu shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, yana gudana zuwa arewa daga Tafkin Victoria har ya zuba a Bahar Rum. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Blue Nile wanda ya fito daga Habasha, da White Nile wanda ya fito daga Uganda. Duk da cewa White Nile ya fi tsawo kuma sauƙin tafiya, Blue Nile ne yake ɗaukar kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na ruwan kogin. Sunayen rassan sun samo asali ne daga launin ruwan da suke ɗauka. Rassan suna haɗuwa a Khartoum sannan su rabu a Masar, suna kafa Delta na Nilu.<ref name= "how stuff ">Hoyt, Alia. "How the Nile Works." http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/nile-river2.htm</ref> Masarawa sun yi amfani da tsarin ambaliyar Nilu. Saboda ambaliyar tana faruwa a kai a kai, Masarawa sun tsara noman su bisa hakan. Ruwan kogin yana tashi a watan Agusta da Satumba, yana barin filaye da Delta cikin ruwa har zuwa mita 1.5. Wannan ambaliya ta shekara ana kiranta da inundation. Bayan ruwan ya ja a watan Oktoba, manoma suna samun ƙasa mai taki da ruwa don shuka amfanin gona. Ƙasar da ambaliya ta bari ana kiranta da silt, kuma Nilu ya kawo ta daga tsaunukan Habasha. Ana shuka a watan Oktoba bayan ambaliya, sannan amfanin gona ya girma har zuwa Maris zuwa Mayu. Duk da cewa ambaliyar Nilu ta fi sauƙi da tsari fiye da Tigris da Euphrates, ba koyaushe take daidai ba. Idan ruwa ya yi yawa, yana iya lalata magudanan ruwa. Idan kuma ba a samu ambaliya ba, hakan yana jawo yunwa.<ref name= "water history">Postel, Sandra. "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation". http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html#photo1</ref> ===Tsarin ban ruwa=== Don yin amfani da ruwan Nilu yadda ya kamata, Masarawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin ban ruwa. Wannan ya ba su damar amfani da ruwan Nilu ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ban ruwa ya ba su ikon sarrafa noman su.<ref name=" book" /> Ana karkatar da ruwan ambaliya daga wasu wurare kamar birane da lambuna don kauce wa ambaliya. Haka kuma ban ruwa yana ba da ruwan sha. Duk da muhimmancin ban ruwa, babu dokokin ƙasa gaba ɗaya kan sarrafa ruwa. A maimakon haka, manoma na yankin ne ke da alhakin ban ruwa. Shaida mafi tsoho da aka fi sani game da ban ruwa a Masar an samo ta a kan mace head na Sarkin Scorpion, wanda aka kiyasta kusan 3100 BC. Hoton mace head yana nuna sarki yana yanka rami a cikin tsarin ban ruwa. Wannan yana nuna muhimmancin ban ruwa a Masar. ====Ban ruwa na kwantena==== Masarawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin ban ruwa da ake kira basin irrigation. Wannan ya ba su damar sarrafa tashin da saukar ruwan kogin don dacewa da noman su. Ana gina katanga a filaye, kogin zai cika su da ruwa. Wannan tsarin yana riƙe da ruwa fiye da yadda zai tsaya a dabi’a, yana ba ƙasa damar shan ruwa sosai kafin shuka. Bayan ƙasa ta sha ruwa, ragowar ruwan da ya rage ana karkatar da shi zuwa wani kwantena da ke buƙatar ruwa.<ref name="water history"/> ===Noman lambu=== [[File:Gardens of Nakh 1.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Lambunan Amun daga Haikalin Karnak, zanen kabarin Nakh, babban mai lambu, ƙarni na 14 BC]] {{main article|Gardens of ancient Egypt}} An kuma ƙirƙiri lambuna da gonaki a wajen filayen ambaliya. Wannan aikin lambu yana buƙatar ƙarin aiki.<ref name= "Egypt">Dollinger, Andre. "An Introduction to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt". http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/index.html.</ref> Ban ruwa na dindindin da ake buƙata a lambuna yana tilasta masu lambu su ɗauki ruwa da hannu daga rijiyar ko daga Nilu. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da Nilu ke kawo silt mai taki, lambuna suna buƙatar taki daga ƙazamar tsuntsaye. Lambuna da gonaki ana amfani da su wajen shuka kayan lambu, inabi da itatuwan ’ya’yan itace.<ref name="encyc">"Agriculture." The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. 2001. Print.l</ref> 8i7tjprmnns99zvsmcfntvktkp143jd 841999 841998 2026-05-28T23:20:26Z Sirjat 20447 /* Nilu da shuka a filaye */ 841999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg|thumb|Yin noma tare da karkiya na shanu masu ƙaho a Misira ta dā. Zane daga ɗakin binnewar Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]] Al'adar Masar ta dā tana da bashi ga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da ambaliyar yanayi mai aminci. Tsinkaya na kogin da ƙasa mai kyau sun ba Masarawa damar gina daular bisa ga babban arzikin noma. An yaba wa Masarawa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin rukunin mutane na farko da suka yi aikin gona a babban sikelin. Wannan ya yiwu ne saboda basirar Masarawa yayin da suka bunkasa ban ruwa. Ayyukansu na noma sun ba su damar shuka amfanin gona na yau da kullun, musamman hatsi kamar alkama da sha'ir, da amfanin gona, kamar flax da papyrus.<ref name="Origins">{{Cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |date=June 2002 |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1}}</ref> == Farkon aikin gona == A yammacin kwarin Nilu, gabashin Sahara gida ne na al'adun Neolithic da yawa. A [[Lokacin zafi na Afirka]], wannan yanki ne mai wadataccen ciyayi, kuma yawan mutane a cikin Sahara ya karu sosai da kimanin shekaru 8000 BC. Sun rayu ta hanyar farauta da kamun kifi a cikin tabkuna na gida, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Kevin H. |last2=Bristow |first2=Charlie S. |last3=Armitage |first3=Simon J. |last4=Blench |first4=Roger M. |last5=Drake |first5=Nick A. |date=11 January 2011 |title=Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=458–462 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108..458D |doi=10.1073/pnas.1012231108 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=3021035 |pmid=21187416 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma tattara [[Siril|hatsi]] na daji na Sahara, wanda yake da yawa. Alkama irin su brachiaria, [[sorghum]] da urochloa muhimmiyar hanyar abinci ce.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tafuri |first=Mary Anne |last2=Bentley |first2=R. Alexander |last3=Manzi |first3=Giorgio |last4=di Lernia |first4=Savino |date=September 2006 |title=Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya) |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=390–402 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002 |issn=0278-4165}}</ref> Lokacin zafi na Afirka yana zuwa ƙarshe a hankali, kuma kimanin shekaru 6,000-5,000 da suka gabata ya ƙare. Kafin wannan lokacin, makiyaya masu ƙaura suna zuwa wasu sassan Afirka, amma kuma suna zuwa Kogin Nilu, inda akwai alamun noma kaɗan kafin hakan. Dakhleh Oasis, musamman, ya kasance batun bincike mai yawa na baya-bayan nan, kuma yana ba da muhimmiyar shaida ga aikin gona na Masar na farko.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin al'ada na abubuwan da suka faru bayan Pleistocene a Arewa maso gabashin Afirka gabaɗaya. Dakhleh Oasis yana cikin Yammacin Yammacin (Masar). Yana da nisan kilomita 350 (220 mi.) daga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] tsakanin oases na Farafra da [[Kharga]] . A Dakhleh, mutanen al'adun Bashendi sun kasance makiyaya masu tafi-da-goma a lokacin zafi na Afirka. Sun zauna a wuraren da aka gina da dutse, da wuraren da ke buɗewa waɗanda suka ƙunshi tarin tuddai. A wani wuri a cikin Yammacin Yammacin Misira, kungiyoyin Bashendi sun zauna a Farafra Oasis, da Nabta Playa, zuwa kudu.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Bashendi sun yi amfani da sandstone grinders don niƙa millet da sorghum na daji.&nbsp;&nbsp; A Farafra Oasis, an sami awaki da aka rubuta a kusa da 6100 BC (8100 cal BP) a ƙauyen Hidden Valley. A Nabta Playa, ragowar tumaki / awaki da shanu suna nan tun daga kimanin 6000 BC (8000 cal BP). Duk da haka awaki da shanu kusan sune kawai abubuwan Neolithic daga Gabas ta Tsakiya waɗanda mazaunan oasis suka yarda. Sauran ci gaban al'adu, kamar masana'antar lithic, sun samo asali ne a cikin gida, ko aƙalla daga cikin Arewa maso gabashin Afirka.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Faiyum Oasis na Masar kuma yana ba da shaida ga aikin gona daga kusan wannan lokacin. [[Rago|tumaki]], [[Akwiya|awaki]], [[aladu]], da [[Saniya|shanu]] suna nan. Tumaki a shafin Qasr El-Sagha an rubuta shi ne a 5350 BC (7350 cal BP), kuma tumaki, awaki, da shanu a 5150 BC (7150 cal BP). <ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amma ga amfanin gona, ana samun alkama da [[sha'ir]] a cikin Faiyum a shafukan Kom K da Kom W, wanda aka rubuta ca. 4500-4200 KZ. <ref name="Wendrich Taylor Southon 2010 pp. 999–1002">{{Cite journal |last=Wendrich |first=W. |last2=Taylor |first2=R.E. |last3=Southon |first3=J. |year=2010 |title=Dating stratified settlement sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for the Fayum Neolithic |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=268 |issue=7–8 |pages=999–1002 |bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..999W |doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.083 |issn=0168-583X}}</ref><ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLinseeleVan_NeerThysPhillipps2014">Linseele, Veerle; Van Neer, Wim; Thys, Sofie; Phillipps, Rebecca; Cappers, René; Wendrich, Willeke; Holdaway, Simon (2014-10-13). Caramelli, David (ed.). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 "New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''9''' (10) e108517. Public Library of Science (PLoS). [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j8517L 2014PLoSO...9j8517L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108517|10.1371/journal.pone.0108517]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203 1932-6203]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 4195595]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25310283 25310283].</cite></ref> Ana samun tukwane da yawa a waɗannan shafuka, amma akwai ƙananan shaidar gine-gine na dindindin da ake ginawa. Al'adun Merimde sun kasance daga kusan 4800 zuwa 4300 BC. Wadannan mutane sun zo ne don bunkasa tattalin arzikin noma. Har ila yau, shafin da ake kira Merimde Beni Salama, kimanin kilomita 15 a arewa maso yammacin Alkahira, an yi imanin cewa shine farkon garin da aka zauna har abada a Misira Al'adun Merimde sun haɗu a lokaci tare da al'adun Faiyum A, da kuma Al'adun Badari a Upper Egypt, waɗanda aka tsara su daga baya. Wadannan duk al'adun noma ne Tsarin noma. ===Nilu da shuka a filaye=== [[File:Nile watershed topo.png|thumb|Ruwan Nilu]] Daular Masar ta dā ta bunƙasa a cikin yanayin hamada na arewacin Afirka. Wannan yanki yana tsakanin hamadar Larabawa da ta Libiya,<ref name="Canada">"Mysteries of Egypt. Canadian Museum of Civilization. "http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcgeo2e.shtml</ref> da kuma Nilu. Nilu shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, yana gudana zuwa arewa daga Tafkin Victoria har ya zuba a Bahar Rum. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Blue Nile wanda ya fito daga Habasha, da White Nile wanda ya fito daga Uganda. Duk da cewa White Nile ya fi tsawo kuma sauƙin tafiya, Blue Nile ne yake ɗaukar kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na ruwan kogin. Sunayen rassan sun samo asali ne daga launin ruwan da suke ɗauka. Rassan suna haɗuwa a Khartoum sannan su rabu a Masar, suna kafa Delta na Nilu.<ref name= "how stuff ">Hoyt, Alia. "How the Nile Works." http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/nile-river2.htm</ref> Masarawa sun yi amfani da tsarin ambaliyar Nilu. Saboda ambaliyar tana faruwa a kai a kai, Masarawa sun tsara noman su bisa hakan. Ruwan kogin yana tashi a watan Agusta da Satumba, yana barin filaye da Delta cikin ruwa har zuwa mita 1.5. Wannan ambaliya ta shekara ana kiranta da inundation. Bayan ruwan ya ja a watan Oktoba, manoma suna samun ƙasa mai taki da ruwa don shuka amfanin gona. Ƙasar da ambaliya ta bari ana kiranta da silt, kuma Nilu ya kawo ta daga tsaunukan Habasha. Ana shuka a watan Oktoba bayan ambaliya, sannan amfanin gona ya girma har zuwa Maris zuwa Mayu. Duk da cewa ambaliyar Nilu ta fi sauƙi da tsari fiye da Tigris da Euphrates, ba koyaushe take daidai ba. Idan ruwa ya yi yawa, yana iya lalata magudanan ruwa. Idan kuma ba a samu ambaliya ba, hakan yana jawo yunwa.<ref name= "water history">Postel, Sandra. "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation". http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html#photo1</ref> ===Tsarin ban ruwa=== Don yin amfani da ruwan Nilu yadda ya kamata, Masarawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin ban ruwa. Wannan ya ba su damar amfani da ruwan Nilu ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ban ruwa ya ba su ikon sarrafa noman su.<ref name=" book" /> Ana karkatar da ruwan ambaliya daga wasu wurare kamar birane da lambuna don kauce wa ambaliya. Haka kuma ban ruwa yana ba da ruwan sha. Duk da muhimmancin ban ruwa, babu dokokin ƙasa gaba ɗaya kan sarrafa ruwa. A maimakon haka, manoma na yankin ne ke da alhakin ban ruwa. Shaida mafi tsoho da aka fi sani game da ban ruwa a Masar an samo ta a kan mace head na Sarkin Scorpion, wanda aka kiyasta kusan 3100 BC. Hoton mace head yana nuna sarki yana yanka rami a cikin tsarin ban ruwa. Wannan yana nuna muhimmancin ban ruwa a Masar. ====Ban ruwa na kwantena==== Masarawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin ban ruwa da ake kira basin irrigation. Wannan ya ba su damar sarrafa tashin da saukar ruwan kogin don dacewa da noman su. Ana gina katanga a filaye, kogin zai cika su da ruwa. Wannan tsarin yana riƙe da ruwa fiye da yadda zai tsaya a dabi’a, yana ba ƙasa damar shan ruwa sosai kafin shuka. Bayan ƙasa ta sha ruwa, ragowar ruwan da ya rage ana karkatar da shi zuwa wani kwantena da ke buƙatar ruwa.<ref name="water history"/> ===Noman lambu=== [[File:Gardens of Nakh 1.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Lambunan Amun daga Haikalin Karnak, zanen kabarin Nakh, babban mai lambu, ƙarni na 14 BC]] {{main article|Gardens of ancient Egypt}} An kuma ƙirƙiri lambuna da gonaki a wajen filayen ambaliya. Wannan aikin lambu yana buƙatar ƙarin aiki.<ref name= "Egypt">Dollinger, Andre. "An Introduction to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt". http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/index.html.</ref> Ban ruwa na dindindin da ake buƙata a lambuna yana tilasta masu lambu su ɗauki ruwa da hannu daga rijiyar ko daga Nilu. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da Nilu ke kawo silt mai taki, lambuna suna buƙatar taki daga ƙazamar tsuntsaye. Lambuna da gonaki ana amfani da su wajen shuka kayan lambu, inabi da itatuwan ’ya’yan itace.<ref name="encyc">"Agriculture." The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. 2001. Print.l</ref> 2wmyoyt2ckqq7wqd8k3tw5j8vsa3d9b 842000 841999 2026-05-28T23:20:42Z Sirjat 20447 /* Noman lambu */ 842000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg|thumb|Yin noma tare da karkiya na shanu masu ƙaho a Misira ta dā. Zane daga ɗakin binnewar Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]] Al'adar Masar ta dā tana da bashi ga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da ambaliyar yanayi mai aminci. Tsinkaya na kogin da ƙasa mai kyau sun ba Masarawa damar gina daular bisa ga babban arzikin noma. An yaba wa Masarawa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin rukunin mutane na farko da suka yi aikin gona a babban sikelin. Wannan ya yiwu ne saboda basirar Masarawa yayin da suka bunkasa ban ruwa. Ayyukansu na noma sun ba su damar shuka amfanin gona na yau da kullun, musamman hatsi kamar alkama da sha'ir, da amfanin gona, kamar flax da papyrus.<ref name="Origins">{{Cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |date=June 2002 |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1}}</ref> == Farkon aikin gona == A yammacin kwarin Nilu, gabashin Sahara gida ne na al'adun Neolithic da yawa. A [[Lokacin zafi na Afirka]], wannan yanki ne mai wadataccen ciyayi, kuma yawan mutane a cikin Sahara ya karu sosai da kimanin shekaru 8000 BC. Sun rayu ta hanyar farauta da kamun kifi a cikin tabkuna na gida, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Kevin H. |last2=Bristow |first2=Charlie S. |last3=Armitage |first3=Simon J. |last4=Blench |first4=Roger M. |last5=Drake |first5=Nick A. |date=11 January 2011 |title=Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=458–462 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108..458D |doi=10.1073/pnas.1012231108 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=3021035 |pmid=21187416 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma tattara [[Siril|hatsi]] na daji na Sahara, wanda yake da yawa. Alkama irin su brachiaria, [[sorghum]] da urochloa muhimmiyar hanyar abinci ce.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tafuri |first=Mary Anne |last2=Bentley |first2=R. Alexander |last3=Manzi |first3=Giorgio |last4=di Lernia |first4=Savino |date=September 2006 |title=Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya) |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=390–402 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002 |issn=0278-4165}}</ref> Lokacin zafi na Afirka yana zuwa ƙarshe a hankali, kuma kimanin shekaru 6,000-5,000 da suka gabata ya ƙare. Kafin wannan lokacin, makiyaya masu ƙaura suna zuwa wasu sassan Afirka, amma kuma suna zuwa Kogin Nilu, inda akwai alamun noma kaɗan kafin hakan. Dakhleh Oasis, musamman, ya kasance batun bincike mai yawa na baya-bayan nan, kuma yana ba da muhimmiyar shaida ga aikin gona na Masar na farko.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin al'ada na abubuwan da suka faru bayan Pleistocene a Arewa maso gabashin Afirka gabaɗaya. Dakhleh Oasis yana cikin Yammacin Yammacin (Masar). Yana da nisan kilomita 350 (220 mi.) daga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] tsakanin oases na Farafra da [[Kharga]] . A Dakhleh, mutanen al'adun Bashendi sun kasance makiyaya masu tafi-da-goma a lokacin zafi na Afirka. Sun zauna a wuraren da aka gina da dutse, da wuraren da ke buɗewa waɗanda suka ƙunshi tarin tuddai. A wani wuri a cikin Yammacin Yammacin Misira, kungiyoyin Bashendi sun zauna a Farafra Oasis, da Nabta Playa, zuwa kudu.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Bashendi sun yi amfani da sandstone grinders don niƙa millet da sorghum na daji.&nbsp;&nbsp; A Farafra Oasis, an sami awaki da aka rubuta a kusa da 6100 BC (8100 cal BP) a ƙauyen Hidden Valley. A Nabta Playa, ragowar tumaki / awaki da shanu suna nan tun daga kimanin 6000 BC (8000 cal BP). Duk da haka awaki da shanu kusan sune kawai abubuwan Neolithic daga Gabas ta Tsakiya waɗanda mazaunan oasis suka yarda. Sauran ci gaban al'adu, kamar masana'antar lithic, sun samo asali ne a cikin gida, ko aƙalla daga cikin Arewa maso gabashin Afirka.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Faiyum Oasis na Masar kuma yana ba da shaida ga aikin gona daga kusan wannan lokacin. [[Rago|tumaki]], [[Akwiya|awaki]], [[aladu]], da [[Saniya|shanu]] suna nan. Tumaki a shafin Qasr El-Sagha an rubuta shi ne a 5350 BC (7350 cal BP), kuma tumaki, awaki, da shanu a 5150 BC (7150 cal BP). <ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amma ga amfanin gona, ana samun alkama da [[sha'ir]] a cikin Faiyum a shafukan Kom K da Kom W, wanda aka rubuta ca. 4500-4200 KZ. <ref name="Wendrich Taylor Southon 2010 pp. 999–1002">{{Cite journal |last=Wendrich |first=W. |last2=Taylor |first2=R.E. |last3=Southon |first3=J. |year=2010 |title=Dating stratified settlement sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for the Fayum Neolithic |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=268 |issue=7–8 |pages=999–1002 |bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..999W |doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.083 |issn=0168-583X}}</ref><ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLinseeleVan_NeerThysPhillipps2014">Linseele, Veerle; Van Neer, Wim; Thys, Sofie; Phillipps, Rebecca; Cappers, René; Wendrich, Willeke; Holdaway, Simon (2014-10-13). Caramelli, David (ed.). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 "New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''9''' (10) e108517. Public Library of Science (PLoS). [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j8517L 2014PLoSO...9j8517L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108517|10.1371/journal.pone.0108517]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203 1932-6203]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 4195595]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25310283 25310283].</cite></ref> Ana samun tukwane da yawa a waɗannan shafuka, amma akwai ƙananan shaidar gine-gine na dindindin da ake ginawa. Al'adun Merimde sun kasance daga kusan 4800 zuwa 4300 BC. Wadannan mutane sun zo ne don bunkasa tattalin arzikin noma. Har ila yau, shafin da ake kira Merimde Beni Salama, kimanin kilomita 15 a arewa maso yammacin Alkahira, an yi imanin cewa shine farkon garin da aka zauna har abada a Misira Al'adun Merimde sun haɗu a lokaci tare da al'adun Faiyum A, da kuma Al'adun Badari a Upper Egypt, waɗanda aka tsara su daga baya. Wadannan duk al'adun noma ne Tsarin noma. ===Nilu da shuka a filaye=== [[File:Nile watershed topo.png|thumb|Ruwan Nilu]] Daular Masar ta dā ta bunƙasa a cikin yanayin hamada na arewacin Afirka. Wannan yanki yana tsakanin hamadar Larabawa da ta Libiya,<ref name="Canada">"Mysteries of Egypt. Canadian Museum of Civilization. "http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcgeo2e.shtml</ref> da kuma Nilu. Nilu shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, yana gudana zuwa arewa daga Tafkin Victoria har ya zuba a Bahar Rum. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Blue Nile wanda ya fito daga Habasha, da White Nile wanda ya fito daga Uganda. Duk da cewa White Nile ya fi tsawo kuma sauƙin tafiya, Blue Nile ne yake ɗaukar kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na ruwan kogin. Sunayen rassan sun samo asali ne daga launin ruwan da suke ɗauka. Rassan suna haɗuwa a Khartoum sannan su rabu a Masar, suna kafa Delta na Nilu.<ref name= "how stuff ">Hoyt, Alia. "How the Nile Works." http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/nile-river2.htm</ref> Masarawa sun yi amfani da tsarin ambaliyar Nilu. Saboda ambaliyar tana faruwa a kai a kai, Masarawa sun tsara noman su bisa hakan. Ruwan kogin yana tashi a watan Agusta da Satumba, yana barin filaye da Delta cikin ruwa har zuwa mita 1.5. Wannan ambaliya ta shekara ana kiranta da inundation. Bayan ruwan ya ja a watan Oktoba, manoma suna samun ƙasa mai taki da ruwa don shuka amfanin gona. Ƙasar da ambaliya ta bari ana kiranta da silt, kuma Nilu ya kawo ta daga tsaunukan Habasha. Ana shuka a watan Oktoba bayan ambaliya, sannan amfanin gona ya girma har zuwa Maris zuwa Mayu. Duk da cewa ambaliyar Nilu ta fi sauƙi da tsari fiye da Tigris da Euphrates, ba koyaushe take daidai ba. Idan ruwa ya yi yawa, yana iya lalata magudanan ruwa. Idan kuma ba a samu ambaliya ba, hakan yana jawo yunwa.<ref name= "water history">Postel, Sandra. "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation". http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html#photo1</ref> ===Tsarin ban ruwa=== Don yin amfani da ruwan Nilu yadda ya kamata, Masarawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin ban ruwa. Wannan ya ba su damar amfani da ruwan Nilu ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ban ruwa ya ba su ikon sarrafa noman su.<ref name=" book" /> Ana karkatar da ruwan ambaliya daga wasu wurare kamar birane da lambuna don kauce wa ambaliya. Haka kuma ban ruwa yana ba da ruwan sha. Duk da muhimmancin ban ruwa, babu dokokin ƙasa gaba ɗaya kan sarrafa ruwa. A maimakon haka, manoma na yankin ne ke da alhakin ban ruwa. Shaida mafi tsoho da aka fi sani game da ban ruwa a Masar an samo ta a kan mace head na Sarkin Scorpion, wanda aka kiyasta kusan 3100 BC. Hoton mace head yana nuna sarki yana yanka rami a cikin tsarin ban ruwa. Wannan yana nuna muhimmancin ban ruwa a Masar. ====Ban ruwa na kwantena==== Masarawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin ban ruwa da ake kira basin irrigation. Wannan ya ba su damar sarrafa tashin da saukar ruwan kogin don dacewa da noman su. Ana gina katanga a filaye, kogin zai cika su da ruwa. Wannan tsarin yana riƙe da ruwa fiye da yadda zai tsaya a dabi’a, yana ba ƙasa damar shan ruwa sosai kafin shuka. Bayan ƙasa ta sha ruwa, ragowar ruwan da ya rage ana karkatar da shi zuwa wani kwantena da ke buƙatar ruwa.<ref name="water history"/> ===Noman lambu=== [[File:Gardens of Nakh 1.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Lambunan Amun daga Haikalin Karnak, zanen kabarin Nakh, babban mai lambu, ƙarni na 14 BC]] An kuma ƙirƙiri lambuna da gonaki a wajen filayen ambaliya. Wannan aikin lambu yana buƙatar ƙarin aiki.<ref name= "Egypt">Dollinger, Andre. "An Introduction to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt". http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/index.html.</ref> Ban ruwa na dindindin da ake buƙata a lambuna yana tilasta masu lambu su ɗauki ruwa da hannu daga rijiyar ko daga Nilu. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da Nilu ke kawo silt mai taki, lambuna suna buƙatar taki daga ƙazamar tsuntsaye. Lambuna da gonaki ana amfani da su wajen shuka kayan lambu, inabi da itatuwan ’ya’yan itace.<ref name="encyc">"Agriculture." The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. 2001. Print.l</ref> livq1x7tbf25aege2swpxze0lgpqzmm 842003 842000 2026-05-28T23:22:31Z Sirjat 20447 /* Noman lambu */ 842003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg|thumb|Yin noma tare da karkiya na shanu masu ƙaho a Misira ta dā. Zane daga ɗakin binnewar Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]] Al'adar Masar ta dā tana da bashi ga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da ambaliyar yanayi mai aminci. Tsinkaya na kogin da ƙasa mai kyau sun ba Masarawa damar gina daular bisa ga babban arzikin noma. An yaba wa Masarawa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin rukunin mutane na farko da suka yi aikin gona a babban sikelin. Wannan ya yiwu ne saboda basirar Masarawa yayin da suka bunkasa ban ruwa. Ayyukansu na noma sun ba su damar shuka amfanin gona na yau da kullun, musamman hatsi kamar alkama da sha'ir, da amfanin gona, kamar flax da papyrus.<ref name="Origins">{{Cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |date=June 2002 |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1}}</ref> == Farkon aikin gona == A yammacin kwarin Nilu, gabashin Sahara gida ne na al'adun Neolithic da yawa. A [[Lokacin zafi na Afirka]], wannan yanki ne mai wadataccen ciyayi, kuma yawan mutane a cikin Sahara ya karu sosai da kimanin shekaru 8000 BC. Sun rayu ta hanyar farauta da kamun kifi a cikin tabkuna na gida, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Kevin H. |last2=Bristow |first2=Charlie S. |last3=Armitage |first3=Simon J. |last4=Blench |first4=Roger M. |last5=Drake |first5=Nick A. |date=11 January 2011 |title=Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=458–462 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108..458D |doi=10.1073/pnas.1012231108 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=3021035 |pmid=21187416 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma tattara [[Siril|hatsi]] na daji na Sahara, wanda yake da yawa. Alkama irin su brachiaria, [[sorghum]] da urochloa muhimmiyar hanyar abinci ce.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tafuri |first=Mary Anne |last2=Bentley |first2=R. Alexander |last3=Manzi |first3=Giorgio |last4=di Lernia |first4=Savino |date=September 2006 |title=Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya) |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=390–402 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002 |issn=0278-4165}}</ref> Lokacin zafi na Afirka yana zuwa ƙarshe a hankali, kuma kimanin shekaru 6,000-5,000 da suka gabata ya ƙare. Kafin wannan lokacin, makiyaya masu ƙaura suna zuwa wasu sassan Afirka, amma kuma suna zuwa Kogin Nilu, inda akwai alamun noma kaɗan kafin hakan. Dakhleh Oasis, musamman, ya kasance batun bincike mai yawa na baya-bayan nan, kuma yana ba da muhimmiyar shaida ga aikin gona na Masar na farko.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin al'ada na abubuwan da suka faru bayan Pleistocene a Arewa maso gabashin Afirka gabaɗaya. Dakhleh Oasis yana cikin Yammacin Yammacin (Masar). Yana da nisan kilomita 350 (220 mi.) daga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] tsakanin oases na Farafra da [[Kharga]] . A Dakhleh, mutanen al'adun Bashendi sun kasance makiyaya masu tafi-da-goma a lokacin zafi na Afirka. Sun zauna a wuraren da aka gina da dutse, da wuraren da ke buɗewa waɗanda suka ƙunshi tarin tuddai. A wani wuri a cikin Yammacin Yammacin Misira, kungiyoyin Bashendi sun zauna a Farafra Oasis, da Nabta Playa, zuwa kudu.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Bashendi sun yi amfani da sandstone grinders don niƙa millet da sorghum na daji.&nbsp;&nbsp; A Farafra Oasis, an sami awaki da aka rubuta a kusa da 6100 BC (8100 cal BP) a ƙauyen Hidden Valley. A Nabta Playa, ragowar tumaki / awaki da shanu suna nan tun daga kimanin 6000 BC (8000 cal BP). Duk da haka awaki da shanu kusan sune kawai abubuwan Neolithic daga Gabas ta Tsakiya waɗanda mazaunan oasis suka yarda. Sauran ci gaban al'adu, kamar masana'antar lithic, sun samo asali ne a cikin gida, ko aƙalla daga cikin Arewa maso gabashin Afirka.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Faiyum Oasis na Masar kuma yana ba da shaida ga aikin gona daga kusan wannan lokacin. [[Rago|tumaki]], [[Akwiya|awaki]], [[aladu]], da [[Saniya|shanu]] suna nan. Tumaki a shafin Qasr El-Sagha an rubuta shi ne a 5350 BC (7350 cal BP), kuma tumaki, awaki, da shanu a 5150 BC (7150 cal BP). <ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amma ga amfanin gona, ana samun alkama da [[sha'ir]] a cikin Faiyum a shafukan Kom K da Kom W, wanda aka rubuta ca. 4500-4200 KZ. <ref name="Wendrich Taylor Southon 2010 pp. 999–1002">{{Cite journal |last=Wendrich |first=W. |last2=Taylor |first2=R.E. |last3=Southon |first3=J. |year=2010 |title=Dating stratified settlement sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for the Fayum Neolithic |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=268 |issue=7–8 |pages=999–1002 |bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..999W |doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.083 |issn=0168-583X}}</ref><ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLinseeleVan_NeerThysPhillipps2014">Linseele, Veerle; Van Neer, Wim; Thys, Sofie; Phillipps, Rebecca; Cappers, René; Wendrich, Willeke; Holdaway, Simon (2014-10-13). Caramelli, David (ed.). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 "New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''9''' (10) e108517. Public Library of Science (PLoS). [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j8517L 2014PLoSO...9j8517L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108517|10.1371/journal.pone.0108517]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203 1932-6203]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 4195595]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25310283 25310283].</cite></ref> Ana samun tukwane da yawa a waɗannan shafuka, amma akwai ƙananan shaidar gine-gine na dindindin da ake ginawa. Al'adun Merimde sun kasance daga kusan 4800 zuwa 4300 BC. Wadannan mutane sun zo ne don bunkasa tattalin arzikin noma. Har ila yau, shafin da ake kira Merimde Beni Salama, kimanin kilomita 15 a arewa maso yammacin Alkahira, an yi imanin cewa shine farkon garin da aka zauna har abada a Misira Al'adun Merimde sun haɗu a lokaci tare da al'adun Faiyum A, da kuma Al'adun Badari a Upper Egypt, waɗanda aka tsara su daga baya. Wadannan duk al'adun noma ne Tsarin noma. ===Nilu da shuka a filaye=== [[File:Nile watershed topo.png|thumb|Ruwan Nilu]] Daular Masar ta dā ta bunƙasa a cikin yanayin hamada na arewacin Afirka. Wannan yanki yana tsakanin hamadar Larabawa da ta Libiya,<ref name="Canada">"Mysteries of Egypt. Canadian Museum of Civilization. "http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcgeo2e.shtml</ref> da kuma Nilu. Nilu shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, yana gudana zuwa arewa daga Tafkin Victoria har ya zuba a Bahar Rum. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Blue Nile wanda ya fito daga Habasha, da White Nile wanda ya fito daga Uganda. Duk da cewa White Nile ya fi tsawo kuma sauƙin tafiya, Blue Nile ne yake ɗaukar kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na ruwan kogin. Sunayen rassan sun samo asali ne daga launin ruwan da suke ɗauka. Rassan suna haɗuwa a Khartoum sannan su rabu a Masar, suna kafa Delta na Nilu.<ref name= "how stuff ">Hoyt, Alia. "How the Nile Works." http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/nile-river2.htm</ref> Masarawa sun yi amfani da tsarin ambaliyar Nilu. Saboda ambaliyar tana faruwa a kai a kai, Masarawa sun tsara noman su bisa hakan. Ruwan kogin yana tashi a watan Agusta da Satumba, yana barin filaye da Delta cikin ruwa har zuwa mita 1.5. Wannan ambaliya ta shekara ana kiranta da inundation. Bayan ruwan ya ja a watan Oktoba, manoma suna samun ƙasa mai taki da ruwa don shuka amfanin gona. Ƙasar da ambaliya ta bari ana kiranta da silt, kuma Nilu ya kawo ta daga tsaunukan Habasha. Ana shuka a watan Oktoba bayan ambaliya, sannan amfanin gona ya girma har zuwa Maris zuwa Mayu. Duk da cewa ambaliyar Nilu ta fi sauƙi da tsari fiye da Tigris da Euphrates, ba koyaushe take daidai ba. Idan ruwa ya yi yawa, yana iya lalata magudanan ruwa. Idan kuma ba a samu ambaliya ba, hakan yana jawo yunwa.<ref name= "water history">Postel, Sandra. "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation". http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html#photo1</ref> ===Tsarin ban ruwa=== Don yin amfani da ruwan Nilu yadda ya kamata, Masarawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin ban ruwa. Wannan ya ba su damar amfani da ruwan Nilu ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ban ruwa ya ba su ikon sarrafa noman su.<ref name=" book" /> Ana karkatar da ruwan ambaliya daga wasu wurare kamar birane da lambuna don kauce wa ambaliya. Haka kuma ban ruwa yana ba da ruwan sha. Duk da muhimmancin ban ruwa, babu dokokin ƙasa gaba ɗaya kan sarrafa ruwa. A maimakon haka, manoma na yankin ne ke da alhakin ban ruwa. Shaida mafi tsoho da aka fi sani game da ban ruwa a Masar an samo ta a kan mace head na Sarkin Scorpion, wanda aka kiyasta kusan 3100 BC. Hoton mace head yana nuna sarki yana yanka rami a cikin tsarin ban ruwa. Wannan yana nuna muhimmancin ban ruwa a Masar. ====Ban ruwa na kwantena==== Masarawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin ban ruwa da ake kira basin irrigation. Wannan ya ba su damar sarrafa tashin da saukar ruwan kogin don dacewa da noman su. Ana gina katanga a filaye, kogin zai cika su da ruwa. Wannan tsarin yana riƙe da ruwa fiye da yadda zai tsaya a dabi’a, yana ba ƙasa damar shan ruwa sosai kafin shuka. Bayan ƙasa ta sha ruwa, ragowar ruwan da ya rage ana karkatar da shi zuwa wani kwantena da ke buƙatar ruwa.<ref name="water history"/> ===Noman lambu=== [[File:Gardens of Nakh 1.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Lambunan Amun daga Haikalin Karnak, zanen kabarin Nakh, babban mai lambu, ƙarni na 14 BC]] An kuma ƙirƙiri lambuna da gonaki a wajen filayen ambaliya. Wannan aikin lambu yana buƙatar ƙarin aiki.<ref name= "Egypt">Dollinger, Andre. "An Introduction to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt". http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/index.html.</ref> Ban ruwa na dindindin da ake buƙata a lambuna yana tilasta masu lambu su ɗauki ruwa da hannu daga rijiyar ko daga Nilu. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da Nilu ke kawo silt mai taki, lambuna suna buƙatar taki daga ƙazamar tsuntsaye. Lambuna da gonaki ana amfani da su wajen shuka kayan lambu, inabi da itatuwan ’ya’yan itace.<ref name="encyc">"Agriculture." The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. 2001. Print.l</ref> ==Amfanin gona da ake nomawa== ===Amfanin abinci=== {{See also|Ancient Egyptian cuisine}} Masarawa sun noma nau’o’in amfanin gona daban-daban domin abinci, ciki har da hatsi, kayan lambu da ’ya’yan itatuwa. Abincin su ya fi karkata ga wasu muhimman hatsi, musamman alkama da sha’ir. Sauran hatsi da aka noma sun haɗa da einkorn wheat da emmer wheat, wanda ake yin burodi da su. Sauran abinci na yau da kullum sun haɗa da wake, lentil, daga baya chickpea da fava beans. Ana kuma noma kayan tushe kamar albasa, tafarnuwa da radish, tare da kayan ganye kamar lettuce da parsley.<ref name= "Origins">{{cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1 |date=June 2002|citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 }}</ref> ’Ya’yan itatuwa sun kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na zane-zanen Masarawa, wanda ke nuna muhimmancin su a aikin noma yayin da fasahar noma ta ci gaba. Ba kamar hatsi ba, ’ya’yan itatuwa suna buƙatar fasaha mai wahala da ban ruwa, cloning, propagation da horarwa. ’Ya’yan itatuwa na farko da aka noma sun haɗa da dabino da sorghum. Daga baya aka shigo da inabi, watermelon, sycamore fig, dom palm da Christ’s thorn. A lokacin New Kingdom aka shigo da carob, zaitun, apple da pomegranate. A lokacin Greco-Roman aka shigo da peach da pear.<ref name= "fruit">{{cite book |last=Janick |first=Jules |chapter=The Origins of Fruits, Fruit Growing and Fruit Breeding |title=Plant Breeding Reviews |volume=25 |date=February 2005 |pages=255–320 |doi=10.1002/9780470650301.ch8 |isbn=978-0-470-65030-1 }}</ref> ===Amfanin gona na masana’antu da zare=== Masarawa sun dogara da noma ba kawai domin abinci ba. Sun yi amfani da tsirrai wajen magani, addini da kuma yin tufafi. Ganyaye sun fi amfani da yawa; ana amfani da su wajen girki, magani, kayan kwalliya da kuma wajen yin mummification. An gano fiye da nau’o’in tsirrai 2000 a cikin kaburbura.<ref name="Origins"/> Papyrus ya kasance amfanin gona mai amfani sosai wanda ya yi daji kuma aka noma shi.<ref name=" BBC"/> Ana cin tushen tsiron a matsayin abinci, amma ana amfani da shi a matsayin amfanin masana’antu. Ana yin jirgi, tabarma da takarda daga jikin tsiron. Flax kuma ya kasance muhimmin amfanin gona na masana’antu, ana yin igiya da zane daga gare shi. Henna kuma ana noma ta domin yin dye.<ref name="Origins"/> [[File:Nebamun-ViewingTheProduceOfTheEstates-3.JPG|thumb|Hoton da ke nuna gabatar da shanun Masarawa ga Nebamun]] ==Kiwo== ===Shanu=== {{see also|Cattle count}} Shanun Masarawa na dā sun kasu kashi hudu: masu dogon ƙaho, masu gajeren ƙaho, marasa ƙaho da kuma zebu.<ref name=ucl>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/foodproduction/cattle.html |title=Cattle in Ancient Egypt |publisher=Ucl.ac.uk |access-date=2016-09-09}}</ref> Shaida ta farko ta shanu a Masar ta fito daga yankin Faiyum, tun daga ƙarni na biyar BC.{{r|ucl}} A lokacin New Kingdom, an shigo da shanun zebu daga Siriya, kuma sun maye gurbin nau’o’in da suka gabata.{{r|ucl}} ===Kaji=== An ƙirƙiri injin ɗumama ƙwai da ake kira Egyptian egg ovens tun ƙarni na 4 BC, ana amfani da su wajen samar da kaji da yawa.<ref name=field>Percy, Pam. ''The Field Guide to Chickens'', Voyageur Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2006, page 16. {{ISBN|0-7603-2473-5}}.</ref> ==Addini da noma== {{further|Ancient Egyptian religion}} A Masar ta dā, addini ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwa. Yawancin ibadun Masarawa sun danganta da yanayi, Nilu da noma. Sun yi amfani da addini wajen bayyana abubuwan halitta kamar ambaliyar Nilu da amfanin gona.<ref name="religion">Teeter, Emily and Brewer, Douglas. "Religion in the Lives of the Ancient Egyptians." The University of Chicago Library. http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/1/777777190168/</ref> Duk da cewa Nilu ne ke kawo arziki ko masifa ga Masarawa, ba su bauta wa Nilu kai tsaye ba. Maimakon haka, suna gode wa alloli na musamman. Ba su da suna na musamman ga kogin, suna kiran shi kawai da "Kogi". Kalmar "Nile" ba ta asalin Masar ba.<ref name= "BBC">Baines, John. "The Story of the Nile." https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/nile_01.shtml</ref> ===Alloli=== {{see also|Egyptian pantheon}} Masarawa sun danganta ambaliya da allah mai suna Hapi. Duk da muhimmancin ambaliya, Hapi ba a ɗauke shi babban allah ba.<ref name=" BBC"/> Ana zana shi a matsayin mutum mai kiba wanda yake kawo ruwan sha da kayan yalwa ga sarakuna.<ref name="Egypt"/> Ba a taɓa gina haikalin musamman domin Hapi ba, amma ana bauta masa lokacin da ambaliya ta fara ta hanyar yin hadaya da waka.<ref name="BBC"/> Allah Osiris kuma yana da alaƙa da Nilu da yalwar ƙasa. A lokacin bukukuwan ambaliya, ana shuka hoton Osiris da aka yi da laka tare da sha’ir.<ref name="BBC"/> jn8mmi1lfo6tlqlkskwtiynpk94s6qu 842004 842003 2026-05-28T23:22:50Z Sirjat 20447 /* Addini da noma */ 842004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg|thumb|Yin noma tare da karkiya na shanu masu ƙaho a Misira ta dā. Zane daga ɗakin binnewar Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]] Al'adar Masar ta dā tana da bashi ga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da ambaliyar yanayi mai aminci. Tsinkaya na kogin da ƙasa mai kyau sun ba Masarawa damar gina daular bisa ga babban arzikin noma. An yaba wa Masarawa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin rukunin mutane na farko da suka yi aikin gona a babban sikelin. Wannan ya yiwu ne saboda basirar Masarawa yayin da suka bunkasa ban ruwa. Ayyukansu na noma sun ba su damar shuka amfanin gona na yau da kullun, musamman hatsi kamar alkama da sha'ir, da amfanin gona, kamar flax da papyrus.<ref name="Origins">{{Cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |date=June 2002 |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1}}</ref> == Farkon aikin gona == A yammacin kwarin Nilu, gabashin Sahara gida ne na al'adun Neolithic da yawa. A [[Lokacin zafi na Afirka]], wannan yanki ne mai wadataccen ciyayi, kuma yawan mutane a cikin Sahara ya karu sosai da kimanin shekaru 8000 BC. Sun rayu ta hanyar farauta da kamun kifi a cikin tabkuna na gida, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Kevin H. |last2=Bristow |first2=Charlie S. |last3=Armitage |first3=Simon J. |last4=Blench |first4=Roger M. |last5=Drake |first5=Nick A. |date=11 January 2011 |title=Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=458–462 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108..458D |doi=10.1073/pnas.1012231108 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=3021035 |pmid=21187416 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma tattara [[Siril|hatsi]] na daji na Sahara, wanda yake da yawa. Alkama irin su brachiaria, [[sorghum]] da urochloa muhimmiyar hanyar abinci ce.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tafuri |first=Mary Anne |last2=Bentley |first2=R. Alexander |last3=Manzi |first3=Giorgio |last4=di Lernia |first4=Savino |date=September 2006 |title=Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya) |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=390–402 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002 |issn=0278-4165}}</ref> Lokacin zafi na Afirka yana zuwa ƙarshe a hankali, kuma kimanin shekaru 6,000-5,000 da suka gabata ya ƙare. Kafin wannan lokacin, makiyaya masu ƙaura suna zuwa wasu sassan Afirka, amma kuma suna zuwa Kogin Nilu, inda akwai alamun noma kaɗan kafin hakan. Dakhleh Oasis, musamman, ya kasance batun bincike mai yawa na baya-bayan nan, kuma yana ba da muhimmiyar shaida ga aikin gona na Masar na farko.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin al'ada na abubuwan da suka faru bayan Pleistocene a Arewa maso gabashin Afirka gabaɗaya. Dakhleh Oasis yana cikin Yammacin Yammacin (Masar). Yana da nisan kilomita 350 (220 mi.) daga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] tsakanin oases na Farafra da [[Kharga]] . A Dakhleh, mutanen al'adun Bashendi sun kasance makiyaya masu tafi-da-goma a lokacin zafi na Afirka. Sun zauna a wuraren da aka gina da dutse, da wuraren da ke buɗewa waɗanda suka ƙunshi tarin tuddai. A wani wuri a cikin Yammacin Yammacin Misira, kungiyoyin Bashendi sun zauna a Farafra Oasis, da Nabta Playa, zuwa kudu.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Bashendi sun yi amfani da sandstone grinders don niƙa millet da sorghum na daji.&nbsp;&nbsp; A Farafra Oasis, an sami awaki da aka rubuta a kusa da 6100 BC (8100 cal BP) a ƙauyen Hidden Valley. A Nabta Playa, ragowar tumaki / awaki da shanu suna nan tun daga kimanin 6000 BC (8000 cal BP). Duk da haka awaki da shanu kusan sune kawai abubuwan Neolithic daga Gabas ta Tsakiya waɗanda mazaunan oasis suka yarda. Sauran ci gaban al'adu, kamar masana'antar lithic, sun samo asali ne a cikin gida, ko aƙalla daga cikin Arewa maso gabashin Afirka.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Faiyum Oasis na Masar kuma yana ba da shaida ga aikin gona daga kusan wannan lokacin. [[Rago|tumaki]], [[Akwiya|awaki]], [[aladu]], da [[Saniya|shanu]] suna nan. Tumaki a shafin Qasr El-Sagha an rubuta shi ne a 5350 BC (7350 cal BP), kuma tumaki, awaki, da shanu a 5150 BC (7150 cal BP). <ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amma ga amfanin gona, ana samun alkama da [[sha'ir]] a cikin Faiyum a shafukan Kom K da Kom W, wanda aka rubuta ca. 4500-4200 KZ. <ref name="Wendrich Taylor Southon 2010 pp. 999–1002">{{Cite journal |last=Wendrich |first=W. |last2=Taylor |first2=R.E. |last3=Southon |first3=J. |year=2010 |title=Dating stratified settlement sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for the Fayum Neolithic |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=268 |issue=7–8 |pages=999–1002 |bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..999W |doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.083 |issn=0168-583X}}</ref><ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLinseeleVan_NeerThysPhillipps2014">Linseele, Veerle; Van Neer, Wim; Thys, Sofie; Phillipps, Rebecca; Cappers, René; Wendrich, Willeke; Holdaway, Simon (2014-10-13). Caramelli, David (ed.). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 "New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''9''' (10) e108517. Public Library of Science (PLoS). [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j8517L 2014PLoSO...9j8517L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108517|10.1371/journal.pone.0108517]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203 1932-6203]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 4195595]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25310283 25310283].</cite></ref> Ana samun tukwane da yawa a waɗannan shafuka, amma akwai ƙananan shaidar gine-gine na dindindin da ake ginawa. Al'adun Merimde sun kasance daga kusan 4800 zuwa 4300 BC. Wadannan mutane sun zo ne don bunkasa tattalin arzikin noma. Har ila yau, shafin da ake kira Merimde Beni Salama, kimanin kilomita 15 a arewa maso yammacin Alkahira, an yi imanin cewa shine farkon garin da aka zauna har abada a Misira Al'adun Merimde sun haɗu a lokaci tare da al'adun Faiyum A, da kuma Al'adun Badari a Upper Egypt, waɗanda aka tsara su daga baya. Wadannan duk al'adun noma ne Tsarin noma. ===Nilu da shuka a filaye=== [[File:Nile watershed topo.png|thumb|Ruwan Nilu]] Daular Masar ta dā ta bunƙasa a cikin yanayin hamada na arewacin Afirka. Wannan yanki yana tsakanin hamadar Larabawa da ta Libiya,<ref name="Canada">"Mysteries of Egypt. Canadian Museum of Civilization. "http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcgeo2e.shtml</ref> da kuma Nilu. Nilu shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, yana gudana zuwa arewa daga Tafkin Victoria har ya zuba a Bahar Rum. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Blue Nile wanda ya fito daga Habasha, da White Nile wanda ya fito daga Uganda. Duk da cewa White Nile ya fi tsawo kuma sauƙin tafiya, Blue Nile ne yake ɗaukar kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na ruwan kogin. Sunayen rassan sun samo asali ne daga launin ruwan da suke ɗauka. Rassan suna haɗuwa a Khartoum sannan su rabu a Masar, suna kafa Delta na Nilu.<ref name= "how stuff ">Hoyt, Alia. "How the Nile Works." http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/nile-river2.htm</ref> Masarawa sun yi amfani da tsarin ambaliyar Nilu. Saboda ambaliyar tana faruwa a kai a kai, Masarawa sun tsara noman su bisa hakan. Ruwan kogin yana tashi a watan Agusta da Satumba, yana barin filaye da Delta cikin ruwa har zuwa mita 1.5. Wannan ambaliya ta shekara ana kiranta da inundation. Bayan ruwan ya ja a watan Oktoba, manoma suna samun ƙasa mai taki da ruwa don shuka amfanin gona. Ƙasar da ambaliya ta bari ana kiranta da silt, kuma Nilu ya kawo ta daga tsaunukan Habasha. Ana shuka a watan Oktoba bayan ambaliya, sannan amfanin gona ya girma har zuwa Maris zuwa Mayu. Duk da cewa ambaliyar Nilu ta fi sauƙi da tsari fiye da Tigris da Euphrates, ba koyaushe take daidai ba. Idan ruwa ya yi yawa, yana iya lalata magudanan ruwa. Idan kuma ba a samu ambaliya ba, hakan yana jawo yunwa.<ref name= "water history">Postel, Sandra. "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation". http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html#photo1</ref> ===Tsarin ban ruwa=== Don yin amfani da ruwan Nilu yadda ya kamata, Masarawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin ban ruwa. Wannan ya ba su damar amfani da ruwan Nilu ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ban ruwa ya ba su ikon sarrafa noman su.<ref name=" book" /> Ana karkatar da ruwan ambaliya daga wasu wurare kamar birane da lambuna don kauce wa ambaliya. Haka kuma ban ruwa yana ba da ruwan sha. Duk da muhimmancin ban ruwa, babu dokokin ƙasa gaba ɗaya kan sarrafa ruwa. A maimakon haka, manoma na yankin ne ke da alhakin ban ruwa. Shaida mafi tsoho da aka fi sani game da ban ruwa a Masar an samo ta a kan mace head na Sarkin Scorpion, wanda aka kiyasta kusan 3100 BC. Hoton mace head yana nuna sarki yana yanka rami a cikin tsarin ban ruwa. Wannan yana nuna muhimmancin ban ruwa a Masar. ====Ban ruwa na kwantena==== Masarawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin ban ruwa da ake kira basin irrigation. Wannan ya ba su damar sarrafa tashin da saukar ruwan kogin don dacewa da noman su. Ana gina katanga a filaye, kogin zai cika su da ruwa. Wannan tsarin yana riƙe da ruwa fiye da yadda zai tsaya a dabi’a, yana ba ƙasa damar shan ruwa sosai kafin shuka. Bayan ƙasa ta sha ruwa, ragowar ruwan da ya rage ana karkatar da shi zuwa wani kwantena da ke buƙatar ruwa.<ref name="water history"/> ===Noman lambu=== [[File:Gardens of Nakh 1.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Lambunan Amun daga Haikalin Karnak, zanen kabarin Nakh, babban mai lambu, ƙarni na 14 BC]] An kuma ƙirƙiri lambuna da gonaki a wajen filayen ambaliya. Wannan aikin lambu yana buƙatar ƙarin aiki.<ref name= "Egypt">Dollinger, Andre. "An Introduction to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt". http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/index.html.</ref> Ban ruwa na dindindin da ake buƙata a lambuna yana tilasta masu lambu su ɗauki ruwa da hannu daga rijiyar ko daga Nilu. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da Nilu ke kawo silt mai taki, lambuna suna buƙatar taki daga ƙazamar tsuntsaye. Lambuna da gonaki ana amfani da su wajen shuka kayan lambu, inabi da itatuwan ’ya’yan itace.<ref name="encyc">"Agriculture." The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. 2001. Print.l</ref> ==Amfanin gona da ake nomawa== ===Amfanin abinci=== {{See also|Ancient Egyptian cuisine}} Masarawa sun noma nau’o’in amfanin gona daban-daban domin abinci, ciki har da hatsi, kayan lambu da ’ya’yan itatuwa. Abincin su ya fi karkata ga wasu muhimman hatsi, musamman alkama da sha’ir. Sauran hatsi da aka noma sun haɗa da einkorn wheat da emmer wheat, wanda ake yin burodi da su. Sauran abinci na yau da kullum sun haɗa da wake, lentil, daga baya chickpea da fava beans. Ana kuma noma kayan tushe kamar albasa, tafarnuwa da radish, tare da kayan ganye kamar lettuce da parsley.<ref name= "Origins">{{cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1 |date=June 2002|citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 }}</ref> ’Ya’yan itatuwa sun kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na zane-zanen Masarawa, wanda ke nuna muhimmancin su a aikin noma yayin da fasahar noma ta ci gaba. Ba kamar hatsi ba, ’ya’yan itatuwa suna buƙatar fasaha mai wahala da ban ruwa, cloning, propagation da horarwa. ’Ya’yan itatuwa na farko da aka noma sun haɗa da dabino da sorghum. Daga baya aka shigo da inabi, watermelon, sycamore fig, dom palm da Christ’s thorn. A lokacin New Kingdom aka shigo da carob, zaitun, apple da pomegranate. A lokacin Greco-Roman aka shigo da peach da pear.<ref name= "fruit">{{cite book |last=Janick |first=Jules |chapter=The Origins of Fruits, Fruit Growing and Fruit Breeding |title=Plant Breeding Reviews |volume=25 |date=February 2005 |pages=255–320 |doi=10.1002/9780470650301.ch8 |isbn=978-0-470-65030-1 }}</ref> ===Amfanin gona na masana’antu da zare=== Masarawa sun dogara da noma ba kawai domin abinci ba. Sun yi amfani da tsirrai wajen magani, addini da kuma yin tufafi. Ganyaye sun fi amfani da yawa; ana amfani da su wajen girki, magani, kayan kwalliya da kuma wajen yin mummification. An gano fiye da nau’o’in tsirrai 2000 a cikin kaburbura.<ref name="Origins"/> Papyrus ya kasance amfanin gona mai amfani sosai wanda ya yi daji kuma aka noma shi.<ref name=" BBC"/> Ana cin tushen tsiron a matsayin abinci, amma ana amfani da shi a matsayin amfanin masana’antu. Ana yin jirgi, tabarma da takarda daga jikin tsiron. Flax kuma ya kasance muhimmin amfanin gona na masana’antu, ana yin igiya da zane daga gare shi. Henna kuma ana noma ta domin yin dye.<ref name="Origins"/> [[File:Nebamun-ViewingTheProduceOfTheEstates-3.JPG|thumb|Hoton da ke nuna gabatar da shanun Masarawa ga Nebamun]] ==Kiwo== ===Shanu=== {{see also|Cattle count}} Shanun Masarawa na dā sun kasu kashi hudu: masu dogon ƙaho, masu gajeren ƙaho, marasa ƙaho da kuma zebu.<ref name=ucl>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/foodproduction/cattle.html |title=Cattle in Ancient Egypt |publisher=Ucl.ac.uk |access-date=2016-09-09}}</ref> Shaida ta farko ta shanu a Masar ta fito daga yankin Faiyum, tun daga ƙarni na biyar BC.{{r|ucl}} A lokacin New Kingdom, an shigo da shanun zebu daga Siriya, kuma sun maye gurbin nau’o’in da suka gabata.{{r|ucl}} ===Kaji=== An ƙirƙiri injin ɗumama ƙwai da ake kira Egyptian egg ovens tun ƙarni na 4 BC, ana amfani da su wajen samar da kaji da yawa.<ref name=field>Percy, Pam. ''The Field Guide to Chickens'', Voyageur Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2006, page 16. {{ISBN|0-7603-2473-5}}.</ref> ==Addini da noma== A Masar ta dā, addini ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwa. Yawancin ibadun Masarawa sun danganta da yanayi, Nilu da noma. Sun yi amfani da addini wajen bayyana abubuwan halitta kamar ambaliyar Nilu da amfanin gona.<ref name="religion">Teeter, Emily and Brewer, Douglas. "Religion in the Lives of the Ancient Egyptians." The University of Chicago Library. http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/1/777777190168/</ref> Duk da cewa Nilu ne ke kawo arziki ko masifa ga Masarawa, ba su bauta wa Nilu kai tsaye ba. Maimakon haka, suna gode wa alloli na musamman. Ba su da suna na musamman ga kogin, suna kiran shi kawai da "Kogi". Kalmar "Nile" ba ta asalin Masar ba.<ref name= "BBC">Baines, John. "The Story of the Nile." https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/nile_01.shtml</ref> ===Alloli=== Masarawa sun danganta ambaliya da allah mai suna Hapi. Duk da muhimmancin ambaliya, Hapi ba a ɗauke shi babban allah ba.<ref name=" BBC"/> Ana zana shi a matsayin mutum mai kiba wanda yake kawo ruwan sha da kayan yalwa ga sarakuna.<ref name="Egypt"/> Ba a taɓa gina haikalin musamman domin Hapi ba, amma ana bauta masa lokacin da ambaliya ta fara ta hanyar yin hadaya da waka.<ref name="BBC"/> Allah Osiris kuma yana da alaƙa da Nilu da yalwar ƙasa. A lokacin bukukuwan ambaliya, ana shuka hoton Osiris da aka yi da laka tare da sha’ir.<ref name="BBC"/> l1e4taumvjlcjy1w665pc59s5q6mmgg 842005 842004 2026-05-28T23:23:08Z Sirjat 20447 /* Shanu */ 842005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg|thumb|Yin noma tare da karkiya na shanu masu ƙaho a Misira ta dā. Zane daga ɗakin binnewar Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]] Al'adar Masar ta dā tana da bashi ga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da ambaliyar yanayi mai aminci. Tsinkaya na kogin da ƙasa mai kyau sun ba Masarawa damar gina daular bisa ga babban arzikin noma. An yaba wa Masarawa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin rukunin mutane na farko da suka yi aikin gona a babban sikelin. Wannan ya yiwu ne saboda basirar Masarawa yayin da suka bunkasa ban ruwa. Ayyukansu na noma sun ba su damar shuka amfanin gona na yau da kullun, musamman hatsi kamar alkama da sha'ir, da amfanin gona, kamar flax da papyrus.<ref name="Origins">{{Cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |date=June 2002 |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1}}</ref> == Farkon aikin gona == A yammacin kwarin Nilu, gabashin Sahara gida ne na al'adun Neolithic da yawa. A [[Lokacin zafi na Afirka]], wannan yanki ne mai wadataccen ciyayi, kuma yawan mutane a cikin Sahara ya karu sosai da kimanin shekaru 8000 BC. Sun rayu ta hanyar farauta da kamun kifi a cikin tabkuna na gida, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Kevin H. |last2=Bristow |first2=Charlie S. |last3=Armitage |first3=Simon J. |last4=Blench |first4=Roger M. |last5=Drake |first5=Nick A. |date=11 January 2011 |title=Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=458–462 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108..458D |doi=10.1073/pnas.1012231108 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=3021035 |pmid=21187416 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma tattara [[Siril|hatsi]] na daji na Sahara, wanda yake da yawa. Alkama irin su brachiaria, [[sorghum]] da urochloa muhimmiyar hanyar abinci ce.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tafuri |first=Mary Anne |last2=Bentley |first2=R. Alexander |last3=Manzi |first3=Giorgio |last4=di Lernia |first4=Savino |date=September 2006 |title=Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya) |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=390–402 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002 |issn=0278-4165}}</ref> Lokacin zafi na Afirka yana zuwa ƙarshe a hankali, kuma kimanin shekaru 6,000-5,000 da suka gabata ya ƙare. Kafin wannan lokacin, makiyaya masu ƙaura suna zuwa wasu sassan Afirka, amma kuma suna zuwa Kogin Nilu, inda akwai alamun noma kaɗan kafin hakan. Dakhleh Oasis, musamman, ya kasance batun bincike mai yawa na baya-bayan nan, kuma yana ba da muhimmiyar shaida ga aikin gona na Masar na farko.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin al'ada na abubuwan da suka faru bayan Pleistocene a Arewa maso gabashin Afirka gabaɗaya. Dakhleh Oasis yana cikin Yammacin Yammacin (Masar). Yana da nisan kilomita 350 (220 mi.) daga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] tsakanin oases na Farafra da [[Kharga]] . A Dakhleh, mutanen al'adun Bashendi sun kasance makiyaya masu tafi-da-goma a lokacin zafi na Afirka. Sun zauna a wuraren da aka gina da dutse, da wuraren da ke buɗewa waɗanda suka ƙunshi tarin tuddai. A wani wuri a cikin Yammacin Yammacin Misira, kungiyoyin Bashendi sun zauna a Farafra Oasis, da Nabta Playa, zuwa kudu.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Bashendi sun yi amfani da sandstone grinders don niƙa millet da sorghum na daji.&nbsp;&nbsp; A Farafra Oasis, an sami awaki da aka rubuta a kusa da 6100 BC (8100 cal BP) a ƙauyen Hidden Valley. A Nabta Playa, ragowar tumaki / awaki da shanu suna nan tun daga kimanin 6000 BC (8000 cal BP). Duk da haka awaki da shanu kusan sune kawai abubuwan Neolithic daga Gabas ta Tsakiya waɗanda mazaunan oasis suka yarda. Sauran ci gaban al'adu, kamar masana'antar lithic, sun samo asali ne a cikin gida, ko aƙalla daga cikin Arewa maso gabashin Afirka.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Faiyum Oasis na Masar kuma yana ba da shaida ga aikin gona daga kusan wannan lokacin. [[Rago|tumaki]], [[Akwiya|awaki]], [[aladu]], da [[Saniya|shanu]] suna nan. Tumaki a shafin Qasr El-Sagha an rubuta shi ne a 5350 BC (7350 cal BP), kuma tumaki, awaki, da shanu a 5150 BC (7150 cal BP). <ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amma ga amfanin gona, ana samun alkama da [[sha'ir]] a cikin Faiyum a shafukan Kom K da Kom W, wanda aka rubuta ca. 4500-4200 KZ. <ref name="Wendrich Taylor Southon 2010 pp. 999–1002">{{Cite journal |last=Wendrich |first=W. |last2=Taylor |first2=R.E. |last3=Southon |first3=J. |year=2010 |title=Dating stratified settlement sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for the Fayum Neolithic |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=268 |issue=7–8 |pages=999–1002 |bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..999W |doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.083 |issn=0168-583X}}</ref><ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLinseeleVan_NeerThysPhillipps2014">Linseele, Veerle; Van Neer, Wim; Thys, Sofie; Phillipps, Rebecca; Cappers, René; Wendrich, Willeke; Holdaway, Simon (2014-10-13). Caramelli, David (ed.). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 "New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''9''' (10) e108517. Public Library of Science (PLoS). [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j8517L 2014PLoSO...9j8517L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108517|10.1371/journal.pone.0108517]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203 1932-6203]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 4195595]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25310283 25310283].</cite></ref> Ana samun tukwane da yawa a waɗannan shafuka, amma akwai ƙananan shaidar gine-gine na dindindin da ake ginawa. Al'adun Merimde sun kasance daga kusan 4800 zuwa 4300 BC. Wadannan mutane sun zo ne don bunkasa tattalin arzikin noma. Har ila yau, shafin da ake kira Merimde Beni Salama, kimanin kilomita 15 a arewa maso yammacin Alkahira, an yi imanin cewa shine farkon garin da aka zauna har abada a Misira Al'adun Merimde sun haɗu a lokaci tare da al'adun Faiyum A, da kuma Al'adun Badari a Upper Egypt, waɗanda aka tsara su daga baya. Wadannan duk al'adun noma ne Tsarin noma. ===Nilu da shuka a filaye=== [[File:Nile watershed topo.png|thumb|Ruwan Nilu]] Daular Masar ta dā ta bunƙasa a cikin yanayin hamada na arewacin Afirka. Wannan yanki yana tsakanin hamadar Larabawa da ta Libiya,<ref name="Canada">"Mysteries of Egypt. Canadian Museum of Civilization. "http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcgeo2e.shtml</ref> da kuma Nilu. Nilu shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, yana gudana zuwa arewa daga Tafkin Victoria har ya zuba a Bahar Rum. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Blue Nile wanda ya fito daga Habasha, da White Nile wanda ya fito daga Uganda. Duk da cewa White Nile ya fi tsawo kuma sauƙin tafiya, Blue Nile ne yake ɗaukar kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na ruwan kogin. Sunayen rassan sun samo asali ne daga launin ruwan da suke ɗauka. Rassan suna haɗuwa a Khartoum sannan su rabu a Masar, suna kafa Delta na Nilu.<ref name= "how stuff ">Hoyt, Alia. "How the Nile Works." http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/nile-river2.htm</ref> Masarawa sun yi amfani da tsarin ambaliyar Nilu. Saboda ambaliyar tana faruwa a kai a kai, Masarawa sun tsara noman su bisa hakan. Ruwan kogin yana tashi a watan Agusta da Satumba, yana barin filaye da Delta cikin ruwa har zuwa mita 1.5. Wannan ambaliya ta shekara ana kiranta da inundation. Bayan ruwan ya ja a watan Oktoba, manoma suna samun ƙasa mai taki da ruwa don shuka amfanin gona. Ƙasar da ambaliya ta bari ana kiranta da silt, kuma Nilu ya kawo ta daga tsaunukan Habasha. Ana shuka a watan Oktoba bayan ambaliya, sannan amfanin gona ya girma har zuwa Maris zuwa Mayu. Duk da cewa ambaliyar Nilu ta fi sauƙi da tsari fiye da Tigris da Euphrates, ba koyaushe take daidai ba. Idan ruwa ya yi yawa, yana iya lalata magudanan ruwa. Idan kuma ba a samu ambaliya ba, hakan yana jawo yunwa.<ref name= "water history">Postel, Sandra. "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation". http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html#photo1</ref> ===Tsarin ban ruwa=== Don yin amfani da ruwan Nilu yadda ya kamata, Masarawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin ban ruwa. Wannan ya ba su damar amfani da ruwan Nilu ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ban ruwa ya ba su ikon sarrafa noman su.<ref name=" book" /> Ana karkatar da ruwan ambaliya daga wasu wurare kamar birane da lambuna don kauce wa ambaliya. Haka kuma ban ruwa yana ba da ruwan sha. Duk da muhimmancin ban ruwa, babu dokokin ƙasa gaba ɗaya kan sarrafa ruwa. A maimakon haka, manoma na yankin ne ke da alhakin ban ruwa. Shaida mafi tsoho da aka fi sani game da ban ruwa a Masar an samo ta a kan mace head na Sarkin Scorpion, wanda aka kiyasta kusan 3100 BC. Hoton mace head yana nuna sarki yana yanka rami a cikin tsarin ban ruwa. Wannan yana nuna muhimmancin ban ruwa a Masar. ====Ban ruwa na kwantena==== Masarawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin ban ruwa da ake kira basin irrigation. Wannan ya ba su damar sarrafa tashin da saukar ruwan kogin don dacewa da noman su. Ana gina katanga a filaye, kogin zai cika su da ruwa. Wannan tsarin yana riƙe da ruwa fiye da yadda zai tsaya a dabi’a, yana ba ƙasa damar shan ruwa sosai kafin shuka. Bayan ƙasa ta sha ruwa, ragowar ruwan da ya rage ana karkatar da shi zuwa wani kwantena da ke buƙatar ruwa.<ref name="water history"/> ===Noman lambu=== [[File:Gardens of Nakh 1.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Lambunan Amun daga Haikalin Karnak, zanen kabarin Nakh, babban mai lambu, ƙarni na 14 BC]] An kuma ƙirƙiri lambuna da gonaki a wajen filayen ambaliya. Wannan aikin lambu yana buƙatar ƙarin aiki.<ref name= "Egypt">Dollinger, Andre. "An Introduction to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt". http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/index.html.</ref> Ban ruwa na dindindin da ake buƙata a lambuna yana tilasta masu lambu su ɗauki ruwa da hannu daga rijiyar ko daga Nilu. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da Nilu ke kawo silt mai taki, lambuna suna buƙatar taki daga ƙazamar tsuntsaye. Lambuna da gonaki ana amfani da su wajen shuka kayan lambu, inabi da itatuwan ’ya’yan itace.<ref name="encyc">"Agriculture." The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. 2001. Print.l</ref> ==Amfanin gona da ake nomawa== ===Amfanin abinci=== {{See also|Ancient Egyptian cuisine}} Masarawa sun noma nau’o’in amfanin gona daban-daban domin abinci, ciki har da hatsi, kayan lambu da ’ya’yan itatuwa. Abincin su ya fi karkata ga wasu muhimman hatsi, musamman alkama da sha’ir. Sauran hatsi da aka noma sun haɗa da einkorn wheat da emmer wheat, wanda ake yin burodi da su. Sauran abinci na yau da kullum sun haɗa da wake, lentil, daga baya chickpea da fava beans. Ana kuma noma kayan tushe kamar albasa, tafarnuwa da radish, tare da kayan ganye kamar lettuce da parsley.<ref name= "Origins">{{cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1 |date=June 2002|citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 }}</ref> ’Ya’yan itatuwa sun kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na zane-zanen Masarawa, wanda ke nuna muhimmancin su a aikin noma yayin da fasahar noma ta ci gaba. Ba kamar hatsi ba, ’ya’yan itatuwa suna buƙatar fasaha mai wahala da ban ruwa, cloning, propagation da horarwa. ’Ya’yan itatuwa na farko da aka noma sun haɗa da dabino da sorghum. Daga baya aka shigo da inabi, watermelon, sycamore fig, dom palm da Christ’s thorn. A lokacin New Kingdom aka shigo da carob, zaitun, apple da pomegranate. A lokacin Greco-Roman aka shigo da peach da pear.<ref name= "fruit">{{cite book |last=Janick |first=Jules |chapter=The Origins of Fruits, Fruit Growing and Fruit Breeding |title=Plant Breeding Reviews |volume=25 |date=February 2005 |pages=255–320 |doi=10.1002/9780470650301.ch8 |isbn=978-0-470-65030-1 }}</ref> ===Amfanin gona na masana’antu da zare=== Masarawa sun dogara da noma ba kawai domin abinci ba. Sun yi amfani da tsirrai wajen magani, addini da kuma yin tufafi. Ganyaye sun fi amfani da yawa; ana amfani da su wajen girki, magani, kayan kwalliya da kuma wajen yin mummification. An gano fiye da nau’o’in tsirrai 2000 a cikin kaburbura.<ref name="Origins"/> Papyrus ya kasance amfanin gona mai amfani sosai wanda ya yi daji kuma aka noma shi.<ref name=" BBC"/> Ana cin tushen tsiron a matsayin abinci, amma ana amfani da shi a matsayin amfanin masana’antu. Ana yin jirgi, tabarma da takarda daga jikin tsiron. Flax kuma ya kasance muhimmin amfanin gona na masana’antu, ana yin igiya da zane daga gare shi. Henna kuma ana noma ta domin yin dye.<ref name="Origins"/> [[File:Nebamun-ViewingTheProduceOfTheEstates-3.JPG|thumb|Hoton da ke nuna gabatar da shanun Masarawa ga Nebamun]] ==Kiwo== ===Shanu=== Shanun Masarawa na dā sun kasu kashi hudu: masu dogon ƙaho, masu gajeren ƙaho, marasa ƙaho da kuma zebu.<ref name=ucl>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/foodproduction/cattle.html |title=Cattle in Ancient Egypt |publisher=Ucl.ac.uk |access-date=2016-09-09}}</ref> Shaida ta farko ta shanu a Masar ta fito daga yankin Faiyum, tun daga ƙarni na biyar BC.{{r|ucl}} A lokacin New Kingdom, an shigo da shanun zebu daga Siriya, kuma sun maye gurbin nau’o’in da suka gabata.{{r|ucl}} ===Kaji=== An ƙirƙiri injin ɗumama ƙwai da ake kira Egyptian egg ovens tun ƙarni na 4 BC, ana amfani da su wajen samar da kaji da yawa.<ref name=field>Percy, Pam. ''The Field Guide to Chickens'', Voyageur Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2006, page 16. {{ISBN|0-7603-2473-5}}.</ref> ==Addini da noma== A Masar ta dā, addini ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwa. Yawancin ibadun Masarawa sun danganta da yanayi, Nilu da noma. Sun yi amfani da addini wajen bayyana abubuwan halitta kamar ambaliyar Nilu da amfanin gona.<ref name="religion">Teeter, Emily and Brewer, Douglas. "Religion in the Lives of the Ancient Egyptians." The University of Chicago Library. http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/1/777777190168/</ref> Duk da cewa Nilu ne ke kawo arziki ko masifa ga Masarawa, ba su bauta wa Nilu kai tsaye ba. Maimakon haka, suna gode wa alloli na musamman. Ba su da suna na musamman ga kogin, suna kiran shi kawai da "Kogi". Kalmar "Nile" ba ta asalin Masar ba.<ref name= "BBC">Baines, John. "The Story of the Nile." https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/nile_01.shtml</ref> ===Alloli=== Masarawa sun danganta ambaliya da allah mai suna Hapi. Duk da muhimmancin ambaliya, Hapi ba a ɗauke shi babban allah ba.<ref name=" BBC"/> Ana zana shi a matsayin mutum mai kiba wanda yake kawo ruwan sha da kayan yalwa ga sarakuna.<ref name="Egypt"/> Ba a taɓa gina haikalin musamman domin Hapi ba, amma ana bauta masa lokacin da ambaliya ta fara ta hanyar yin hadaya da waka.<ref name="BBC"/> Allah Osiris kuma yana da alaƙa da Nilu da yalwar ƙasa. A lokacin bukukuwan ambaliya, ana shuka hoton Osiris da aka yi da laka tare da sha’ir.<ref name="BBC"/> dzfb2lazfa4swyyiyftlaua2qnby4h1 842006 842005 2026-05-28T23:23:22Z Sirjat 20447 /* Amfanin abinci */ 842006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg|thumb|Yin noma tare da karkiya na shanu masu ƙaho a Misira ta dā. Zane daga ɗakin binnewar Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]] Al'adar Masar ta dā tana da bashi ga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da ambaliyar yanayi mai aminci. Tsinkaya na kogin da ƙasa mai kyau sun ba Masarawa damar gina daular bisa ga babban arzikin noma. An yaba wa Masarawa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin rukunin mutane na farko da suka yi aikin gona a babban sikelin. Wannan ya yiwu ne saboda basirar Masarawa yayin da suka bunkasa ban ruwa. Ayyukansu na noma sun ba su damar shuka amfanin gona na yau da kullun, musamman hatsi kamar alkama da sha'ir, da amfanin gona, kamar flax da papyrus.<ref name="Origins">{{Cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |date=June 2002 |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1}}</ref> == Farkon aikin gona == A yammacin kwarin Nilu, gabashin Sahara gida ne na al'adun Neolithic da yawa. A [[Lokacin zafi na Afirka]], wannan yanki ne mai wadataccen ciyayi, kuma yawan mutane a cikin Sahara ya karu sosai da kimanin shekaru 8000 BC. Sun rayu ta hanyar farauta da kamun kifi a cikin tabkuna na gida, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Kevin H. |last2=Bristow |first2=Charlie S. |last3=Armitage |first3=Simon J. |last4=Blench |first4=Roger M. |last5=Drake |first5=Nick A. |date=11 January 2011 |title=Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=458–462 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108..458D |doi=10.1073/pnas.1012231108 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=3021035 |pmid=21187416 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma tattara [[Siril|hatsi]] na daji na Sahara, wanda yake da yawa. Alkama irin su brachiaria, [[sorghum]] da urochloa muhimmiyar hanyar abinci ce.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tafuri |first=Mary Anne |last2=Bentley |first2=R. Alexander |last3=Manzi |first3=Giorgio |last4=di Lernia |first4=Savino |date=September 2006 |title=Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya) |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=390–402 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002 |issn=0278-4165}}</ref> Lokacin zafi na Afirka yana zuwa ƙarshe a hankali, kuma kimanin shekaru 6,000-5,000 da suka gabata ya ƙare. Kafin wannan lokacin, makiyaya masu ƙaura suna zuwa wasu sassan Afirka, amma kuma suna zuwa Kogin Nilu, inda akwai alamun noma kaɗan kafin hakan. Dakhleh Oasis, musamman, ya kasance batun bincike mai yawa na baya-bayan nan, kuma yana ba da muhimmiyar shaida ga aikin gona na Masar na farko.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin al'ada na abubuwan da suka faru bayan Pleistocene a Arewa maso gabashin Afirka gabaɗaya. Dakhleh Oasis yana cikin Yammacin Yammacin (Masar). Yana da nisan kilomita 350 (220 mi.) daga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] tsakanin oases na Farafra da [[Kharga]] . A Dakhleh, mutanen al'adun Bashendi sun kasance makiyaya masu tafi-da-goma a lokacin zafi na Afirka. Sun zauna a wuraren da aka gina da dutse, da wuraren da ke buɗewa waɗanda suka ƙunshi tarin tuddai. A wani wuri a cikin Yammacin Yammacin Misira, kungiyoyin Bashendi sun zauna a Farafra Oasis, da Nabta Playa, zuwa kudu.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Bashendi sun yi amfani da sandstone grinders don niƙa millet da sorghum na daji.&nbsp;&nbsp; A Farafra Oasis, an sami awaki da aka rubuta a kusa da 6100 BC (8100 cal BP) a ƙauyen Hidden Valley. A Nabta Playa, ragowar tumaki / awaki da shanu suna nan tun daga kimanin 6000 BC (8000 cal BP). Duk da haka awaki da shanu kusan sune kawai abubuwan Neolithic daga Gabas ta Tsakiya waɗanda mazaunan oasis suka yarda. Sauran ci gaban al'adu, kamar masana'antar lithic, sun samo asali ne a cikin gida, ko aƙalla daga cikin Arewa maso gabashin Afirka.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Faiyum Oasis na Masar kuma yana ba da shaida ga aikin gona daga kusan wannan lokacin. [[Rago|tumaki]], [[Akwiya|awaki]], [[aladu]], da [[Saniya|shanu]] suna nan. Tumaki a shafin Qasr El-Sagha an rubuta shi ne a 5350 BC (7350 cal BP), kuma tumaki, awaki, da shanu a 5150 BC (7150 cal BP). <ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amma ga amfanin gona, ana samun alkama da [[sha'ir]] a cikin Faiyum a shafukan Kom K da Kom W, wanda aka rubuta ca. 4500-4200 KZ. <ref name="Wendrich Taylor Southon 2010 pp. 999–1002">{{Cite journal |last=Wendrich |first=W. |last2=Taylor |first2=R.E. |last3=Southon |first3=J. |year=2010 |title=Dating stratified settlement sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for the Fayum Neolithic |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=268 |issue=7–8 |pages=999–1002 |bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..999W |doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.083 |issn=0168-583X}}</ref><ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLinseeleVan_NeerThysPhillipps2014">Linseele, Veerle; Van Neer, Wim; Thys, Sofie; Phillipps, Rebecca; Cappers, René; Wendrich, Willeke; Holdaway, Simon (2014-10-13). Caramelli, David (ed.). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 "New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''9''' (10) e108517. Public Library of Science (PLoS). [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j8517L 2014PLoSO...9j8517L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108517|10.1371/journal.pone.0108517]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203 1932-6203]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 4195595]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25310283 25310283].</cite></ref> Ana samun tukwane da yawa a waɗannan shafuka, amma akwai ƙananan shaidar gine-gine na dindindin da ake ginawa. Al'adun Merimde sun kasance daga kusan 4800 zuwa 4300 BC. Wadannan mutane sun zo ne don bunkasa tattalin arzikin noma. Har ila yau, shafin da ake kira Merimde Beni Salama, kimanin kilomita 15 a arewa maso yammacin Alkahira, an yi imanin cewa shine farkon garin da aka zauna har abada a Misira Al'adun Merimde sun haɗu a lokaci tare da al'adun Faiyum A, da kuma Al'adun Badari a Upper Egypt, waɗanda aka tsara su daga baya. Wadannan duk al'adun noma ne Tsarin noma. ===Nilu da shuka a filaye=== [[File:Nile watershed topo.png|thumb|Ruwan Nilu]] Daular Masar ta dā ta bunƙasa a cikin yanayin hamada na arewacin Afirka. Wannan yanki yana tsakanin hamadar Larabawa da ta Libiya,<ref name="Canada">"Mysteries of Egypt. Canadian Museum of Civilization. "http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcgeo2e.shtml</ref> da kuma Nilu. Nilu shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, yana gudana zuwa arewa daga Tafkin Victoria har ya zuba a Bahar Rum. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Blue Nile wanda ya fito daga Habasha, da White Nile wanda ya fito daga Uganda. Duk da cewa White Nile ya fi tsawo kuma sauƙin tafiya, Blue Nile ne yake ɗaukar kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na ruwan kogin. Sunayen rassan sun samo asali ne daga launin ruwan da suke ɗauka. Rassan suna haɗuwa a Khartoum sannan su rabu a Masar, suna kafa Delta na Nilu.<ref name= "how stuff ">Hoyt, Alia. "How the Nile Works." http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/nile-river2.htm</ref> Masarawa sun yi amfani da tsarin ambaliyar Nilu. Saboda ambaliyar tana faruwa a kai a kai, Masarawa sun tsara noman su bisa hakan. Ruwan kogin yana tashi a watan Agusta da Satumba, yana barin filaye da Delta cikin ruwa har zuwa mita 1.5. Wannan ambaliya ta shekara ana kiranta da inundation. Bayan ruwan ya ja a watan Oktoba, manoma suna samun ƙasa mai taki da ruwa don shuka amfanin gona. Ƙasar da ambaliya ta bari ana kiranta da silt, kuma Nilu ya kawo ta daga tsaunukan Habasha. Ana shuka a watan Oktoba bayan ambaliya, sannan amfanin gona ya girma har zuwa Maris zuwa Mayu. Duk da cewa ambaliyar Nilu ta fi sauƙi da tsari fiye da Tigris da Euphrates, ba koyaushe take daidai ba. Idan ruwa ya yi yawa, yana iya lalata magudanan ruwa. Idan kuma ba a samu ambaliya ba, hakan yana jawo yunwa.<ref name= "water history">Postel, Sandra. "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation". http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html#photo1</ref> ===Tsarin ban ruwa=== Don yin amfani da ruwan Nilu yadda ya kamata, Masarawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin ban ruwa. Wannan ya ba su damar amfani da ruwan Nilu ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ban ruwa ya ba su ikon sarrafa noman su.<ref name=" book" /> Ana karkatar da ruwan ambaliya daga wasu wurare kamar birane da lambuna don kauce wa ambaliya. Haka kuma ban ruwa yana ba da ruwan sha. Duk da muhimmancin ban ruwa, babu dokokin ƙasa gaba ɗaya kan sarrafa ruwa. A maimakon haka, manoma na yankin ne ke da alhakin ban ruwa. Shaida mafi tsoho da aka fi sani game da ban ruwa a Masar an samo ta a kan mace head na Sarkin Scorpion, wanda aka kiyasta kusan 3100 BC. Hoton mace head yana nuna sarki yana yanka rami a cikin tsarin ban ruwa. Wannan yana nuna muhimmancin ban ruwa a Masar. ====Ban ruwa na kwantena==== Masarawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin ban ruwa da ake kira basin irrigation. Wannan ya ba su damar sarrafa tashin da saukar ruwan kogin don dacewa da noman su. Ana gina katanga a filaye, kogin zai cika su da ruwa. Wannan tsarin yana riƙe da ruwa fiye da yadda zai tsaya a dabi’a, yana ba ƙasa damar shan ruwa sosai kafin shuka. Bayan ƙasa ta sha ruwa, ragowar ruwan da ya rage ana karkatar da shi zuwa wani kwantena da ke buƙatar ruwa.<ref name="water history"/> ===Noman lambu=== [[File:Gardens of Nakh 1.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Lambunan Amun daga Haikalin Karnak, zanen kabarin Nakh, babban mai lambu, ƙarni na 14 BC]] An kuma ƙirƙiri lambuna da gonaki a wajen filayen ambaliya. Wannan aikin lambu yana buƙatar ƙarin aiki.<ref name= "Egypt">Dollinger, Andre. "An Introduction to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt". http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/index.html.</ref> Ban ruwa na dindindin da ake buƙata a lambuna yana tilasta masu lambu su ɗauki ruwa da hannu daga rijiyar ko daga Nilu. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da Nilu ke kawo silt mai taki, lambuna suna buƙatar taki daga ƙazamar tsuntsaye. Lambuna da gonaki ana amfani da su wajen shuka kayan lambu, inabi da itatuwan ’ya’yan itace.<ref name="encyc">"Agriculture." The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. 2001. Print.l</ref> ==Amfanin gona da ake nomawa== ===Amfanin abinci=== Masarawa sun noma nau’o’in amfanin gona daban-daban domin abinci, ciki har da hatsi, kayan lambu da ’ya’yan itatuwa. Abincin su ya fi karkata ga wasu muhimman hatsi, musamman alkama da sha’ir. Sauran hatsi da aka noma sun haɗa da einkorn wheat da emmer wheat, wanda ake yin burodi da su. Sauran abinci na yau da kullum sun haɗa da wake, lentil, daga baya chickpea da fava beans. Ana kuma noma kayan tushe kamar albasa, tafarnuwa da radish, tare da kayan ganye kamar lettuce da parsley.<ref name= "Origins">{{cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1 |date=June 2002|citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 }}</ref> ’Ya’yan itatuwa sun kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na zane-zanen Masarawa, wanda ke nuna muhimmancin su a aikin noma yayin da fasahar noma ta ci gaba. Ba kamar hatsi ba, ’ya’yan itatuwa suna buƙatar fasaha mai wahala da ban ruwa, cloning, propagation da horarwa. ’Ya’yan itatuwa na farko da aka noma sun haɗa da dabino da sorghum. Daga baya aka shigo da inabi, watermelon, sycamore fig, dom palm da Christ’s thorn. A lokacin New Kingdom aka shigo da carob, zaitun, apple da pomegranate. A lokacin Greco-Roman aka shigo da peach da pear.<ref name= "fruit">{{cite book |last=Janick |first=Jules |chapter=The Origins of Fruits, Fruit Growing and Fruit Breeding |title=Plant Breeding Reviews |volume=25 |date=February 2005 |pages=255–320 |doi=10.1002/9780470650301.ch8 |isbn=978-0-470-65030-1 }}</ref> ===Amfanin gona na masana’antu da zare=== Masarawa sun dogara da noma ba kawai domin abinci ba. Sun yi amfani da tsirrai wajen magani, addini da kuma yin tufafi. Ganyaye sun fi amfani da yawa; ana amfani da su wajen girki, magani, kayan kwalliya da kuma wajen yin mummification. An gano fiye da nau’o’in tsirrai 2000 a cikin kaburbura.<ref name="Origins"/> Papyrus ya kasance amfanin gona mai amfani sosai wanda ya yi daji kuma aka noma shi.<ref name=" BBC"/> Ana cin tushen tsiron a matsayin abinci, amma ana amfani da shi a matsayin amfanin masana’antu. Ana yin jirgi, tabarma da takarda daga jikin tsiron. Flax kuma ya kasance muhimmin amfanin gona na masana’antu, ana yin igiya da zane daga gare shi. Henna kuma ana noma ta domin yin dye.<ref name="Origins"/> [[File:Nebamun-ViewingTheProduceOfTheEstates-3.JPG|thumb|Hoton da ke nuna gabatar da shanun Masarawa ga Nebamun]] ==Kiwo== ===Shanu=== Shanun Masarawa na dā sun kasu kashi hudu: masu dogon ƙaho, masu gajeren ƙaho, marasa ƙaho da kuma zebu.<ref name=ucl>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/foodproduction/cattle.html |title=Cattle in Ancient Egypt |publisher=Ucl.ac.uk |access-date=2016-09-09}}</ref> Shaida ta farko ta shanu a Masar ta fito daga yankin Faiyum, tun daga ƙarni na biyar BC.{{r|ucl}} A lokacin New Kingdom, an shigo da shanun zebu daga Siriya, kuma sun maye gurbin nau’o’in da suka gabata.{{r|ucl}} ===Kaji=== An ƙirƙiri injin ɗumama ƙwai da ake kira Egyptian egg ovens tun ƙarni na 4 BC, ana amfani da su wajen samar da kaji da yawa.<ref name=field>Percy, Pam. ''The Field Guide to Chickens'', Voyageur Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2006, page 16. {{ISBN|0-7603-2473-5}}.</ref> ==Addini da noma== A Masar ta dā, addini ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwa. Yawancin ibadun Masarawa sun danganta da yanayi, Nilu da noma. Sun yi amfani da addini wajen bayyana abubuwan halitta kamar ambaliyar Nilu da amfanin gona.<ref name="religion">Teeter, Emily and Brewer, Douglas. "Religion in the Lives of the Ancient Egyptians." The University of Chicago Library. http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/1/777777190168/</ref> Duk da cewa Nilu ne ke kawo arziki ko masifa ga Masarawa, ba su bauta wa Nilu kai tsaye ba. Maimakon haka, suna gode wa alloli na musamman. Ba su da suna na musamman ga kogin, suna kiran shi kawai da "Kogi". Kalmar "Nile" ba ta asalin Masar ba.<ref name= "BBC">Baines, John. "The Story of the Nile." https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/nile_01.shtml</ref> ===Alloli=== Masarawa sun danganta ambaliya da allah mai suna Hapi. Duk da muhimmancin ambaliya, Hapi ba a ɗauke shi babban allah ba.<ref name=" BBC"/> Ana zana shi a matsayin mutum mai kiba wanda yake kawo ruwan sha da kayan yalwa ga sarakuna.<ref name="Egypt"/> Ba a taɓa gina haikalin musamman domin Hapi ba, amma ana bauta masa lokacin da ambaliya ta fara ta hanyar yin hadaya da waka.<ref name="BBC"/> Allah Osiris kuma yana da alaƙa da Nilu da yalwar ƙasa. A lokacin bukukuwan ambaliya, ana shuka hoton Osiris da aka yi da laka tare da sha’ir.<ref name="BBC"/> ai5e6e158macsfg1pwi1mmtcus7o83y 842007 842006 2026-05-28T23:23:40Z Sirjat 20447 /* Alloli */ 842007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg|thumb|Yin noma tare da karkiya na shanu masu ƙaho a Misira ta dā. Zane daga ɗakin binnewar Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC]] Al'adar Masar ta dā tana da bashi ga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da ambaliyar yanayi mai aminci. Tsinkaya na kogin da ƙasa mai kyau sun ba Masarawa damar gina daular bisa ga babban arzikin noma. An yaba wa Masarawa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin rukunin mutane na farko da suka yi aikin gona a babban sikelin. Wannan ya yiwu ne saboda basirar Masarawa yayin da suka bunkasa ban ruwa. Ayyukansu na noma sun ba su damar shuka amfanin gona na yau da kullun, musamman hatsi kamar alkama da sha'ir, da amfanin gona, kamar flax da papyrus.<ref name="Origins">{{Cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |date=June 2002 |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1}}</ref> == Farkon aikin gona == A yammacin kwarin Nilu, gabashin Sahara gida ne na al'adun Neolithic da yawa. A [[Lokacin zafi na Afirka]], wannan yanki ne mai wadataccen ciyayi, kuma yawan mutane a cikin Sahara ya karu sosai da kimanin shekaru 8000 BC. Sun rayu ta hanyar farauta da kamun kifi a cikin tabkuna na gida, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Kevin H. |last2=Bristow |first2=Charlie S. |last3=Armitage |first3=Simon J. |last4=Blench |first4=Roger M. |last5=Drake |first5=Nick A. |date=11 January 2011 |title=Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=458–462 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108..458D |doi=10.1073/pnas.1012231108 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=3021035 |pmid=21187416 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma tattara [[Siril|hatsi]] na daji na Sahara, wanda yake da yawa. Alkama irin su brachiaria, [[sorghum]] da urochloa muhimmiyar hanyar abinci ce.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tafuri |first=Mary Anne |last2=Bentley |first2=R. Alexander |last3=Manzi |first3=Giorgio |last4=di Lernia |first4=Savino |date=September 2006 |title=Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya) |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=390–402 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002 |issn=0278-4165}}</ref> Lokacin zafi na Afirka yana zuwa ƙarshe a hankali, kuma kimanin shekaru 6,000-5,000 da suka gabata ya ƙare. Kafin wannan lokacin, makiyaya masu ƙaura suna zuwa wasu sassan Afirka, amma kuma suna zuwa Kogin Nilu, inda akwai alamun noma kaɗan kafin hakan. Dakhleh Oasis, musamman, ya kasance batun bincike mai yawa na baya-bayan nan, kuma yana ba da muhimmiyar shaida ga aikin gona na Masar na farko.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin al'ada na abubuwan da suka faru bayan Pleistocene a Arewa maso gabashin Afirka gabaɗaya. Dakhleh Oasis yana cikin Yammacin Yammacin (Masar). Yana da nisan kilomita 350 (220 mi.) daga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] tsakanin oases na Farafra da [[Kharga]] . A Dakhleh, mutanen al'adun Bashendi sun kasance makiyaya masu tafi-da-goma a lokacin zafi na Afirka. Sun zauna a wuraren da aka gina da dutse, da wuraren da ke buɗewa waɗanda suka ƙunshi tarin tuddai. A wani wuri a cikin Yammacin Yammacin Misira, kungiyoyin Bashendi sun zauna a Farafra Oasis, da Nabta Playa, zuwa kudu.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Bashendi sun yi amfani da sandstone grinders don niƙa millet da sorghum na daji.&nbsp;&nbsp; A Farafra Oasis, an sami awaki da aka rubuta a kusa da 6100 BC (8100 cal BP) a ƙauyen Hidden Valley. A Nabta Playa, ragowar tumaki / awaki da shanu suna nan tun daga kimanin 6000 BC (8000 cal BP). Duk da haka awaki da shanu kusan sune kawai abubuwan Neolithic daga Gabas ta Tsakiya waɗanda mazaunan oasis suka yarda. Sauran ci gaban al'adu, kamar masana'antar lithic, sun samo asali ne a cikin gida, ko aƙalla daga cikin Arewa maso gabashin Afirka.<ref name="McDonald 2016 pp. 181–197">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Mary M.A. |year=2016 |title=The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=181–197 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..181M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100 |issn=1040-6182 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcDonald2016">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|"The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara"]]. ''Quaternary International''. '''410'''. Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>197. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.410..181M 2016QuInt.410..181M]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182 1040-6182].</cite></ref> Faiyum Oasis na Masar kuma yana ba da shaida ga aikin gona daga kusan wannan lokacin. [[Rago|tumaki]], [[Akwiya|awaki]], [[aladu]], da [[Saniya|shanu]] suna nan. Tumaki a shafin Qasr El-Sagha an rubuta shi ne a 5350 BC (7350 cal BP), kuma tumaki, awaki, da shanu a 5150 BC (7150 cal BP). <ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amma ga amfanin gona, ana samun alkama da [[sha'ir]] a cikin Faiyum a shafukan Kom K da Kom W, wanda aka rubuta ca. 4500-4200 KZ. <ref name="Wendrich Taylor Southon 2010 pp. 999–1002">{{Cite journal |last=Wendrich |first=W. |last2=Taylor |first2=R.E. |last3=Southon |first3=J. |year=2010 |title=Dating stratified settlement sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for the Fayum Neolithic |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=268 |issue=7–8 |pages=999–1002 |bibcode=2010NIMPB.268..999W |doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.083 |issn=0168-583X}}</ref><ref name="Linseele Van Neer Thys Phillipps p=e108517">{{Cite journal |last=Linseele |first=Veerle |last2=Van Neer |first2=Wim |last3=Thys |first3=Sofie |last4=Phillipps |first4=Rebecca |last5=Cappers |first5=René |last6=Wendrich |first6=Willeke |last7=Holdaway |first7=Simon |date=2014-10-13 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j8517L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108517 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4195595 |pmid=25310283 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLinseeleVan_NeerThysPhillipps2014">Linseele, Veerle; Van Neer, Wim; Thys, Sofie; Phillipps, Rebecca; Cappers, René; Wendrich, Willeke; Holdaway, Simon (2014-10-13). Caramelli, David (ed.). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 "New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''9''' (10) e108517. Public Library of Science (PLoS). [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j8517L 2014PLoSO...9j8517L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108517|10.1371/journal.pone.0108517]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203 1932-6203]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195595 4195595]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25310283 25310283].</cite></ref> Ana samun tukwane da yawa a waɗannan shafuka, amma akwai ƙananan shaidar gine-gine na dindindin da ake ginawa. Al'adun Merimde sun kasance daga kusan 4800 zuwa 4300 BC. Wadannan mutane sun zo ne don bunkasa tattalin arzikin noma. Har ila yau, shafin da ake kira Merimde Beni Salama, kimanin kilomita 15 a arewa maso yammacin Alkahira, an yi imanin cewa shine farkon garin da aka zauna har abada a Misira Al'adun Merimde sun haɗu a lokaci tare da al'adun Faiyum A, da kuma Al'adun Badari a Upper Egypt, waɗanda aka tsara su daga baya. Wadannan duk al'adun noma ne Tsarin noma. ===Nilu da shuka a filaye=== [[File:Nile watershed topo.png|thumb|Ruwan Nilu]] Daular Masar ta dā ta bunƙasa a cikin yanayin hamada na arewacin Afirka. Wannan yanki yana tsakanin hamadar Larabawa da ta Libiya,<ref name="Canada">"Mysteries of Egypt. Canadian Museum of Civilization. "http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcgeo2e.shtml</ref> da kuma Nilu. Nilu shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, yana gudana zuwa arewa daga Tafkin Victoria har ya zuba a Bahar Rum. Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Blue Nile wanda ya fito daga Habasha, da White Nile wanda ya fito daga Uganda. Duk da cewa White Nile ya fi tsawo kuma sauƙin tafiya, Blue Nile ne yake ɗaukar kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na ruwan kogin. Sunayen rassan sun samo asali ne daga launin ruwan da suke ɗauka. Rassan suna haɗuwa a Khartoum sannan su rabu a Masar, suna kafa Delta na Nilu.<ref name= "how stuff ">Hoyt, Alia. "How the Nile Works." http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/nile-river2.htm</ref> Masarawa sun yi amfani da tsarin ambaliyar Nilu. Saboda ambaliyar tana faruwa a kai a kai, Masarawa sun tsara noman su bisa hakan. Ruwan kogin yana tashi a watan Agusta da Satumba, yana barin filaye da Delta cikin ruwa har zuwa mita 1.5. Wannan ambaliya ta shekara ana kiranta da inundation. Bayan ruwan ya ja a watan Oktoba, manoma suna samun ƙasa mai taki da ruwa don shuka amfanin gona. Ƙasar da ambaliya ta bari ana kiranta da silt, kuma Nilu ya kawo ta daga tsaunukan Habasha. Ana shuka a watan Oktoba bayan ambaliya, sannan amfanin gona ya girma har zuwa Maris zuwa Mayu. Duk da cewa ambaliyar Nilu ta fi sauƙi da tsari fiye da Tigris da Euphrates, ba koyaushe take daidai ba. Idan ruwa ya yi yawa, yana iya lalata magudanan ruwa. Idan kuma ba a samu ambaliya ba, hakan yana jawo yunwa.<ref name= "water history">Postel, Sandra. "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation". http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html#photo1</ref> ===Tsarin ban ruwa=== Don yin amfani da ruwan Nilu yadda ya kamata, Masarawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin ban ruwa. Wannan ya ba su damar amfani da ruwan Nilu ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ban ruwa ya ba su ikon sarrafa noman su.<ref name=" book" /> Ana karkatar da ruwan ambaliya daga wasu wurare kamar birane da lambuna don kauce wa ambaliya. Haka kuma ban ruwa yana ba da ruwan sha. Duk da muhimmancin ban ruwa, babu dokokin ƙasa gaba ɗaya kan sarrafa ruwa. A maimakon haka, manoma na yankin ne ke da alhakin ban ruwa. Shaida mafi tsoho da aka fi sani game da ban ruwa a Masar an samo ta a kan mace head na Sarkin Scorpion, wanda aka kiyasta kusan 3100 BC. Hoton mace head yana nuna sarki yana yanka rami a cikin tsarin ban ruwa. Wannan yana nuna muhimmancin ban ruwa a Masar. ====Ban ruwa na kwantena==== Masarawa sun ƙirƙiri tsarin ban ruwa da ake kira basin irrigation. Wannan ya ba su damar sarrafa tashin da saukar ruwan kogin don dacewa da noman su. Ana gina katanga a filaye, kogin zai cika su da ruwa. Wannan tsarin yana riƙe da ruwa fiye da yadda zai tsaya a dabi’a, yana ba ƙasa damar shan ruwa sosai kafin shuka. Bayan ƙasa ta sha ruwa, ragowar ruwan da ya rage ana karkatar da shi zuwa wani kwantena da ke buƙatar ruwa.<ref name="water history"/> ===Noman lambu=== [[File:Gardens of Nakh 1.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Lambunan Amun daga Haikalin Karnak, zanen kabarin Nakh, babban mai lambu, ƙarni na 14 BC]] An kuma ƙirƙiri lambuna da gonaki a wajen filayen ambaliya. Wannan aikin lambu yana buƙatar ƙarin aiki.<ref name= "Egypt">Dollinger, Andre. "An Introduction to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt". http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/index.html.</ref> Ban ruwa na dindindin da ake buƙata a lambuna yana tilasta masu lambu su ɗauki ruwa da hannu daga rijiyar ko daga Nilu. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da Nilu ke kawo silt mai taki, lambuna suna buƙatar taki daga ƙazamar tsuntsaye. Lambuna da gonaki ana amfani da su wajen shuka kayan lambu, inabi da itatuwan ’ya’yan itace.<ref name="encyc">"Agriculture." The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. 2001. Print.l</ref> ==Amfanin gona da ake nomawa== ===Amfanin abinci=== Masarawa sun noma nau’o’in amfanin gona daban-daban domin abinci, ciki har da hatsi, kayan lambu da ’ya’yan itatuwa. Abincin su ya fi karkata ga wasu muhimman hatsi, musamman alkama da sha’ir. Sauran hatsi da aka noma sun haɗa da einkorn wheat da emmer wheat, wanda ake yin burodi da su. Sauran abinci na yau da kullum sun haɗa da wake, lentil, daga baya chickpea da fava beans. Ana kuma noma kayan tushe kamar albasa, tafarnuwa da radish, tare da kayan ganye kamar lettuce da parsley.<ref name= "Origins">{{cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |title=Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=583 |pages=23–39 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1 |date=June 2002|citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7643 }}</ref> ’Ya’yan itatuwa sun kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na zane-zanen Masarawa, wanda ke nuna muhimmancin su a aikin noma yayin da fasahar noma ta ci gaba. Ba kamar hatsi ba, ’ya’yan itatuwa suna buƙatar fasaha mai wahala da ban ruwa, cloning, propagation da horarwa. ’Ya’yan itatuwa na farko da aka noma sun haɗa da dabino da sorghum. Daga baya aka shigo da inabi, watermelon, sycamore fig, dom palm da Christ’s thorn. A lokacin New Kingdom aka shigo da carob, zaitun, apple da pomegranate. A lokacin Greco-Roman aka shigo da peach da pear.<ref name= "fruit">{{cite book |last=Janick |first=Jules |chapter=The Origins of Fruits, Fruit Growing and Fruit Breeding |title=Plant Breeding Reviews |volume=25 |date=February 2005 |pages=255–320 |doi=10.1002/9780470650301.ch8 |isbn=978-0-470-65030-1 }}</ref> ===Amfanin gona na masana’antu da zare=== Masarawa sun dogara da noma ba kawai domin abinci ba. Sun yi amfani da tsirrai wajen magani, addini da kuma yin tufafi. Ganyaye sun fi amfani da yawa; ana amfani da su wajen girki, magani, kayan kwalliya da kuma wajen yin mummification. An gano fiye da nau’o’in tsirrai 2000 a cikin kaburbura.<ref name="Origins"/> Papyrus ya kasance amfanin gona mai amfani sosai wanda ya yi daji kuma aka noma shi.<ref name=" BBC"/> Ana cin tushen tsiron a matsayin abinci, amma ana amfani da shi a matsayin amfanin masana’antu. Ana yin jirgi, tabarma da takarda daga jikin tsiron. Flax kuma ya kasance muhimmin amfanin gona na masana’antu, ana yin igiya da zane daga gare shi. Henna kuma ana noma ta domin yin dye.<ref name="Origins"/> [[File:Nebamun-ViewingTheProduceOfTheEstates-3.JPG|thumb|Hoton da ke nuna gabatar da shanun Masarawa ga Nebamun]] ==Kiwo== ===Shanu=== Shanun Masarawa na dā sun kasu kashi hudu: masu dogon ƙaho, masu gajeren ƙaho, marasa ƙaho da kuma zebu.<ref name=ucl>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/foodproduction/cattle.html |title=Cattle in Ancient Egypt |publisher=Ucl.ac.uk |access-date=2016-09-09}}</ref> Shaida ta farko ta shanu a Masar ta fito daga yankin Faiyum, tun daga ƙarni na biyar BC.{{r|ucl}} A lokacin New Kingdom, an shigo da shanun zebu daga Siriya, kuma sun maye gurbin nau’o’in da suka gabata.{{r|ucl}} ===Kaji=== An ƙirƙiri injin ɗumama ƙwai da ake kira Egyptian egg ovens tun ƙarni na 4 BC, ana amfani da su wajen samar da kaji da yawa.<ref name=field>Percy, Pam. ''The Field Guide to Chickens'', Voyageur Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2006, page 16. {{ISBN|0-7603-2473-5}}.</ref> ==Addini da noma== A Masar ta dā, addini ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwa. Yawancin ibadun Masarawa sun danganta da yanayi, Nilu da noma. Sun yi amfani da addini wajen bayyana abubuwan halitta kamar ambaliyar Nilu da amfanin gona.<ref name="religion">Teeter, Emily and Brewer, Douglas. "Religion in the Lives of the Ancient Egyptians." The University of Chicago Library. http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/1/777777190168/</ref> Duk da cewa Nilu ne ke kawo arziki ko masifa ga Masarawa, ba su bauta wa Nilu kai tsaye ba. Maimakon haka, suna gode wa alloli na musamman. Ba su da suna na musamman ga kogin, suna kiran shi kawai da "Kogi". Kalmar "Nile" ba ta asalin Masar ba.<ref name= "BBC">Baines, John. "The Story of the Nile." https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/nile_01.shtml</ref> ===Alloli=== Masarawa sun danganta ambaliya da allah mai suna Hapi. Duk da muhimmancin ambaliya, Hapi ba a ɗauke shi babban allah ba.<ref name=" BBC"/> Ana zana shi a matsayin mutum mai kiba wanda yake kawo ruwan sha da kayan yalwa ga sarakuna.<ref name="Egypt"/> Ba a taɓa gina haikalin musamman domin Hapi ba, amma ana bauta masa lokacin da ambaliya ta fara ta hanyar yin hadaya da waka.<ref name="BBC"/> Allah Osiris kuma yana da alaƙa da Nilu da yalwar ƙasa. A lokacin bukukuwan ambaliya, ana shuka hoton Osiris da aka yi da laka tare da sha’ir.<ref name="BBC"/> == Manazarta == c2vpcf7c52kjoovcda7a62vluuidwll 0 152933 841996 2026-05-28T23:19:00Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Eme Awa | image = | caption = Farfesa Eme Awa | birth_date = {{Birth date|1921|12|15}} | birth_place = Ohafia, Abia State, Najeriya | death_date = {{Death date and age|2000|03|11|1921|12|15}} | death_place = Amurka | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, masanin kimiyyar siyasa, shugaban hukumar zaɓe | known_for = Shugaban Hukumar Zaɓe ta Najeriya (NEC) | office = Shugaban National Electoral Commission | term_start = 1987 | term_end =... 841996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Eme Awa | image = | caption = Farfesa Eme Awa | birth_date = {{Birth date|1921|12|15}} | birth_place = Ohafia, Abia State, Najeriya | death_date = {{Death date and age|2000|03|11|1921|12|15}} | death_place = Amurka | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, masanin kimiyyar siyasa, shugaban hukumar zaɓe | known_for = Shugaban Hukumar Zaɓe ta Najeriya (NEC) | office = Shugaban National Electoral Commission | term_start = 1987 | term_end = 1989 | predecessor = Victor Ovie Whisky | successor = Humphrey Nwosu }} '''Farfesa Eme Awa''' (15 Disamba 1921 – 11 Maris 2000) ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya kasance masanin kimiyyar siyasa kuma tsohon shugaban '''National Electoral Commission (NEC)''' ta Najeriya daga shekarar 1987 zuwa 1989. Shugaban mulkin soja Janar Ibrahim Babangida ne ya naɗa shi domin jagorantar hukumar zaɓe a lokacin shirin mayar da Najeriya mulkin dimokuraɗiyya. An san shi da gaskiya da tsayawa kan doka wajen gudanar da harkokin zaɓe.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Eme Awa: A Voice from the Grave! |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/07/22/eme-awa-a-voice-from-the-grave/ |work=THISDAYLIVE |date=2021-07-22 |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Eme Awa a garin Ohafia da ke yanzu a jihar Abia, Najeriya. Ya yi karatunsa na farko a '''Ohafia Central School''' tsakanin 1928 zuwa 1934, sannan ya halarci makarantar '''Hope Waddell Training Institute''' da ke Calabar daga 1935 zuwa 1939. Daga baya ya tafi Amurka inda ya yi karatu a '''Lincoln University, Pennsylvania''' tsakanin 1949 zuwa 1951, sannan ya sami ƙarin ilimi a '''New York University''' daga 1951 zuwa 1955.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Democracy Day: Meet chairmen of Nigerian electoral bodies since 1979 |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/international-democracy-day-meet-chairmen-of-nigerian-electoral-bodies-since-1979/ |website=The ICIR |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Aiki == Eme Awa ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Najeriya da ke Nsukka (UNN). Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun malaman kimiyyar siyasa a Najeriya kuma ya rubuta littattafai da dama kan tsarin mulkin tarayya da siyasar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AWA, Prof Eme Onuoha |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/awa-professor-erne-onuoha/ |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> A shekarar 1987 gwamnatin Janar Ibrahim Babangida ta naɗa shi shugaban '''National Electoral Commission (NEC)'''. Hukumar tasa ta gudanar da zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na shekarar 1987, amma an samu suka dangane da rashin tsari da matsalolin rajistar masu kaɗa ƙuri'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Democracy Day: Meet chairmen of Nigerian electoral bodies since 1979 |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/international-democracy-day-meet-chairmen-of-nigerian-electoral-bodies-since-1979/ |website=The ICIR |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Awa ya yi murabus daga shugabancin hukumar a shekarar 1989 bayan rashin jituwa tsakaninsa da gwamnatin Babangida. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa ya ƙi amincewa da wasu matakan da gwamnati ke son ɗauka domin yin tasiri a harkokin zaɓe.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Eme Awa: A Voice from the Grave! |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/07/22/eme-awa-a-voice-from-the-grave/ |work=THISDAYLIVE |date=2021-07-22 |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Gudummawa == Eme Awa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin malaman da suka taimaka wajen bunƙasa ilimin siyasa da tsarin tarayya a Najeriya. Ya yi rubuce-rubuce kan batutuwan haɗin kan ƙasa, tsarin mulkin tarayya da dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka. Har ila yau, ya kasance malami kuma jagora ga Farfesa Humphrey Nwosu wanda daga baya ya gaje shi a shugabancin NEC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Humphrey Nwosu |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Nwosu |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Eme Awa ya rasu a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2000 yana da shekaru 79 a duniya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Eme Awa: A Voice from the Grave! |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/07/22/eme-awa-a-voice-from-the-grave/ |work=THISDAYLIVE |date=2021-07-22 |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Littattafai == * ''Regionalism in Nigeria: A Study in Federalism'' * ''Federal Government in Nigeria'' * ''Issues in Federalism'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:1921 births]] [[Category:2000 deaths]] [[Category:'Yan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Masanan kimiyyar siyasa]] [[Category:Mutanen jihar Abia]] [[Category:Shugabannin hukumomin zaɓe na Najeriya]] nn0oul48ndzh8sxyboesnyuknbv4ej7 0 152934 842002 2026-05-28T23:21:46Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355309054|Dwarf Lake Turkana robber]]" 842002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Brycinus minutus (Hopson & Hopson, 1982) 1055751550.jpg|status=VU|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=Kosgei, G. |author2=Nguku, J.K. |name-list-style=& |author3=Linus, E.N. |year=2023 |title=''Brycinus minutus'' |article-number=e.T60756A47213940 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T60756A47213940.en |access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref>|taxon=Brachyalestes minutus|authority=([[Anthony J. Hopson|A. J. Hopson]] & [[Jane Hopson|J. Hopson]], 1982)|synonyms={{Specieslist | Alestes minutus | A. J. Hopson & J. Hopson, 1982 | Brycinus minutus | (A. J. Hopson & J. Hopson, 1982) }}|synonyms_ref=<ref name = "Cof genus">{{Cof genus|genus=Brachyalestes|access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref>}} '''Dwarf Lake Turkana robber''' Brachyalestes minutus ('''''Brachyalestes minutus''''') nau'in kifi ne mai ruwa-ruwa wanda dangin Alestidae, tetras na Afirka suka samar. Yana da yawa a [[tafkin Turkana]] da ke [[Kenya]]. == Manazarta == stcllnfhemjc7t5qbce5it3hb0u5krc 842012 842002 2026-05-28T23:27:44Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842012 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dwarf Lake Turkana robber''' Brachyalestes minutus ('''''Brachyalestes minutus''''') nau'in kifi ne mai ruwa-ruwa wanda dangin Alestidae, tetras na Afirka suka samar.<ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=Kosgei, G. |author2=Nguku, J.K. |name-list-style=& |author3=Linus, E.N. |year=2023 |title=''Brycinus minutus'' |article-number=e.T60756A47213940 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T60756A47213940.en |access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> Yana da yawa a [[tafkin Turkana]] da ke [[Kenya]].<ref name = "Cof genus">{{Cof genus|genus=Brachyalestes|access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=Kosgei, G. |author2=Nguku, J.K. |name-list-style=& |author3=Linus, E.N. |year=2023 |title=''Brycinus minutus'' |article-number=e.T60756A47213940 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T60756A47213940.en |access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> == Manazarta == 7ps4wf1knnezdv98keaqe1a065eqw2a 842015 842012 2026-05-28T23:29:31Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dwarf Lake Turkana robber''' Brachyalestes minutus ('''''Brachyalestes minutus''''') nau'in kifi ne mai ruwa-ruwa wanda dangin Alestidae, tetras na Afirka suka samar.<ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=Kosgei, G. |author2=Nguku, J.K. |name-list-style=& |author3=Linus, E.N. |year=2023 |title=''Brycinus minutus'' |article-number=e.T60756A47213940 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T60756A47213940.en |access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> Yana da yawa a [[tafkin Turkana]] da ke [[Kenya]].<ref name = "Cof genus">{{Cof genus|genus=Brachyalestes|access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=Kosgei, G. |author2=Nguku, J.K. |name-list-style=& |author3=Linus, E.N. |year=2023 |title=''Brycinus minutus'' |article-number=e.T60756A47213940 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T60756A47213940.en |access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref> == Manazarta == ec6oiijmojiclkxrolqtme3d20lvtuc 0 152935 842019 2026-05-28T23:31:32Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah | image = | caption = Professor Emmanuel Unuabonah | birth_date = {{Birth date|1975|01|16}} | birth_place = Benin City, Nigeria | death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|03|26|1975|01|16}} | nationality = Nigerian | fields = Industrial chemistry, environmental chemistry, water treatment | workplaces = Redeemer’s University; Bells University of Technology; Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun | alma_mater = Unive... 842019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah | image = | caption = Professor Emmanuel Unuabonah | birth_date = {{Birth date|1975|01|16}} | birth_place = Benin City, Nigeria | death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|03|26|1975|01|16}} | nationality = Nigerian | fields = Industrial chemistry, environmental chemistry, water treatment | workplaces = Redeemer’s University; Bells University of Technology; Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun | alma_mater = University of Benin; University of Ibadan | known_for = Water purification research; polymer–clay composites; low-cost environmental remediation | awards = TWAS-ROSSA Prize (2012); Nigerian Academy of Science Gold Medal Prize (2017) }} '''Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah''' (16 January 1975 – 26 March 2025) was a Nigerian academic, professor of industrial chemistry, and environmental scientist known for his research on low-cost water purification and environmental remediation technologies. == Early life and education == Unuabonah was born in Benin City, Nigeria. He obtained his Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Chemistry from the University of Benin in 1999. He later earned his Master’s and PhD degrees in Industrial Chemistry from the University of Ibadan in 2003 and 2007 respectively. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} == Academic career == Unuabonah lectured and conducted research in several Nigerian universities, including Redeemer’s University, Osun State, where he rose to become a professor in the Department of Chemical Sciences. He also served in academic administrative roles such as Director of Academic Planning and Quality Assurance. He was the founding director of the African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), a research centre focused on water purification and environmental sustainability. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} He also served as the founding president of the Nigerian Young Academy (NYA), helping to establish platforms for early-career researchers in Nigeria. :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2} == Research and contributions == Unuabonah’s research focused on developing affordable and sustainable materials for water treatment, especially using locally available resources such as clay minerals and agricultural waste. His work explored polymer–clay composites, ion-exchange materials, and adsorbents for removing heavy metals and organic pollutants from wastewater. His studies contributed to alternative, low-cost water purification methods suitable for developing countries. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3} == Awards and recognition == He received several awards and fellowships, including: * TWAS research grants and fellowships * Nigerian Academy of Science Gold Medal Prize (2017) * Other international research recognitions in environmental chemistry :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4} == Professional affiliations == He was associated with several scientific bodies, including: * Nigerian Academy of Science (Fellow) * African Academy of Sciences * Global Young Academy (Alumnus) * African Science Leadership Programme (ASLP) :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5} == Death == Emmanuel Unuabonah died on 26 March 2025. His death was widely reported within Nigerian academic and scientific communities. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6} == Legacy == He is remembered for his contributions to sustainable environmental technologies, mentorship of young scientists, and leadership in building scientific communities in Nigeria. == References == {{reflist}} * Vanguard News – “Scientist calls for implementation of research findings” * The Punch – “Unuabonah wins science academy gold prize” * Nigerian Young Academy official tribute * TWAS (The World Academy of Sciences) profile and research reports * Redeemer’s University academic records and ACEWATER publications dqje03h3lakjtl3zllwnhbm5zqy82zq 0 152936 842022 2026-05-28T23:36:25Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352230966|Kerio River]]" 842022 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Kerio''' kogi ne a gundumar Turkana, [[Kenya]]. Yana kwarara zuwa arewa zuwa [[tafkin Turkana]]. Yana ɗaya daga cikin koguna mafi tsayi a Kenya (kimanin {{Convert|400|km|mi}}, wanda ya samo asali kusa da equator. == Hanyar da ake ciki == Kogin Kerio yana tashi a gefen arewa na tsaunukan Amasya zuwa yammacin tafkin Bogoria. {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992}} Yana kwarara zuwa arewa ta kwarin Kerio tsakanin tuddan Tugen da Elgeyo Escarpment. Elgeyo Escarpment ya kai sama da {{Convert|1830|m|ft}} sama da kwarin Kerio a wasu wurare. {{Sfn|Fitzpatrick|Parkinson|Ray|2006}} Kerio ta ci gaba zuwa arewa, sau da yawa ta cikin kwari masu zurfi da kunkuntar, don shiga Tafkin Turkana a cikin wani delta da ke kudu da delta da kogunan [[Kogin Turkwel|Turkwel]] da [[Lokichar River|Lokichar]] suka samar. Kerio da Turkwel suna ba da gudummawar kashi 98% na ruwan kogin da ke kwarara zuwa Tafkin Turkana a yankin Kenya (wanda ya kai kashi 2% kawai na jimillar kwararar kogin). A cikin ƙananan kwarurukansu, waɗannan kogunan biyu suna da yanayi. {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992}} Kusa da inda yake, akwai manyan magudanan ruwa guda biyu da ke kwarara daga Elgeyo Escarpment: Kogin Arror, da Kogin Embobut. == Amfani da ƙasa == Wurin ajiyar ƙasa na Tafkin Kamnarok da kuma [[Kerio Valley National Reserve|wurin ajiyar ƙasa na kwarin Kerio]] suna gefen gabas da yamma na Kogin Kerio a cikin kwarin sama. Ba a gina su ba, amma suna da tsuntsaye masu yawa kuma an san su da kyawawan wurare. {{Sfn|Fitzpatrick|Parkinson|Ray|2006}} Gefen hagu na {{Convert|25|km|mi}} ɓangaren kogin yana cikin [[South Turkana National Reserve|Kudancin Turkana National Reserve]]. {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992}} A shekarar 1999, an yi zargin cewa Fluorspar Mines tana zubar da sharar guba a cikin kogin. Ministan Binciken Ma'adinai mai alhakin ya musanta waɗannan. {{Sfn|Kalweo|1999}} Manyan wurare a gundumar Turkana don noman ban ruwa suna gefen kogunan Turkwel da Kerio. Tsarin ban ruwa na Lotubai da Morulem suna kan Kerio. Manyan amfanin gona sune masara da dawa, waɗanda ke samar da kashi 80% na amfanin gona da aka yi ban ruwa, da kuma gram kore, wake, ayaba, mangwaro, lemu da guavas. {{Sfn|Watson|van Binsbergen|2008}} == Hotuna == <gallery widths="200px"> Fayil:KerioRiver-Dry.JPG|alt=Kerio River during dry season. Riverbed is silty and easily erodes during storm events.| Kogin Kerio a lokacin rani. Gaɓar kogin tana da datti kuma tana narkewa cikin sauƙi a lokacin guguwa. Fayil:KerioRiver-Well.JPG|alt=Hand dug well in riverbed.| An haƙa rijiya da hannu a cikin kogin. Fayil:KerioRiver-Flowing-Nakor.JPG|alt=Kerio River flowing after heavy rainstorm.| Kogin Kerio yana gudana bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Biretwo * Jerin kogunan Afirka * Mutanen Turkana == Manazarta == Kerio RiverDwarf Lake Turkana robberKerio RiverDwarf Lake Turkana robberKerio RiverDwarf Lake Turkana robberKerio RiverDwarf Lake Turkana robberKerio River 5qosilid5e9teccb22aqg0i052ovy68 842024 842022 2026-05-28T23:37:02Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 842024 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Kerio''' kogi ne a gundumar Turkana, [[Kenya]]. Yana kwarara zuwa arewa zuwa [[tafkin Turkana]]. Yana ɗaya daga cikin koguna mafi tsayi a Kenya (kimanin {{Convert|400|km|mi}}, wanda ya samo asali kusa da equator. == Hanyar da ake ciki == Kogin Kerio yana tashi a gefen arewa na tsaunukan Amasya zuwa yammacin tafkin Bogoria. {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992}} Yana kwarara zuwa arewa ta kwarin Kerio tsakanin tuddan Tugen da Elgeyo Escarpment. Elgeyo Escarpment ya kai sama da {{Convert|1830|m|ft}} sama da kwarin Kerio a wasu wurare. {{Sfn|Fitzpatrick|Parkinson|Ray|2006}} Kerio ta ci gaba zuwa arewa, sau da yawa ta cikin kwari masu zurfi da kunkuntar, don shiga Tafkin Turkana a cikin wani delta da ke kudu da delta da kogunan [[Kogin Turkwel|Turkwel]] da [[Lokichar River|Lokichar]] suka samar. Kerio da Turkwel suna ba da gudummawar kashi 98% na ruwan kogin da ke kwarara zuwa Tafkin Turkana a yankin Kenya (wanda ya kai kashi 2% kawai na jimillar kwararar kogin). A cikin ƙananan kwarurukansu, waɗannan kogunan biyu suna da yanayi. {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992}} Kusa da inda yake, akwai manyan magudanan ruwa guda biyu da ke kwarara daga Elgeyo Escarpment: Kogin Arror, da Kogin Embobut. == Amfani da ƙasa == Wurin ajiyar ƙasa na Tafkin Kamnarok da kuma [[Kerio Valley National Reserve|wurin ajiyar ƙasa na kwarin Kerio]] suna gefen gabas da yamma na Kogin Kerio a cikin kwarin sama. Ba a gina su ba, amma suna da tsuntsaye masu yawa kuma an san su da kyawawan wurare. {{Sfn|Fitzpatrick|Parkinson|Ray|2006}} Gefen hagu na {{Convert|25|km|mi}} ɓangaren kogin yana cikin [[South Turkana National Reserve|Kudancin Turkana National Reserve]]. {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992}} A shekarar 1999, an yi zargin cewa Fluorspar Mines tana zubar da sharar guba a cikin kogin. Ministan Binciken Ma'adinai mai alhakin ya musanta waɗannan. {{Sfn|Kalweo|1999}} Manyan wurare a gundumar Turkana don noman ban ruwa suna gefen kogunan Turkwel da Kerio. Tsarin ban ruwa na Lotubai da Morulem suna kan Kerio. Manyan amfanin gona sune masara da dawa, waɗanda ke samar da kashi 80% na amfanin gona da aka yi ban ruwa, da kuma gram kore, wake, ayaba, mangwaro, lemu da guavas. {{Sfn|Watson|van Binsbergen|2008}} == Hotuna == <gallery widths="200px"> Fayil:KerioRiver-Dry.JPG|alt=Kerio River during dry season. Riverbed is silty and easily erodes during storm events.| Kogin Kerio a lokacin rani. Gaɓar kogin tana da datti kuma tana narkewa cikin sauƙi a lokacin guguwa. Fayil:KerioRiver-Well.JPG|alt=Hand dug well in riverbed.| An haƙa rijiya da hannu a cikin kogin. Fayil:KerioRiver-Flowing-Nakor.JPG|alt=Kerio River flowing after heavy rainstorm.| Kogin Kerio yana gudana bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Biretwo * Jerin kogunan Afirka * Mutanen Turkana == Manazarta == 7osberv94b1xb6jmsjd0kh9tqm2rnp4 842025 842024 2026-05-28T23:38:28Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Kerio''' kogi ne a gundumar Turkana, [[Kenya]]. Yana kwarara zuwa arewa zuwa [[tafkin Turkana]]. Yana ɗaya daga cikin koguna mafi tsayi a Kenya (kimanin {{Convert|400|km|mi}}, wanda ya samo asali kusa da equator. == Hanyar da ake ciki == Kogin Kerio yana tashi a gefen arewa na tsaunukan Amasya zuwa yammacin tafkin Bogoria. {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992}} Yana kwarara zuwa arewa ta kwarin Kerio tsakanin tuddan Tugen da Elgeyo Escarpment. Elgeyo Escarpment ya kai sama da {{Convert|1830|m|ft}} sama da kwarin Kerio a wasu wurare. {{Sfn|Fitzpatrick|Parkinson|Ray|2006}} Kerio ta ci gaba zuwa arewa, sau da yawa ta cikin kwari masu zurfi da kunkuntar, don shiga Tafkin Turkana a cikin wani delta da ke kudu da delta da kogunan [[Kogin Turkwel|Turkwel]] da [[Lokichar River|Lokichar]] suka samar. Kerio da Turkwel suna ba da gudummawar kashi 98% na ruwan kogin da ke kwarara zuwa Tafkin Turkana a yankin Kenya (wanda ya kai kashi 2% kawai na jimillar kwararar kogin). A cikin ƙananan kwarurukansu, waɗannan kogunan biyu suna da yanayi. {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992}} Kusa da inda yake, akwai manyan magudanan ruwa guda biyu da ke kwarara daga Elgeyo Escarpment: Kogin Arror, da Kogin Embobut. == Amfani da ƙasa == Wurin ajiyar ƙasa na Tafkin Kamnarok da kuma [[Kerio Valley National Reserve|wurin ajiyar ƙasa na kwarin Kerio]] suna gefen gabas da yamma na Kogin Kerio a cikin kwarin sama. Ba a gina su ba, amma suna da tsuntsaye masu yawa kuma an san su da kyawawan wurare. {{Sfn|Fitzpatrick|Parkinson|Ray|2006}} Gefen hagu na {{Convert|25|km|mi}} ɓangaren kogin yana cikin [[South Turkana National Reserve|Kudancin Turkana National Reserve]]. {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992}} A shekarar 1999, an yi zargin cewa Fluorspar Mines tana zubar da sharar guba a cikin kogin. Ministan Binciken Ma'adinai mai alhakin ya musanta waɗannan. {{Sfn|Kalweo|1999}} Manyan wurare a gundumar Turkana don noman ban ruwa suna gefen kogunan Turkwel da Kerio. Tsarin ban ruwa na Lotubai da Morulem suna kan Kerio. Manyan amfanin gona sune masara da dawa, waɗanda ke samar da kashi 80% na amfanin gona da aka yi ban ruwa, da kuma gram kore, wake, ayaba, mangwaro, lemu da guavas. {{Sfn|Watson|van Binsbergen|2008}} == Hotuna == <gallery widths="200px"> Fayil:KerioRiver-Dry.JPG|alt=Kerio River during dry season. Riverbed is silty and easily erodes during storm events.| Kogin Kerio a lokacin rani. Gaɓar kogin tana da datti kuma tana narkewa cikin sauƙi a lokacin guguwa. Fayil:KerioRiver-Well.JPG|alt=Hand dug well in riverbed.| An haƙa rijiya da hannu a cikin kogin. Fayil:KerioRiver-Flowing-Nakor.JPG|alt=Kerio River flowing after heavy rainstorm.| Kogin Kerio yana gudana bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Biretwo * Jerin kogunan Afirka * Mutanen Turkana == Manazarta == 57614tjz9yktcxhcpp2l79sisc7qzlg 0 152937 842023 2026-05-28T23:36:49Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Emmanuel Iduma | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|2|1}} | birth_place = Akure, Najeriya | occupation = Marubuci, mai sukar fasaha, edita | nationality = Najeriya | notableworks = ''Farad'' (2012), ''A Stranger’s Pose'' (2018), ''I Am Still With You'' (2023) | awards = Windham–Campbell Prize (2022), Irving Sandler Award | spouse = Ayọ̀bámi Adébáyọ̀ }} '''Emmanuel Iduma''' (an haife shi 1 Fabrairu 1989) marub... 842023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Emmanuel Iduma | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|2|1}} | birth_place = Akure, Najeriya | occupation = Marubuci, mai sukar fasaha, edita | nationality = Najeriya | notableworks = ''Farad'' (2012), ''A Stranger’s Pose'' (2018), ''I Am Still With You'' (2023) | awards = Windham–Campbell Prize (2022), Irving Sandler Award | spouse = Ayọ̀bámi Adébáyọ̀ }} '''Emmanuel Iduma''' (an haife shi 1 Fabrairu 1989) marubuci ne na Najeriya, mai sukar fasaha (art critic), kuma edita wanda aikinsa ya shafi rubutun kirkira, memoir, da sukar fasaha. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun muryoyin adabin zamani daga Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko da karatu == An haifi Iduma a Akure, jihar Ondo, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun lauya a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife. Daga baya ya samu digiri na MFA a Art Criticism and Writing daga School of Visual Arts a New York, Amurka. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} == Ayyukan rubutu == Iduma ya fara fitowa da littafinsa na farko ''Farad'' (2012), wanda daga baya aka sake fitar da shi a Amurka da suna ''The Sound of Things to Come''. Littafinsa ''A Stranger’s Pose'' (2018) ya haɗa travelogue, memoir da hotunan rubutu, kuma ya samu yabo a duniya. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} A 2023, ya wallafa ''I Am Still With You'', littafin memoir da ke binciken tarihin Yaƙin Biafra da tasirinsa a rayuwar iyalinsa da Najeriya baki ɗaya. :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2} == Sana’a da gudummawa == Iduma ya kasance co-founder na mujallar adabi ta ''Saraba Magazine'' wadda ta fara aiki a 2009, wadda ta taimaka wajen tallafa wa sabbin marubutan Afirka. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3} Ya kuma rubuta a manyan mujallu na duniya kamar ''Granta'', ''Aperture'', ''Artforum'', ''The New York Review of Books'', da wasu. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4} A halin yanzu yana koyarwa a MFA Art Writing Program a School of Visual Arts, New York. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5} == Kyaututtuka == * Windham–Campbell Prize (Nonfiction, 2022) * Irving Sandler Award for New Voices in Art Criticism * Andy Warhol Foundation Arts Writers Grant * An saka shi cikin jerin Apollo “40 Under 40 Africa” :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6} == Rayuwa ta kai == Iduma ya auri marubuciya Ayọ̀bámi Adébáyọ̀. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://emmanueliduma.com Official website] 8lektoyxp7xxufh9jj354f7br8fxieq 0 152938 842031 2026-05-28T23:46:34Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321209705|Gilgel Gibe River]]" 842031 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Gilgel Gibe''' (wanda ''Gilgel'' ke nufin ''Ƙarami'') babban rafin [[kogin Gibe]] ne a kudu maso yammacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] a yammacin Yankin Oromia. Yana gudana a cikin wani yanki ta kudancin Yankin Jimma, wanda ke ayyana wani ɓangare na iyakar Yankin da ta Yankin Kudancin Ƙasashe, Ƙasashe, da Jama'a yayin da yake juyawa arewa. Sannan ya haɗu da gabashin Kogin Gibe da ke kwarara ƙasa da mil goma daga inda yake haɗuwa da [[Kogin Omo]]. == Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na ruwa == An fara sanar da shirye-shiryen haɓaka ƙarfin wutar lantarki na kogin Gilgel Gibe a shekarun 1980. An fara gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gilgel Gibe I a shekarar 1986 kuma an kammala ta a shekarar 2004, bayan an katse ta a farkon shekarun 1990. Tashar ta ƙunshi ma'ajiyar ruwa mai girman kilomita 0.917 cubic wanda wani madatsar ruwa mai tsawon mita 40 ya samar. Ana mayar da kwararar ruwan kogin Gilgel Gibe zuwa gaɓar kogin bayan an mayar da makamashin ruwan zuwa wutar lantarki ta hanyar tashar samar da wutar lantarki da aka sanya mata injinan injinan Francis guda uku. Shirin sake tsugunar da mutane ya buƙaci a mayar da su zuwa sabbin yankuna, ciki har da mutanen da ke zaune a ƙarƙashin ko kusa da layin wutar lantarki da ke haɗa tashar wutar lantarki zuwa [[Addis Ababa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gilgel Gibe Resettlement Project in Ethiopia |url=http://www.ark3.lth.se/research/ggrp/ggrphome.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112214038/http://www.ark3.lth.se/research/ggrp/ggrphome.htm |archive-date=November 12, 2004 |access-date=2007-02-01}}</ref> An kammala aikin ginin masana'antar a kan [[Birr Habasha|kuɗin]] kimanin biliyan biyu, kuma ta zama babbar tashar wutar lantarki a Habasha a wancan lokacin, mai ƙarfin megawatts 184. Mataki na biyu na ci gaban wutar lantarki ta Gibe-Omo ya fara ne da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gilgel Gibe II da ke kan [[kogin Omo]]. Ana isar da kwararar ruwan kogin Gilgel Gibe, wanda madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe I ke kula da shi, ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta 26.&nbsp;Ramin ruwa mai tsawon kilomita 100 ta cikin tsaunukan Fofa zuwa Kogin Omo a kwarin kogin da ke gefen Gilgel Gibe I. Masana'antar, wacce ke samar da wutar lantarki kimanin MW 420 ba ta buƙaci sake tsugunar da mutane ba. An kammala wannan mataki na biyu da kashi 97.5% a watan Agusta na 2009 kuma an shirya fara aikin a watan Satumba na 2009 zuwa gaba. == Manazarta == Gilgel Gibe RiverKerio RiverGilgel Gibe RiverKerio RiverGilgel Gibe RiverKerio RiverGilgel Gibe RiverKerio RiverGilgel Gibe RiverKerio RiverKerio River 3vpotxwypzd7fzjq1r3ye3wsnu6s3ng 842032 842031 2026-05-28T23:47:11Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 842032 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Gilgel Gibe''' (wanda ''Gilgel'' ke nufin ''Ƙarami'') babban rafin [[kogin Gibe]] ne a kudu maso yammacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] a yammacin Yankin Oromia. Yana gudana a cikin wani yanki ta kudancin Yankin Jimma, wanda ke ayyana wani ɓangare na iyakar Yankin da ta Yankin Kudancin Ƙasashe, Ƙasashe, da Jama'a yayin da yake juyawa arewa. Sannan ya haɗu da gabashin Kogin Gibe da ke kwarara ƙasa da mil goma daga inda yake haɗuwa da [[Kogin Omo]]. == Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na ruwa == An fara sanar da shirye-shiryen haɓaka ƙarfin wutar lantarki na kogin Gilgel Gibe a shekarun 1980. An fara gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gilgel Gibe I a shekarar 1986 kuma an kammala ta a shekarar 2004, bayan an katse ta a farkon shekarun 1990. Tashar ta ƙunshi ma'ajiyar ruwa mai girman kilomita 0.917 cubic wanda wani madatsar ruwa mai tsawon mita 40 ya samar. Ana mayar da kwararar ruwan kogin Gilgel Gibe zuwa gaɓar kogin bayan an mayar da makamashin ruwan zuwa wutar lantarki ta hanyar tashar samar da wutar lantarki da aka sanya mata injinan injinan Francis guda uku. Shirin sake tsugunar da mutane ya buƙaci a mayar da su zuwa sabbin yankuna, ciki har da mutanen da ke zaune a ƙarƙashin ko kusa da layin wutar lantarki da ke haɗa tashar wutar lantarki zuwa [[Addis Ababa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gilgel Gibe Resettlement Project in Ethiopia |url=http://www.ark3.lth.se/research/ggrp/ggrphome.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112214038/http://www.ark3.lth.se/research/ggrp/ggrphome.htm |archive-date=November 12, 2004 |access-date=2007-02-01}}</ref> An kammala aikin ginin masana'antar a kan [[Birr Habasha|kuɗin]] kimanin biliyan biyu, kuma ta zama babbar tashar wutar lantarki a Habasha a wancan lokacin, mai ƙarfin megawatts 184. Mataki na biyu na ci gaban wutar lantarki ta Gibe-Omo ya fara ne da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gilgel Gibe II da ke kan [[kogin Omo]]. Ana isar da kwararar ruwan kogin Gilgel Gibe, wanda madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe I ke kula da shi, ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta 26.&nbsp;Ramin ruwa mai tsawon kilomita 100 ta cikin tsaunukan Fofa zuwa Kogin Omo a kwarin kogin da ke gefen Gilgel Gibe I. Masana'antar, wacce ke samar da wutar lantarki kimanin MW 420 ba ta buƙaci sake tsugunar da mutane ba. An kammala wannan mataki na biyu da kashi 97.5% a watan Agusta na 2009 kuma an shirya fara aikin a watan Satumba na 2009 zuwa gaba. == Manazarta == mv98c7l9qm4otcuvj03yrl89a2z4m1s 842033 842032 2026-05-28T23:50:16Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na ruwa */ 842033 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Gilgel Gibe''' (wanda ''Gilgel'' ke nufin ''Ƙarami'') babban rafin [[kogin Gibe]] ne a kudu maso yammacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] a yammacin Yankin Oromia. Yana gudana a cikin wani yanki ta kudancin Yankin Jimma, wanda ke ayyana wani ɓangare na iyakar Yankin da ta Yankin Kudancin Ƙasashe, Ƙasashe, da Jama'a yayin da yake juyawa arewa. Sannan ya haɗu da gabashin Kogin Gibe da ke kwarara ƙasa da mil goma daga inda yake haɗuwa da [[Kogin Omo]]. == Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na ruwa == An fara sanar da shirye-shiryen haɓaka ƙarfin wutar lantarki na kogin Gilgel Gibe a shekarun 1980. An fara gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gilgel Gibe I a shekarar 1986 kuma an kammala ta a shekarar 2004, bayan an katse ta a farkon shekarun 1990. Tashar ta ƙunshi ma'ajiyar ruwa mai girman kilomita 0.917 cubic wanda wani madatsar ruwa mai tsawon mita 40 ya samar. Ana mayar da kwararar ruwan kogin Gilgel Gibe zuwa gaɓar kogin bayan an mayar da makamashin ruwan zuwa wutar lantarki ta hanyar tashar samar da wutar lantarki da aka sanya mata injinan injinan Francis guda uku.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ark3.lth.se/research/ggrp/ggrphome.htm |title=Gilgel Gibe Resettlement Project in Ethiopia |accessdate=2007-02-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112214038/http://www.ark3.lth.se/research/ggrp/ggrphome.htm |archivedate=November 12, 2004 }}</ref> Shirin sake tsugunar da mutane ya buƙaci a mayar da su zuwa sabbin yankuna, ciki har da mutanen da ke zaune a ƙarƙashin ko kusa da layin wutar lantarki da ke haɗa tashar wutar lantarki zuwa [[Addis Ababa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gilgel Gibe Resettlement Project in Ethiopia |url=http://www.ark3.lth.se/research/ggrp/ggrphome.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112214038/http://www.ark3.lth.se/research/ggrp/ggrphome.htm |archive-date=November 12, 2004 |access-date=2007-02-01}}</ref> An kammala aikin ginin masana'antar a kan [[Birr Habasha|kuɗin]] kimanin biliyan biyu, kuma ta zama babbar tashar wutar lantarki a Habasha a wancan lokacin, mai ƙarfin megawatts 184.<ref>[http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2004/02/27-02-04/New.htm "New Hydroelectric Power Plant in Gilgel-Gibe Inaugurated by Prime Minister Meles Zenawi"] (accessed 22 April 2006)</ref> Mataki na biyu na ci gaban wutar lantarki ta Gibe-Omo ya fara ne da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gilgel Gibe II da ke kan [[kogin Omo]]. Ana isar da kwararar ruwan kogin Gilgel Gibe, wanda madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe I ke kula da shi, ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta 26.&nbsp;Ramin ruwa mai tsawon kilomita 100 ta cikin tsaunukan Fofa zuwa Kogin Omo a kwarin kogin da ke gefen Gilgel Gibe I. Masana'antar, wacce ke samar da wutar lantarki kimanin MW 420 ba ta buƙaci sake tsugunar da mutane ba. An kammala wannan mataki na biyu da kashi 97.5% a watan Agusta na 2009 kuma an shirya fara aikin a watan Satumba na 2009 zuwa gaba.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200604120386.html "New Hydroelectric Power Plant on Gilgel Gibe"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> == Manazarta == hudmlgeilv4gh6ofjtstraw9demapwa 842034 842033 2026-05-28T23:51:41Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Gilgel Gibe''' (wanda ''Gilgel'' ke nufin ''Ƙarami'') babban rafin [[kogin Gibe]] ne a kudu maso yammacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] a yammacin Yankin Oromia. Yana gudana a cikin wani yanki ta kudancin Yankin Jimma, wanda ke ayyana wani ɓangare na iyakar Yankin da ta Yankin Kudancin Ƙasashe, Ƙasashe, da Jama'a yayin da yake juyawa arewa. Sannan ya haɗu da gabashin Kogin Gibe da ke kwarara ƙasa da mil goma daga inda yake haɗuwa da [[Kogin Omo]]. == Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na ruwa == An fara sanar da shirye-shiryen haɓaka ƙarfin wutar lantarki na kogin Gilgel Gibe a shekarun 1980. An fara gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gilgel Gibe I a shekarar 1986 kuma an kammala ta a shekarar 2004, bayan an katse ta a farkon shekarun 1990. Tashar ta ƙunshi ma'ajiyar ruwa mai girman kilomita 0.917 cubic wanda wani madatsar ruwa mai tsawon mita 40 ya samar. Ana mayar da kwararar ruwan kogin Gilgel Gibe zuwa gaɓar kogin bayan an mayar da makamashin ruwan zuwa wutar lantarki ta hanyar tashar samar da wutar lantarki da aka sanya mata injinan injinan Francis guda uku.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ark3.lth.se/research/ggrp/ggrphome.htm |title=Gilgel Gibe Resettlement Project in Ethiopia |accessdate=2007-02-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112214038/http://www.ark3.lth.se/research/ggrp/ggrphome.htm |archivedate=November 12, 2004 }}</ref> Shirin sake tsugunar da mutane ya buƙaci a mayar da su zuwa sabbin yankuna, ciki har da mutanen da ke zaune a ƙarƙashin ko kusa da layin wutar lantarki da ke haɗa tashar wutar lantarki zuwa [[Addis Ababa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gilgel Gibe Resettlement Project in Ethiopia |url=http://www.ark3.lth.se/research/ggrp/ggrphome.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112214038/http://www.ark3.lth.se/research/ggrp/ggrphome.htm |archive-date=November 12, 2004 |access-date=2007-02-01}}</ref> An kammala aikin ginin masana'antar a kan [[Birr Habasha|kuɗin]] kimanin biliyan biyu, kuma ta zama babbar tashar wutar lantarki a Habasha a wancan lokacin, mai ƙarfin megawatts 184.<ref>[http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2004/02/27-02-04/New.htm "New Hydroelectric Power Plant in Gilgel-Gibe Inaugurated by Prime Minister Meles Zenawi"] (accessed 22 April 2006)</ref> Mataki na biyu na ci gaban wutar lantarki ta Gibe-Omo ya fara ne da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gilgel Gibe II da ke kan [[kogin Omo]]. Ana isar da kwararar ruwan kogin Gilgel Gibe, wanda madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe I ke kula da shi, ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta 26.&nbsp;Ramin ruwa mai tsawon kilomita 100 ta cikin tsaunukan Fofa zuwa Kogin Omo a kwarin kogin da ke gefen Gilgel Gibe I. Masana'antar, wacce ke samar da wutar lantarki kimanin MW 420 ba ta buƙaci sake tsugunar da mutane ba. An kammala wannan mataki na biyu da kashi 97.5% a watan Agusta na 2009 kuma an shirya fara aikin a watan Satumba na 2009 zuwa gaba.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200604120386.html "New Hydroelectric Power Plant on Gilgel Gibe"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> == Manazarta == qsn16fnlh3kkyhmzkfs8s8tegcpfqb3 0 152939 842057 2026-05-29T04:57:47Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355712107|John Gwitira]]" 842057 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Munodawafa Gwitira''' (17 ga Oktoba 1949 - 27 ga Afrilu 2022), wanda aka fi sani da sunan-de-yaƙi '''Kenneth Gwindingwi''', ya kasance mai fafutukar tsoffin 'yan Zimbabwe da kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban kungiyar 'yan gwagwarmayar yaki ta kasa ta Zimbabwe daga 1989 zuwa 1997. An haifi Gwitira a shekara ta 1949 a Nyanadzi . Ya yi karatu a [[Chibero College of Agriculture|Kwalejin Aikin Gona ta Chibero]], inda aka kore shi saboda gwagwarmayarsa ta siyasa. A shekara ta 1970, ya shiga rundunar 'yancin Afirka ta Zimbabwe (ZANLA) kuma ya fara fada a yakin Rhodesian Bush . Bayan yakin ya ƙare kuma tsoffin sojoji da yawa sun yi fushi da rashin amfanin da suke tsammani daga gwamnati, an kafa kungiyar tsoffin sojan yaki ta Zimbabwe (ZNLWVA) a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1989. Gwitira shine shugabanta na farko tun daga kafuwarta zuwa 1997, lokacin da Chenjerai Hunzvi ya gaje shi. Bayan 1997, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ZNLWVA. A shekara ta 2016, ya yi takara ba tare da nasara ba a zaben fidda gwani na [[ZANU-PF]] don zama a majalisar dokoki na mazabar Chimanimani ta Yamma. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Gwitira a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1949 a asibitin Nyanadzi a Nyanadzi, ƙauye a cikin abin da ke Kudancin Rhodesia (a yau Zimbabwe). All the guerrillas took a [[Chimurenga]] name (a nom-de-guerre). The names were used to disguise one's identity and for some, to evoke fear in the villagers and white farmers.<ref name=":0" /> Gwitira took the name Kenneth Gwindingwi (Gwindingwi is a [[Yaren Shona|Shona]] word roughly translating to jungle).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ƙungiyar Tsoffin Sojojin Yakin Yaki na Zimbabwe == A lokacin Rhodesian Bush War, 'yan tawaye da yawa sun yi imanin cewa za su sami ƙasar da aka kwace daga' yan tsirarun fararen ƙasar idan aka samu nasarar soja ko siyasa. Lokacin da manyan gyare-gyare na ƙasa suka kasa faruwa nan da nan bayan yaƙin, sun ji alkawuran jagorancin su na siyasa game da wannan batun ba a cika su da gaske ba. Dangane da Yarjejeniyar Gidan Lancaster, gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta amince da jinkirta sake rarraba ƙasa ta hanyar kwace doka na tsawon shekaru goma.<ref name="Kriger" /> Duk da yake akalla kashi 20% na gonar fararen da aka samu nasarar sayen su kuma aka sake rarraba su tsakanin 1980 da 1989, kawai gidaje 50,000 ne suka amfana daga wannan matakin shirin. <ref name="pbs">{{Cite web |title=Online NewsHour – Land Redistribution in Southern Africa: Zimbabwe Program |url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/land/gp_zimbabwe.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040501103309/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/land/gp_zimbabwe.html |archive-date=1 May 2004 |access-date=18 May 2016 |publisher=Pbs.org}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa da masu mallakar ƙasa 600 ne ke riƙe da adadi mai yawa na ƙasar da aka sake rarraba, mafi yawansu masu arziki ne, suna da alaƙa da siyasa kuma suna da dukiya da yawa. Tsoffin soji sun ji an hana su kuma wadanda suka kafa ZNLWVA sun yi imanin cewa ya kamata su zama masu cin gajiyar ƙasar. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1989, tsoffin Sojojin 'Yancin Afirka na Zimbabwe da ma'aikatan [[Sojojin Juyin Juya Halin Jama'ar Zimbabwe]] sun kafa kungiyar 'Yancin Yakin Yakin Kasa ta Zimbabwe don neman fa'idodi mafi girma ga tsoffin sojoji. Gwitira ita ce shugabar kasa ta farko, tana aiki tun daga kafuwarta har zuwa shekara ta 1997. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Facts |first=Zimbabwe |date=4 February 2016 |title=John Gwitira was the first leader of the War Veterans in the 90's before Chenjerai Hunzvi |url=https://twitter.com/ZimboFacts/status/695477136325484544 |access-date=19 November 2017 |website=@ZimboFacts |language=en}}</ref> Kafawar ZNLWVA a shekarar 1989 ta yi adawa da gwamnati, wacce da farko ta gane shi a matsayin barazanar siyasa. Bayan taron farko a shekarar 1992, ZNLWVA ta yanke shawarar tabbatar da jin daɗin dukkan tsoffin sojan ZANLA ko ZIPRA, da kuma yin amfani da jihar a madadin su game da batutuwa biyu: fansho da sauran fa'idodin jama'a, da mallakar ƙasa. Rubuce-rubucen ZNLWVA sun lura cewa tsoffin 'yan tawaye 35,000 da suka yi ritaya a ƙarshen yaƙin sun sami kuɗi mai yawa daga sojojin Zimbabwe na kimanin Z $ 400, tare da alawus na shekaru biyu na Z $ 185 a kowane wata.<ref name="McCandless" /> Wasu tsoffin sojoji sun yi imanin cewa wannan bai isa ba, kuma sun bukaci fansho na soja na yau da kullun don shekarun da suka yi.<ref name="McCandless" /> Bugu da ƙari, an sallami wasu 'yan tawaye 25,000 kafin sojoji su fara aiwatar da kudaden da aka ba da izini; waɗannan ba su sami komai ba.<ref name="McCandless" /> A shekara ta 1985 rabin 'yan tawaye da aka dakatar da su ma sun kasance marasa kudi, saboda ba su iya samun aiki na dogon lokaci ko samun horo na aiki ba saboda karuwar rashin aikin yi.<ref name="McCandless" /> ZNLWVA wani abu ne mai kama da juna a siyasar Zimbabwe na tsawon shekaru takwas bayan an kafa shi. Bayan da Chenjerai Hunzvi ya maye gurbin Gwitira a matsayin shugaban a shekarar 1997, ya zama mafi tasiri. Bayan ya sauka a matsayin shugaban, Gwitira ya rike mukamin mataimakin shugaban kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 1997 |title=ZIMBABWE-POLITICS: War Veterans Take to the Streets Again {{!}} Inter Press Service |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/1997/10/zimbabwe-politics-war-veterans-take-to-the-streets-again/ |access-date=19 November 2017 |website=www.ipsnews.net}}</ref> == Yaƙin neman zaɓe na majalisa na 2016 == Gwitira ya yi takara ba tare da nasara ba a zaben fidda gwani na ZANU-PF a zaben na musamman na 2016 na majalisa a mazabar Chimanimani West . An gudanar da zaben ne don cika kujerar da Munacho Mutezo ya bari, wanda aka kore shi daga ZANU-PF saboda haɗin kai da shugaban Zimbabwe People First Joice Mujuru. Nokuthula Matsikenyere ya lashe zaben fidda gwani; 'yan takarar da suka rasa sun kasance Gwitira tare da Letina Undenge da Tarsin Dube . Gwitira, kamar sauran 'yan takarar da suka rasa, sun ba da goyon baya ga Matsikenyere a cikin babban zaben a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba. Gwitira ya halarci taron da kwamishinan siyasa na kasa, Saviour Kasukuwere, ya shirya don gabatar da Matsikenyere a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar. A wannan taron, Gwitira ya ba da goyon bayansa a bayan Matsikenyere kuma ya yi alkawarin yin aiki tare da ita.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] 7vp2n0xjm5kzs9km6szgm5hojcxcroj 0 152940 842059 2026-05-29T05:00:31Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1264197018|Gilgel Gibe I Dam]]" 842059 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe I''' madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da duwatsu a kogin Gilgel Gibe a [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Tana da nisan mil {{Convert|57|km|mi}} arewa maso gabashin Jimma a Yankin Oromia.Babban manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa .Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe I tana da karfin wutar lantarki na MW 184, wanda ya isa ya samar da wutar lantarki ga gidaje 123,200. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-07-25 |title=EIB to Kick in for Gilgel Gibe 1? |url=http://www.africaintelligence.com/C/modules/login/DetailArt/LoginDetailArt.asp?rub=login&lang=ANG&service=ART&context=HIS&doc_i_id=31464266 |access-date=2009-08-01 |publisher=www.africaintelligence.com |language=}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan tana da karfin wutar lantarki {{Convert|1700|m|ft}} tsayi da {{Convert|40|m|ft}}Tsawon ƙafa. An fara gina madatsar ruwa a shekarar 1988 amma an dakatar da aikin a shekarar 1994. A shekarar 1995, an sake fara ginawa da wani sabon kamfanin gine-gine. An fara aikin tashar wutar lantarki a shekarar 2004. <ref name="hek">{{Cite web |title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in Ethiopia & Kenya |url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-ethiopia-kenya.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103192237/http://www.industcards.com/hydro-ethiopia-kenya.htm |archive-date=January 3, 2015 |access-date=3 January 2015 |publisher=IndustCards}}</ref> ko da Ana karkatar da ruwan da ke fitowa daga madatsar ruwa ta hanyar ma'aunin {{Convert|9.2|km|mi}} dogon rami zuwa tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Bayan samar da wutar lantarki, ana sake fitar da ruwan zuwa Kogin Gilgel Gibe don ya kwarara zuwa arewa na tsawon kimanin mintuna 2&nbsp;km, kawai don shiga {{Convert|26|km|mi}} dogon rami ta cikin wani tudun dutse zuwa tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa ( Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Gilgel Gibe II) a [[Kogin Omo]] da ke ƙasa. == Manazarta == Gilgel Gibe I DamGilgel Gibe I DamGilgel Gibe I DamGilgel Gibe I DamGilgel Gibe I DamGilgel Gibe I DamGilgel Gibe I DamGilgel Gibe I DamGilgel Gibe I Dam iclg6ngho04aabtpzx9v2d3mmyanwrr 842060 842059 2026-05-29T05:01:20Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 842060 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe I''' madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da duwatsu a kogin Gilgel Gibe a [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Tana da nisan mil {{Convert|57|km|mi}} arewa maso gabashin Jimma a Yankin Oromia.Babban manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa .Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe I tana da karfin wutar lantarki na MW 184, wanda ya isa ya samar da wutar lantarki ga gidaje 123,200. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-07-25 |title=EIB to Kick in for Gilgel Gibe 1? |url=http://www.africaintelligence.com/C/modules/login/DetailArt/LoginDetailArt.asp?rub=login&lang=ANG&service=ART&context=HIS&doc_i_id=31464266 |access-date=2009-08-01 |publisher=www.africaintelligence.com |language=}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan tana da karfin wutar lantarki {{Convert|1700|m|ft}} tsayi da {{Convert|40|m|ft}}Tsawon ƙafa. An fara gina madatsar ruwa a shekarar 1988 amma an dakatar da aikin a shekarar 1994. A shekarar 1995, an sake fara ginawa da wani sabon kamfanin gine-gine. An fara aikin tashar wutar lantarki a shekarar 2004. <ref name="hek">{{Cite web |title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in Ethiopia & Kenya |url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-ethiopia-kenya.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103192237/http://www.industcards.com/hydro-ethiopia-kenya.htm |archive-date=January 3, 2015 |access-date=3 January 2015 |publisher=IndustCards}}</ref> ko da Ana karkatar da ruwan da ke fitowa daga madatsar ruwa ta hanyar ma'aunin {{Convert|9.2|km|mi}} dogon rami zuwa tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Bayan samar da wutar lantarki, ana sake fitar da ruwan zuwa Kogin Gilgel Gibe don ya kwarara zuwa arewa na tsawon kimanin mintuna 2&nbsp;km, kawai don shiga {{Convert|26|km|mi}} dogon rami ta cikin wani tudun dutse zuwa tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa ( Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Gilgel Gibe II) a [[Kogin Omo]] da ke ƙasa. == Manazarta == 6aem7u1ysd88kb6w80dqkzbpwtsbjcl 842061 842060 2026-05-29T05:06:20Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe I''' madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da duwatsu a kogin Gilgel Gibe a [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Tana da nisan mil {{Convert|57|km|mi}} arewa maso gabashin Jimma a Yankin Oromia.Babban manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa .Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe I tana da karfin wutar lantarki na MW 184, wanda ya isa ya samar da wutar lantarki ga gidaje 123,200. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-07-25 |title=EIB to Kick in for Gilgel Gibe 1? |url=http://www.africaintelligence.com/C/modules/login/DetailArt/LoginDetailArt.asp?rub=login&lang=ANG&service=ART&context=HIS&doc_i_id=31464266 |access-date=2009-08-01 |publisher=www.africaintelligence.com |language=}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan tana da karfin wutar lantarki {{Convert|1700|m|ft}} tsayi da {{Convert|40|m|ft}}Tsawon ƙafa. An fara gina madatsar ruwa a shekarar 1988 amma an dakatar da aikin a shekarar 1994. A shekarar 1995, an sake fara ginawa da wani sabon kamfanin gine-gine. An fara aikin tashar wutar lantarki a shekarar 2004. <ref name="hek">{{Cite web |title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in Ethiopia & Kenya |url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-ethiopia-kenya.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103192237/http://www.industcards.com/hydro-ethiopia-kenya.htm |archive-date=January 3, 2015 |access-date=3 January 2015 |publisher=IndustCards}}</ref> ko da Ana karkatar da ruwan da ke fitowa daga madatsar ruwa ta hanyar ma'aunin {{Convert|9.2|km|mi}} dogon rami zuwa tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Bayan samar da wutar lantarki, ana sake fitar da ruwan zuwa Kogin Gilgel Gibe don ya kwarara zuwa arewa na tsawon kimanin mintuna 2&nbsp;km, kawai don shiga {{Convert|26|km|mi}} dogon rami ta cikin wani tudun dutse zuwa tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa ( Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Gilgel Gibe II) a [[Kogin Omo]] da ke ƙasa. == Manazarta == dvuqik3e8m0aplxdhsr37gn2xjc26g9 0 152941 842069 2026-05-29T05:29:43Z Sirjat 20447 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349912943|Jena Lee Nardella]]" 842069 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jena Lee Nardella''' (an haife ta a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1982) marubuciya ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, mai fafutuka, co-kafa kuma tsohon darakta na Blood: Water, kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce manufarta ita ce kawo karshen cutar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]] da rikicin ruwa a [[Afirka]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=33 Under 33 |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2014/july-august/33-under-33.html?start=4 |access-date=2016-02-23 |website=ChristianityToday.com}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kawo "jinin tsabta da ruwa mai tsabta ga 'yan Afirka sama da 62,000 a kasashe 11".<ref name="knoxnews.com">{{Cite web |title='One Thousand Wells' tells of bringing clean water and blood to Africans affected by HIV |url=http://www.knoxnews.com/entertainment/arts/one-thousand-wells-tells-of-bringing-clean-water-and-blood-to-africans-affected-by-hiv-ep-1239770999-361930051.html |access-date=2016-02-28 |website=www.knoxnews.com}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce marubucin One Thousand Wells: Yadda Audacious Goal Ta koya mini in ƙaunaci Duniya maimakon adana shi . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Iyali === An haifi Jena Lee Nardella a Woodland, California, a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 1982, ga Gus da Diane Lee . Mahaifinta Ba'amurke ne na ƙarni na farko daga dangin baƙi na kasar Sin yayin da mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga Midwest. Jena Nardella ita ce ta tsakiya ta uku, tare da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa, da kuma 'yar'uwa mai girma wacce ta mutu tana da watanni 11 saboda lahani na zuciya. Nardella ta girma a Yankin San Francisco Bay inda aka fallasa ta ga bambancin launin fata, jinsi, da kuma mafi yawan matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Jena Lee Nardella ta fara kokarin ta na taimaka wa wasu bayan gamuwa da wani mutumin da ba shi da gida a titunan San Francisco. Wannan gamuwa ta haifar da zama mai sa kai a wani mafaka na marasa gida. === Ilimi === Nardella ta koma Spokane, Washington don halartar Jami'ar Whitworth a cikin fall of 2000 na tsawon shekaru hudu inda ta fara karatun jinya. A duk lokacin da take dalibi a makarantar sakandare, ta fahimci cewa bai kamata ta mai da hankali kan aikin jinya ba, amma a maimakon haka karatun siyasa don bin mafarkin da take fatan cin nasara. Tare da babban canjin da ta yi, ta yanke shawarar halartar laccoci na ilimi wanda aka tsara a kusa da sha'awarta da kuma manyan abubuwan da suka dace da makomarta. A wani lacca musamman, ta sadu da mai magana mai suna Dr. Steve Garber wanda daga baya ya yi magana da ita game da burinta na gaba kuma ya ba ta damar kaiwa da neman ƙarin tallafi wajen yin waɗannan mafarkai. [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] f9vck1m4eamggkwsb7r2ehpwvaoqkx1 842070 842069 2026-05-29T05:30:01Z Sirjat 20447 842070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jena Lee Nardella''' (an haife ta a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1982) marubuciya ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, mai fafutuka, co-kafa kuma tsohon darakta na Blood: Water, kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce manufarta ita ce kawo karshen cutar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]] da rikicin ruwa a [[Afirka]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=33 Under 33 |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2014/july-august/33-under-33.html?start=4 |access-date=2016-02-23 |website=ChristianityToday.com}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kawo "jinin tsabta da ruwa mai tsabta ga 'yan Afirka sama da 62,000 a kasashe 11".<ref name="knoxnews.com">{{Cite web |title='One Thousand Wells' tells of bringing clean water and blood to Africans affected by HIV |url=http://www.knoxnews.com/entertainment/arts/one-thousand-wells-tells-of-bringing-clean-water-and-blood-to-africans-affected-by-hiv-ep-1239770999-361930051.html |access-date=2016-02-28 |website=www.knoxnews.com}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce marubucin One Thousand Wells: Yadda Audacious Goal Ta koya mini in ƙaunaci Duniya maimakon adana shi . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Iyali === An haifi Jena Lee Nardella a Woodland, California, a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 1982, ga Gus da Diane Lee . Mahaifinta Ba'amurke ne na ƙarni na farko daga dangin baƙi na kasar Sin yayin da mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga Midwest. Jena Nardella ita ce ta tsakiya ta uku, tare da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa, da kuma 'yar'uwa mai girma wacce ta mutu tana da watanni 11 saboda lahani na zuciya. Nardella ta girma a Yankin San Francisco Bay inda aka fallasa ta ga bambancin launin fata, jinsi, da kuma mafi yawan matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Jena Lee Nardella ta fara kokarin ta na taimaka wa wasu bayan gamuwa da wani mutumin da ba shi da gida a titunan San Francisco. Wannan gamuwa ta haifar da zama mai sa kai a wani mafaka na marasa gida. === Ilimi === Nardella ta koma Spokane, Washington don halartar Jami'ar Whitworth a cikin fall of 2000 na tsawon shekaru hudu inda ta fara karatun jinya. A duk lokacin da take dalibi a makarantar sakandare, ta fahimci cewa bai kamata ta mai da hankali kan aikin jinya ba, amma a maimakon haka karatun siyasa don bin mafarkin da take fatan cin nasara. Tare da babban canjin da ta yi, ta yanke shawarar halartar laccoci na ilimi wanda aka tsara a kusa da sha'awarta da kuma manyan abubuwan da suka dace da makomarta. A wani lacca musamman, ta sadu da mai magana mai suna Dr. Steve Garber wanda daga baya ya yi magana da ita game da burinta na gaba kuma ya ba ta damar kaiwa da neman ƙarin tallafi wajen yin waɗannan mafarkai. [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0s62gzrp4qk3u8skhhwfc0enpowb4m5 842071 842070 2026-05-29T05:31:28Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ilimi */ 842071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jena Lee Nardella''' (an haife ta a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1982) marubuciya ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, mai fafutuka, co-kafa kuma tsohon darakta na Blood: Water, kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce manufarta ita ce kawo karshen cutar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]] da rikicin ruwa a [[Afirka]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=33 Under 33 |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2014/july-august/33-under-33.html?start=4 |access-date=2016-02-23 |website=ChristianityToday.com}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kawo "jinin tsabta da ruwa mai tsabta ga 'yan Afirka sama da 62,000 a kasashe 11".<ref name="knoxnews.com">{{Cite web |title='One Thousand Wells' tells of bringing clean water and blood to Africans affected by HIV |url=http://www.knoxnews.com/entertainment/arts/one-thousand-wells-tells-of-bringing-clean-water-and-blood-to-africans-affected-by-hiv-ep-1239770999-361930051.html |access-date=2016-02-28 |website=www.knoxnews.com}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce marubucin One Thousand Wells: Yadda Audacious Goal Ta koya mini in ƙaunaci Duniya maimakon adana shi . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Iyali === An haifi Jena Lee Nardella a Woodland, California, a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 1982, ga Gus da Diane Lee . Mahaifinta Ba'amurke ne na ƙarni na farko daga dangin baƙi na kasar Sin yayin da mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga Midwest. Jena Nardella ita ce ta tsakiya ta uku, tare da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa, da kuma 'yar'uwa mai girma wacce ta mutu tana da watanni 11 saboda lahani na zuciya. Nardella ta girma a Yankin San Francisco Bay inda aka fallasa ta ga bambancin launin fata, jinsi, da kuma mafi yawan matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Jena Lee Nardella ta fara kokarin ta na taimaka wa wasu bayan gamuwa da wani mutumin da ba shi da gida a titunan San Francisco. Wannan gamuwa ta haifar da zama mai sa kai a wani mafaka na marasa gida. === Ilimi === Nardella ta koma Spokane, Washington don halartar Jami'ar Whitworth a cikin fall of 2000 na tsawon shekaru hudu inda ta fara karatun jinya. A duk lokacin da take dalibi a makarantar sakandare, ta fahimci cewa bai kamata ta mai da hankali kan aikin jinya ba, amma a maimakon haka karatun siyasa don bin mafarkin da take fatan cin nasara. Tare da babban canjin da ta yi, ta yanke shawarar halartar laccoci na ilimi wanda aka tsara a kusa da sha'awarta da kuma manyan abubuwan da suka dace da makomarta. A wani lacca musamman, ta sadu da mai magana mai suna Dr. Steve Garber wanda daga baya ya yi magana da ita game da burinta na gaba kuma ya ba ta damar kaiwa da neman ƙarin tallafi wajen yin waɗannan mafarkai. === Sana’a === Nardella ta gano, ta hannun Dr. Garber, wata ƙungiyar mawaka mai lashe lambar yabo ta Grammy wadda dabi’u da burinta suka yi daidai da nata: Jars of Clay, ƙungiyar waƙar rock ta Kirista. Duk da tana cikin jami’a, Nardella ta fara yin taro akai-akai da wannan ƙungiya, musamman Dan Haseltine, jagoran waƙar ƙungiyar. Ta hanyar waɗannan ziyarce-ziyarce da tunani mai zurfi aka fara ƙungiyar agaji da suka kafa tare, Blood: Water, kuma mafi muhimmanci manufarsu ta farko, aikin One Thousand Wells.<ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 22, Nardella ta koma Nashville, Tennessee domin ci gaba da neman burinta na haɓaka da ƙirƙirar Blood: Water tare da Jars of Clay, waɗanda dukkaninsu daga wannan yanki ne. A shekarar 2004, ta yi tafiya zuwa Kenya don tafiyarta ta farko da ta shafi Blood: Water. A lokacin da take a Kenya, ta yi mu’amala da mutane da al’ummomi da ke fama da rashin ruwan sha mai tsabta da kiwon lafiya.<ref name="knoxnews.com"/> Bayan haka, Nardella ta yi tafiyoyi da dama zuwa Afirka a madadin aikin One Thousand Wells, kuma yanzu tana raba lokacinta tsakanin Nashville da Gabashin Afirka.<ref name="chaffeemanagement.com">{{Cite web|title = JENA LEE NARDELLA - Chaffee Management|website = Chaffee Management|access-date = 2016-02-23|language = en-US|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160302095613/http://chaffeemanagement.com/speakers/jena-lee-nardella/|archive-date = 2016-03-02|url-status = dead}}</ref> Yanzu tana aiki a matsayin abokiyar haɗin gwiwa da jagorar shirin hanzarta ƙungiyoyin agaji a Praxis, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta "wadda ke ba da kayan aiki da albarkatu ga ƙungiyoyin masu ƙirƙira da aka motsa da imani don gina ƙungiyoyi masu tasiri a al’adu da zamantakewa."<ref>{{Cite web |title = Praxis Team - Praxis |website = www.praxislabs.org |access-date = 2016-02-28 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208092720/http://www.praxislabs.org/who-we-are/praxis-team |archive-date = 2015-12-08 }}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8qbyv0t0y0mc3fke55xk1htba01s85z 842073 842071 2026-05-29T05:33:03Z Sirjat 20447 /* Sana’a */ 842073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jena Lee Nardella''' (an haife ta a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1982) marubuciya ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, mai fafutuka, co-kafa kuma tsohon darakta na Blood: Water, kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce manufarta ita ce kawo karshen cutar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]] da rikicin ruwa a [[Afirka]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=33 Under 33 |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2014/july-august/33-under-33.html?start=4 |access-date=2016-02-23 |website=ChristianityToday.com}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kawo "jinin tsabta da ruwa mai tsabta ga 'yan Afirka sama da 62,000 a kasashe 11".<ref name="knoxnews.com">{{Cite web |title='One Thousand Wells' tells of bringing clean water and blood to Africans affected by HIV |url=http://www.knoxnews.com/entertainment/arts/one-thousand-wells-tells-of-bringing-clean-water-and-blood-to-africans-affected-by-hiv-ep-1239770999-361930051.html |access-date=2016-02-28 |website=www.knoxnews.com}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce marubucin One Thousand Wells: Yadda Audacious Goal Ta koya mini in ƙaunaci Duniya maimakon adana shi . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Iyali === An haifi Jena Lee Nardella a Woodland, California, a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 1982, ga Gus da Diane Lee . Mahaifinta Ba'amurke ne na ƙarni na farko daga dangin baƙi na kasar Sin yayin da mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga Midwest. Jena Nardella ita ce ta tsakiya ta uku, tare da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa, da kuma 'yar'uwa mai girma wacce ta mutu tana da watanni 11 saboda lahani na zuciya. Nardella ta girma a Yankin San Francisco Bay inda aka fallasa ta ga bambancin launin fata, jinsi, da kuma mafi yawan matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Jena Lee Nardella ta fara kokarin ta na taimaka wa wasu bayan gamuwa da wani mutumin da ba shi da gida a titunan San Francisco. Wannan gamuwa ta haifar da zama mai sa kai a wani mafaka na marasa gida. === Ilimi === Nardella ta koma Spokane, Washington don halartar Jami'ar Whitworth a cikin fall of 2000 na tsawon shekaru hudu inda ta fara karatun jinya. A duk lokacin da take dalibi a makarantar sakandare, ta fahimci cewa bai kamata ta mai da hankali kan aikin jinya ba, amma a maimakon haka karatun siyasa don bin mafarkin da take fatan cin nasara. Tare da babban canjin da ta yi, ta yanke shawarar halartar laccoci na ilimi wanda aka tsara a kusa da sha'awarta da kuma manyan abubuwan da suka dace da makomarta. A wani lacca musamman, ta sadu da mai magana mai suna Dr. Steve Garber wanda daga baya ya yi magana da ita game da burinta na gaba kuma ya ba ta damar kaiwa da neman ƙarin tallafi wajen yin waɗannan mafarkai. === Sana’a === Nardella ta gano, ta hannun Dr. Garber, wata ƙungiyar mawaka mai lashe lambar yabo ta Grammy wadda dabi’u da burinta suka yi daidai da nata: Jars of Clay, ƙungiyar waƙar rock ta Kirista. Duk da tana cikin jami’a, Nardella ta fara yin taro akai-akai da wannan ƙungiya, musamman Dan Haseltine, jagoran waƙar ƙungiyar. Ta hanyar waɗannan ziyarce-ziyarce da tunani mai zurfi aka fara ƙungiyar agaji da suka kafa tare, Blood: Water, kuma mafi muhimmanci manufarsu ta farko, aikin One Thousand Wells.<ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 22, Nardella ta koma Nashville, Tennessee domin ci gaba da neman burinta na haɓaka da ƙirƙirar Blood: Water tare da Jars of Clay, waɗanda dukkaninsu daga wannan yanki ne. A shekarar 2004, ta yi tafiya zuwa Kenya don tafiyarta ta farko da ta shafi Blood: Water. A lokacin da take a Kenya, ta yi mu’amala da mutane da al’ummomi da ke fama da rashin ruwan sha mai tsabta da kiwon lafiya.<ref name="knoxnews.com"/> Bayan haka, Nardella ta yi tafiyoyi da dama zuwa Afirka a madadin aikin One Thousand Wells, kuma yanzu tana raba lokacinta tsakanin Nashville da Gabashin Afirka.<ref name="chaffeemanagement.com">{{Cite web|title = JENA LEE NARDELLA - Chaffee Management|website = Chaffee Management|access-date = 2016-02-23|language = en-US|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160302095613/http://chaffeemanagement.com/speakers/jena-lee-nardella/|archive-date = 2016-03-02|url-status = dead}}</ref> Yanzu tana aiki a matsayin abokiyar haɗin gwiwa da jagorar shirin hanzarta ƙungiyoyin agaji a Praxis, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta "wadda ke ba da kayan aiki da albarkatu ga ƙungiyoyin masu ƙirƙira da aka motsa da imani don gina ƙungiyoyi masu tasiri a al’adu da zamantakewa."<ref>{{Cite web |title = Praxis Team - Praxis |website = www.praxislabs.org |access-date = 2016-02-28 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208092720/http://www.praxislabs.org/who-we-are/praxis-team |archive-date = 2015-12-08 }}</ref> == Rijiyoyi Dubu == Littafin ''One Thousand Wells: How an Audacious Goal Taught Me To Love The World Instead of Save It'' an wallafa shi a watan Agusta, 2015. Wannan littafin tarihin rayuwa ne inda Nardella ta bayyana nasarorinta da gazawarta, tunaninta da labarinta game da tafiyarta wajen cimma burin gina rijiyoyi dubu da za su samar wa al’ummomi dubu a Afirka da ruwan sha mai tsabta. Wani ɓangare na kuɗin da aka samu daga sayar da wannan littafi yana komawa ga aikin Blood: Water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Jena Lee Nardella, author and co-founder of Blood:Water {{!}} Nfocus|website = Nfocus| date=4 September 2015 |access-date = 2016-02-23}}</ref> == Nasarori/Lambar yabo/Sanayya == Nardella tana yin jawabi a bainar jama’a a jami’o’i da kwalejoji kamar tsohuwar makarantar ta, Whitworth University, da Gonzaga University tare da coci-coci da tarurruka kamar The Asbury Project da The Telemachus Annual Gathering. Fitaccen bayyanarta shi ne a shekarar 2012 lokacin da Shugaban ƙasa Obama ya gayyace ta don ta yi addu’ar rufe taron a talabijin na ƙasa a taron National Democratic Convention ga mutane miliyan 20.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Speaking Schedule|website = Broken:Beautiful|access-date = 2016-02-23|language = en-US}}</ref> Nardella ta lashe lambobin yabo da dama, ciki har da Epoch Award, GOOD Magazine's GOOD 100, kuma an ambace ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Kirista 33 ƙasa da shekaru 33 na Christianity Today. Baya ga rubuta nata littafi, ''One Thousand Wells: How an Audacious Goal Taught Me to Love the World Instead of Save It'', wanda aka wallafa a watan Agusta 2012, ta ba da gudummawa ga wasu wallafe-wallafe masu muhimmanci. Littattafan biyu da ta yi aiki tare da wasu marubuta su ne ''Hope in the Dark'' (tare da ɗan jarida mai daukar hoto Jeremy Cowart) da ''The Revolution: A Field Manual for Changing Your World''. Haka kuma ta bayyana a fina-finai kamar ''Sons of Lwala'' da ''Unconditional Love,'' wanda ke ba da labarin kafa Blood: Water.<ref name="chaffeemanagement.com"/> == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin waje == * Blood: Water Official Website * Jena Lee Nardella Official Website * One Thousand Wells Official Website [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5xo9ovqjgzkh2opfnzgbt6moabuz6id 842074 842073 2026-05-29T05:33:41Z Sirjat 20447 /* Hanyoyin waje */ 842074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jena Lee Nardella''' (an haife ta a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1982) marubuciya ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, mai fafutuka, co-kafa kuma tsohon darakta na Blood: Water, kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce manufarta ita ce kawo karshen cutar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]] da rikicin ruwa a [[Afirka]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=33 Under 33 |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2014/july-august/33-under-33.html?start=4 |access-date=2016-02-23 |website=ChristianityToday.com}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kawo "jinin tsabta da ruwa mai tsabta ga 'yan Afirka sama da 62,000 a kasashe 11".<ref name="knoxnews.com">{{Cite web |title='One Thousand Wells' tells of bringing clean water and blood to Africans affected by HIV |url=http://www.knoxnews.com/entertainment/arts/one-thousand-wells-tells-of-bringing-clean-water-and-blood-to-africans-affected-by-hiv-ep-1239770999-361930051.html |access-date=2016-02-28 |website=www.knoxnews.com}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce marubucin One Thousand Wells: Yadda Audacious Goal Ta koya mini in ƙaunaci Duniya maimakon adana shi . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Iyali === An haifi Jena Lee Nardella a Woodland, California, a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 1982, ga Gus da Diane Lee . Mahaifinta Ba'amurke ne na ƙarni na farko daga dangin baƙi na kasar Sin yayin da mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga Midwest. Jena Nardella ita ce ta tsakiya ta uku, tare da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa, da kuma 'yar'uwa mai girma wacce ta mutu tana da watanni 11 saboda lahani na zuciya. Nardella ta girma a Yankin San Francisco Bay inda aka fallasa ta ga bambancin launin fata, jinsi, da kuma mafi yawan matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Jena Lee Nardella ta fara kokarin ta na taimaka wa wasu bayan gamuwa da wani mutumin da ba shi da gida a titunan San Francisco. Wannan gamuwa ta haifar da zama mai sa kai a wani mafaka na marasa gida. === Ilimi === Nardella ta koma Spokane, Washington don halartar Jami'ar Whitworth a cikin fall of 2000 na tsawon shekaru hudu inda ta fara karatun jinya. A duk lokacin da take dalibi a makarantar sakandare, ta fahimci cewa bai kamata ta mai da hankali kan aikin jinya ba, amma a maimakon haka karatun siyasa don bin mafarkin da take fatan cin nasara. Tare da babban canjin da ta yi, ta yanke shawarar halartar laccoci na ilimi wanda aka tsara a kusa da sha'awarta da kuma manyan abubuwan da suka dace da makomarta. A wani lacca musamman, ta sadu da mai magana mai suna Dr. Steve Garber wanda daga baya ya yi magana da ita game da burinta na gaba kuma ya ba ta damar kaiwa da neman ƙarin tallafi wajen yin waɗannan mafarkai. === Sana’a === Nardella ta gano, ta hannun Dr. Garber, wata ƙungiyar mawaka mai lashe lambar yabo ta Grammy wadda dabi’u da burinta suka yi daidai da nata: Jars of Clay, ƙungiyar waƙar rock ta Kirista. Duk da tana cikin jami’a, Nardella ta fara yin taro akai-akai da wannan ƙungiya, musamman Dan Haseltine, jagoran waƙar ƙungiyar. Ta hanyar waɗannan ziyarce-ziyarce da tunani mai zurfi aka fara ƙungiyar agaji da suka kafa tare, Blood: Water, kuma mafi muhimmanci manufarsu ta farko, aikin One Thousand Wells.<ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 22, Nardella ta koma Nashville, Tennessee domin ci gaba da neman burinta na haɓaka da ƙirƙirar Blood: Water tare da Jars of Clay, waɗanda dukkaninsu daga wannan yanki ne. A shekarar 2004, ta yi tafiya zuwa Kenya don tafiyarta ta farko da ta shafi Blood: Water. A lokacin da take a Kenya, ta yi mu’amala da mutane da al’ummomi da ke fama da rashin ruwan sha mai tsabta da kiwon lafiya.<ref name="knoxnews.com"/> Bayan haka, Nardella ta yi tafiyoyi da dama zuwa Afirka a madadin aikin One Thousand Wells, kuma yanzu tana raba lokacinta tsakanin Nashville da Gabashin Afirka.<ref name="chaffeemanagement.com">{{Cite web|title = JENA LEE NARDELLA - Chaffee Management|website = Chaffee Management|access-date = 2016-02-23|language = en-US|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160302095613/http://chaffeemanagement.com/speakers/jena-lee-nardella/|archive-date = 2016-03-02|url-status = dead}}</ref> Yanzu tana aiki a matsayin abokiyar haɗin gwiwa da jagorar shirin hanzarta ƙungiyoyin agaji a Praxis, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta "wadda ke ba da kayan aiki da albarkatu ga ƙungiyoyin masu ƙirƙira da aka motsa da imani don gina ƙungiyoyi masu tasiri a al’adu da zamantakewa."<ref>{{Cite web |title = Praxis Team - Praxis |website = www.praxislabs.org |access-date = 2016-02-28 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208092720/http://www.praxislabs.org/who-we-are/praxis-team |archive-date = 2015-12-08 }}</ref> == Rijiyoyi Dubu == Littafin ''One Thousand Wells: How an Audacious Goal Taught Me To Love The World Instead of Save It'' an wallafa shi a watan Agusta, 2015. Wannan littafin tarihin rayuwa ne inda Nardella ta bayyana nasarorinta da gazawarta, tunaninta da labarinta game da tafiyarta wajen cimma burin gina rijiyoyi dubu da za su samar wa al’ummomi dubu a Afirka da ruwan sha mai tsabta. Wani ɓangare na kuɗin da aka samu daga sayar da wannan littafi yana komawa ga aikin Blood: Water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Jena Lee Nardella, author and co-founder of Blood:Water {{!}} Nfocus|website = Nfocus| date=4 September 2015 |access-date = 2016-02-23}}</ref> == Nasarori/Lambar yabo/Sanayya == Nardella tana yin jawabi a bainar jama’a a jami’o’i da kwalejoji kamar tsohuwar makarantar ta, Whitworth University, da Gonzaga University tare da coci-coci da tarurruka kamar The Asbury Project da The Telemachus Annual Gathering. Fitaccen bayyanarta shi ne a shekarar 2012 lokacin da Shugaban ƙasa Obama ya gayyace ta don ta yi addu’ar rufe taron a talabijin na ƙasa a taron National Democratic Convention ga mutane miliyan 20.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Speaking Schedule|website = Broken:Beautiful|access-date = 2016-02-23|language = en-US}}</ref> Nardella ta lashe lambobin yabo da dama, ciki har da Epoch Award, GOOD Magazine's GOOD 100, kuma an ambace ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Kirista 33 ƙasa da shekaru 33 na Christianity Today. Baya ga rubuta nata littafi, ''One Thousand Wells: How an Audacious Goal Taught Me to Love the World Instead of Save It'', wanda aka wallafa a watan Agusta 2012, ta ba da gudummawa ga wasu wallafe-wallafe masu muhimmanci. Littattafan biyu da ta yi aiki tare da wasu marubuta su ne ''Hope in the Dark'' (tare da ɗan jarida mai daukar hoto Jeremy Cowart) da ''The Revolution: A Field Manual for Changing Your World''. Haka kuma ta bayyana a fina-finai kamar ''Sons of Lwala'' da ''Unconditional Love,'' wanda ke ba da labarin kafa Blood: Water.<ref name="chaffeemanagement.com"/> == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin waje == * [http://www.bloodwater.org/ Blood: Water Official Website] * [http://jenanardella.com/ Jena Lee Nardella Official Website] * [http://www.bloodwater.org/onethousandwells One Thousand Wells Official Website] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] agisw00qw055bb5n4z2wtno06v4iz51 0 152942 842077 2026-05-29T05:40:35Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335473230|Ayanda Candice Sibanda]]" 842077 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayanda Candice Sibanda''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 2000) 'yar Zimbabwe ce mai suna, mai salo kuma mai fafutuka ga waɗanda ke da [[Zabaya|albinism]]. == Tarihin rayuwa == Sibanda ta fara yin samfurin ne lokacin da take makarantar firamare a [[Bulawayo]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-06-16 |title=Miss Albinism Zim speaks on acceptance |url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/miss-albinism-zim-speaks-on-acceptance/?pr=179674&lang=fr |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> An haife ta da albinism, ta gano cewa samfurin ya ba ta amincewa da kuma dandamali don ba da shawara ga wasu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newly-crowned Miss UZ aims high |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/newly-crowned-miss-uz-aims-high/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Herald |language=en}}</ref> Yayinda take yarinya, ta fuskanci nuna bambanci daga wasu yara da kuma daga manya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TV |first=Nakiso |title=Ayanda Candice Sibanda Speaks On Albinism! |url=https://www.nakiso.tv/2020/11/ayanda-candice-sibanda-speaks-on.html |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Nakiso TV: Celebrating Zimbabwean Success Stories}}</ref> Kwarewarta da goyon bayan iyayenta sun ƙarfafa ta ta fara aikin samfurin da gwagwarmaya. Sibanda ta bayyana dalilin da ya sa ta kasance, "A rayuwa, ba za a taɓa bayyana ta hanyar imanin wani game da abin da zai yiwu ba". Sibanda ta yi amfani da kyawawan kyawawan kyaututtuka don wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalolin da mutanen da ke fama da cutar albinism ke fuskanta a cikin al'ummar Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-04-01 |title=Breaking beauty barriers |url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/breaking-beauty-barriers/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2019 an ba ta suna ta biyu har zuwa Miss Teen Zimbabwe, da kuma kambin Miss Albinism Zimbabwe . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mavhimira |first=Bridget Wadzanai |title=It's an honour to represent Zimbabwe: Ayanda |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/thestandard/standard-style/article/200005494/its-an-honour-to-represent-zimbabwe-ayanda |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2020 ta karbi kambin Miss Jami'ar Zimbabwe kuma a shekarar 2022 an nada ta Miss Africa Zimbabwe . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Zebra |first=Sharon |date=September 1, 2023 |title=Sibanda eyes Miss Universe Zimbabwe crown |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/life-amp-style/article/200016015/sibanda-eyes-miss-universe-zimbabwe-crown |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=NewsDay |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2020, akwai kimanin mutane 70,000 a Zimbabwe da ke fama da cutar albinism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=In Zimbabwe, people with albinism struggle against prejudice |url=https://apnews.com/article/7eae9a42465074ff4b3eb20399991251 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Yayinda take jami'a, Sibanda ta fara Gidauniyar Ayanda Candice don ba da shawara ga karfafa mata da kuma haƙƙin waɗanda ke da nakasa.[1] Gidauniyar tana horar da matasan mata a cikin ƙwarewar jagoranci da kuma goyon bayan jagoranci.[2] Ta hanyar Gidauniyar, Sibanda tana magana a kan batutuwa da suka shafi albinism a cikin al'ummar Zimbabwe.[3] A cikin 2021, ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Kula da Matasa na Tarayyar Turai a Zimbabwe, tana raba kwarewarta tare da masu tsara manufofi.[4] A shekara ta 2024 Sibanda ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Zimbabwe tare da digiri a fannin shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From runway to courtroom… Ayanda Candice keeps on breaking barriers – DailyNews |url=https://dailynews.co.zw/from-runway-to-courtroom-ayanda-candice-keeps-on-breaking-barriers/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=dailynews.co.zw}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * John Makumbe, mai fafutukar Zimbabwe ga wadanda ke da albinism * Tsanantawa ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar albinism == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nujjkuw7pmdqqhjas7ovqkoumsxjn8a 842078 842077 2026-05-29T05:43:12Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 842078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ayanda Candice Sibanda''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 2000) 'yar Zimbabwe ce mai suna, mai salo kuma mai fafutuka ga waɗanda ke da [[Zabaya|albinism]]. == Tarihin rayuwa == Sibanda ta fara yin samfurin ne lokacin da take makarantar firamare a [[Bulawayo]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-06-16 |title=Miss Albinism Zim speaks on acceptance |url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/miss-albinism-zim-speaks-on-acceptance/?pr=179674&lang=fr |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> An haife ta da albinism, ta gano cewa samfurin ya ba ta amincewa da kuma dandamali don ba da shawara ga wasu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newly-crowned Miss UZ aims high |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/newly-crowned-miss-uz-aims-high/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Herald |language=en}}</ref> Yayinda take yarinya, ta fuskanci nuna bambanci daga wasu yara da kuma daga manya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TV |first=Nakiso |title=Ayanda Candice Sibanda Speaks On Albinism! |url=https://www.nakiso.tv/2020/11/ayanda-candice-sibanda-speaks-on.html |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Nakiso TV: Celebrating Zimbabwean Success Stories}}</ref> Kwarewarta da goyon bayan iyayenta sun ƙarfafa ta ta fara aikin samfurin da gwagwarmaya. Sibanda ta bayyana dalilin da ya sa ta kasance, "A rayuwa, ba za a taɓa bayyana ta hanyar imanin wani game da abin da zai yiwu ba". Sibanda ta yi amfani da kyawawan kyawawan kyaututtuka don wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalolin da mutanen da ke fama da cutar albinism ke fuskanta a cikin al'ummar Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-04-01 |title=Breaking beauty barriers |url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/breaking-beauty-barriers/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2019 an ba ta suna ta biyu har zuwa Miss Teen Zimbabwe, da kuma kambin Miss Albinism Zimbabwe . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mavhimira |first=Bridget Wadzanai |title=It's an honour to represent Zimbabwe: Ayanda |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/thestandard/standard-style/article/200005494/its-an-honour-to-represent-zimbabwe-ayanda |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2020 ta karbi kambin Miss Jami'ar Zimbabwe kuma a shekarar 2022 an nada ta Miss Africa Zimbabwe . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Zebra |first=Sharon |date=September 1, 2023 |title=Sibanda eyes Miss Universe Zimbabwe crown |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/life-amp-style/article/200016015/sibanda-eyes-miss-universe-zimbabwe-crown |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=NewsDay |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2020, akwai kimanin mutane 70,000 a Zimbabwe da ke fama da cutar albinism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=In Zimbabwe, people with albinism struggle against prejudice |url=https://apnews.com/article/7eae9a42465074ff4b3eb20399991251 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Yayinda take jami'a, Sibanda ta fara Gidauniyar Ayanda Candice don ba da shawara ga karfafa mata da kuma haƙƙin waɗanda ke da nakasa.[1] Gidauniyar tana horar da matasan mata a cikin ƙwarewar jagoranci da kuma goyon bayan jagoranci.[2] Ta hanyar Gidauniyar, Sibanda tana magana a kan batutuwa da suka shafi albinism a cikin al'ummar Zimbabwe.[3] A cikin 2021, ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Kula da Matasa na Tarayyar Turai a Zimbabwe, tana raba kwarewarta tare da masu tsara manufofi.[4] A shekara ta 2024 Sibanda ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Zimbabwe tare da digiri a fannin shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From runway to courtroom… Ayanda Candice keeps on breaking barriers – DailyNews |url=https://dailynews.co.zw/from-runway-to-courtroom-ayanda-candice-keeps-on-breaking-barriers/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=dailynews.co.zw}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * John Makumbe, mai fafutukar Zimbabwe ga wadanda ke da albinism * Tsanantawa ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar albinism == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] e5touqg493lpf51rqr0r6y5l4idno46 0 152943 842080 2026-05-29T05:43:40Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346188343|Judith Todd]]" 842080 wikitext text/x-wiki '''WJudith Todd''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1943) 'yar gwagwarmayar siyasa ce ta Zimbabwe-New Zealand. Ita ce 'yar Sir Garfield Todd ta biyu, tsohon Firayim Minista na Kudancin Rhodesia (1908-2002), == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Todd a Ofishin Jakadancin Dadaya a Rhodesia . Ta yi karatu a makarantar 'yan mata ta Sarauniya Elizabeth . Mahaifinta mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, Reginald Stephen Garfield Todd, ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Kudancin Rhodesia tsakanin 1953 da 1958. Mahaifiyarta, Jean Grace Wilson Todd, ta tsara kuma ta aiwatar da Tsarin Ilimi na Kudancin Rhodesia. [[Fayil:Judith_Todd,_from_Women's_News_Service.jpg|thumb|Todd a cikin 1965]] Todd ta kasance mai gwagwarmayar siyasa tun daga farkon shekarun 1960 lokacin da ta shiga kungiyar Black Nationalist ta hanyar zama memba na Jam'iyyar National Democratic Party (NDP) wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1960. Daga baya ta shiga kungiyar Jama'ar Afirka ta Zimbabwe bayan da gwamnati ta dakatar da NDP. Ta yi tsayayya da gwamnatin 'yan tsiraru ta Ian Smith kuma ta yi yakin neman zabe a duniya game da mulkin' yan tsiraru a Rhodesia. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1964, hukumomin Rhodesia sun kama ta kuma an same ta.{{Sfn|Gates|Akyeampong|Niven|2012}} A watan Janairun 1972, an sake kama ta kuma aka tura ta kurkuku a Marandellas . An kama mahaifinta a lokaci guda kuma ya tafi kurkuku a Gatooma. A lokacin da aka tsare ta, ta yi yajin aikin yunwa na ɗan lokaci don nuna rashin amincewa da tsare su, amma ta sauƙaƙe bayan ta jimre da abubuwan da suka faru na tilasta ciyarwa.{{Sfn|Todd|1965}} Makonni da yawa bayan haka, an sake su duka biyu kuma daga baya aka kore su daga kasar, sun zama persona non grata. Ta koma Landan. A shekara ta 1978 ta kasance daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Zimbabwe Project Trust, kungiyar jin kai da ke da alaƙa da Cocin Roman Katolika. An kafa shi ne don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijirar Zimbabwe. Ta yi gudun hijira har sai an ɗaga duk tsare-tsare a watan Fabrairun 1980 a karkashin tsarin da ya kai ga 'yancin Zimbabwe. Amincewa ta koma daga London zuwa Zimbabwe kuma an nada Todd a matsayin darektan, matsayin da ta rike har zuwa 1987. Amincewar ta mayar da hankali ga taimakon jin kai, musamman sake komawa da horar da tsoffin mayakan yaki da 'yanci. [1] [1] A shekara ta 1984, wani babban jami'in sojan Mugabe ya yi wa Todd fyade a kan umarninsa, bayan ta soki kisan kare dangi na fararen hula na Ndebele, abokan adawar gargajiya na kabilar Mugabe. Ta zama mai sukar mulkin [[Robert Mugabe]]. Bayan takarar da ba ta yi nasara ba don zama a majalisa na Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida. Ta kasance mai mallakar hannun jari na jaridar Daily News a 1999. An dakatar da jaridar a shekara ta 2003. A wannan shekarar, an kwace ta daga 'yancin Zimbabwe, lokacin da ba ta iya bin umarnin kotu don yin watsi da' yancin zama ta biyu saboda haihuwar iyayenta a [[New Zealand]] ba. Kamar yadda Todd ba ta taɓa samun 'yancin New Zealand ba, ba ta iya yin watsi da shi ba. Ba a sabunta fasfo na wucin gadi da aka bayar ba kuma ta zama marasa kasa har tsawon shekaru goma, har sai an canza dokar kasa a 2013 don ba da damar Zimbabwewa su zama 'yan ƙasa biyu. Ta auri Richard Acton daga 1974 zuwa 1984.   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] rdwkpdgzpi3ai428zmggre5krocab7b 842083 842080 2026-05-29T05:44:20Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 842083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Judith Todd''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1943) 'yar gwagwarmayar siyasa ce ta Zimbabwe-New Zealand. Ita ce 'yar Sir Garfield Todd ta biyu, tsohon Firayim Minista na Kudancin Rhodesia (1908-2002), == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Todd a Ofishin Jakadancin Dadaya a Rhodesia . Ta yi karatu a makarantar 'yan mata ta Sarauniya Elizabeth . Mahaifinta mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, Reginald Stephen Garfield Todd, ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Kudancin Rhodesia tsakanin 1953 da 1958. Mahaifiyarta, Jean Grace Wilson Todd, ta tsara kuma ta aiwatar da Tsarin Ilimi na Kudancin Rhodesia. [[Fayil:Judith_Todd,_from_Women's_News_Service.jpg|thumb|Todd a cikin 1965]] Todd ta kasance mai gwagwarmayar siyasa tun daga farkon shekarun 1960 lokacin da ta shiga kungiyar Black Nationalist ta hanyar zama memba na Jam'iyyar National Democratic Party (NDP) wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1960. Daga baya ta shiga kungiyar Jama'ar Afirka ta Zimbabwe bayan da gwamnati ta dakatar da NDP. Ta yi tsayayya da gwamnatin 'yan tsiraru ta Ian Smith kuma ta yi yakin neman zabe a duniya game da mulkin' yan tsiraru a Rhodesia. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1964, hukumomin Rhodesia sun kama ta kuma an same ta.{{Sfn|Gates|Akyeampong|Niven|2012}} A watan Janairun 1972, an sake kama ta kuma aka tura ta kurkuku a Marandellas . An kama mahaifinta a lokaci guda kuma ya tafi kurkuku a Gatooma. A lokacin da aka tsare ta, ta yi yajin aikin yunwa na ɗan lokaci don nuna rashin amincewa da tsare su, amma ta sauƙaƙe bayan ta jimre da abubuwan da suka faru na tilasta ciyarwa.{{Sfn|Todd|1965}} Makonni da yawa bayan haka, an sake su duka biyu kuma daga baya aka kore su daga kasar, sun zama persona non grata. Ta koma Landan. A shekara ta 1978 ta kasance daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Zimbabwe Project Trust, kungiyar jin kai da ke da alaƙa da Cocin Roman Katolika. An kafa shi ne don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijirar Zimbabwe. Ta yi gudun hijira har sai an ɗaga duk tsare-tsare a watan Fabrairun 1980 a karkashin tsarin da ya kai ga 'yancin Zimbabwe. Amincewa ta koma daga London zuwa Zimbabwe kuma an nada Todd a matsayin darektan, matsayin da ta rike har zuwa 1987. Amincewar ta mayar da hankali ga taimakon jin kai, musamman sake komawa da horar da tsoffin mayakan yaki da 'yanci. [1] [1] A shekara ta 1984, wani babban jami'in sojan Mugabe ya yi wa Todd fyade a kan umarninsa, bayan ta soki kisan kare dangi na fararen hula na Ndebele, abokan adawar gargajiya na kabilar Mugabe. Ta zama mai sukar mulkin [[Robert Mugabe]]. Bayan takarar da ba ta yi nasara ba don zama a majalisa na Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida. Ta kasance mai mallakar hannun jari na jaridar Daily News a 1999. An dakatar da jaridar a shekara ta 2003. A wannan shekarar, an kwace ta daga 'yancin Zimbabwe, lokacin da ba ta iya bin umarnin kotu don yin watsi da' yancin zama ta biyu saboda haihuwar iyayenta a [[New Zealand]] ba. Kamar yadda Todd ba ta taɓa samun 'yancin New Zealand ba, ba ta iya yin watsi da shi ba. Ba a sabunta fasfo na wucin gadi da aka bayar ba kuma ta zama marasa kasa har tsawon shekaru goma, har sai an canza dokar kasa a 2013 don ba da damar Zimbabwewa su zama 'yan ƙasa biyu. Ta auri Richard Acton daga 1974 zuwa 1984.   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] ggcoprhf8qn678jf63emf9waaesqp83 0 152944 842081 2026-05-29T05:44:00Z Sirjat 20447 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355220307|Orange River]]" 842081 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Orange''' (daga [[Afrikaans]] / Dutch: '''''Oranjerivier''''') wani kogi ne a [[Kudancin Afirka]] . Ita ce kogi mafi tsawo a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Tare da jimlar tsawon kilomita {{Cvt|2432|km}} (1,511 , Kogin Orange ya shimfiɗa daga [[Lesotho]] zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da [[Namibiya|Namibia]] zuwa arewa. Yana tashi a cikin tsaunukan Drakensberg a Lesotho, yana gudana zuwa yamma ta Afirka ta Kudu zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]]. Kogin ya zama wani ɓangare na iyakokin kasa da kasa tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Lesotho da kuma tsakanin Afirka ta kudu da Namibia, da kuma iyakokin larduna da yawa a cikin Afirka ta Kudu. Sai dai Upington, ba ya wucewa ta kowane babban birni. Kogin Orange yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar samar da ruwa don ban ruwa da wutar lantarki. An sanya wa kogin suna Kogin Orange don girmama dangin Dutch mai mulki, House of Orange, ta hanyar mai binciken Dutch Robert Jacob Gordon. Sauran sunayen sun haɗa da kalmar kawai don kogi, a cikin rubutun [[Harshen Khekhoe|Khoekhoegowab]] da aka rubuta kamar ! '''Garib''', wanda aka fassara a cikin Afrikaans a matsayin '''Kogin Gariep''' tare da shiga cikin rikice-rikice na velar a maimakon dannawar alveolar, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Travel |first=Wild Africa |title=Wild Africa Travel: Orange River |url=http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220031736/http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.wildafricatravel.com}}</ref> '''Kogin Groote''' (wanda aka samo daga Kai !Garib) ko '''Kogin Senqu''' (wanda aka yi amfani da shi a Lesotho), wanda aka samo daga 化Nū "Black". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Orange River Basin |url=https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213081531/https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx |archive-date=13 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.dwa.gov.za}}</ref> An san shi a cikin [[Harshen Zulu|isiZulu]] kamar isAngqu . == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Orange_River_basin_map.svg|left|thumb|Hanyar da ruwa na Kogin Orange, Kogin Caledon da Kogin Vaal. Wannan taswirar tana nuna iyakar ra'ayin mazan jiya don ruwa. Musamman, an cire tafkin [[Hamadar Kalahari|Kalahari]], kamar yadda wasu kafofin suka ce yana da goyon baya. Wasu wasu tushe ta amfani da hanyoyin lissafi suna nuna kwandon da ya haɗa da sassa na [[Botswana]] (saboda haka na Kalahari). ]] Orange ya tashi a cikin tsaunukan Drakensberg tare da iyakar tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Lesotho, kimanin kilomita {{Convert|193|km|mi}} (120 yammacin Tekun Indiya kuma a tsawo sama da {{Convert|3,000|m}} m (9,800 . Ƙarshen Kogin Orange a cikin Lesotho an san shi da '''Senqu''' . Sassan Kogin Senqu suna daskarewa a cikin hunturu saboda tsawo mai tsawo. Wannan yana haifar da fari a cikin ruwa, wanda yafi shafar samar da awaki da shanu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:Rosh_Pinah_Orange_River.jpg|thumb|Kogin Orange a kudancin Rosh Pinah]] [[Fayil:Senqu_River_in_Lesotho.jpg|thumb|Kogin Senqu kusa da Ha Potomane (Kamp) a Quthing, Lesotho]] [[Fayil:Orange_River_near_Oranjerivier.jpg|thumb|Kogin Orange kusa da Hopetown]] Kogin Orange ya gudana zuwa yamma ta Afirka ta Kudu, ya zama iyakar kudu maso yammacin lardin Free State. A cikin wannan ɓangaren, kogin ya fara gudana cikin madatsar ruwan Gariep sannan daga baya ya shiga madatsar ruwa ta Vanderkloof. Daga iyakar Lesotho zuwa ƙasa da madatsar ruwan Vanderkloof, kogin yana da zurfi. Ƙarin raƙuman ruwa, ƙasar ta fi faɗi, kuma ana amfani da kogin sosai don ban ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A yammacin Free State, kudu maso yammacin Kimberley, Orange ya haɗu da babban mai ba da gudummawa, Kogin Vaal, wanda ya zama yawancin iyakar arewacin lardin. Daga nan, kogin yana gudana zuwa yamma ta hanyar hamada mai bushewa na yankin kudancin Kalahari da Namaqualand a lardin Arewacin Cape don saduwa da Namibia a 20 ° E longitude. Daga nan, yana gudana zuwa yamma na kilomita 550 kilometres (340 mi) (340 , [1] yana samar da iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin lardin da yankin Namibia. A kan iyaka, kogin ya wuce garin Vioolsdrif, babban tashar iyaka tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Namibia. [[Fayil:OrangeRiver_L7_11apr01.jpg|left|thumb|Wannan hoton yana nuna kilomita {{Convert|100|km|mi}} na ƙarshe (62 ko haka na Kogin Orange, inda ajiyar dutse a cikin kogin da kuma bakin kogin suna da wadata da lu'u-lu'u, kuma ma'adanai da yawa na lu'u'u-ulu'u suna aiki tare da wannan shimfiɗa.]] A cikin {{Convert|800|km|mi}} da suka gabata a cikin hanyarsa, Orange yana karɓar ƙoramu masu yawa masu tsaka-tsaki (kamar [[Kifi (kogin Namibia)|Kogin Kifi]] ), kuma manyan rafuka da dama suna shiga cikinsa. A cikin wannan ɓangaren, Hamadar Namib ta ƙare a gefen arewa na kogin, don haka a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, yawan ruwan da waɗannan magudanar ruwa suka ƙara ba shi da yawa. A nan, an sake yanke bakin kogin sosai. Ruwan Augrabies yana kan wannan ɓangaren na Orange, inda kogin ya gangara {{Convert|122|m}} a cikin tsari na {{Convert|26|km|mi}} . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Orange ya zubo cikin Tekun Atlantika tsakanin ƙananan garuruwan Oranjemund (ma'ana "baki na Orange") a Namibia da Alexander Bay a Afirka ta Kudu, game da daidaituwa tsakanin Walvis Bay da Cape Town. Kimanin 33 kilometres (21 mi) (21 daga bakinsa, an toshe shi da rapids da sand bars kuma gabaɗaya ba za a iya tafiya ba na dogon lokaci. Kogin yana da jimlar tsawon kilomita 2,432 kilometres (1,511 mi) (1,511 . === Rashin ruwa da ruwan sama === [[Fayil:Augrabie_01.jpg|thumb|Ruwan Augrabies yana gudana sosai]] A Lokacin fari, yawan ruwa kogi ya ragu sosai saboda saurin gudu da evaporation. A tushe Orange, ruwan sama yana da kusan {{Convert|2,000|mm|in}} in) a kowace shekara, amma hazo yana raguwa yayin da kogin ke gudana zuwa yamma; a bakinsa, ruwan sama bai kai {{Convert|50|mm|in}} in) a kowane shekara ba. Abubuwan da ke tallafawa evaporation, duk da haka, suna ƙaruwa a gefen yamma. A Lokacin rigar (lokaci), kogin Orange ya zama ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa. Babban tarin turɓaya da aka ɗauka ya zama barazana na dogon lokaci ga ayyukan injiniya a kan kogi.<ref>[http://www.orangesenqurak.org/river/subbasins/ephemeral+rivers.aspx?print=1 The Northern Ephemeral Rivers of the Orange-Senqu River Basin]{{Dead link|date=April 2020}}</ref> Jimillar ruwan kogin Orange (gami da Vaal) ya mamaye sama da {{Convert|973,000|km2}} , wato daidai yake da kusan kashi 77% na faɗin ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu ( {{Convert|1,221,037|km2}} ). Kimanin {{Convert|366,000|km2}} (38%), duk da haka, suna wajen ƙasar a Lesotho, Botswana, da Namibia. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Hanyoyin dake kawo masa ruwa === * Kogin Vaal - {{Cvt|1,458|km}} * [[Kogin Caledon]] - {{Cvt|642|km}} * [[Khubelu River|Kogin Khubelu]] - {{Cvt|144|km}} === Dams === * [[Dammen Armeniya|Dam din Armenia]] * Dam din Egmont * [[Gariep Dam|Garin Gariep]] * [[Dam ɗin Newbury|Rashin ruwa na Newberry]] * [[Dam ɗin Vanderkloof|Dam din Vanderkloof]] * Dam din Welbedacht ilpghnf4kff44oj6ve48hyhl0qo9pvq 842082 842081 2026-05-29T05:44:20Z Sirjat 20447 842082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Orange''' (daga [[Afrikaans]] / Dutch: '''''Oranjerivier''''') wani kogi ne a [[Kudancin Afirka]] . Ita ce kogi mafi tsawo a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Tare da jimlar tsawon kilomita {{Cvt|2432|km}} (1,511 , Kogin Orange ya shimfiɗa daga [[Lesotho]] zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da [[Namibiya|Namibia]] zuwa arewa. Yana tashi a cikin tsaunukan Drakensberg a Lesotho, yana gudana zuwa yamma ta Afirka ta Kudu zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]]. Kogin ya zama wani ɓangare na iyakokin kasa da kasa tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Lesotho da kuma tsakanin Afirka ta kudu da Namibia, da kuma iyakokin larduna da yawa a cikin Afirka ta Kudu. Sai dai Upington, ba ya wucewa ta kowane babban birni. Kogin Orange yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar samar da ruwa don ban ruwa da wutar lantarki. An sanya wa kogin suna Kogin Orange don girmama dangin Dutch mai mulki, House of Orange, ta hanyar mai binciken Dutch Robert Jacob Gordon. Sauran sunayen sun haɗa da kalmar kawai don kogi, a cikin rubutun [[Harshen Khekhoe|Khoekhoegowab]] da aka rubuta kamar ! '''Garib''', wanda aka fassara a cikin Afrikaans a matsayin '''Kogin Gariep''' tare da shiga cikin rikice-rikice na velar a maimakon dannawar alveolar, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Travel |first=Wild Africa |title=Wild Africa Travel: Orange River |url=http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220031736/http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.wildafricatravel.com}}</ref> '''Kogin Groote''' (wanda aka samo daga Kai !Garib) ko '''Kogin Senqu''' (wanda aka yi amfani da shi a Lesotho), wanda aka samo daga 化Nū "Black". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Orange River Basin |url=https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213081531/https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx |archive-date=13 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.dwa.gov.za}}</ref> An san shi a cikin [[Harshen Zulu|isiZulu]] kamar isAngqu . == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Orange_River_basin_map.svg|left|thumb|Hanyar da ruwa na Kogin Orange, Kogin Caledon da Kogin Vaal. Wannan taswirar tana nuna iyakar ra'ayin mazan jiya don ruwa. Musamman, an cire tafkin [[Hamadar Kalahari|Kalahari]], kamar yadda wasu kafofin suka ce yana da goyon baya. Wasu wasu tushe ta amfani da hanyoyin lissafi suna nuna kwandon da ya haɗa da sassa na [[Botswana]] (saboda haka na Kalahari). ]] Orange ya tashi a cikin tsaunukan Drakensberg tare da iyakar tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Lesotho, kimanin kilomita {{Convert|193|km|mi}} (120 yammacin Tekun Indiya kuma a tsawo sama da {{Convert|3,000|m}} m (9,800 . Ƙarshen Kogin Orange a cikin Lesotho an san shi da '''Senqu''' . Sassan Kogin Senqu suna daskarewa a cikin hunturu saboda tsawo mai tsawo. Wannan yana haifar da fari a cikin ruwa, wanda yafi shafar samar da awaki da shanu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:Rosh_Pinah_Orange_River.jpg|thumb|Kogin Orange a kudancin Rosh Pinah]] [[Fayil:Senqu_River_in_Lesotho.jpg|thumb|Kogin Senqu kusa da Ha Potomane (Kamp) a Quthing, Lesotho]] [[Fayil:Orange_River_near_Oranjerivier.jpg|thumb|Kogin Orange kusa da Hopetown]] Kogin Orange ya gudana zuwa yamma ta Afirka ta Kudu, ya zama iyakar kudu maso yammacin lardin Free State. A cikin wannan ɓangaren, kogin ya fara gudana cikin madatsar ruwan Gariep sannan daga baya ya shiga madatsar ruwa ta Vanderkloof. Daga iyakar Lesotho zuwa ƙasa da madatsar ruwan Vanderkloof, kogin yana da zurfi. Ƙarin raƙuman ruwa, ƙasar ta fi faɗi, kuma ana amfani da kogin sosai don ban ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A yammacin Free State, kudu maso yammacin Kimberley, Orange ya haɗu da babban mai ba da gudummawa, Kogin Vaal, wanda ya zama yawancin iyakar arewacin lardin. Daga nan, kogin yana gudana zuwa yamma ta hanyar hamada mai bushewa na yankin kudancin Kalahari da Namaqualand a lardin Arewacin Cape don saduwa da Namibia a 20 ° E longitude. Daga nan, yana gudana zuwa yamma na kilomita 550 kilometres (340 mi) (340 , [1] yana samar da iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin lardin da yankin Namibia. A kan iyaka, kogin ya wuce garin Vioolsdrif, babban tashar iyaka tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Namibia. [[Fayil:OrangeRiver_L7_11apr01.jpg|left|thumb|Wannan hoton yana nuna kilomita {{Convert|100|km|mi}} na ƙarshe (62 ko haka na Kogin Orange, inda ajiyar dutse a cikin kogin da kuma bakin kogin suna da wadata da lu'u-lu'u, kuma ma'adanai da yawa na lu'u'u-ulu'u suna aiki tare da wannan shimfiɗa.]] A cikin {{Convert|800|km|mi}} da suka gabata a cikin hanyarsa, Orange yana karɓar ƙoramu masu yawa masu tsaka-tsaki (kamar [[Kifi (kogin Namibia)|Kogin Kifi]] ), kuma manyan rafuka da dama suna shiga cikinsa. A cikin wannan ɓangaren, Hamadar Namib ta ƙare a gefen arewa na kogin, don haka a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, yawan ruwan da waɗannan magudanar ruwa suka ƙara ba shi da yawa. A nan, an sake yanke bakin kogin sosai. Ruwan Augrabies yana kan wannan ɓangaren na Orange, inda kogin ya gangara {{Convert|122|m}} a cikin tsari na {{Convert|26|km|mi}} . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Orange ya zubo cikin Tekun Atlantika tsakanin ƙananan garuruwan Oranjemund (ma'ana "baki na Orange") a Namibia da Alexander Bay a Afirka ta Kudu, game da daidaituwa tsakanin Walvis Bay da Cape Town. Kimanin 33 kilometres (21 mi) (21 daga bakinsa, an toshe shi da rapids da sand bars kuma gabaɗaya ba za a iya tafiya ba na dogon lokaci. Kogin yana da jimlar tsawon kilomita 2,432 kilometres (1,511 mi) (1,511 . === Rashin ruwa da ruwan sama === [[Fayil:Augrabie_01.jpg|thumb|Ruwan Augrabies yana gudana sosai]] A Lokacin fari, yawan ruwa kogi ya ragu sosai saboda saurin gudu da evaporation. A tushe Orange, ruwan sama yana da kusan {{Convert|2,000|mm|in}} in) a kowace shekara, amma hazo yana raguwa yayin da kogin ke gudana zuwa yamma; a bakinsa, ruwan sama bai kai {{Convert|50|mm|in}} in) a kowane shekara ba. Abubuwan da ke tallafawa evaporation, duk da haka, suna ƙaruwa a gefen yamma. A Lokacin rigar (lokaci), kogin Orange ya zama ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa. Babban tarin turɓaya da aka ɗauka ya zama barazana na dogon lokaci ga ayyukan injiniya a kan kogi.<ref>[http://www.orangesenqurak.org/river/subbasins/ephemeral+rivers.aspx?print=1 The Northern Ephemeral Rivers of the Orange-Senqu River Basin]{{Dead link|date=April 2020}}</ref> Jimillar ruwan kogin Orange (gami da Vaal) ya mamaye sama da {{Convert|973,000|km2}} , wato daidai yake da kusan kashi 77% na faɗin ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu ( {{Convert|1,221,037|km2}} ). Kimanin {{Convert|366,000|km2}} (38%), duk da haka, suna wajen ƙasar a Lesotho, Botswana, da Namibia. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Hanyoyin dake kawo masa ruwa === * Kogin Vaal - {{Cvt|1,458|km}} * [[Kogin Caledon]] - {{Cvt|642|km}} * [[Khubelu River|Kogin Khubelu]] - {{Cvt|144|km}} === Dams === * [[Dammen Armeniya|Dam din Armenia]] * Dam din Egmont * [[Gariep Dam|Garin Gariep]] * [[Dam ɗin Newbury|Rashin ruwa na Newberry]] * [[Dam ɗin Vanderkloof|Dam din Vanderkloof]] * Dam din Welbedacht iqcnj5zz7qs1191oihzrq7q8oqcckku 842086 842082 2026-05-29T05:48:08Z Sirjat 20447 /* Dams */ 842086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Orange''' (daga [[Afrikaans]] / Dutch: '''''Oranjerivier''''') wani kogi ne a [[Kudancin Afirka]] . Ita ce kogi mafi tsawo a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Tare da jimlar tsawon kilomita {{Cvt|2432|km}} (1,511 , Kogin Orange ya shimfiɗa daga [[Lesotho]] zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da [[Namibiya|Namibia]] zuwa arewa. Yana tashi a cikin tsaunukan Drakensberg a Lesotho, yana gudana zuwa yamma ta Afirka ta Kudu zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]]. Kogin ya zama wani ɓangare na iyakokin kasa da kasa tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Lesotho da kuma tsakanin Afirka ta kudu da Namibia, da kuma iyakokin larduna da yawa a cikin Afirka ta Kudu. Sai dai Upington, ba ya wucewa ta kowane babban birni. Kogin Orange yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar samar da ruwa don ban ruwa da wutar lantarki. An sanya wa kogin suna Kogin Orange don girmama dangin Dutch mai mulki, House of Orange, ta hanyar mai binciken Dutch Robert Jacob Gordon. Sauran sunayen sun haɗa da kalmar kawai don kogi, a cikin rubutun [[Harshen Khekhoe|Khoekhoegowab]] da aka rubuta kamar ! '''Garib''', wanda aka fassara a cikin Afrikaans a matsayin '''Kogin Gariep''' tare da shiga cikin rikice-rikice na velar a maimakon dannawar alveolar, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Travel |first=Wild Africa |title=Wild Africa Travel: Orange River |url=http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220031736/http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.wildafricatravel.com}}</ref> '''Kogin Groote''' (wanda aka samo daga Kai !Garib) ko '''Kogin Senqu''' (wanda aka yi amfani da shi a Lesotho), wanda aka samo daga 化Nū "Black". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Orange River Basin |url=https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213081531/https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx |archive-date=13 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.dwa.gov.za}}</ref> An san shi a cikin [[Harshen Zulu|isiZulu]] kamar isAngqu . == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Orange_River_basin_map.svg|left|thumb|Hanyar da ruwa na Kogin Orange, Kogin Caledon da Kogin Vaal. Wannan taswirar tana nuna iyakar ra'ayin mazan jiya don ruwa. Musamman, an cire tafkin [[Hamadar Kalahari|Kalahari]], kamar yadda wasu kafofin suka ce yana da goyon baya. Wasu wasu tushe ta amfani da hanyoyin lissafi suna nuna kwandon da ya haɗa da sassa na [[Botswana]] (saboda haka na Kalahari). ]] Orange ya tashi a cikin tsaunukan Drakensberg tare da iyakar tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Lesotho, kimanin kilomita {{Convert|193|km|mi}} (120 yammacin Tekun Indiya kuma a tsawo sama da {{Convert|3,000|m}} m (9,800 . Ƙarshen Kogin Orange a cikin Lesotho an san shi da '''Senqu''' . Sassan Kogin Senqu suna daskarewa a cikin hunturu saboda tsawo mai tsawo. Wannan yana haifar da fari a cikin ruwa, wanda yafi shafar samar da awaki da shanu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:Rosh_Pinah_Orange_River.jpg|thumb|Kogin Orange a kudancin Rosh Pinah]] [[Fayil:Senqu_River_in_Lesotho.jpg|thumb|Kogin Senqu kusa da Ha Potomane (Kamp) a Quthing, Lesotho]] [[Fayil:Orange_River_near_Oranjerivier.jpg|thumb|Kogin Orange kusa da Hopetown]] Kogin Orange ya gudana zuwa yamma ta Afirka ta Kudu, ya zama iyakar kudu maso yammacin lardin Free State. A cikin wannan ɓangaren, kogin ya fara gudana cikin madatsar ruwan Gariep sannan daga baya ya shiga madatsar ruwa ta Vanderkloof. Daga iyakar Lesotho zuwa ƙasa da madatsar ruwan Vanderkloof, kogin yana da zurfi. Ƙarin raƙuman ruwa, ƙasar ta fi faɗi, kuma ana amfani da kogin sosai don ban ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A yammacin Free State, kudu maso yammacin Kimberley, Orange ya haɗu da babban mai ba da gudummawa, Kogin Vaal, wanda ya zama yawancin iyakar arewacin lardin. Daga nan, kogin yana gudana zuwa yamma ta hanyar hamada mai bushewa na yankin kudancin Kalahari da Namaqualand a lardin Arewacin Cape don saduwa da Namibia a 20 ° E longitude. Daga nan, yana gudana zuwa yamma na kilomita 550 kilometres (340 mi) (340 , [1] yana samar da iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin lardin da yankin Namibia. A kan iyaka, kogin ya wuce garin Vioolsdrif, babban tashar iyaka tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Namibia. [[Fayil:OrangeRiver_L7_11apr01.jpg|left|thumb|Wannan hoton yana nuna kilomita {{Convert|100|km|mi}} na ƙarshe (62 ko haka na Kogin Orange, inda ajiyar dutse a cikin kogin da kuma bakin kogin suna da wadata da lu'u-lu'u, kuma ma'adanai da yawa na lu'u'u-ulu'u suna aiki tare da wannan shimfiɗa.]] A cikin {{Convert|800|km|mi}} da suka gabata a cikin hanyarsa, Orange yana karɓar ƙoramu masu yawa masu tsaka-tsaki (kamar [[Kifi (kogin Namibia)|Kogin Kifi]] ), kuma manyan rafuka da dama suna shiga cikinsa. A cikin wannan ɓangaren, Hamadar Namib ta ƙare a gefen arewa na kogin, don haka a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, yawan ruwan da waɗannan magudanar ruwa suka ƙara ba shi da yawa. A nan, an sake yanke bakin kogin sosai. Ruwan Augrabies yana kan wannan ɓangaren na Orange, inda kogin ya gangara {{Convert|122|m}} a cikin tsari na {{Convert|26|km|mi}} . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Orange ya zubo cikin Tekun Atlantika tsakanin ƙananan garuruwan Oranjemund (ma'ana "baki na Orange") a Namibia da Alexander Bay a Afirka ta Kudu, game da daidaituwa tsakanin Walvis Bay da Cape Town. Kimanin 33 kilometres (21 mi) (21 daga bakinsa, an toshe shi da rapids da sand bars kuma gabaɗaya ba za a iya tafiya ba na dogon lokaci. Kogin yana da jimlar tsawon kilomita 2,432 kilometres (1,511 mi) (1,511 . === Rashin ruwa da ruwan sama === [[Fayil:Augrabie_01.jpg|thumb|Ruwan Augrabies yana gudana sosai]] A Lokacin fari, yawan ruwa kogi ya ragu sosai saboda saurin gudu da evaporation. A tushe Orange, ruwan sama yana da kusan {{Convert|2,000|mm|in}} in) a kowace shekara, amma hazo yana raguwa yayin da kogin ke gudana zuwa yamma; a bakinsa, ruwan sama bai kai {{Convert|50|mm|in}} in) a kowane shekara ba. Abubuwan da ke tallafawa evaporation, duk da haka, suna ƙaruwa a gefen yamma. A Lokacin rigar (lokaci), kogin Orange ya zama ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa. Babban tarin turɓaya da aka ɗauka ya zama barazana na dogon lokaci ga ayyukan injiniya a kan kogi.<ref>[http://www.orangesenqurak.org/river/subbasins/ephemeral+rivers.aspx?print=1 The Northern Ephemeral Rivers of the Orange-Senqu River Basin]{{Dead link|date=April 2020}}</ref> Jimillar ruwan kogin Orange (gami da Vaal) ya mamaye sama da {{Convert|973,000|km2}} , wato daidai yake da kusan kashi 77% na faɗin ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu ( {{Convert|1,221,037|km2}} ). Kimanin {{Convert|366,000|km2}} (38%), duk da haka, suna wajen ƙasar a Lesotho, Botswana, da Namibia. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Hanyoyin dake kawo masa ruwa === * Kogin Vaal - {{Cvt|1,458|km}} * [[Kogin Caledon]] - {{Cvt|642|km}} * [[Khubelu River|Kogin Khubelu]] - {{Cvt|144|km}} === Dams === * [[Dammen Armeniya|Dam din Armenia]] * Dam din Egmont * [[Gariep Dam|Garin Gariep]] * [[Dam ɗin Newbury|Rashin ruwa na Newberry]] * [[Dam ɗin Vanderkloof|Dam din Vanderkloof]] * Dam din Welbedacht == Tarihi == === Asalin Sunan === Wasu daga cikin tsoffin mazauna kafin mulkin mallaka sun kira kogin da suna ''ǂNūǃarib'', suna nufin launin baƙinsa, ko kuma ''Kai !Arib'' ("Babban Kogi"), daga nan aka samo sunan Afirkaans ''Gariep'',<ref>Wurin da ke kewaye da shi a da ana kiransa "Transgariep" ("ƙasar da ke bayan Gariep") amma wannan suna ya dade da zama tsoho. Duba Karel Schoeman, ''Early White Travellers in the Transgariep, 1819-1840'', Protea Boekhuis, 2012 ({{ISBN|9781869190163}})</ref> da fassarar "Groote Rivier".<ref name="ACWR">Earle, Anton et al. (2005), ''African Centre for Water Research'', retrieved 30 June 2007</ref> Sunan farko na Holland ga kogin shi ne wannan fassarar, Groote Rivier, ma’ana "Babban Kogi".<ref name="TonchiLindeke2012" /> An sanya wa kogin suna Orange River daga Kanar Robert Gordon, kwamandan United East India Company (VOC) a Cape Town, a tafiyarsa zuwa cikin ƙasa a shekarar 1779.<ref name="ACWR" /> Gordon ya sanya wa kogin suna don girmama William V na Orange.<ref name="ACWR" /> Wani sanannen ra’ayi amma ba daidai ba shi ne cewa an sanya wa kogin suna saboda launin ruwansa mai kama da orange, sabanin launin ruwan Kogin Vaal, wanda sunansa ya samo asali daga '''ǀHaiǃarib''' "kogin mai launin haske" (''vaal'' yana nufin launin toka a Afirkaans). Tun bayan ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, sunan "Gariep" ya fi samun karɓuwa a rubuce-rubucen hukuma a Afirka ta Kudu, duk da cewa sunan "Orange" ya fi samun karɓuwa a duniya.<ref name="ACWR" /> A Lesotho, inda kogin ya taso, ana kiransa Senqu River, wanda ya samo asali daga sunan asalin Khoemana. [[Image:Orange River Panorama.jpg|thumb|centre|600px|Hoton panorama daga wani tudu mai wadatar fluorspar da ke kallon lanƙwasa a Kogin, wanda ya yi ambaliya saboda ruwan sama mai yawa]] Kwamitin Sunayen Wurare na Gabashin Cape ya sanar da niyyarsa na duba sauya suna daga sunan mulkin mallaka, ga wannan ɓangaren kogin da ke iyaka tsakanin Gabashin Cape da Free State, tare da shawarwari IGqili ko Senqu.<ref>{{cite news|title=New name looms for NC River|newspaper=Diamond Fields Advertiser|date= 13 June 2013|page =11}}</ref><ref name="polity.org.za">{{cite web |title=Statement by Afriforum on proposed name change of Orange River |work=Polity |date=6 June 2013 }}</ref> Sanarwar da aka wallafa a jaridar ''Aliwal Weekblad'' ta bayyana cewa "sunan yanzu yana da alaƙa da tarihi na mulkin mallaka kuma saboda haka ba shi da wurin zama a cikin tsarin dimokuraɗiyya na yanzu."<ref name="polity.org.za"/> === Grootslang === A tatsuniyoyin Afirka ta Kudu, Kogin Orange ana danganta shi da Grootslang, wani halitta mai kama da maciji babba, wanda ake danganta shi da lu’ulu’u na kogin. Ana bayyana Grootslang a matsayin wanda ke zaune a cikin wani kogo mai cike da duwatsu masu daraja da ke haɗe da Kogin Orange ta hanyar bututun halitta wanda lu’ulu’u ke shiga kogin a hankali.<ref name="Dream">{{cite book|author=Green, Lawrence G. |title= Where Men Still Dream |date=1948 |publisher= Standard Press Ltd., Cape Town |pages= 125–126}}</ref> Wasu wurare da ake cewa mafakar halittar sun haɗa da tafkin da ke ƙarƙashin King George Cataract a Aughrabies Falls, wanda ake cewa ma tushen lu’ulu’u ne,<ref name="Dream"/> da kuma wani babban dutse a tsakiyar kogin. A wannan sigar tatsuniyar, ana kuma cewa Grootslang yana farauta shanu daga bakin kogin.<ref name="Glamour">{{cite book|author=Cornell, F. C. |title= The Glamour of Prospecting |date=1920 |publisher= T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., London|page= 142}}</ref> t1semec64kuq10n4sz41tnkmeb5a2ae 842087 842086 2026-05-29T05:50:05Z Sirjat 20447 /* Grootslang */ 842087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Orange''' (daga [[Afrikaans]] / Dutch: '''''Oranjerivier''''') wani kogi ne a [[Kudancin Afirka]] . Ita ce kogi mafi tsawo a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Tare da jimlar tsawon kilomita {{Cvt|2432|km}} (1,511 , Kogin Orange ya shimfiɗa daga [[Lesotho]] zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da [[Namibiya|Namibia]] zuwa arewa. Yana tashi a cikin tsaunukan Drakensberg a Lesotho, yana gudana zuwa yamma ta Afirka ta Kudu zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]]. Kogin ya zama wani ɓangare na iyakokin kasa da kasa tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Lesotho da kuma tsakanin Afirka ta kudu da Namibia, da kuma iyakokin larduna da yawa a cikin Afirka ta Kudu. Sai dai Upington, ba ya wucewa ta kowane babban birni. Kogin Orange yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar samar da ruwa don ban ruwa da wutar lantarki. An sanya wa kogin suna Kogin Orange don girmama dangin Dutch mai mulki, House of Orange, ta hanyar mai binciken Dutch Robert Jacob Gordon. Sauran sunayen sun haɗa da kalmar kawai don kogi, a cikin rubutun [[Harshen Khekhoe|Khoekhoegowab]] da aka rubuta kamar ! '''Garib''', wanda aka fassara a cikin Afrikaans a matsayin '''Kogin Gariep''' tare da shiga cikin rikice-rikice na velar a maimakon dannawar alveolar, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Travel |first=Wild Africa |title=Wild Africa Travel: Orange River |url=http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220031736/http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.wildafricatravel.com}}</ref> '''Kogin Groote''' (wanda aka samo daga Kai !Garib) ko '''Kogin Senqu''' (wanda aka yi amfani da shi a Lesotho), wanda aka samo daga 化Nū "Black". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Orange River Basin |url=https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213081531/https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx |archive-date=13 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.dwa.gov.za}}</ref> An san shi a cikin [[Harshen Zulu|isiZulu]] kamar isAngqu . == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Orange_River_basin_map.svg|left|thumb|Hanyar da ruwa na Kogin Orange, Kogin Caledon da Kogin Vaal. Wannan taswirar tana nuna iyakar ra'ayin mazan jiya don ruwa. Musamman, an cire tafkin [[Hamadar Kalahari|Kalahari]], kamar yadda wasu kafofin suka ce yana da goyon baya. Wasu wasu tushe ta amfani da hanyoyin lissafi suna nuna kwandon da ya haɗa da sassa na [[Botswana]] (saboda haka na Kalahari). ]] Orange ya tashi a cikin tsaunukan Drakensberg tare da iyakar tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Lesotho, kimanin kilomita {{Convert|193|km|mi}} (120 yammacin Tekun Indiya kuma a tsawo sama da {{Convert|3,000|m}} m (9,800 . Ƙarshen Kogin Orange a cikin Lesotho an san shi da '''Senqu''' . Sassan Kogin Senqu suna daskarewa a cikin hunturu saboda tsawo mai tsawo. Wannan yana haifar da fari a cikin ruwa, wanda yafi shafar samar da awaki da shanu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:Rosh_Pinah_Orange_River.jpg|thumb|Kogin Orange a kudancin Rosh Pinah]] [[Fayil:Senqu_River_in_Lesotho.jpg|thumb|Kogin Senqu kusa da Ha Potomane (Kamp) a Quthing, Lesotho]] [[Fayil:Orange_River_near_Oranjerivier.jpg|thumb|Kogin Orange kusa da Hopetown]] Kogin Orange ya gudana zuwa yamma ta Afirka ta Kudu, ya zama iyakar kudu maso yammacin lardin Free State. A cikin wannan ɓangaren, kogin ya fara gudana cikin madatsar ruwan Gariep sannan daga baya ya shiga madatsar ruwa ta Vanderkloof. Daga iyakar Lesotho zuwa ƙasa da madatsar ruwan Vanderkloof, kogin yana da zurfi. Ƙarin raƙuman ruwa, ƙasar ta fi faɗi, kuma ana amfani da kogin sosai don ban ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A yammacin Free State, kudu maso yammacin Kimberley, Orange ya haɗu da babban mai ba da gudummawa, Kogin Vaal, wanda ya zama yawancin iyakar arewacin lardin. Daga nan, kogin yana gudana zuwa yamma ta hanyar hamada mai bushewa na yankin kudancin Kalahari da Namaqualand a lardin Arewacin Cape don saduwa da Namibia a 20 ° E longitude. Daga nan, yana gudana zuwa yamma na kilomita 550 kilometres (340 mi) (340 , [1] yana samar da iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin lardin da yankin Namibia. A kan iyaka, kogin ya wuce garin Vioolsdrif, babban tashar iyaka tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Namibia. [[Fayil:OrangeRiver_L7_11apr01.jpg|left|thumb|Wannan hoton yana nuna kilomita {{Convert|100|km|mi}} na ƙarshe (62 ko haka na Kogin Orange, inda ajiyar dutse a cikin kogin da kuma bakin kogin suna da wadata da lu'u-lu'u, kuma ma'adanai da yawa na lu'u'u-ulu'u suna aiki tare da wannan shimfiɗa.]] A cikin {{Convert|800|km|mi}} da suka gabata a cikin hanyarsa, Orange yana karɓar ƙoramu masu yawa masu tsaka-tsaki (kamar [[Kifi (kogin Namibia)|Kogin Kifi]] ), kuma manyan rafuka da dama suna shiga cikinsa. A cikin wannan ɓangaren, Hamadar Namib ta ƙare a gefen arewa na kogin, don haka a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, yawan ruwan da waɗannan magudanar ruwa suka ƙara ba shi da yawa. A nan, an sake yanke bakin kogin sosai. Ruwan Augrabies yana kan wannan ɓangaren na Orange, inda kogin ya gangara {{Convert|122|m}} a cikin tsari na {{Convert|26|km|mi}} . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Orange ya zubo cikin Tekun Atlantika tsakanin ƙananan garuruwan Oranjemund (ma'ana "baki na Orange") a Namibia da Alexander Bay a Afirka ta Kudu, game da daidaituwa tsakanin Walvis Bay da Cape Town. Kimanin 33 kilometres (21 mi) (21 daga bakinsa, an toshe shi da rapids da sand bars kuma gabaɗaya ba za a iya tafiya ba na dogon lokaci. Kogin yana da jimlar tsawon kilomita 2,432 kilometres (1,511 mi) (1,511 . === Rashin ruwa da ruwan sama === [[Fayil:Augrabie_01.jpg|thumb|Ruwan Augrabies yana gudana sosai]] A Lokacin fari, yawan ruwa kogi ya ragu sosai saboda saurin gudu da evaporation. A tushe Orange, ruwan sama yana da kusan {{Convert|2,000|mm|in}} in) a kowace shekara, amma hazo yana raguwa yayin da kogin ke gudana zuwa yamma; a bakinsa, ruwan sama bai kai {{Convert|50|mm|in}} in) a kowane shekara ba. Abubuwan da ke tallafawa evaporation, duk da haka, suna ƙaruwa a gefen yamma. A Lokacin rigar (lokaci), kogin Orange ya zama ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa. Babban tarin turɓaya da aka ɗauka ya zama barazana na dogon lokaci ga ayyukan injiniya a kan kogi.<ref>[http://www.orangesenqurak.org/river/subbasins/ephemeral+rivers.aspx?print=1 The Northern Ephemeral Rivers of the Orange-Senqu River Basin]{{Dead link|date=April 2020}}</ref> Jimillar ruwan kogin Orange (gami da Vaal) ya mamaye sama da {{Convert|973,000|km2}} , wato daidai yake da kusan kashi 77% na faɗin ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu ( {{Convert|1,221,037|km2}} ). Kimanin {{Convert|366,000|km2}} (38%), duk da haka, suna wajen ƙasar a Lesotho, Botswana, da Namibia. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Hanyoyin dake kawo masa ruwa === * Kogin Vaal - {{Cvt|1,458|km}} * [[Kogin Caledon]] - {{Cvt|642|km}} * [[Khubelu River|Kogin Khubelu]] - {{Cvt|144|km}} === Dams === * [[Dammen Armeniya|Dam din Armenia]] * Dam din Egmont * [[Gariep Dam|Garin Gariep]] * [[Dam ɗin Newbury|Rashin ruwa na Newberry]] * [[Dam ɗin Vanderkloof|Dam din Vanderkloof]] * Dam din Welbedacht == Tarihi == === Asalin Sunan === Wasu daga cikin tsoffin mazauna kafin mulkin mallaka sun kira kogin da suna ''ǂNūǃarib'', suna nufin launin baƙinsa, ko kuma ''Kai !Arib'' ("Babban Kogi"), daga nan aka samo sunan Afirkaans ''Gariep'',<ref>Wurin da ke kewaye da shi a da ana kiransa "Transgariep" ("ƙasar da ke bayan Gariep") amma wannan suna ya dade da zama tsoho. Duba Karel Schoeman, ''Early White Travellers in the Transgariep, 1819-1840'', Protea Boekhuis, 2012 ({{ISBN|9781869190163}})</ref> da fassarar "Groote Rivier".<ref name="ACWR">Earle, Anton et al. (2005), ''African Centre for Water Research'', retrieved 30 June 2007</ref> Sunan farko na Holland ga kogin shi ne wannan fassarar, Groote Rivier, ma’ana "Babban Kogi".<ref name="TonchiLindeke2012" /> An sanya wa kogin suna Orange River daga Kanar Robert Gordon, kwamandan United East India Company (VOC) a Cape Town, a tafiyarsa zuwa cikin ƙasa a shekarar 1779.<ref name="ACWR" /> Gordon ya sanya wa kogin suna don girmama William V na Orange.<ref name="ACWR" /> Wani sanannen ra’ayi amma ba daidai ba shi ne cewa an sanya wa kogin suna saboda launin ruwansa mai kama da orange, sabanin launin ruwan Kogin Vaal, wanda sunansa ya samo asali daga '''ǀHaiǃarib''' "kogin mai launin haske" (''vaal'' yana nufin launin toka a Afirkaans). Tun bayan ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, sunan "Gariep" ya fi samun karɓuwa a rubuce-rubucen hukuma a Afirka ta Kudu, duk da cewa sunan "Orange" ya fi samun karɓuwa a duniya.<ref name="ACWR" /> A Lesotho, inda kogin ya taso, ana kiransa Senqu River, wanda ya samo asali daga sunan asalin Khoemana. [[Image:Orange River Panorama.jpg|thumb|centre|600px|Hoton panorama daga wani tudu mai wadatar fluorspar da ke kallon lanƙwasa a Kogin, wanda ya yi ambaliya saboda ruwan sama mai yawa]] Kwamitin Sunayen Wurare na Gabashin Cape ya sanar da niyyarsa na duba sauya suna daga sunan mulkin mallaka, ga wannan ɓangaren kogin da ke iyaka tsakanin Gabashin Cape da Free State, tare da shawarwari IGqili ko Senqu.<ref>{{cite news|title=New name looms for NC River|newspaper=Diamond Fields Advertiser|date= 13 June 2013|page =11}}</ref><ref name="polity.org.za">{{cite web |title=Statement by Afriforum on proposed name change of Orange River |work=Polity |date=6 June 2013 }}</ref> Sanarwar da aka wallafa a jaridar ''Aliwal Weekblad'' ta bayyana cewa "sunan yanzu yana da alaƙa da tarihi na mulkin mallaka kuma saboda haka ba shi da wurin zama a cikin tsarin dimokuraɗiyya na yanzu."<ref name="polity.org.za"/> === Grootslang === A tatsuniyoyin Afirka ta Kudu, Kogin Orange ana danganta shi da Grootslang, wani halitta mai kama da maciji babba, wanda ake danganta shi da lu’ulu’u na kogin. Ana bayyana Grootslang a matsayin wanda ke zaune a cikin wani kogo mai cike da duwatsu masu daraja da ke haɗe da Kogin Orange ta hanyar bututun halitta wanda lu’ulu’u ke shiga kogin a hankali.<ref name="Dream">{{cite book|author=Green, Lawrence G. |title= Where Men Still Dream |date=1948 |publisher= Standard Press Ltd., Cape Town |pages= 125–126}}</ref> Wasu wurare da ake cewa mafakar halittar sun haɗa da tafkin da ke ƙarƙashin King George Cataract a Aughrabies Falls, wanda ake cewa ma tushen lu’ulu’u ne,<ref name="Dream"/> da kuma wani babban dutse a tsakiyar kogin. A wannan sigar tatsuniyar, ana kuma cewa Grootslang yana farauta shanu daga bakin kogin.<ref name="Glamour">{{cite book|author=Cornell, F. C. |title= The Glamour of Prospecting |date=1920 |publisher= T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., London|page= 142}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == [[Image:Orange River at Aliwal North.jpg|thumb|Gadar Janar Hertzog a kan Kogin Orange a Aliwal North a kan iyakar kudu maso yamma da Free State: lura da ragowar gadar Frere a hagu.]] A matsayin wurin taruwar yawancin ruwan Afirka ta Kudu, Kogin Orange yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa noma, masana’antu, da hakar ma’adinai. Don taimakawa a wannan, an ƙirƙiri manyan shirye-shirye guda biyu na ruwa, wato Orange River Project da Lesotho Highlands Water Project. A tarihi, kogin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin hawan lu’ulu’u na Afirka ta Kudu, inda aka fara gano lu’ulu’u a cikin ruwan kogin Orange. A yau, akwai wasu manyan ma’adinan lu’ulu’u da ke aiki a ƙarshen kogin Orange da kuma kusa da bakin sa.{{cn|date=May 2026}} Saboda rashin dabbobin haɗari da kuma yawan ruwa a lokacin bazara, kogin ana amfani da shi wajen nishaɗin yin kwale-kwale da rafting. Rafting a Kogin Orange ya zama sananne sosai inda kamfanoni da dama ke amfani da sansaninsu a gefen kogin don gudanar da ayyuka. Mafi shaharar tafiya ita ce ta kwana huɗu da ta kwana shida da ake yi ko dai a ƙasan kwarin Augrabies Falls ko a yankin Richtersveld.{{cn|date=May 2026}} === Aikin Kogin Orange === Aikin Kogin Orange (ORP) ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan ayyuka a Afirka ta Kudu. An gina shi ne a lokacin gwamnatin Hendrik Verwoerd a zamanin mulkin wariyar launin fata. ORP an gina shi don amfani da ruwan Kogin Orange—wanda ba tare da Kogin Vaal ba, ke wakiltar kusan kashi 14.1% na dukkan ruwan da ke gudana a Afirka ta Kudu—don biyan buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa. Babban manufofin aikin sun haɗa da:{{cn|date=May 2026}} * daidaita gudanawar kogin, * samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ruwa, * samar da ruwan sha mai inganci ga masu amfani a kwarin Kogin Orange, da * ba da sabuwar rayuwa ga yankunan da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa a Gabashin Cape, kamar kwarin Great Fish da Sundays River. Gariep Dam kusa da Colesberg shi ne babban wurin ajiya a cikin Kogin Orange. Daga nan ake rarraba ruwa zuwa bangarori biyu, yamma ta hanyar kogin Orange (ta hanyar injinan samar da wutar lantarki) zuwa Vanderkloof Dam da kuma kudu ta hanyar Orange-Fish Tunnel zuwa Gabashin Cape.{{cn|date=May 2026}} [[Image:GariepDam.jpg|left|thumb|Gariep Dam a kan Kogin Orange shi ne mafi girman dam a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na Aikin Kogin Orange.]] ==== Wutar Lantarki Ta Ruwa ==== Eskom tana gudanar da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Gariep Dam da Vanderkloof Dam. Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Vanderkloof Dam ita ce ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu da aka gina gaba ɗaya a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Garuruwan Oviston da Oranjekrag aka kafa su don sauƙaƙa gina da gudanar da sabbin kayan aikin.{{cn|date=May 2026}} [[File:Scenery photo by Siloam Village Gariep.JPG|thumb|Duba a kan ɓangaren gabashin dam, tare da wurin shigar ruwa a Oviston]] ==== Ban Ruwa ==== [[Image:Orange River Wine Farm.jpg|thumb|Gonar inabi a Kogin Orange]] [[Image:Irrigation Project along the Orange River.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Ayyukan ban ruwa daban-daban a gefen kogin]] Ban ruwa a yankin da ke ƙasa da Vanderkloof Dam, wanda ya mayar da dubban hekta na ƙasar daji mai bushewa zuwa ƙasar noma mai albarka, ya yiwu ne saboda gina Gariep da Vanderkloof Dams. Tsofaffin shirye-shiryen ban ruwa kamar na Buchuberg, Upington, Kakamas, da Vioolsdrif suma sun amfana saboda yanzu ana iya daidaita gudanawar kogin. A gefen Namibiya na kogin, Aussenkehr tana samar da inabi da taimakon ruwan Kogin Orange.{{cn|date=May 2026}} A ’yan shekarun nan, yankunan samar da giya a gefen Kogin Orange sun ƙara muhimmanci. Ban ruwa a Gabashin Cape ma ya samu ƙarin ci gaba, ba kawai daga ƙarin ruwa da ake samu ba, har ma saboda ingancin ruwan da ya ƙaru. Ba tare da wannan inganci ba, manoman lemun tsami a gefen ƙasan Sundays River da ƙasa da su da wuya su ci gaba da samun riba.{{cn|date=May 2026}} === Aikin Ruwa na Dutsen Lesotho === Aikin Lesotho Highlands Water Project an ƙirƙire shi ne don ƙara samar da ruwa a tsarin Kogin Vaal. Ana kawo ruwa zuwa Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar ramin da ke ƙarƙashin iyakar Lesotho da Afirka ta Kudu a Kogin Caledon, sannan ƙarƙashin Little Caledon River kudu da Clarens a Free State, kuma yana zubewa cikin Ash River kusan km 30 zuwa arewa. Wannan shirin ya zama mai amfani ne lokacin da buƙatar ruwa a Gauteng ta kai matakin da ba za a iya tallafawa ta tattalin arziki ba ta wasu shirye-shirye kamar Tugela River-Vaal River pumped storage scheme, wanda ke amfani da Sterkfontein Dam kusa da Harrismith a Free State.{{cn|date=May 2026}} q5f25ssaj7jlm2n2vlzot99vyk9trao 842089 842087 2026-05-29T05:50:18Z Sirjat 20447 /* Aikin Ruwa na Dutsen Lesotho */ 842089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Orange''' (daga [[Afrikaans]] / Dutch: '''''Oranjerivier''''') wani kogi ne a [[Kudancin Afirka]] . Ita ce kogi mafi tsawo a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Tare da jimlar tsawon kilomita {{Cvt|2432|km}} (1,511 , Kogin Orange ya shimfiɗa daga [[Lesotho]] zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da [[Namibiya|Namibia]] zuwa arewa. Yana tashi a cikin tsaunukan Drakensberg a Lesotho, yana gudana zuwa yamma ta Afirka ta Kudu zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]]. Kogin ya zama wani ɓangare na iyakokin kasa da kasa tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Lesotho da kuma tsakanin Afirka ta kudu da Namibia, da kuma iyakokin larduna da yawa a cikin Afirka ta Kudu. Sai dai Upington, ba ya wucewa ta kowane babban birni. Kogin Orange yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar samar da ruwa don ban ruwa da wutar lantarki. An sanya wa kogin suna Kogin Orange don girmama dangin Dutch mai mulki, House of Orange, ta hanyar mai binciken Dutch Robert Jacob Gordon. Sauran sunayen sun haɗa da kalmar kawai don kogi, a cikin rubutun [[Harshen Khekhoe|Khoekhoegowab]] da aka rubuta kamar ! '''Garib''', wanda aka fassara a cikin Afrikaans a matsayin '''Kogin Gariep''' tare da shiga cikin rikice-rikice na velar a maimakon dannawar alveolar, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Travel |first=Wild Africa |title=Wild Africa Travel: Orange River |url=http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220031736/http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.wildafricatravel.com}}</ref> '''Kogin Groote''' (wanda aka samo daga Kai !Garib) ko '''Kogin Senqu''' (wanda aka yi amfani da shi a Lesotho), wanda aka samo daga 化Nū "Black". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Orange River Basin |url=https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213081531/https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx |archive-date=13 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.dwa.gov.za}}</ref> An san shi a cikin [[Harshen Zulu|isiZulu]] kamar isAngqu . == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Orange_River_basin_map.svg|left|thumb|Hanyar da ruwa na Kogin Orange, Kogin Caledon da Kogin Vaal. Wannan taswirar tana nuna iyakar ra'ayin mazan jiya don ruwa. Musamman, an cire tafkin [[Hamadar Kalahari|Kalahari]], kamar yadda wasu kafofin suka ce yana da goyon baya. Wasu wasu tushe ta amfani da hanyoyin lissafi suna nuna kwandon da ya haɗa da sassa na [[Botswana]] (saboda haka na Kalahari). ]] Orange ya tashi a cikin tsaunukan Drakensberg tare da iyakar tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Lesotho, kimanin kilomita {{Convert|193|km|mi}} (120 yammacin Tekun Indiya kuma a tsawo sama da {{Convert|3,000|m}} m (9,800 . Ƙarshen Kogin Orange a cikin Lesotho an san shi da '''Senqu''' . Sassan Kogin Senqu suna daskarewa a cikin hunturu saboda tsawo mai tsawo. Wannan yana haifar da fari a cikin ruwa, wanda yafi shafar samar da awaki da shanu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:Rosh_Pinah_Orange_River.jpg|thumb|Kogin Orange a kudancin Rosh Pinah]] [[Fayil:Senqu_River_in_Lesotho.jpg|thumb|Kogin Senqu kusa da Ha Potomane (Kamp) a Quthing, Lesotho]] [[Fayil:Orange_River_near_Oranjerivier.jpg|thumb|Kogin Orange kusa da Hopetown]] Kogin Orange ya gudana zuwa yamma ta Afirka ta Kudu, ya zama iyakar kudu maso yammacin lardin Free State. A cikin wannan ɓangaren, kogin ya fara gudana cikin madatsar ruwan Gariep sannan daga baya ya shiga madatsar ruwa ta Vanderkloof. Daga iyakar Lesotho zuwa ƙasa da madatsar ruwan Vanderkloof, kogin yana da zurfi. Ƙarin raƙuman ruwa, ƙasar ta fi faɗi, kuma ana amfani da kogin sosai don ban ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A yammacin Free State, kudu maso yammacin Kimberley, Orange ya haɗu da babban mai ba da gudummawa, Kogin Vaal, wanda ya zama yawancin iyakar arewacin lardin. Daga nan, kogin yana gudana zuwa yamma ta hanyar hamada mai bushewa na yankin kudancin Kalahari da Namaqualand a lardin Arewacin Cape don saduwa da Namibia a 20 ° E longitude. Daga nan, yana gudana zuwa yamma na kilomita 550 kilometres (340 mi) (340 , [1] yana samar da iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin lardin da yankin Namibia. A kan iyaka, kogin ya wuce garin Vioolsdrif, babban tashar iyaka tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Namibia. [[Fayil:OrangeRiver_L7_11apr01.jpg|left|thumb|Wannan hoton yana nuna kilomita {{Convert|100|km|mi}} na ƙarshe (62 ko haka na Kogin Orange, inda ajiyar dutse a cikin kogin da kuma bakin kogin suna da wadata da lu'u-lu'u, kuma ma'adanai da yawa na lu'u'u-ulu'u suna aiki tare da wannan shimfiɗa.]] A cikin {{Convert|800|km|mi}} da suka gabata a cikin hanyarsa, Orange yana karɓar ƙoramu masu yawa masu tsaka-tsaki (kamar [[Kifi (kogin Namibia)|Kogin Kifi]] ), kuma manyan rafuka da dama suna shiga cikinsa. A cikin wannan ɓangaren, Hamadar Namib ta ƙare a gefen arewa na kogin, don haka a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, yawan ruwan da waɗannan magudanar ruwa suka ƙara ba shi da yawa. A nan, an sake yanke bakin kogin sosai. Ruwan Augrabies yana kan wannan ɓangaren na Orange, inda kogin ya gangara {{Convert|122|m}} a cikin tsari na {{Convert|26|km|mi}} . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Orange ya zubo cikin Tekun Atlantika tsakanin ƙananan garuruwan Oranjemund (ma'ana "baki na Orange") a Namibia da Alexander Bay a Afirka ta Kudu, game da daidaituwa tsakanin Walvis Bay da Cape Town. Kimanin 33 kilometres (21 mi) (21 daga bakinsa, an toshe shi da rapids da sand bars kuma gabaɗaya ba za a iya tafiya ba na dogon lokaci. Kogin yana da jimlar tsawon kilomita 2,432 kilometres (1,511 mi) (1,511 . === Rashin ruwa da ruwan sama === [[Fayil:Augrabie_01.jpg|thumb|Ruwan Augrabies yana gudana sosai]] A Lokacin fari, yawan ruwa kogi ya ragu sosai saboda saurin gudu da evaporation. A tushe Orange, ruwan sama yana da kusan {{Convert|2,000|mm|in}} in) a kowace shekara, amma hazo yana raguwa yayin da kogin ke gudana zuwa yamma; a bakinsa, ruwan sama bai kai {{Convert|50|mm|in}} in) a kowane shekara ba. Abubuwan da ke tallafawa evaporation, duk da haka, suna ƙaruwa a gefen yamma. A Lokacin rigar (lokaci), kogin Orange ya zama ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa. Babban tarin turɓaya da aka ɗauka ya zama barazana na dogon lokaci ga ayyukan injiniya a kan kogi.<ref>[http://www.orangesenqurak.org/river/subbasins/ephemeral+rivers.aspx?print=1 The Northern Ephemeral Rivers of the Orange-Senqu River Basin]{{Dead link|date=April 2020}}</ref> Jimillar ruwan kogin Orange (gami da Vaal) ya mamaye sama da {{Convert|973,000|km2}} , wato daidai yake da kusan kashi 77% na faɗin ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu ( {{Convert|1,221,037|km2}} ). Kimanin {{Convert|366,000|km2}} (38%), duk da haka, suna wajen ƙasar a Lesotho, Botswana, da Namibia. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Hanyoyin dake kawo masa ruwa === * Kogin Vaal - {{Cvt|1,458|km}} * [[Kogin Caledon]] - {{Cvt|642|km}} * [[Khubelu River|Kogin Khubelu]] - {{Cvt|144|km}} === Dams === * [[Dammen Armeniya|Dam din Armenia]] * Dam din Egmont * [[Gariep Dam|Garin Gariep]] * [[Dam ɗin Newbury|Rashin ruwa na Newberry]] * [[Dam ɗin Vanderkloof|Dam din Vanderkloof]] * Dam din Welbedacht == Tarihi == === Asalin Sunan === Wasu daga cikin tsoffin mazauna kafin mulkin mallaka sun kira kogin da suna ''ǂNūǃarib'', suna nufin launin baƙinsa, ko kuma ''Kai !Arib'' ("Babban Kogi"), daga nan aka samo sunan Afirkaans ''Gariep'',<ref>Wurin da ke kewaye da shi a da ana kiransa "Transgariep" ("ƙasar da ke bayan Gariep") amma wannan suna ya dade da zama tsoho. Duba Karel Schoeman, ''Early White Travellers in the Transgariep, 1819-1840'', Protea Boekhuis, 2012 ({{ISBN|9781869190163}})</ref> da fassarar "Groote Rivier".<ref name="ACWR">Earle, Anton et al. (2005), ''African Centre for Water Research'', retrieved 30 June 2007</ref> Sunan farko na Holland ga kogin shi ne wannan fassarar, Groote Rivier, ma’ana "Babban Kogi".<ref name="TonchiLindeke2012" /> An sanya wa kogin suna Orange River daga Kanar Robert Gordon, kwamandan United East India Company (VOC) a Cape Town, a tafiyarsa zuwa cikin ƙasa a shekarar 1779.<ref name="ACWR" /> Gordon ya sanya wa kogin suna don girmama William V na Orange.<ref name="ACWR" /> Wani sanannen ra’ayi amma ba daidai ba shi ne cewa an sanya wa kogin suna saboda launin ruwansa mai kama da orange, sabanin launin ruwan Kogin Vaal, wanda sunansa ya samo asali daga '''ǀHaiǃarib''' "kogin mai launin haske" (''vaal'' yana nufin launin toka a Afirkaans). Tun bayan ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, sunan "Gariep" ya fi samun karɓuwa a rubuce-rubucen hukuma a Afirka ta Kudu, duk da cewa sunan "Orange" ya fi samun karɓuwa a duniya.<ref name="ACWR" /> A Lesotho, inda kogin ya taso, ana kiransa Senqu River, wanda ya samo asali daga sunan asalin Khoemana. [[Image:Orange River Panorama.jpg|thumb|centre|600px|Hoton panorama daga wani tudu mai wadatar fluorspar da ke kallon lanƙwasa a Kogin, wanda ya yi ambaliya saboda ruwan sama mai yawa]] Kwamitin Sunayen Wurare na Gabashin Cape ya sanar da niyyarsa na duba sauya suna daga sunan mulkin mallaka, ga wannan ɓangaren kogin da ke iyaka tsakanin Gabashin Cape da Free State, tare da shawarwari IGqili ko Senqu.<ref>{{cite news|title=New name looms for NC River|newspaper=Diamond Fields Advertiser|date= 13 June 2013|page =11}}</ref><ref name="polity.org.za">{{cite web |title=Statement by Afriforum on proposed name change of Orange River |work=Polity |date=6 June 2013 }}</ref> Sanarwar da aka wallafa a jaridar ''Aliwal Weekblad'' ta bayyana cewa "sunan yanzu yana da alaƙa da tarihi na mulkin mallaka kuma saboda haka ba shi da wurin zama a cikin tsarin dimokuraɗiyya na yanzu."<ref name="polity.org.za"/> === Grootslang === A tatsuniyoyin Afirka ta Kudu, Kogin Orange ana danganta shi da Grootslang, wani halitta mai kama da maciji babba, wanda ake danganta shi da lu’ulu’u na kogin. Ana bayyana Grootslang a matsayin wanda ke zaune a cikin wani kogo mai cike da duwatsu masu daraja da ke haɗe da Kogin Orange ta hanyar bututun halitta wanda lu’ulu’u ke shiga kogin a hankali.<ref name="Dream">{{cite book|author=Green, Lawrence G. |title= Where Men Still Dream |date=1948 |publisher= Standard Press Ltd., Cape Town |pages= 125–126}}</ref> Wasu wurare da ake cewa mafakar halittar sun haɗa da tafkin da ke ƙarƙashin King George Cataract a Aughrabies Falls, wanda ake cewa ma tushen lu’ulu’u ne,<ref name="Dream"/> da kuma wani babban dutse a tsakiyar kogin. A wannan sigar tatsuniyar, ana kuma cewa Grootslang yana farauta shanu daga bakin kogin.<ref name="Glamour">{{cite book|author=Cornell, F. C. |title= The Glamour of Prospecting |date=1920 |publisher= T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., London|page= 142}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == [[Image:Orange River at Aliwal North.jpg|thumb|Gadar Janar Hertzog a kan Kogin Orange a Aliwal North a kan iyakar kudu maso yamma da Free State: lura da ragowar gadar Frere a hagu.]] A matsayin wurin taruwar yawancin ruwan Afirka ta Kudu, Kogin Orange yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa noma, masana’antu, da hakar ma’adinai. Don taimakawa a wannan, an ƙirƙiri manyan shirye-shirye guda biyu na ruwa, wato Orange River Project da Lesotho Highlands Water Project. A tarihi, kogin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin hawan lu’ulu’u na Afirka ta Kudu, inda aka fara gano lu’ulu’u a cikin ruwan kogin Orange. A yau, akwai wasu manyan ma’adinan lu’ulu’u da ke aiki a ƙarshen kogin Orange da kuma kusa da bakin sa.{{cn|date=May 2026}} Saboda rashin dabbobin haɗari da kuma yawan ruwa a lokacin bazara, kogin ana amfani da shi wajen nishaɗin yin kwale-kwale da rafting. Rafting a Kogin Orange ya zama sananne sosai inda kamfanoni da dama ke amfani da sansaninsu a gefen kogin don gudanar da ayyuka. Mafi shaharar tafiya ita ce ta kwana huɗu da ta kwana shida da ake yi ko dai a ƙasan kwarin Augrabies Falls ko a yankin Richtersveld.{{cn|date=May 2026}} === Aikin Kogin Orange === Aikin Kogin Orange (ORP) ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan ayyuka a Afirka ta Kudu. An gina shi ne a lokacin gwamnatin Hendrik Verwoerd a zamanin mulkin wariyar launin fata. ORP an gina shi don amfani da ruwan Kogin Orange—wanda ba tare da Kogin Vaal ba, ke wakiltar kusan kashi 14.1% na dukkan ruwan da ke gudana a Afirka ta Kudu—don biyan buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa. Babban manufofin aikin sun haɗa da:{{cn|date=May 2026}} * daidaita gudanawar kogin, * samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ruwa, * samar da ruwan sha mai inganci ga masu amfani a kwarin Kogin Orange, da * ba da sabuwar rayuwa ga yankunan da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa a Gabashin Cape, kamar kwarin Great Fish da Sundays River. Gariep Dam kusa da Colesberg shi ne babban wurin ajiya a cikin Kogin Orange. Daga nan ake rarraba ruwa zuwa bangarori biyu, yamma ta hanyar kogin Orange (ta hanyar injinan samar da wutar lantarki) zuwa Vanderkloof Dam da kuma kudu ta hanyar Orange-Fish Tunnel zuwa Gabashin Cape.{{cn|date=May 2026}} [[Image:GariepDam.jpg|left|thumb|Gariep Dam a kan Kogin Orange shi ne mafi girman dam a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na Aikin Kogin Orange.]] ==== Wutar Lantarki Ta Ruwa ==== Eskom tana gudanar da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Gariep Dam da Vanderkloof Dam. Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Vanderkloof Dam ita ce ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu da aka gina gaba ɗaya a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Garuruwan Oviston da Oranjekrag aka kafa su don sauƙaƙa gina da gudanar da sabbin kayan aikin.{{cn|date=May 2026}} [[File:Scenery photo by Siloam Village Gariep.JPG|thumb|Duba a kan ɓangaren gabashin dam, tare da wurin shigar ruwa a Oviston]] ==== Ban Ruwa ==== [[Image:Orange River Wine Farm.jpg|thumb|Gonar inabi a Kogin Orange]] [[Image:Irrigation Project along the Orange River.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Ayyukan ban ruwa daban-daban a gefen kogin]] Ban ruwa a yankin da ke ƙasa da Vanderkloof Dam, wanda ya mayar da dubban hekta na ƙasar daji mai bushewa zuwa ƙasar noma mai albarka, ya yiwu ne saboda gina Gariep da Vanderkloof Dams. Tsofaffin shirye-shiryen ban ruwa kamar na Buchuberg, Upington, Kakamas, da Vioolsdrif suma sun amfana saboda yanzu ana iya daidaita gudanawar kogin. A gefen Namibiya na kogin, Aussenkehr tana samar da inabi da taimakon ruwan Kogin Orange.{{cn|date=May 2026}} A ’yan shekarun nan, yankunan samar da giya a gefen Kogin Orange sun ƙara muhimmanci. Ban ruwa a Gabashin Cape ma ya samu ƙarin ci gaba, ba kawai daga ƙarin ruwa da ake samu ba, har ma saboda ingancin ruwan da ya ƙaru. Ba tare da wannan inganci ba, manoman lemun tsami a gefen ƙasan Sundays River da ƙasa da su da wuya su ci gaba da samun riba.{{cn|date=May 2026}} === Aikin Ruwa na Dutsen Lesotho === Aikin Lesotho Highlands Water Project an ƙirƙire shi ne don ƙara samar da ruwa a tsarin Kogin Vaal. Ana kawo ruwa zuwa Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar ramin da ke ƙarƙashin iyakar Lesotho da Afirka ta Kudu a Kogin Caledon, sannan ƙarƙashin Little Caledon River kudu da Clarens a Free State, kuma yana zubewa cikin Ash River kusan km 30 zuwa arewa. Wannan shirin ya zama mai amfani ne lokacin da buƙatar ruwa a Gauteng ta kai matakin da ba za a iya tallafawa ta tattalin arziki ba ta wasu shirye-shirye kamar Tugela River-Vaal River pumped storage scheme, wanda ke amfani da Sterkfontein Dam kusa da Harrismith a Free State.{{cn|date=May 2026}} === Lu’ulu’u na Alluvial === A shekarar 1867, an fara gano lu’ulu’u a Afirka ta Kudu, Eureka Diamond, kusa da Hopetown a Kogin Orange. Bayan shekaru biyu, an gano lu’ulu’u mafi girma da aka sani da Star of South Africa a wannan yanki, wanda ya haifar da hawan lu’ulu’u. Wannan ya kai ga hawan lu’ulu’u a Kimberley a 1871, duk da haka lu’ulu’u na alluvial sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Kogin Orange. A yau, akwai wasu ma’adinan lu’ulu’u da ke aiki a ƙarshen kogin, da kuma a bakin sa. Haka kuma akwai ma’adinan lu’ulu’u a tsakiyar kogin.{{cn|date=May 2026}} [[Image:OrangeRiverRafting.jpg|thumb|Rafting a Kogin Orange ya zama sanannen aikin yawon shakatawa.]] === Rafting da Kwale-kwale === A cikin watannin da ba su da zafi kamar Maris da Afrilu, idan aka samu ruwan sama mai kyau kuma aka buɗe ƙofofin dam, mai yin kwale-kwale (ko rafter) zai iya yin tafiya km 30 a rana cikin sauƙi. Ƙasan kogin ya fi shahara saboda kyawawan yanayin ƙasa. Ana samun yawon shakatawa na kasuwanci, kuma waɗannan tafiyoyi suna tashi daga garin iyaka na Vioolsdrif.{{cn|date=May 2026}} lj9rx7pujhjanzht3btzrhe9v3dvy7i 842094 842089 2026-05-29T05:51:56Z Sirjat 20447 /* Rafting da Kwale-kwale */ 842094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Orange''' (daga [[Afrikaans]] / Dutch: '''''Oranjerivier''''') wani kogi ne a [[Kudancin Afirka]] . Ita ce kogi mafi tsawo a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Tare da jimlar tsawon kilomita {{Cvt|2432|km}} (1,511 , Kogin Orange ya shimfiɗa daga [[Lesotho]] zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da [[Namibiya|Namibia]] zuwa arewa. Yana tashi a cikin tsaunukan Drakensberg a Lesotho, yana gudana zuwa yamma ta Afirka ta Kudu zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]]. Kogin ya zama wani ɓangare na iyakokin kasa da kasa tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Lesotho da kuma tsakanin Afirka ta kudu da Namibia, da kuma iyakokin larduna da yawa a cikin Afirka ta Kudu. Sai dai Upington, ba ya wucewa ta kowane babban birni. Kogin Orange yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar samar da ruwa don ban ruwa da wutar lantarki. An sanya wa kogin suna Kogin Orange don girmama dangin Dutch mai mulki, House of Orange, ta hanyar mai binciken Dutch Robert Jacob Gordon. Sauran sunayen sun haɗa da kalmar kawai don kogi, a cikin rubutun [[Harshen Khekhoe|Khoekhoegowab]] da aka rubuta kamar ! '''Garib''', wanda aka fassara a cikin Afrikaans a matsayin '''Kogin Gariep''' tare da shiga cikin rikice-rikice na velar a maimakon dannawar alveolar, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Travel |first=Wild Africa |title=Wild Africa Travel: Orange River |url=http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220031736/http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.wildafricatravel.com}}</ref> '''Kogin Groote''' (wanda aka samo daga Kai !Garib) ko '''Kogin Senqu''' (wanda aka yi amfani da shi a Lesotho), wanda aka samo daga 化Nū "Black". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Orange River Basin |url=https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213081531/https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx |archive-date=13 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.dwa.gov.za}}</ref> An san shi a cikin [[Harshen Zulu|isiZulu]] kamar isAngqu . == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Orange_River_basin_map.svg|left|thumb|Hanyar da ruwa na Kogin Orange, Kogin Caledon da Kogin Vaal. Wannan taswirar tana nuna iyakar ra'ayin mazan jiya don ruwa. Musamman, an cire tafkin [[Hamadar Kalahari|Kalahari]], kamar yadda wasu kafofin suka ce yana da goyon baya. Wasu wasu tushe ta amfani da hanyoyin lissafi suna nuna kwandon da ya haɗa da sassa na [[Botswana]] (saboda haka na Kalahari). ]] Orange ya tashi a cikin tsaunukan Drakensberg tare da iyakar tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Lesotho, kimanin kilomita {{Convert|193|km|mi}} (120 yammacin Tekun Indiya kuma a tsawo sama da {{Convert|3,000|m}} m (9,800 . Ƙarshen Kogin Orange a cikin Lesotho an san shi da '''Senqu''' . Sassan Kogin Senqu suna daskarewa a cikin hunturu saboda tsawo mai tsawo. Wannan yana haifar da fari a cikin ruwa, wanda yafi shafar samar da awaki da shanu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:Rosh_Pinah_Orange_River.jpg|thumb|Kogin Orange a kudancin Rosh Pinah]] [[Fayil:Senqu_River_in_Lesotho.jpg|thumb|Kogin Senqu kusa da Ha Potomane (Kamp) a Quthing, Lesotho]] [[Fayil:Orange_River_near_Oranjerivier.jpg|thumb|Kogin Orange kusa da Hopetown]] Kogin Orange ya gudana zuwa yamma ta Afirka ta Kudu, ya zama iyakar kudu maso yammacin lardin Free State. A cikin wannan ɓangaren, kogin ya fara gudana cikin madatsar ruwan Gariep sannan daga baya ya shiga madatsar ruwa ta Vanderkloof. Daga iyakar Lesotho zuwa ƙasa da madatsar ruwan Vanderkloof, kogin yana da zurfi. Ƙarin raƙuman ruwa, ƙasar ta fi faɗi, kuma ana amfani da kogin sosai don ban ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A yammacin Free State, kudu maso yammacin Kimberley, Orange ya haɗu da babban mai ba da gudummawa, Kogin Vaal, wanda ya zama yawancin iyakar arewacin lardin. Daga nan, kogin yana gudana zuwa yamma ta hanyar hamada mai bushewa na yankin kudancin Kalahari da Namaqualand a lardin Arewacin Cape don saduwa da Namibia a 20 ° E longitude. Daga nan, yana gudana zuwa yamma na kilomita 550 kilometres (340 mi) (340 , [1] yana samar da iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin lardin da yankin Namibia. A kan iyaka, kogin ya wuce garin Vioolsdrif, babban tashar iyaka tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Namibia. [[Fayil:OrangeRiver_L7_11apr01.jpg|left|thumb|Wannan hoton yana nuna kilomita {{Convert|100|km|mi}} na ƙarshe (62 ko haka na Kogin Orange, inda ajiyar dutse a cikin kogin da kuma bakin kogin suna da wadata da lu'u-lu'u, kuma ma'adanai da yawa na lu'u'u-ulu'u suna aiki tare da wannan shimfiɗa.]] A cikin {{Convert|800|km|mi}} da suka gabata a cikin hanyarsa, Orange yana karɓar ƙoramu masu yawa masu tsaka-tsaki (kamar [[Kifi (kogin Namibia)|Kogin Kifi]] ), kuma manyan rafuka da dama suna shiga cikinsa. A cikin wannan ɓangaren, Hamadar Namib ta ƙare a gefen arewa na kogin, don haka a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, yawan ruwan da waɗannan magudanar ruwa suka ƙara ba shi da yawa. A nan, an sake yanke bakin kogin sosai. Ruwan Augrabies yana kan wannan ɓangaren na Orange, inda kogin ya gangara {{Convert|122|m}} a cikin tsari na {{Convert|26|km|mi}} . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Orange ya zubo cikin Tekun Atlantika tsakanin ƙananan garuruwan Oranjemund (ma'ana "baki na Orange") a Namibia da Alexander Bay a Afirka ta Kudu, game da daidaituwa tsakanin Walvis Bay da Cape Town. Kimanin 33 kilometres (21 mi) (21 daga bakinsa, an toshe shi da rapids da sand bars kuma gabaɗaya ba za a iya tafiya ba na dogon lokaci. Kogin yana da jimlar tsawon kilomita 2,432 kilometres (1,511 mi) (1,511 . === Rashin ruwa da ruwan sama === [[Fayil:Augrabie_01.jpg|thumb|Ruwan Augrabies yana gudana sosai]] A Lokacin fari, yawan ruwa kogi ya ragu sosai saboda saurin gudu da evaporation. A tushe Orange, ruwan sama yana da kusan {{Convert|2,000|mm|in}} in) a kowace shekara, amma hazo yana raguwa yayin da kogin ke gudana zuwa yamma; a bakinsa, ruwan sama bai kai {{Convert|50|mm|in}} in) a kowane shekara ba. Abubuwan da ke tallafawa evaporation, duk da haka, suna ƙaruwa a gefen yamma. A Lokacin rigar (lokaci), kogin Orange ya zama ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa. Babban tarin turɓaya da aka ɗauka ya zama barazana na dogon lokaci ga ayyukan injiniya a kan kogi.<ref>[http://www.orangesenqurak.org/river/subbasins/ephemeral+rivers.aspx?print=1 The Northern Ephemeral Rivers of the Orange-Senqu River Basin]{{Dead link|date=April 2020}}</ref> Jimillar ruwan kogin Orange (gami da Vaal) ya mamaye sama da {{Convert|973,000|km2}} , wato daidai yake da kusan kashi 77% na faɗin ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu ( {{Convert|1,221,037|km2}} ). Kimanin {{Convert|366,000|km2}} (38%), duk da haka, suna wajen ƙasar a Lesotho, Botswana, da Namibia. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Hanyoyin dake kawo masa ruwa === * Kogin Vaal - {{Cvt|1,458|km}} * [[Kogin Caledon]] - {{Cvt|642|km}} * [[Khubelu River|Kogin Khubelu]] - {{Cvt|144|km}} === Dams === * [[Dammen Armeniya|Dam din Armenia]] * Dam din Egmont * [[Gariep Dam|Garin Gariep]] * [[Dam ɗin Newbury|Rashin ruwa na Newberry]] * [[Dam ɗin Vanderkloof|Dam din Vanderkloof]] * Dam din Welbedacht == Tarihi == === Asalin Sunan === Wasu daga cikin tsoffin mazauna kafin mulkin mallaka sun kira kogin da suna ''ǂNūǃarib'', suna nufin launin baƙinsa, ko kuma ''Kai !Arib'' ("Babban Kogi"), daga nan aka samo sunan Afirkaans ''Gariep'',<ref>Wurin da ke kewaye da shi a da ana kiransa "Transgariep" ("ƙasar da ke bayan Gariep") amma wannan suna ya dade da zama tsoho. Duba Karel Schoeman, ''Early White Travellers in the Transgariep, 1819-1840'', Protea Boekhuis, 2012 ({{ISBN|9781869190163}})</ref> da fassarar "Groote Rivier".<ref name="ACWR">Earle, Anton et al. (2005), ''African Centre for Water Research'', retrieved 30 June 2007</ref> Sunan farko na Holland ga kogin shi ne wannan fassarar, Groote Rivier, ma’ana "Babban Kogi".<ref name="TonchiLindeke2012" /> An sanya wa kogin suna Orange River daga Kanar Robert Gordon, kwamandan United East India Company (VOC) a Cape Town, a tafiyarsa zuwa cikin ƙasa a shekarar 1779.<ref name="ACWR" /> Gordon ya sanya wa kogin suna don girmama William V na Orange.<ref name="ACWR" /> Wani sanannen ra’ayi amma ba daidai ba shi ne cewa an sanya wa kogin suna saboda launin ruwansa mai kama da orange, sabanin launin ruwan Kogin Vaal, wanda sunansa ya samo asali daga '''ǀHaiǃarib''' "kogin mai launin haske" (''vaal'' yana nufin launin toka a Afirkaans). Tun bayan ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, sunan "Gariep" ya fi samun karɓuwa a rubuce-rubucen hukuma a Afirka ta Kudu, duk da cewa sunan "Orange" ya fi samun karɓuwa a duniya.<ref name="ACWR" /> A Lesotho, inda kogin ya taso, ana kiransa Senqu River, wanda ya samo asali daga sunan asalin Khoemana. [[Image:Orange River Panorama.jpg|thumb|centre|600px|Hoton panorama daga wani tudu mai wadatar fluorspar da ke kallon lanƙwasa a Kogin, wanda ya yi ambaliya saboda ruwan sama mai yawa]] Kwamitin Sunayen Wurare na Gabashin Cape ya sanar da niyyarsa na duba sauya suna daga sunan mulkin mallaka, ga wannan ɓangaren kogin da ke iyaka tsakanin Gabashin Cape da Free State, tare da shawarwari IGqili ko Senqu.<ref>{{cite news|title=New name looms for NC River|newspaper=Diamond Fields Advertiser|date= 13 June 2013|page =11}}</ref><ref name="polity.org.za">{{cite web |title=Statement by Afriforum on proposed name change of Orange River |work=Polity |date=6 June 2013 }}</ref> Sanarwar da aka wallafa a jaridar ''Aliwal Weekblad'' ta bayyana cewa "sunan yanzu yana da alaƙa da tarihi na mulkin mallaka kuma saboda haka ba shi da wurin zama a cikin tsarin dimokuraɗiyya na yanzu."<ref name="polity.org.za"/> === Grootslang === A tatsuniyoyin Afirka ta Kudu, Kogin Orange ana danganta shi da Grootslang, wani halitta mai kama da maciji babba, wanda ake danganta shi da lu’ulu’u na kogin. Ana bayyana Grootslang a matsayin wanda ke zaune a cikin wani kogo mai cike da duwatsu masu daraja da ke haɗe da Kogin Orange ta hanyar bututun halitta wanda lu’ulu’u ke shiga kogin a hankali.<ref name="Dream">{{cite book|author=Green, Lawrence G. |title= Where Men Still Dream |date=1948 |publisher= Standard Press Ltd., Cape Town |pages= 125–126}}</ref> Wasu wurare da ake cewa mafakar halittar sun haɗa da tafkin da ke ƙarƙashin King George Cataract a Aughrabies Falls, wanda ake cewa ma tushen lu’ulu’u ne,<ref name="Dream"/> da kuma wani babban dutse a tsakiyar kogin. A wannan sigar tatsuniyar, ana kuma cewa Grootslang yana farauta shanu daga bakin kogin.<ref name="Glamour">{{cite book|author=Cornell, F. C. |title= The Glamour of Prospecting |date=1920 |publisher= T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., London|page= 142}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == [[Image:Orange River at Aliwal North.jpg|thumb|Gadar Janar Hertzog a kan Kogin Orange a Aliwal North a kan iyakar kudu maso yamma da Free State: lura da ragowar gadar Frere a hagu.]] A matsayin wurin taruwar yawancin ruwan Afirka ta Kudu, Kogin Orange yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa noma, masana’antu, da hakar ma’adinai. Don taimakawa a wannan, an ƙirƙiri manyan shirye-shirye guda biyu na ruwa, wato Orange River Project da Lesotho Highlands Water Project. A tarihi, kogin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin hawan lu’ulu’u na Afirka ta Kudu, inda aka fara gano lu’ulu’u a cikin ruwan kogin Orange. A yau, akwai wasu manyan ma’adinan lu’ulu’u da ke aiki a ƙarshen kogin Orange da kuma kusa da bakin sa.{{cn|date=May 2026}} Saboda rashin dabbobin haɗari da kuma yawan ruwa a lokacin bazara, kogin ana amfani da shi wajen nishaɗin yin kwale-kwale da rafting. Rafting a Kogin Orange ya zama sananne sosai inda kamfanoni da dama ke amfani da sansaninsu a gefen kogin don gudanar da ayyuka. Mafi shaharar tafiya ita ce ta kwana huɗu da ta kwana shida da ake yi ko dai a ƙasan kwarin Augrabies Falls ko a yankin Richtersveld.{{cn|date=May 2026}} === Aikin Kogin Orange === Aikin Kogin Orange (ORP) ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan ayyuka a Afirka ta Kudu. An gina shi ne a lokacin gwamnatin Hendrik Verwoerd a zamanin mulkin wariyar launin fata. ORP an gina shi don amfani da ruwan Kogin Orange—wanda ba tare da Kogin Vaal ba, ke wakiltar kusan kashi 14.1% na dukkan ruwan da ke gudana a Afirka ta Kudu—don biyan buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa. Babban manufofin aikin sun haɗa da:{{cn|date=May 2026}} * daidaita gudanawar kogin, * samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ruwa, * samar da ruwan sha mai inganci ga masu amfani a kwarin Kogin Orange, da * ba da sabuwar rayuwa ga yankunan da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa a Gabashin Cape, kamar kwarin Great Fish da Sundays River. Gariep Dam kusa da Colesberg shi ne babban wurin ajiya a cikin Kogin Orange. Daga nan ake rarraba ruwa zuwa bangarori biyu, yamma ta hanyar kogin Orange (ta hanyar injinan samar da wutar lantarki) zuwa Vanderkloof Dam da kuma kudu ta hanyar Orange-Fish Tunnel zuwa Gabashin Cape.{{cn|date=May 2026}} [[Image:GariepDam.jpg|left|thumb|Gariep Dam a kan Kogin Orange shi ne mafi girman dam a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na Aikin Kogin Orange.]] ==== Wutar Lantarki Ta Ruwa ==== Eskom tana gudanar da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Gariep Dam da Vanderkloof Dam. Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Vanderkloof Dam ita ce ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu da aka gina gaba ɗaya a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Garuruwan Oviston da Oranjekrag aka kafa su don sauƙaƙa gina da gudanar da sabbin kayan aikin.{{cn|date=May 2026}} [[File:Scenery photo by Siloam Village Gariep.JPG|thumb|Duba a kan ɓangaren gabashin dam, tare da wurin shigar ruwa a Oviston]] ==== Ban Ruwa ==== [[Image:Orange River Wine Farm.jpg|thumb|Gonar inabi a Kogin Orange]] [[Image:Irrigation Project along the Orange River.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Ayyukan ban ruwa daban-daban a gefen kogin]] Ban ruwa a yankin da ke ƙasa da Vanderkloof Dam, wanda ya mayar da dubban hekta na ƙasar daji mai bushewa zuwa ƙasar noma mai albarka, ya yiwu ne saboda gina Gariep da Vanderkloof Dams. Tsofaffin shirye-shiryen ban ruwa kamar na Buchuberg, Upington, Kakamas, da Vioolsdrif suma sun amfana saboda yanzu ana iya daidaita gudanawar kogin. A gefen Namibiya na kogin, Aussenkehr tana samar da inabi da taimakon ruwan Kogin Orange.{{cn|date=May 2026}} A ’yan shekarun nan, yankunan samar da giya a gefen Kogin Orange sun ƙara muhimmanci. Ban ruwa a Gabashin Cape ma ya samu ƙarin ci gaba, ba kawai daga ƙarin ruwa da ake samu ba, har ma saboda ingancin ruwan da ya ƙaru. Ba tare da wannan inganci ba, manoman lemun tsami a gefen ƙasan Sundays River da ƙasa da su da wuya su ci gaba da samun riba.{{cn|date=May 2026}} === Aikin Ruwa na Dutsen Lesotho === Aikin Lesotho Highlands Water Project an ƙirƙire shi ne don ƙara samar da ruwa a tsarin Kogin Vaal. Ana kawo ruwa zuwa Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar ramin da ke ƙarƙashin iyakar Lesotho da Afirka ta Kudu a Kogin Caledon, sannan ƙarƙashin Little Caledon River kudu da Clarens a Free State, kuma yana zubewa cikin Ash River kusan km 30 zuwa arewa. Wannan shirin ya zama mai amfani ne lokacin da buƙatar ruwa a Gauteng ta kai matakin da ba za a iya tallafawa ta tattalin arziki ba ta wasu shirye-shirye kamar Tugela River-Vaal River pumped storage scheme, wanda ke amfani da Sterkfontein Dam kusa da Harrismith a Free State.{{cn|date=May 2026}} === Lu’ulu’u na Alluvial === A shekarar 1867, an fara gano lu’ulu’u a Afirka ta Kudu, Eureka Diamond, kusa da Hopetown a Kogin Orange. Bayan shekaru biyu, an gano lu’ulu’u mafi girma da aka sani da Star of South Africa a wannan yanki, wanda ya haifar da hawan lu’ulu’u. Wannan ya kai ga hawan lu’ulu’u a Kimberley a 1871, duk da haka lu’ulu’u na alluvial sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Kogin Orange. A yau, akwai wasu ma’adinan lu’ulu’u da ke aiki a ƙarshen kogin, da kuma a bakin sa. Haka kuma akwai ma’adinan lu’ulu’u a tsakiyar kogin.{{cn|date=May 2026}} [[Image:OrangeRiverRafting.jpg|thumb|Rafting a Kogin Orange ya zama sanannen aikin yawon shakatawa.]] === Rafting da Kwale-kwale === A cikin watannin da ba su da zafi kamar Maris da Afrilu, idan aka samu ruwan sama mai kyau kuma aka buɗe ƙofofin dam, mai yin kwale-kwale (ko rafter) zai iya yin tafiya km 30 a rana cikin sauƙi. Ƙasan kogin ya fi shahara saboda kyawawan yanayin ƙasa. Ana samun yawon shakatawa na kasuwanci, kuma waɗannan tafiyoyi suna tashi daga garin iyaka na Vioolsdrif.{{cn|date=May 2026}} == Dabbobi == Kogin Orange ba shi da manyan dabbobi. Yana wajen yankin da Nile crocodile ke rayuwa, kuma duk da cewa hipopotamus sun taɓa yawaita, an farautar su har suka ƙare a ƙarni na 19.<ref name="Shortridge1934" /> Kogin Orange yana da ƙarancin nau’o’in halittu. Binciken da aka yi daga 1995 zuwa 2001 a ƙasan Kogin Orange ya gano nau’o’in kifaye 19 daga iyalai takwas. Nau’o’in biyu da ba na asali ba da aka samu a binciken su ne ''Cyprinus carpio'' da ''Oreochromis mossambicus'', wanda ya ƙaru da sauri tun daga farkon shekarun 1980.<ref name="NINA">{{cite book |last1=Næsje |first1=T. F. |last2=Hay |first2=C. J. |last3=Nickanor |first3=N. |last4=Koekemoer |first4=J. |last5=Strand |first5=R. |last6=Thorstad |first6=E. B. |title=Fish populations, gill net catches and gill net selectivity in the Lower Orange River, Namibia, from 1995 to 2001 |date=2007 |publisher=NINR |location=Trondheim |isbn=978-82-426-1791-0 |pages=5–6}}</ref> Wani nau’in da ba na asali ba, rainbow trout, ana samun shi a ruwan kogin da ke Lesotho. [[Image:Labeobarbus aeneus, Orange river, Richtersveld.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kifi mai ƙaramin baki rawaya (''Labeobarbus aeneus'') sanannen kifi ne na kamun nishaɗi wanda yake na musamman ga tsarin Kogin Orange-Vaal.]] Nau’o’i bakwai ne na musamman ga tsarin Kogin Vaal-Orange:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beekman|first=Hans E.|title=Facing the Facts: Assessing the Vulnerability of Africa's Water Resources to Environmental Change|date=2006-05-30|publisher=UNEP/Earthprint|isbn=978-92-807-2574-2}}</ref> * Rock-catfish (''Austroglanis sclateri'') * Maluti redfin ko Maloti minnow (''Pseudobarbus quathlambae'') * Namaquab barb (''Barbus hospes'') * River sardine (''Mesobola brevianalis'') * Smallmouth yellowfish (''Labeobarbus aeneus'') * Largemouth yellowfish (''Labeobarbus kimberlyensis'') * Orange River Mudfish (''Labeo capensis'') [[File:Augrabies - Twin Falls - 001.jpg|thumb|upright|Twin Falls a cikin Augrabies Falls National Park]] 8yj6tj9irzrrh5016dtvcl8ng4049a9 842096 842094 2026-05-29T05:52:13Z Sirjat 20447 /* Dabbobi */ 842096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Orange''' (daga [[Afrikaans]] / Dutch: '''''Oranjerivier''''') wani kogi ne a [[Kudancin Afirka]] . Ita ce kogi mafi tsawo a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Tare da jimlar tsawon kilomita {{Cvt|2432|km}} (1,511 , Kogin Orange ya shimfiɗa daga [[Lesotho]] zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da [[Namibiya|Namibia]] zuwa arewa. Yana tashi a cikin tsaunukan Drakensberg a Lesotho, yana gudana zuwa yamma ta Afirka ta Kudu zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]]. Kogin ya zama wani ɓangare na iyakokin kasa da kasa tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Lesotho da kuma tsakanin Afirka ta kudu da Namibia, da kuma iyakokin larduna da yawa a cikin Afirka ta Kudu. Sai dai Upington, ba ya wucewa ta kowane babban birni. Kogin Orange yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar samar da ruwa don ban ruwa da wutar lantarki. An sanya wa kogin suna Kogin Orange don girmama dangin Dutch mai mulki, House of Orange, ta hanyar mai binciken Dutch Robert Jacob Gordon. Sauran sunayen sun haɗa da kalmar kawai don kogi, a cikin rubutun [[Harshen Khekhoe|Khoekhoegowab]] da aka rubuta kamar ! '''Garib''', wanda aka fassara a cikin Afrikaans a matsayin '''Kogin Gariep''' tare da shiga cikin rikice-rikice na velar a maimakon dannawar alveolar, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Travel |first=Wild Africa |title=Wild Africa Travel: Orange River |url=http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220031736/http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.wildafricatravel.com}}</ref> '''Kogin Groote''' (wanda aka samo daga Kai !Garib) ko '''Kogin Senqu''' (wanda aka yi amfani da shi a Lesotho), wanda aka samo daga 化Nū "Black". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Orange River Basin |url=https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213081531/https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx |archive-date=13 December 2016 |access-date=2016-12-03 |website=www.dwa.gov.za}}</ref> An san shi a cikin [[Harshen Zulu|isiZulu]] kamar isAngqu . == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Orange_River_basin_map.svg|left|thumb|Hanyar da ruwa na Kogin Orange, Kogin Caledon da Kogin Vaal. Wannan taswirar tana nuna iyakar ra'ayin mazan jiya don ruwa. Musamman, an cire tafkin [[Hamadar Kalahari|Kalahari]], kamar yadda wasu kafofin suka ce yana da goyon baya. Wasu wasu tushe ta amfani da hanyoyin lissafi suna nuna kwandon da ya haɗa da sassa na [[Botswana]] (saboda haka na Kalahari). ]] Orange ya tashi a cikin tsaunukan Drakensberg tare da iyakar tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Lesotho, kimanin kilomita {{Convert|193|km|mi}} (120 yammacin Tekun Indiya kuma a tsawo sama da {{Convert|3,000|m}} m (9,800 . Ƙarshen Kogin Orange a cikin Lesotho an san shi da '''Senqu''' . Sassan Kogin Senqu suna daskarewa a cikin hunturu saboda tsawo mai tsawo. Wannan yana haifar da fari a cikin ruwa, wanda yafi shafar samar da awaki da shanu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:Rosh_Pinah_Orange_River.jpg|thumb|Kogin Orange a kudancin Rosh Pinah]] [[Fayil:Senqu_River_in_Lesotho.jpg|thumb|Kogin Senqu kusa da Ha Potomane (Kamp) a Quthing, Lesotho]] [[Fayil:Orange_River_near_Oranjerivier.jpg|thumb|Kogin Orange kusa da Hopetown]] Kogin Orange ya gudana zuwa yamma ta Afirka ta Kudu, ya zama iyakar kudu maso yammacin lardin Free State. A cikin wannan ɓangaren, kogin ya fara gudana cikin madatsar ruwan Gariep sannan daga baya ya shiga madatsar ruwa ta Vanderkloof. Daga iyakar Lesotho zuwa ƙasa da madatsar ruwan Vanderkloof, kogin yana da zurfi. Ƙarin raƙuman ruwa, ƙasar ta fi faɗi, kuma ana amfani da kogin sosai don ban ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A yammacin Free State, kudu maso yammacin Kimberley, Orange ya haɗu da babban mai ba da gudummawa, Kogin Vaal, wanda ya zama yawancin iyakar arewacin lardin. Daga nan, kogin yana gudana zuwa yamma ta hanyar hamada mai bushewa na yankin kudancin Kalahari da Namaqualand a lardin Arewacin Cape don saduwa da Namibia a 20 ° E longitude. Daga nan, yana gudana zuwa yamma na kilomita 550 kilometres (340 mi) (340 , [1] yana samar da iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin lardin da yankin Namibia. A kan iyaka, kogin ya wuce garin Vioolsdrif, babban tashar iyaka tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Namibia. [[Fayil:OrangeRiver_L7_11apr01.jpg|left|thumb|Wannan hoton yana nuna kilomita {{Convert|100|km|mi}} na ƙarshe (62 ko haka na Kogin Orange, inda ajiyar dutse a cikin kogin da kuma bakin kogin suna da wadata da lu'u-lu'u, kuma ma'adanai da yawa na lu'u'u-ulu'u suna aiki tare da wannan shimfiɗa.]] A cikin {{Convert|800|km|mi}} da suka gabata a cikin hanyarsa, Orange yana karɓar ƙoramu masu yawa masu tsaka-tsaki (kamar [[Kifi (kogin Namibia)|Kogin Kifi]] ), kuma manyan rafuka da dama suna shiga cikinsa. A cikin wannan ɓangaren, Hamadar Namib ta ƙare a gefen arewa na kogin, don haka a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, yawan ruwan da waɗannan magudanar ruwa suka ƙara ba shi da yawa. A nan, an sake yanke bakin kogin sosai. Ruwan Augrabies yana kan wannan ɓangaren na Orange, inda kogin ya gangara {{Convert|122|m}} a cikin tsari na {{Convert|26|km|mi}} . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Orange ya zubo cikin Tekun Atlantika tsakanin ƙananan garuruwan Oranjemund (ma'ana "baki na Orange") a Namibia da Alexander Bay a Afirka ta Kudu, game da daidaituwa tsakanin Walvis Bay da Cape Town. Kimanin 33 kilometres (21 mi) (21 daga bakinsa, an toshe shi da rapids da sand bars kuma gabaɗaya ba za a iya tafiya ba na dogon lokaci. Kogin yana da jimlar tsawon kilomita 2,432 kilometres (1,511 mi) (1,511 . === Rashin ruwa da ruwan sama === [[Fayil:Augrabie_01.jpg|thumb|Ruwan Augrabies yana gudana sosai]] A Lokacin fari, yawan ruwa kogi ya ragu sosai saboda saurin gudu da evaporation. A tushe Orange, ruwan sama yana da kusan {{Convert|2,000|mm|in}} in) a kowace shekara, amma hazo yana raguwa yayin da kogin ke gudana zuwa yamma; a bakinsa, ruwan sama bai kai {{Convert|50|mm|in}} in) a kowane shekara ba. Abubuwan da ke tallafawa evaporation, duk da haka, suna ƙaruwa a gefen yamma. A Lokacin rigar (lokaci), kogin Orange ya zama ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa. Babban tarin turɓaya da aka ɗauka ya zama barazana na dogon lokaci ga ayyukan injiniya a kan kogi.<ref>[http://www.orangesenqurak.org/river/subbasins/ephemeral+rivers.aspx?print=1 The Northern Ephemeral Rivers of the Orange-Senqu River Basin]{{Dead link|date=April 2020}}</ref> Jimillar ruwan kogin Orange (gami da Vaal) ya mamaye sama da {{Convert|973,000|km2}} , wato daidai yake da kusan kashi 77% na faɗin ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu ( {{Convert|1,221,037|km2}} ). Kimanin {{Convert|366,000|km2}} (38%), duk da haka, suna wajen ƙasar a Lesotho, Botswana, da Namibia. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Hanyoyin dake kawo masa ruwa === * Kogin Vaal - {{Cvt|1,458|km}} * [[Kogin Caledon]] - {{Cvt|642|km}} * [[Khubelu River|Kogin Khubelu]] - {{Cvt|144|km}} === Dams === * [[Dammen Armeniya|Dam din Armenia]] * Dam din Egmont * [[Gariep Dam|Garin Gariep]] * [[Dam ɗin Newbury|Rashin ruwa na Newberry]] * [[Dam ɗin Vanderkloof|Dam din Vanderkloof]] * Dam din Welbedacht == Tarihi == === Asalin Sunan === Wasu daga cikin tsoffin mazauna kafin mulkin mallaka sun kira kogin da suna ''ǂNūǃarib'', suna nufin launin baƙinsa, ko kuma ''Kai !Arib'' ("Babban Kogi"), daga nan aka samo sunan Afirkaans ''Gariep'',<ref>Wurin da ke kewaye da shi a da ana kiransa "Transgariep" ("ƙasar da ke bayan Gariep") amma wannan suna ya dade da zama tsoho. Duba Karel Schoeman, ''Early White Travellers in the Transgariep, 1819-1840'', Protea Boekhuis, 2012 ({{ISBN|9781869190163}})</ref> da fassarar "Groote Rivier".<ref name="ACWR">Earle, Anton et al. (2005), ''African Centre for Water Research'', retrieved 30 June 2007</ref> Sunan farko na Holland ga kogin shi ne wannan fassarar, Groote Rivier, ma’ana "Babban Kogi".<ref name="TonchiLindeke2012" /> An sanya wa kogin suna Orange River daga Kanar Robert Gordon, kwamandan United East India Company (VOC) a Cape Town, a tafiyarsa zuwa cikin ƙasa a shekarar 1779.<ref name="ACWR" /> Gordon ya sanya wa kogin suna don girmama William V na Orange.<ref name="ACWR" /> Wani sanannen ra’ayi amma ba daidai ba shi ne cewa an sanya wa kogin suna saboda launin ruwansa mai kama da orange, sabanin launin ruwan Kogin Vaal, wanda sunansa ya samo asali daga '''ǀHaiǃarib''' "kogin mai launin haske" (''vaal'' yana nufin launin toka a Afirkaans). Tun bayan ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, sunan "Gariep" ya fi samun karɓuwa a rubuce-rubucen hukuma a Afirka ta Kudu, duk da cewa sunan "Orange" ya fi samun karɓuwa a duniya.<ref name="ACWR" /> A Lesotho, inda kogin ya taso, ana kiransa Senqu River, wanda ya samo asali daga sunan asalin Khoemana. [[Image:Orange River Panorama.jpg|thumb|centre|600px|Hoton panorama daga wani tudu mai wadatar fluorspar da ke kallon lanƙwasa a Kogin, wanda ya yi ambaliya saboda ruwan sama mai yawa]] Kwamitin Sunayen Wurare na Gabashin Cape ya sanar da niyyarsa na duba sauya suna daga sunan mulkin mallaka, ga wannan ɓangaren kogin da ke iyaka tsakanin Gabashin Cape da Free State, tare da shawarwari IGqili ko Senqu.<ref>{{cite news|title=New name looms for NC River|newspaper=Diamond Fields Advertiser|date= 13 June 2013|page =11}}</ref><ref name="polity.org.za">{{cite web |title=Statement by Afriforum on proposed name change of Orange River |work=Polity |date=6 June 2013 }}</ref> Sanarwar da aka wallafa a jaridar ''Aliwal Weekblad'' ta bayyana cewa "sunan yanzu yana da alaƙa da tarihi na mulkin mallaka kuma saboda haka ba shi da wurin zama a cikin tsarin dimokuraɗiyya na yanzu."<ref name="polity.org.za"/> === Grootslang === A tatsuniyoyin Afirka ta Kudu, Kogin Orange ana danganta shi da Grootslang, wani halitta mai kama da maciji babba, wanda ake danganta shi da lu’ulu’u na kogin. Ana bayyana Grootslang a matsayin wanda ke zaune a cikin wani kogo mai cike da duwatsu masu daraja da ke haɗe da Kogin Orange ta hanyar bututun halitta wanda lu’ulu’u ke shiga kogin a hankali.<ref name="Dream">{{cite book|author=Green, Lawrence G. |title= Where Men Still Dream |date=1948 |publisher= Standard Press Ltd., Cape Town |pages= 125–126}}</ref> Wasu wurare da ake cewa mafakar halittar sun haɗa da tafkin da ke ƙarƙashin King George Cataract a Aughrabies Falls, wanda ake cewa ma tushen lu’ulu’u ne,<ref name="Dream"/> da kuma wani babban dutse a tsakiyar kogin. A wannan sigar tatsuniyar, ana kuma cewa Grootslang yana farauta shanu daga bakin kogin.<ref name="Glamour">{{cite book|author=Cornell, F. C. |title= The Glamour of Prospecting |date=1920 |publisher= T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., London|page= 142}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == [[Image:Orange River at Aliwal North.jpg|thumb|Gadar Janar Hertzog a kan Kogin Orange a Aliwal North a kan iyakar kudu maso yamma da Free State: lura da ragowar gadar Frere a hagu.]] A matsayin wurin taruwar yawancin ruwan Afirka ta Kudu, Kogin Orange yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa noma, masana’antu, da hakar ma’adinai. Don taimakawa a wannan, an ƙirƙiri manyan shirye-shirye guda biyu na ruwa, wato Orange River Project da Lesotho Highlands Water Project. A tarihi, kogin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin hawan lu’ulu’u na Afirka ta Kudu, inda aka fara gano lu’ulu’u a cikin ruwan kogin Orange. A yau, akwai wasu manyan ma’adinan lu’ulu’u da ke aiki a ƙarshen kogin Orange da kuma kusa da bakin sa.{{cn|date=May 2026}} Saboda rashin dabbobin haɗari da kuma yawan ruwa a lokacin bazara, kogin ana amfani da shi wajen nishaɗin yin kwale-kwale da rafting. Rafting a Kogin Orange ya zama sananne sosai inda kamfanoni da dama ke amfani da sansaninsu a gefen kogin don gudanar da ayyuka. Mafi shaharar tafiya ita ce ta kwana huɗu da ta kwana shida da ake yi ko dai a ƙasan kwarin Augrabies Falls ko a yankin Richtersveld.{{cn|date=May 2026}} === Aikin Kogin Orange === Aikin Kogin Orange (ORP) ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan ayyuka a Afirka ta Kudu. An gina shi ne a lokacin gwamnatin Hendrik Verwoerd a zamanin mulkin wariyar launin fata. ORP an gina shi don amfani da ruwan Kogin Orange—wanda ba tare da Kogin Vaal ba, ke wakiltar kusan kashi 14.1% na dukkan ruwan da ke gudana a Afirka ta Kudu—don biyan buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa. Babban manufofin aikin sun haɗa da:{{cn|date=May 2026}} * daidaita gudanawar kogin, * samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ruwa, * samar da ruwan sha mai inganci ga masu amfani a kwarin Kogin Orange, da * ba da sabuwar rayuwa ga yankunan da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa a Gabashin Cape, kamar kwarin Great Fish da Sundays River. Gariep Dam kusa da Colesberg shi ne babban wurin ajiya a cikin Kogin Orange. Daga nan ake rarraba ruwa zuwa bangarori biyu, yamma ta hanyar kogin Orange (ta hanyar injinan samar da wutar lantarki) zuwa Vanderkloof Dam da kuma kudu ta hanyar Orange-Fish Tunnel zuwa Gabashin Cape.{{cn|date=May 2026}} [[Image:GariepDam.jpg|left|thumb|Gariep Dam a kan Kogin Orange shi ne mafi girman dam a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na Aikin Kogin Orange.]] ==== Wutar Lantarki Ta Ruwa ==== Eskom tana gudanar da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Gariep Dam da Vanderkloof Dam. Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Vanderkloof Dam ita ce ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu da aka gina gaba ɗaya a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Garuruwan Oviston da Oranjekrag aka kafa su don sauƙaƙa gina da gudanar da sabbin kayan aikin.{{cn|date=May 2026}} [[File:Scenery photo by Siloam Village Gariep.JPG|thumb|Duba a kan ɓangaren gabashin dam, tare da wurin shigar ruwa a Oviston]] ==== Ban Ruwa ==== [[Image:Orange River Wine Farm.jpg|thumb|Gonar inabi a Kogin Orange]] [[Image:Irrigation Project along the Orange River.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Ayyukan ban ruwa daban-daban a gefen kogin]] Ban ruwa a yankin da ke ƙasa da Vanderkloof Dam, wanda ya mayar da dubban hekta na ƙasar daji mai bushewa zuwa ƙasar noma mai albarka, ya yiwu ne saboda gina Gariep da Vanderkloof Dams. Tsofaffin shirye-shiryen ban ruwa kamar na Buchuberg, Upington, Kakamas, da Vioolsdrif suma sun amfana saboda yanzu ana iya daidaita gudanawar kogin. A gefen Namibiya na kogin, Aussenkehr tana samar da inabi da taimakon ruwan Kogin Orange.{{cn|date=May 2026}} A ’yan shekarun nan, yankunan samar da giya a gefen Kogin Orange sun ƙara muhimmanci. Ban ruwa a Gabashin Cape ma ya samu ƙarin ci gaba, ba kawai daga ƙarin ruwa da ake samu ba, har ma saboda ingancin ruwan da ya ƙaru. Ba tare da wannan inganci ba, manoman lemun tsami a gefen ƙasan Sundays River da ƙasa da su da wuya su ci gaba da samun riba.{{cn|date=May 2026}} === Aikin Ruwa na Dutsen Lesotho === Aikin Lesotho Highlands Water Project an ƙirƙire shi ne don ƙara samar da ruwa a tsarin Kogin Vaal. Ana kawo ruwa zuwa Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar ramin da ke ƙarƙashin iyakar Lesotho da Afirka ta Kudu a Kogin Caledon, sannan ƙarƙashin Little Caledon River kudu da Clarens a Free State, kuma yana zubewa cikin Ash River kusan km 30 zuwa arewa. Wannan shirin ya zama mai amfani ne lokacin da buƙatar ruwa a Gauteng ta kai matakin da ba za a iya tallafawa ta tattalin arziki ba ta wasu shirye-shirye kamar Tugela River-Vaal River pumped storage scheme, wanda ke amfani da Sterkfontein Dam kusa da Harrismith a Free State.{{cn|date=May 2026}} === Lu’ulu’u na Alluvial === A shekarar 1867, an fara gano lu’ulu’u a Afirka ta Kudu, Eureka Diamond, kusa da Hopetown a Kogin Orange. Bayan shekaru biyu, an gano lu’ulu’u mafi girma da aka sani da Star of South Africa a wannan yanki, wanda ya haifar da hawan lu’ulu’u. Wannan ya kai ga hawan lu’ulu’u a Kimberley a 1871, duk da haka lu’ulu’u na alluvial sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Kogin Orange. A yau, akwai wasu ma’adinan lu’ulu’u da ke aiki a ƙarshen kogin, da kuma a bakin sa. Haka kuma akwai ma’adinan lu’ulu’u a tsakiyar kogin.{{cn|date=May 2026}} [[Image:OrangeRiverRafting.jpg|thumb|Rafting a Kogin Orange ya zama sanannen aikin yawon shakatawa.]] === Rafting da Kwale-kwale === A cikin watannin da ba su da zafi kamar Maris da Afrilu, idan aka samu ruwan sama mai kyau kuma aka buɗe ƙofofin dam, mai yin kwale-kwale (ko rafter) zai iya yin tafiya km 30 a rana cikin sauƙi. Ƙasan kogin ya fi shahara saboda kyawawan yanayin ƙasa. Ana samun yawon shakatawa na kasuwanci, kuma waɗannan tafiyoyi suna tashi daga garin iyaka na Vioolsdrif.{{cn|date=May 2026}} == Dabbobi == Kogin Orange ba shi da manyan dabbobi. Yana wajen yankin da Nile crocodile ke rayuwa, kuma duk da cewa hipopotamus sun taɓa yawaita, an farautar su har suka ƙare a ƙarni na 19.<ref name="Shortridge1934" /> Kogin Orange yana da ƙarancin nau’o’in halittu. Binciken da aka yi daga 1995 zuwa 2001 a ƙasan Kogin Orange ya gano nau’o’in kifaye 19 daga iyalai takwas. Nau’o’in biyu da ba na asali ba da aka samu a binciken su ne ''Cyprinus carpio'' da ''Oreochromis mossambicus'', wanda ya ƙaru da sauri tun daga farkon shekarun 1980.<ref name="NINA">{{cite book |last1=Næsje |first1=T. F. |last2=Hay |first2=C. J. |last3=Nickanor |first3=N. |last4=Koekemoer |first4=J. |last5=Strand |first5=R. |last6=Thorstad |first6=E. B. |title=Fish populations, gill net catches and gill net selectivity in the Lower Orange River, Namibia, from 1995 to 2001 |date=2007 |publisher=NINR |location=Trondheim |isbn=978-82-426-1791-0 |pages=5–6}}</ref> Wani nau’in da ba na asali ba, rainbow trout, ana samun shi a ruwan kogin da ke Lesotho. [[Image:Labeobarbus aeneus, Orange river, Richtersveld.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Kifi mai ƙaramin baki rawaya (''Labeobarbus aeneus'') sanannen kifi ne na kamun nishaɗi wanda yake na musamman ga tsarin Kogin Orange-Vaal.]] Nau’o’i bakwai ne na musamman ga tsarin Kogin Vaal-Orange:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beekman|first=Hans E.|title=Facing the Facts: Assessing the Vulnerability of Africa's Water Resources to Environmental Change|date=2006-05-30|publisher=UNEP/Earthprint|isbn=978-92-807-2574-2}}</ref> * Rock-catfish (''Austroglanis sclateri'') * Maluti redfin ko Maloti minnow (''Pseudobarbus quathlambae'') * Namaquab barb (''Barbus hospes'') * River sardine (''Mesobola brevianalis'') * Smallmouth yellowfish (''Labeobarbus aeneus'') * Largemouth yellowfish (''Labeobarbus kimberlyensis'') * Orange River Mudfish (''Labeo capensis'') [[File:Augrabies - Twin Falls - 001.jpg|thumb|upright|Twin Falls a cikin Augrabies Falls National Park]] == Manazarta == 5l9uidatsxwx260u7wcfc63bjpiw6ck 0 152945 842088 2026-05-29T05:50:10Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317748209|Eileen Haddon]]" 842088 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eileen Haddon''' (1921-2003) 'yar jaridar Afirka ta Kudu ce kuma mai fafutuka. == Rayuwa == An haifi Eileen Haddon a ranar 9 ga Maris 1921 a Boksburg, wani gari mai hakar ma'adinai na Afirka ta Kudu. Ta fara karatun likitanci a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]], amma ba ta iya kammala karatun ba. A watan Oktoba 1942 ta auri Michael Haddon, kuma ta zauna a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] yayin da yake aiki a cikin Royal Marines . <ref name="Borthwick">{{Cite web |title=Haddon, Eileen, 1921-2003, journalist and activist |url=https://borthcat.york.ac.uk/index.php/haddon-eileen-1921-2003-journalist-and-activist |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref> Bayan yakin ya ƙare ma'auratan sun koma Afirka ta Kudu, inda ta kasance mai aiki a Cibiyar Kula da Dangantaka ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya fara hakar zinariya. Sun koma Kudancin Rhodesia bayan an kafa wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1948. A farkon shekarun 1950 sun taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar Interraial Association, kuma ta zama shugabar. Guy da Molly Clutton-Brock ne suka rinjaye su, sun kasance masu aiki a cikin Garfield Todd's United Rhodesia Party.<ref name="Borthwick">{{Cite web |title=Haddon, Eileen, 1921-2003, journalist and activist |url=https://borthcat.york.ac.uk/index.php/haddon-eileen-1921-2003-journalist-and-activist |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref> Bayan Dokar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Ƙasashen Duniya ta 1959, ma'auratan sun taimaka wajen kafa Asusun Taimako na Shari'a da Welfare don taimakawa waɗanda aka ɗaure don ayyukan siyasa. Sun kuma ba da gudummawar ƙaramin mallakarsu a waje da [[Harare|Salisbury]], Col Comfort Farm, a matsayin tushe ga hadin gwiwar launin fata da Clutton-Brocks, Didymus Mutasa da sauransu suka jagoranta.<ref name="Ranger" /> A cikin 1960 Haddon ya shiga Central African Examiner, jaridar ci gaba da ke Salisbury. Ta zama edita a shekarar 1962. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1965 gwamnati ta tilasta wa jaridar rufe, kuma an daure mijin Haddon Michael na tsawon shekaru uku. An tilasta masa sayar da ma'adininsa, a cikin 1969 ma'auratan suka koma Burtaniya sannan Zambia. Haddon ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in talla na Jami'ar Zambia daga 1971 zuwa 1977. Bayan samun 'yancin Zimbabwe, ita da Michael sun koma zama a Harare a 1981. Ta ci gaba da aiki a can a matsayin 'yar jarida mai sassaucin ra'ayi, [1] kuma abokiyar ɗan jaridar Zimbabwe Willie Musururwa ce. [2] Haddon ta mutu bayan mijinta Michael, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1996. Ita kanta ta mutu a ranar 6 ga Yulin 2003. Ana gudanar da takardunta a Cibiyar Borthwick don Tarihi.<ref name="Borthwick">{{Cite web |title=Haddon, Eileen, 1921-2003, journalist and activist |url=https://borthcat.york.ac.uk/index.php/haddon-eileen-1921-2003-journalist-and-activist |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] 5bv2fj79oorg2srin14397yajjvq00g 842090 842088 2026-05-29T05:50:33Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 842090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eileen Haddon''' (1921-2003) 'yar jaridar Afirka ta Kudu ce kuma mai fafutuka. == Rayuwa == An haifi Eileen Haddon a ranar 9 ga Maris 1921 a Boksburg, wani gari mai hakar ma'adinai na Afirka ta Kudu. Ta fara karatun likitanci a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]], amma ba ta iya kammala karatun ba. A watan Oktoba 1942 ta auri Michael Haddon, kuma ta zauna a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] yayin da yake aiki a cikin Royal Marines . <ref name="Borthwick">{{Cite web |title=Haddon, Eileen, 1921-2003, journalist and activist |url=https://borthcat.york.ac.uk/index.php/haddon-eileen-1921-2003-journalist-and-activist |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref> Bayan yakin ya ƙare ma'auratan sun koma Afirka ta Kudu, inda ta kasance mai aiki a Cibiyar Kula da Dangantaka ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya fara hakar zinariya. Sun koma Kudancin Rhodesia bayan an kafa wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1948. A farkon shekarun 1950 sun taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar Interraial Association, kuma ta zama shugabar. Guy da Molly Clutton-Brock ne suka rinjaye su, sun kasance masu aiki a cikin Garfield Todd's United Rhodesia Party.<ref name="Borthwick">{{Cite web |title=Haddon, Eileen, 1921-2003, journalist and activist |url=https://borthcat.york.ac.uk/index.php/haddon-eileen-1921-2003-journalist-and-activist |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref> Bayan Dokar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Ƙasashen Duniya ta 1959, ma'auratan sun taimaka wajen kafa Asusun Taimako na Shari'a da Welfare don taimakawa waɗanda aka ɗaure don ayyukan siyasa. Sun kuma ba da gudummawar ƙaramin mallakarsu a waje da [[Harare|Salisbury]], Col Comfort Farm, a matsayin tushe ga hadin gwiwar launin fata da Clutton-Brocks, Didymus Mutasa da sauransu suka jagoranta.<ref name="Ranger" /> A cikin 1960 Haddon ya shiga Central African Examiner, jaridar ci gaba da ke Salisbury. Ta zama edita a shekarar 1962. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1965 gwamnati ta tilasta wa jaridar rufe, kuma an daure mijin Haddon Michael na tsawon shekaru uku. An tilasta masa sayar da ma'adininsa, a cikin 1969 ma'auratan suka koma Burtaniya sannan Zambia. Haddon ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in talla na Jami'ar Zambia daga 1971 zuwa 1977. Bayan samun 'yancin Zimbabwe, ita da Michael sun koma zama a Harare a 1981. Ta ci gaba da aiki a can a matsayin 'yar jarida mai sassaucin ra'ayi, [1] kuma abokiyar ɗan jaridar Zimbabwe Willie Musururwa ce. [2] Haddon ta mutu bayan mijinta Michael, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1996. Ita kanta ta mutu a ranar 6 ga Yulin 2003. Ana gudanar da takardunta a Cibiyar Borthwick don Tarihi.<ref name="Borthwick">{{Cite web |title=Haddon, Eileen, 1921-2003, journalist and activist |url=https://borthcat.york.ac.uk/index.php/haddon-eileen-1921-2003-journalist-and-activist |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] l8rywf7xlhwvfl6ws56oqmkib87cjho 0 152946 842091 2026-05-29T05:51:22Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1273152747|Gallinas River (Sierra Leone)]]" 842091 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Gallinas''' da ke [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] ya kai Tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]] tsakanin Cape Saint Ann da Grand Cape Mount. A takaice dai, Kogin Gallinas kalma ce ta tsohuwar rafin Kerefe a Saliyo ta zamani (7°0′52′′N 11°37′29′′W / 7.01444°N 11.62472°W / 7. 01444; -11.62472), wanda ke da nisan kilomita a yammacin [[Kogin Moa]]. Koyaya, ana iya amfani da shi ga kowane rafi da yawa da ke da alaƙa da juna ko tashoshi a cikin ruwa mai laushi na wannan yankin. A mafi girman ma'anar, "River Gallinas" yana nufin gabaɗaya ga iyakar bakin teku, wanda aka rufe shi da maras kyau, tsakanin Kerefe da [[Kogin Mano]]. Kalmar ta fito ne daga harshen Portugal "Rio das Galinhas" (Kogin Hens), wanda ke nufin [[Zabo|tsuntsayen Guinea]] da aka samu a bakin tekun. Mutumin da ya fara binciken Portugal da ya isa yankin shine Pedro de Sintra a shekara ta 1461 ko 1462. Sunan "Rio das Galinhas" an same shi ne a cikin ''Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis'' na Duarte Pacheco Pereira (wanda aka rubuta kimanin 1509). Daga baya an yi amfani da kalmar a matsayin suna ga mazauna yankin, mutanen Gallinas, waɗanda suka mamaye yankin bakin teku tsakanin kogin Waanji a yamma da Kogin Mano a gabas. == Tarihin cinikin bayi == Yankin ya shahara a shekarun 1800 saboda yadda yake taka rawa a [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]] a ƙarƙashin mutanen Gallinas. A gaskiya yankin Gallinas ba shi da himma sosai a harkar cinikin bayi, ko kuma kowace irin sana'a, kafin wannan lokacin. Hana dazuzzukan mangrove masu yawa da kuma ƙarancin yawan jama'a, ya sa 'yan kasuwar Turai suka yi watsi da Kogin Gallinas. A lokacin da cinikin bayi ya yi ƙarfi, manyan wuraren kasuwanci a yankin suna wasu wurare, musamman a [[Tsibirin Bunce]], Tsibirin Sherbro, da kuma Dutsen Cape. Sai a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 ne kawai, yayin da buƙatar bayi ta ci gaba da ƙaruwa, masu cinikin bayi suka fara sha'awar yankunan da ba su da yawa kamar Kogin Gallinas. Bayan haramcin cinikin bayi na Birtaniya a shekarar 1808, inda aka rufe manyan wuraren ajiya, rashin kyawun Kogin Gallinas ya ba wa 'yan kasuwar bayi damar ci gaba da ayyukansu a can. Pedro Blanco, wani sanannen mai sayar da bayi ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, yana zaune ne a gabar tekun Saliyo a Gallinas tsakanin 1822 da 1838. A shekara ta 1840, Richard Doherty, Gwamnan [[Saliyo]], ya gano cewa Fry Norman, wani Baƙar fata ɗan Birtaniya da ɗanta ana tsare da su a matsayin bayi a tsibiran da ke bakin Kogin Gallinas, wanda hakan ya sa Laftanar Joseph Denman ya umarci ''Wanderer'' da ya tilasta wa sarkin ya 'yantar da Norman kuma ya soke cinikin bayi a cikin masarautunsa. Nan da nan Denman ya hau Kogin Gallinas don halaka barayin bayi na Spain. == Manazarta == If a person is doing quality translation, it would be extremely difficult for them to translate 319 articles in a single dayIf a person is doing quality translation, it would be extremely difficult for them to translate 319 articles in a single dayGallinas River (Sierra Leone) 0gq7ear095jga6hwz15ygdrh0kj3ujg 842093 842091 2026-05-29T05:51:51Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 842093 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Gallinas''' da ke [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] ya kai Tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]] tsakanin Cape Saint Ann da Grand Cape Mount. A takaice dai, Kogin Gallinas kalma ce ta tsohuwar rafin Kerefe a Saliyo ta zamani (7°0′52′′N 11°37′29′′W / 7.01444°N 11.62472°W / 7. 01444; -11.62472), wanda ke da nisan kilomita a yammacin [[Kogin Moa]]. Koyaya, ana iya amfani da shi ga kowane rafi da yawa da ke da alaƙa da juna ko tashoshi a cikin ruwa mai laushi na wannan yankin. A mafi girman ma'anar, "River Gallinas" yana nufin gabaɗaya ga iyakar bakin teku, wanda aka rufe shi da maras kyau, tsakanin Kerefe da [[Kogin Mano]]. Kalmar ta fito ne daga harshen Portugal "Rio das Galinhas" (Kogin Hens), wanda ke nufin [[Zabo|tsuntsayen Guinea]] da aka samu a bakin tekun. Mutumin da ya fara binciken Portugal da ya isa yankin shine Pedro de Sintra a shekara ta 1461 ko 1462. Sunan "Rio das Galinhas" an same shi ne a cikin ''Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis'' na Duarte Pacheco Pereira (wanda aka rubuta kimanin 1509). Daga baya an yi amfani da kalmar a matsayin suna ga mazauna yankin, mutanen Gallinas, waɗanda suka mamaye yankin bakin teku tsakanin kogin Waanji a yamma da Kogin Mano a gabas. == Tarihin cinikin bayi == Yankin ya shahara a shekarun 1800 saboda yadda yake taka rawa a [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]] a ƙarƙashin mutanen Gallinas. A gaskiya yankin Gallinas ba shi da himma sosai a harkar cinikin bayi, ko kuma kowace irin sana'a, kafin wannan lokacin. Hana dazuzzukan mangrove masu yawa da kuma ƙarancin yawan jama'a, ya sa 'yan kasuwar Turai suka yi watsi da Kogin Gallinas. A lokacin da cinikin bayi ya yi ƙarfi, manyan wuraren kasuwanci a yankin suna wasu wurare, musamman a [[Tsibirin Bunce]], Tsibirin Sherbro, da kuma Dutsen Cape. Sai a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 ne kawai, yayin da buƙatar bayi ta ci gaba da ƙaruwa, masu cinikin bayi suka fara sha'awar yankunan da ba su da yawa kamar Kogin Gallinas. Bayan haramcin cinikin bayi na Birtaniya a shekarar 1808, inda aka rufe manyan wuraren ajiya, rashin kyawun Kogin Gallinas ya ba wa 'yan kasuwar bayi damar ci gaba da ayyukansu a can. Pedro Blanco, wani sanannen mai sayar da bayi ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, yana zaune ne a gabar tekun Saliyo a Gallinas tsakanin 1822 da 1838. A shekara ta 1840, Richard Doherty, Gwamnan [[Saliyo]], ya gano cewa Fry Norman, wani Baƙar fata ɗan Birtaniya da ɗanta ana tsare da su a matsayin bayi a tsibiran da ke bakin Kogin Gallinas, wanda hakan ya sa Laftanar Joseph Denman ya umarci ''Wanderer'' da ya tilasta wa sarkin ya 'yantar da Norman kuma ya soke cinikin bayi a cikin masarautunsa. Nan da nan Denman ya hau Kogin Gallinas don halaka barayin bayi na Spain. == Manazarta == 2ein968hoo11j903615879cfceq9vy7 842098 842093 2026-05-29T05:53:15Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842098 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Gallinas''' da ke [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] ya kai Tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]] tsakanin Cape Saint Ann da Grand Cape Mount. A takaice dai, Kogin Gallinas kalma ce ta tsohuwar rafin Kerefe a Saliyo ta zamani (7°0′52′′N 11°37′29′′W / 7.01444°N 11.62472°W / 7. 01444; -11.62472), wanda ke da nisan kilomita a yammacin [[Kogin Moa]]. Koyaya, ana iya amfani da shi ga kowane rafi da yawa da ke da alaƙa da juna ko tashoshi a cikin ruwa mai laushi na wannan yankin. A mafi girman ma'anar, "River Gallinas" yana nufin gabaɗaya ga iyakar bakin teku, wanda aka rufe shi da maras kyau, tsakanin Kerefe da [[Kogin Mano]].<ref>Jorge Felipe Gonzalez (2021) "The Transatlantic Slave Trade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Galinhas in Southern Sierra Leone, 1790–1820", ''Journal of African History'', v.62 (3).</ref> Kalmar ta fito ne daga harshen Portugal "Rio das Galinhas" (Kogin Hens), wanda ke nufin [[Zabo|tsuntsayen Guinea]] da aka samu a bakin tekun. Mutumin da ya fara binciken Portugal da ya isa yankin shine Pedro de Sintra a shekara ta 1461 ko 1462. Sunan "Rio das Galinhas" an same shi ne a cikin ''Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis'' na Duarte Pacheco Pereira (wanda aka rubuta kimanin 1509).<ref>Duarte Pacheco Pereira (1509) ''Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis'', Bk.2, ch.2.</ref> Daga baya an yi amfani da kalmar a matsayin suna ga mazauna yankin, mutanen Gallinas, waɗanda suka mamaye yankin bakin teku tsakanin kogin Waanji a yamma da Kogin Mano a gabas. == Tarihin cinikin bayi == Yankin ya shahara a shekarun 1800 saboda yadda yake taka rawa a [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]] a ƙarƙashin mutanen Gallinas. A gaskiya yankin Gallinas ba shi da himma sosai a harkar cinikin bayi, ko kuma kowace irin sana'a, kafin wannan lokacin. Hana dazuzzukan mangrove masu yawa da kuma ƙarancin yawan jama'a, ya sa 'yan kasuwar Turai suka yi watsi da Kogin Gallinas. A lokacin da cinikin bayi ya yi ƙarfi, manyan wuraren kasuwanci a yankin suna wasu wurare, musamman a [[Tsibirin Bunce]], Tsibirin Sherbro, da kuma Dutsen Cape. Sai a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 ne kawai, yayin da buƙatar bayi ta ci gaba da ƙaruwa, masu cinikin bayi suka fara sha'awar yankunan da ba su da yawa kamar Kogin Gallinas. Bayan haramcin cinikin bayi na Birtaniya a shekarar 1808, inda aka rufe manyan wuraren ajiya, rashin kyawun Kogin Gallinas ya ba wa 'yan kasuwar bayi damar ci gaba da ayyukansu a can. Pedro Blanco, wani sanannen mai sayar da bayi ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, yana zaune ne a gabar tekun Saliyo a Gallinas tsakanin 1822 da 1838. A shekara ta 1840, Richard Doherty, Gwamnan [[Saliyo]], ya gano cewa Fry Norman, wani Baƙar fata ɗan Birtaniya da ɗanta ana tsare da su a matsayin bayi a tsibiran da ke bakin Kogin Gallinas, wanda hakan ya sa Laftanar Joseph Denman ya umarci ''Wanderer'' da ya tilasta wa sarkin ya 'yantar da Norman kuma ya soke cinikin bayi a cikin masarautunsa. Nan da nan Denman ya hau Kogin Gallinas don halaka barayin bayi na Spain. == Manazarta == hh5s0locwho6ytjzdxi4tobnllyvx2r 842105 842098 2026-05-29T05:56:12Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Tarihin cinikin bayi */ 842105 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Gallinas''' da ke [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] ya kai Tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]] tsakanin Cape Saint Ann da Grand Cape Mount. A takaice dai, Kogin Gallinas kalma ce ta tsohuwar rafin Kerefe a Saliyo ta zamani (7°0′52′′N 11°37′29′′W / 7.01444°N 11.62472°W / 7. 01444; -11.62472), wanda ke da nisan kilomita a yammacin [[Kogin Moa]]. Koyaya, ana iya amfani da shi ga kowane rafi da yawa da ke da alaƙa da juna ko tashoshi a cikin ruwa mai laushi na wannan yankin. A mafi girman ma'anar, "River Gallinas" yana nufin gabaɗaya ga iyakar bakin teku, wanda aka rufe shi da maras kyau, tsakanin Kerefe da [[Kogin Mano]].<ref>Jorge Felipe Gonzalez (2021) "The Transatlantic Slave Trade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Galinhas in Southern Sierra Leone, 1790–1820", ''Journal of African History'', v.62 (3).</ref> Kalmar ta fito ne daga harshen Portugal "Rio das Galinhas" (Kogin Hens), wanda ke nufin [[Zabo|tsuntsayen Guinea]] da aka samu a bakin tekun. Mutumin da ya fara binciken Portugal da ya isa yankin shine Pedro de Sintra a shekara ta 1461 ko 1462. Sunan "Rio das Galinhas" an same shi ne a cikin ''Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis'' na Duarte Pacheco Pereira (wanda aka rubuta kimanin 1509).<ref>Duarte Pacheco Pereira (1509) ''Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis'', Bk.2, ch.2.</ref> Daga baya an yi amfani da kalmar a matsayin suna ga mazauna yankin, mutanen Gallinas, waɗanda suka mamaye yankin bakin teku tsakanin kogin Waanji a yamma da Kogin Mano a gabas. == Tarihin cinikin bayi == Yankin ya shahara a shekarun 1800 saboda yadda yake taka rawa a [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]] a ƙarƙashin mutanen Gallinas.<ref name="Wulah2008">{{cite book|author=Teah Wulah|title=Back to Africa: A Liberian Tragedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TojIQRExOQC&pg=PA90|date=22 May 2008|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4389-1897-6|pages=90–}}</ref> A gaskiya yankin Gallinas ba shi da himma sosai a harkar cinikin bayi, ko kuma kowace irin sana'a, kafin wannan lokacin. Hana dazuzzukan mangrove masu yawa da kuma ƙarancin yawan jama'a, ya sa 'yan kasuwar Turai suka yi watsi da Kogin Gallinas. A lokacin da cinikin bayi ya yi ƙarfi, manyan wuraren kasuwanci a yankin suna wasu wurare, musamman a [[Tsibirin Bunce]], Tsibirin Sherbro, da kuma Dutsen Cape. Sai a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 ne kawai, yayin da buƙatar bayi ta ci gaba da ƙaruwa, masu cinikin bayi suka fara sha'awar yankunan da ba su da yawa kamar Kogin Gallinas.<Ref> Gonzalez (2021)</ref> Bayan haramcin cinikin bayi na Birtaniya a shekarar 1808, inda aka rufe manyan wuraren ajiya, rashin kyawun Kogin Gallinas ya ba wa 'yan kasuwar bayi damar ci gaba da ayyukansu a can. Pedro Blanco, wani sanannen mai sayar da bayi ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, yana zaune ne a gabar tekun Saliyo a Gallinas tsakanin 1822 da 1838.<ref>{{Citation |first=Adam |last=Jones |title=From Slaves to Palm Kernels: A History of the Galinhas Country (West Africa), 1730-1890 |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=Steiner |year=1983 |isbn=3-515-03878-7 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |first=Adam |last=Jones |title=From Slaves to Palm Kernels: A History of the Galinhas Country (West Africa), 1730-1890 |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=Steiner |year=1983 |isbn=3-515-03878-7 }}</ref> <ref>{{Citation |first=Hugh |last=Thomas |title=The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440-1870 |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1997 |isbn=0-684-81063-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/slavetradestoryo00thom }}</ref><ref>Lino Novas Calvo, Pedro Blanco, el negrero (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1973)</ref> A shekara ta 1840, Richard Doherty, Gwamnan [[Saliyo]], ya gano cewa Fry Norman, wani Baƙar fata ɗan Birtaniya da ɗanta ana tsare da su a matsayin bayi a tsibiran da ke bakin Kogin Gallinas, wanda hakan ya sa Laftanar Joseph Denman ya umarci ''Wanderer'' da ya tilasta wa sarkin ya 'yantar da Norman kuma ya soke cinikin bayi a cikin masarautunsa. Nan da nan Denman ya hau Kogin Gallinas don halaka barayin bayi na Spain.<ref>Huzzey, Richard: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=q_2tDwAAQBAJ&dq=Buron+gallinas+river&pg=PA115 Freedom Burning: Anti-Slavery and Empire in Victorian Britain]''</ref> == Manazarta == n09oeh1romeh2gsxktti4vwfd6qd4o7 842107 842105 2026-05-29T05:57:34Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Gallinas''' da ke [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] ya kai Tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]] tsakanin Cape Saint Ann da Grand Cape Mount. A takaice dai, Kogin Gallinas kalma ce ta tsohuwar rafin Kerefe a Saliyo ta zamani (7°0′52′′N 11°37′29′′W / 7.01444°N 11.62472°W / 7. 01444; -11.62472), wanda ke da nisan kilomita a yammacin [[Kogin Moa]]. Koyaya, ana iya amfani da shi ga kowane rafi da yawa da ke da alaƙa da juna ko tashoshi a cikin ruwa mai laushi na wannan yankin. A mafi girman ma'anar, "River Gallinas" yana nufin gabaɗaya ga iyakar bakin teku, wanda aka rufe shi da maras kyau, tsakanin Kerefe da [[Kogin Mano]].<ref>Jorge Felipe Gonzalez (2021) "The Transatlantic Slave Trade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Galinhas in Southern Sierra Leone, 1790–1820", ''Journal of African History'', v.62 (3).</ref> Kalmar ta fito ne daga harshen Portugal "Rio das Galinhas" (Kogin Hens), wanda ke nufin [[Zabo|tsuntsayen Guinea]] da aka samu a bakin tekun. Mutumin da ya fara binciken Portugal da ya isa yankin shine Pedro de Sintra a shekara ta 1461 ko 1462. Sunan "Rio das Galinhas" an same shi ne a cikin ''Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis'' na Duarte Pacheco Pereira (wanda aka rubuta kimanin 1509).<ref>Duarte Pacheco Pereira (1509) ''Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis'', Bk.2, ch.2.</ref> Daga baya an yi amfani da kalmar a matsayin suna ga mazauna yankin, mutanen Gallinas, waɗanda suka mamaye yankin bakin teku tsakanin kogin Waanji a yamma da Kogin Mano a gabas. == Tarihin cinikin bayi == Yankin ya shahara a shekarun 1800 saboda yadda yake taka rawa a [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantika]] a ƙarƙashin mutanen Gallinas.<ref name="Wulah2008">{{cite book|author=Teah Wulah|title=Back to Africa: A Liberian Tragedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TojIQRExOQC&pg=PA90|date=22 May 2008|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4389-1897-6|pages=90–}}</ref> A gaskiya yankin Gallinas ba shi da himma sosai a harkar cinikin bayi, ko kuma kowace irin sana'a, kafin wannan lokacin. Hana dazuzzukan mangrove masu yawa da kuma ƙarancin yawan jama'a, ya sa 'yan kasuwar Turai suka yi watsi da Kogin Gallinas. A lokacin da cinikin bayi ya yi ƙarfi, manyan wuraren kasuwanci a yankin suna wasu wurare, musamman a [[Tsibirin Bunce]], Tsibirin Sherbro, da kuma Dutsen Cape. Sai a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 ne kawai, yayin da buƙatar bayi ta ci gaba da ƙaruwa, masu cinikin bayi suka fara sha'awar yankunan da ba su da yawa kamar Kogin Gallinas.<Ref> Gonzalez (2021)</ref> Bayan haramcin cinikin bayi na Birtaniya a shekarar 1808, inda aka rufe manyan wuraren ajiya, rashin kyawun Kogin Gallinas ya ba wa 'yan kasuwar bayi damar ci gaba da ayyukansu a can. Pedro Blanco, wani sanannen mai sayar da bayi ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, yana zaune ne a gabar tekun Saliyo a Gallinas tsakanin 1822 da 1838.<ref>{{Citation |first=Adam |last=Jones |title=From Slaves to Palm Kernels: A History of the Galinhas Country (West Africa), 1730-1890 |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=Steiner |year=1983 |isbn=3-515-03878-7 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |first=Adam |last=Jones |title=From Slaves to Palm Kernels: A History of the Galinhas Country (West Africa), 1730-1890 |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=Steiner |year=1983 |isbn=3-515-03878-7 }}</ref> <ref>{{Citation |first=Hugh |last=Thomas |title=The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440-1870 |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1997 |isbn=0-684-81063-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/slavetradestoryo00thom }}</ref><ref>Lino Novas Calvo, Pedro Blanco, el negrero (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1973)</ref> A shekara ta 1840, Richard Doherty, Gwamnan [[Saliyo]], ya gano cewa Fry Norman, wani Baƙar fata ɗan Birtaniya da ɗanta ana tsare da su a matsayin bayi a tsibiran da ke bakin Kogin Gallinas, wanda hakan ya sa Laftanar Joseph Denman ya umarci ''Wanderer'' da ya tilasta wa sarkin ya 'yantar da Norman kuma ya soke cinikin bayi a cikin masarautunsa. Nan da nan Denman ya hau Kogin Gallinas don halaka barayin bayi na Spain.<ref>Huzzey, Richard: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=q_2tDwAAQBAJ&dq=Buron+gallinas+river&pg=PA115 Freedom Burning: Anti-Slavery and Empire in Victorian Britain]''</ref> == Manazarta == mhl9kg2ar0ctp5laaswljzgitax5cq1 0 152947 842092 2026-05-29T05:51:27Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356044770|Saad Kassis-Mohamed]]" 842092 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saad Kassis-Mohamed''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2001) dan kasar Zimbabwe ne kuma mai ba da agaji. Yana jagorantar Gidauniyar WeCare, kungiyar agaji ta Cape Town, Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (HRA), da Ƙungiyar Kare Hakki ta Dan Adam (PHRA). Ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitin mai ba da shawara kan kamfanonin zamantakewar jama'a na Masar Zavi & Co . <ref name="zavi">{{Cite web |date=13 August 2024 |title=Egyptian consultancy Zavi & Co appoints Saad Kassis Mohamed |url=https://www.consultancy-me.com/news/8969/egyptian-consultancy-zavi-co-appoints-saad-kassis-mohamed |website=Consultancy ME}}</ref> Gidauniyar WeCare, wacce Kassis-Mohamed ta kafa don mayar da martani ga yakin basasar Sudan (2023-yanzu), ta tura kudade a duk faɗin Afirka ta Tsakiya tun daga 2025, tana rufe taimakon rikici, samun ruwa mai tsabta, makamashi mai sabuntawa, da ilimi.[1][2][3] A cikin 2022, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Order of the Republic (Sudan) don gudummawa ga sake ginawa da ababen more rayuwa na jin kai, kuma an sanya masa suna a cikin jerin Forbes 30 Under 30 a cikin rukunin Tasirin Jama'a.[4][3] Ta hanyar HRA, Kassis-Mohamed ya yi kamfen kan haƙƙin ma'aikata na dijital da kuma kula da ma'aikatan ƙaura a yankunan rikici. A matsayinsa na shugaban PHRA, ya ja hankalin duniya ga jin daɗin dabbobin da aka watsar a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a rikicin yakin Iran na 2026. <ref name="newscomau">{{Cite web |date=March 2026 |title=Influencer slammed for leaving dog behind in war zone |url=https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/travel-stories/influencer-slammed-for-leaving-dog-behind-in-war-zone/news-story/50971c911eabac0fc1e269d8835be7f6 |website=News.com.au}}</ref><ref name="newsweek">{{Cite web |date=March 2026 |title=Dubai Residents Accused of Abandoning Pets As They Flee |url=https://www.newsweek.com/dubai-residents-accused-abandoning-pets-evacuations-iran-wa-11660228 |website=Newsweek}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kassis-Mohamed a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2001 kuma ta girma tsakanin [[Indiya]] da yankin Gulf. Yana da digiri na farko daga Kwalejin Ilimi ta Manipal da kuma digiri na biyu daga [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . <ref name="f1oxford">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2025 |title=Kuwaiti investor aiming for 2027 F1 entry with Caterham name |url=https://www.motorsportweek.com/2025/08/21/kuwaiti-investor-aiming-for-2027-f1-entry-with-caterham-name/ |website=Motorsport Week}}</ref><ref name="TRTAfrika">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2026 |title=Funding boost helps disabled women footballers in Kenya stay in the game |url=https://www.trtafrika.com/english/article/b20f888d0a81 |website=TRTAfrika}}</ref> <ref name="Newsweek">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2026 |title=Iconic Motorsport Brand Confirms Plan For Stunning F1 Comeback in 2027 |url=https://www.newsweek.com/sports/racing/iconic-motorsport-brand-confirms-plan-stunning-f1-comeback-2027-2117591 |website=Newsweek}}</ref> == Gidauniyar WeCare == Gidauniyar WeCare kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke da hedikwata a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, tana aiki a karkashin kwamitin ba da shawara na kasa da kasa.<ref name="armenianweekly">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2025 |title=Philanthropist Saad Kassis-Mohamed announces early childhood support across Armenia |url=https://armenianweekly.com/2025/11/17/philanthropist-saad-kassis-mohamed-announces-early-childhood-support-across-armenia/ |website=Armenian Weekly}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2025, tushe ya tura kudade don tallafawa ayyukan a duk faɗin Afirka ta Tsakiya, gami da shirye-shiryen taimakon rikici, makamashi mai sabuntawa, da ilimi.<ref name="forbes30">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2025 |title=Saad Kassis-Mohamed Makes Forbes 30 Under 30 for Transformative Social Impact in Africa |url=https://www.techinafrica.com/saad-kassis-mohamed-makes-forbes-30-under-30-for-transformative-social-impact-in-africa/ |website=Tech In Africa}}</ref> === Sudan === Yakin tsakanin Sojojin Sudan (SAF) da Sojojin Taimako na Saurin (RSF) ya ɓarke a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 2023. Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2024, rikici ya kashe fiye da mutane 12,000, ya kori sama da miliyan 5.8, kuma ya tilasta fiye da miliyan 1.5 su tsere daga kasar.<ref name="500words">{{Cite web |title=WeCare Raises USD100,000 to Aid Sudan's Recovery Efforts |url=https://500wordsmag.com/sudan-news/wecare-raises-usd100000-to-aid-sudans-recovery-efforts/ |website=500 Words Magazine}}</ref> WeCare ta tara USD 100,000 ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da SilverLake Capital, wanda aka tsara don sake gina gida da samar da abinci, tufafi, da bargo ga iyalai da suka rasa muhallinsu.<ref name="mideast">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2024 |title=WeCare, spearheaded by Saad Kassis Mohamed, raises $100,000 for Sudan |url=https://mid-east.info/wecare-spearheaded-by-saad-kassis-mohamed-raises-100000-for-sudan/ |website=Mid-East Info}}</ref><ref name="techinafrica2">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2024 |title=WeCare Raises $100,000 for Sudan Relief Efforts |url=https://www.techinafrica.com/wecare-secures-100000-in-support-of-sudans-rehabilitation-initiatives/ |website=Tech In Africa}}</ref> === Ayyukan Darfur da Blue Nile === WeCare ta kaddamar da shirye-shiryen ababen more rayuwa guda biyu a Sudan. Shirin Sabunta Ruwa na Darfur ya shigar da tsarin tsarkake ruwa mai amfani da hasken rana a cikin al'ummomi masu nisa a Darfur, inganta damar samun ruwa mai tsabta da rage cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa a yankunan da rikici ya lalata ababen more rayuwa na jama'a.<ref name="forbes30">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2025 |title=Saad Kassis-Mohamed Makes Forbes 30 Under 30 for Transformative Social Impact in Africa |url=https://www.techinafrica.com/saad-kassis-mohamed-makes-forbes-30-under-30-for-transformative-social-impact-in-africa/ |website=Tech In Africa}}</ref> Blue Nile Renewable Energy Initiative ta kafa hasken rana don samar da wutar lantarki ga al'ummomin karkara a yankin Blue Nile.<ref name="forbes30" /><ref name="todayafrica">{{Cite web |date=11 April 2025 |title=Saad Kassis-Mohamed awarded Forbes 30 Under 30 & Presidential award for Social Impact |url=https://todayafrica.co/saad-kassis-mohamed-awarded-forbes-30-under-30/ |website=Today Africa}}</ref> === Zimbabwe da Uganda === A cewar bayanan ZIMSTAT da [[UNICEF]] da aka ambata a cikin shirin, fiye da 900,000 Zimbabweans kusan kashi 7% na yawan jama'a suna rayuwa tare da wani nau'i na nakasa, tare da kasa da kwata yana samun damar taimakon motsi.<ref name="zimeye">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2025 |title=Philanthropist Saad Kassis-Mohamed Donates 300 Mobility Devices to Zimbabwe and Uganda |url=https://www.zimeye.net/2025/10/29/philanthropist-saad-kassis-mohamed-donates-300-mobility-devices-to-zimbabwe-and-uganda/ |website=ZimEye}}</ref> === Armenia === A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2025, Gidauniyar WeCare ta ba da sanarwar wani shiri na ci gaban yara a [[Armeniya|Armenia]], tana aiki tare da hukumomin ilimi na birni a [[Yerevan]], Gyumri, da Vanadzor. Mataki na farko ya yi niyya ga yara 1,200 masu shekaru uku zuwa takwas da kuma horar da malamai da masu kulawa 150, samar da kayan ilmantarwa, gwajin kiwon lafiya, bitar masu kulawa, da inganta ruwa da tsabta a wuraren da suka halarci.<ref name="armenianweekly">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2025 |title=Philanthropist Saad Kassis-Mohamed announces early childhood support across Armenia |url=https://armenianweekly.com/2025/11/17/philanthropist-saad-kassis-mohamed-announces-early-childhood-support-across-armenia/ |website=Armenian Weekly}}</ref> === Dutse mai daraja na ɗabi'a === WeCare ta tara sama da USD 350,000 don binciken lu'u-lu'u da aka shuka a dakin gwaje-gwaje a matsayin madadin ka'ida ga lu'u'u-ulu'u na al'ada.<ref name="miningoutlook">{{Cite web |date=4 December 2024 |title=WeCare: Shine Bright Like a Lab-Grown Diamond |url=https://www.mining-outlook.com/commodities/diamond-mining-sector/wecare-shine-bright-like-a-lab-grown-diamond |website=Mining Outlook Magazine}}</ref> == Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam == Kassis-Mohamed ya kafa kuma yana jagorantar Petitarian Rights Alliance (PHRA), ƙungiyar da ke ba da shawara don kare dabbobi masu zaman kansu a lokacin rikice-rikicen jin kai da kuma yankunan rikici.<ref name="greekcity">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Pets Abandoned in Dubai as Crisis Forces Departures |url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2026/03/13/pets-abandoned-in-dubai-as-crisis-forces-departures |website=Greek City Times}}</ref> A farkon 2026, karuwar watsi da dabbobi a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] wanda ya haifar da saurin tashiwar mazauna kasashen waje a cikin rikice-rikicen yanki ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya.<ref name="newscomau">{{Cite web |date=March 2026 |title=Influencer slammed for leaving dog behind in war zone |url=https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/travel-stories/influencer-slammed-for-leaving-dog-behind-in-war-zone/news-story/50971c911eabac0fc1e269d8835be7f6 |website=News.com.au}}</ref><ref name="newsweek">{{Cite web |date=March 2026 |title=Dubai Residents Accused of Abandoning Pets As They Flee |url=https://www.newsweek.com/dubai-residents-accused-abandoning-pets-evacuations-iran-wa-11660228 |website=Newsweek}}</ref><ref name="greekcity">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Pets Abandoned in Dubai as Crisis Forces Departures |url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2026/03/13/pets-abandoned-in-dubai-as-crisis-forces-departures |website=Greek City Times}}</ref><ref name="qazinform">{{Cite web |date=March 2025 |title='The increase has been significant and alarming' — PHRA Chair Saad Kassis-Mohamed on abandoned pets in Dubai |url=https://qazinform.com/news/the-increase-has-been-significant-and-alarming-phra-chair-saad-kassis-mohamed-on-abandoned-pets-in-dubai-688968 |website=Qazinform News Agency}}</ref> An bayar da rahoton cewa an sami dabbobi a cikin gidajen da aka kulle, an ɗaure su a waje da gine-gine, kuma an mika su ga wuraren ceto da suka cika. Kassis-Mohamed ya yi kira ga hukumomin Dubai da su kafa rajistar mika wuya ta gaggawa da kuma takardun sake komawa dabbobi masu sauri, yana mai cewa: "Dubai ya nuna cewa zai iya gina ababen more rayuwa lokacin da ya zaɓa. Yana buƙatar zaɓar, yanzu. " <ref name="greekcity">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Pets Abandoned in Dubai as Crisis Forces Departures |url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2026/03/13/pets-abandoned-in-dubai-as-crisis-forces-departures |website=Greek City Times}}</ref> Sanarwar PHRA ga masu mallakar dabbobi ya karanta: "Rashin kai ba kawai zaɓi ba ne. " <ref name="greekcity" /> Dole ne ku nemi taimako kafin ya makara. " == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p0tqlnwciihi395ob9s09n2gp1xzksn 842095 842092 2026-05-29T05:52:07Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 842095 wikitext text/x-wiki ((databox)) '''Saad Kassis-Mohamed''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2001) dan kasar Zimbabwe ne kuma mai ba da agaji. Yana jagorantar Gidauniyar WeCare, kungiyar agaji ta Cape Town, Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (HRA), da Ƙungiyar Kare Hakki ta Dan Adam (PHRA). Ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitin mai ba da shawara kan kamfanonin zamantakewar jama'a na Masar Zavi & Co . <ref name="zavi">{{Cite web |date=13 August 2024 |title=Egyptian consultancy Zavi & Co appoints Saad Kassis Mohamed |url=https://www.consultancy-me.com/news/8969/egyptian-consultancy-zavi-co-appoints-saad-kassis-mohamed |website=Consultancy ME}}</ref> Gidauniyar WeCare, wacce Kassis-Mohamed ta kafa don mayar da martani ga yakin basasar Sudan (2023-yanzu), ta tura kudade a duk faɗin Afirka ta Tsakiya tun daga 2025, tana rufe taimakon rikici, samun ruwa mai tsabta, makamashi mai sabuntawa, da ilimi.[1][2][3] A cikin 2022, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Order of the Republic (Sudan) don gudummawa ga sake ginawa da ababen more rayuwa na jin kai, kuma an sanya masa suna a cikin jerin Forbes 30 Under 30 a cikin rukunin Tasirin Jama'a.[4][3] Ta hanyar HRA, Kassis-Mohamed ya yi kamfen kan haƙƙin ma'aikata na dijital da kuma kula da ma'aikatan ƙaura a yankunan rikici. A matsayinsa na shugaban PHRA, ya ja hankalin duniya ga jin daɗin dabbobin da aka watsar a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a rikicin yakin Iran na 2026. <ref name="newscomau">{{Cite web |date=March 2026 |title=Influencer slammed for leaving dog behind in war zone |url=https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/travel-stories/influencer-slammed-for-leaving-dog-behind-in-war-zone/news-story/50971c911eabac0fc1e269d8835be7f6 |website=News.com.au}}</ref><ref name="newsweek">{{Cite web |date=March 2026 |title=Dubai Residents Accused of Abandoning Pets As They Flee |url=https://www.newsweek.com/dubai-residents-accused-abandoning-pets-evacuations-iran-wa-11660228 |website=Newsweek}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kassis-Mohamed a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2001 kuma ta girma tsakanin [[Indiya]] da yankin Gulf. Yana da digiri na farko daga Kwalejin Ilimi ta Manipal da kuma digiri na biyu daga [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . <ref name="f1oxford">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2025 |title=Kuwaiti investor aiming for 2027 F1 entry with Caterham name |url=https://www.motorsportweek.com/2025/08/21/kuwaiti-investor-aiming-for-2027-f1-entry-with-caterham-name/ |website=Motorsport Week}}</ref><ref name="TRTAfrika">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2026 |title=Funding boost helps disabled women footballers in Kenya stay in the game |url=https://www.trtafrika.com/english/article/b20f888d0a81 |website=TRTAfrika}}</ref> <ref name="Newsweek">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2026 |title=Iconic Motorsport Brand Confirms Plan For Stunning F1 Comeback in 2027 |url=https://www.newsweek.com/sports/racing/iconic-motorsport-brand-confirms-plan-stunning-f1-comeback-2027-2117591 |website=Newsweek}}</ref> == Gidauniyar WeCare == Gidauniyar WeCare kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke da hedikwata a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, tana aiki a karkashin kwamitin ba da shawara na kasa da kasa.<ref name="armenianweekly">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2025 |title=Philanthropist Saad Kassis-Mohamed announces early childhood support across Armenia |url=https://armenianweekly.com/2025/11/17/philanthropist-saad-kassis-mohamed-announces-early-childhood-support-across-armenia/ |website=Armenian Weekly}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2025, tushe ya tura kudade don tallafawa ayyukan a duk faɗin Afirka ta Tsakiya, gami da shirye-shiryen taimakon rikici, makamashi mai sabuntawa, da ilimi.<ref name="forbes30">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2025 |title=Saad Kassis-Mohamed Makes Forbes 30 Under 30 for Transformative Social Impact in Africa |url=https://www.techinafrica.com/saad-kassis-mohamed-makes-forbes-30-under-30-for-transformative-social-impact-in-africa/ |website=Tech In Africa}}</ref> === Sudan === Yakin tsakanin Sojojin Sudan (SAF) da Sojojin Taimako na Saurin (RSF) ya ɓarke a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 2023. Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2024, rikici ya kashe fiye da mutane 12,000, ya kori sama da miliyan 5.8, kuma ya tilasta fiye da miliyan 1.5 su tsere daga kasar.<ref name="500words">{{Cite web |title=WeCare Raises USD100,000 to Aid Sudan's Recovery Efforts |url=https://500wordsmag.com/sudan-news/wecare-raises-usd100000-to-aid-sudans-recovery-efforts/ |website=500 Words Magazine}}</ref> WeCare ta tara USD 100,000 ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da SilverLake Capital, wanda aka tsara don sake gina gida da samar da abinci, tufafi, da bargo ga iyalai da suka rasa muhallinsu.<ref name="mideast">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2024 |title=WeCare, spearheaded by Saad Kassis Mohamed, raises $100,000 for Sudan |url=https://mid-east.info/wecare-spearheaded-by-saad-kassis-mohamed-raises-100000-for-sudan/ |website=Mid-East Info}}</ref><ref name="techinafrica2">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2024 |title=WeCare Raises $100,000 for Sudan Relief Efforts |url=https://www.techinafrica.com/wecare-secures-100000-in-support-of-sudans-rehabilitation-initiatives/ |website=Tech In Africa}}</ref> === Ayyukan Darfur da Blue Nile === WeCare ta kaddamar da shirye-shiryen ababen more rayuwa guda biyu a Sudan. Shirin Sabunta Ruwa na Darfur ya shigar da tsarin tsarkake ruwa mai amfani da hasken rana a cikin al'ummomi masu nisa a Darfur, inganta damar samun ruwa mai tsabta da rage cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa a yankunan da rikici ya lalata ababen more rayuwa na jama'a.<ref name="forbes30">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2025 |title=Saad Kassis-Mohamed Makes Forbes 30 Under 30 for Transformative Social Impact in Africa |url=https://www.techinafrica.com/saad-kassis-mohamed-makes-forbes-30-under-30-for-transformative-social-impact-in-africa/ |website=Tech In Africa}}</ref> Blue Nile Renewable Energy Initiative ta kafa hasken rana don samar da wutar lantarki ga al'ummomin karkara a yankin Blue Nile.<ref name="forbes30" /><ref name="todayafrica">{{Cite web |date=11 April 2025 |title=Saad Kassis-Mohamed awarded Forbes 30 Under 30 & Presidential award for Social Impact |url=https://todayafrica.co/saad-kassis-mohamed-awarded-forbes-30-under-30/ |website=Today Africa}}</ref> === Zimbabwe da Uganda === A cewar bayanan ZIMSTAT da [[UNICEF]] da aka ambata a cikin shirin, fiye da 900,000 Zimbabweans kusan kashi 7% na yawan jama'a suna rayuwa tare da wani nau'i na nakasa, tare da kasa da kwata yana samun damar taimakon motsi.<ref name="zimeye">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2025 |title=Philanthropist Saad Kassis-Mohamed Donates 300 Mobility Devices to Zimbabwe and Uganda |url=https://www.zimeye.net/2025/10/29/philanthropist-saad-kassis-mohamed-donates-300-mobility-devices-to-zimbabwe-and-uganda/ |website=ZimEye}}</ref> === Armenia === A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2025, Gidauniyar WeCare ta ba da sanarwar wani shiri na ci gaban yara a [[Armeniya|Armenia]], tana aiki tare da hukumomin ilimi na birni a [[Yerevan]], Gyumri, da Vanadzor. Mataki na farko ya yi niyya ga yara 1,200 masu shekaru uku zuwa takwas da kuma horar da malamai da masu kulawa 150, samar da kayan ilmantarwa, gwajin kiwon lafiya, bitar masu kulawa, da inganta ruwa da tsabta a wuraren da suka halarci.<ref name="armenianweekly">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2025 |title=Philanthropist Saad Kassis-Mohamed announces early childhood support across Armenia |url=https://armenianweekly.com/2025/11/17/philanthropist-saad-kassis-mohamed-announces-early-childhood-support-across-armenia/ |website=Armenian Weekly}}</ref> === Dutse mai daraja na ɗabi'a === WeCare ta tara sama da USD 350,000 don binciken lu'u-lu'u da aka shuka a dakin gwaje-gwaje a matsayin madadin ka'ida ga lu'u'u-ulu'u na al'ada.<ref name="miningoutlook">{{Cite web |date=4 December 2024 |title=WeCare: Shine Bright Like a Lab-Grown Diamond |url=https://www.mining-outlook.com/commodities/diamond-mining-sector/wecare-shine-bright-like-a-lab-grown-diamond |website=Mining Outlook Magazine}}</ref> == Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam == Kassis-Mohamed ya kafa kuma yana jagorantar Petitarian Rights Alliance (PHRA), ƙungiyar da ke ba da shawara don kare dabbobi masu zaman kansu a lokacin rikice-rikicen jin kai da kuma yankunan rikici.<ref name="greekcity">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Pets Abandoned in Dubai as Crisis Forces Departures |url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2026/03/13/pets-abandoned-in-dubai-as-crisis-forces-departures |website=Greek City Times}}</ref> A farkon 2026, karuwar watsi da dabbobi a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] wanda ya haifar da saurin tashiwar mazauna kasashen waje a cikin rikice-rikicen yanki ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya.<ref name="newscomau">{{Cite web |date=March 2026 |title=Influencer slammed for leaving dog behind in war zone |url=https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/travel-stories/influencer-slammed-for-leaving-dog-behind-in-war-zone/news-story/50971c911eabac0fc1e269d8835be7f6 |website=News.com.au}}</ref><ref name="newsweek">{{Cite web |date=March 2026 |title=Dubai Residents Accused of Abandoning Pets As They Flee |url=https://www.newsweek.com/dubai-residents-accused-abandoning-pets-evacuations-iran-wa-11660228 |website=Newsweek}}</ref><ref name="greekcity">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Pets Abandoned in Dubai as Crisis Forces Departures |url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2026/03/13/pets-abandoned-in-dubai-as-crisis-forces-departures |website=Greek City Times}}</ref><ref name="qazinform">{{Cite web |date=March 2025 |title='The increase has been significant and alarming' — PHRA Chair Saad Kassis-Mohamed on abandoned pets in Dubai |url=https://qazinform.com/news/the-increase-has-been-significant-and-alarming-phra-chair-saad-kassis-mohamed-on-abandoned-pets-in-dubai-688968 |website=Qazinform News Agency}}</ref> An bayar da rahoton cewa an sami dabbobi a cikin gidajen da aka kulle, an ɗaure su a waje da gine-gine, kuma an mika su ga wuraren ceto da suka cika. Kassis-Mohamed ya yi kira ga hukumomin Dubai da su kafa rajistar mika wuya ta gaggawa da kuma takardun sake komawa dabbobi masu sauri, yana mai cewa: "Dubai ya nuna cewa zai iya gina ababen more rayuwa lokacin da ya zaɓa. Yana buƙatar zaɓar, yanzu. " <ref name="greekcity">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Pets Abandoned in Dubai as Crisis Forces Departures |url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2026/03/13/pets-abandoned-in-dubai-as-crisis-forces-departures |website=Greek City Times}}</ref> Sanarwar PHRA ga masu mallakar dabbobi ya karanta: "Rashin kai ba kawai zaɓi ba ne. " <ref name="greekcity" /> Dole ne ku nemi taimako kafin ya makara. " == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o2yim29zrstjs7dcaevsy0k4oiyb2w3 842097 842095 2026-05-29T05:52:45Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 842097 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saad Kassis-Mohamed''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2001) dan kasar Zimbabwe ne kuma mai ba da agaji. Yana jagorantar Gidauniyar WeCare, kungiyar agaji ta Cape Town, Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (HRA), da Ƙungiyar Kare Hakki ta Dan Adam (PHRA). Ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitin mai ba da shawara kan kamfanonin zamantakewar jama'a na Masar Zavi & Co . <ref name="zavi">{{Cite web |date=13 August 2024 |title=Egyptian consultancy Zavi & Co appoints Saad Kassis Mohamed |url=https://www.consultancy-me.com/news/8969/egyptian-consultancy-zavi-co-appoints-saad-kassis-mohamed |website=Consultancy ME}}</ref> Gidauniyar WeCare, wacce Kassis-Mohamed ta kafa don mayar da martani ga yakin basasar Sudan (2023-yanzu), ta tura kudade a duk faɗin Afirka ta Tsakiya tun daga 2025, tana rufe taimakon rikici, samun ruwa mai tsabta, makamashi mai sabuntawa, da ilimi.[1][2][3] A cikin 2022, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Order of the Republic (Sudan) don gudummawa ga sake ginawa da ababen more rayuwa na jin kai, kuma an sanya masa suna a cikin jerin Forbes 30 Under 30 a cikin rukunin Tasirin Jama'a.[4][3] Ta hanyar HRA, Kassis-Mohamed ya yi kamfen kan haƙƙin ma'aikata na dijital da kuma kula da ma'aikatan ƙaura a yankunan rikici. A matsayinsa na shugaban PHRA, ya ja hankalin duniya ga jin daɗin dabbobin da aka watsar a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a rikicin yakin Iran na 2026. <ref name="newscomau">{{Cite web |date=March 2026 |title=Influencer slammed for leaving dog behind in war zone |url=https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/travel-stories/influencer-slammed-for-leaving-dog-behind-in-war-zone/news-story/50971c911eabac0fc1e269d8835be7f6 |website=News.com.au}}</ref><ref name="newsweek">{{Cite web |date=March 2026 |title=Dubai Residents Accused of Abandoning Pets As They Flee |url=https://www.newsweek.com/dubai-residents-accused-abandoning-pets-evacuations-iran-wa-11660228 |website=Newsweek}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kassis-Mohamed a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2001 kuma ta girma tsakanin [[Indiya]] da yankin Gulf. Yana da digiri na farko daga Kwalejin Ilimi ta Manipal da kuma digiri na biyu daga [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . <ref name="f1oxford">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2025 |title=Kuwaiti investor aiming for 2027 F1 entry with Caterham name |url=https://www.motorsportweek.com/2025/08/21/kuwaiti-investor-aiming-for-2027-f1-entry-with-caterham-name/ |website=Motorsport Week}}</ref><ref name="TRTAfrika">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2026 |title=Funding boost helps disabled women footballers in Kenya stay in the game |url=https://www.trtafrika.com/english/article/b20f888d0a81 |website=TRTAfrika}}</ref> <ref name="Newsweek">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2026 |title=Iconic Motorsport Brand Confirms Plan For Stunning F1 Comeback in 2027 |url=https://www.newsweek.com/sports/racing/iconic-motorsport-brand-confirms-plan-stunning-f1-comeback-2027-2117591 |website=Newsweek}}</ref> == Gidauniyar WeCare == Gidauniyar WeCare kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke da hedikwata a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, tana aiki a karkashin kwamitin ba da shawara na kasa da kasa.<ref name="armenianweekly">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2025 |title=Philanthropist Saad Kassis-Mohamed announces early childhood support across Armenia |url=https://armenianweekly.com/2025/11/17/philanthropist-saad-kassis-mohamed-announces-early-childhood-support-across-armenia/ |website=Armenian Weekly}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2025, tushe ya tura kudade don tallafawa ayyukan a duk faɗin Afirka ta Tsakiya, gami da shirye-shiryen taimakon rikici, makamashi mai sabuntawa, da ilimi.<ref name="forbes30">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2025 |title=Saad Kassis-Mohamed Makes Forbes 30 Under 30 for Transformative Social Impact in Africa |url=https://www.techinafrica.com/saad-kassis-mohamed-makes-forbes-30-under-30-for-transformative-social-impact-in-africa/ |website=Tech In Africa}}</ref> === Sudan === Yakin tsakanin Sojojin Sudan (SAF) da Sojojin Taimako na Saurin (RSF) ya ɓarke a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 2023. Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2024, rikici ya kashe fiye da mutane 12,000, ya kori sama da miliyan 5.8, kuma ya tilasta fiye da miliyan 1.5 su tsere daga kasar.<ref name="500words">{{Cite web |title=WeCare Raises USD100,000 to Aid Sudan's Recovery Efforts |url=https://500wordsmag.com/sudan-news/wecare-raises-usd100000-to-aid-sudans-recovery-efforts/ |website=500 Words Magazine}}</ref> WeCare ta tara USD 100,000 ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da SilverLake Capital, wanda aka tsara don sake gina gida da samar da abinci, tufafi, da bargo ga iyalai da suka rasa muhallinsu.<ref name="mideast">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2024 |title=WeCare, spearheaded by Saad Kassis Mohamed, raises $100,000 for Sudan |url=https://mid-east.info/wecare-spearheaded-by-saad-kassis-mohamed-raises-100000-for-sudan/ |website=Mid-East Info}}</ref><ref name="techinafrica2">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2024 |title=WeCare Raises $100,000 for Sudan Relief Efforts |url=https://www.techinafrica.com/wecare-secures-100000-in-support-of-sudans-rehabilitation-initiatives/ |website=Tech In Africa}}</ref> === Ayyukan Darfur da Blue Nile === WeCare ta kaddamar da shirye-shiryen ababen more rayuwa guda biyu a Sudan. Shirin Sabunta Ruwa na Darfur ya shigar da tsarin tsarkake ruwa mai amfani da hasken rana a cikin al'ummomi masu nisa a Darfur, inganta damar samun ruwa mai tsabta da rage cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa a yankunan da rikici ya lalata ababen more rayuwa na jama'a.<ref name="forbes30">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2025 |title=Saad Kassis-Mohamed Makes Forbes 30 Under 30 for Transformative Social Impact in Africa |url=https://www.techinafrica.com/saad-kassis-mohamed-makes-forbes-30-under-30-for-transformative-social-impact-in-africa/ |website=Tech In Africa}}</ref> Blue Nile Renewable Energy Initiative ta kafa hasken rana don samar da wutar lantarki ga al'ummomin karkara a yankin Blue Nile.<ref name="forbes30" /><ref name="todayafrica">{{Cite web |date=11 April 2025 |title=Saad Kassis-Mohamed awarded Forbes 30 Under 30 & Presidential award for Social Impact |url=https://todayafrica.co/saad-kassis-mohamed-awarded-forbes-30-under-30/ |website=Today Africa}}</ref> === Zimbabwe da Uganda === A cewar bayanan ZIMSTAT da [[UNICEF]] da aka ambata a cikin shirin, fiye da 900,000 Zimbabweans kusan kashi 7% na yawan jama'a suna rayuwa tare da wani nau'i na nakasa, tare da kasa da kwata yana samun damar taimakon motsi.<ref name="zimeye">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2025 |title=Philanthropist Saad Kassis-Mohamed Donates 300 Mobility Devices to Zimbabwe and Uganda |url=https://www.zimeye.net/2025/10/29/philanthropist-saad-kassis-mohamed-donates-300-mobility-devices-to-zimbabwe-and-uganda/ |website=ZimEye}}</ref> === Armenia === A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2025, Gidauniyar WeCare ta ba da sanarwar wani shiri na ci gaban yara a [[Armeniya|Armenia]], tana aiki tare da hukumomin ilimi na birni a [[Yerevan]], Gyumri, da Vanadzor. Mataki na farko ya yi niyya ga yara 1,200 masu shekaru uku zuwa takwas da kuma horar da malamai da masu kulawa 150, samar da kayan ilmantarwa, gwajin kiwon lafiya, bitar masu kulawa, da inganta ruwa da tsabta a wuraren da suka halarci.<ref name="armenianweekly">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2025 |title=Philanthropist Saad Kassis-Mohamed announces early childhood support across Armenia |url=https://armenianweekly.com/2025/11/17/philanthropist-saad-kassis-mohamed-announces-early-childhood-support-across-armenia/ |website=Armenian Weekly}}</ref> === Dutse mai daraja na ɗabi'a === WeCare ta tara sama da USD 350,000 don binciken lu'u-lu'u da aka shuka a dakin gwaje-gwaje a matsayin madadin ka'ida ga lu'u'u-ulu'u na al'ada.<ref name="miningoutlook">{{Cite web |date=4 December 2024 |title=WeCare: Shine Bright Like a Lab-Grown Diamond |url=https://www.mining-outlook.com/commodities/diamond-mining-sector/wecare-shine-bright-like-a-lab-grown-diamond |website=Mining Outlook Magazine}}</ref> == Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam == Kassis-Mohamed ya kafa kuma yana jagorantar Petitarian Rights Alliance (PHRA), ƙungiyar da ke ba da shawara don kare dabbobi masu zaman kansu a lokacin rikice-rikicen jin kai da kuma yankunan rikici.<ref name="greekcity">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Pets Abandoned in Dubai as Crisis Forces Departures |url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2026/03/13/pets-abandoned-in-dubai-as-crisis-forces-departures |website=Greek City Times}}</ref> A farkon 2026, karuwar watsi da dabbobi a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] wanda ya haifar da saurin tashiwar mazauna kasashen waje a cikin rikice-rikicen yanki ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya.<ref name="newscomau">{{Cite web |date=March 2026 |title=Influencer slammed for leaving dog behind in war zone |url=https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/travel-stories/influencer-slammed-for-leaving-dog-behind-in-war-zone/news-story/50971c911eabac0fc1e269d8835be7f6 |website=News.com.au}}</ref><ref name="newsweek">{{Cite web |date=March 2026 |title=Dubai Residents Accused of Abandoning Pets As They Flee |url=https://www.newsweek.com/dubai-residents-accused-abandoning-pets-evacuations-iran-wa-11660228 |website=Newsweek}}</ref><ref name="greekcity">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Pets Abandoned in Dubai as Crisis Forces Departures |url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2026/03/13/pets-abandoned-in-dubai-as-crisis-forces-departures |website=Greek City Times}}</ref><ref name="qazinform">{{Cite web |date=March 2025 |title='The increase has been significant and alarming' — PHRA Chair Saad Kassis-Mohamed on abandoned pets in Dubai |url=https://qazinform.com/news/the-increase-has-been-significant-and-alarming-phra-chair-saad-kassis-mohamed-on-abandoned-pets-in-dubai-688968 |website=Qazinform News Agency}}</ref> An bayar da rahoton cewa an sami dabbobi a cikin gidajen da aka kulle, an ɗaure su a waje da gine-gine, kuma an mika su ga wuraren ceto da suka cika. Kassis-Mohamed ya yi kira ga hukumomin Dubai da su kafa rajistar mika wuya ta gaggawa da kuma takardun sake komawa dabbobi masu sauri, yana mai cewa: "Dubai ya nuna cewa zai iya gina ababen more rayuwa lokacin da ya zaɓa. Yana buƙatar zaɓar, yanzu. " <ref name="greekcity">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Pets Abandoned in Dubai as Crisis Forces Departures |url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2026/03/13/pets-abandoned-in-dubai-as-crisis-forces-departures |website=Greek City Times}}</ref> Sanarwar PHRA ga masu mallakar dabbobi ya karanta: "Rashin kai ba kawai zaɓi ba ne. " <ref name="greekcity" /> Dole ne ku nemi taimako kafin ya makara. " == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p0tqlnwciihi395ob9s09n2gp1xzksn 842099 842097 2026-05-29T05:53:18Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 842099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Saad Kassis-Mohamed''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2001) dan kasar Zimbabwe ne kuma mai ba da agaji. Yana jagorantar Gidauniyar WeCare, kungiyar agaji ta Cape Town, Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (HRA), da Ƙungiyar Kare Hakki ta Dan Adam (PHRA). Ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitin mai ba da shawara kan kamfanonin zamantakewar jama'a na Masar Zavi & Co . <ref name="zavi">{{Cite web |date=13 August 2024 |title=Egyptian consultancy Zavi & Co appoints Saad Kassis Mohamed |url=https://www.consultancy-me.com/news/8969/egyptian-consultancy-zavi-co-appoints-saad-kassis-mohamed |website=Consultancy ME}}</ref> Gidauniyar WeCare, wacce Kassis-Mohamed ta kafa don mayar da martani ga yakin basasar Sudan (2023-yanzu), ta tura kudade a duk faɗin Afirka ta Tsakiya tun daga 2025, tana rufe taimakon rikici, samun ruwa mai tsabta, makamashi mai sabuntawa, da ilimi.[1][2][3] A cikin 2022, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Order of the Republic (Sudan) don gudummawa ga sake ginawa da ababen more rayuwa na jin kai, kuma an sanya masa suna a cikin jerin Forbes 30 Under 30 a cikin rukunin Tasirin Jama'a.[4][3] Ta hanyar HRA, Kassis-Mohamed ya yi kamfen kan haƙƙin ma'aikata na dijital da kuma kula da ma'aikatan ƙaura a yankunan rikici. A matsayinsa na shugaban PHRA, ya ja hankalin duniya ga jin daɗin dabbobin da aka watsar a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a rikicin yakin Iran na 2026. <ref name="newscomau">{{Cite web |date=March 2026 |title=Influencer slammed for leaving dog behind in war zone |url=https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/travel-stories/influencer-slammed-for-leaving-dog-behind-in-war-zone/news-story/50971c911eabac0fc1e269d8835be7f6 |website=News.com.au}}</ref><ref name="newsweek">{{Cite web |date=March 2026 |title=Dubai Residents Accused of Abandoning Pets As They Flee |url=https://www.newsweek.com/dubai-residents-accused-abandoning-pets-evacuations-iran-wa-11660228 |website=Newsweek}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kassis-Mohamed a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2001 kuma ta girma tsakanin [[Indiya]] da yankin Gulf. Yana da digiri na farko daga Kwalejin Ilimi ta Manipal da kuma digiri na biyu daga [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . <ref name="f1oxford">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2025 |title=Kuwaiti investor aiming for 2027 F1 entry with Caterham name |url=https://www.motorsportweek.com/2025/08/21/kuwaiti-investor-aiming-for-2027-f1-entry-with-caterham-name/ |website=Motorsport Week}}</ref><ref name="TRTAfrika">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2026 |title=Funding boost helps disabled women footballers in Kenya stay in the game |url=https://www.trtafrika.com/english/article/b20f888d0a81 |website=TRTAfrika}}</ref> <ref name="Newsweek">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2026 |title=Iconic Motorsport Brand Confirms Plan For Stunning F1 Comeback in 2027 |url=https://www.newsweek.com/sports/racing/iconic-motorsport-brand-confirms-plan-stunning-f1-comeback-2027-2117591 |website=Newsweek}}</ref> == Gidauniyar WeCare == Gidauniyar WeCare kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke da hedikwata a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, tana aiki a karkashin kwamitin ba da shawara na kasa da kasa.<ref name="armenianweekly">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2025 |title=Philanthropist Saad Kassis-Mohamed announces early childhood support across Armenia |url=https://armenianweekly.com/2025/11/17/philanthropist-saad-kassis-mohamed-announces-early-childhood-support-across-armenia/ |website=Armenian Weekly}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2025, tushe ya tura kudade don tallafawa ayyukan a duk faɗin Afirka ta Tsakiya, gami da shirye-shiryen taimakon rikici, makamashi mai sabuntawa, da ilimi.<ref name="forbes30">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2025 |title=Saad Kassis-Mohamed Makes Forbes 30 Under 30 for Transformative Social Impact in Africa |url=https://www.techinafrica.com/saad-kassis-mohamed-makes-forbes-30-under-30-for-transformative-social-impact-in-africa/ |website=Tech In Africa}}</ref> === Sudan === Yakin tsakanin Sojojin Sudan (SAF) da Sojojin Taimako na Saurin (RSF) ya ɓarke a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 2023. Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2024, rikici ya kashe fiye da mutane 12,000, ya kori sama da miliyan 5.8, kuma ya tilasta fiye da miliyan 1.5 su tsere daga kasar.<ref name="500words">{{Cite web |title=WeCare Raises USD100,000 to Aid Sudan's Recovery Efforts |url=https://500wordsmag.com/sudan-news/wecare-raises-usd100000-to-aid-sudans-recovery-efforts/ |website=500 Words Magazine}}</ref> WeCare ta tara USD 100,000 ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da SilverLake Capital, wanda aka tsara don sake gina gida da samar da abinci, tufafi, da bargo ga iyalai da suka rasa muhallinsu.<ref name="mideast">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2024 |title=WeCare, spearheaded by Saad Kassis Mohamed, raises $100,000 for Sudan |url=https://mid-east.info/wecare-spearheaded-by-saad-kassis-mohamed-raises-100000-for-sudan/ |website=Mid-East Info}}</ref><ref name="techinafrica2">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2024 |title=WeCare Raises $100,000 for Sudan Relief Efforts |url=https://www.techinafrica.com/wecare-secures-100000-in-support-of-sudans-rehabilitation-initiatives/ |website=Tech In Africa}}</ref> === Ayyukan Darfur da Blue Nile === WeCare ta kaddamar da shirye-shiryen ababen more rayuwa guda biyu a Sudan. Shirin Sabunta Ruwa na Darfur ya shigar da tsarin tsarkake ruwa mai amfani da hasken rana a cikin al'ummomi masu nisa a Darfur, inganta damar samun ruwa mai tsabta da rage cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa a yankunan da rikici ya lalata ababen more rayuwa na jama'a.<ref name="forbes30">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2025 |title=Saad Kassis-Mohamed Makes Forbes 30 Under 30 for Transformative Social Impact in Africa |url=https://www.techinafrica.com/saad-kassis-mohamed-makes-forbes-30-under-30-for-transformative-social-impact-in-africa/ |website=Tech In Africa}}</ref> Blue Nile Renewable Energy Initiative ta kafa hasken rana don samar da wutar lantarki ga al'ummomin karkara a yankin Blue Nile.<ref name="forbes30" /><ref name="todayafrica">{{Cite web |date=11 April 2025 |title=Saad Kassis-Mohamed awarded Forbes 30 Under 30 & Presidential award for Social Impact |url=https://todayafrica.co/saad-kassis-mohamed-awarded-forbes-30-under-30/ |website=Today Africa}}</ref> === Zimbabwe da Uganda === A cewar bayanan ZIMSTAT da [[UNICEF]] da aka ambata a cikin shirin, fiye da 900,000 Zimbabweans kusan kashi 7% na yawan jama'a suna rayuwa tare da wani nau'i na nakasa, tare da kasa da kwata yana samun damar taimakon motsi.<ref name="zimeye">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2025 |title=Philanthropist Saad Kassis-Mohamed Donates 300 Mobility Devices to Zimbabwe and Uganda |url=https://www.zimeye.net/2025/10/29/philanthropist-saad-kassis-mohamed-donates-300-mobility-devices-to-zimbabwe-and-uganda/ |website=ZimEye}}</ref> === Armenia === A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2025, Gidauniyar WeCare ta ba da sanarwar wani shiri na ci gaban yara a [[Armeniya|Armenia]], tana aiki tare da hukumomin ilimi na birni a [[Yerevan]], Gyumri, da Vanadzor. Mataki na farko ya yi niyya ga yara 1,200 masu shekaru uku zuwa takwas da kuma horar da malamai da masu kulawa 150, samar da kayan ilmantarwa, gwajin kiwon lafiya, bitar masu kulawa, da inganta ruwa da tsabta a wuraren da suka halarci.<ref name="armenianweekly">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2025 |title=Philanthropist Saad Kassis-Mohamed announces early childhood support across Armenia |url=https://armenianweekly.com/2025/11/17/philanthropist-saad-kassis-mohamed-announces-early-childhood-support-across-armenia/ |website=Armenian Weekly}}</ref> === Dutse mai daraja na ɗabi'a === WeCare ta tara sama da USD 350,000 don binciken lu'u-lu'u da aka shuka a dakin gwaje-gwaje a matsayin madadin ka'ida ga lu'u'u-ulu'u na al'ada.<ref name="miningoutlook">{{Cite web |date=4 December 2024 |title=WeCare: Shine Bright Like a Lab-Grown Diamond |url=https://www.mining-outlook.com/commodities/diamond-mining-sector/wecare-shine-bright-like-a-lab-grown-diamond |website=Mining Outlook Magazine}}</ref> == Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam == Kassis-Mohamed ya kafa kuma yana jagorantar Petitarian Rights Alliance (PHRA), ƙungiyar da ke ba da shawara don kare dabbobi masu zaman kansu a lokacin rikice-rikicen jin kai da kuma yankunan rikici.<ref name="greekcity">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Pets Abandoned in Dubai as Crisis Forces Departures |url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2026/03/13/pets-abandoned-in-dubai-as-crisis-forces-departures |website=Greek City Times}}</ref> A farkon 2026, karuwar watsi da dabbobi a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] wanda ya haifar da saurin tashiwar mazauna kasashen waje a cikin rikice-rikicen yanki ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya.<ref name="newscomau">{{Cite web |date=March 2026 |title=Influencer slammed for leaving dog behind in war zone |url=https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/travel-stories/influencer-slammed-for-leaving-dog-behind-in-war-zone/news-story/50971c911eabac0fc1e269d8835be7f6 |website=News.com.au}}</ref><ref name="newsweek">{{Cite web |date=March 2026 |title=Dubai Residents Accused of Abandoning Pets As They Flee |url=https://www.newsweek.com/dubai-residents-accused-abandoning-pets-evacuations-iran-wa-11660228 |website=Newsweek}}</ref><ref name="greekcity">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Pets Abandoned in Dubai as Crisis Forces Departures |url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2026/03/13/pets-abandoned-in-dubai-as-crisis-forces-departures |website=Greek City Times}}</ref><ref name="qazinform">{{Cite web |date=March 2025 |title='The increase has been significant and alarming' — PHRA Chair Saad Kassis-Mohamed on abandoned pets in Dubai |url=https://qazinform.com/news/the-increase-has-been-significant-and-alarming-phra-chair-saad-kassis-mohamed-on-abandoned-pets-in-dubai-688968 |website=Qazinform News Agency}}</ref> An bayar da rahoton cewa an sami dabbobi a cikin gidajen da aka kulle, an ɗaure su a waje da gine-gine, kuma an mika su ga wuraren ceto da suka cika. Kassis-Mohamed ya yi kira ga hukumomin Dubai da su kafa rajistar mika wuya ta gaggawa da kuma takardun sake komawa dabbobi masu sauri, yana mai cewa: "Dubai ya nuna cewa zai iya gina ababen more rayuwa lokacin da ya zaɓa. Yana buƙatar zaɓar, yanzu. " <ref name="greekcity">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Pets Abandoned in Dubai as Crisis Forces Departures |url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2026/03/13/pets-abandoned-in-dubai-as-crisis-forces-departures |website=Greek City Times}}</ref> Sanarwar PHRA ga masu mallakar dabbobi ya karanta: "Rashin kai ba kawai zaɓi ba ne. " <ref name="greekcity" /> Dole ne ku nemi taimako kafin ya makara. " == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 44i49taxd4wuovjmwy087rs4tl3lhwz 0 152948 842100 2026-05-29T05:53:42Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350670167|Chenjerai Hunzvi]]" 842100 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chenjerai "Hitler" Hunzvi''' (23 ga Oktoba 1949 - 4 ga Yuni 2001) ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban kungiyar 'yan gwagwarmayar yaki ta Zimbabwe daga 1997 har zuwa mutuwarsa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Hunzvi a [[Chiminya]], [[Rhodesia]]" id="mwGQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Southern Rhodesia">Kudancin Rhodesia, a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 1949. Ya ce ya shiga gwagwarmaya da mulkin 'yan tsiraru a Rhodesia yana da shekaru 16 yana ɗaukar sunan-de-guerre na "[[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]". An ruwaito cewa an tsare shi a kurkuku na Gonakudzingwa da Wha Wha tsakanin 1967 da 1970, kuma ya kasance fitaccen jagora a Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) da Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), kodayake wasu dattawan kamfen ɗin sun musanta waɗannan da'awar. Ya bar kasar kuma an gano shi mai haske, an tura shi karatu a [[Romanian language|Romanian]]" id="mwKA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Romania">Romania, ya zama mai iya magana da yaren Romania da Faransanci, sannan ya fara karatun likita a Poland inda ya auri wata mace 'yar Poland tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya biyu.<ref name="ind" /> Ya wakilci ZAPU yayin da yake Poland, kuma a 1979, yayin karatunsa na likita, Hunzvi ya ziyarci London don halartar tattaunawar tsagaita wuta da tsarin mulki don Yarjejeniyar Lancaster House . <ref name="obituary" /> Hunzvi ya koma Zimbabwe a shekarar 1990, yana aiki da farko a asibitin [[Harare]], sannan daga baya ya kafa aikin likita a [[Budiriro|Budiroro]], a garin Harare. Matarsa ta tsere daga Zimbabwe a 1992 don tserewa daga tashin hankali daga mijinta. Ta bayyana Hunzvi a matsayin "mutumin mugunta da mugunta wanda ya yi farin ciki da doke ni. Kuma game da yaƙin, bai taɓa harba harbi ba. " Daga baya ya sake yin aure kuma yana da wasu yara biyu.<ref name="ind" /> == Ayyukan siyasa == Daga baya aka zabi Hunzvi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar 'yan gwagwarmayar yaki ta Zimbabwe a shekarar 1997, wanda a lokacin, kungiya ce da ba ta aiki sosai. Wani mai magana da aka haifa, Hunzvi ya shirya zanga-zangar zanga-zambe da ke neman kyauta da fansho daga Shugaba [[Robert Mugabe]], kuma ya soki shugaban. Hanyoyin matsa lamba sun yi nasara kuma an ba da tsoffin mayakan yaƙi 50,000 biyan kuɗi na US $ 2,500, da kuma fansho na kowane wata na US $ 100. An kuma kafa asusun diyya don amfanin waɗanda suka sami nakasa bayan aikin yaƙi, tare da adadin da aka biya wanda aka ƙayyade ta hanyar matakin nakasa. Asusun ya kasance batun babban zamba, tare da jami'an gwamnati, jami'an jam'iyya da sauransu (ciki har da Hunzvi) sun ƙaddara su kasance 117% nakasassu. Masana sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙauyuka sun kasance babban abin da ke cikin rikicin tattalin arziki a Zimbabwe.<ref name="obituary" /> A shekara ta 1999, an kama Hunzvi a cikin shari'ar cin hanci da rashawa game da zargin cin hanci na Z $ 45m na kudaden tsoffin mayakan yaki. An hana shi belin, saboda tsoron cewa zai tsoratar da shaidu ko ya ɓace.[1] An jinkirta ainihin shari'ar sau da yawa, kuma jagorancin tsoffin mayakan yaƙi sun kada kuri'a don cire shi daga ofis. [1][2] A shekara ta 2000 Hunzvi ya jagoranci yakin da ya shafi tsoffin mayakan yaki da sauran magoya bayan ZANU-PF a kwace ƙasar mallakar fararen. A lokacin zaben 'yan majalisa a shekarar 1999, ya zuga mabiya su tsoratar da kuma tayar da mambobin kungiyar adawa, Movement for Democratic Change . Da yake kiran kansa "babban ta'addanci a Zimbabwe" shaidu da yawa sun gano shi don shiga cikin duka da azabtarwa, kuma asibitin likitancinsa ya sanya shi "gidan azabtarwa" ta Amnesty International a cikin 2000.[2][3] An zabi Hunzvi a majalisa a shekara ta 2000, amma ya mutu a shekara ta 2001 a Asibitin Parirenyatwa na Harare. An danganta mutuwarsa da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], yanayin zuciya, ko cutar kanjamau. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2001]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] bufnfgro9ums6y1uclfymjbcptokrg2 842101 842100 2026-05-29T05:54:09Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 842101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chenjerai "Hitler" Hunzvi''' (23 ga Oktoba 1949 - 4 ga Yuni 2001) ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban kungiyar 'yan gwagwarmayar yaki ta Zimbabwe daga 1997 har zuwa mutuwarsa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Hunzvi a [[Chiminya]], [[Rhodesia]]" id="mwGQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Southern Rhodesia">Kudancin Rhodesia, a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 1949. Ya ce ya shiga gwagwarmaya da mulkin 'yan tsiraru a Rhodesia yana da shekaru 16 yana ɗaukar sunan-de-guerre na "[[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]". An ruwaito cewa an tsare shi a kurkuku na Gonakudzingwa da Wha Wha tsakanin 1967 da 1970, kuma ya kasance fitaccen jagora a Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) da Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), kodayake wasu dattawan kamfen ɗin sun musanta waɗannan da'awar. Ya bar kasar kuma an gano shi mai haske, an tura shi karatu a [[Romanian language|Romanian]]" id="mwKA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Romania">Romania, ya zama mai iya magana da yaren Romania da Faransanci, sannan ya fara karatun likita a Poland inda ya auri wata mace 'yar Poland tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya biyu.<ref name="ind" /> Ya wakilci ZAPU yayin da yake Poland, kuma a 1979, yayin karatunsa na likita, Hunzvi ya ziyarci London don halartar tattaunawar tsagaita wuta da tsarin mulki don Yarjejeniyar Lancaster House . <ref name="obituary" /> Hunzvi ya koma Zimbabwe a shekarar 1990, yana aiki da farko a asibitin [[Harare]], sannan daga baya ya kafa aikin likita a [[Budiriro|Budiroro]], a garin Harare. Matarsa ta tsere daga Zimbabwe a 1992 don tserewa daga tashin hankali daga mijinta. Ta bayyana Hunzvi a matsayin "mutumin mugunta da mugunta wanda ya yi farin ciki da doke ni. Kuma game da yaƙin, bai taɓa harba harbi ba. " Daga baya ya sake yin aure kuma yana da wasu yara biyu.<ref name="ind" /> == Ayyukan siyasa == Daga baya aka zabi Hunzvi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar 'yan gwagwarmayar yaki ta Zimbabwe a shekarar 1997, wanda a lokacin, kungiya ce da ba ta aiki sosai. Wani mai magana da aka haifa, Hunzvi ya shirya zanga-zangar zanga-zambe da ke neman kyauta da fansho daga Shugaba [[Robert Mugabe]], kuma ya soki shugaban. Hanyoyin matsa lamba sun yi nasara kuma an ba da tsoffin mayakan yaƙi 50,000 biyan kuɗi na US $ 2,500, da kuma fansho na kowane wata na US $ 100. An kuma kafa asusun diyya don amfanin waɗanda suka sami nakasa bayan aikin yaƙi, tare da adadin da aka biya wanda aka ƙayyade ta hanyar matakin nakasa. Asusun ya kasance batun babban zamba, tare da jami'an gwamnati, jami'an jam'iyya da sauransu (ciki har da Hunzvi) sun ƙaddara su kasance 117% nakasassu. Masana sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙauyuka sun kasance babban abin da ke cikin rikicin tattalin arziki a Zimbabwe.<ref name="obituary" /> A shekara ta 1999, an kama Hunzvi a cikin shari'ar cin hanci da rashawa game da zargin cin hanci na Z $ 45m na kudaden tsoffin mayakan yaki. An hana shi belin, saboda tsoron cewa zai tsoratar da shaidu ko ya ɓace.[1] An jinkirta ainihin shari'ar sau da yawa, kuma jagorancin tsoffin mayakan yaƙi sun kada kuri'a don cire shi daga ofis. [1][2] A shekara ta 2000 Hunzvi ya jagoranci yakin da ya shafi tsoffin mayakan yaki da sauran magoya bayan ZANU-PF a kwace ƙasar mallakar fararen. A lokacin zaben 'yan majalisa a shekarar 1999, ya zuga mabiya su tsoratar da kuma tayar da mambobin kungiyar adawa, Movement for Democratic Change . Da yake kiran kansa "babban ta'addanci a Zimbabwe" shaidu da yawa sun gano shi don shiga cikin duka da azabtarwa, kuma asibitin likitancinsa ya sanya shi "gidan azabtarwa" ta Amnesty International a cikin 2000.[2][3] An zabi Hunzvi a majalisa a shekara ta 2000, amma ya mutu a shekara ta 2001 a Asibitin Parirenyatwa na Harare. An danganta mutuwarsa da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], yanayin zuciya, ko cutar kanjamau. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2001]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] hs3zft0u2c7ffguswcmrzyiggz3x345 0 152949 842102 2026-05-29T05:54:41Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310003227|Peter Mackay (journalist)]]" 842102 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Mackay''' (31 ga Yulin 1926 - 17 ga Afrilu 2013) ɗan jaridar Burtaniya ne kuma mai fafutukar siyasa a [[Zimbabwe]], [[Malawi]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Peter John Sutherland Mackay a Landan a ranar 31 ga Yuli 1926, mahaifinsa shi ne Major George Mackay a cikin Gurkha Rifles, kuma mahaifiyarsa Christine Mackay (née Bourne). Yana da 'yar'uwa ɗaya, Jean da ɗan'uwa ɗaya Angus .<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Peter Mackay's Obituary on The Times |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thetimes-uk/obituary-preview.aspx?n=peter-mackay&pid=164329077&referrer=3958 |access-date=2018-06-19 |website=[[The Times]]}}</ref> Kakan Mackay shine Reverend George Sutherland Mackay, wanda ya yi aiki na shekaru talatin a matsayin ministan United Free Church a Doune, kusa da Stirling . Mackay yana da kawuna biyu waɗanda suka shiga Sojojin Burtaniya, kuma a cikin Gurkha Rifles, da Royal Air Force bi da bi, tare da kawun na uku da ke aiki a matsayin mai shuka shayi a Indiya.<ref name=":4" /> Mackay ya yi karatu a Temple House, Stowe School, Buckingham-shire daga 1940 zuwa 1944, kuma yayin da yake can ya kasance Prefect na ɗakin karatu kafin ya zama shugaban yaro a shekararsa ta ƙarshe. Bayan ya bar makarantar, ya shiga ƙungiyar Scots Guard kuma ya zama ƙaramin kyaftin a cikin Brigade of Guards yana da shekara ashirin da ɗaya. A shekara ta 1950 ya bar Sojoji kuma ya tashi zuwa [[Ruwa (gari)|Ruwa]] a Kudancin Rhodesia inda ya fara horo a matsayin mai horar da taba.<ref name=":0" /> Daga baya ya zama mai ba da rahoto a kan The Rhodesian Farmer, wanda ke zaune a Salisbury ([[Harare]]). == Ayyukan siyasa == An kafa Tarayyar [[Rhodesia]] da Nyasaland a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1953, wannan shine shekarar da Mackay ya sadu da David Stirling, wanda ya kafa SAS da kuma Capricorn Africa Society mai launin fata, an kori Stirling don kafa tarayyar daidaito na launin fata a Tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka wanda zai kasance mai zaman kansa amma har yanzu yana da aminci ga [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniyar]] da [[Kasashen common wealth|Commonwealth]]. Arewacin Rhodesia (Zambia), Kudancin Rhodesia, Nyasaland (Malawi), Tanganyika (Tanzania), [[Kenya]] da [[Uganda]] sune ƙasashen da Stirling ke so ya yi niyya, don samar da kari tsakanin rikice-rikicen siyasa da ƙungiyar wariyar launin fata ta haifar a Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma baƙar fata na [[Kwame Nkrumah|Nkrumah]] wanda ke saukowa daga Arewacin Afirka.<ref name=":3" /> Mackay ya shiga kungiyar Interracial Association; ya yi aiki a kan kawo mujallarsu Concord daga ra'ayi zuwa gaskiya, ita ce mujallar farko ta launin fata a cikin yankuna. Mackay ya koma ofishinsa yayin da ba a yarda da ɗan jarida [[Elias Mtepuka]] ya yi amfani da ɗagawa don shiga ofishinsa a Salisbury ba, Mackay ya kuma hayar ofis a cikin sunansa ga [[Joshua Nkomo]], yayin da aka hana Nkomo hayar ofis.<ref name=":4" /> A cikin 1955 Mackay da [[Chad Chipunza|Chadi Chipunza]] sun kasance manyan jami'ai biyu na Capricorn Africa Society a Salisbury, Mackay ya yi aiki a kan shirya zane-zane don ''Yarjejeniya'' Capricorn. A shekara ta 1956 Mackay ya shirya taron Salima a Nyasaland tare da [[T. J. Hlazo]], mambobi na kabilun daban-daban sun halarci kuma sun sanya hannu kan takarda, Yarjejeniyar Capricorn. Yarjejeniyar Capricorn ta yi kira ga maye gurbin mulkin fari da haɗin gwiwar launin fata a cikin [[Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland|Tarayyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]].<ref name=":3" /> Mackay ya bar Capricorn na Stirling bayan watanni 18 tare da al'umma; <ref name=":6" /> a maimakon haka yana so ya ci gaba da aiki tare da [[Hastings Banda|Hastings Kamuzu Banda]] na Nyasaland da [[Joshua Nkomo]] na Kudancin Rhodesia wanda ke neman rinjaye. === Farko === Mackay ya so ya yi mujallar da za ta bayar da rahoto ba tare da nuna bambanci ba kamar labaran da ke cikin Nyasaland Times.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Tsopano Magazine – Peter Mackay Archive Project |url=https://mackayarchive.stir.ac.uk/2017/03/10/tsopano-magazine/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=mackayarchive.stir.ac.uk}}</ref> Mackay ya nemi ganawa da Dokta Banda, wanda ya kasance fursuna na siyasa bayan Operation Sunrise, don tattauna mujallar; duk da haka, an hana shi shiga Banda.<ref name=":4" /> Jimmy Skinner, wanda aboki ne na Mackay ya sami damar samun ganawa da Banda don tattauna mujallar, an yanke shawarar asalin sunan, '''marawi''<nowiki/>', a maimakon haka Mackay ya yanke shawarar a kan izini.<ref name=":4" /> An ƙaddamar da na farko na goma sha uku a cikin 1959, mujallar ta kasance a Turanci <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Peter Mackay: Rhodesia's unlikely revolutionary – OPINION {{!}} Politicsweb |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/peter-mackay-rhodesias-unlikely-revolutionary |access-date=2018-06-26 |website=www.politicsweb.co.za |language=en}}</ref> kuma an buga ta a Salisbury <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Tsopano Magazine – Peter Mackay Archive Project |url=https://mackayarchive.stir.ac.uk/2017/03/10/tsopano-magazine/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=mackayarchive.stir.ac.uk}}</ref> don Nyassa, don mutane su karanta ra'ayi mara kyau game da jin daɗin Afirka a cikin Nyasaland. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Tsopano; journalism; magazine; Nyasaland; Malawi; – Peter Mackay Archive Project |url=https://mackayarchive.stir.ac.uk/tag/tsopano-journalism-magazine-nyasaland-malawi/ |access-date=2018-06-26 |website=mackayarchive.stir.ac.uk |language=en-US}}</ref> Akwai kwafin 1,200 da aka buga na fitowar farko, kuma an sayar da wannan a ranar farko da suke samuwa don saya. An tattauna manyan shirye-shiryen gwamnati a cikin lokaci-lokaci, waɗannan sun haɗa da; Hukumar Devlin da Hukumar Monckton. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Tsopano; journalism; magazine; Nyasaland; Malawi; – Peter Mackay Archive Project |url=https://mackayarchive.stir.ac.uk/tag/tsopano-journalism-magazine-nyasaland-malawi/ |access-date=2018-06-26 |website=mackayarchive.stir.ac.uk |language=en-US}}</ref> Dukkanin batutuwan an buga su ne a karkashin tantancewa wanda aka tilasta bayan da Gwamnati ta ayyana dokar ta baci a Nyasaland, a farkon shekara ta 1959. <ref name=":5" /> An buga fitowar ta goma sha uku a 1961, Jam'iyyar Majalisa ta Malawi ta lashe zaben, kuma an ruwaito cewa Gwamnati tana fama da kudi don talla.<ref name=":5" /> Wannan rashin kudi shine ka'idar da ya sa fitowar ta goma sha huɗu ta mujallar tana da sigar kwaikwayo; duk da haka, kwafin mujallar da aka buga bai taɓa faruwa ba.<ref name=":5" /> Mackay ya shirya hotuna har sai Malawi ta sami 'yancin kai, Mackay ya ji cewa Banda ya yi niyya kuma ya tsere zuwa Rhodesia.[1] Mackay ya taimaka wajen shirya Maris na 7,000 a cikin 1960 ta hanyar Salisbury; ya haɗa makamai tare da George Silundika na Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), sun raira waƙoƙin 'yanci yayin da suke tafiya, waƙoƙinsa sun haɗa da Ishe Komborera Africa. [2][3] White Rhodesians ba su da Farko ciki da Mackay saboda tashin hankali da Maris ya haifar.[2] A shekara ta 1961, izinin bugawa ya daina; duk da haka, bayan shekara guda, Mackay yana aiki a kan wata mujallar, Chapupu II.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Tsopano; journalism; magazine; Nyasaland; Malawi; – Peter Mackay Archive Project |url=https://mackayarchive.stir.ac.uk/tag/tsopano-journalism-magazine-nyasaland-malawi/ |access-date=2018-06-26 |website=mackayarchive.stir.ac.uk |language=en-US}}</ref> Mackay ya yi baƙin ciki da mutuwar abokansa [[Sketchley Samkange]] saboda nutsar da shi a watan Mayu 1961, da kuma [[Dunduzu Chisiza]] a cikin hadarin mota a watan Satumbar 1962. An dakatar da Chapupu II a shekarar 1962, an ƙone kwafin mujallar don hana waɗanda ke da hannu wajen yin mujallar zuwa kurkuku.<ref name=":4" /> === Hanyar 'Yanci === Mackay ya ki shiga cikin kiran soja a Rhodesia kuma an daure shi na watanni hudu a matsayin horo bayan an sake shi ya gudu zuwa [[Lusaka]]. Mackay ya yi aiki tare da [[Kenneth Kaunda|Kenneth Kaunsa]], yana taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira a Lusaka, zai kwashe' yan gudun hijira daga ƙasashen da ke mulkin Portugal da waɗanda ke tserewa daga ƙungiyar wariyar launin fata. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Peter Mackay: Rhodesia's unlikely revolutionary – OPINION {{!}} Politicsweb |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/peter-mackay-rhodesias-unlikely-revolutionary |access-date=2018-06-26 |website=www.politicsweb.co.za |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=When hopes were high {{!}} The Spectator |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2009/05/when-hopes-were-high/ |access-date=2018-06-26 |website=The Spectator |language=en-US}}</ref> Mackay ya kuma zama mai goyon baya mai karfi na [[Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe]] (FROLIZI), ƙungiyar 'yanci wacce James Chikerema da George Nyandoro ke gudanarwa.<ref name=":7" /> Ya yi mamakin jin labarin mutuwar Yatutu Chisiza a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1967, an harbe Yatutu lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin hambarar da Dokta Banda. Bayan mutuwar Yatutu, Mackay bai sake komawa Malawi ba, kuma ya yanke duk wata alaƙa da Dokta Banda.<ref name=":4" /> Wani mutuwar da ta girgiza Mackay shine Leopold Takawira, wanda ya mutu a cikin ciwon sukari lokacin da aka tsare shi a kurkuku na Rhodesia a watan Yunin 1970. <ref name=":4" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jdbb2cvruvr656qg2a17ia1em1rpbcv 842103 842102 2026-05-29T05:55:16Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 842103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Peter Mackay''' (31 ga Yulin 1926 - 17 ga Afrilu 2013) ɗan jaridar Burtaniya ne kuma mai fafutukar siyasa a [[Zimbabwe]], [[Malawi]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Peter John Sutherland Mackay a Landan a ranar 31 ga Yuli 1926, mahaifinsa shi ne Major George Mackay a cikin Gurkha Rifles, kuma mahaifiyarsa Christine Mackay (née Bourne). Yana da 'yar'uwa ɗaya, Jean da ɗan'uwa ɗaya Angus .<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Peter Mackay's Obituary on The Times |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thetimes-uk/obituary-preview.aspx?n=peter-mackay&pid=164329077&referrer=3958 |access-date=2018-06-19 |website=[[The Times]]}}</ref> Kakan Mackay shine Reverend George Sutherland Mackay, wanda ya yi aiki na shekaru talatin a matsayin ministan United Free Church a Doune, kusa da Stirling . Mackay yana da kawuna biyu waɗanda suka shiga Sojojin Burtaniya, kuma a cikin Gurkha Rifles, da Royal Air Force bi da bi, tare da kawun na uku da ke aiki a matsayin mai shuka shayi a Indiya.<ref name=":4" /> Mackay ya yi karatu a Temple House, Stowe School, Buckingham-shire daga 1940 zuwa 1944, kuma yayin da yake can ya kasance Prefect na ɗakin karatu kafin ya zama shugaban yaro a shekararsa ta ƙarshe. Bayan ya bar makarantar, ya shiga ƙungiyar Scots Guard kuma ya zama ƙaramin kyaftin a cikin Brigade of Guards yana da shekara ashirin da ɗaya. A shekara ta 1950 ya bar Sojoji kuma ya tashi zuwa [[Ruwa (gari)|Ruwa]] a Kudancin Rhodesia inda ya fara horo a matsayin mai horar da taba.<ref name=":0" /> Daga baya ya zama mai ba da rahoto a kan The Rhodesian Farmer, wanda ke zaune a Salisbury ([[Harare]]). == Ayyukan siyasa == An kafa Tarayyar [[Rhodesia]] da Nyasaland a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1953, wannan shine shekarar da Mackay ya sadu da David Stirling, wanda ya kafa SAS da kuma Capricorn Africa Society mai launin fata, an kori Stirling don kafa tarayyar daidaito na launin fata a Tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka wanda zai kasance mai zaman kansa amma har yanzu yana da aminci ga [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniyar]] da [[Kasashen common wealth|Commonwealth]]. Arewacin Rhodesia (Zambia), Kudancin Rhodesia, Nyasaland (Malawi), Tanganyika (Tanzania), [[Kenya]] da [[Uganda]] sune ƙasashen da Stirling ke so ya yi niyya, don samar da kari tsakanin rikice-rikicen siyasa da ƙungiyar wariyar launin fata ta haifar a Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma baƙar fata na [[Kwame Nkrumah|Nkrumah]] wanda ke saukowa daga Arewacin Afirka.<ref name=":3" /> Mackay ya shiga kungiyar Interracial Association; ya yi aiki a kan kawo mujallarsu Concord daga ra'ayi zuwa gaskiya, ita ce mujallar farko ta launin fata a cikin yankuna. Mackay ya koma ofishinsa yayin da ba a yarda da ɗan jarida [[Elias Mtepuka]] ya yi amfani da ɗagawa don shiga ofishinsa a Salisbury ba, Mackay ya kuma hayar ofis a cikin sunansa ga [[Joshua Nkomo]], yayin da aka hana Nkomo hayar ofis.<ref name=":4" /> A cikin 1955 Mackay da [[Chad Chipunza|Chadi Chipunza]] sun kasance manyan jami'ai biyu na Capricorn Africa Society a Salisbury, Mackay ya yi aiki a kan shirya zane-zane don ''Yarjejeniya'' Capricorn. A shekara ta 1956 Mackay ya shirya taron Salima a Nyasaland tare da [[T. J. Hlazo]], mambobi na kabilun daban-daban sun halarci kuma sun sanya hannu kan takarda, Yarjejeniyar Capricorn. Yarjejeniyar Capricorn ta yi kira ga maye gurbin mulkin fari da haɗin gwiwar launin fata a cikin [[Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland|Tarayyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]].<ref name=":3" /> Mackay ya bar Capricorn na Stirling bayan watanni 18 tare da al'umma; <ref name=":6" /> a maimakon haka yana so ya ci gaba da aiki tare da [[Hastings Banda|Hastings Kamuzu Banda]] na Nyasaland da [[Joshua Nkomo]] na Kudancin Rhodesia wanda ke neman rinjaye. === Farko === Mackay ya so ya yi mujallar da za ta bayar da rahoto ba tare da nuna bambanci ba kamar labaran da ke cikin Nyasaland Times.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Tsopano Magazine – Peter Mackay Archive Project |url=https://mackayarchive.stir.ac.uk/2017/03/10/tsopano-magazine/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=mackayarchive.stir.ac.uk}}</ref> Mackay ya nemi ganawa da Dokta Banda, wanda ya kasance fursuna na siyasa bayan Operation Sunrise, don tattauna mujallar; duk da haka, an hana shi shiga Banda.<ref name=":4" /> Jimmy Skinner, wanda aboki ne na Mackay ya sami damar samun ganawa da Banda don tattauna mujallar, an yanke shawarar asalin sunan, '''marawi''<nowiki/>', a maimakon haka Mackay ya yanke shawarar a kan izini.<ref name=":4" /> An ƙaddamar da na farko na goma sha uku a cikin 1959, mujallar ta kasance a Turanci <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Peter Mackay: Rhodesia's unlikely revolutionary – OPINION {{!}} Politicsweb |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/peter-mackay-rhodesias-unlikely-revolutionary |access-date=2018-06-26 |website=www.politicsweb.co.za |language=en}}</ref> kuma an buga ta a Salisbury <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Tsopano Magazine – Peter Mackay Archive Project |url=https://mackayarchive.stir.ac.uk/2017/03/10/tsopano-magazine/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=mackayarchive.stir.ac.uk}}</ref> don Nyassa, don mutane su karanta ra'ayi mara kyau game da jin daɗin Afirka a cikin Nyasaland. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Tsopano; journalism; magazine; Nyasaland; Malawi; – Peter Mackay Archive Project |url=https://mackayarchive.stir.ac.uk/tag/tsopano-journalism-magazine-nyasaland-malawi/ |access-date=2018-06-26 |website=mackayarchive.stir.ac.uk |language=en-US}}</ref> Akwai kwafin 1,200 da aka buga na fitowar farko, kuma an sayar da wannan a ranar farko da suke samuwa don saya. An tattauna manyan shirye-shiryen gwamnati a cikin lokaci-lokaci, waɗannan sun haɗa da; Hukumar Devlin da Hukumar Monckton. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Tsopano; journalism; magazine; Nyasaland; Malawi; – Peter Mackay Archive Project |url=https://mackayarchive.stir.ac.uk/tag/tsopano-journalism-magazine-nyasaland-malawi/ |access-date=2018-06-26 |website=mackayarchive.stir.ac.uk |language=en-US}}</ref> Dukkanin batutuwan an buga su ne a karkashin tantancewa wanda aka tilasta bayan da Gwamnati ta ayyana dokar ta baci a Nyasaland, a farkon shekara ta 1959. <ref name=":5" /> An buga fitowar ta goma sha uku a 1961, Jam'iyyar Majalisa ta Malawi ta lashe zaben, kuma an ruwaito cewa Gwamnati tana fama da kudi don talla.<ref name=":5" /> Wannan rashin kudi shine ka'idar da ya sa fitowar ta goma sha huɗu ta mujallar tana da sigar kwaikwayo; duk da haka, kwafin mujallar da aka buga bai taɓa faruwa ba.<ref name=":5" /> Mackay ya shirya hotuna har sai Malawi ta sami 'yancin kai, Mackay ya ji cewa Banda ya yi niyya kuma ya tsere zuwa Rhodesia.[1] Mackay ya taimaka wajen shirya Maris na 7,000 a cikin 1960 ta hanyar Salisbury; ya haɗa makamai tare da George Silundika na Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), sun raira waƙoƙin 'yanci yayin da suke tafiya, waƙoƙinsa sun haɗa da Ishe Komborera Africa. [2][3] White Rhodesians ba su da Farko ciki da Mackay saboda tashin hankali da Maris ya haifar.[2] A shekara ta 1961, izinin bugawa ya daina; duk da haka, bayan shekara guda, Mackay yana aiki a kan wata mujallar, Chapupu II.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Tsopano; journalism; magazine; Nyasaland; Malawi; – Peter Mackay Archive Project |url=https://mackayarchive.stir.ac.uk/tag/tsopano-journalism-magazine-nyasaland-malawi/ |access-date=2018-06-26 |website=mackayarchive.stir.ac.uk |language=en-US}}</ref> Mackay ya yi baƙin ciki da mutuwar abokansa [[Sketchley Samkange]] saboda nutsar da shi a watan Mayu 1961, da kuma [[Dunduzu Chisiza]] a cikin hadarin mota a watan Satumbar 1962. An dakatar da Chapupu II a shekarar 1962, an ƙone kwafin mujallar don hana waɗanda ke da hannu wajen yin mujallar zuwa kurkuku.<ref name=":4" /> === Hanyar 'Yanci === Mackay ya ki shiga cikin kiran soja a Rhodesia kuma an daure shi na watanni hudu a matsayin horo bayan an sake shi ya gudu zuwa [[Lusaka]]. Mackay ya yi aiki tare da [[Kenneth Kaunda|Kenneth Kaunsa]], yana taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira a Lusaka, zai kwashe' yan gudun hijira daga ƙasashen da ke mulkin Portugal da waɗanda ke tserewa daga ƙungiyar wariyar launin fata. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Peter Mackay: Rhodesia's unlikely revolutionary – OPINION {{!}} Politicsweb |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/peter-mackay-rhodesias-unlikely-revolutionary |access-date=2018-06-26 |website=www.politicsweb.co.za |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=When hopes were high {{!}} The Spectator |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2009/05/when-hopes-were-high/ |access-date=2018-06-26 |website=The Spectator |language=en-US}}</ref> Mackay ya kuma zama mai goyon baya mai karfi na [[Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe]] (FROLIZI), ƙungiyar 'yanci wacce James Chikerema da George Nyandoro ke gudanarwa.<ref name=":7" /> Ya yi mamakin jin labarin mutuwar Yatutu Chisiza a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1967, an harbe Yatutu lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin hambarar da Dokta Banda. Bayan mutuwar Yatutu, Mackay bai sake komawa Malawi ba, kuma ya yanke duk wata alaƙa da Dokta Banda.<ref name=":4" /> Wani mutuwar da ta girgiza Mackay shine Leopold Takawira, wanda ya mutu a cikin ciwon sukari lokacin da aka tsare shi a kurkuku na Rhodesia a watan Yunin 1970. <ref name=":4" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ag3o7f0bfxc2pj1prd9zwftyuanum9v 0 152950 842108 2026-05-29T05:58:23Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1092634830|Charles Mzingeli]]" 842108 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Mzingeli''' (1905-1980) ya girma a wani tashar mishan na Katolika kusa da Plumtree a Kudancin Rhodesia, yanzu [[Zimbabwe]] . A lokacin da yake da shekaru 14 ya gudu ya yi aiki a kan layin dogo, kafin ya koma Bulawayo, inda ya shiga cikin Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Masana'antu da Kasuwanci (ICU), kuma ya yi aiki tare da adadi kamar 'Sergeant' Masotsha Ndlovu . ICU, ƙungiyar kwadago mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, ta fara ne a Afirka ta Kudu a 1919, amma ta bazu zuwa yankuna makwabta a cikin 1920s da 1930s. A cikin 1929 an tura Mzingeli zuwa garin [[Harare]] a Salisbury (yanzu Harare) a matsayin sakataren shirya ICU. ICU ta rushe a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Kudancin Rhodesia a cikin shekarun 1930, amma ta fara aikin baƙar fata a ƙarshen, inda ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zanga-zangar birane da yankunan karkara. Mzigeli ya ci gaba da aiki a siyasa, yana haɓaka alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudu da Jam'ummar Kwaminis mai ɗan gajeren lokaci ta Kudancin Rhodesia, wacce ke da alaƙa da Doris Lessing . [1] A farkon shekarun 1940 ya shiga cikin Kudancin Rhodesian Labour Party, wanda kwanan nan ya buɗe ƙofofinsa ga baƙi. A shekara ta 1945, biyo bayan babban yajin aiki da ma'aikatan jirgin kasa baƙar fata suka yi, Mzingeli ya sake kaddamar da ICU a matsayin Reformed Industrial Commercial Union (RICU), wanda ya kasance muhimmiyar karfi a Harare a cikin shekarun 1950, yana yakin neman zabe ga mazaunan garin baƙar fata, kuma ya kai mambobi 7,000. Daga tsakiyar shekarun 1950, duk da haka. Mzingelu ya kara kalubalanci 'yan kasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ke da alaƙa da Kudancin Rhodesia African National Congress . Wannan halin yanzu, wanda aka kai shi cikin Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), sannan kuma Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) mai rabuwa (a yau Zimbabwe African National League - Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF)) ya kalli abokan hamayya kamar Mizingeli a matsayin 'selling-outs'. Ba ta yi jinkirin yin amfani da tashin hankali a kan abokan adawar ba, kuma an tilasta Mzingeli daga siyasa. Mzingeli ya kasance a cikin siyasa a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970 ta hanyar 'yan kasa, kuma ya mutu a shekarar 1980. Ba kamar ɗan'uwan ICU mai ƙarfi ba, 'Sergeant' Masotsha Ndlovu, wanda daga baya ya shiga ZAPU, Mzingeli bai taɓa samun girmamawa daga jihar mulkin mallaka ba. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]] giyw7pwl4qftc4qvr4gmvrgo2bca156 842110 842108 2026-05-29T05:59:01Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1092634830|Charles Mzingeli]]" 842110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Mzingeli''' (1905-1980) ya girma a wani tashar mishan na Katolika kusa da Plumtree a Kudancin Rhodesia, yanzu [[Zimbabwe]] . A lokacin da yake da shekaru 14 ya gudu ya yi aiki a kan layin dogo, kafin ya koma Bulawayo, inda ya shiga cikin Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Masana'antu da Kasuwanci (ICU), kuma ya yi aiki tare da adadi kamar 'Sergeant' Masotsha Ndlovu . ICU, ƙungiyar kwadago mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, ta fara ne a Afirka ta Kudu a 1919, amma ta bazu zuwa yankuna makwabta a cikin 1920s da 1930s. A cikin 1929 an tura Mzingeli zuwa garin [[Harare]] a Salisbury (yanzu Harare) a matsayin sakataren shirya ICU. ICU ta rushe a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Kudancin Rhodesia a cikin shekarun 1930, amma ta fara aikin baƙar fata a ƙarshen, inda ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zanga-zangar birane da yankunan karkara. Mzigeli ya ci gaba da aiki a siyasa, yana haɓaka alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudu da Jam'ummar Kwaminis mai ɗan gajeren lokaci ta Kudancin Rhodesia, wacce ke da alaƙa da Doris Lessing . [1] A farkon shekarun 1940 ya shiga cikin Kudancin Rhodesian Labour Party, wanda kwanan nan ya buɗe ƙofofinsa ga baƙi. A shekara ta 1945, biyo bayan babban yajin aiki da ma'aikatan jirgin kasa baƙar fata suka yi, Mzingeli ya sake kaddamar da ICU a matsayin Reformed Industrial Commercial Union (RICU), wanda ya kasance muhimmiyar karfi a Harare a cikin shekarun 1950, yana yakin neman zabe ga mazaunan garin baƙar fata, kuma ya kai mambobi 7,000. Daga tsakiyar shekarun 1950, duk da haka. Mzingelu ya kara kalubalanci 'yan kasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ke da alaƙa da Kudancin Rhodesia African National Congress . Wannan halin yanzu, wanda aka kai shi cikin Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), sannan kuma Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) mai rabuwa (a yau Zimbabwe African National League - Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF)) ya kalli abokan hamayya kamar Mizingeli a matsayin 'selling-outs'. Ba ta yi jinkirin yin amfani da tashin hankali a kan abokan adawar ba, kuma an tilasta Mzingeli daga siyasa. Mzingeli ya kasance a cikin siyasa a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970 ta hanyar 'yan kasa, kuma ya mutu a shekarar 1980. Ba kamar ɗan'uwan ICU mai ƙarfi ba, 'Sergeant' Masotsha Ndlovu, wanda daga baya ya shiga ZAPU, Mzingeli bai taɓa samun girmamawa daga jihar mulkin mallaka ba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]] t610kf5kspwwfu9s3rwztlafktohc8l 842112 842110 2026-05-29T05:59:34Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 842112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox generic}} '''Charles Mzingeli''' (1905-1980) ya girma a wani tashar mishan na Katolika kusa da Plumtree a Kudancin Rhodesia, yanzu [[Zimbabwe]] . A lokacin da yake da shekaru 14 ya gudu ya yi aiki a kan layin dogo, kafin ya koma Bulawayo, inda ya shiga cikin Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Masana'antu da Kasuwanci (ICU), kuma ya yi aiki tare da adadi kamar 'Sergeant' Masotsha Ndlovu . ICU, ƙungiyar kwadago mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, ta fara ne a Afirka ta Kudu a 1919, amma ta bazu zuwa yankuna makwabta a cikin 1920s da 1930s. A cikin 1929 an tura Mzingeli zuwa garin [[Harare]] a Salisbury (yanzu Harare) a matsayin sakataren shirya ICU. ICU ta rushe a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Kudancin Rhodesia a cikin shekarun 1930, amma ta fara aikin baƙar fata a ƙarshen, inda ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zanga-zangar birane da yankunan karkara. Mzigeli ya ci gaba da aiki a siyasa, yana haɓaka alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudu da Jam'ummar Kwaminis mai ɗan gajeren lokaci ta Kudancin Rhodesia, wacce ke da alaƙa da Doris Lessing . [1] A farkon shekarun 1940 ya shiga cikin Kudancin Rhodesian Labour Party, wanda kwanan nan ya buɗe ƙofofinsa ga baƙi. A shekara ta 1945, biyo bayan babban yajin aiki da ma'aikatan jirgin kasa baƙar fata suka yi, Mzingeli ya sake kaddamar da ICU a matsayin Reformed Industrial Commercial Union (RICU), wanda ya kasance muhimmiyar karfi a Harare a cikin shekarun 1950, yana yakin neman zabe ga mazaunan garin baƙar fata, kuma ya kai mambobi 7,000. Daga tsakiyar shekarun 1950, duk da haka. Mzingelu ya kara kalubalanci 'yan kasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ke da alaƙa da Kudancin Rhodesia African National Congress . Wannan halin yanzu, wanda aka kai shi cikin Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), sannan kuma Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) mai rabuwa (a yau Zimbabwe African National League - Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF)) ya kalli abokan hamayya kamar Mizingeli a matsayin 'selling-outs'. Ba ta yi jinkirin yin amfani da tashin hankali a kan abokan adawar ba, kuma an tilasta Mzingeli daga siyasa. Mzingeli ya kasance a cikin siyasa a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970 ta hanyar 'yan kasa, kuma ya mutu a shekarar 1980. Ba kamar ɗan'uwan ICU mai ƙarfi ba, 'Sergeant' Masotsha Ndlovu, wanda daga baya ya shiga ZAPU, Mzingeli bai taɓa samun girmamawa daga jihar mulkin mallaka ba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]] 52owfj76wuwhqkespmzfmruel7qxgg2 0 152951 842115 2026-05-29T06:05:16Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1200650378|Jong River]]" 842115 wikitext text/x-wiki Kogin '''Jong''' ko '''Taia''' kogi ne da ke gudana ta cikin [[Saliyo|ƙasar Sierra Leone]]. Yana wucewa ta birnin Mattru Jong, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Web - Village Names |url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/villagenames.html}}</ref> kuma yana kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] da kuma wasu yankunan delta. == Manazarta == hx5fi4k1mpo19ueb1jk28u0d871us51 842116 842115 2026-05-29T06:11:47Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842116 wikitext text/x-wiki Kogin '''Jong''' ko '''Taia''' kogi ne da ke gudana ta cikin [[Saliyo|ƙasar Sierra Leone]]. Yana wucewa ta birnin Mattru Jong, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Web - Village Names |url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/villagenames.html}}</ref> kuma yana kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] da kuma wasu yankunan delta.<ref>West Africa Topographical Maps, Series N504, 1:250,000, U.S. Army Map Service, 1955</ref> == Manazarta == bjoi9dk0743bfb8tyszaw302mrcs6mk 842117 842116 2026-05-29T06:12:48Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kogin '''Jong''' ko '''Taia''' kogi ne da ke gudana ta cikin [[Saliyo|ƙasar Sierra Leone]]. Yana wucewa ta birnin Mattru Jong, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Web - Village Names |url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/villagenames.html}}</ref> kuma yana kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] da kuma wasu yankunan delta.<ref>West Africa Topographical Maps, Series N504, 1:250,000, U.S. Army Map Service, 1955</ref> == Manazarta == 3olpk1l5sqvu84rz9tuaznaiknmq3pw 0 152952 842118 2026-05-29T06:18:07Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353051213|Sierra Leone River]]" 842118 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Sierra Leone''' mashigar kogi ce a [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a Yammacin [[Saliyo]]. [[Kogin Bankasoka]] da Kogin Rokel ne suka samar da shi kuma faɗinsa yana tsakanin mil 4 zuwa 10 (6-16).&nbsp;kilomita) da mil 25 (40)&nbsp;(kilomita) mai tsayi. Tana ɗauke da manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Sarauniya Elizabeth II Quay da Pepel. Kogin ma yana da mahimmanci ga jigilar kaya. Ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a nahiyar Afirka. Tsibirai da dama, ciki har da [[Tasso Island|Tsibirin Tasso]] (mafi girma), Tsibirin Tombo, da [[Tsibirin Bunce]] mai tarihi mai mahimmanci, suna cikin kogin. == Filin Jirgin Sama na Lungi == Kogin ya raba [[Freetown]], babban birnin Saliyo, wanda ke gefen kudu na tashar jiragen ruwa, da babban filin jirgin saman ƙasar, Lungi International Airport, wanda ke gefen arewa na tashar jiragen ruwa a wani yanki da ake kira "Bullom Shore." Babban hanyar sufuri daga filin jirgin zuwa Freetown ita ce ta jirgin ruwa mai sauri ko jirgin ruwa. Ba a ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu da helikwafta ba. == Ilimin Halittu == Tsawon {{Convert|2950|km2|mi2}} na bakin kogin Sierra Leone an sanya shi a matsayin wurin dausayi mai mahimmanci na duniya a taron Ramsar a yammacin [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]]. Yankin galibi dausayi ne na mangrove amma kuma ya haɗa da dazuzzukan fadama masu ruwa da tsaki. BirdLife International ta kuma sanya wurin a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) saboda yana tallafawa yawan masu kama kawa na Eurasia, masu kama yashi da kuma [[Angulu|ungulu masu rufe fuska]]. <ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |title=Sierra Leone River Estuary |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/sierra-leone-river-estuary-iba-sierra-leone |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> == Manazarta == Sierra Leone RiverSierra Leone RiverSierra Leone RiverSierra Leone RiverSierra Leone RiverSierra Leone River dcp671kcczafcmildkfedz31x3v73jz 842123 842118 2026-05-29T06:19:44Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 842123 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Sierra Leone''' mashigar kogi ce a [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a Yammacin [[Saliyo]]. [[Kogin Bankasoka]] da Kogin Rokel ne suka samar da shi kuma faɗinsa yana tsakanin mil 4 zuwa 10 (6-16).&nbsp;kilomita) da mil 25 (40)&nbsp;(kilomita) mai tsayi. Tana ɗauke da manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Sarauniya Elizabeth II Quay da Pepel. Kogin ma yana da mahimmanci ga jigilar kaya. Ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a nahiyar Afirka. Tsibirai da dama, ciki har da [[Tasso Island|Tsibirin Tasso]] (mafi girma), Tsibirin Tombo, da [[Tsibirin Bunce]] mai tarihi mai mahimmanci, suna cikin kogin. == Filin Jirgin Sama na Lungi == Kogin ya raba [[Freetown]], babban birnin Saliyo, wanda ke gefen kudu na tashar jiragen ruwa, da babban filin jirgin saman ƙasar, Lungi International Airport, wanda ke gefen arewa na tashar jiragen ruwa a wani yanki da ake kira "Bullom Shore." Babban hanyar sufuri daga filin jirgin zuwa Freetown ita ce ta jirgin ruwa mai sauri ko jirgin ruwa. Ba a ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu da helikwafta ba. == Ilimin Halittu == Tsawon {{Convert|2950|km2|mi2}} na bakin kogin Sierra Leone an sanya shi a matsayin wurin dausayi mai mahimmanci na duniya a taron Ramsar a yammacin [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]]. Yankin galibi dausayi ne na mangrove amma kuma ya haɗa da dazuzzukan fadama masu ruwa da tsaki. BirdLife International ta kuma sanya wurin a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) saboda yana tallafawa yawan masu kama kawa na Eurasia, masu kama yashi da kuma [[Angulu|ungulu masu rufe fuska]]. <ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |title=Sierra Leone River Estuary |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/sierra-leone-river-estuary-iba-sierra-leone |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> == Manazarta == ngn3zoxmtvoe2resnwii2dh7p2lb4au 842127 842123 2026-05-29T06:22:01Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842127 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Sierra Leone''' mashigar kogi ce a [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a Yammacin [[Saliyo]]. [[Kogin Bankasoka]] da Kogin Rokel ne suka samar da shi kuma faɗinsa yana tsakanin mil 4 zuwa 10 (6-16).&nbsp;kilomita) da mil 25 (40)&nbsp;(kilomita) mai tsayi. Tana ɗauke da manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Sarauniya Elizabeth II Quay da Pepel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sierra Leone River Estuary|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1014|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> Kogin ma yana da mahimmanci ga jigilar kaya. Ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a nahiyar Afirka. Tsibirai da dama, ciki har da [[Tasso Island|Tsibirin Tasso]] (mafi girma), Tsibirin Tombo, da [[Tsibirin Bunce]] mai tarihi mai mahimmanci, suna cikin kogin.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067679/Sierra-Leone-River "Sierra Leone River"] britannica.com</ref> == Filin Jirgin Sama na Lungi == Kogin ya raba [[Freetown]], babban birnin Saliyo, wanda ke gefen kudu na tashar jiragen ruwa, da babban filin jirgin saman ƙasar, Lungi International Airport, wanda ke gefen arewa na tashar jiragen ruwa a wani yanki da ake kira "Bullom Shore." Babban hanyar sufuri daga filin jirgin zuwa Freetown ita ce ta jirgin ruwa mai sauri ko jirgin ruwa. Ba a ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu da helikwafta ba. == Ilimin Halittu == Tsawon {{Convert|2950|km2|mi2}} na bakin kogin Sierra Leone an sanya shi a matsayin wurin dausayi mai mahimmanci na duniya a taron Ramsar a yammacin [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]]. Yankin galibi dausayi ne na mangrove amma kuma ya haɗa da dazuzzukan fadama masu ruwa da tsaki. BirdLife International ta kuma sanya wurin a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) saboda yana tallafawa yawan masu kama kawa na Eurasia, masu kama yashi da kuma [[Angulu|ungulu masu rufe fuska]]. <ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |title=Sierra Leone River Estuary |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/sierra-leone-river-estuary-iba-sierra-leone |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> == Manazarta == d85v676orenhltrymi1ge23nmwvsunp 842130 842127 2026-05-29T06:22:35Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Filin Jirgin Sama na Lungi */ 842130 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Sierra Leone''' mashigar kogi ce a [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a Yammacin [[Saliyo]]. [[Kogin Bankasoka]] da Kogin Rokel ne suka samar da shi kuma faɗinsa yana tsakanin mil 4 zuwa 10 (6-16).&nbsp;kilomita) da mil 25 (40)&nbsp;(kilomita) mai tsayi. Tana ɗauke da manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Sarauniya Elizabeth II Quay da Pepel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sierra Leone River Estuary|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1014|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> Kogin ma yana da mahimmanci ga jigilar kaya. Ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a nahiyar Afirka. Tsibirai da dama, ciki har da [[Tasso Island|Tsibirin Tasso]] (mafi girma), Tsibirin Tombo, da [[Tsibirin Bunce]] mai tarihi mai mahimmanci, suna cikin kogin.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067679/Sierra-Leone-River "Sierra Leone River"] britannica.com</ref> == Filin Jirgin Sama na Lungi == Kogin ya raba [[Freetown]], babban birnin Saliyo, wanda ke gefen kudu na tashar jiragen ruwa, da babban filin jirgin saman ƙasar, Lungi International Airport, wanda ke gefen arewa na tashar jiragen ruwa a wani yanki da ake kira "Bullom Shore." Babban hanyar sufuri daga filin jirgin zuwa Freetown ita ce ta jirgin ruwa mai sauri ko jirgin ruwa. Ba a ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu da helikwafta ba.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067679/Sierra-Leone-River "Sierra Leone River"] britannica.com</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == Tsawon {{Convert|2950|km2|mi2}} na bakin kogin Sierra Leone an sanya shi a matsayin wurin dausayi mai mahimmanci na duniya a taron Ramsar a yammacin [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]]. Yankin galibi dausayi ne na mangrove amma kuma ya haɗa da dazuzzukan fadama masu ruwa da tsaki. BirdLife International ta kuma sanya wurin a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) saboda yana tallafawa yawan masu kama kawa na Eurasia, masu kama yashi da kuma [[Angulu|ungulu masu rufe fuska]]. <ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |title=Sierra Leone River Estuary |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/sierra-leone-river-estuary-iba-sierra-leone |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> == Manazarta == kr5l9r7nweldxcpstc31m69qbknswym 842134 842130 2026-05-29T06:24:35Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Ilimin Halittu */ 842134 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Sierra Leone''' mashigar kogi ce a [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a Yammacin [[Saliyo]]. [[Kogin Bankasoka]] da Kogin Rokel ne suka samar da shi kuma faɗinsa yana tsakanin mil 4 zuwa 10 (6-16).&nbsp;kilomita) da mil 25 (40)&nbsp;(kilomita) mai tsayi. Tana ɗauke da manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Sarauniya Elizabeth II Quay da Pepel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sierra Leone River Estuary|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1014|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> Kogin ma yana da mahimmanci ga jigilar kaya. Ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a nahiyar Afirka. Tsibirai da dama, ciki har da [[Tasso Island|Tsibirin Tasso]] (mafi girma), Tsibirin Tombo, da [[Tsibirin Bunce]] mai tarihi mai mahimmanci, suna cikin kogin.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067679/Sierra-Leone-River "Sierra Leone River"] britannica.com</ref> == Filin Jirgin Sama na Lungi == Kogin ya raba [[Freetown]], babban birnin Saliyo, wanda ke gefen kudu na tashar jiragen ruwa, da babban filin jirgin saman ƙasar, Lungi International Airport, wanda ke gefen arewa na tashar jiragen ruwa a wani yanki da ake kira "Bullom Shore." Babban hanyar sufuri daga filin jirgin zuwa Freetown ita ce ta jirgin ruwa mai sauri ko jirgin ruwa. Ba a ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu da helikwafta ba.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067679/Sierra-Leone-River "Sierra Leone River"] britannica.com</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == Tsawon {{Convert|2950|km2|mi2}} na bakin kogin Sierra Leone an sanya shi a matsayin wurin dausayi mai mahimmanci na duniya a taron Ramsar a yammacin [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]].<ref>[http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=198331&level=int ''World Database on Protected Areas: Site Information''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924014313/http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=198331&level=int |date=2008-09-24}}, UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (2004), retrieved on 10 November 2007</ref> Yankin galibi dausayi ne na mangrove amma kuma ya haɗa da dazuzzukan fadama masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref>[http://www.wetlands.org/RSDB/default.htm Ramsar Sites Information Service] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714104645/http://www.wetlands.org/RSDB/default.htm |date=2008-07-14}}, Ramsar, retrieved on 10 November 2007</ref> BirdLife International ta kuma sanya wurin a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) saboda yana tallafawa yawan masu kama kawa na Eurasia, masu kama yashi da kuma [[Angulu|ungulu masu rufe fuska]]. <ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |title=Sierra Leone River Estuary |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/sierra-leone-river-estuary-iba-sierra-leone |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> == Manazarta == ij0hsjub9uotidjhun28cyuwwwcw3il 842137 842134 2026-05-29T06:25:35Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Sierra Leone''' mashigar kogi ce a [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a Yammacin [[Saliyo]]. [[Kogin Bankasoka]] da Kogin Rokel ne suka samar da shi kuma faɗinsa yana tsakanin mil 4 zuwa 10 (6-16).&nbsp;kilomita) da mil 25 (40)&nbsp;(kilomita) mai tsayi. Tana ɗauke da manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Sarauniya Elizabeth II Quay da Pepel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sierra Leone River Estuary|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1014|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> Kogin ma yana da mahimmanci ga jigilar kaya. Ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a nahiyar Afirka. Tsibirai da dama, ciki har da [[Tasso Island|Tsibirin Tasso]] (mafi girma), Tsibirin Tombo, da [[Tsibirin Bunce]] mai tarihi mai mahimmanci, suna cikin kogin.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067679/Sierra-Leone-River "Sierra Leone River"] britannica.com</ref> == Filin Jirgin Sama na Lungi == Kogin ya raba [[Freetown]], babban birnin Saliyo, wanda ke gefen kudu na tashar jiragen ruwa, da babban filin jirgin saman ƙasar, Lungi International Airport, wanda ke gefen arewa na tashar jiragen ruwa a wani yanki da ake kira "Bullom Shore." Babban hanyar sufuri daga filin jirgin zuwa Freetown ita ce ta jirgin ruwa mai sauri ko jirgin ruwa. Ba a ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu da helikwafta ba.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067679/Sierra-Leone-River "Sierra Leone River"] britannica.com</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == Tsawon {{Convert|2950|km2|mi2}} na bakin kogin Sierra Leone an sanya shi a matsayin wurin dausayi mai mahimmanci na duniya a taron Ramsar a yammacin [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]].<ref>[http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=198331&level=int ''World Database on Protected Areas: Site Information''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924014313/http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=198331&level=int |date=2008-09-24}}, UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (2004), retrieved on 10 November 2007</ref> Yankin galibi dausayi ne na mangrove amma kuma ya haɗa da dazuzzukan fadama masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref>[http://www.wetlands.org/RSDB/default.htm Ramsar Sites Information Service] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714104645/http://www.wetlands.org/RSDB/default.htm |date=2008-07-14}}, Ramsar, retrieved on 10 November 2007</ref> BirdLife International ta kuma sanya wurin a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) saboda yana tallafawa yawan masu kama kawa na Eurasia, masu kama yashi da kuma [[Angulu|ungulu masu rufe fuska]]. <ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |title=Sierra Leone River Estuary |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/sierra-leone-river-estuary-iba-sierra-leone |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> == Manazarta == 1tpjacnh8ctb6ztgyp7591aoiiszklh 0 152953 842119 2026-05-29T06:18:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355622024|Gulf of Aden]]" 842119 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tekun Aden''' (Arabic; {{Convert|15|mm|in|2}}[[Somaliya]] Gacanka Cadmeed) wani ruwa ne mai zurfi na [[Tekun Indiya]] tsakanin [[Yemen]] zuwa arewa, Tekun Larabawa zuwa gabas, [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] zuwa yamma, da kuma Guardafui Channel, Tsibirin Socotra, Puntland a Somalia da [[Somaliland]] zuwa kudu. A arewa maso yamma, yana haɗuwa da [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] ta hanyar Bab-el-Mandeb, kuma yana haɗuwa tare da Bahar Larabawa zuwa gabas. A yamma, ya ƙuntata zuwa [[Tekun Tadjoura]] a Djibouti . Aden Ridge yana kwance a tsakiyar gulf, kuma aikin tectonic a kan tudu yana haifar da gulf ya fadada da kusan 15 in) a kowace shekara. Tsoffin Girkawa sun ɗauki gabar tekun a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin muhimman sassan " Tekun Erythraean ". Daga baya Musulmai suka mamaye shi, yayin da yankin da ke kewaye da gabar tekun ya [[Musulunci|musulunta]] . Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960, an sami ƙaruwar yawan sojojin ruwan Soviet a Tekun. Muhimmancin Tekun Aden ya ragu yayin da aka rufe [[Suez canal|magudanar ruwa ta Suez]], amma an farfaɗo da shi lokacin da aka sake buɗe magudanar ruwa a shekarar 1975, bayan da gwamnatin Masar ta zurfafa ta kuma faɗaɗa ta. Hanyar ruwa tana daga cikin muhimmiyar hanyar jigilar jiragen ruwa ta Suez Canal tsakanin Bahar Rum da Bahar Larabawa a cikin Tekun Indiya, tare da jiragen ruwa 21,000 da ke tsallaka gulf a kowace shekara.<ref name="yah1">{{Cite web |title=Pirates fire on US cruise ship in hijack attempt: Yahoo! News |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081202/ap_on_re_af/piracy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204080826/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081202/ap_on_re_af/piracy |archive-date=December 4, 2008 |access-date=2008-12-04 |publisher=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana amfani da wannan hanyar don isar da man fetur na Tekun Farisa, yana [[Danyen mai|mai]] da gulf hanyar ruwa mai mahimmanci a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2005-03-01 |title=Earth from Space: The Gulf of Aden – the gateway to Persian oil |url=http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMWOXNFGLE_index_0.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317045047/http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMWOXNFGLE_index_0.html |archive-date=2008-03-17 |access-date=2008-04-04 |publisher=European Space Agency}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden |url=http://www.itopf.com/information-services/country-profiles/documents/redsea.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216101730/http://itopf.com/information%2Dservices/country%2Dprofiles/documents/redsea.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-16 |access-date=2008-04-04 |publisher=International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF)}}</ref> Manyan birane a gefen Tekun Aden sun hada da sunan Aden a [[Yemen]]. Sauran biranen Yemen sune Zinjibar, Shuqrah, Ahwar, Balhaf, Mukalla, Ash-Shihr, al-Hami, Hadibu, da Qul Hollywood. A gefen Afirka akwai biranen [[Jibuti (birni)|Djibouti]], Berbera da Bosaso. == Sunayen tarihi == [[Fayil:Ibn_Majid_Gulf_of_Berbera.png|thumb|Ibn Majid yana magana game da Gulf a matsayin Gulf of Berbera''Tekun Berbera'']] A zamanin d ̄ a, Ancient Greek">Helenawa na dā sun kalli abin da yanzu ake kira Gulf of Aden a matsayin fadada Tekun Erythraean (Red Sea) Tsohon Girkanci: ̆̆̆̆ . Sun ba da sunayen tsibirai da yawa a cikin gulf, ciki har da ɗaya da suka kira Stratonis, kodayake ba a bayyana wane sunan Girkanci yake magana game da wane tsibirin ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book XVI Chapter 4 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16D*.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612122218/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16D%2A.html |archive-date=2021-06-12 |access-date=2021-02-19 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> A cikin Abu'l-Fida's A Sketch of the Countries (Arabic), an kira Gulf of Aden na yanzu Gulf of Berbera, wanda ke nuna yadda Berbera ke da muhimmanci a cikin kasuwanci na yanki da na duniya a lokacin zamani. Mashahurin mai ba da hanya Ibn Majid ya kuma ambaci Tekun Aden a matsayin Tekun Berbera a cikin littafinsa na karni na 15 mai suna The Book of the Benefits of the Principles and Foundations of Seamanship . Berbera ta kasance sanannen tashar jiragen ruwa tun zamanin d ̄ a.<ref name="Periplus">{{Cite web |title=Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Schoff's 1912 translation |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814160845/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html |archive-date=2014-08-14 |access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == === Ƙayyadaddun === Ƙungiyar Hydrographic ta Duniya ta bayyana iyakokin Tekun Aden kamar haka: <ref>{{Cite web |year=1953 |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011 |access-date=28 December 2020 |publisher=International Hydrographic Organization}}</ref> :: ''A arewa maso yamma'' - iyakar kudancin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] [layin da ya haɗu da Hisn Murad (12°40′N 43°30′E / 12.667°N 43.500°E / 12.667; 43.500) da Ras Siyyan (12°29′N 43 °20′E /12.483°N 43.333°E /12.43333) ] :: ''A gabas'' - meridian na Cape Guardafui :: [[Tekun Tadjoura]] wani bangare ne na Tekun Aden, wanda ya zama ƙarshen yamma. === Rubuce-rubucen ruwa === Yawan zafin jiki na Tekun Aden ya bambanta tsakanin 15 da 28 ° C (59 da 82 ° F), dangane da lokacin da kuma ruwan sama. salinity na gulf a zurfin mita 10 (33 ya bambanta daga 35.3‰ tare da gabar gabashin Somaliya zuwa 37.3‰ a tsakiyar gulf, yayin da abun da ke ciki na oxygen a wannan zurfin yawanci tsakanin 4.0 da 5.0 MG / L.&nbsp;<ref name="fao" /> == Yankin tattalin arziki na musamman == Yankunan tattalin arziki na musamman a Tekun Aden:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sea Around Us &#124; Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity |url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223181456/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez |archive-date=2016-02-23 |access-date=2020-09-13 |website=www.seaaroundus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sea Around Us &#124; Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity |url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/706?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223181456/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/706?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 |archive-date=2016-02-23 |access-date=2020-09-13 |website=www.seaaroundus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sea Around Us &#124; Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity |url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/917?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223181456/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/917?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 |archive-date=2016-02-23 |access-date=2020-09-13 |website=www.seaaroundus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sea Around Us &#124; Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity |url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/262?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223181456/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/262?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 |archive-date=2016-02-23 |access-date=2020-09-13 |website=www.seaaroundus.org}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%" ! width="75" |Adadin ! width="250" |Kasar ! width="100" |Yankin (Km²) |- | align="center" |1 |'''{{YEM}}''' | align="center" |509,240 |- | align="center" |2 |''' Somaliya''' da '''{{Flag|Somaliland}}''' | align="center" |831,059 |- | align="center" |3 |''' Djibouti''' | align="center" |7,037 |- style="background:#9acdff;" !Jimillar |'''Tekun Aden''' | align="center" |'''1,347,336''' |} == Tattalin Arziki == [[Fayil:Dhow_Gulf_of_Aden.jpg|right|thumb|Wani Daaw a Tekun Aden]] Tekun Aden hanya ce mai mahimmanci don jigilar kaya, musamman ga [[Danyen mai|man fetur]] na Tekun Farisa, yana mai da shi hanyar ruwa mai mahimmanci a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2005-03-01 |title=Earth from Space: The Gulf of Aden – the gateway to Persian oil |url=http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMWOXNFGLE_index_0.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317045047/http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMWOXNFGLE_index_0.html |archive-date=2008-03-17 |access-date=2008-04-04 |publisher=European Space Agency}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 11% na man fetur na duniya yana wucewa ta Gulf of Aden a kan hanyarsa zuwa [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] ko zuwa masana'antun yanki.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden |url=http://www.itopf.com/information-services/country-profiles/documents/redsea.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216101730/http://itopf.com/information%2Dservices/country%2Dprofiles/documents/redsea.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-16 |access-date=2008-04-04 |publisher=International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF)}}</ref> Manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a gefen gulf sune Aden, Balhaf, Bir Ali, Mukalla, da Shokra a [[Yemen]]; [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] City a Djibout; Zeila da Berbera a [[Somaliland]], da Bosaso a [[Somaliya]]. A zamanin d ̄ a, gulf yanki ne mai tasowa na cinikayya ta duniya tsakanin Ptolemaic Misira da Roma a yamma da Indiya ta gargajiya, yankunan Indonesiya, da Han China a gabas. Ba a iyakance shi ga jigilar kaya ba, kamar yadda turare na Yemen, turtoiseshell, da sauran kayayyaki suna da buƙata sosai a bangarorin biyu. Bayan da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Masar suka gano iskar ruwan sama kuma suka fara kasuwanci kai tsaye tare da Indiya, hanyoyin da suka haɗu da su sun fara rushewa, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar fashi a yankin. Periplus na ƙarni na 1 na Tekun Erythraean ya rubuta abubuwan da wani kyaftin din Masar ya samu a wannan zamanin. Bayan rushewar tattalin arzikin Romawa, cinikayya kai tsaye ta ƙare amma tashar jiragen ruwa ta Awsan I Crater, wanda ke kudu da birnin Aden na zamani, ya kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar yanki. A ƙarshen zamanin d ̄ a da farkon zamanin da, akwai mamayewa da yawa na Yemen daga [[Axum|Habasha]]; bayan tasowa na Islama, gulf ya ba da izinin ƙaurawa akai-akai daga arewa maso yammacin Afirka ta mazauna Larabawa. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na 2000s, musamman a lokacin yakin da aka [[Yakin Somaliya 2006-2009|yaƙi a Somaliya]], gulf ya zama cibiyar ayyukan fashi. A shekara ta 2013, hare-haren da aka kai a cikin ruwa sun ragu sosai saboda tsaron masu zaman kansu da masu sintiri na kasa da kasa. Indiya tana karɓar dala biliyan 50 a shigo da kayayyaki - kuma tana aika da dala biliyan 60 a fitarwa - ta hanyar wannan yanki a kowace shekara. Don kare cinikinta da na sauran ƙasashe, Indiya tana riƙe da rundunar sojan ruwa a yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gokhale |first=Nitin |year=2011 |title=India Takes Fight to Pirates |url=https://thediplomat.com/2011/04/19/india-takes-fight-to-pirates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003090038/http://thediplomat.com/2011/04/19/india-takes-fight-to-pirates/ |archive-date=3 October 2012 |access-date=19 April 2011 |website=the-diplomat.com |publisher=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sxilbbtn9jzbthcml6cln1fk64b4hop 842120 842119 2026-05-29T06:18:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 842120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tekun Aden''' (Arabic; {{Convert|15|mm|in|2}}[[Somaliya]] Gacanka Cadmeed) wani ruwa ne mai zurfi na [[Tekun Indiya]] tsakanin [[Yemen]] zuwa arewa, Tekun Larabawa zuwa gabas, [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] zuwa yamma, da kuma Guardafui Channel, Tsibirin Socotra, Puntland a Somalia da [[Somaliland]] zuwa kudu. A arewa maso yamma, yana haɗuwa da [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] ta hanyar Bab-el-Mandeb, kuma yana haɗuwa tare da Bahar Larabawa zuwa gabas. A yamma, ya ƙuntata zuwa [[Tekun Tadjoura]] a Djibouti . Aden Ridge yana kwance a tsakiyar gulf, kuma aikin tectonic a kan tudu yana haifar da gulf ya fadada da kusan 15 in) a kowace shekara. Tsoffin Girkawa sun ɗauki gabar tekun a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin muhimman sassan " Tekun Erythraean ". Daga baya Musulmai suka mamaye shi, yayin da yankin da ke kewaye da gabar tekun ya [[Musulunci|musulunta]] . Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960, an sami ƙaruwar yawan sojojin ruwan Soviet a Tekun. Muhimmancin Tekun Aden ya ragu yayin da aka rufe [[Suez canal|magudanar ruwa ta Suez]], amma an farfaɗo da shi lokacin da aka sake buɗe magudanar ruwa a shekarar 1975, bayan da gwamnatin Masar ta zurfafa ta kuma faɗaɗa ta. Hanyar ruwa tana daga cikin muhimmiyar hanyar jigilar jiragen ruwa ta Suez Canal tsakanin Bahar Rum da Bahar Larabawa a cikin Tekun Indiya, tare da jiragen ruwa 21,000 da ke tsallaka gulf a kowace shekara.<ref name="yah1">{{Cite web |title=Pirates fire on US cruise ship in hijack attempt: Yahoo! News |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081202/ap_on_re_af/piracy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204080826/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081202/ap_on_re_af/piracy |archive-date=December 4, 2008 |access-date=2008-12-04 |publisher=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana amfani da wannan hanyar don isar da man fetur na Tekun Farisa, yana [[Danyen mai|mai]] da gulf hanyar ruwa mai mahimmanci a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2005-03-01 |title=Earth from Space: The Gulf of Aden – the gateway to Persian oil |url=http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMWOXNFGLE_index_0.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317045047/http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMWOXNFGLE_index_0.html |archive-date=2008-03-17 |access-date=2008-04-04 |publisher=European Space Agency}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden |url=http://www.itopf.com/information-services/country-profiles/documents/redsea.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216101730/http://itopf.com/information%2Dservices/country%2Dprofiles/documents/redsea.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-16 |access-date=2008-04-04 |publisher=International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF)}}</ref> Manyan birane a gefen Tekun Aden sun hada da sunan Aden a [[Yemen]]. Sauran biranen Yemen sune Zinjibar, Shuqrah, Ahwar, Balhaf, Mukalla, Ash-Shihr, al-Hami, Hadibu, da Qul Hollywood. A gefen Afirka akwai biranen [[Jibuti (birni)|Djibouti]], Berbera da Bosaso. == Sunayen tarihi == [[Fayil:Ibn_Majid_Gulf_of_Berbera.png|thumb|Ibn Majid yana magana game da Gulf a matsayin Gulf of Berbera''Tekun Berbera'']] A zamanin d ̄ a, Ancient Greek">Helenawa na dā sun kalli abin da yanzu ake kira Gulf of Aden a matsayin fadada Tekun Erythraean (Red Sea) Tsohon Girkanci: ̆̆̆̆ . Sun ba da sunayen tsibirai da yawa a cikin gulf, ciki har da ɗaya da suka kira Stratonis, kodayake ba a bayyana wane sunan Girkanci yake magana game da wane tsibirin ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book XVI Chapter 4 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16D*.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612122218/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16D%2A.html |archive-date=2021-06-12 |access-date=2021-02-19 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> A cikin Abu'l-Fida's A Sketch of the Countries (Arabic), an kira Gulf of Aden na yanzu Gulf of Berbera, wanda ke nuna yadda Berbera ke da muhimmanci a cikin kasuwanci na yanki da na duniya a lokacin zamani. Mashahurin mai ba da hanya Ibn Majid ya kuma ambaci Tekun Aden a matsayin Tekun Berbera a cikin littafinsa na karni na 15 mai suna The Book of the Benefits of the Principles and Foundations of Seamanship . Berbera ta kasance sanannen tashar jiragen ruwa tun zamanin d ̄ a.<ref name="Periplus">{{Cite web |title=Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Schoff's 1912 translation |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814160845/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html |archive-date=2014-08-14 |access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == === Ƙayyadaddun === Ƙungiyar Hydrographic ta Duniya ta bayyana iyakokin Tekun Aden kamar haka: <ref>{{Cite web |year=1953 |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011 |access-date=28 December 2020 |publisher=International Hydrographic Organization}}</ref> :: ''A arewa maso yamma'' - iyakar kudancin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] [layin da ya haɗu da Hisn Murad (12°40′N 43°30′E / 12.667°N 43.500°E / 12.667; 43.500) da Ras Siyyan (12°29′N 43 °20′E /12.483°N 43.333°E /12.43333) ] :: ''A gabas'' - meridian na Cape Guardafui :: [[Tekun Tadjoura]] wani bangare ne na Tekun Aden, wanda ya zama ƙarshen yamma. === Rubuce-rubucen ruwa === Yawan zafin jiki na Tekun Aden ya bambanta tsakanin 15 da 28 ° C (59 da 82 ° F), dangane da lokacin da kuma ruwan sama. salinity na gulf a zurfin mita 10 (33 ya bambanta daga 35.3‰ tare da gabar gabashin Somaliya zuwa 37.3‰ a tsakiyar gulf, yayin da abun da ke ciki na oxygen a wannan zurfin yawanci tsakanin 4.0 da 5.0 MG / L.&nbsp;<ref name="fao" /> == Yankin tattalin arziki na musamman == Yankunan tattalin arziki na musamman a Tekun Aden:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sea Around Us &#124; Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity |url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223181456/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez |archive-date=2016-02-23 |access-date=2020-09-13 |website=www.seaaroundus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sea Around Us &#124; Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity |url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/706?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223181456/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/706?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 |archive-date=2016-02-23 |access-date=2020-09-13 |website=www.seaaroundus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sea Around Us &#124; Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity |url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/917?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223181456/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/917?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 |archive-date=2016-02-23 |access-date=2020-09-13 |website=www.seaaroundus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sea Around Us &#124; Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity |url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/262?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223181456/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/262?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 |archive-date=2016-02-23 |access-date=2020-09-13 |website=www.seaaroundus.org}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%" ! width="75" |Adadin ! width="250" |Kasar ! width="100" |Yankin (Km²) |- | align="center" |1 |'''{{YEM}}''' | align="center" |509,240 |- | align="center" |2 |''' Somaliya''' da '''{{Flag|Somaliland}}''' | align="center" |831,059 |- | align="center" |3 |''' Djibouti''' | align="center" |7,037 |- style="background:#9acdff;" !Jimillar |'''Tekun Aden''' | align="center" |'''1,347,336''' |} == Tattalin Arziki == [[Fayil:Dhow_Gulf_of_Aden.jpg|right|thumb|Wani Daaw a Tekun Aden]] Tekun Aden hanya ce mai mahimmanci don jigilar kaya, musamman ga [[Danyen mai|man fetur]] na Tekun Farisa, yana mai da shi hanyar ruwa mai mahimmanci a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2005-03-01 |title=Earth from Space: The Gulf of Aden – the gateway to Persian oil |url=http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMWOXNFGLE_index_0.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317045047/http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMWOXNFGLE_index_0.html |archive-date=2008-03-17 |access-date=2008-04-04 |publisher=European Space Agency}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 11% na man fetur na duniya yana wucewa ta Gulf of Aden a kan hanyarsa zuwa [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] ko zuwa masana'antun yanki.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden |url=http://www.itopf.com/information-services/country-profiles/documents/redsea.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216101730/http://itopf.com/information%2Dservices/country%2Dprofiles/documents/redsea.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-16 |access-date=2008-04-04 |publisher=International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF)}}</ref> Manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a gefen gulf sune Aden, Balhaf, Bir Ali, Mukalla, da Shokra a [[Yemen]]; [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] City a Djibout; Zeila da Berbera a [[Somaliland]], da Bosaso a [[Somaliya]]. A zamanin d ̄ a, gulf yanki ne mai tasowa na cinikayya ta duniya tsakanin Ptolemaic Misira da Roma a yamma da Indiya ta gargajiya, yankunan Indonesiya, da Han China a gabas. Ba a iyakance shi ga jigilar kaya ba, kamar yadda turare na Yemen, turtoiseshell, da sauran kayayyaki suna da buƙata sosai a bangarorin biyu. Bayan da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Masar suka gano iskar ruwan sama kuma suka fara kasuwanci kai tsaye tare da Indiya, hanyoyin da suka haɗu da su sun fara rushewa, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar fashi a yankin. Periplus na ƙarni na 1 na Tekun Erythraean ya rubuta abubuwan da wani kyaftin din Masar ya samu a wannan zamanin. Bayan rushewar tattalin arzikin Romawa, cinikayya kai tsaye ta ƙare amma tashar jiragen ruwa ta Awsan I Crater, wanda ke kudu da birnin Aden na zamani, ya kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar yanki. A ƙarshen zamanin d ̄ a da farkon zamanin da, akwai mamayewa da yawa na Yemen daga [[Axum|Habasha]]; bayan tasowa na Islama, gulf ya ba da izinin ƙaurawa akai-akai daga arewa maso yammacin Afirka ta mazauna Larabawa. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na 2000s, musamman a lokacin yakin da aka [[Yakin Somaliya 2006-2009|yaƙi a Somaliya]], gulf ya zama cibiyar ayyukan fashi. A shekara ta 2013, hare-haren da aka kai a cikin ruwa sun ragu sosai saboda tsaron masu zaman kansu da masu sintiri na kasa da kasa. Indiya tana karɓar dala biliyan 50 a shigo da kayayyaki - kuma tana aika da dala biliyan 60 a fitarwa - ta hanyar wannan yanki a kowace shekara. Don kare cinikinta da na sauran ƙasashe, Indiya tana riƙe da rundunar sojan ruwa a yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gokhale |first=Nitin |year=2011 |title=India Takes Fight to Pirates |url=https://thediplomat.com/2011/04/19/india-takes-fight-to-pirates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003090038/http://thediplomat.com/2011/04/19/india-takes-fight-to-pirates/ |archive-date=3 October 2012 |access-date=19 April 2011 |website=the-diplomat.com |publisher=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gqgugklgpeptrnyn49481xhc8mzofh1 0 152954 842121 2026-05-29T06:19:27Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Farfesa Ernest Maduabuchi Ojukwu''' SAN (an haife shi 23 Satumba 1960) fitaccen farfesan shari’a ne ɗan Najeriya, lauya kuma Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN). Ya yi suna wajen gyaran tsarin koyar da shari’a a Najeriya da kuma inganta ilimin aikin lauya. Ya kasance tsohon Mataimakin Darakta Janar kuma Shugaban Harabar Augustine Nnamani ta [[Nigerian Law School]] da ke Agbani, jihar Enugu. Haka kuma ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar '''Network of University Legal Aid Institution... 842121 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Farfesa Ernest Maduabuchi Ojukwu''' SAN (an haife shi 23 Satumba 1960) fitaccen farfesan shari’a ne ɗan Najeriya, lauya kuma Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN). Ya yi suna wajen gyaran tsarin koyar da shari’a a Najeriya da kuma inganta ilimin aikin lauya. Ya kasance tsohon Mataimakin Darakta Janar kuma Shugaban Harabar Augustine Nnamani ta [[Nigerian Law School]] da ke Agbani, jihar Enugu. Haka kuma ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar '''Network of University Legal Aid Institutions (NULAI Nigeria)''', wadda ke tallafa wa tsarin koyar da shari’a ta hanyar aiki kai tsaye da bayar da taimakon doka ga jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/12/corruption-is-killing-nigerias-legal-profession-prof-ojukwu-san/ |title=Corruption is killing Nigeria’s legal profession – Prof Ojukwu, SAN |publisher=Vanguard Newspaper |date=20 Disamba 2018 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ernestojukwu.com/about-me/ |title=About Me – Prof Ernest Ojukwu SAN |website=Ernest Ojukwu Official Website |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Ernest Ojukwu a ranar 23 Satumba 1960 a garin Ahaba Imenyi da ke ƙaramar hukumar Isuikwuato a jihar Abia, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun sakandare a Methodist College Uzuakoli da kuma Government College Umuahia. Bayan haka ya shiga [[Obafemi Awolowo University]] da ke Ile-Ife inda ya samu digirin farko na lauya (LL.B) a shekarar 1983 sannan ya samu digirin digirgir na biyu (LL.M) a shekarar 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ernestojukwu.com/about-me/ |title=About Me – Prof Ernest Ojukwu SAN |website=Ernest Ojukwu Official Website |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Har ila yau, ya samu horo kan sasanta rikice-rikice da hanyoyin warware takaddama (Alternative Dispute Resolution) daga Jami'ar California Sacramento Center for African Peace and Conflict Resolution.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/12/fg-right-sale-wasteful-national-assets-ernest-ojukwu-san/ |title=FG is right on sale of ‘wasteful national assets’—Ernest Ojukwu, SAN |publisher=Vanguard Newspaper |date=7 Disamba 2017 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aiki == Ojukwu ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1985 a matsayin mataimakin malami a [[Abia State University]]. Daga baya ya zama shugaban tsangayar shari’a ta jami’ar daga 1995 zuwa 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/06/education-weapon-corruption-prosecution-ojukwu-san/ |title=Education, a weapon against corruption than prosecution – Ojukwu, SAN |publisher=Vanguard Newspaper |date=28 Yuni 2018 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2001 an naɗa shi Mataimakin Darakta Janar kuma Shugaban Harabar Augustine Nnamani ta Nigerian Law School a Agbani, Enugu, inda ya yi aiki tsawon shekaru da dama wajen kawo sauye-sauye a tsarin koyar da shari’a da horas da lauyoyi masu ƙwarewa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ojukwu-bill-for-new-law-school-campuses-misconceived/ |title=Ojukwu: Bill for new Law School campuses misconceived |publisher=The Nation Newspaper |date=7 Disamba 2021 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙaddamar da tsarin '''Clinical Legal Education''' a Najeriya, wanda ke bai wa ɗaliban lauya damar koyon aiki kai tsaye ta hanyar taimakon shari’a ga al’umma. An bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jagororin gyaran ilimin shari’a a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/features/law/nigeria-law-school-should-be-deregularised/ |title=Nigeria Law School should be deregularised |publisher=The Guardian Nigeria |date=20 Yuni 2017 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Gudummawa ga harkar shari’a == Farfesa Ojukwu ya yi aiki a ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Najeriya ([[Nigerian Bar Association]]) a matakai daban-daban. Ya kasance sakataren reshen Aba daga 1992 zuwa 1993 sannan shugaban reshen daga 1997 zuwa 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ernestojukwu.com/about-me/ |title=About Me – Prof Ernest Ojukwu SAN |website=Ernest Ojukwu Official Website |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Ya kuma jagoranci kwamitocin gyaran dokokin aikin lauya da tsara sabbin ƙa’idojin ɗabi’ar lauyoyi a Najeriya. Haka kuma ya kasance cikin manyan masu fafutukar tabbatar da gaskiya da yaƙi da cin hanci a bangaren shari’a.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/10/rule-of-law-in-nigeria-is-weak-ojukwu/ |title=Rule of law in Nigeria is weak — Ojukwu |publisher=Vanguard Newspaper |date=2 Oktoba 2023 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Ra’ayoyi kan cin hanci == Farfesa Ojukwu ya sha bayyana cewa ilimi da tarbiyya sun fi gurfanarwa kawai amfani wajen yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa. Ya yi kira da a koyar da ɗaliban lauya muhimmancin gaskiya, ɗabi’a da kishin ƙasa domin gina tsarin shari’a mai inganci.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/06/education-weapon-corruption-prosecution-ojukwu-san/ |title=Education, a weapon against corruption than prosecution – Ojukwu, SAN |publisher=Vanguard Newspaper |date=28 Yuni 2018 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Wallafe-wallafe == Farfesa Ojukwu ya wallafa littattafai da muƙalu da dama a fannin shari’a da ilimin koyar da aikin lauya. Wasu daga cikin ayyukansa sun haɗa da: * ''Introduction to Civil Procedure'' * ''Street Law: Child Rights Manual'' * ''Impact Assessment of Clinical Legal Education in Nigeria'' * ''Legal Education in Nigeria: A Chronicle of Reforms and Transformation''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ernestojukwu.com/about-me/ |title=About Me – Prof Ernest Ojukwu SAN |website=Ernest Ojukwu Official Website |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Karramawa == An ba shi lambar girma ta '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''' a shekarar 2014 saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga harkar shari’a da ilimin doka a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ernestojukwu.com/about-me/ |title=About Me – Prof Ernest Ojukwu SAN |website=Ernest Ojukwu Official Website |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Lauyoyin Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama]] [[Category:Haihuwa a 1960]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 4ocny5ce7k0ade44lfyl201qsutjhc0 0 152955 842122 2026-05-29T06:19:35Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1277681743|Togdheer River]]" 842122 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Kogin Togdheer''' ( Somali ) kogi ne na yanayi a yankin Togdheer na tsakiyar [[Somaliland]] . An sanya wa yankin suna ne bayan kogin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Conflict Analysis of Fodder and Honey Value Chain Upgrading for Togdheer Region |url=https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---africa/---ro-abidjan/---sro-addis_ababa/documents/projectdocumentation/wcms_398837.pdf |website=ILO}}</ref> Sunan kogin ya fito ne daga "Tog" (wanda ke nufin "kogi" a cikin [[Harshen Somaliya|harshen Somali]] ) da "dheer" (Somali don "dogon"). Kogin Togdheer ya tashi a gindin tsaunuka na Dutsen Golis, musamman saman gangaren ajiyar Ga'an Libah, yana gudana a kudu ta hanyar birnin Burao, inda ya raba birnin zuwa rabi, sannan ya ɓace cikin filayen gabashin yankin Togdheer da arewacin Sool, inda yake samar da abinci na hunturu ga Kwarin Nugaal mai bushe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ga'an Libah Reserve |url=https://visithornafrica.com/gaan-libah-reserve/ |access-date=2021-01-31 |website=Visit Horn of Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Kogin yawanci ya bushe, amma yana fuskantar [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] lokacin da ruwan sama mai yawa ya fadi a cikin duwatsu. == Bincike == Mai binciken Burtaniya John Hanning Speke a lokacin ziyararsa ta 1854 zuwa Somaliland ya bayyana Togdheer a matsayin kwari mai kyau da kyau, kuma wanda ke haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin ruwan sama da ke gudana zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]]: Wani mai binciken Burtaniya, Frank Linsly James, ya bayyana kogin yayin ziyarar bincikensa zuwa Somaliland a 1884: James, baƙo na Sultan Awad Deria a lokacin ziyararsa zuwa Somaliland, ya bayyana wasan kwaikwayon da Habr Yunis Horsemen ya shaida a Togdheer a Burao:<blockquote>A lokacin da muka zauna a Burao, Sultan ya tattara mutane da yawa tare, kuma sau biyu ya yi mana nishaɗi tare da wasu abubuwan da aka yi da kyau da kuma halayen juyin halitta a kan doki. A karo na farko an tattara wasu maza arba'in a cikin Tug kafin zairba; amma wannan bai gamsar da Sultan ba, kuma ya shirya "fan- tasia" na biyu wanda ya cika mayaƙa ɗari biyu. Wannan shine abu mafi kyau kuma mafi mahimmanci na irin wannan da na taɓa gani. An fara yin procession a cikin kogin, kuma a kan siginar da aka ba duk sun tashi, suna nuna mashigai da garkuwarsu. Suna sanye da tufafi masu launuka da yawa, kuma suna zaune a kan dawakai masu ban sha'awa, sun shiga gasar mimic tare da mashi da garkuwar, suna jagorantar dawakai a kan haunches din su lokacin da suke da cikakken gudu, kuma tare da kukan daji suna jefa mashigar su cikin iska. Kowane jarumi yana ɗauke da bulala mai gajeren hannu tare da tsintsiya mai zurfi, kuma tare da shi ya yi wa dajinsa bulala ba tare da tausayi ba. Wasu daga cikin mahayan sun shiga cikin ayyukan motsa jiki na yau da kullun, suna tsalle daga dawakai lokacin da suke da cikakken gudu, suna karɓar abubuwa da aka jefa a ƙasa, sannan kuma suna hawa- ing. Bayan wannan ya ci gaba da ɗan lokaci za su yi tsalle kusa da Zariba, kuma suna mulki, suna ihu "Mutuwa, mutuwa" ("Barka da ita"), wanda muka amsa, "Kul liban" ("Na gode"). </blockquote> == Manazarta == j7vqzegg8tqyfmmmj2ked2szos2sfkh 842124 842122 2026-05-29T06:19:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 842124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Togdheer''' ( Somali ) kogi ne na yanayi a yankin Togdheer na tsakiyar [[Somaliland]] . An sanya wa yankin suna ne bayan kogin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Conflict Analysis of Fodder and Honey Value Chain Upgrading for Togdheer Region |url=https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---africa/---ro-abidjan/---sro-addis_ababa/documents/projectdocumentation/wcms_398837.pdf |website=ILO}}</ref> Sunan kogin ya fito ne daga "Tog" (wanda ke nufin "kogi" a cikin [[Harshen Somaliya|harshen Somali]] ) da "dheer" (Somali don "dogon"). Kogin Togdheer ya tashi a gindin tsaunuka na Dutsen Golis, musamman saman gangaren ajiyar Ga'an Libah, yana gudana a kudu ta hanyar birnin Burao, inda ya raba birnin zuwa rabi, sannan ya ɓace cikin filayen gabashin yankin Togdheer da arewacin Sool, inda yake samar da abinci na hunturu ga Kwarin Nugaal mai bushe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ga'an Libah Reserve |url=https://visithornafrica.com/gaan-libah-reserve/ |access-date=2021-01-31 |website=Visit Horn of Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Kogin yawanci ya bushe, amma yana fuskantar [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] lokacin da ruwan sama mai yawa ya fadi a cikin duwatsu. == Bincike == Mai binciken Burtaniya John Hanning Speke a lokacin ziyararsa ta 1854 zuwa Somaliland ya bayyana Togdheer a matsayin kwari mai kyau da kyau, kuma wanda ke haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin ruwan sama da ke gudana zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]]: Wani mai binciken Burtaniya, Frank Linsly James, ya bayyana kogin yayin ziyarar bincikensa zuwa Somaliland a 1884: James, baƙo na Sultan Awad Deria a lokacin ziyararsa zuwa Somaliland, ya bayyana wasan kwaikwayon da Habr Yunis Horsemen ya shaida a Togdheer a Burao:<blockquote>A lokacin da muka zauna a Burao, Sultan ya tattara mutane da yawa tare, kuma sau biyu ya yi mana nishaɗi tare da wasu abubuwan da aka yi da kyau da kuma halayen juyin halitta a kan doki. A karo na farko an tattara wasu maza arba'in a cikin Tug kafin zairba; amma wannan bai gamsar da Sultan ba, kuma ya shirya "fan- tasia" na biyu wanda ya cika mayaƙa ɗari biyu. Wannan shine abu mafi kyau kuma mafi mahimmanci na irin wannan da na taɓa gani. An fara yin procession a cikin kogin, kuma a kan siginar da aka ba duk sun tashi, suna nuna mashigai da garkuwarsu. Suna sanye da tufafi masu launuka da yawa, kuma suna zaune a kan dawakai masu ban sha'awa, sun shiga gasar mimic tare da mashi da garkuwar, suna jagorantar dawakai a kan haunches din su lokacin da suke da cikakken gudu, kuma tare da kukan daji suna jefa mashigar su cikin iska. Kowane jarumi yana ɗauke da bulala mai gajeren hannu tare da tsintsiya mai zurfi, kuma tare da shi ya yi wa dajinsa bulala ba tare da tausayi ba. Wasu daga cikin mahayan sun shiga cikin ayyukan motsa jiki na yau da kullun, suna tsalle daga dawakai lokacin da suke da cikakken gudu, suna karɓar abubuwa da aka jefa a ƙasa, sannan kuma suna hawa- ing. Bayan wannan ya ci gaba da ɗan lokaci za su yi tsalle kusa da Zariba, kuma suna mulki, suna ihu "Mutuwa, mutuwa" ("Barka da ita"), wanda muka amsa, "Kul liban" ("Na gode"). </blockquote> == Manazarta == 6n6jbbromj7o46rg0x0vp0f0cc6zi42 0 152956 842125 2026-05-29T06:20:21Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347101216|Les Avirons]]" 842125 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Yankunan da ke kusa</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Communes of France|Al'umma]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Tevelave_Eglise.JPG|250x250px]] |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable" |<templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/columns/styles.css" /><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell">[[Fayil:Blason_ville_DomFr_Les_Avirons_(La_Réunion).svg|100x100px|Coat of arms of Les Avirons]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Alamar makamai</div></div></div></div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Fayil:Locator_map_of_Les_Avirons_2018.png|250x250px|Location of Les Avirons]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe height="200" frameless="1" align="center" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Les Avirons","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q1014814"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Les Avirons"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q1014814"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[55.3333,-21.2419],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Les Avirons","marker-symbol":"town"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Wurin Les Avirons</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar daidaitawa: 21°14′31′′S 55°20′00′′E / 21.2419°S 55.3333°E / -21.2419; 55.33<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Les_Avirons&params=21.2419_S_55.3333_E_type:city(11536)_region:FR-974 <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°14′31″S</span> <span class="longitude">55°20′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.2419°S 55.3333°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-21.2419; 55.3333</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Faransa]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin kasashen waje da sashen | class="infobox-data" |Taron |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin | class="infobox-data" |Saint-Pierre |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin | class="infobox-data" |Tafkin Gishiri |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Haɗin kai | class="infobox-data" |Biranen hadin kai |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Gwamnati<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Magajin gari (2020-2026) &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="nobold">(2020–2026)</span> | class="infobox-data" |Eric Ferrere |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">Yankin<div class="ib-settlement-fn">^'''1'''</div></div> | class="infobox-data" |².27 km2 (10.14 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yawan jama'a (2023) [2]<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2023)<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> | class="infobox-data" |11,536 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ƙarƙashin jama'a&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |439.1/km² (1,137/sq mi) &nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+04:00 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |INSEE / lambar gidan waya | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-97401 97401] /97425</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Hawan sama | class="infobox-data" |0-2,565 m (0-8,415 ft) (avg. 268 m ko 879 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |^'''1''' Bayanan Land Register na Faransa, wanda ya cire tabkuna, tafkuna, kankara > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi ko 247 acres) da kogin kogi.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |} {{Weather box}}{{Historical populations|1967|4547|1974|4863|1982|5150|1990|5935|1999|7172|2007|10093|2012|11181|2017|11345|2023|11536}}Les Avirons ([[Faransa]] pronunciation: [lez‿aviʁɔ̃] i, ma'ana "tsuntsu" a Faransanci), wani Taron ne a cikin sashen Réunion na Faransa a cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] . Yana da iyaka da yankunan Saint-Leu, Cilaos, Saint-Louis da L'Étang-Salé, da kuma mita 150 na bakin teku.<ref>Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == === Yanayi === Les Avirons yana da Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi (Köppen climate classification ''Aw''). Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara a Les Avirons shine {{Cvt|24.2|C}} ° C (75.6 ° F). Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine {{Cvt|805.2|mm}} in) tare da Janairu a matsayin watan da ya fi ruwan sama. Yanayin zafi ya fi girma a matsakaici a watan Janairu, a kusa da {{Cvt|27.2|C}} ° C (81.0 ° F), kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a watan Yuli, a kusa le {{Cvt|21.0|C}} ° C (69.8 ° F). Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin a Les Avirons ya kasance {{Cvt|36.8|C}} ° C (98.2 ° F) a ranar 22 ga Janairun 2009; mafi yawan zafin jiki wanda aka taɓa yin rajista ya kasance {{Cvt|13.7|C}} ° C (56.7 ° F) ranar 1 ga Agusta 2003. == Yawan jama'a == == Dubi kuma == * Gundumar sashen Réunion == Manazarta == ngcs04koxiabak0geog4sae1udephr0 842128 842125 2026-05-29T06:22:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 842128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Les Avirons''' ([[Faransa]] pronunciation: [lez‿aviʁɔ̃] i, ma'ana "tsuntsu" a Faransanci), wani Taron ne a cikin sashen Réunion na Faransa a cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] . Yana da iyaka da yankunan Saint-Leu, Cilaos, Saint-Louis da L'Étang-Salé, da kuma mita 150 na bakin teku.<ref>Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == === Yanayi === Les Avirons yana da Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi (Köppen climate classification ''Aw''). Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara a Les Avirons shine {{Cvt|24.2|C}} ° C (75.6 ° F). Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine {{Cvt|805.2|mm}} in) tare da Janairu a matsayin watan da ya fi ruwan sama. Yanayin zafi ya fi girma a matsakaici a watan Janairu, a kusa da {{Cvt|27.2|C}} ° C (81.0 ° F), kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a watan Yuli, a kusa le {{Cvt|21.0|C}} ° C (69.8 ° F). Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin a Les Avirons ya kasance {{Cvt|36.8|C}} ° C (98.2 ° F) a ranar 22 ga Janairun 2009; mafi yawan zafin jiki wanda aka taɓa yin rajista ya kasance {{Cvt|13.7|C}} ° C (56.7 ° F) ranar 1 ga Agusta 2003. == Yawan jama'a == == Dubi kuma == * Gundumar sashen Réunion == Manazarta == sips5lwcwky8pj46idzcchx16zid45x 0 152957 842126 2026-05-29T06:21:48Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Professor Eunice Eboserehimen Omonzejie''' farfesa ce ‘yar Najeriya a fannin Harshen Faransanci da Adabin Afirka na ƙasashen Faransanci. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar jami'a (Vice-Chancellor) ta [[Ambrose Alli University]], Ekpoma, a Jihar Edo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Okpebholo appoints Omonzejie as new AAU VC |url=https://guardian.ng/education/okpebholo-appoints-omonzejie-as-new-aau-vc/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=23 Satumba 2025 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> ==... 842126 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Professor Eunice Eboserehimen Omonzejie''' farfesa ce ‘yar Najeriya a fannin Harshen Faransanci da Adabin Afirka na ƙasashen Faransanci. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar jami'a (Vice-Chancellor) ta [[Ambrose Alli University]], Ekpoma, a Jihar Edo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Okpebholo appoints Omonzejie as new AAU VC |url=https://guardian.ng/education/okpebholo-appoints-omonzejie-as-new-aau-vc/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=23 Satumba 2025 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Eunice Eboserehimen Omonzejie a Jihar Edo, Najeriya. Ta yi karatu har ta zama ƙwararriya a fannin Harshen Faransanci da Adabin Afirka na ƙasashen Faransanci.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prof Eunice Omonzejie Biography, Education, Career, Controversies and Net Worth |url=https://contents101.com/2025/09/24/prof-eunice-omonzejie-biography-education-career-controversies-and-net-worth/ |work=Contents101 |date=24 Satumba 2025 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aiki == Omonzejie ta yi dogon lokaci tana koyarwa a Sashen Harsunan Zamani na Jami'ar Ambrose Alli da ke Ekpoma. Ta shahara a matsayin masaniya a fannin Adabin Faransanci da kuma bincike kan al’adu da nazarin jinsi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gov. Okpebholo Appoints New Vice Chancellor For Ambrose Alli University |url=https://promptnewsonline.com/gov-okpebholo-appoints-new-vice-chancellor-for-ambrose-alli-university/ |work=Prompt News Online |date=23 Satumba 2025 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Ta taba zama shugabar ƙungiyar '''National Association of Women Academics (NAWACS)''' reshen jami'ar Ambrose Alli, inda ta jagoranci shirye-shiryen tallafa wa mata masu bincike da ɗalibai.<ref>{{cite news |title=Okpebholo appoints substantive VC for AAU |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2025/09/23/okpebholo-appoints-substantive-vc-for-aau/ |work=PM News Nigeria |date=23 Satumba 2025 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A watan Satumba na shekarar 2025, gwamnan Jihar Edo, Monday Okpebholo, ya naɗa ta a matsayin shugabar jami'ar Ambrose Alli daga cikin mutane uku da kwamitin gudanarwar jami'ar ya gabatar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Okpebholo names Omonzejie AAU Vice Chancellor |url=https://nigerianobservernews.com/2025/09/okpebholo-names-omonzejie-aau-vice-chancellor/ |work=The Nigerian Observer |date=23 Satumba 2025 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A matsayinta na shugabar jami'a, ta yi kira ga gwamnatin tarayya da hukumomi masu zaman kansu da su ƙara saka hannun jari a harkar ilimi domin bunƙasa ingancin jami'o'in Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=AAU Vice-Chancellor Urges Increased Investment in Education |url=https://myschoolnews.ng/aau-vice-chancellor-urges-increased-investment-in-education |work=Myschoolnews |date=6 Oktoba 2025 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Daga cikin fitattun ayyukanta akwai: * ''Women Novelists in Francophone Black Africa: Views, Reviews and Interviews'' * ''French Language in Nigeria: Essays in Honour of UFTAN Pacesetters'' * ''Language Matters in Contemporary West Africa'' Ta kuma wallafa bincike masu yawa a fannoni kamar: * Adabin Afirka * Nazarin jinsi * Al’adu da harsuna * Adabin ƙasashen Faransanci == Duba kuma == * [[Ambrose Alli University]] * [[Edo State]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi mata na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana harshen Faransanci]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Edo]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] sujs74a2yi7p58e9t8x54v0h17wq2u7 0 152958 842129 2026-05-29T06:22:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347101328|L'Étang-Salé]]" 842129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Weather box}}{{Historical populations|1967|6510|1974|6610|1982|7479|1990|8769|1999|11755|2007|13179|2012|13647|2017|13894|2023|14464}}<gallery> Fayil:Étang-salé-les-bains-plage.jpg|The beach of L'Étang-Salé Fayil:Brisants_Etang-sale.jpg|Surfer at L'Étang-Salé Fayil:Pithecellobium_dulce_tree.JPG|Forest of L'Étang-Salé Fayil:Etang-sale-gouffre-022.jpg|The ''Gouffre'' - a lava formation at the coast </gallery>L'Étang-Salé (Faransa pronunciation: [letɑ̃ sale] i; Faransanci don The Salty Pond) wani gari ne a kudu maso yammacin Réunion, sashen a cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] . Yana da iyaka da yankunan Les Avirons da Saint-Louis . A cikin Taron akwai gandun daji na Étang-Salé. Har ila yau, akwai rairayin bakin teku tare da baƙar fata a cikin gari wanda shine sanannen wurin [[Surfing|hawan igiyar ruwa]]. === Yanayi === L'Étang-Salé yana da Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi (Köppen climate classification ''Aw'') kusa da iyaka da yanayin zafi mai zafi (''BSh''). Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara a L'Étang-Salé shine {{Cvt|23.6|C}} ° C (74.5 ° F). Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine {{Cvt|619.5|mm}} in) tare da Fabrairu a matsayin watan da ya fi ruwan sama. Yanayin zafi ya fi girma a matsakaici a watan Fabrairu, a kusa da {{Cvt|27.1|C}} ° C (80.8 ° F), kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a watan Yuli, a kusa le {{Cvt|20.1|C}} ° C (68.2 ° F). Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin a L'Étang-Salé ya kasance {{Cvt|36.4|C}} ° C (97.5 ° F) a ranar 13 ga Maris 2004; mafi yawan zafin jiki wanda aka taɓa yin rajista ya kasance {{Cvt|8.0|C}} ° C (46.4 ° F) ranar 15 ga Agusta 1992. == Yawan jama'a == == Tattalin arziki da yawon bude ido == * akwai yankin masana'antu a L'Étang-Salé * sanannen rairayin bakin teku a L'Étang-Salé-les-Bains * otal-otal da yawa * filin golf mai rami 18 * Croc' Park - wurin shakatawa na crocodile == Dubi kuma == * Gundumar sashen Réunion * Ramin == Manazarta == nslw0cmn3loy4jezb3oyx8c8vnrozcj 842132 842129 2026-05-29T06:23:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347101328|L'Étang-Salé]]" 842132 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Tafkin Gishiri</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Communes of France|Al'umma]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Étang-salé-les-bains-plage03.jpg|250x250px|Beach of L'Étang-Salé]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Yankin L'Étang-Salé</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable" |<templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/columns/styles.css" /><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell">[[Fayil:Blason_ville_DomFr_Étang-Salé_(Réunion).svg|100x100px|Coat of arms of L'Étang-Salé]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Alamar makamai</div></div></div></div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Fayil:Locator_map_of_L’Étang-Salé_2018.png|250x250px|Location of L'Étang-Salé]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe height="200" frameless="1" align="center" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"L'Étang-Salé","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q1014771"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"L'Étang-Salé"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q1014771"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[55.3669,-21.2661],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"L'Étang-Salé","marker-symbol":"town"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Wurin da L'Étang-Salé yake</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar sadarwa: 21°15′58′′S 55°22′01′′E / 21.2661°S 55.3669°E / -21.2661; 55.3669<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=L%27%C3%89tang-Sal%C3%A9&params=21.2661_S_55.3669_E_type:city(14464)_region:FR-974 <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°15′58″S</span> <span class="longitude">55°22′01″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.2661°S 55.3669°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-21.2661; 55.3669</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Faransa]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin kasashen waje da sashen | class="infobox-data" |Taron |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin | class="infobox-data" |Saint-Pierre |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin | class="infobox-data" |Tafkin Gishiri |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Haɗin kai | class="infobox-data" |Biranen hadin kai |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Gwamnati<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Magajin gari (2022-2026) &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="nobold">(2022–2026)</span> | class="infobox-data" |Mathieu Hoarau |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">Yankin<div class="ib-settlement-fn">^'''1'''</div></div> | class="infobox-data" |38.65 km² (14.92 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yawan jama'a (2023) [2]<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2023)<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> | class="infobox-data" |14,464 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ƙarƙashin jama'a&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |374.²/km2 (969.3/sq mi) &nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+04:00 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |INSEE / lambar gidan waya | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-97404 97404] /97427</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Hawan sama | class="infobox-data" |0-1,781 m (0-5,843 ft) (avg. 31 m ko 102 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |^'''1''' Bayanan Land Register na Faransa, wanda ya cire tabkuna, tafkuna, kankara > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi ko 247 acres) da kogin kogi.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |} L'Étang-Salé (Faransa pronunciation: [letɑ̃ sale] i; Faransanci don The Salty Pond) wani gari ne a kudu maso yammacin Réunion, sashen a cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] . Yana da iyaka da yankunan Les Avirons da Saint-Louis . A cikin Taron akwai gandun daji na Étang-Salé. Har ila yau, akwai rairayin bakin teku tare da baƙar fata a cikin gari wanda shine sanannen wurin [[Surfing|hawan igiyar ruwa]]. === Yanayi === L'Étang-Salé yana da Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi (Köppen climate classification ''Aw'') kusa da iyaka da yanayin zafi mai zafi (''BSh''). Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara a L'Étang-Salé shine {{Cvt|23.6|C}} ° C (74.5 ° F). Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine {{Cvt|619.5|mm}} in) tare da Fabrairu a matsayin watan da ya fi ruwan sama. Yanayin zafi ya fi girma a matsakaici a watan Fabrairu, a kusa da {{Cvt|27.1|C}} ° C (80.8 ° F), kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a watan Yuli, a kusa le {{Cvt|20.1|C}} ° C (68.2 ° F). Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin a L'Étang-Salé ya kasance {{Cvt|36.4|C}} ° C (97.5 ° F) a ranar 13 ga Maris 2004; mafi yawan zafin jiki wanda aka taɓa yin rajista ya kasance {{Cvt|8.0|C}} ° C (46.4 ° F) ranar 15 ga Agusta 1992.{{Weather box}} == Yawan jama'a == {{Historical populations|1967|6510|1974|6610|1982|7479|1990|8769|1999|11755|2007|13179|2012|13647|2017|13894|2023|14464}} == Tattalin arziki da yawon bude ido == * akwai yankin masana'antu a L'Étang-Salé * sanannen rairayin bakin teku a L'Étang-Salé-les-Bains * otal-otal da yawa * filin golf mai rami 18 * Croc' Park - wurin shakatawa na crocodile <gallery> Fayil:Étang-salé-les-bains-plage.jpg|The beach of L'Étang-Salé Fayil:Brisants_Etang-sale.jpg|Surfer at L'Étang-Salé Fayil:Pithecellobium_dulce_tree.JPG|Forest of L'Étang-Salé Fayil:Etang-sale-gouffre-022.jpg|The ''Gouffre'' - a lava formation at the coast </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Gundumar sashen Réunion * Ramin == Manazarta == 6wwtna6k127yaphd34gews1tf8d7vux 842133 842132 2026-05-29T06:24:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 842133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''L'Étang-Salé''' (Faransa pronunciation: [letɑ̃ sale] i; Faransanci don The Salty Pond) wani gari ne a kudu maso yammacin Réunion, sashen a cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] . Yana da iyaka da yankunan Les Avirons da Saint-Louis . A cikin Taron akwai gandun daji na Étang-Salé. Har ila yau, akwai rairayin bakin teku tare da baƙar fata a cikin gari wanda shine sanannen wurin [[Surfing|hawan igiyar ruwa]]. === Yanayi === L'Étang-Salé yana da Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi (Köppen climate classification ''Aw'') kusa da iyaka da yanayin zafi mai zafi (''BSh''). Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara a L'Étang-Salé shine {{Cvt|23.6|C}} ° C (74.5 ° F). Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine {{Cvt|619.5|mm}} in) tare da Fabrairu a matsayin watan da ya fi ruwan sama. Yanayin zafi ya fi girma a matsakaici a watan Fabrairu, a kusa da {{Cvt|27.1|C}} ° C (80.8 ° F), kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a watan Yuli, a kusa le {{Cvt|20.1|C}} ° C (68.2 ° F). Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin a L'Étang-Salé ya kasance {{Cvt|36.4|C}} ° C (97.5 ° F) a ranar 13 ga Maris 2004; mafi yawan zafin jiki wanda aka taɓa yin rajista ya kasance {{Cvt|8.0|C}} ° C (46.4 ° F) ranar 15 ga Agusta 1992.{{Weather box}} == Yawan jama'a == {{Historical populations|1967|6510|1974|6610|1982|7479|1990|8769|1999|11755|2007|13179|2012|13647|2017|13894|2023|14464}} == Tattalin arziki da yawon bude ido == * akwai yankin masana'antu a L'Étang-Salé * sanannen rairayin bakin teku a L'Étang-Salé-les-Bains * otal-otal da yawa * filin golf mai rami 18 * Croc' Park - wurin shakatawa na crocodile <gallery> Fayil:Étang-salé-les-bains-plage.jpg|The beach of L'Étang-Salé Fayil:Brisants_Etang-sale.jpg|Surfer at L'Étang-Salé Fayil:Pithecellobium_dulce_tree.JPG|Forest of L'Étang-Salé Fayil:Etang-sale-gouffre-022.jpg|The ''Gouffre'' - a lava formation at the coast </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Gundumar sashen Réunion * Ramin == Manazarta == 3bj1gbahwwy4w92aw0x6c066zyzfhrv 0 152959 842135 2026-05-29T06:24:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1221766098|Saint-Gilles, Réunion]]" 842135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saint-Gilles''' ƙauye ne da ke gefen yammacin tsibirin Réunion, a cikin Garin Saint-Paul. Shi ne shafin yanar gizon tsibirin da ya fi shahara a bakin teku.<ref>Grand Boucan 2011</ref> == Yankin rairayin bakin teku == Boucan {{Not a typo|Canot}} da Roches Noires sanannun wuraren hawan igiyar ruwa ne. Hermitage Beach an kare shi da murjani kuma yana daga cikin yankin da aka kare na wurin shakatawa na Réunion. * gidan caca na Saint-Gilles * Gidan Aljanna na Adnin - lambun shuke-shuke * [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] na teku a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Saint-Gilles * magudanan ruwa na kogin Saint-Gilles a Bassin Cormorans da Aigrettes * kallon kifi musamman ga kifi na Humpback, wanda [[:fr:Observatoire Marin de la Réunion|OMAR (Observatoire Marin de la Réunion)]] da Globice (Rukunin lura da gano cétacés) suka shirya[[:fr:Globice|Globice (Ƙungiyar Kula da Bayyanawa da Bayyana Cetaceans)]] * Grand Boucan - wani shahararren biki mai kama da carnival wanda ke faruwa a watan Yuni. * Grotte de l'Autel, wani kogo da aka gano a shekarar 1980. An san shi da ragowar burbushin tsuntsaye da suka mutu. <gallery> Fayil:Saint-Gilles_port.jpg|Port of Saint-Gilles Fayil:CoucheSoleilSaintGilles.jpeg|Sunset at Roches Noires Beach Fayil:L'Ermitage_beach,_Réunion.jpg|Beach of Hermitage Fayil:Boucan.Canot-plage.jpg|Beach of Boucan {{Not a typo|Cano|t}} Fayil:St.Gillles-bassin.aigrettes.JPG|Waterfall at Bassin Aigrettes Fayil:984-Baleines_St_Gilles_le_250911_HD11_copyright.jpg Fayil:Baleine_Hotel_01.jpg Fayil:Humpback_whale_2009-11-25.jpg Fayil:Michaël_Rard.jpg </gallery> == Manazarta == sdw2kpg03hgjb7o0dgfcr76n3cezx39 842136 842135 2026-05-29T06:25:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 842136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Saint-Gilles''' ƙauye ne da ke gefen yammacin tsibirin Réunion, a cikin Garin Saint-Paul. Shi ne shafin yanar gizon tsibirin da ya fi shahara a bakin teku.<ref>Grand Boucan 2011</ref> == Yankin rairayin bakin teku == Boucan {{Not a typo|Canot}} da Roches Noires sanannun wuraren hawan igiyar ruwa ne. Hermitage Beach an kare shi da murjani kuma yana daga cikin yankin da aka kare na wurin shakatawa na Réunion. * gidan caca na Saint-Gilles * Gidan Aljanna na Adnin - lambun shuke-shuke * [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] na teku a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Saint-Gilles * magudanan ruwa na kogin Saint-Gilles a Bassin Cormorans da Aigrettes * kallon kifi musamman ga kifi na Humpback, wanda [[:fr:Observatoire Marin de la Réunion|OMAR (Observatoire Marin de la Réunion)]] da Globice (Rukunin lura da gano cétacés) suka shirya[[:fr:Globice|Globice (Ƙungiyar Kula da Bayyanawa da Bayyana Cetaceans)]] * Grand Boucan - wani shahararren biki mai kama da carnival wanda ke faruwa a watan Yuni. * Grotte de l'Autel, wani kogo da aka gano a shekarar 1980. An san shi da ragowar burbushin tsuntsaye da suka mutu. <gallery> Fayil:Saint-Gilles_port.jpg|Port of Saint-Gilles Fayil:CoucheSoleilSaintGilles.jpeg|Sunset at Roches Noires Beach Fayil:L'Ermitage_beach,_Réunion.jpg|Beach of Hermitage Fayil:Boucan.Canot-plage.jpg|Beach of Boucan {{Not a typo|Cano|t}} Fayil:St.Gillles-bassin.aigrettes.JPG|Waterfall at Bassin Aigrettes Fayil:984-Baleines_St_Gilles_le_250911_HD11_copyright.jpg Fayil:Baleine_Hotel_01.jpg Fayil:Humpback_whale_2009-11-25.jpg Fayil:Michaël_Rard.jpg </gallery> == Manazarta == 3cg0gktocswrqi5ms0fxsj4pab2f8aa 0 152960 842138 2026-05-29T06:26:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347101617|Saint-Leu, Réunion]]" 842138 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Saint-Leu</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Communes of France|Al'umma]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Hôtel-de-ville-de-Saint-Leu.JPG|250x250px|The [[Hôtel de Ville, Saint-Leu, Réunion|Hôtel de Ville]]]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Otal de Ville[[Hôtel de Ville, Saint-Leu, Réunion|Otal na Birni]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable" |<templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/columns/styles.css" /><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell">[[Fayil:Blason_ville_DomFr_Saint-Leu_(Réunion).svg|100x100px|Coat of arms of Saint-Leu]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Alamar makamai</div></div></div></div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Fayil:Locator_map_of_Saint-Leu_2018.png|250x250px|Location of Saint-Leu]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe height="200" frameless="1" align="center" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Saint-Leu, Réunion","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q1649363"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Saint-Leu, Réunion"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q1649363"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[55.2869,-21.1664],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Saint-Leu, Réunion","marker-symbol":"town"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Wurin Saint-Leu</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar daidaitawa: 21°09′59′′S 55°17′13′′E / 21.1664°S 55.2869°E / -21.1664; 55.2869<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Leu,_R%C3%A9union&params=21.1664_S_55.2869_E_type:city(36163)_region:FR-974 <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°09′59″S</span> <span class="longitude">55°17′13″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.1664°S 55.2869°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-21.1664; 55.2869</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Faransa]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin kasashen waje da sashen | class="infobox-data" |Taron |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin | class="infobox-data" |Saint-Paul |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin | class="infobox-data" |Saint-Leu da L'Étang-SaléTafkin Gishiri |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Haɗin kai | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Yammacin Tekun |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Gwamnati<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Magajin gari (2020-2026) &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="nobold">(2020–2026)</span> | class="infobox-data" |[[Bruno Domen]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">Yankin<div class="ib-settlement-fn">^'''1'''</div></div> | class="infobox-data" |118.37 km² (45.70 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yawan jama'a (2023) [2]<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2023)<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> | class="infobox-data" |36,163 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ƙarƙashin jama'a&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |305.51/km² (791.26/sq mi) &nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+04:00 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |INSEE / lambar gidan waya | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-97413 97413] /97436</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Hawan sama | class="infobox-data" |0-2,782 m (0-9,127 ft) (avg. 4 m ko 13 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |[http://www.saintleu.re saintleu.re] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |^'''1''' Bayanan Land Register na Faransa, wanda ya cire tabkuna, tafkuna, kankara > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi ko 247 acres) da kogin kogi.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |} {{Weather box}}{{Weather box}}{{Weather box}}'''Saint-Leu''' (Faransa pronunciation: [sɛ̃ lø] i) wani Taron ne a cikin sashen kasashen waje na Faransa na Réunion . Tana kan iyakar yammacin tsibirin Réunion. == Tarihi == An sake fasalin Hôtel de Ville, tare da ƙarin bene, a cikin 1847. == Yanayin ƙasa == === Yanayi === Saint-Leu yana da [[Yanayin zafi mai zafi]] (Köppen climate classification ''Cwa'') kusa da iyaka da yanayin subtropical highland (''Cwb''). Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara a Saint-Leu shine {{Cvt|19.2|C}} ° C (66.6 ° F). Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine {{Cvt|1068.8|mm}} in) tare da Janairu a matsayin watan da ya fi ruwan sama. Yanayin zafi ya fi girma a matsakaici a watan Fabrairu, a kusa da {{Cvt|22.2|C}} ° C (72.0 ° F), kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a watan Agusta, a kusa le {{Cvt|16.4|C}} ° C (61.5 ° F). Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin a Saint-Leu ya kasance {{Cvt|30.9|C}} ° C (87.6 ° F) a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2007; mafi yawan zafin jiki wanda aka taɓa yin rajista ya kasance {{Cvt|8.5|C}} ° C (47.3 ° F) akan 10 ga Satumba 1975.<templatestyles src="Module:Historical populations/styles.css" />{{Historical populations|1961|16137|1967|16870|1974|17396|1982|18207|1990|20931|1999|25314|2007|29422|2012|32971|2017|33576|2023|36163}}<gallery> Fayil:Hôtel-des-Postes-de-Saint-Leu.JPG Fayil:Reunion_Saint-Leu_shore_GeneralViewNorthwards.JPG Fayil:Eretmochelys_imbricata_01.jpg Fayil:Eglise.colimacon.st.leu-07.JPG Fayil:Gare-de-Saint-Leu.JPG Fayil:Port-de-Saint-Leu.JPG Fayil:St.Leu-plage.jpg </gallery> == Yawan jama'a == {{Historical populations|1961|16137|1967|16870|1974|17396|1982|18207|1990|20931|1999|25314|2007|29422|2012|32971|2017|33576|2023|36163}} == Wasanni == === Gudun ruwa === Sanannen wuri ne na raƙuman ruwa. An gudanar da gasa daban-daban a Saint-Leu, gami da World Qualifying Series (WQS) da ASP World Tour (WCT) <ref>{{Cite web |title=asphawii FAQ |url=http://www.asphawaii.org/faq.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20091030165950/http://www.asphawaii.org/faq.php |archive-date=2009-10-30 |publisher=}}</ref> gasa. An san shi sosai da sanannen ''raƙuman hagu''. === Jirgin sama === Akwai tushe na paragliding a Colimaçons. An gudanar da tseren Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Saint-Leu a 2003 da 2006, da kuma tseren Pre World Cup a 2010 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pre PWC France Reunion Island Saint-Leu 2010 - Paragliding World Cup |url=http://www.paraglidingworldcup.org/node/3026 |publisher=}}</ref> da 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2015 French Pre World Cup - Reunion Island, St Leu - Paragliding World Cup |url=http://www.pwca.org/node/28111 |publisher=}}</ref> A cikin 2016 birnin zai sake gudanar da tseren Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Paragliding (Oktoba 2016). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 World Cup - Reunion Island ::: Saint Leu (Max 105 pilots) - Paragliding World Cup |url=http://www.pwca.org/node/24494 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225213104/http://www.pwca.org/node/24494 |archive-date=2016-12-25 |access-date=2016-03-11 |publisher=}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke da sha'awa == * Cibiyar Kula da Tsire-tsire ta Mascarin * Tashar Kélonia Marine Turtle * [[Museum Stella Matutina|Gidan kayan gargajiya Stella Matutina]] === Garin Saint Leu === * Garin Saint-Leu * [[Chaloupe Saint-Leu|Chauve Saint-Leu]] * Yankin Gishiri * Hannun tumaki; * Jirgin ƙarfe * Cape Saint-Leu * Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa * Tafkin Saint-Leu * Ƙarshen Gidajen * Ƙarshen Ƙarshen * Farantin * Babban Tushen * Stella Matutina * Ƙofar * [[Piton Saint-Leu]] == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == == Dubi kuma == * Gundumar sashen Réunion == Manazarta == nbrvqy0i5l9kdcrev3jeeqdsz8s564b 842140 842138 2026-05-29T06:27:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 842140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Saint-Leu''' (Faransa pronunciation: [sɛ̃ lø] i) wani Taron ne a cikin sashen kasashen waje na Faransa na Réunion . Tana kan iyakar yammacin tsibirin Réunion. == Tarihi == An sake fasalin Hôtel de Ville, tare da ƙarin bene, a cikin 1847. == Yanayin ƙasa == === Yanayi === Saint-Leu yana da [[Yanayin zafi mai zafi]] (Köppen climate classification ''Cwa'') kusa da iyaka da yanayin subtropical highland (''Cwb''). Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara a Saint-Leu shine {{Cvt|19.2|C}} ° C (66.6 ° F). Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine {{Cvt|1068.8|mm}} in) tare da Janairu a matsayin watan da ya fi ruwan sama. Yanayin zafi ya fi girma a matsakaici a watan Fabrairu, a kusa da {{Cvt|22.2|C}} ° C (72.0 ° F), kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a watan Agusta, a kusa le {{Cvt|16.4|C}} ° C (61.5 ° F). Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin a Saint-Leu ya kasance {{Cvt|30.9|C}} ° C (87.6 ° F) a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2007; mafi yawan zafin jiki wanda aka taɓa yin rajista ya kasance {{Cvt|8.5|C}} ° C (47.3 ° F) akan 10 ga Satumba 1975.{{Historical populations|1961|16137|1967|16870|1974|17396|1982|18207|1990|20931|1999|25314|2007|29422|2012|32971|2017|33576|2023|36163}}<gallery> Fayil:Hôtel-des-Postes-de-Saint-Leu.JPG Fayil:Reunion_Saint-Leu_shore_GeneralViewNorthwards.JPG Fayil:Eretmochelys_imbricata_01.jpg Fayil:Eglise.colimacon.st.leu-07.JPG Fayil:Gare-de-Saint-Leu.JPG Fayil:Port-de-Saint-Leu.JPG Fayil:St.Leu-plage.jpg </gallery> == Yawan jama'a == {{Historical populations|1961|16137|1967|16870|1974|17396|1982|18207|1990|20931|1999|25314|2007|29422|2012|32971|2017|33576|2023|36163}} == Wasanni == === Gudun ruwa === Sanannen wuri ne na raƙuman ruwa. An gudanar da gasa daban-daban a Saint-Leu, gami da World Qualifying Series (WQS) da ASP World Tour (WCT) <ref>{{Cite web |title=asphawii FAQ |url=http://www.asphawaii.org/faq.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20091030165950/http://www.asphawaii.org/faq.php |archive-date=2009-10-30 |publisher=}}</ref> gasa. An san shi sosai da sanannen ''raƙuman hagu''. === Jirgin sama === Akwai tushe na paragliding a Colimaçons. An gudanar da tseren Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Saint-Leu a 2003 da 2006, da kuma tseren Pre World Cup a 2010 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pre PWC France Reunion Island Saint-Leu 2010 - Paragliding World Cup |url=http://www.paraglidingworldcup.org/node/3026 |publisher=}}</ref> da 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2015 French Pre World Cup - Reunion Island, St Leu - Paragliding World Cup |url=http://www.pwca.org/node/28111 |publisher=}}</ref> A cikin 2016 birnin zai sake gudanar da tseren Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Paragliding (Oktoba 2016). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 World Cup - Reunion Island ::: Saint Leu (Max 105 pilots) - Paragliding World Cup |url=http://www.pwca.org/node/24494 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225213104/http://www.pwca.org/node/24494 |archive-date=2016-12-25 |access-date=2016-03-11 |publisher=}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke da sha'awa == * Cibiyar Kula da Tsire-tsire ta Mascarin * Tashar Kélonia Marine Turtle * [[Museum Stella Matutina|Gidan kayan gargajiya Stella Matutina]] === Garin Saint Leu === * Garin Saint-Leu * [[Chaloupe Saint-Leu|Chauve Saint-Leu]] * Yankin Gishiri * Hannun tumaki; * Jirgin ƙarfe * Cape Saint-Leu * Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa * Tafkin Saint-Leu * Ƙarshen Gidajen * Ƙarshen Ƙarshen * Farantin * Babban Tushen * Stella Matutina * Ƙofar * [[Piton Saint-Leu]] == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == == Dubi kuma == * Gundumar sashen Réunion == Manazarta == n8qf4f8hkz7ecdp4dpr2ojl6c1fwint 0 152961 842141 2026-05-29T06:28:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290859085|Trou de Fer]]" 842141 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Trou-de-Fer-hélico.jpg|right|thumb|Babban faduwar ruwa na Kogin Bras de Caverne a cikin Trou de Fer]] Trou de Fer ("Iron Hole") wani kogi ne a Tsibirin Reunion, a bakin tekun [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] a cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] . Kogin farko da ke gudana ta cikin gorge, wanda ya kai zurfin {{Convert|300|m|-2}} m (1,000 , shine Kogin Bras de Caverne, mai ba da gudummawa ga Rivière du Mât. Canyon yana da sassa biyu daban-daban: babban rami, wanda manyan magudanan ruwa guda shida ke ciyar da shi, da kuma kaRamin rami a tashinsa, wanda ya zama mafi yawan tsawon canyon. Kogin ya fara ne a faduwar ruwa na Bras Mazerine kuma bayan wasu kilomita 1.4 - 1.8 daga gefen hagu ya shiga babban Bras de Caverne.<ref name="wondermondo">{{Cite web |title=Trou de Fer canyon and waterfalls |url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/IndianOcean/Reunion/TroudeFer.htm |publisher=Wondermondo}}</ref> Kogin Bras de Caverne ya shiga cikin canyon tare da faduwar ruwa game da {{Convert|200|m|-1}} tsawo. Wannan saukowa yawanci ya bushe ko yana da ɗan ruwa kaɗan, amma tsakanin wannan da na gaba, saukowar mita 180 (590 , maɓuɓɓugar ruwa suna ciyar da kogi, wanda ke saukowa a kan wannan sannan ya sauka a kan dutsen mita 300 na ƙarshe (1,000 a cikin Trou de Fer a cikin wani ɗan gajeren ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=John |date=October 2002 |title=The First Drop in the Trou de Fer |url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/ReportImages/ReunionIslandPages/A7.htm |access-date=2009-07-13 |publisher=crystalcanyons.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Swan |first=Bryan; Goss, Dean |date=13 April 2006 |title=Trou de Fer, Cascades de |url=http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=173 |access-date=2009-07-13 |website=World Waterfall Database |publisher=world-waterfalls.com}}</ref>&nbsp; [[Fayil:Trou-de-Fer.jpg|left|thumb|An ga Trou de Fer daga sama; Ruwan Bras de Caverne yana da nisa dama.]] Kai tsaye zuwa hagu na wannan faduwar ruwa, wani rafi ya sauka a kan dutsen, wanda aka yanke shi har ya kai ga cewa bakinsa yana da sama da {{Convert|200|m}} na sarari mara amfani tsakanin shi da bene na canyon, kusan daidai da tsawo a cikin tashoshi biyu, kuma ya buga a kan tudu kafin ya zubo cikin wannan tafkin kamar Bras de Caverne waterfall. Wannan faduwar ba ta da tsayi, kuma tana da karamin ruwa. Ana ciyar da shi ta wasu faduwa da yawa da ke gudana daga dutsen da ke sama da shi. Bugu da ƙari zuwa hagu, a kusan sau biyu nesa daga na farko ya faɗi zuwa na biyu, wani babban rafi ya nutse cikin canyon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=John |date=October 2002 |title=The Route from the Second Cascade to the Bottom |url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/ReportImages/TrouDeFer/T2.htm |access-date=2009-07-13 |publisher=crystalcanyons.net}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, akwai aƙalla magudanan ruwa guda shida da ke ciyar da canyon. A gindin canyon, wani rami daban, ko "The Narrows", ya fara. Ruwa daga Bras de Caverne waterfall da kuma ruwa a gefen hagu ya shiga cikin rami a kusurwar digiri 90, ta hanyar ruwa da aka sani da "Washing Machine".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=John |date=October 2002 |title=Approaching the Washing Machine |url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/ReportImages/TrouDeFer/T5.htm |access-date=2009-07-13 |publisher=crystalcanyons.net}}</ref> Sunan ya samo asali ne daga hazo da yake samarwa, wanda ke kwantar da mutanen da ke tsaye kusa da tushe na faduwar.<ref name="canyon">{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=John |date=October 2002 |title=Canyoneering Reunion Island: The Trou de Fer |url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/TroudeFer.htm |access-date=2009-07-13 |publisher=crystalcanyons.net}}</ref> Ramin rami, ko "The Corridor", ya kai kimanin kilomita {{Convert|3|km}} (1.9 , kuma an ce ana yawanci ana damed da tarkace don samar da tabkuna, gami da "Lake of the Eel".<ref name="canyon">{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=John |date=October 2002 |title=Canyoneering Reunion Island: The Trou de Fer |url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/TroudeFer.htm |access-date=2009-07-13 |publisher=crystalcanyons.net}}</ref> Yawancin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa suna gudana ta cikin dutsen dutse mai laushi na ganuwar, suna haifar da magudanan ruwa marasa iyaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=John |date=October 2002 |title=Waterfall in the "Corridor" |url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/ReportImages/TrouDeFer/T11.htm |access-date=2009-07-13 |publisher=crystalcanyons.net}}</ref> Kungiyar Pascale Lapoule, Laurent Broisin da Pascal Colas sune na farko da suka hau / tafiya a cikin canyon a ranar 19-21 Satumba 1989. <ref name="wondermondo">{{Cite web |title=Trou de Fer canyon and waterfalls |url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/IndianOcean/Reunion/TroudeFer.htm |publisher=Wondermondo}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin magudanan ruwa * Jerin magudanan ruwa ta tsawo == Manazarta == q4k6gyiq9dbkhyrij85i9cpduftkg14 842142 842141 2026-05-29T06:28:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 842142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Trou-de-Fer-hélico.jpg|right|thumb|Babban faduwar ruwa na Kogin Bras de Caverne a cikin Trou de Fer]] '''Trou de Fer''' ("Iron Hole") wani kogi ne a Tsibirin Reunion, a bakin tekun [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] a cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] . Kogin farko da ke gudana ta cikin gorge, wanda ya kai zurfin {{Convert|300|m|-2}} m (1,000 , shine Kogin Bras de Caverne, mai ba da gudummawa ga Rivière du Mât. Canyon yana da sassa biyu daban-daban: babban rami, wanda manyan magudanan ruwa guda shida ke ciyar da shi, da kuma kaRamin rami a tashinsa, wanda ya zama mafi yawan tsawon canyon. Kogin ya fara ne a faduwar ruwa na Bras Mazerine kuma bayan wasu kilomita 1.4 - 1.8 daga gefen hagu ya shiga babban Bras de Caverne.<ref name="wondermondo">{{Cite web |title=Trou de Fer canyon and waterfalls |url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/IndianOcean/Reunion/TroudeFer.htm |publisher=Wondermondo}}</ref> Kogin Bras de Caverne ya shiga cikin canyon tare da faduwar ruwa game da {{Convert|200|m|-1}} tsawo. Wannan saukowa yawanci ya bushe ko yana da ɗan ruwa kaɗan, amma tsakanin wannan da na gaba, saukowar mita 180 (590 , maɓuɓɓugar ruwa suna ciyar da kogi, wanda ke saukowa a kan wannan sannan ya sauka a kan dutsen mita 300 na ƙarshe (1,000 a cikin Trou de Fer a cikin wani ɗan gajeren ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=John |date=October 2002 |title=The First Drop in the Trou de Fer |url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/ReportImages/ReunionIslandPages/A7.htm |access-date=2009-07-13 |publisher=crystalcanyons.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Swan |first=Bryan; Goss, Dean |date=13 April 2006 |title=Trou de Fer, Cascades de |url=http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=173 |access-date=2009-07-13 |website=World Waterfall Database |publisher=world-waterfalls.com}}</ref>&nbsp; [[Fayil:Trou-de-Fer.jpg|left|thumb|An ga Trou de Fer daga sama; Ruwan Bras de Caverne yana da nisa dama.]] Kai tsaye zuwa hagu na wannan faduwar ruwa, wani rafi ya sauka a kan dutsen, wanda aka yanke shi har ya kai ga cewa bakinsa yana da sama da {{Convert|200|m}} na sarari mara amfani tsakanin shi da bene na canyon, kusan daidai da tsawo a cikin tashoshi biyu, kuma ya buga a kan tudu kafin ya zubo cikin wannan tafkin kamar Bras de Caverne waterfall. Wannan faduwar ba ta da tsayi, kuma tana da karamin ruwa. Ana ciyar da shi ta wasu faduwa da yawa da ke gudana daga dutsen da ke sama da shi. Bugu da ƙari zuwa hagu, a kusan sau biyu nesa daga na farko ya faɗi zuwa na biyu, wani babban rafi ya nutse cikin canyon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=John |date=October 2002 |title=The Route from the Second Cascade to the Bottom |url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/ReportImages/TrouDeFer/T2.htm |access-date=2009-07-13 |publisher=crystalcanyons.net}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, akwai aƙalla magudanan ruwa guda shida da ke ciyar da canyon. A gindin canyon, wani rami daban, ko "The Narrows", ya fara. Ruwa daga Bras de Caverne waterfall da kuma ruwa a gefen hagu ya shiga cikin rami a kusurwar digiri 90, ta hanyar ruwa da aka sani da "Washing Machine".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=John |date=October 2002 |title=Approaching the Washing Machine |url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/ReportImages/TrouDeFer/T5.htm |access-date=2009-07-13 |publisher=crystalcanyons.net}}</ref> Sunan ya samo asali ne daga hazo da yake samarwa, wanda ke kwantar da mutanen da ke tsaye kusa da tushe na faduwar.<ref name="canyon">{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=John |date=October 2002 |title=Canyoneering Reunion Island: The Trou de Fer |url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/TroudeFer.htm |access-date=2009-07-13 |publisher=crystalcanyons.net}}</ref> Ramin rami, ko "The Corridor", ya kai kimanin kilomita {{Convert|3|km}} (1.9 , kuma an ce ana yawanci ana damed da tarkace don samar da tabkuna, gami da "Lake of the Eel".<ref name="canyon">{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=John |date=October 2002 |title=Canyoneering Reunion Island: The Trou de Fer |url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/TroudeFer.htm |access-date=2009-07-13 |publisher=crystalcanyons.net}}</ref> Yawancin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa suna gudana ta cikin dutsen dutse mai laushi na ganuwar, suna haifar da magudanan ruwa marasa iyaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=John |date=October 2002 |title=Waterfall in the "Corridor" |url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/ReportImages/TrouDeFer/T11.htm |access-date=2009-07-13 |publisher=crystalcanyons.net}}</ref> Kungiyar Pascale Lapoule, Laurent Broisin da Pascal Colas sune na farko da suka hau / tafiya a cikin canyon a ranar 19-21 Satumba 1989. <ref name="wondermondo">{{Cite web |title=Trou de Fer canyon and waterfalls |url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/IndianOcean/Reunion/TroudeFer.htm |publisher=Wondermondo}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin magudanan ruwa * Jerin magudanan ruwa ta tsawo == Manazarta == owzzlcb0hglpuwgt8216und2d3h98kc 0 152962 842143 2026-05-29T06:28:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339844318|Baie de Bouéni]]" 842143 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Mayotte_topographic_map-fr.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar Mayotte]] Baie de Bouéni babban bay ne a kudu maso yammacin tsibirin Faransa na Mayotte, a cikin Tsibirin Comoro da ke arewacin ƙarshen [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] Channel tsakanin ƙasar [[Gabashin Afirka]] ta Mozambique da [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] . Yana da kimanin kilomita 5 (3.1 a fadin bakinsa, da kuma kilomita 10 (6.2 a tsawon. An sanya shi yanki mai kariya a shekara ta 2007. == Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye == Yankin bakin teku na bayin yana da mafi girman yanki na mangroves a cikin tsibirin Comoro. Yana samar da tsayi game da kilomita 13 (8.1 tsawo kuma har zuwa mita 800 (2,600 fadi. An gano shi a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) ta BirdLife International saboda mangroves da mudflats na intertidal suna tallafawa yawan mutanen Madagascar, Mayotte drongos, Mayotte white-eyes, Mayotte sunbirds da jan-headed fodies. Har ila yau, gida ne ga mai haɗari da kuma mai haɗari na Robert Mertens.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Baie de Bouéni |url=http://www.birdlife.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710124603/http://www.birdlife.org/ |archive-date=2007-07-10 |access-date=2013-09-01 |website=Important Bird Areas factsheet |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> == Manazarta == pdf8g38grg2g61zpefp17m3drh5se55 842144 842143 2026-05-29T06:29:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 842144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Mayotte_topographic_map-fr.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar Mayotte]] Baie de Bouéni babban bay ne a kudu maso yammacin tsibirin Faransa na Mayotte, a cikin Tsibirin Comoro da ke arewacin ƙarshen [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] Channel tsakanin ƙasar [[Gabashin Afirka]] ta Mozambique da [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] . Yana da kimanin kilomita 5 (3.1 a fadin bakinsa, da kuma kilomita 10 (6.2 a tsawon. An sanya shi yanki mai kariya a shekara ta 2007. == Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye == Yankin bakin teku na bayin yana da mafi girman yanki na mangroves a cikin tsibirin Comoro. Yana samar da tsayi game da kilomita 13 (8.1 tsawo kuma har zuwa mita 800 (2,600 fadi. An gano shi a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) ta BirdLife International saboda mangroves da mudflats na intertidal suna tallafawa yawan mutanen Madagascar, Mayotte drongos, Mayotte white-eyes, Mayotte sunbirds da jan-headed fodies. Har ila yau, gida ne ga mai haɗari da kuma mai haɗari na Robert Mertens.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Baie de Bouéni |url=http://www.birdlife.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710124603/http://www.birdlife.org/ |archive-date=2007-07-10 |access-date=2013-09-01 |website=Important Bird Areas factsheet |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> == Manazarta == 9vdxsf4w2o603fnqk2553bay9zc6tv2 0 152963 842145 2026-05-29T06:29:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1204207196|Zamburu Passage]]" 842145 wikitext text/x-wiki Zamburu Passage wani sashi ne a cikin Mozambique Channel wanda ke raba Tsibirin Choazil daga Chissioua Mtsamboro (Zamburu Island), mil 3 daga arewa maso yammacin gabar Mayotte.<ref>Rosser, William Henry; Imray, James Frederick (1867). The seaman's guide to the navigation of the Indian Ocean and China Sea: including a description of the wind, storms, tides, currents, &c., sailing directions; a full account of all the islands; with notes on making passages during the different seasons. J. Imray & Son. p. 364. Retrieved 15 June 2011.</ref> Jagoran jirgin ruwa zuwa Kewayawa na Tekun Indiya da Tekun China na 1867 ya ce kamar haka: <blockquote>Ruwa da Mayotta daga NW, Zamburu ba za a iya yin kuskure ba; idan kusanci zuwa arewacin kogin da ke kewaye, ci gaba da Zamburu zuwa kudu na SE S., wanda zai ba kogin sama da mil. Ka kawo kuma ka ci gaba da Cape Duamuni tare da taron koli na biyu (ƙwanƙolin kudu maso yamma) na Pamanzi SE S., har sai Zamburu ya kai Yamma, lokacin da yake gudana gabas daga ƙarshen har sai alamomi na gaba sun zo - wato. , Point Congo a kan tare da taron koli na biyu na Pamanzi S.E. S. Lura, duk da haka, cewa Point Congo ba iyakar ƙasa ba ce ... ; akwai wani batu bayan shi - wanda ba a bayyana shi ba a kan ginshiƙi - wanda baƙo zai iya yin kuskure ga Point Congo. Dole ne a yi ma'anar da ke da iyakacin ƙasar (Point Makaoen) don mamaye taron na biyu na Pamanzi kamar yadda taron na biyu ya bayyana sama da shi. Wannan zai kai ka cikin hanyar da ke tsakanin ƙanƙanta, kuma ci gaba da wannan hanya za ku bar Prévoyante Shoal a hannun dama (shiga ciki). Lokacin da Morne hill ya zo tare da Zamburu peak NW by W., ya jagoranci daga waɗannan alamomi na ƙarshe. Kuna iya wucewa kusa da tsibirin Aombé, wanda ke da tsayi a gefen yamma da kudu, kuma daga nan ku bi hanyar tsakiya zuwa bakin Pamanzi, ko kuma zagaye zuwa tashar kudu maso yammacin Zaudzi. A zagaye na Zaudzi, kada ku kai kudu har sai tsibirin Nossi Effatsi guda huɗu sun buɗe zuwa yammacin Mognaméri.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Shigar da hanyar Zamburu tare da alamar jagora, lokacin da tsakanin Zamburu da North reef, akwai bankin 7 fathoms, a bayyane yake kyakkyawan wuri. Jiragen ruwa na Faransa Cordelière da Somme sun yi sauti a kan wannan bankin; yana da mil a cikin N. da E. da S. da W., yana kwance a cikin hanyar da ke da mafi ƙarancin ruwa 4 fathoms; a arewa da kudu akwai 6 fathoms: yana iya zama haɗari a sassa don tasoshin nauyi.&nbsp;  </blockquote> == Manazarta == einw5vfwofitmi8qqsss0932ox4u5qv 842146 842145 2026-05-29T06:30:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 842146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Zamburu Passage wani sashi ne a cikin Mozambique Channel wanda ke raba Tsibirin Choazil daga Chissioua Mtsamboro (Zamburu Island), mil 3 daga arewa maso yammacin gabar Mayotte.<ref>Rosser, William Henry; Imray, James Frederick (1867). The seaman's guide to the navigation of the Indian Ocean and China Sea: including a description of the wind, storms, tides, currents, &c., sailing directions; a full account of all the islands; with notes on making passages during the different seasons. J. Imray & Son. p. 364. Retrieved 15 June 2011.</ref> Jagoran jirgin ruwa zuwa Kewayawa na Tekun Indiya da Tekun China na 1867 ya ce kamar haka: <blockquote>Ruwa da Mayotta daga NW, Zamburu ba za a iya yin kuskure ba; idan kusanci zuwa arewacin kogin da ke kewaye, ci gaba da Zamburu zuwa kudu na SE S., wanda zai ba kogin sama da mil. Ka kawo kuma ka ci gaba da Cape Duamuni tare da taron koli na biyu (ƙwanƙolin kudu maso yamma) na Pamanzi SE S., har sai Zamburu ya kai Yamma, lokacin da yake gudana gabas daga ƙarshen har sai alamomi na gaba sun zo - wato. , Point Congo a kan tare da taron koli na biyu na Pamanzi S.E. S. Lura, duk da haka, cewa Point Congo ba iyakar ƙasa ba ce ... ; akwai wani batu bayan shi - wanda ba a bayyana shi ba a kan ginshiƙi - wanda baƙo zai iya yin kuskure ga Point Congo. Dole ne a yi ma'anar da ke da iyakacin ƙasar (Point Makaoen) don mamaye taron na biyu na Pamanzi kamar yadda taron na biyu ya bayyana sama da shi. Wannan zai kai ka cikin hanyar da ke tsakanin ƙanƙanta, kuma ci gaba da wannan hanya za ku bar Prévoyante Shoal a hannun dama (shiga ciki). Lokacin da Morne hill ya zo tare da Zamburu peak NW by W., ya jagoranci daga waɗannan alamomi na ƙarshe. Kuna iya wucewa kusa da tsibirin Aombé, wanda ke da tsayi a gefen yamma da kudu, kuma daga nan ku bi hanyar tsakiya zuwa bakin Pamanzi, ko kuma zagaye zuwa tashar kudu maso yammacin Zaudzi. A zagaye na Zaudzi, kada ku kai kudu har sai tsibirin Nossi Effatsi guda huɗu sun buɗe zuwa yammacin Mognaméri.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Shigar da hanyar Zamburu tare da alamar jagora, lokacin da tsakanin Zamburu da North reef, akwai bankin 7 fathoms, a bayyane yake kyakkyawan wuri. Jiragen ruwa na Faransa Cordelière da Somme sun yi sauti a kan wannan bankin; yana da mil a cikin N. da E. da S. da W., yana kwance a cikin hanyar da ke da mafi ƙarancin ruwa 4 fathoms; a arewa da kudu akwai 6 fathoms: yana iya zama haɗari a sassa don tasoshin nauyi.&nbsp;  </blockquote> == Manazarta == jrfzkqyai3rgmr68y0ywxv21ymqv218 0 152964 842147 2026-05-29T06:30:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325262672|Mozambique Channel]]" 842147 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]''' (Faransa: Canal du Mozambique, : Lakandranon'i Mozambika, Portuguese: Canal de Moçambique) wani bangare ne na [[Tekun Indiya]] wanda ke tsakanin kasashen Kudu maso gabashin Afirka na [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da Mozambique . Tashar tana da kimanin kilomita {{Convert|1700|km|nmi mi|-2}} (900 tsawo da kilomita {{Convert|419|km|nmi mi|0}} (226 a fadin a mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma ta kai zurfin {{Convert|3292|m|0}} kimanin kilomita {{Convert|230|km|nmi mi|0}} (124 daga bakin tekun Mozambique. Ruwa mai dumi, Mozambique Current, yana gudana a kudu a cikin tashar, yana kaiwa cikin Agulhas Current a gabashin gabar gabashin [[Kudancin Afirka]]. == Yankin == Ƙungiyar Hydrographic ta Duniya (IHO) ta bayyana iyakokin tashar Mozambique kamar haka: <ref name="iho">{{Cite web |year=1953 |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011 |access-date=28 December 2020 |publisher=International Hydrographic Organization}}</ref> :: ''A Arewa.'' Layin daga bakin [[Kogin Ruvuma|Kogin Rovuma]] (10°28′S 40°26′E / 10.467°S 40.433°E / -10.467; 40.433) zuwa Ras Habu, arewacin Ile Grande Comore, arewacin Tsibirin Comore (Comoro) , zuwa Cap d'Ambre (Cape Amber), arewacin iyakar [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] (11°57′S 49°17′E / 11.950°S 49.283E / -11.950°; 49.283). :: ''A Yamma.'' Yankin tekun [[Kudancin Afirka]]. :: ''A Kudu.'' Layin daga Cap Sainte-Marie, iyakar kudancin Madagascar zuwa Ponto do Ouro a kan babban yankin (26°53′S 32°56′E / 26.883°S 32.933°E / -26.883; 32.933). :: ''A Gabas.'' Yankin yammacin Madagascar. == Tsibirin a cikin tashar == === Comoros === * [[Grande Comore|Babban Comore]] * Mohéli * Anjouan === Faransa === * Yankin Faransa: Mayotte (wanda [[Komoros|Comoros]] ta mallaki) * Tsibirin da aka warwatsa a cikin Tekun Indiya, gundumar Kudancin Faransa da Antarctic Lands: Tsibirin Glorioso (wanda Madagascar da Comoros suka nema) Tsibirin Juan de Nova (wanda Madagascar ta nema) Tsibin Europa (wanda Madagascar ya nema) Bassas da India (wanda Madagascar ke nema) ** Tsibirin Glorioso (wanda [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da [[Komoros|Comoros]] suka yi ikirarin) ** Tsibirin Juan de Nova (wanda [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] ta yi ikirarin) ** Tsibirin Europa (wanda [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] ta mallaki) ** Bassas na Indiya (wanda [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] ta yi ikirarin) === Mozambique === * Firayim Minista da Segundas Archipelago * Tsibirin Fogo * Tsibirin Quirimbas St. Lazarus Banks wani dutse ne mai nisan kilomita 50 zuwa 75 daga tsibirin Quirimbas a cikin tashar. Tana tashi daga kimanin 2,000 m zuwa zurfin zurfin 12 m., sun shahara da bambancin halittu na ruwa kuma sune babban wuri don kamun Kifi mai zurfi. == Tarihi == A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 1939, a karkashin umurnin Kyaftin Patrick (Paddy) Dove, British Coastal Tanker Africa Shell yankan tafiya ta hanyar Mozambique Channel daga Quelimane zuwa [[Maputo|Lourenço Marques]]. A safiyar, a wani batu {{Convert|10|nmi}} km; 12 kudu maso kudu maso yamma daga hasumiya a Cape Zavora, an hango ta da German Pocket Battleship Admiral Graf Spee, karkashin umurnin Kyaftin Hans Langsdorff, kuma wanda ya fara kai hari. Graf Spee ya umarci <nowiki><i id="mwig"><i id="mwlA"><i id="mwng">Afirka Shell</i></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki> ta dakatar da harbi a fadin baka. Bayan ya dakatar da ''''Afirka Shell'','' an aika wani mai yankewa tare da ƙungiyar shiga daga Graf Spee kuma ya shiga cikin tankar, jami'in da ke kula da shi yana magana da Kyaftin Dove a cikakkiyar Turanci tare da jumla, "Good morning, kyaftin. Sorry; fortunes of war".<ref name="ReferenceB" /> Kungiyar shiga ta umarci ma'aikatan jirgin su shiga cikin jiragen ruwa kafin su kwashe dukkan kayan abinci na Afirka ciki har da karamin ruwan inabi. An umarci ma'aikatan su yi tafiya zuwa bakin teku, ban da Kyaftin Dove wanda aka kama shi a cikin jirgin Graf Spee. Dove ya yi fushi da tsayar da jirginsa, kuma ya koka da kansa ga Langsdorff, yana mai cewa ''Afirka Shell'' tana cikin ruwan yankin Portugal kuma cewa aikin ya saba wa dokar kasa da kasa.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=MV Africa Shell (1939) |url=https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?102011 |access-date=29 December 2020 |website=Wrecksite}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |title=Motor Vessel AFRICA SHELL built by George Brown & Co. (Marine) Ltd in 1939 for Shell Company of East Africa Ltd. - Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Co. Ltd., London, Tanker |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=3125 |website=clydeships.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceD">{{Cite web |title=I Was There! - Our Ships were Sunk by the 'Graf Spee' - The War Illustrated |url=https://www.thewarillustrated.info/23/our-ships-were-sunk-by-the-graf-spee.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514150654/http://www.thewarillustrated.info/23/our-ships-were-sunk-by-the-graf-spee.asp |archive-date=14 May 2011 |website=thewarillustrated.info}}</ref> Jam'iyyar da ta shiga jirgin ta kafa cajin caji kuma ta koma Graf Spee. Fashewar cajin ya nutse Afirka Shell. Faransa tana nan ta hanyar Mayotte da Scattered Islands, kuma tana kula da kasancewar soja ta hanyar Réunion, tare da kayan aikin sojan ruwa da ke sintiri akai-akai. Wadannan tsibirai suna samar da yankuna na tattalin arziki na musamman (EEZs), masu wadata da albarkatun kamun kifi da yiwuwar hydrocarbons. Ga Faransa, ainihin ƙalubalen shine adana ikon mallakarta a kan Mayotte, a gaban Comoros, kuma musamman a kan Tsibirin Scattered, a fuskar barazanar Malagasy. Mutanen Madagascar suna kalubalantar kasancewar Faransa bisa doka, suna gaskata cewa waɗannan tsibirai sun dogara ne da Madagascar kuma da zarar an sami 'yancin kai, ya kamata su koma Madagascar, ba Faransa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2025 |title=Commerce mondial, hydrocarbures, pêche: pourquoi le canal du Mozambique est «une zone stratégique» |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250423-commerce-mondial-hydrocarbures-p%C3%AAche-pourquoi-le-canal-du-mozambique-est-une-zone-strat%C3%A9gique |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=Radio France International}}</ref> Tashar mai tsawon kilomita 1800 tana ɗauke da kusan kashi 30% na zirga-zirgar tanki na duniya. Wani tashin hankali na Islama a arewacin Mozambique ya kara haifar da rushewa a cikin Mozambique Channel; Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu ta gudanar da sintiri na yaki da satar teku a cikin Channel tun 2011. == Manazarta == rfy9q4uo2bvw1r25rahnn4ygfhtcrwo 842148 842147 2026-05-29T06:30:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 842148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]''' (Faransa: Canal du Mozambique, : Lakandranon'i Mozambika, Portuguese: Canal de Moçambique) wani bangare ne na [[Tekun Indiya]] wanda ke tsakanin kasashen Kudu maso gabashin Afirka na [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da Mozambique . Tashar tana da kimanin kilomita {{Convert|1700|km|nmi mi|-2}} (900 tsawo da kilomita {{Convert|419|km|nmi mi|0}} (226 a fadin a mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma ta kai zurfin {{Convert|3292|m|0}} kimanin kilomita {{Convert|230|km|nmi mi|0}} (124 daga bakin tekun Mozambique. Ruwa mai dumi, Mozambique Current, yana gudana a kudu a cikin tashar, yana kaiwa cikin Agulhas Current a gabashin gabar gabashin [[Kudancin Afirka]]. == Yankin == Ƙungiyar Hydrographic ta Duniya (IHO) ta bayyana iyakokin tashar Mozambique kamar haka: <ref name="iho">{{Cite web |year=1953 |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011 |access-date=28 December 2020 |publisher=International Hydrographic Organization}}</ref> :: ''A Arewa.'' Layin daga bakin [[Kogin Ruvuma|Kogin Rovuma]] (10°28′S 40°26′E / 10.467°S 40.433°E / -10.467; 40.433) zuwa Ras Habu, arewacin Ile Grande Comore, arewacin Tsibirin Comore (Comoro) , zuwa Cap d'Ambre (Cape Amber), arewacin iyakar [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] (11°57′S 49°17′E / 11.950°S 49.283E / -11.950°; 49.283). :: ''A Yamma.'' Yankin tekun [[Kudancin Afirka]]. :: ''A Kudu.'' Layin daga Cap Sainte-Marie, iyakar kudancin Madagascar zuwa Ponto do Ouro a kan babban yankin (26°53′S 32°56′E / 26.883°S 32.933°E / -26.883; 32.933). :: ''A Gabas.'' Yankin yammacin Madagascar. == Tsibirin a cikin tashar == === Comoros === * [[Grande Comore|Babban Comore]] * Mohéli * Anjouan === Faransa === * Yankin Faransa: Mayotte (wanda [[Komoros|Comoros]] ta mallaki) * Tsibirin da aka warwatsa a cikin Tekun Indiya, gundumar Kudancin Faransa da Antarctic Lands: Tsibirin Glorioso (wanda Madagascar da Comoros suka nema) Tsibirin Juan de Nova (wanda Madagascar ta nema) Tsibin Europa (wanda Madagascar ya nema) Bassas da India (wanda Madagascar ke nema) ** Tsibirin Glorioso (wanda [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da [[Komoros|Comoros]] suka yi ikirarin) ** Tsibirin Juan de Nova (wanda [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] ta yi ikirarin) ** Tsibirin Europa (wanda [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] ta mallaki) ** Bassas na Indiya (wanda [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] ta yi ikirarin) === Mozambique === * Firayim Minista da Segundas Archipelago * Tsibirin Fogo * Tsibirin Quirimbas St. Lazarus Banks wani dutse ne mai nisan kilomita 50 zuwa 75 daga tsibirin Quirimbas a cikin tashar. Tana tashi daga kimanin 2,000 m zuwa zurfin zurfin 12 m., sun shahara da bambancin halittu na ruwa kuma sune babban wuri don kamun Kifi mai zurfi. == Tarihi == A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 1939, a karkashin umurnin Kyaftin Patrick (Paddy) Dove, British Coastal Tanker Africa Shell yankan tafiya ta hanyar Mozambique Channel daga Quelimane zuwa [[Maputo|Lourenço Marques]]. A safiyar, a wani batu {{Convert|10|nmi}} km; 12 kudu maso kudu maso yamma daga hasumiya a Cape Zavora, an hango ta da German Pocket Battleship Admiral Graf Spee, karkashin umurnin Kyaftin Hans Langsdorff, kuma wanda ya fara kai hari. Graf Spee ya umarci <nowiki><i id="mwig"><i id="mwlA"><i id="mwng">Afirka Shell</i></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki> ta dakatar da harbi a fadin baka. Bayan ya dakatar da ''''Afirka Shell'','' an aika wani mai yankewa tare da ƙungiyar shiga daga Graf Spee kuma ya shiga cikin tankar, jami'in da ke kula da shi yana magana da Kyaftin Dove a cikakkiyar Turanci tare da jumla, "Good morning, kyaftin. Sorry; fortunes of war".<ref name="ReferenceB" /> Kungiyar shiga ta umarci ma'aikatan jirgin su shiga cikin jiragen ruwa kafin su kwashe dukkan kayan abinci na Afirka ciki har da karamin ruwan inabi. An umarci ma'aikatan su yi tafiya zuwa bakin teku, ban da Kyaftin Dove wanda aka kama shi a cikin jirgin Graf Spee. Dove ya yi fushi da tsayar da jirginsa, kuma ya koka da kansa ga Langsdorff, yana mai cewa ''Afirka Shell'' tana cikin ruwan yankin Portugal kuma cewa aikin ya saba wa dokar kasa da kasa.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=MV Africa Shell (1939) |url=https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?102011 |access-date=29 December 2020 |website=Wrecksite}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |title=Motor Vessel AFRICA SHELL built by George Brown & Co. (Marine) Ltd in 1939 for Shell Company of East Africa Ltd. - Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Co. Ltd., London, Tanker |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=3125 |website=clydeships.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceD">{{Cite web |title=I Was There! - Our Ships were Sunk by the 'Graf Spee' - The War Illustrated |url=https://www.thewarillustrated.info/23/our-ships-were-sunk-by-the-graf-spee.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514150654/http://www.thewarillustrated.info/23/our-ships-were-sunk-by-the-graf-spee.asp |archive-date=14 May 2011 |website=thewarillustrated.info}}</ref> Jam'iyyar da ta shiga jirgin ta kafa cajin caji kuma ta koma Graf Spee. Fashewar cajin ya nutse Afirka Shell. Faransa tana nan ta hanyar Mayotte da Scattered Islands, kuma tana kula da kasancewar soja ta hanyar Réunion, tare da kayan aikin sojan ruwa da ke sintiri akai-akai. Wadannan tsibirai suna samar da yankuna na tattalin arziki na musamman (EEZs), masu wadata da albarkatun kamun kifi da yiwuwar hydrocarbons. Ga Faransa, ainihin ƙalubalen shine adana ikon mallakarta a kan Mayotte, a gaban Comoros, kuma musamman a kan Tsibirin Scattered, a fuskar barazanar Malagasy. Mutanen Madagascar suna kalubalantar kasancewar Faransa bisa doka, suna gaskata cewa waɗannan tsibirai sun dogara ne da Madagascar kuma da zarar an sami 'yancin kai, ya kamata su koma Madagascar, ba Faransa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2025 |title=Commerce mondial, hydrocarbures, pêche: pourquoi le canal du Mozambique est «une zone stratégique» |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250423-commerce-mondial-hydrocarbures-p%C3%AAche-pourquoi-le-canal-du-mozambique-est-une-zone-strat%C3%A9gique |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=Radio France International}}</ref> Tashar mai tsawon kilomita 1800 tana ɗauke da kusan kashi 30% na zirga-zirgar tanki na duniya. Wani tashin hankali na Islama a arewacin Mozambique ya kara haifar da rushewa a cikin Mozambique Channel; Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu ta gudanar da sintiri na yaki da satar teku a cikin Channel tun 2011. == Manazarta == tee6n8du17xqbey3yf7xtmovo3c6hbu 0 152965 842149 2026-05-29T06:31:19Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1200651301|Sewa River]]" 842149 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Sewa''' kogi ne a [[Saliyo]]. Majiyoyin da suka fi nisa da shi sune Kogin Bagbe da Kogin Bafi, wanda ya samo asali daga tsaunukan yankin arewa maso gabashin ƙasar, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Gini|Guinea]]. Daga mahaɗar Bagbe da Bafi a gundumar Kono, Sewa tana kwarara {{Cvt|240|km|mi}} a kudu maso yamma kuma yana malalar da yanki na {{Cvt|19,022|km2|mi2}}. Kusa da gabar tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]] kogin ya haɗu da Kogin Waanje don samar da Kogin Kittam. Kogin Kittam yana gudana {{Convert|48|km|mi}} ya nufi yamma a gefen tekun kuma ya shiga hanyar sadarwa ta tafkuna da koguna da Turner's Peninsula suka raba daga teku. A gefen tsibirin Sherbro, Kittam ya kwarara zuwa babban kogin Sherbro. Ana iya tafiya a kogin Sewa a cikin ɗan gajeren nisa, amma a tsakiya da sama, raƙuman ruwa da kuma katangar ido sun mamaye yankin. Kogin yana da matuƙar amfani ga Saliyo. Ana ci gaba da neman lu'u-lu'u a saman Sewa. Kusa da noman [[shinkafa]] a bakin teku da kuma noman piassava, waɗanda ake fitarwa don samar da besoms, sune amfanin gona masu mahimmanci. == Manazarta == Sewa RiverSewa RiverSewa RiverSewa RiverSewa RiverSewa RiverSewa RiverSewa RiverSewa River 3oro8kny4fdeulnpd7z6zdizly30t05 842152 842149 2026-05-29T06:31:54Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 842152 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Sewa''' kogi ne a [[Saliyo]]. Majiyoyin da suka fi nisa da shi sune Kogin Bagbe da Kogin Bafi, wanda ya samo asali daga tsaunukan yankin arewa maso gabashin ƙasar, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Gini|Guinea]]. Daga mahaɗar Bagbe da Bafi a gundumar Kono, Sewa tana kwarara {{Cvt|240|km|mi}} a kudu maso yamma kuma yana malalar da yanki na {{Cvt|19,022|km2|mi2}}. Kusa da gabar tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]] kogin ya haɗu da Kogin Waanje don samar da Kogin Kittam. Kogin Kittam yana gudana {{Convert|48|km|mi}} ya nufi yamma a gefen tekun kuma ya shiga hanyar sadarwa ta tafkuna da koguna da Turner's Peninsula suka raba daga teku. A gefen tsibirin Sherbro, Kittam ya kwarara zuwa babban kogin Sherbro. Ana iya tafiya a kogin Sewa a cikin ɗan gajeren nisa, amma a tsakiya da sama, raƙuman ruwa da kuma katangar ido sun mamaye yankin. Kogin yana da matuƙar amfani ga Saliyo. Ana ci gaba da neman lu'u-lu'u a saman Sewa. Kusa da noman [[shinkafa]] a bakin teku da kuma noman piassava, waɗanda ake fitarwa don samar da besoms, sune amfanin gona masu mahimmanci. == Manazarta == thf1kezeg6wmt363qe9evj061c4i6yw 842157 842152 2026-05-29T06:33:59Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842157 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Sewa''' kogi ne a [[Saliyo]].<ref name="North Africa-West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=157&catid=209&Itemid=179|title=North Africa-West Coast}}</ref> Majiyoyin da suka fi nisa da shi sune Kogin Bagbe da Kogin Bafi, wanda ya samo asali daga tsaunukan yankin arewa maso gabashin ƙasar, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Gini|Guinea]]. Daga mahaɗar Bagbe da Bafi a gundumar Kono, Sewa tana kwarara {{Cvt|240|km|mi}} a kudu maso yamma kuma yana malalar da yanki na {{Cvt|19,022|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="North Africa-West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=157&catid=209&Itemid=179|title=North Africa-West Coast}}</ref> Kusa da gabar tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]] kogin ya haɗu da Kogin Waanje don samar da Kogin Kittam. Kogin Kittam yana gudana {{Convert|48|km|mi}} ya nufi yamma a gefen tekun kuma ya shiga hanyar sadarwa ta tafkuna da koguna da Turner's Peninsula suka raba daga teku. A gefen tsibirin Sherbro, Kittam ya kwarara zuwa babban kogin Sherbro.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Sierra Leone | volume= 25 |pages= 54&ndash;57 see page 54; third para |quote= ....The hydrography of the country is.....The main upper branch of the Great Bum (or Sewa) river is.....}}</ref> Ana iya tafiya a kogin Sewa a cikin ɗan gajeren nisa, amma a tsakiya da sama, raƙuman ruwa da kuma katangar ido sun mamaye yankin.<ref name="North Africa-West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=157&catid=209&Itemid=179|title=North Africa-West Coast}}</ref> Kogin yana da matuƙar amfani ga Saliyo. Ana ci gaba da neman lu'u-lu'u a saman Sewa. Kusa da noman [[shinkafa]] a bakin teku da kuma noman piassava, waɗanda ake fitarwa don samar da besoms, sune amfanin gona masu mahimmanci.<ref name="North Africa-West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=157&catid=209&Itemid=179|title=North Africa-West Coast}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2ce6ksco1d3qvo3cn7bjxwjp8ach2l6 842159 842157 2026-05-29T06:34:37Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Sewa''' kogi ne a [[Saliyo]].<ref name="North Africa-West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=157&catid=209&Itemid=179|title=North Africa-West Coast}}</ref> Majiyoyin da suka fi nisa da shi sune Kogin Bagbe da Kogin Bafi, wanda ya samo asali daga tsaunukan yankin arewa maso gabashin ƙasar, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Gini|Guinea]]. Daga mahaɗar Bagbe da Bafi a gundumar Kono, Sewa tana kwarara {{Cvt|240|km|mi}} a kudu maso yamma kuma yana malalar da yanki na {{Cvt|19,022|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="North Africa-West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=157&catid=209&Itemid=179|title=North Africa-West Coast}}</ref> Kusa da gabar tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]] kogin ya haɗu da Kogin Waanje don samar da Kogin Kittam. Kogin Kittam yana gudana {{Convert|48|km|mi}} ya nufi yamma a gefen tekun kuma ya shiga hanyar sadarwa ta tafkuna da koguna da Turner's Peninsula suka raba daga teku. A gefen tsibirin Sherbro, Kittam ya kwarara zuwa babban kogin Sherbro.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Sierra Leone | volume= 25 |pages= 54&ndash;57 see page 54; third para |quote= ....The hydrography of the country is.....The main upper branch of the Great Bum (or Sewa) river is.....}}</ref> Ana iya tafiya a kogin Sewa a cikin ɗan gajeren nisa, amma a tsakiya da sama, raƙuman ruwa da kuma katangar ido sun mamaye yankin.<ref name="North Africa-West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=157&catid=209&Itemid=179|title=North Africa-West Coast}}</ref> Kogin yana da matuƙar amfani ga Saliyo. Ana ci gaba da neman lu'u-lu'u a saman Sewa. Kusa da noman [[shinkafa]] a bakin teku da kuma noman piassava, waɗanda ake fitarwa don samar da besoms, sune amfanin gona masu mahimmanci.<ref name="North Africa-West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=157&catid=209&Itemid=179|title=North Africa-West Coast}}</ref> == Manazarta == ndym8011lqvnehtbbcc48iffkl9mnq2 0 152966 842150 2026-05-29T06:31:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348376572|Bazaruto Archipelago]]" 842150 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsibirin Bazaruto''' (pronunciation Portuguese: [bazaˈɾutu]) rukuni ne na tsibirai shida a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], kusa da babban birnin Vilankulo . Ya ƙunshi tsibirai na Bazaruto, Benguerra, Magaruque, Santa Carolina da Bangué. [[Fayil:Santa_Carolina_Island_Mozambique2.jpg|thumb|Bayyanar tsibirin Santa Carolina]] == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:A_boat_on_Bazaruto_Island_Mozambique.jpg|alt=A small, weathered wooden fishing boat resting on a wide sandy beach on Bazaruto Island under a clear blue sky.|left|thumb|Jirgin kamun kifi na gargajiya a bakin tekun tsibirin Bazaruto, Mozambique.]] Kungiyar ta kasance daga gundumomin Vilanculos da Inhassoro na Lardin Inhambane . An kafa tsibirin ne daga yashi da Kogin Save ya ajiye, wanda tun daga lokacin ya canza hanyarsa. Santa Carolina tsibiri ne na dutse na gaskiya tare da tashoshi masu zurfi kuma yana da girman kilomita 3 da 0.5 (1.86 da 0.31 . Yana da kyawawan rairayin bakin teku guda uku tare da coral reefs kusa da bakin teku. Tsibirin, wanda aka fi sani da Tsibirin Aljanna, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin "dukiya" na tsibirin da ke samar da Tsibirin Bazaruto, wanda shine wurin shakatawa na ƙasa. Abubuwan jan hankali na yawon bude ido sun haɗa da rairayin bakin teku, coral reefs, da kuma damar yin [[Surfing|hawan igiyar ruwa]] da kamun kifi.<ref name="profile">{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Perfil do Distrito de Inhassoro |url=http://www.inhambane.gov.mz/informacao/perfis-distritais/Inhassoro.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021001334/http://www.inhambane.gov.mz/informacao/perfis-distritais/Inhassoro.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2016 |access-date=20 October 2016 |publisher=Ministry of State Administration |language=Portuguese}}</ref> == Muhalli == [[Fayil:View_east_towards_a_Bazaruto_Archipelago_island.JPG|left|thumb|Dubi gabas daga yankin dhows da tsibirin]] Bambancin halittu na Cetacean a baya ya fi wadata fiye da yau kafin ayyukan ɗan adam su rage shi, gami da farautar da ba bisa ka'ida ba ta [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] da [[Japan]] a cikin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970. A sakamakon haka, nau'o'i da yawa kamar su kudancin dama, suna ba da izini ga al'ada Tun da yanayin tsibirin yana ba da tsarin halittu daban-daban, nau'ikan nau'o-nau'i masu ban mamaki da za su faru a cikin ƙaramin yanki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine protection in Mozambique's Bazaruto Archipelago |url=https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_offices/mozambique/wwf_mozambique__our_solutions/projects/?uProjectID=MZ0010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008202634/https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_offices/mozambique/wwf_mozambique__our_solutions/projects/?uProjectID=MZ0010 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=8 October 2021 |publisher=WWF}}</ref> Bazaruto da Benguerra sune tsibirai biyu mafi girma a cikin tsibirin. Skinks Scelotes duttoni, ''Scelotes insularis'', da ''Lygosoma lanceolatum'' suna cikin yankin Bazaruto Archipelago. == Tarihi == An yi hasashen cewa tsibirin Bazaruto na iya zama tsibirin da ake kira Crocodile ({{Transl|fa|Sūsmār}} a Farisa) da aka ambata a cikin littafin Masar na karni na 11. Wannan tsibirin shine wuri na ƙarshe a cikin jerin shafuka a bakin tekun Gabashin Afirka da aka sani ga 'yan kasuwa na Masar kuma shine tashar ta biyar bayan Kilwa. == Manazarta == dgjhoxv263s16gcowsn1n0k7vo0w545 842151 842150 2026-05-29T06:31:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 842151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsibirin Bazaruto''' (pronunciation Portuguese: [bazaˈɾutu]) rukuni ne na tsibirai shida a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], kusa da babban birnin Vilankulo . Ya ƙunshi tsibirai na Bazaruto, Benguerra, Magaruque, Santa Carolina da Bangué. [[Fayil:Santa_Carolina_Island_Mozambique2.jpg|thumb|Bayyanar tsibirin Santa Carolina]] == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:A_boat_on_Bazaruto_Island_Mozambique.jpg|alt=A small, weathered wooden fishing boat resting on a wide sandy beach on Bazaruto Island under a clear blue sky.|left|thumb|Jirgin kamun kifi na gargajiya a bakin tekun tsibirin Bazaruto, Mozambique.]] Kungiyar ta kasance daga gundumomin Vilanculos da Inhassoro na Lardin Inhambane . An kafa tsibirin ne daga yashi da Kogin Save ya ajiye, wanda tun daga lokacin ya canza hanyarsa. Santa Carolina tsibiri ne na dutse na gaskiya tare da tashoshi masu zurfi kuma yana da girman kilomita 3 da 0.5 (1.86 da 0.31 . Yana da kyawawan rairayin bakin teku guda uku tare da coral reefs kusa da bakin teku. Tsibirin, wanda aka fi sani da Tsibirin Aljanna, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin "dukiya" na tsibirin da ke samar da Tsibirin Bazaruto, wanda shine wurin shakatawa na ƙasa. Abubuwan jan hankali na yawon bude ido sun haɗa da rairayin bakin teku, coral reefs, da kuma damar yin [[Surfing|hawan igiyar ruwa]] da kamun kifi.<ref name="profile">{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Perfil do Distrito de Inhassoro |url=http://www.inhambane.gov.mz/informacao/perfis-distritais/Inhassoro.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021001334/http://www.inhambane.gov.mz/informacao/perfis-distritais/Inhassoro.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2016 |access-date=20 October 2016 |publisher=Ministry of State Administration |language=Portuguese}}</ref> == Muhalli == [[Fayil:View_east_towards_a_Bazaruto_Archipelago_island.JPG|left|thumb|Dubi gabas daga yankin dhows da tsibirin]] Bambancin halittu na Cetacean a baya ya fi wadata fiye da yau kafin ayyukan ɗan adam su rage shi, gami da farautar da ba bisa ka'ida ba ta [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] da [[Japan]] a cikin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970. A sakamakon haka, nau'o'i da yawa kamar su kudancin dama, suna ba da izini ga al'ada Tun da yanayin tsibirin yana ba da tsarin halittu daban-daban, nau'ikan nau'o-nau'i masu ban mamaki da za su faru a cikin ƙaramin yanki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine protection in Mozambique's Bazaruto Archipelago |url=https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_offices/mozambique/wwf_mozambique__our_solutions/projects/?uProjectID=MZ0010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008202634/https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_offices/mozambique/wwf_mozambique__our_solutions/projects/?uProjectID=MZ0010 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=8 October 2021 |publisher=WWF}}</ref> Bazaruto da Benguerra sune tsibirai biyu mafi girma a cikin tsibirin. Skinks Scelotes duttoni, ''Scelotes insularis'', da ''Lygosoma lanceolatum'' suna cikin yankin Bazaruto Archipelago. == Tarihi == An yi hasashen cewa tsibirin Bazaruto na iya zama tsibirin da ake kira Crocodile ({{Transl|fa|Sūsmār}} a Farisa) da aka ambata a cikin littafin Masar na karni na 11. Wannan tsibirin shine wuri na ƙarshe a cikin jerin shafuka a bakin tekun Gabashin Afirka da aka sani ga 'yan kasuwa na Masar kuma shine tashar ta biyar bayan Kilwa. == Manazarta == 8454ry7luo7c5ozb8unrhdltdiip864 842173 842151 2026-05-29T06:41:35Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336921754|Bazaruto Island]]" 842173 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bazaruto''' (pronunciation Portuguese: [bazaˈɾutu]) tsibiri ne mai shinge a cikin Tsibirin Bazaruto na kudancin {{Cvt|90|m|ft}} . Tsibirin mafi girma na tsibirin, Bazaruto yana zaune kusa da gabashin gefen nahiyar Afirka, yana kare bakin tekun ƙasa a wancan gefen Bazaruto Bay. An kafa shi a lokacin Pleistocene, dunes na yashi na Bazaruto a gefen gabas suna daga cikin mafi tsawo a duniya, suna kaiwa tsawo har zuwa 90 m (300 . Baya ga tsarin dune, tsibirin yana cike da ciyawa, marshes na gishiri, marshins na mangrove, da kuma wuraren ruwa mai laushi. Yana da nau'ikan namun daji iri-iri, gami da birai masu launin shudi, bushbuck mai amfani, da ja gandun daji. Ruwa da ke kewaye da tsibirin muhimmiyar mafaka ce ga dugongs da tururuwan teku. An shagaltar da shi tun [[Karfe na ƙarfe a Afirka|Zamanin ƙarfe]], Bazaruto ya zama wani ɓangare na cibiyar cinikayya ta Tekun Indiya na dubban shekaru. Ya fada ƙarƙashin karuwar tasirin Portuguese tun daga ƙarshen karni na 16, kuma an gudanar da shi a ƙarƙashin jerin masu mallakar Mulatto da shugabannin. An ba da kyauta ga kambin Portugal a cikin 1721, kuma an gudanar da shi a ƙarƙashin Prazo na Mambone . Rashin tsaro na abinci da hare-hare akai-akai daga 'yan kasuwa na bayi da kabilun makwabta sun rage yawan jama'ar tsibirin a tsakiyar karni na 19. A ƙarshen ƙarni, wani rukuni na Tsonga, waɗanda suka zama mafi yawan mutanen tsibirin a yau, sun sake zama a ƙarshen ƙarni. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Mozambique da yakin basasar Mozambican da ya biyo baya, 'yan gudun hijira da yawa sun zauna a tsibirin. == Yanayin ƙasa == Bazaruto ita ce tsibiri mafi girma kuma mafi arewa na Bazaruto Archipelago a bakin tekun kudancin Mozambique. {{Sfn|Armitage|Botha|Duller|Wintle|2006}} {{Sfn|Magane|1997}} Tsibiri ne mai tsayi da kunkuntar shinge, mai {{Cvt|31.2|km|mi}} a tsayi kuma kusan {{Cvt|110|km2|sqmi}} a cikin yanki. {{Sfn|Downs|Wirminghaus|1997}} {{Sfn|Everett|Van der Elst|Schleyer|2008a}} Yana kusa da gefen kunkuntar shiryayyen nahiyar, an raba shi {{Cvt|14.2|km|mi}} daga bakin tekun babban yankin Mozambique ta [[Bazaruto Bay]] . {{Sfn|Downs|Wirminghaus|1997}} {{Sfn|Cooper|Pilkey|2002}} {{Sfn|Findlay|Cockcroft|Guissamulo|2011}} Bazaruto yana da tsaunukan yashi masu tsayi sosai don tsibirin shinge, inda wasu suka kai {{Cvt|90|m|ft}} a tsayi; waɗannan su ne wasu daga cikin mafi tsayin tuddai da aka sani a tsibirin shinge. {{Sfn|Cooper|Pilkey|2002}} Ƙananan tafkuna masu ruwa mai tsafta suna mamaye tsibirin, tare da zurfin har zuwa {{Cvt|3|m|ft}} . {{Sfn|Findlay|Cockcroft|Guissamulo|2011}} [[Fayil:Bazaruto_-_II_(23918331980).jpg|alt=Aerial photography of people walking along the crest of a massive sand dune with sea visible beyond|thumb|Yankin yashi a kan Bazaruto]] Babban yashi na Bazaruto ya samo asali ne a lokacin Pleistocene, yanzu a cikin launin orange-ja. Ana samun dunes na [[Holocene]] mai launin rawaya da fari a kwanan nan a bakin tekun. A lokacin Last Glacial Maximum, matakin teku na gida ya nutse zuwa {{Cvt|130|m|ft}} m (430 a ƙasa da matakan yanzu, yana ɗaga tsibirin sosai sama da ruwa. Matakan ruwa sun bambanta dan kadan a cikin Holocene; tsarin Aeolianite na bakin teku, yanzu an rufe shi da murjani, ya nuna tsohon bakin tekun tsibirin.{{Sfn|Cooper|Pilkey|2002}} Tsibirin yana zaune ne a gefen tekun mesotidal, tare da kewayon ruwan sama na kusan digiri {{Cvt|3|meters|feet}} . Babban yashi ya miƙe {{Cvt|6|km|mi}} daga ƙarshen arewacin tsibirin, tare da manyan laka da ke shimfiɗa a gefen tofar biyu. Wani lokaci tofar tana iya yin ruwa fiye da kima . {{Sfn|Cooper|Pilkey|2002}} Manyan duwatsun [[Dutsen bakin teku|bakin teku]] suna fitowa a ɓangarorin biyu na tsibirin kuma ana haƙa su don amfani da su azaman kayan gini. Waɗannan suna samar da layuka biyu; ɗaya a yankin da ke tsakanin teku, da kuma mita da yawa sama da babban teku. Mafi girman waɗannan halittun sun samo asali ne a lokacin da ruwa ke ƙaruwa a yankin shekaru dubbai da suka gabata. {{Sfn|Cooper|Pilkey|2002}} === Yanayi === Bazaruto, kamar mafi y<em>Aw</em> Mozambique, yana da Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin Aw bisa ga [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen]].{{Sfn|Cuamba|Chenene|Mahumane|Quissico|2005}} Yana fuskantar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na kusan {{Cvt|978|mm|in}} in). An fallasa shi ga iskar kasuwanci, tare da iska gabaɗaya tana buga tsibirin yayin da take hurawa zuwa kudu maso gabas.{{Sfn|Cooper|Pilkey|2002}} Tsibirin yana fuskantar matsakaicin zafin jiki na {{Cvt|24|C|F}} ° C (75 ° F), tare da tsawo har zuwa {{Cvt|30|C|F}} ° C (86 ° F) a lokacin rani da kuma ƙasa na {{Cvt|18|C|F}} ° C (64 ° F) yayin hunturu.{{Sfn|Dutton|Zolho|1990}} Yanayin ruwa a yankin da ke kewaye da shi ya kasance daga 24-28 ° C (75-82 ° F). Tsibirin yana cikin wani yanki mai haɗari don aikin Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi.{{Sfn|Findlay|Cockcroft|Guissamulo|2011}} == Tarihi == Abubuwan da aka gano a Bazaruto sun kasance a ƙarshen Iron Age, a kusa da ƙarni na 3 AZ, wanda shafuka irin su Ponta Dundo suka tabbatar, tare da wasu shafuka na ƙasa a kusa da kogin Save, gami da Chibuene. Bazaruto ya kasance wani ɓangare na farkon cibiyar cinikin Tekun Indiya, wanda aka tabbatar da dawo da kayan kwalliya na Farisa daga shafin Ponta Dundo. Lu'u-lu'u, amber, kwarangwal, da hakoran dugong sun kasance sanannun kayayyakin kasuwanci da aka fitar da su daga tsibirin.{{Sfn|Roque|Brandt|2008}} Tsibirin ya ƙara haɗawa da biranen Musulmi masu tasowa na bakin tekun Swahili, kamar Kilwa, [[Mombasa]], da Malindi. A farkon shekarun 1500, kafofin Portuguese sun kira tsibirin Húcicas Grandes, suna bayyana su a matsayin mazaunan "Black [[Moors|Moor]]". Iyalan Mulatto na Afro-Portuguese sun sami karuwar shahara yayin da yankin ya fada ƙarƙashin tasirin kasuwancin Portuguese. António Rodrigues ( 1589) ya mallaki Bazaruto da wasu sassan da ke kusa da shi; abokantakarsa ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Portugal ya haifar da tsibirin ya zama wurin sake samar da jiragen ruwa. Wannan matsayi ya goyi bayan kasancewar tafkunan ruwa mai laushi, wanda kuma ya ba da damar kiwon shanu a tsibirin.{{Sfn|Roque|Brandt|2008}} [[Fayil:Bazaruto_Lighthouse.jpg|alt=A photo of a worn down lighthouse|thumb|Hasumiyar wuta a kan Bazaruto, wanda aka gina a lokacin mulkin mallaka]] Tsibirin ya fada ƙarƙashin jerin manyan iyalai masu mallakar ƙasa. Wani Sofala mulatto mai suna Luís Pereira ya mallaki Bazaruto a ƙarshen 1600s. Mucissa, wani shugaban yanki, ya sami taimako a cikin gwagwarmayar iko da ɗan'uwansa daga Portuguese; a sakamakon haka, ya ba da tsibirin ga kambin Portuguese a cikin 1721. Koyaya, ba a san ikon Portuguese a yankin ba, wanda aka gudanar a ƙarƙashin Prazo na [[Mambone]]. Tsibirin ya fuskanci lokacin fari da yunwa, kuma ƙungiyoyin ƙabilar da aka sani da Portuguese a matsayin Vatuas da Landins sun mamaye shi akai-akai. Mambone prazeiros sun fara amfani da tsibirin a matsayin wurin ajiyar kayayyaki don haɓaka kasuwancin bayi. 'Yan kasuwar bayi na Faransa sun kai hari cikin yankin har zuwa karni na 19. Haɗe da rashin tsaro na abinci da mamayewar Landin, tsibirin ya ragu sosai, tare da yawancin mazauna sun zama 'yan gudun hijira a yankunan da ke kusa da ƙasar. An rubuta tsibirin a matsayin wanda ba a zaune ba a 1886.{{Sfn|Roque|Brandt|2008}} == Manazarta == nyvdiq7gz6ilgge7thnia4vfrhfm7ye 842174 842173 2026-05-29T06:42:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 842174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bazaruto''' (pronunciation Portuguese: [bazaˈɾutu]) tsibiri ne mai shinge a cikin Tsibirin Bazaruto na kudancin {{Cvt|90|m|ft}} . Tsibirin mafi girma na tsibirin, Bazaruto yana zaune kusa da gabashin gefen nahiyar Afirka, yana kare bakin tekun ƙasa a wancan gefen Bazaruto Bay. An kafa shi a lokacin Pleistocene, dunes na yashi na Bazaruto a gefen gabas suna daga cikin mafi tsawo a duniya, suna kaiwa tsawo har zuwa 90 m (300 . Baya ga tsarin dune, tsibirin yana cike da ciyawa, marshes na gishiri, marshins na mangrove, da kuma wuraren ruwa mai laushi. Yana da nau'ikan namun daji iri-iri, gami da birai masu launin shudi, bushbuck mai amfani, da ja gandun daji. Ruwa da ke kewaye da tsibirin muhimmiyar mafaka ce ga dugongs da tururuwan teku. An shagaltar da shi tun [[Karfe na ƙarfe a Afirka|Zamanin ƙarfe]], Bazaruto ya zama wani ɓangare na cibiyar cinikayya ta Tekun Indiya na dubban shekaru. Ya fada ƙarƙashin karuwar tasirin Portuguese tun daga ƙarshen karni na 16, kuma an gudanar da shi a ƙarƙashin jerin masu mallakar Mulatto da shugabannin. An ba da kyauta ga kambin Portugal a cikin 1721, kuma an gudanar da shi a ƙarƙashin Prazo na Mambone . Rashin tsaro na abinci da hare-hare akai-akai daga 'yan kasuwa na bayi da kabilun makwabta sun rage yawan jama'ar tsibirin a tsakiyar karni na 19. A ƙarshen ƙarni, wani rukuni na Tsonga, waɗanda suka zama mafi yawan mutanen tsibirin a yau, sun sake zama a ƙarshen ƙarni. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Mozambique da yakin basasar Mozambican da ya biyo baya, 'yan gudun hijira da yawa sun zauna a tsibirin. == Yanayin ƙasa == Bazaruto ita ce tsibiri mafi girma kuma mafi arewa na Bazaruto Archipelago a bakin tekun kudancin Mozambique. {{Sfn|Armitage|Botha|Duller|Wintle|2006}} {{Sfn|Magane|1997}} Tsibiri ne mai tsayi da kunkuntar shinge, mai {{Cvt|31.2|km|mi}} a tsayi kuma kusan {{Cvt|110|km2|sqmi}} a cikin yanki. {{Sfn|Downs|Wirminghaus|1997}} {{Sfn|Everett|Van der Elst|Schleyer|2008a}} Yana kusa da gefen kunkuntar shiryayyen nahiyar, an raba shi {{Cvt|14.2|km|mi}} daga bakin tekun babban yankin Mozambique ta [[Bazaruto Bay]] . {{Sfn|Downs|Wirminghaus|1997}} {{Sfn|Cooper|Pilkey|2002}} {{Sfn|Findlay|Cockcroft|Guissamulo|2011}} Bazaruto yana da tsaunukan yashi masu tsayi sosai don tsibirin shinge, inda wasu suka kai {{Cvt|90|m|ft}} a tsayi; waɗannan su ne wasu daga cikin mafi tsayin tuddai da aka sani a tsibirin shinge. {{Sfn|Cooper|Pilkey|2002}} Ƙananan tafkuna masu ruwa mai tsafta suna mamaye tsibirin, tare da zurfin har zuwa {{Cvt|3|m|ft}} . {{Sfn|Findlay|Cockcroft|Guissamulo|2011}} [[Fayil:Bazaruto_-_II_(23918331980).jpg|alt=Aerial photography of people walking along the crest of a massive sand dune with sea visible beyond|thumb|Yankin yashi a kan Bazaruto]] Babban yashi na Bazaruto ya samo asali ne a lokacin Pleistocene, yanzu a cikin launin orange-ja. Ana samun dunes na [[Holocene]] mai launin rawaya da fari a kwanan nan a bakin tekun. A lokacin Last Glacial Maximum, matakin teku na gida ya nutse zuwa {{Cvt|130|m|ft}} m (430 a ƙasa da matakan yanzu, yana ɗaga tsibirin sosai sama da ruwa. Matakan ruwa sun bambanta dan kadan a cikin Holocene; tsarin Aeolianite na bakin teku, yanzu an rufe shi da murjani, ya nuna tsohon bakin tekun tsibirin.{{Sfn|Cooper|Pilkey|2002}} Tsibirin yana zaune ne a gefen tekun mesotidal, tare da kewayon ruwan sama na kusan digiri {{Cvt|3|meters|feet}} . Babban yashi ya miƙe {{Cvt|6|km|mi}} daga ƙarshen arewacin tsibirin, tare da manyan laka da ke shimfiɗa a gefen tofar biyu. Wani lokaci tofar tana iya yin ruwa fiye da kima . {{Sfn|Cooper|Pilkey|2002}} Manyan duwatsun [[Dutsen bakin teku|bakin teku]] suna fitowa a ɓangarorin biyu na tsibirin kuma ana haƙa su don amfani da su azaman kayan gini. Waɗannan suna samar da layuka biyu; ɗaya a yankin da ke tsakanin teku, da kuma mita da yawa sama da babban teku. Mafi girman waɗannan halittun sun samo asali ne a lokacin da ruwa ke ƙaruwa a yankin shekaru dubbai da suka gabata. {{Sfn|Cooper|Pilkey|2002}} === Yanayi === Bazaruto, kamar mafi y<em>Aw</em> Mozambique, yana da Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin Aw bisa ga [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen]].{{Sfn|Cuamba|Chenene|Mahumane|Quissico|2005}} Yana fuskantar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na kusan {{Cvt|978|mm|in}} in). An fallasa shi ga iskar kasuwanci, tare da iska gabaɗaya tana buga tsibirin yayin da take hurawa zuwa kudu maso gabas.{{Sfn|Cooper|Pilkey|2002}} Tsibirin yana fuskantar matsakaicin zafin jiki na {{Cvt|24|C|F}} ° C (75 ° F), tare da tsawo har zuwa {{Cvt|30|C|F}} ° C (86 ° F) a lokacin rani da kuma ƙasa na {{Cvt|18|C|F}} ° C (64 ° F) yayin hunturu.{{Sfn|Dutton|Zolho|1990}} Yanayin ruwa a yankin da ke kewaye da shi ya kasance daga 24-28 ° C (75-82 ° F). Tsibirin yana cikin wani yanki mai haɗari don aikin Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi.{{Sfn|Findlay|Cockcroft|Guissamulo|2011}} == Tarihi == Abubuwan da aka gano a Bazaruto sun kasance a ƙarshen Iron Age, a kusa da ƙarni na 3 AZ, wanda shafuka irin su Ponta Dundo suka tabbatar, tare da wasu shafuka na ƙasa a kusa da kogin Save, gami da Chibuene. Bazaruto ya kasance wani ɓangare na farkon cibiyar cinikin Tekun Indiya, wanda aka tabbatar da dawo da kayan kwalliya na Farisa daga shafin Ponta Dundo. Lu'u-lu'u, amber, kwarangwal, da hakoran dugong sun kasance sanannun kayayyakin kasuwanci da aka fitar da su daga tsibirin.{{Sfn|Roque|Brandt|2008}} Tsibirin ya ƙara haɗawa da biranen Musulmi masu tasowa na bakin tekun Swahili, kamar Kilwa, [[Mombasa]], da Malindi. A farkon shekarun 1500, kafofin Portuguese sun kira tsibirin Húcicas Grandes, suna bayyana su a matsayin mazaunan "Black [[Moors|Moor]]". Iyalan Mulatto na Afro-Portuguese sun sami karuwar shahara yayin da yankin ya fada ƙarƙashin tasirin kasuwancin Portuguese. António Rodrigues ( 1589) ya mallaki Bazaruto da wasu sassan da ke kusa da shi; abokantakarsa ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Portugal ya haifar da tsibirin ya zama wurin sake samar da jiragen ruwa. Wannan matsayi ya goyi bayan kasancewar tafkunan ruwa mai laushi, wanda kuma ya ba da damar kiwon shanu a tsibirin.{{Sfn|Roque|Brandt|2008}} [[Fayil:Bazaruto_Lighthouse.jpg|alt=A photo of a worn down lighthouse|thumb|Hasumiyar wuta a kan Bazaruto, wanda aka gina a lokacin mulkin mallaka]] Tsibirin ya fada ƙarƙashin jerin manyan iyalai masu mallakar ƙasa. Wani Sofala mulatto mai suna Luís Pereira ya mallaki Bazaruto a ƙarshen 1600s. Mucissa, wani shugaban yanki, ya sami taimako a cikin gwagwarmayar iko da ɗan'uwansa daga Portuguese; a sakamakon haka, ya ba da tsibirin ga kambin Portuguese a cikin 1721. Koyaya, ba a san ikon Portuguese a yankin ba, wanda aka gudanar a ƙarƙashin Prazo na [[Mambone]]. Tsibirin ya fuskanci lokacin fari da yunwa, kuma ƙungiyoyin ƙabilar da aka sani da Portuguese a matsayin Vatuas da Landins sun mamaye shi akai-akai. Mambone prazeiros sun fara amfani da tsibirin a matsayin wurin ajiyar kayayyaki don haɓaka kasuwancin bayi. 'Yan kasuwar bayi na Faransa sun kai hari cikin yankin har zuwa karni na 19. Haɗe da rashin tsaro na abinci da mamayewar Landin, tsibirin ya ragu sosai, tare da yawancin mazauna sun zama 'yan gudun hijira a yankunan da ke kusa da ƙasar. An rubuta tsibirin a matsayin wanda ba a zaune ba a 1886.{{Sfn|Roque|Brandt|2008}} == Manazarta == 1zpfepholesmrgic0ybhu3sqx2vubh5 0 152967 842153 2026-05-29T06:32:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271889980|Betsiboka River]]" 842153 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Betsiboka''' kogi ne mai tsawon kilomita 525 (326 a tsakiyar arewacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] . Yana gudana zuwa arewa maso yamma kuma ya kwarara zuwa Bombetoka Bay, yana samar da babban [[Delta]]. Ya samo asali ne a gabashin [[Antananarivo]] . Kogin yana kewaye da mangroves. Kogin ya bambanta da ruwansa mai launin ja, wanda ya haifar da ruwan kogi. Kogin yana ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na jan-orange zuwa teku. Yawancin wannan laka ana ajiye shi a bakin kogi ko a cikin bay. Tabbacin ban mamaki ne na mummunar lalacewar arewa maso yammacin Madagascar. Cire gandun daji na asali don noma da makiyaya a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata ya haifar da asarar ƙasa mai yawa na shekara-shekara wanda ke kusa da tan 250 a kowace hekta (ton 112 a kowace acre) a wasu yankuna na tsibirin, mafi girman adadin da aka rubuta a ko'ina cikin duniya. Yawancin nau'ikan kifi suna cikin kogin, gami da cichlids uku ''Paretroplus petiti'', ''P. tsimoly'' da ''P. maculatus''. [[Ikopa|Kogin Ikopa]], mafi girma a cikin Betsiboka, ya zubar da babban birnin [[Antananarivo]].<gallery> Fayil:Betsiboka_estuary.jpg|Betsiboka River estuary seen from space Fayil:Betsiboka_River_September_22,_2003.jpg|The Betsiboka River in normal conditions Fayil:Betsiboka_River_January_30,_2009.jpg|The Betsiboka River when flooded </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Babbar gada ta Betsiboka == Manazarta == amls15leljmp10n6g7jb77ebdpgiyw4 842154 842153 2026-05-29T06:33:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271889980|Betsiboka River]]" 842154 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Betsiboka''' kogi ne mai tsawon kilomita 525 (326 a tsakiyar arewacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] . Yana gudana zuwa arewa maso yamma kuma ya kwarara zuwa Bombetoka Bay, yana samar da babban [[Delta]]. Ya samo asali ne a gabashin [[Antananarivo]] . Kogin yana kewaye da mangroves. Kogin ya bambanta da ruwansa mai launin ja, wanda ya haifar da ruwan kogi. Kogin yana ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na jan-orange zuwa teku. Yawancin wannan laka ana ajiye shi a bakin kogi ko a cikin bay.<ref>Tsilavo Raharimahefa and Timothy M. Kusky (2010). "Environmental monitoring of Bombetoka bay and the Betsiboka estuary, Madagascar, using multi-temporal satellite data".</ref> Tabbacin ban mamaki ne na mummunar lalacewar arewa maso yammacin Madagascar. Cire gandun daji na asali don noma da makiyaya a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata ya haifar da asarar ƙasa mai yawa na shekara-shekara wanda ke kusa da tan 250 a kowace hekta (ton 112 a kowace acre) a wasu yankuna na tsibirin, mafi girman adadin da aka rubuta a ko'ina cikin duniya. Yawancin nau'ikan kifi suna cikin kogin, gami da cichlids uku ''Paretroplus petiti'', ''P. tsimoly'' da ''P. maculatus''. [[Ikopa|Kogin Ikopa]], mafi girma a cikin Betsiboka, ya zubar da babban birnin [[Antananarivo]].<gallery> Fayil:Betsiboka_estuary.jpg|Betsiboka River estuary seen from space Fayil:Betsiboka_River_September_22,_2003.jpg|The Betsiboka River in normal conditions Fayil:Betsiboka_River_January_30,_2009.jpg|The Betsiboka River when flooded </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Babbar gada ta Betsiboka == Manazarta == nzrh90tutflxp4i1l6cdv0pv9fkmji7 842155 842154 2026-05-29T06:33:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 842155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Betsiboka''' kogi ne mai tsawon kilomita 525 (326 a tsakiyar arewacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] . Yana gudana zuwa arewa maso yamma kuma ya kwarara zuwa Bombetoka Bay, yana samar da babban [[Delta]]. Ya samo asali ne a gabashin [[Antananarivo]] . Kogin yana kewaye da mangroves. Kogin ya bambanta da ruwansa mai launin ja, wanda ya haifar da ruwan kogi. Kogin yana ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na jan-orange zuwa teku. Yawancin wannan laka ana ajiye shi a bakin kogi ko a cikin bay.<ref>Tsilavo Raharimahefa and Timothy M. Kusky (2010). "Environmental monitoring of Bombetoka bay and the Betsiboka estuary, Madagascar, using multi-temporal satellite data".</ref> Tabbacin ban mamaki ne na mummunar lalacewar arewa maso yammacin Madagascar. Cire gandun daji na asali don noma da makiyaya a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata ya haifar da asarar ƙasa mai yawa na shekara-shekara wanda ke kusa da tan 250 a kowace hekta (ton 112 a kowace acre) a wasu yankuna na tsibirin, mafi girman adadin da aka rubuta a ko'ina cikin duniya. Yawancin nau'ikan kifi suna cikin kogin, gami da cichlids uku ''Paretroplus petiti'', ''P. tsimoly'' da ''P. maculatus''. [[Ikopa|Kogin Ikopa]], mafi girma a cikin Betsiboka, ya zubar da babban birnin [[Antananarivo]].<gallery> Fayil:Betsiboka_estuary.jpg|Betsiboka River estuary seen from space Fayil:Betsiboka_River_September_22,_2003.jpg|The Betsiboka River in normal conditions Fayil:Betsiboka_River_January_30,_2009.jpg|The Betsiboka River when flooded </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Babbar gada ta Betsiboka == Manazarta == 5ww2t20nob6glvakxtvshrudv9okmkt 0 152968 842156 2026-05-29T06:33:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336711581|Bilene]]" 842156 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bilene''', wanda aka fi sani da Praia do Bilene, wani gari ne a kudancin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], yana kwance kilomita 140 a arewa maso gabashin [[Maputo]] a lardin Gaza . Shahararren wurin shakatawa ne na rairayin bakin teku a kan Tashar Mozambique, wanda aka sani da ruwansa mai natsuwa da tsabta na [[Uembje Lagoon]], wanda aka raba shi da bude Tekun Indiya ta hanyar layin tsaunuka masu tsawo. Sau da yawa ana bayyana Bilene a matsayin mafi kusa da bakin teku zuwa birnin [[Johannesburg]] a makwabciyar [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref> Lonely Planet Guide to Mozambique, Fitzpatrick, Mary, 2007, p.80, Retrieved on June 14, 2008</ref> == Sufuri == Garin yana da filin jirgin sama da ake kira Bilene Airport, a halin yanzu ba a amfani da shi. == Yawon shakatawa == Ayyukan yawon bude ido da suka shahara a Bilene sun haɗa da jirgin ruwa, jirgin ruwa, windsurfing, snorkeling, paragliding da kite surfing. == Dubi kuma == * Kungiyar Bilene == Manazarta == 5gbe8nnohaonkjib0k6rcksr0guwqkz 842158 842156 2026-05-29T06:34:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 842158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bilene''', wanda aka fi sani da Praia do Bilene, wani gari ne a kudancin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], yana kwance kilomita 140 a arewa maso gabashin [[Maputo]] a lardin Gaza . Shahararren wurin shakatawa ne na rairayin bakin teku a kan Tashar Mozambique, wanda aka sani da ruwansa mai natsuwa da tsabta na [[Uembje Lagoon]], wanda aka raba shi da bude Tekun Indiya ta hanyar layin tsaunuka masu tsawo. Sau da yawa ana bayyana Bilene a matsayin mafi kusa da bakin teku zuwa birnin [[Johannesburg]] a makwabciyar [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref> Lonely Planet Guide to Mozambique, Fitzpatrick, Mary, 2007, p.80, Retrieved on June 14, 2008</ref> == Sufuri == Garin yana da filin jirgin sama da ake kira Bilene Airport, a halin yanzu ba a amfani da shi. == Yawon shakatawa == Ayyukan yawon bude ido da suka shahara a Bilene sun haɗa da jirgin ruwa, jirgin ruwa, windsurfing, snorkeling, paragliding da kite surfing. == Dubi kuma == * Kungiyar Bilene == Manazarta == elb6yf78mja5hqlep0rb47jbj53xw66 0 152969 842160 2026-05-29T06:34:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1246757691|Bombetoka Bay]]" 842160 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Betsiboka_estuary.jpg|thumb|407x407px|Kogin Betsiboka da Bombetoka Bay da aka gani daga sararin samaniya. (Arewa tana dama.) ]] [[Fayil:Bombetoka_bay_SPOT_1192.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Bombetoka Bay da aka gani ta hanyar tauraron dan adam.]] Bombetoka Bay wani bay ne a arewa maso yammacin gabar tekun [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] kusa da birnin Mahajanga, inda Kogin Betsiboka ke gudana cikin Mozambique Channel . Yawancin [[Tsibirin|tsibirai]] da sandbars sun samo asali ne a cikin bakin teku daga yawan turɓaya da Kogin Betsiboka ya ɗauka kuma an tsara su ta hanyar kwararar kogin da turawa da jan raƙuman ruwa. Tare da bakin teku da tsibirai, ciyayi galibi gandun daji ne. A zahiri, Bombetoka Bay gida ne ga wasu manyan al'ummomin mangrove na Madagascar, waɗanda ke ba da mafaka ga al'ummomi daban-daban na mollusk da crustacean, da kuma wurin zama ga tururuwan teku, [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]], da dugongs. Tare da gabar arewa maso yammacin Madagascar, mangroves da coral reefs suna haɗin gwiwa don ƙirƙirar yanayin halittu daban-daban na bakin teku. dazuzzukan mangrove suna kama ruwan da ke cikin kogi wanda zai rufe reefs na bakin teku, yayin da reefs ke kare mangroves daga raƙuman ruwa. Kusa da ruwa, shrimp da [[shinkafa]] noman sun zama ruwan dare, yayin da gonakin kofi ke da yawa a cikin yankin da ke kewaye. Sufuri da dakatarwa a Bombetoka Bay sun canza sosai a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, tare da karuwa mai yawa a cikin adadin dakatarwa da kogin Betsiboka ya motsa, kuma an ajiye shi a cikin bakin teku da kuma a cikin delta lobes. Wadannan canje-canje sun shafi aikin gona, kamun kifi, da sufuri ga ɗayan manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Madagascar. == Manazarta == * {{Cite web |title=Bombetoka Bay, Madagascar |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16818 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930063955/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16818 |archive-date=2006-09-30 |access-date=2006-05-17 |publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]]}} qhc36o6dlxc23zbvuydm4rq5ul4ls9n 842161 842160 2026-05-29T06:35:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 842161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Betsiboka_estuary.jpg|thumb|407x407px|Kogin Betsiboka da Bombetoka Bay da aka gani daga sararin samaniya. (Arewa tana dama.) ]] [[Fayil:Bombetoka_bay_SPOT_1192.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Bombetoka Bay da aka gani ta hanyar tauraron dan adam.]] Bombetoka Bay wani bay ne a arewa maso yammacin gabar tekun [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] kusa da birnin Mahajanga, inda Kogin Betsiboka ke gudana cikin Mozambique Channel . Yawancin [[Tsibirin|tsibirai]] da sandbars sun samo asali ne a cikin bakin teku daga yawan turɓaya da Kogin Betsiboka ya ɗauka kuma an tsara su ta hanyar kwararar kogin da turawa da jan raƙuman ruwa. Tare da bakin teku da tsibirai, ciyayi galibi gandun daji ne. A zahiri, Bombetoka Bay gida ne ga wasu manyan al'ummomin mangrove na Madagascar, waɗanda ke ba da mafaka ga al'ummomi daban-daban na mollusk da crustacean, da kuma wurin zama ga tururuwan teku, [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]], da dugongs. Tare da gabar arewa maso yammacin Madagascar, mangroves da coral reefs suna haɗin gwiwa don ƙirƙirar yanayin halittu daban-daban na bakin teku. dazuzzukan mangrove suna kama ruwan da ke cikin kogi wanda zai rufe reefs na bakin teku, yayin da reefs ke kare mangroves daga raƙuman ruwa. Kusa da ruwa, shrimp da [[shinkafa]] noman sun zama ruwan dare, yayin da gonakin kofi ke da yawa a cikin yankin da ke kewaye. Sufuri da dakatarwa a Bombetoka Bay sun canza sosai a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, tare da karuwa mai yawa a cikin adadin dakatarwa da kogin Betsiboka ya motsa, kuma an ajiye shi a cikin bakin teku da kuma a cikin delta lobes. Wadannan canje-canje sun shafi aikin gona, kamun kifi, da sufuri ga ɗayan manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Madagascar. == Manazarta == * {{Cite web |title=Bombetoka Bay, Madagascar |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16818 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930063955/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16818 |archive-date=2006-09-30 |access-date=2006-05-17 |publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]]}} lvduu5o0tt4e1c7dle1hfvztvvw9hh3 0 152970 842162 2026-05-29T06:35:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1032571220|Chinde]]" 842162 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chinde''' wani gari ne na [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], kuma tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta [[Kogin Zambezi|Kwarin Zambezi]]. Tana kan Kogin Chinde, kuma muhimmiyar cibiyar kamun kifi ce. Yana fitar da copra da [[sukari]], kuma yana da yawan mutane 16,500 a shekarar 1980.<ref name="eb">{{Cite web |title=Chinde |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9000673/Chinde |access-date=25 March 2007 |website=Britannica Online |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc]]}}</ref> Chinde tana cikin Gundumar Chinde ta Lardin Zambezia.<ref> A. Hetherwick, (1917) Nyasaland To-day and To-morrow, Journal of the Royal African Society, Vol. 17, No. 65, p. 12.</ref> == Tarihi == Ƙananan garin Chinde, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 40 a kudancin Quelimane, ya bunkasa a matsayin babban wurin shiga ga fasinjoji da kayayyaki ga British Central Africa Protectorate wanda aka ayyana a 1891. Saboda wurin da ya dace a kan Kogin Chinde, wani ɓangare na Kogin Zambezi, yana da damar ci gaba, kuma ya maye gurbin Quelimane da Conceição a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa mafi dacewa. Har zuwa kashi na uku na karni na 19, Quelimane, wanda aka haɗa shi da kogin [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] ta hanyar tashar ruwa mai zurfi, shine babban tashar jiragen ruwa da ke ba da damar shiga Afirka ta Tsakiya. Majalisa ta Berlin a cikin 1884 ta kafa kewayawa kyauta na Zambezi da kogunan da ke kewaye da shi, kuma wasu mishaneri da 'yan kasuwa na Burtaniya da suka fara ziyartar da zama a cikin abin da ke yanzu [[Malawi]] sun yi tafiya a can ta amfani da Kogin Zambezi Da Shire. <ref>M Newitt, (1995). A History of Mozambique, London, Hurst & Co, p. 11. {{ISBN|1-85065-172-8}}</ref> Lokacin da tashar daga Quelimane ta toshe, binciken wata hanya ta haifar da gano bakin Chinde na Zambezi a cikin 1889. A matsayin wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Portuguese ta 1891, gwamnatin Portugal ta ba gwamnatin Burtaniya Concession na Chinde na tsawon shekaru 99 don kafa tashar jiragen ruwa inda jiragen ruwa za su iya canja wurin kayansu zuwa jiragen ruwa na kogi. Inner Concession, wanda aka keɓe daga ayyukan al'ada na Portuguese, yana da yanki na hekta 10, tare da gefen kogi na 420 yadudduka. Wannan ya ƙunshi ofisoshin gwamnati da ɗakunan ajiya na kasuwanci, bita da shagunan. An sake gina hekta 50 ba tare da izinin kwastomomi ba, Outer Concession, don saukar da yawan mutanen Chinde da ke ƙaruwa a hankali. Shafin da aka zaɓa ya kasance yashi tare da Tekun Indiya a kudu da kogin Chinde a arewa. Wani rafi mai zurfi kusan ya raba Concession daga babban yankin, yana mai da shi tsibiri fiye da tsibiri. Chinde ya bunƙasa a takaice a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa na Afirka ta Tsakiya ta Burtaniya, wanda ya zama Nyasaland a cikin 1907. A ƙarshen karni na 19, jiragen ruwa masu tafiya a cikin teku na Union Castle da layin Jamus na Gabashin Afirka sun haɗu a Chinde ta ƙananan jiragen ruwa na kogi waɗanda suka ɗauki fasinjoji da kayayyaki har zuwa shugaban kewayawa a kan [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]] a Katunga, mafi kusa a kan kogi zuwa Blantyre, babban gari a cikin British Central Africa Protectorate, tafiya ta kwana bakwai. Kamfanin African Lakes yana da tashar kasuwanci a Concession kuma yana kula da jiragen ruwa guda shida har zuwa tan 40 a kan kogin Zambezi da Shire. Sauran kamfanoni biyu na Burtaniya suna da wasu jiragen ruwa guda biyar na tan 20 zuwa 30 a wannan hanyar. Shekaru da yawa kafin 1922, rushewar yashi mai laushi wanda aka gina Concession ya zama matsala mai yawa. Yawancin gine-ginen da suka gabata dole ne a kwashe su kuma a sake gina su don kauce wa wankewa ko maye gurbin su. A lokacin da tashar jiragen ruwa ta lalace sosai ta hanyar guguwa a watan Fabrairun 1922 an riga an ragu saboda ƙananan jiragen ruwa ne kawai zasu iya amfani da shi kuma tashar jiragen saman [[Beira]] ta kasance mafi kyawun madadin. Zai kasance da wahala kuma yana da tsada sosai don dawo da Chinde gaba ɗaya, amma an yi ƙoƙari don gyara mafi munin lalacewar. Koyaya, da zarar an kammala hanyar jirgin ƙasa daga Nyasaland zuwa Beira a 1922, an cire babban manufar wanzuwar Concession. An watsar da Yarjejeniyar Burtaniya kuma an soke hayar a 1923. Chinde ya koma hannun Portuguese: ya daina aiki a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa ga Nyasaland, amma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na gida, musamman don fitar da sukari na Sena Sugar Estates daga kwarin Zambezi . == Manazarta == gvjhlvqwv4yaxnt8t4lev9ajqvxr3er 842163 842162 2026-05-29T06:36:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 842163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chinde''' wani gari ne na [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], kuma tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta [[Kogin Zambezi|Kwarin Zambezi]]. Tana kan Kogin Chinde, kuma muhimmiyar cibiyar kamun kifi ce. Yana fitar da copra da [[sukari]], kuma yana da yawan mutane 16,500 a shekarar 1980.<ref name="eb">{{Cite web |title=Chinde |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9000673/Chinde |access-date=25 March 2007 |website=Britannica Online |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc]]}}</ref> Chinde tana cikin Gundumar Chinde ta Lardin Zambezia.<ref> A. Hetherwick, (1917) Nyasaland To-day and To-morrow, Journal of the Royal African Society, Vol. 17, No. 65, p. 12.</ref> == Tarihi == Ƙananan garin Chinde, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 40 a kudancin Quelimane, ya bunkasa a matsayin babban wurin shiga ga fasinjoji da kayayyaki ga British Central Africa Protectorate wanda aka ayyana a 1891. Saboda wurin da ya dace a kan Kogin Chinde, wani ɓangare na Kogin Zambezi, yana da damar ci gaba, kuma ya maye gurbin Quelimane da Conceição a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa mafi dacewa. Har zuwa kashi na uku na karni na 19, Quelimane, wanda aka haɗa shi da kogin [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] ta hanyar tashar ruwa mai zurfi, shine babban tashar jiragen ruwa da ke ba da damar shiga Afirka ta Tsakiya. Majalisa ta Berlin a cikin 1884 ta kafa kewayawa kyauta na Zambezi da kogunan da ke kewaye da shi, kuma wasu mishaneri da 'yan kasuwa na Burtaniya da suka fara ziyartar da zama a cikin abin da ke yanzu [[Malawi]] sun yi tafiya a can ta amfani da Kogin Zambezi Da Shire. <ref>M Newitt, (1995). A History of Mozambique, London, Hurst & Co, p. 11. {{ISBN|1-85065-172-8}}</ref> Lokacin da tashar daga Quelimane ta toshe, binciken wata hanya ta haifar da gano bakin Chinde na Zambezi a cikin 1889. A matsayin wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Portuguese ta 1891, gwamnatin Portugal ta ba gwamnatin Burtaniya Concession na Chinde na tsawon shekaru 99 don kafa tashar jiragen ruwa inda jiragen ruwa za su iya canja wurin kayansu zuwa jiragen ruwa na kogi. Inner Concession, wanda aka keɓe daga ayyukan al'ada na Portuguese, yana da yanki na hekta 10, tare da gefen kogi na 420 yadudduka. Wannan ya ƙunshi ofisoshin gwamnati da ɗakunan ajiya na kasuwanci, bita da shagunan. An sake gina hekta 50 ba tare da izinin kwastomomi ba, Outer Concession, don saukar da yawan mutanen Chinde da ke ƙaruwa a hankali. Shafin da aka zaɓa ya kasance yashi tare da Tekun Indiya a kudu da kogin Chinde a arewa. Wani rafi mai zurfi kusan ya raba Concession daga babban yankin, yana mai da shi tsibiri fiye da tsibiri. Chinde ya bunƙasa a takaice a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa na Afirka ta Tsakiya ta Burtaniya, wanda ya zama Nyasaland a cikin 1907. A ƙarshen karni na 19, jiragen ruwa masu tafiya a cikin teku na Union Castle da layin Jamus na Gabashin Afirka sun haɗu a Chinde ta ƙananan jiragen ruwa na kogi waɗanda suka ɗauki fasinjoji da kayayyaki har zuwa shugaban kewayawa a kan [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]] a Katunga, mafi kusa a kan kogi zuwa Blantyre, babban gari a cikin British Central Africa Protectorate, tafiya ta kwana bakwai. Kamfanin African Lakes yana da tashar kasuwanci a Concession kuma yana kula da jiragen ruwa guda shida har zuwa tan 40 a kan kogin Zambezi da Shire. Sauran kamfanoni biyu na Burtaniya suna da wasu jiragen ruwa guda biyar na tan 20 zuwa 30 a wannan hanyar. Shekaru da yawa kafin 1922, rushewar yashi mai laushi wanda aka gina Concession ya zama matsala mai yawa. Yawancin gine-ginen da suka gabata dole ne a kwashe su kuma a sake gina su don kauce wa wankewa ko maye gurbin su. A lokacin da tashar jiragen ruwa ta lalace sosai ta hanyar guguwa a watan Fabrairun 1922 an riga an ragu saboda ƙananan jiragen ruwa ne kawai zasu iya amfani da shi kuma tashar jiragen saman [[Beira]] ta kasance mafi kyawun madadin. Zai kasance da wahala kuma yana da tsada sosai don dawo da Chinde gaba ɗaya, amma an yi ƙoƙari don gyara mafi munin lalacewar. Koyaya, da zarar an kammala hanyar jirgin ƙasa daga Nyasaland zuwa Beira a 1922, an cire babban manufar wanzuwar Concession. An watsar da Yarjejeniyar Burtaniya kuma an soke hayar a 1923. Chinde ya koma hannun Portuguese: ya daina aiki a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa ga Nyasaland, amma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na gida, musamman don fitar da sukari na Sena Sugar Estates daga kwarin Zambezi . == Manazarta == gz49bncb2snky8jghfclixdjch3q2ng 0 152971 842164 2026-05-29T06:37:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346002788|Europa Island]]" 842164 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>tsibirin Europa ([[Faransa]]: Île Europa, mai suna [il øʁɔpa]), a cikin Malagasy '''Nosy Ampela''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 27, 2021 |title=Le président Macron envoie l'Armée française sur les îles éparses |url=https://www.koolsaina.com/la-france-renforce-sa-souverainete-sur-les-iles-eparses-en-envoyant-des-legionnaires/ |website=KoolSaina}}</ref> tsibiri ne mai kilomita 28 (11 sq mai laushi a cikin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] Channel, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na hanyar daga kudancin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] zuwa kudancin Mozambique. Ba a taɓa zama a tsibirin ba har zuwa 1820, lokacin da iyalin Faransa na Rosier suka koma ciki. Tsibirin a hukumance ya zama mallakar Faransa a shekara ta 1897, kodayake Madagascar ce ke da'awarsa. Tsibirin, wanda ke da dakarun daga Réunion, yana da Tashar yanayi kuma masana kimiyya suna ziyartar shi. Ko da yake ba a zaune a yanzu, yana daga cikin tsibirai masu rarraba na Yankin Kudancin Faransa da Antarctic. Tsibirin Europa shine wurin da ake kira "Bincike a cikin zurfi", wani labari na 1968 na The Undersea World na Jacques Cousteau, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-10 |title=The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau - Collection One |url=http://docuwiki.net/index.php?title=The_Undersea_World_of_Jacques_Cousteau_-_Collection_One#Search_in_the_Deep |access-date=2014-01-07 |publisher=DocuWiki}}</ref> wani bangare yana mai da hankali kan halaye na kiwo na tururuwan teku. == Bayyanawa == Europa tana da kilomita 6 (3.7 a diamita, tare da matsakaicin tsawo na mita 6 (20 , kuma tana da kilomita 22.2 (13.8 na bakin teku. An kewaye shi da rairayin bakin teku na murjani da kuma gefen reef kuma yana kewaye da tafkin mangrove na kusan kilomita 9 (3.5 sq kuma yana buɗewa zuwa teku a gefe ɗaya. Babu tashar jiragen ruwa ko tashar jiragen sama amma ana iya sanya shi a bakin teku. Yankin tattalin arzikinta na musamman, wanda ke kusa da na Bassas na Indiya, yana da kilomita 127,300 (49,200 sq . [[filin jirgin sama]] yana da tsawon mita 1,500 (4,920 . === Muhalli === Tsibirin ajiyar yanayi ce. Shuke-shuke sun hada da gandun daji mai bushe, scrub, Euphorbia, mangrove maras kyau, da ragowar shuka na sisal. Yana daya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ake yin gida a duniya don tururuwan teku. Har ila yau, gida ne ga [[Akwiya|awaki]] da mazauna suka gabatar a ƙarshen karni na 18. An gano tsibirin a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye ta BirdLife International saboda yana tallafawa yawan tsuntsayen teku da sauran tsuntsayen ruwa. Ita ce kawai sanannen wurin kiwo a waje da Aldabra da Madagascar don magungunan Madagascar. Tsuntsaye na teku sun haɗa da yanki na biyu mafi girma a yammacin Tekun Indiya na manyan tsuntsaye (tare da nau'i-nau'i 1100), shearwaters na wurare masu zafi (har zuwa nau'i 100, mai yiwuwa daga nau'ikan ''Puffinus bailloni bailloni'' da aka ɗauka a baya a cikin Tsibirin Mascarene), dimorphic egrets da Caspian terns. Europa gida ce ga nau'ikan nau'ikan tsuntsaye masu launin fari (''Phaethon lepturus europae''), nau'ikan banderun ƙasa guda uku (ciki har da nau'ikan ƙananan nau'ikan fararen ido na Madagascar) <ref>BirdLife International. (2012). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Europa. Downloaded from {{Cite web |title=BirdLife International - conserving the world's birds |url=http://www.birdlife.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710124603/http://www.birdlife.org/ |archive-date=2007-07-10 |access-date=2014-03-29}} on 2012-01-07.</ref> da nau'in kansa na kwari. === Yanayi === Yanayin tsibirin Europa yana shafar Agulhas Current tare da yanayin zafi na ruwa yawanci sama da {{Convert|30|C|F}} ° C (86 ° F), iskar kasuwanci ta kudu maso gabas a lokacin hunturu (austral) da kuma guguwa na lokaci-lokaci. Za'a iya bayyana yanayin a matsayin haɗuwa mai tsaka-tsaki da na [[Yanayin zafi|wurare masu zafi]] tare da lokacin rani mai laushi da hunturu mai bushe.{{Weather box}} == Tarihi == Duk da yake mai yiwuwa masu ba da hanya sun ga tsibirin tun daga ƙarni na 16, ya ɗauki sunansa daga jirgin ruwa na [[Birtaniya]] Europa, wanda ya ziyarce shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1774. Rushewa da kaburbura a tsibirin Europa sun tabbatar da yunkurin da aka yi na zama daga shekarun 1860 zuwa 1920. Misali, dangin Rosiers na Faransa sun koma tsibirin a 1860, amma daga baya sun watsar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Europa |url=http://www.taaf.fr/spip/spip.php?article311 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131100906/http://www.taaf.fr/spip/spip.php?article311 |archive-date=2012-01-31 |website=Districts - îles Eparses |publisher=Terres australes et antarctiques françaises}}</ref> Tsibirin da aka rarraba a cikin Tekun Indiya suna da'awar Comoros, Madagascar, da Mauritius.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2019 |title=Les confettis de l'empire colonial français qui irritent Madagascar |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/le-monde-a-l-envers/les-confettis-de-l-empire-colonial-francais-qui-irritent-madagascar-3700358}}</ref> Duk da haka, da'awar Malagasy da Mauritian sun kasance daga baya fiye da samun 'yancin kai. Koyaya, yarjejeniyar da aka cimma a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024 kan mayar da Tsibirin Chagos ga Mauritius ta Ƙasar Ingila, a cikin zuciyar Tekun Indiya, musamman gida ga sansanin Amurka na Diego Garcia, ya sake fara muhawara a Madagascar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2025 |title=Dérisoires sentinelles sur la route des super-pétroliers |url=https://blog.mondediplo.net/derisoires-sentinelles}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:Europa_Island.jpg|Satellite photo of Europa Island (north at top) Fayil:Europa_Island_simplified_land_cover_map-en.svg|Map of Europa Island Fayil:Vue_aerienne_europa.jpg|Aerial view of the island Fayil:EuropaDunesNord.jpg|Beaches, north of the island </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i68plihyfxpis0j0jv4qpg6x1889r07 842166 842164 2026-05-29T06:37:51Z Pharouqenr 25549 842166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tsibirin Europa ([[Faransa]]: Île Europa, mai suna [il øʁɔpa]), a cikin Malagasy '''Nosy Ampela''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 27, 2021 |title=Le président Macron envoie l'Armée française sur les îles éparses |url=https://www.koolsaina.com/la-france-renforce-sa-souverainete-sur-les-iles-eparses-en-envoyant-des-legionnaires/ |website=KoolSaina}}</ref> tsibiri ne mai kilomita 28 (11 sq mai laushi a cikin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] Channel, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na hanyar daga kudancin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] zuwa kudancin Mozambique. Ba a taɓa zama a tsibirin ba har zuwa 1820, lokacin da iyalin Faransa na Rosier suka koma ciki. Tsibirin a hukumance ya zama mallakar Faransa a shekara ta 1897, kodayake Madagascar ce ke da'awarsa. Tsibirin, wanda ke da dakarun daga Réunion, yana da Tashar yanayi kuma masana kimiyya suna ziyartar shi. Ko da yake ba a zaune a yanzu, yana daga cikin tsibirai masu rarraba na Yankin Kudancin Faransa da Antarctic. Tsibirin Europa shine wurin da ake kira "Bincike a cikin zurfi", wani labari na 1968 na The Undersea World na Jacques Cousteau, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-10 |title=The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau - Collection One |url=http://docuwiki.net/index.php?title=The_Undersea_World_of_Jacques_Cousteau_-_Collection_One#Search_in_the_Deep |access-date=2014-01-07 |publisher=DocuWiki}}</ref> wani bangare yana mai da hankali kan halaye na kiwo na tururuwan teku. == Bayyanawa == Europa tana da kilomita 6 (3.7 a diamita, tare da matsakaicin tsawo na mita 6 (20 , kuma tana da kilomita 22.2 (13.8 na bakin teku. An kewaye shi da rairayin bakin teku na murjani da kuma gefen reef kuma yana kewaye da tafkin mangrove na kusan kilomita 9 (3.5 sq kuma yana buɗewa zuwa teku a gefe ɗaya. Babu tashar jiragen ruwa ko tashar jiragen sama amma ana iya sanya shi a bakin teku. Yankin tattalin arzikinta na musamman, wanda ke kusa da na Bassas na Indiya, yana da kilomita 127,300 (49,200 sq . [[filin jirgin sama]] yana da tsawon mita 1,500 (4,920 . === Muhalli === Tsibirin ajiyar yanayi ce. Shuke-shuke sun hada da gandun daji mai bushe, scrub, Euphorbia, mangrove maras kyau, da ragowar shuka na sisal. Yana daya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ake yin gida a duniya don tururuwan teku. Har ila yau, gida ne ga [[Akwiya|awaki]] da mazauna suka gabatar a ƙarshen karni na 18. An gano tsibirin a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye ta BirdLife International saboda yana tallafawa yawan tsuntsayen teku da sauran tsuntsayen ruwa. Ita ce kawai sanannen wurin kiwo a waje da Aldabra da Madagascar don magungunan Madagascar. Tsuntsaye na teku sun haɗa da yanki na biyu mafi girma a yammacin Tekun Indiya na manyan tsuntsaye (tare da nau'i-nau'i 1100), shearwaters na wurare masu zafi (har zuwa nau'i 100, mai yiwuwa daga nau'ikan ''Puffinus bailloni bailloni'' da aka ɗauka a baya a cikin Tsibirin Mascarene), dimorphic egrets da Caspian terns. Europa gida ce ga nau'ikan nau'ikan tsuntsaye masu launin fari (''Phaethon lepturus europae''), nau'ikan banderun ƙasa guda uku (ciki har da nau'ikan ƙananan nau'ikan fararen ido na Madagascar) <ref>BirdLife International. (2012). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Europa. Downloaded from {{Cite web |title=BirdLife International - conserving the world's birds |url=http://www.birdlife.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710124603/http://www.birdlife.org/ |archive-date=2007-07-10 |access-date=2014-03-29}} on 2012-01-07.</ref> da nau'in kansa na kwari. === Yanayi === Yanayin tsibirin Europa yana shafar Agulhas Current tare da yanayin zafi na ruwa yawanci sama da {{Convert|30|C|F}} ° C (86 ° F), iskar kasuwanci ta kudu maso gabas a lokacin hunturu (austral) da kuma guguwa na lokaci-lokaci. Za'a iya bayyana yanayin a matsayin haɗuwa mai tsaka-tsaki da na [[Yanayin zafi|wurare masu zafi]] tare da lokacin rani mai laushi da hunturu mai bushe.{{Weather box}} == Tarihi == Duk da yake mai yiwuwa masu ba da hanya sun ga tsibirin tun daga ƙarni na 16, ya ɗauki sunansa daga jirgin ruwa na [[Birtaniya]] Europa, wanda ya ziyarce shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1774. Rushewa da kaburbura a tsibirin Europa sun tabbatar da yunkurin da aka yi na zama daga shekarun 1860 zuwa 1920. Misali, dangin Rosiers na Faransa sun koma tsibirin a 1860, amma daga baya sun watsar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Europa |url=http://www.taaf.fr/spip/spip.php?article311 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131100906/http://www.taaf.fr/spip/spip.php?article311 |archive-date=2012-01-31 |website=Districts - îles Eparses |publisher=Terres australes et antarctiques françaises}}</ref> Tsibirin da aka rarraba a cikin Tekun Indiya suna da'awar Comoros, Madagascar, da Mauritius.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2019 |title=Les confettis de l'empire colonial français qui irritent Madagascar |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/le-monde-a-l-envers/les-confettis-de-l-empire-colonial-francais-qui-irritent-madagascar-3700358}}</ref> Duk da haka, da'awar Malagasy da Mauritian sun kasance daga baya fiye da samun 'yancin kai. Koyaya, yarjejeniyar da aka cimma a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024 kan mayar da Tsibirin Chagos ga Mauritius ta Ƙasar Ingila, a cikin zuciyar Tekun Indiya, musamman gida ga sansanin Amurka na Diego Garcia, ya sake fara muhawara a Madagascar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2025 |title=Dérisoires sentinelles sur la route des super-pétroliers |url=https://blog.mondediplo.net/derisoires-sentinelles}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:Europa_Island.jpg|Satellite photo of Europa Island (north at top) Fayil:Europa_Island_simplified_land_cover_map-en.svg|Map of Europa Island Fayil:Vue_aerienne_europa.jpg|Aerial view of the island Fayil:EuropaDunesNord.jpg|Beaches, north of the island </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] degd8npzfkdq9ikeu6qh65iz8wo84n6 0 152972 842167 2026-05-29T06:38:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352476413|Mahajanga]]" 842167 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mahajangā''' (Faransanci) birni ne kuma gundumar gudanarwa a arewa maso yammacin gabar tekun [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] . Birnin Mahajanga (Mahajanga I) shine babban birnin yankin Boeny . Gundumar (kamar birnin) tana da yawan mutane 258,068 a shekarar 2020. == Birni == [[Fayil:Acadie.jpg|left|thumb|Kwalejin]] Mahajanga tashar jiragen ruwa ce, ta biyu mafi muhimmanci a Madagascar bayan Toamasina . Tashar jirgin ruwa tana karɓar kwantena da ƙananan jigilar kaya (tunanin tan 150) gaba ɗaya. Saboda iyakantaccen zurfin ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa, ƙananan jiragen ruwa ne kawai zasu iya kira a tashar. Jiragen ruwa masu zurfi suna rataye daga tashar kuma suna canja wurin kaya zuwa da kuma daga jirage, wanda ke motsa shi zuwa da kuma tashar. Hadari mai tsanani a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006 ya lalata shingead, yana ba da damar ruwa ya shiga kuma ya wanke baya daga ƙarƙashin tubalan tashar. Sakamakon rushewar tubalan shimfidar wuri ya sa ayyukan a tashar ba su da inganci kuma sun rage sararin ajiya. Mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmanci fitar da kwantena shine shrimp mai daskarewa. Akwai filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa tare da jiragen yanki zuwa Mayotte, jiragen Acadie suna haɗa garin da Mutsamudu da [[Moroni]]. Mahajanga tana kan Kogin Betsiboka, wanda ke kaiwa Bombetoka Bay. Birnin yana da yawan Musulmai. A shekara ta 1977, ya kasance wurin tashin hankali na kabilanci, wanda ya tilasta fitar da 'yan tsirarun Comorian da ke zaune a can. Mahajanga kuma ita ce wurin zama na Roman Catholic Diocese (Cathedral of the Holy Heart of Mary). === Baobab === [[Fayil:The_baobab,_Mahajanga.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Baobab a Mahajanga]] [[Fayil:Mahajanga_-_sur_la_plage.jpg|right|thumb|Ɗaya daga cikin rairayin bakin teku a arewacin birnin]] Itacen [[Kuka|Baobab na Afirka]] kusa da bakin tekun shine mafi girman samfurin a Madagascar, yana da kewayon mita 21 (69 , kuma alama ce ta birnin. Ba a san shekarunta ba, amma yawanci ana cewa yana da shekaru 700-800. An yi amfani da shi a matsayin wurin taro mai mahimmanci, kuma, a cikin karni na 19, a matsayin wurin [[Hukuncin Kisa|kisa]]. An ce don girmama kakannin Malagasy, duk wanda ya ziyarta dole ne ya yi tafiya a kusa da shi sau bakwai.<ref name="sipa">{{Cite web |last=Sipa |first=Masika |date=2013 |title=The Old Baobab of Mahajanga |url=http://www.madamagazine.com/en/der-alte-baobab-von-mahajanga/ |access-date=24 July 2017 |website=madamagazine.com |publisher=MadaMagazine}}</ref> == Tarihi == A cewar Jane Hooper, "Tun daga ƙarni na goma, tashar jiragen ruwa a arewacin Madagascar, gida ga jama'ar Islama, sun jawo hankalin 'yan kasuwa da baƙi daga Gabashin Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, har ma da Gabas ta Gabas ta Farko. Aƙalla an gano tashar jiragen sama goma sha biyar a arewacin Madagaskar ta masanin ilimin ƙasa Ibn Mājid...A farkon karni na goma sha takwas, masarautar Masarautar Masrautar Masarauta ta Masarautar masarautar masarufi. Masarautar da aka kafa ta Masarauta a arewa. Masarauta Masarautarsa ta Masaraut a cikin masarautarsa, Masarautar Sadar Masarautar, Masarauta, Masaraut Masarautar ya riga ta Masarautu. Masaraut, Masarautu, Masara a masarautar da Masarautar "Sarakuna da sarauniya na Sakalava har ma sun ba da izinin ziyartar 'yan kasuwa na Turai don kasuwanci tare da' yan kasuwa Musulmi na gida da kuma wakilan Sakalava kuma sun bayyana suna ƙara shiga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwar da ke ƙetare yankin kudu maso yammacin Tekun Indiya. Sarauniyar Sakalava ta auri mutumin Gabashin Afirka (ko Comorian) a tsakiyar karni na sha takwas, bisa ga rahotanni na Ingilishi da Yaren mutanen Holland. Sakalava sun haɗa da al'adun Islama a cikin ayyukansu na sarauta da wasu da suka tuba zuwa Islama a farkon karni na goma sha tara. " === Al'ummar Indiya === [[Fayil:En_rad_indiska_oxkärror_på_gatan._Mahajunga,_Majunga._Madagaskar_-_SMVK_-_021942.tif|alt=Picture from street in Mahajanga with Indian wagons. October 1912. Photo by Walter Kaudern.|left|thumb|Hoton daga titi a Mahajanga tare da wagons na Indiya. Oktoba 1912. Hoton da Walter Kaudern ya yi.]] A cikin shekarun 1780, an kafa wata al'umma ta kusan 'yan kasuwa Musulmi 200 daga [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]] a Mahajanga a bakin Kogin Betsiboka, a cewar matafiyin Faransa Dumaine. Don haka, asalin kalmar "Mahajanga" na iya zama Indic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Rashin jituwa ya tashi game da matsayinsu na doka; sau da yawa suna bayyana kansu a matsayin talakawan Madagascar don kauce wa dokokin da ke adawa da mallakar bayi ko gina gidajen dutse, dukansu an haramta su ga talakawan Burtaniya. dhows din su, wanda suke amfani da shi don jigilar kayayyaki zuwa da kuma daga yankin Afirka, sun tashi da tutar Faransa. Masu zuwa na farko sun kasance Musulmai Khojas, Isma'ili da Da'udi Bohras, tare da wasu Hindu da suka zauna daga baya. Ƙididdigar 1911 ta sami Indiyawa 4,480 a cikin ƙasar, wanda ya sa su 21% na yawan mutanen waje kuma na biyu mafi girma, bayan Faransanci. Bayan ƙaddamar da kasuwancin masu zaman kansu a cikin shekarun 1970s, an tilasta wa da yawa daga cikinsu barin; waɗanda suka rage galibi ba su da ilimi, amma sun ci gaba kuma a hankali suka gina kasuwancin su. A shekara ta 2000, an yi imanin cewa suna sarrafa 50-60% na tattalin arzikin kasar, suna mai da su ga masu zanga-zangar a lokacin tashin hankali. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006, wata guguwa ta buge Mahajanga, ta haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa da wasu gine-gine a ko kusa da bakin teku. === Tarihin Soja === Birnin yana da filin jirgin sama wanda Burtaniya ta yi amfani da shi don ajiye jirgin saman Shackleton don tallafawa Beira Patrol daga Mayu 1966. == Yankin == Mahajanga ita ce babban birnin yankin Boeny. == Shahararrun mutane == Ali Soilih (1937 - 1978) ɗan juyin juya halin kwaminisanci ne na [[Komoros|Comorian]] kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Dictator na Jihar Comoros daga 3 ga Janairu 1976 zuwa 13 ga Mayu 1978. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Madagaskar]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7qg9fdhdkrndl1tn4wmqk20slv9irbu 842168 842167 2026-05-29T06:38:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 842168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mahajangā''' (Faransanci) birni ne kuma gundumar gudanarwa a arewa maso yammacin gabar tekun [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] . Birnin Mahajanga (Mahajanga I) shine babban birnin yankin Boeny . Gundumar (kamar birnin) tana da yawan mutane 258,068 a shekarar 2020. == Birni == [[Fayil:Acadie.jpg|left|thumb|Kwalejin]] Mahajanga tashar jiragen ruwa ce, ta biyu mafi muhimmanci a Madagascar bayan Toamasina . Tashar jirgin ruwa tana karɓar kwantena da ƙananan jigilar kaya (tunanin tan 150) gaba ɗaya. Saboda iyakantaccen zurfin ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa, ƙananan jiragen ruwa ne kawai zasu iya kira a tashar. Jiragen ruwa masu zurfi suna rataye daga tashar kuma suna canja wurin kaya zuwa da kuma daga jirage, wanda ke motsa shi zuwa da kuma tashar. Hadari mai tsanani a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006 ya lalata shingead, yana ba da damar ruwa ya shiga kuma ya wanke baya daga ƙarƙashin tubalan tashar. Sakamakon rushewar tubalan shimfidar wuri ya sa ayyukan a tashar ba su da inganci kuma sun rage sararin ajiya. Mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmanci fitar da kwantena shine shrimp mai daskarewa. Akwai filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa tare da jiragen yanki zuwa Mayotte, jiragen Acadie suna haɗa garin da Mutsamudu da [[Moroni]]. Mahajanga tana kan Kogin Betsiboka, wanda ke kaiwa Bombetoka Bay. Birnin yana da yawan Musulmai. A shekara ta 1977, ya kasance wurin tashin hankali na kabilanci, wanda ya tilasta fitar da 'yan tsirarun Comorian da ke zaune a can. Mahajanga kuma ita ce wurin zama na Roman Catholic Diocese (Cathedral of the Holy Heart of Mary). === Baobab === [[Fayil:The_baobab,_Mahajanga.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Baobab a Mahajanga]] [[Fayil:Mahajanga_-_sur_la_plage.jpg|right|thumb|Ɗaya daga cikin rairayin bakin teku a arewacin birnin]] Itacen [[Kuka|Baobab na Afirka]] kusa da bakin tekun shine mafi girman samfurin a Madagascar, yana da kewayon mita 21 (69 , kuma alama ce ta birnin. Ba a san shekarunta ba, amma yawanci ana cewa yana da shekaru 700-800. An yi amfani da shi a matsayin wurin taro mai mahimmanci, kuma, a cikin karni na 19, a matsayin wurin [[Hukuncin Kisa|kisa]]. An ce don girmama kakannin Malagasy, duk wanda ya ziyarta dole ne ya yi tafiya a kusa da shi sau bakwai.<ref name="sipa">{{Cite web |last=Sipa |first=Masika |date=2013 |title=The Old Baobab of Mahajanga |url=http://www.madamagazine.com/en/der-alte-baobab-von-mahajanga/ |access-date=24 July 2017 |website=madamagazine.com |publisher=MadaMagazine}}</ref> == Tarihi == A cewar Jane Hooper, "Tun daga ƙarni na goma, tashar jiragen ruwa a arewacin Madagascar, gida ga jama'ar Islama, sun jawo hankalin 'yan kasuwa da baƙi daga Gabashin Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, har ma da Gabas ta Gabas ta Farko. Aƙalla an gano tashar jiragen sama goma sha biyar a arewacin Madagaskar ta masanin ilimin ƙasa Ibn Mājid...A farkon karni na goma sha takwas, masarautar Masarautar Masrautar Masarauta ta Masarautar masarautar masarufi. Masarautar da aka kafa ta Masarauta a arewa. Masarauta Masarautarsa ta Masaraut a cikin masarautarsa, Masarautar Sadar Masarautar, Masarauta, Masaraut Masarautar ya riga ta Masarautu. Masaraut, Masarautu, Masara a masarautar da Masarautar "Sarakuna da sarauniya na Sakalava har ma sun ba da izinin ziyartar 'yan kasuwa na Turai don kasuwanci tare da' yan kasuwa Musulmi na gida da kuma wakilan Sakalava kuma sun bayyana suna ƙara shiga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwar da ke ƙetare yankin kudu maso yammacin Tekun Indiya. Sarauniyar Sakalava ta auri mutumin Gabashin Afirka (ko Comorian) a tsakiyar karni na sha takwas, bisa ga rahotanni na Ingilishi da Yaren mutanen Holland. Sakalava sun haɗa da al'adun Islama a cikin ayyukansu na sarauta da wasu da suka tuba zuwa Islama a farkon karni na goma sha tara. " === Al'ummar Indiya === [[Fayil:En_rad_indiska_oxkärror_på_gatan._Mahajunga,_Majunga._Madagaskar_-_SMVK_-_021942.tif|alt=Picture from street in Mahajanga with Indian wagons. October 1912. Photo by Walter Kaudern.|left|thumb|Hoton daga titi a Mahajanga tare da wagons na Indiya. Oktoba 1912. Hoton da Walter Kaudern ya yi.]] A cikin shekarun 1780, an kafa wata al'umma ta kusan 'yan kasuwa Musulmi 200 daga [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]] a Mahajanga a bakin Kogin Betsiboka, a cewar matafiyin Faransa Dumaine. Don haka, asalin kalmar "Mahajanga" na iya zama Indic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Rashin jituwa ya tashi game da matsayinsu na doka; sau da yawa suna bayyana kansu a matsayin talakawan Madagascar don kauce wa dokokin da ke adawa da mallakar bayi ko gina gidajen dutse, dukansu an haramta su ga talakawan Burtaniya. dhows din su, wanda suke amfani da shi don jigilar kayayyaki zuwa da kuma daga yankin Afirka, sun tashi da tutar Faransa. Masu zuwa na farko sun kasance Musulmai Khojas, Isma'ili da Da'udi Bohras, tare da wasu Hindu da suka zauna daga baya. Ƙididdigar 1911 ta sami Indiyawa 4,480 a cikin ƙasar, wanda ya sa su 21% na yawan mutanen waje kuma na biyu mafi girma, bayan Faransanci. Bayan ƙaddamar da kasuwancin masu zaman kansu a cikin shekarun 1970s, an tilasta wa da yawa daga cikinsu barin; waɗanda suka rage galibi ba su da ilimi, amma sun ci gaba kuma a hankali suka gina kasuwancin su. A shekara ta 2000, an yi imanin cewa suna sarrafa 50-60% na tattalin arzikin kasar, suna mai da su ga masu zanga-zangar a lokacin tashin hankali. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006, wata guguwa ta buge Mahajanga, ta haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa da wasu gine-gine a ko kusa da bakin teku. === Tarihin Soja === Birnin yana da filin jirgin sama wanda Burtaniya ta yi amfani da shi don ajiye jirgin saman Shackleton don tallafawa Beira Patrol daga Mayu 1966. == Yankin == Mahajanga ita ce babban birnin yankin Boeny. == Shahararrun mutane == Ali Soilih (1937 - 1978) ɗan juyin juya halin kwaminisanci ne na [[Komoros|Comorian]] kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Dictator na Jihar Comoros daga 3 ga Janairu 1976 zuwa 13 ga Mayu 1978. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Madagaskar]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dhvb80v1q3otihbao5tr7xd8ytfd67t 0 152973 842169 2026-05-29T06:39:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1307734713|Bangué]]" 842169 wikitext text/x-wiki Bangué (pronunciation Portuguese: [bɐ̃ˈɡɛ]) wani karamin tsibiri ne mai yashi a cikin Bazaruto Archipelago na kudancin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], wanda ke tsakanin Tsibirin Magaruque da yankin São Sebastião zuwa kudu. An kafa shi ta hanyar aikin raƙuman ruwa daga baya fiye da sauran tsibirai na tsibirin, tsibiri ne mai yawan dune tare da iyakance ciyayi kuma babu mazauna dindindin. Masu kamun kifi na gida da tsuntsayen teku daban-daban suna ziyartar shi a wasu lokuta. Tsibirin yana daga cikin Bazaruto Archipelago National Park, kuma ruwan da ke kewaye da shi ya zama muhimmiyar wurin zama ga dugong da tururuwan teku. == Yanayin ƙasa == Bangué ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta kuma mafi kudancin Tsibirin Bazaruto na kudancin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], tana kwance a kudancin Tsibirin Magaruque da kilomita 5.4 (3.4 a arewacin [[São Sebastião Peninsula|Yankin San Sebastião]] . Ƙananan tsibiri ne mai yashi, yana da girman hekta 5 (12 acres). {{Sfn|Downs|Wirminghaus|1997}} Ba kamar sauran tsibirai ba, an kafa shi ne ta hanyar zubar da turɓaya ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa a cikin delta da tsibirin ya kirkira. Kamar yadda halittarsa ta dogara da kasancewar sarkar kanta, an kafa ta da yawa daga baya, mai yiwuwa a cikin shekaru 3,000-4,000 da suka gabata.{{Sfn|Everett|van der Elst|Schleyer|2008}}{{Sfn|Dutton|Zolho|1990}} === Yanayi === Tsibirin Bazaruto, kamar y''Aw'' Mozambique, yana da Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin Aw bisa ga [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen]].{{Sfn|Cuamba|Chenene|Mahumane|Quissico|2005}} Yankin yana fuskantar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na kusan {{Cvt|978|mm|in}} in) da matsakaicin zafin jiki na {{Cvt|24|C|F}} ° C (75 ° F), tare da tsawo har zuwa {{Cvt|30|C|F}} ° C (86 ° F) a lokacin rani da kuma sauka na {{Cvt|18|C|F}} ° C (64 ° F) yayin hunturu.{{Sfn|Cooper|Pilkey|2002}} Yanayin ruwa a yankin da ke kewaye da shi ya kasance daga 24-28 ° C (75-82 ° F). Bangué yana cikin wani yanki mai haɗari don aikin Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi. == Muhalli == Tsirrai a Bangué gaba ɗaya sun ƙunshi dunes na yashi, kuma an iyakance su ga ƙananan nau'ikan halittu waɗanda ke bunƙasa a kan [[Pioneer dunes|dunes na yashi na farko]] - dunes kai tsaye kusa da bakin teku. {{Sfn|Downs|Wirminghaus|1997}} Tsuntsayen teku daban-daban suna ziyartar tsibirin, ciki har da herons masu launin toka, manyan flamingos, gulls masu kai toka, duwatsu masu launin ja, sandpipers na gama gari, sandpipers na katako, plovers na gama gari, da plovers masu launin toka . {{Sfn|van der Elst|2008}} Dugong suna zaune a kusa da tsibirin, suna samar da yankin kudu mafi girma a Gabashin Afirka. Wannan na iya zama yanki na ƙarshe da ke rayuwa a cikin dogon lokaci a kudu maso yammacin Tekun Indiya. {{Sfn|Findlay|Cockcroft|Guissamulo|2011}} {{Sfn|Dutton|Zolho|1990}} Ana kuma samun kunkuru na teku a kusa da tsibirin, gami da kunkuru kore, loggerhead, leatherback, da hawksbill. {{Sfn|Dutton|Zolho|1990}} Duk da haka, gidan kunkuru a Bangué ya lalace saboda yawan zaizayar ƙasa da tsibirin ke yi. {{Sfn|Litulo|Pereira|Fernandes|Louro|2018}} Tsibirin ba a zaune ba, kodayake a wasu lokuta yana karbar bakuncin sansanoni ta masunta na yankin. Tare da Magaruque da Benguerua, ya kasance wani ɓangare na yankin farko da aka sanya wa Bazaruto Archipelago National Park a cikin 1971. {{Sfn|Reina|1998}}{{Sfn|Maggs|Floros|Pereira|Schleyer|2010}} == Manazarta == ffareu6t8je2fm37k9ratro15vbooa0 842170 842169 2026-05-29T06:40:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 842170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bangué''' (pronunciation Portuguese: [bɐ̃ˈɡɛ]) wani karamin tsibiri ne mai yashi a cikin Bazaruto Archipelago na kudancin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], wanda ke tsakanin Tsibirin Magaruque da yankin São Sebastião zuwa kudu. An kafa shi ta hanyar aikin raƙuman ruwa daga baya fiye da sauran tsibirai na tsibirin, tsibiri ne mai yawan dune tare da iyakance ciyayi kuma babu mazauna dindindin. Masu kamun kifi na gida da tsuntsayen teku daban-daban suna ziyartar shi a wasu lokuta. Tsibirin yana daga cikin Bazaruto Archipelago National Park, kuma ruwan da ke kewaye da shi ya zama muhimmiyar wurin zama ga dugong da tururuwan teku. == Yanayin ƙasa == Bangué ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta kuma mafi kudancin Tsibirin Bazaruto na kudancin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], tana kwance a kudancin Tsibirin Magaruque da kilomita 5.4 (3.4 a arewacin [[São Sebastião Peninsula|Yankin San Sebastião]] . Ƙananan tsibiri ne mai yashi, yana da girman hekta 5 (12 acres). {{Sfn|Downs|Wirminghaus|1997}} Ba kamar sauran tsibirai ba, an kafa shi ne ta hanyar zubar da turɓaya ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa a cikin delta da tsibirin ya kirkira. Kamar yadda halittarsa ta dogara da kasancewar sarkar kanta, an kafa ta da yawa daga baya, mai yiwuwa a cikin shekaru 3,000-4,000 da suka gabata.{{Sfn|Everett|van der Elst|Schleyer|2008}}{{Sfn|Dutton|Zolho|1990}} === Yanayi === Tsibirin Bazaruto, kamar y''Aw'' Mozambique, yana da Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin Aw bisa ga [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen]].{{Sfn|Cuamba|Chenene|Mahumane|Quissico|2005}} Yankin yana fuskantar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na kusan {{Cvt|978|mm|in}} in) da matsakaicin zafin jiki na {{Cvt|24|C|F}} ° C (75 ° F), tare da tsawo har zuwa {{Cvt|30|C|F}} ° C (86 ° F) a lokacin rani da kuma sauka na {{Cvt|18|C|F}} ° C (64 ° F) yayin hunturu.{{Sfn|Cooper|Pilkey|2002}} Yanayin ruwa a yankin da ke kewaye da shi ya kasance daga 24-28 ° C (75-82 ° F). Bangué yana cikin wani yanki mai haɗari don aikin Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi. == Muhalli == Tsirrai a Bangué gaba ɗaya sun ƙunshi dunes na yashi, kuma an iyakance su ga ƙananan nau'ikan halittu waɗanda ke bunƙasa a kan [[Pioneer dunes|dunes na yashi na farko]] - dunes kai tsaye kusa da bakin teku. {{Sfn|Downs|Wirminghaus|1997}} Tsuntsayen teku daban-daban suna ziyartar tsibirin, ciki har da herons masu launin toka, manyan flamingos, gulls masu kai toka, duwatsu masu launin ja, sandpipers na gama gari, sandpipers na katako, plovers na gama gari, da plovers masu launin toka . {{Sfn|van der Elst|2008}} Dugong suna zaune a kusa da tsibirin, suna samar da yankin kudu mafi girma a Gabashin Afirka. Wannan na iya zama yanki na ƙarshe da ke rayuwa a cikin dogon lokaci a kudu maso yammacin Tekun Indiya. {{Sfn|Findlay|Cockcroft|Guissamulo|2011}} {{Sfn|Dutton|Zolho|1990}} Ana kuma samun kunkuru na teku a kusa da tsibirin, gami da kunkuru kore, loggerhead, leatherback, da hawksbill. {{Sfn|Dutton|Zolho|1990}} Duk da haka, gidan kunkuru a Bangué ya lalace saboda yawan zaizayar ƙasa da tsibirin ke yi. {{Sfn|Litulo|Pereira|Fernandes|Louro|2018}} Tsibirin ba a zaune ba, kodayake a wasu lokuta yana karbar bakuncin sansanoni ta masunta na yankin. Tare da Magaruque da Benguerua, ya kasance wani ɓangare na yankin farko da aka sanya wa Bazaruto Archipelago National Park a cikin 1971. {{Sfn|Reina|1998}}{{Sfn|Maggs|Floros|Pereira|Schleyer|2010}} == Manazarta == rxg4dqyxkt7usz1zivdjpwcn12c5nfk 0 152974 842171 2026-05-29T06:40:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348374699|Bazaruto Archipelago National Park]]" 842171 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gidan shakatawa na Bazaruto Archipelago''' (BANP) yanki ne mai kariya a Lardin Inhambane na [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] a kan Tsibirin Bazaruto . An ayyana wurin shakatawa a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1971. Yana kusa da gabar tekun gundumomin Vilanculos da Inhassoro, yana rufe babban teku da tsibirai biyar.<ref name="MiniTour">{{Cite web |title=Attractions |url=https://www.mozambiquehighcommission.org.uk/attractions.html |access-date=26 February 2024 |publisher=Mozambique Ministry of Tourism}}</ref> [[Fayil:Benguerra_Island_Mozambique_from_the_air5.jpg|thumb|Bayyanar tsibirin Benguerra]] == Wurin da yake == An kaddamar da wurin shakatawa na Bazaruto a shekarar 1971. Ya ƙunshi tsibirai biyar a bakin tekun Mozambican tsakanin Vilankulo da Inhassoro . <ref name="Go2africa">{{Cite web |title=Bazaruto Island Holiday |url=https://www.go2africa.com/destinations/bazaruto/why-go |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Go2Africa Pty (Ltd).}}</ref> An kirkiro wurin shakatawa ne don kare dugong da tururuwan ruwa, da wuraren zama. An kuma haɗa tsire-tsire da dabbobi na tsibirin, coral reefs da tsuntsayen ruwa.<ref name="MiniTour">{{Cite web |title=Attractions |url=https://www.mozambiquehighcommission.org.uk/attractions.html |access-date=26 February 2024 |publisher=Mozambique Ministry of Tourism}}</ref> Tsibirin mafi girma na tsibirin shine Tsibirin Bazaruto kuma sauran sune Benguerra, Margaruque, Santa Carolina (Paradise Island), da Banque . <ref name="Go2africa" /> == Muhalli == Tsibirin suna da yanayi mai zafi kuma sun haɗa da manyan dunes, gandun daji da savannah, tabkuna da wuraren da ke cikin gida.<ref name="Sitabona">{{Cite web |title=Mozambique Travel Guide to Bazaruto Archipelago |url=http://www.mozambique.co.za/Mozambique_Regional_Info-travel/bazaruto-archipelage-travel-guide.html |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Siyabona Africa}}</ref> Suna karbar bakuncin gastropods da lizards da yawa na ƙasa, da kuma muhimman tarin tsuntsayen ruwa masu ƙaura na Palaearctic.<ref name="WWF">{{Cite web |title=Community conservation in Bazaruto Archipelago National Park, Mozambique |url=http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=MZ0019&source=ge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415135649/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=MZ0019&source=ge |archive-date=2013-04-15 |access-date=2011-10-16 |website=WWF}}</ref> Akwai fiye da nau'ikan tsuntsaye 240.<ref name="MiniTour">{{Cite web |title=Attractions |url=https://www.mozambiquehighcommission.org.uk/attractions.html |access-date=26 February 2024 |publisher=Mozambique Ministry of Tourism}}</ref> Wadannan sun hada da coucal, Crab-plover, da gaggafa ta teku.  Rayuwar ruwa iri-iri sun hada da turtles na ruwa, nau'ikan dolphins guda shida, marlins da barracudas.<ref name="Go2africa">{{Cite web |title=Bazaruto Island Holiday |url=https://www.go2africa.com/destinations/bazaruto/why-go |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Go2Africa Pty (Ltd).}}</ref> Tekun da aka bude yana da superpods na dolphins da humpback whales ana iya gani a cikin watanni na hunturu.<ref name="MMF">{{Cite web |title=Marine Science & Conservation in the Bazaruto Seascape |url=https://marinemegafauna.org/mozambique-projects/bazaruto-seascape-marine-conservation |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=Marine Megafauna Foundation}}</ref> Ana iya ganin Sharks na whale tsakanin Oktoba da Afrilu.<ref name="Geographic">{{Cite web |title=Idyllic Island of the Mist |url=https://africageographic.com/stories/bazaruto-archipelago-national-park/ |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=Africa Geographic}}</ref> Akwai fiye da nau'in kifi 2,000 da nau'ikan mollusc 500.<ref name="conservation">{{Cite web |title=Biodiversity Conservation |url=https://www.africanparks.org/the-parks/bazaruto/biodiversity-conservation |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=African Parks}}</ref> Dukkanin nau'ikan tururuwa guda biyar na yanki suna gida a nan, suna mai da shi wuri guda da aka sani a yammacin Tekun Indiya inda wannan ke faruwa.<ref name="conservation" /> Tafkunan ruwa mai laushi na ciki gida ne ga aladu. BANP tana ba da kariya ga mafi girma kuma kawai sauran mutanen dugongs a Yammacin Tekun Indiya.<ref name="WWF">{{Cite web |title=Community conservation in Bazaruto Archipelago National Park, Mozambique |url=http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=MZ0019&source=ge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415135649/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=MZ0019&source=ge |archive-date=2013-04-15 |access-date=2011-10-16 |website=WWF}}</ref> A cikin 2022, an lissafa su a matsayin "masu haɗari sosai" a cikin IUCN Red List na Gabashin Afirka.<ref name="IUCN">{{Cite web |title=Human activity devastating marine species from mammals to corals - IUCN Red List |url=https://www.iucn.org/press-release/202212/human-activity-devastating-marine-species-mammals-corals-iucn-red-list#:~:text=Dugong%20populations%20in%20East%20Africa,the%20species%20remains%20Vulnerable%20globally. |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=IUCN}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari wurin shakatawa yana kare rayukan Rhino, kamar guitarfish da wedgefish. Wadannan an jera su a matsayin daya daga cikin kifin ruwa da aka fi barazana a duniya.<ref name="rhino">{{Cite web |title=Rhino Rays |url=https://marinemegafauna.org/mozambique-projects/wedgefish |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=Marine Megafauna Foundation}}</ref> A cikin 2019, IUCN ta lissafa nau'in 15 a matsayin "mai haɗari sosai". Coral reefs sun bambanta kuma an ce mafi ƙarancin damuwa a wannan ɓangaren [[Tekun Indiya]].<ref name="Sitabona">{{Cite web |title=Mozambique Travel Guide to Bazaruto Archipelago |url=http://www.mozambique.co.za/Mozambique_Regional_Info-travel/bazaruto-archipelage-travel-guide.html |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Siyabona Africa}}</ref> == Mutane == [[Fayil:Magaruge_Island_beach_(2006).jpg|thumb|300x300px|Dhow da masunta a Tsibirin Magaruque, Mozambique, Agusta 2006]] Tsibirin yana da kimanin mazauna 6,500 a cikin 2024 <ref name="Parks">{{Cite web |title=Bazaruto |url=https://www.african-parks.org/the-parks/bazaruto |access-date=26 February 2024 |publisher=African Parks}}</ref> a cikin al'ummomi bakwai. 3 ne kawai daga cikin tsibirai suke zaune. Yawancin su matalauta ne kuma suna dogaro da girbi albarkatun kasa don tsira. Kashi 70% na gidaje sun dogara da ƙananan kamun kifi don tsira, yayin da wasu ke girbe yashi da sauran albarkatun ruwa, shuka amfanin gona da kiwon dabbobi. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su bazai isa ba don kula da yawan jama'a, wanda ke haifar da raguwar kama kifi, rage girbi da karuwar talauci da rashin tsaro.<ref name="WWF">{{Cite web |title=Community conservation in Bazaruto Archipelago National Park, Mozambique |url=http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=MZ0019&source=ge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415135649/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=MZ0019&source=ge |archive-date=2013-04-15 |access-date=2011-10-16 |website=WWF}}</ref> Ayyukan da aka haɓaka bayan wuraren shakatawa na Afirka sun fara gudanarwa sun yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arziki.<ref name="Parks" /> == Karewa da Yawon Bude Ido == Tsibirin ya sami ayyukan kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba <ref name="rhino">{{Cite web |title=Rhino Rays |url=https://marinemegafauna.org/mozambique-projects/wedgefish |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=Marine Megafauna Foundation}}</ref> da kuma yawan amfani da albarkatun kasa. Bugu da ƙari akwai farauta da ayyukan yawon bude ido marasa kyau.<ref name="Geographic">{{Cite web |title=Idyllic Island of the Mist |url=https://africageographic.com/stories/bazaruto-archipelago-national-park/ |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=Africa Geographic}}</ref> Wannan ya yi barazanar bambancin halittu na yankin.<ref name="Parks">{{Cite web |title=Bazaruto |url=https://www.african-parks.org/the-parks/bazaruto |access-date=26 February 2024 |publisher=African Parks}}</ref> Ayyukan kamun kifi da gurɓataccen yanayi dalilai ne guda biyu na raguwar yawan dugong.<ref name="IUCN">{{Cite web |title=Human activity devastating marine species from mammals to corals - IUCN Red List |url=https://www.iucn.org/press-release/202212/human-activity-devastating-marine-species-mammals-corals-iucn-red-list#:~:text=Dugong%20populations%20in%20East%20Africa,the%20species%20remains%20Vulnerable%20globally. |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=IUCN}}</ref> Dukansu suna lalata tsire-tsire na teku da dugong ya dogara da abinci. BANP sanannen wurin yawon bude ido ne. Hasken ruwa na mita 30 da wadataccen rayuwar murjani suna jawo masu nutsewa da masu ruwa.<ref name="Sitabona">{{Cite web |title=Mozambique Travel Guide to Bazaruto Archipelago |url=http://www.mozambique.co.za/Mozambique_Regional_Info-travel/bazaruto-archipelage-travel-guide.html |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Siyabona Africa}}</ref> Kamar ƙasar Mozambique, rairayin bakin teku suna da farin yashi mai laushi wanda ke jan hankalin masu son rairayin rairayin kan teku.<ref name="Geographic">{{Cite web |title=Idyllic Island of the Mist |url=https://africageographic.com/stories/bazaruto-archipelago-national-park/ |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=Africa Geographic}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, wurin shakatawa yana da otal-otal guda biyar da ke inganta shirye-shiryen da ke da ƙima, ƙananan tasiri. Otal-otal suna ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga tattalin arzikin yankin ta hanyar aiki da kudaden shiga na haraji. Asusun Duniya na Yanayi (WWF) yana da shirin don taimakawa al'ummomin yankin su zama masu ƙwarewa wajen fahimtar rabon kudaden shiga don dawo da kare albarkatun muhalli masu mahimmanci.<ref name="WWF">{{Cite web |title=Community conservation in Bazaruto Archipelago National Park, Mozambique |url=http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=MZ0019&source=ge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415135649/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=MZ0019&source=ge |archive-date=2013-04-15 |access-date=2011-10-16 |website=WWF}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2019, ababen more rayuwa sun inganta kuma tattalin arziki, ta hanyar ayyukan kiyayewa, ya haifar da ayyuka.<ref name="Parks">{{Cite web |title=Bazaruto |url=https://www.african-parks.org/the-parks/bazaruto |access-date=26 February 2024 |publisher=African Parks}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017, gudanar da wurin shakatawa ya wuce ga wuraren shakatawa na Afirka.<ref name="Parks">{{Cite web |title=Bazaruto |url=https://www.african-parks.org/the-parks/bazaruto |access-date=26 February 2024 |publisher=African Parks}}</ref> Suna aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Yankunan Tsaro ta Mozambique.<ref name="Geographic">{{Cite web |title=Idyllic Island of the Mist |url=https://africageographic.com/stories/bazaruto-archipelago-national-park/ |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=Africa Geographic}}</ref> == Manazarta == ftlzxjxhh6x8gzvc547itj85nz1gqw2 842172 842171 2026-05-29T06:41:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 842172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan shakatawa na Bazaruto Archipelago''' (BANP) yanki ne mai kariya a Lardin Inhambane na [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] a kan Tsibirin Bazaruto . An ayyana wurin shakatawa a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1971. Yana kusa da gabar tekun gundumomin Vilanculos da Inhassoro, yana rufe babban teku da tsibirai biyar.<ref name="MiniTour">{{Cite web |title=Attractions |url=https://www.mozambiquehighcommission.org.uk/attractions.html |access-date=26 February 2024 |publisher=Mozambique Ministry of Tourism}}</ref> [[Fayil:Benguerra_Island_Mozambique_from_the_air5.jpg|thumb|Bayyanar tsibirin Benguerra]] == Wurin da yake == An kaddamar da wurin shakatawa na Bazaruto a shekarar 1971. Ya ƙunshi tsibirai biyar a bakin tekun Mozambican tsakanin Vilankulo da Inhassoro . <ref name="Go2africa">{{Cite web |title=Bazaruto Island Holiday |url=https://www.go2africa.com/destinations/bazaruto/why-go |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Go2Africa Pty (Ltd).}}</ref> An kirkiro wurin shakatawa ne don kare dugong da tururuwan ruwa, da wuraren zama. An kuma haɗa tsire-tsire da dabbobi na tsibirin, coral reefs da tsuntsayen ruwa.<ref name="MiniTour">{{Cite web |title=Attractions |url=https://www.mozambiquehighcommission.org.uk/attractions.html |access-date=26 February 2024 |publisher=Mozambique Ministry of Tourism}}</ref> Tsibirin mafi girma na tsibirin shine Tsibirin Bazaruto kuma sauran sune Benguerra, Margaruque, Santa Carolina (Paradise Island), da Banque . <ref name="Go2africa" /> == Muhalli == Tsibirin suna da yanayi mai zafi kuma sun haɗa da manyan dunes, gandun daji da savannah, tabkuna da wuraren da ke cikin gida.<ref name="Sitabona">{{Cite web |title=Mozambique Travel Guide to Bazaruto Archipelago |url=http://www.mozambique.co.za/Mozambique_Regional_Info-travel/bazaruto-archipelage-travel-guide.html |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Siyabona Africa}}</ref> Suna karbar bakuncin gastropods da lizards da yawa na ƙasa, da kuma muhimman tarin tsuntsayen ruwa masu ƙaura na Palaearctic.<ref name="WWF">{{Cite web |title=Community conservation in Bazaruto Archipelago National Park, Mozambique |url=http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=MZ0019&source=ge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415135649/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=MZ0019&source=ge |archive-date=2013-04-15 |access-date=2011-10-16 |website=WWF}}</ref> Akwai fiye da nau'ikan tsuntsaye 240.<ref name="MiniTour">{{Cite web |title=Attractions |url=https://www.mozambiquehighcommission.org.uk/attractions.html |access-date=26 February 2024 |publisher=Mozambique Ministry of Tourism}}</ref> Wadannan sun hada da coucal, Crab-plover, da gaggafa ta teku.  Rayuwar ruwa iri-iri sun hada da turtles na ruwa, nau'ikan dolphins guda shida, marlins da barracudas.<ref name="Go2africa">{{Cite web |title=Bazaruto Island Holiday |url=https://www.go2africa.com/destinations/bazaruto/why-go |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Go2Africa Pty (Ltd).}}</ref> Tekun da aka bude yana da superpods na dolphins da humpback whales ana iya gani a cikin watanni na hunturu.<ref name="MMF">{{Cite web |title=Marine Science & Conservation in the Bazaruto Seascape |url=https://marinemegafauna.org/mozambique-projects/bazaruto-seascape-marine-conservation |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=Marine Megafauna Foundation}}</ref> Ana iya ganin Sharks na whale tsakanin Oktoba da Afrilu.<ref name="Geographic">{{Cite web |title=Idyllic Island of the Mist |url=https://africageographic.com/stories/bazaruto-archipelago-national-park/ |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=Africa Geographic}}</ref> Akwai fiye da nau'in kifi 2,000 da nau'ikan mollusc 500.<ref name="conservation">{{Cite web |title=Biodiversity Conservation |url=https://www.africanparks.org/the-parks/bazaruto/biodiversity-conservation |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=African Parks}}</ref> Dukkanin nau'ikan tururuwa guda biyar na yanki suna gida a nan, suna mai da shi wuri guda da aka sani a yammacin Tekun Indiya inda wannan ke faruwa.<ref name="conservation" /> Tafkunan ruwa mai laushi na ciki gida ne ga aladu. BANP tana ba da kariya ga mafi girma kuma kawai sauran mutanen dugongs a Yammacin Tekun Indiya.<ref name="WWF">{{Cite web |title=Community conservation in Bazaruto Archipelago National Park, Mozambique |url=http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=MZ0019&source=ge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415135649/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=MZ0019&source=ge |archive-date=2013-04-15 |access-date=2011-10-16 |website=WWF}}</ref> A cikin 2022, an lissafa su a matsayin "masu haɗari sosai" a cikin IUCN Red List na Gabashin Afirka.<ref name="IUCN">{{Cite web |title=Human activity devastating marine species from mammals to corals - IUCN Red List |url=https://www.iucn.org/press-release/202212/human-activity-devastating-marine-species-mammals-corals-iucn-red-list#:~:text=Dugong%20populations%20in%20East%20Africa,the%20species%20remains%20Vulnerable%20globally. |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=IUCN}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari wurin shakatawa yana kare rayukan Rhino, kamar guitarfish da wedgefish. Wadannan an jera su a matsayin daya daga cikin kifin ruwa da aka fi barazana a duniya.<ref name="rhino">{{Cite web |title=Rhino Rays |url=https://marinemegafauna.org/mozambique-projects/wedgefish |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=Marine Megafauna Foundation}}</ref> A cikin 2019, IUCN ta lissafa nau'in 15 a matsayin "mai haɗari sosai". Coral reefs sun bambanta kuma an ce mafi ƙarancin damuwa a wannan ɓangaren [[Tekun Indiya]].<ref name="Sitabona">{{Cite web |title=Mozambique Travel Guide to Bazaruto Archipelago |url=http://www.mozambique.co.za/Mozambique_Regional_Info-travel/bazaruto-archipelage-travel-guide.html |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Siyabona Africa}}</ref> == Mutane == [[Fayil:Magaruge_Island_beach_(2006).jpg|thumb|300x300px|Dhow da masunta a Tsibirin Magaruque, Mozambique, Agusta 2006]] Tsibirin yana da kimanin mazauna 6,500 a cikin 2024 <ref name="Parks">{{Cite web |title=Bazaruto |url=https://www.african-parks.org/the-parks/bazaruto |access-date=26 February 2024 |publisher=African Parks}}</ref> a cikin al'ummomi bakwai. 3 ne kawai daga cikin tsibirai suke zaune. Yawancin su matalauta ne kuma suna dogaro da girbi albarkatun kasa don tsira. Kashi 70% na gidaje sun dogara da ƙananan kamun kifi don tsira, yayin da wasu ke girbe yashi da sauran albarkatun ruwa, shuka amfanin gona da kiwon dabbobi. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su bazai isa ba don kula da yawan jama'a, wanda ke haifar da raguwar kama kifi, rage girbi da karuwar talauci da rashin tsaro.<ref name="WWF">{{Cite web |title=Community conservation in Bazaruto Archipelago National Park, Mozambique |url=http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=MZ0019&source=ge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415135649/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=MZ0019&source=ge |archive-date=2013-04-15 |access-date=2011-10-16 |website=WWF}}</ref> Ayyukan da aka haɓaka bayan wuraren shakatawa na Afirka sun fara gudanarwa sun yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arziki.<ref name="Parks" /> == Karewa da Yawon Bude Ido == Tsibirin ya sami ayyukan kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba <ref name="rhino">{{Cite web |title=Rhino Rays |url=https://marinemegafauna.org/mozambique-projects/wedgefish |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=Marine Megafauna Foundation}}</ref> da kuma yawan amfani da albarkatun kasa. Bugu da ƙari akwai farauta da ayyukan yawon bude ido marasa kyau.<ref name="Geographic">{{Cite web |title=Idyllic Island of the Mist |url=https://africageographic.com/stories/bazaruto-archipelago-national-park/ |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=Africa Geographic}}</ref> Wannan ya yi barazanar bambancin halittu na yankin.<ref name="Parks">{{Cite web |title=Bazaruto |url=https://www.african-parks.org/the-parks/bazaruto |access-date=26 February 2024 |publisher=African Parks}}</ref> Ayyukan kamun kifi da gurɓataccen yanayi dalilai ne guda biyu na raguwar yawan dugong.<ref name="IUCN">{{Cite web |title=Human activity devastating marine species from mammals to corals - IUCN Red List |url=https://www.iucn.org/press-release/202212/human-activity-devastating-marine-species-mammals-corals-iucn-red-list#:~:text=Dugong%20populations%20in%20East%20Africa,the%20species%20remains%20Vulnerable%20globally. |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=IUCN}}</ref> Dukansu suna lalata tsire-tsire na teku da dugong ya dogara da abinci. BANP sanannen wurin yawon bude ido ne. Hasken ruwa na mita 30 da wadataccen rayuwar murjani suna jawo masu nutsewa da masu ruwa.<ref name="Sitabona">{{Cite web |title=Mozambique Travel Guide to Bazaruto Archipelago |url=http://www.mozambique.co.za/Mozambique_Regional_Info-travel/bazaruto-archipelage-travel-guide.html |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Siyabona Africa}}</ref> Kamar ƙasar Mozambique, rairayin bakin teku suna da farin yashi mai laushi wanda ke jan hankalin masu son rairayin rairayin kan teku.<ref name="Geographic">{{Cite web |title=Idyllic Island of the Mist |url=https://africageographic.com/stories/bazaruto-archipelago-national-park/ |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=Africa Geographic}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, wurin shakatawa yana da otal-otal guda biyar da ke inganta shirye-shiryen da ke da ƙima, ƙananan tasiri. Otal-otal suna ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga tattalin arzikin yankin ta hanyar aiki da kudaden shiga na haraji. Asusun Duniya na Yanayi (WWF) yana da shirin don taimakawa al'ummomin yankin su zama masu ƙwarewa wajen fahimtar rabon kudaden shiga don dawo da kare albarkatun muhalli masu mahimmanci.<ref name="WWF">{{Cite web |title=Community conservation in Bazaruto Archipelago National Park, Mozambique |url=http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=MZ0019&source=ge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415135649/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=MZ0019&source=ge |archive-date=2013-04-15 |access-date=2011-10-16 |website=WWF}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2019, ababen more rayuwa sun inganta kuma tattalin arziki, ta hanyar ayyukan kiyayewa, ya haifar da ayyuka.<ref name="Parks">{{Cite web |title=Bazaruto |url=https://www.african-parks.org/the-parks/bazaruto |access-date=26 February 2024 |publisher=African Parks}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017, gudanar da wurin shakatawa ya wuce ga wuraren shakatawa na Afirka.<ref name="Parks">{{Cite web |title=Bazaruto |url=https://www.african-parks.org/the-parks/bazaruto |access-date=26 February 2024 |publisher=African Parks}}</ref> Suna aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Yankunan Tsaro ta Mozambique.<ref name="Geographic">{{Cite web |title=Idyllic Island of the Mist |url=https://africageographic.com/stories/bazaruto-archipelago-national-park/ |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=Africa Geographic}}</ref> == Manazarta == 0rvi9n57mdp04o2bvrez95x2v3ozess 0 152975 842175 2026-05-29T06:42:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348397619|Benguerra Island]]" 842175 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benguerra''' (pronunciation Portuguese: []) ita ce tsibiri na biyu mafi girma a cikin Tsibirin Bazaruto na kudancin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . Tsibirin yana da kusan km2 sq kuma yana da nisan kilomita 14 (8.7 daga bakin teku. Masu binciken Portuguese sun kuma ba tsibirin sunan '''Santo Antonio''' . Ya shahara ne saboda rairayin bakin teku da ba a lalata su ba, wuraren nutsewa, wuraren shakatawa na alatu, hawa doki da kamun kifi.<ref>Briggs, Philip (2011). Mozambique (5th ed.). Chalfont St Peter: Bradt Travel Guides. p. 188. Four Seasons of Travel: 400 of the World's Best Destinations in Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. 2013. p. 297.</ref> == Gida == Tsibirin Benguerra ya ƙunshi gandun daji, savannah, tabkuna na ruwa mai laushi da tsarin muhalli na ruwa wanda ke kula da yawan dabbobi da tsire-tsire daban-daban. Ana iya samun aladu na ruwa mai laushi a cikin tabkuna uku, suna ba da shaida ga tarihin tsibirin. Tsibirin, wanda ke da kimanin nau'in tsuntsaye 140, an ayyana shi a matsayin wurin shakatawa na kasa a shekarar 1971. == Manazarta == bci3firtmlqo8wvxh27bsjl5t42hrim 842176 842175 2026-05-29T06:43:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 842176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Benguerra''' (pronunciation Portuguese: []) ita ce tsibiri na biyu mafi girma a cikin Tsibirin Bazaruto na kudancin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . Tsibirin yana da kusan km2 sq kuma yana da nisan kilomita 14 (8.7 daga bakin teku. Masu binciken Portuguese sun kuma ba tsibirin sunan '''Santo Antonio''' . Ya shahara ne saboda rairayin bakin teku da ba a lalata su ba, wuraren nutsewa, wuraren shakatawa na alatu, hawa doki da kamun kifi.<ref>Briggs, Philip (2011). Mozambique (5th ed.). Chalfont St Peter: Bradt Travel Guides. p. 188. Four Seasons of Travel: 400 of the World's Best Destinations in Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. 2013. p. 297.</ref> == Gida == Tsibirin Benguerra ya ƙunshi gandun daji, savannah, tabkuna na ruwa mai laushi da tsarin muhalli na ruwa wanda ke kula da yawan dabbobi da tsire-tsire daban-daban. Ana iya samun aladu na ruwa mai laushi a cikin tabkuna uku, suna ba da shaida ga tarihin tsibirin. Tsibirin, wanda ke da kimanin nau'in tsuntsaye 140, an ayyana shi a matsayin wurin shakatawa na kasa a shekarar 1971. == Manazarta == 849v6wvbstv5z78sgfuixr4b05pn61y 0 152976 842177 2026-05-29T06:43:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346086265|Santa Carolina]]" 842177 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery> Fayil:Santa_Carolina_Island_Mozambique1.jpg|The abandoned hotel Fayil:Santa_Carolina_Island_Mozambique3.jpg|Inside the abandoned hotel </gallery>'''Santa Carolina''' (pronunciation Portuguese: [ˈsɐ̃ta kaɾoˈlina]) tsibiri ne tsakanin ƙasar Mozambican da [[tsibirin]] Bazaruto a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . Garin da ya fi kusa ana kiransa Inhassoro . Yana da kawai 2 da 0.3 mil (3.22 a girman. Santa Carolina tsibiri ne na dutse na gaskiya tare da tashoshi masu zurfi. Santa Carolina tana da rairayin bakin teku guda uku tare da coral reefs kusa da bakin teku. Tsibirin, wanda aka fi sani da Tsibirin Aljanna ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin 'dukiya' na tsibirin da ke samar da Tsibirin Bazaruto wanda aka ayyana shi a matsayin wurin shakatawa na ƙasa. == Otal ɗin da aka watsar == gAkwai otal ɗin da aka rushe a tsibirin. An gina shi a cikin shekarun 1950 da ɗan kasuwa na Portugal Joaquim Alves, wanda ya watsar da otal ɗin lokacin da Mozambique ta sami 'yancin kai a watan Yunin 1975. Otal din ya kunshi gine-gine 10 tare da ɗakuna 250 da aka haɗu. Alves ya kuma gina ɗakin sujada a tsibirin. Ma'aikatanta ne suka kula da otal ɗin har tsawon shekaru ashirin bayan Alves ya watsar da shi, kuma mai haɓaka Afirka ta Kudu Richard Makin ne ya sayi shi a 1993, wanda ya shirya gyarawa da sake buɗe otal ɗin. An yi jayayya game da mallakar tsibirin lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin sayar da tsibirin a shekarar 1997. The hotel was supposedly frequented by famous guests while it was still in use, but the reliability of these stories is uncertain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCulloch |first=Alasdair |date=2013-11-13 |title=In photos: the abandoned island of Santa Carolina, Mozambique |url=https://www.getaway.co.za/photography/photoblog-santa-carolina-mozambique/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Getaway Magazine}}</ref> For example, several travel sites claim that [[Bob Dylan]] wrote his song Mozambique in the restaurant of the hotel, a story which conflicts with claims that the song was a competition between Dylan and co-writer Jacques Levy to rhyme as many words as possible with "Mozambique". == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == == Bayyanawa a kan Survivor''Wanda ya tsira'' == An yi amfani da tsibirin don kakar wasa ta 3 na Survivor South Africa (mai taken Survivor ta Kudu Afirka: Santa Carolina). == Manazarta == k7pzlc3j9rdfcs3zql7mp7601iysily 842178 842177 2026-05-29T06:44:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346086265|Santa Carolina]]" 842178 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Santa Carolina''' (pronunciation Portuguese: [ˈsɐ̃ta kaɾoˈlina]) tsibiri ne tsakanin ƙasar Mozambican da [[tsibirin]] Bazaruto a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . Garin da ya fi kusa ana kiransa Inhassoro . Yana da kawai 2 da 0.3 mil (3.22 a girman. Santa Carolina tsibiri ne na dutse na gaskiya tare da tashoshi masu zurfi. Santa Carolina tana da rairayin bakin teku guda uku tare da coral reefs kusa da bakin teku. Tsibirin, wanda aka fi sani da Tsibirin Aljanna ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin 'dukiya' na tsibirin da ke samar da Tsibirin Bazaruto wanda aka ayyana shi a matsayin wurin shakatawa na ƙasa. == Otal ɗin da aka watsar == gAkwai otal ɗin da aka rushe a tsibirin. An gina shi a cikin shekarun 1950 da ɗan kasuwa na Portugal Joaquim Alves, wanda ya watsar da otal ɗin lokacin da Mozambique ta sami 'yancin kai a watan Yunin 1975. Otal din ya kunshi gine-gine 10 tare da ɗakuna 250 da aka haɗu. Alves ya kuma gina ɗakin sujada a tsibirin. Ma'aikatanta ne suka kula da otal ɗin har tsawon shekaru ashirin bayan Alves ya watsar da shi, kuma mai haɓaka Afirka ta Kudu Richard Makin ne ya sayi shi a 1993, wanda ya shirya gyarawa da sake buɗe otal ɗin. An yi jayayya game da mallakar tsibirin lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin sayar da tsibirin a shekarar 1997. The hotel was supposedly frequented by famous guests while it was still in use, but the reliability of these stories is uncertain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCulloch |first=Alasdair |date=2013-11-13 |title=In photos: the abandoned island of Santa Carolina, Mozambique |url=https://www.getaway.co.za/photography/photoblog-santa-carolina-mozambique/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Getaway Magazine}}</ref> For example, several travel sites claim that [[Bob Dylan]] wrote his song Mozambique in the restaurant of the hotel, a story which conflicts with claims that the song was a competition between Dylan and co-writer Jacques Levy to rhyme as many words as possible with "Mozambique". == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery> Fayil:Santa_Carolina_Island_Mozambique1.jpg|The abandoned hotel Fayil:Santa_Carolina_Island_Mozambique3.jpg|Inside the abandoned hotel </gallery> == Bayyanawa a kan Survivor''Wanda ya tsira'' == An yi amfani da tsibirin don kakar wasa ta 3 na Survivor South Africa (mai taken Survivor ta Kudu Afirka: Santa Carolina). == Manazarta == b1yz2yiiufdm56afjiypf3wg9paois8 842179 842178 2026-05-29T06:44:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 842179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Santa Carolina''' (pronunciation Portuguese: [ˈsɐ̃ta kaɾoˈlina]) tsibiri ne tsakanin ƙasar Mozambican da [[tsibirin]] Bazaruto a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . Garin da ya fi kusa ana kiransa Inhassoro . Yana da kawai 2 da 0.3 mil (3.22 a girman. Santa Carolina tsibiri ne na dutse na gaskiya tare da tashoshi masu zurfi. Santa Carolina tana da rairayin bakin teku guda uku tare da coral reefs kusa da bakin teku. Tsibirin, wanda aka fi sani da Tsibirin Aljanna ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin 'dukiya' na tsibirin da ke samar da Tsibirin Bazaruto wanda aka ayyana shi a matsayin wurin shakatawa na ƙasa. == Otal ɗin da aka watsar == gAkwai otal ɗin da aka rushe a tsibirin. An gina shi a cikin shekarun 1950 da ɗan kasuwa na Portugal Joaquim Alves, wanda ya watsar da otal ɗin lokacin da Mozambique ta sami 'yancin kai a watan Yunin 1975. Otal din ya kunshi gine-gine 10 tare da ɗakuna 250 da aka haɗu. Alves ya kuma gina ɗakin sujada a tsibirin. Ma'aikatanta ne suka kula da otal ɗin har tsawon shekaru ashirin bayan Alves ya watsar da shi, kuma mai haɓaka Afirka ta Kudu Richard Makin ne ya sayi shi a 1993, wanda ya shirya gyarawa da sake buɗe otal ɗin. An yi jayayya game da mallakar tsibirin lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin sayar da tsibirin a shekarar 1997. The hotel was supposedly frequented by famous guests while it was still in use, but the reliability of these stories is uncertain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCulloch |first=Alasdair |date=2013-11-13 |title=In photos: the abandoned island of Santa Carolina, Mozambique |url=https://www.getaway.co.za/photography/photoblog-santa-carolina-mozambique/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Getaway Magazine}}</ref> For example, several travel sites claim that [[Bob Dylan]] wrote his song Mozambique in the restaurant of the hotel, a story which conflicts with claims that the song was a competition between Dylan and co-writer Jacques Levy to rhyme as many words as possible with "Mozambique". == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery> Fayil:Santa_Carolina_Island_Mozambique1.jpg|The abandoned hotel Fayil:Santa_Carolina_Island_Mozambique3.jpg|Inside the abandoned hotel </gallery> == Bayyanawa a kan Survivor''Wanda ya tsira'' == An yi amfani da tsibirin don kakar wasa ta 3 na Survivor South Africa (mai taken Survivor ta Kudu Afirka: Santa Carolina). == Manazarta == ctnu5j3xhvt46bky093gc0ni0k42a4w 0 152977 842180 2026-05-29T06:45:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333613936|Comoro Islands]]" 842180 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsibirin Comoro''' rukuni ne na tsibirai masu fitattun wuta a cikin Mozambique Channel, wani bangare na [[Tekun Indiya]] da ke tsakanin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da yankin Afirka. Uku daga cikin tsibirai sun samar da Union of the Comoros, wata ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, yayin da Mayotte ta kasance ta Faransa. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tsibiran Comoro suna cikin Tashar Mozambique da ke arewa maso yammacin Madagascar kuma suna fuskantar Mozambique. Waɗannan tsibiran masu aman wuta, waɗanda suka mamaye jimillar faɗin shekarar 2034.&nbsp;km ² (785 sq. mi.), sune kamar haka: * [[Grande Comore|Ngazidja]] (wanda aka fi sani da Grande Comore): tsibirin mafi girma na Union of the Comoros, tare da babban birninta [[Moroni]] * [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Anjouan" id="mwNg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani] (wanda aka fi sani da Anjouan): wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Comoros * [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Mohéli" id="mwOQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mohéli">Mwali] (wanda aka fi sani da Mohéli): wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Comoros * Mayotte (wanda aka fi sani da ''Maore''): sashen kasashen waje na Faransa. Mayotte ta ƙunshi tsibirai biyu, Grande-Terre da Petite-Terre (wanda aka fi sani da Pamanzi), inda Filin jirgin saman Dzaoudzi-Pamandzi yake. Tsibirin Glorioso, wanda ya ƙunshi Grande Glorieuse, Île du Lys da ƙananan tsibirai takwas na dutse, an haɗa su da tsibirin kafin 1975, kuma, a fannin ilimin ƙasa, sun zama wani ɓangare na tsibirin. Shahararrun reefs da ke cikin tsibirin sune kamar haka: * Banc Vailheu, ko ''Raaya'', dutsen mai fitattun wuta mai nisan kilomita 20 (10 miles) yammacin Grand Comoros&nbsp; * Banc du Geyser, wani reef mai auna 8 da 5 km (5 da 3 miles) a yankin, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 130 (80 miles) Arewa maso gabashin Grande-Terre&nbsp;&nbsp; * Banc du Leven, tsohon tsibiri tsakanin Madagascar da Grande-Terre wanda yanzu ya nutse == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Queen_of_Mohéli.jpg|thumb|Jumbe-Soudi, sarauniya ta tsibirin Comorian na Mohéli, tana karbar tawagar Faransa, 1863.]] ''wata'' an zauna a Comoros tun farkon ƙarni na 6; daga cikin mutanen da suka haye teku don su mamaye tsibirin akwai [[Mutanen Bantu|Mutanen da ke magana da Bantu]], Austronesian (ciki har da Malagasy), [[Larabawa]], Somaliya, Portuguese, [[Mutanen Faransa|Faransanci]], da Indiyawa. Musulunci mai yiwuwa ya zo a cikin karni na 10. Tsibirin Comoro sun kafa, tare da [[Zanzibar]], Pemba, [[Lamu]], da garuruwan bakin teku na Kenya da Tanzania, yanki mai haɗin kai da wadata na Al'adun Swahili, kasuwanci a cikin kayayyakin gida waɗanda aka fitar da su zuwa gabar Afirka, Madagascar, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Indiya. A wannan lokacin, ikon siyasa yana hannun sarakunan yankin. A lokacin binciken da suka yi a yankin Comoros, Portuguese sun sauka a tsibirin Moon, a cikin 1505; kamar Larabci ne don wata. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, mazauna Faransa sun kafa gonaki, da farko suna samar da sukari, tsari mai zurfi wanda ya dogara da aikin 'yan Afirka da yawa. A cikin karni na ashirin, sun shuka shuke-shuke masu turare da kayan yaji, kamar su ylang ylang, vanilla da [[Kaninfari|cloves]], da kuma copra. A shekara ta 1946, Faransa ta sake bayyana Comoros a matsayin Yankin kasashen waje na Faransa. A shekara ta 1974, Faransa ta shirya zaben raba gardama don tabbatar da kai a cikin tsibirin. Sai dai a Mayotte, yawan jama'a sun kada kuri'a da yawa don amincewa da 'yancin kai. Bayan sanarwar 'yancin kai a 1975, Faransa ta ci gaba da samun ikon mallakar Mayotte. Sauran tsibirai uku sun kafa Etat Comorian, wanda daga baya ya zama ''Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Tarayya ta Tsibirin Comoros'' kuma a yau ita ce Tarayyar Comoros. A cikin shekara ta 1996, an sace Jirgin Sama na Habasha Flight 961 kuma ya fadi a bakin tekun babban tsibirin. Mutane 125 sun mutu a cikin jirgin, ciki har da masu satar mutane uku da suka haifar da hadarin. Mutane 50 sun tsira. [[Fayil:Gungu_la_mcezo_contre_la_France_à_Mayotte.jpg|thumb|'Yan Comoros sun yi zanga-zanga a Mayotte, 2009]] A shekara ta 1997, buƙatun ƙarin ikon cin gashin kai a tsibirin Ndzuani (Anjouan) da Mwali (Moheli) sun haifar da rushewar Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Tarayya. A shekara ta 2001, gwamnati ta sake fasalin ta a matsayin Union of the Comoros a karkashin sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya ba kowane tsibirin uku ikon cin gashin kansa fiye da yadda aka ji daɗi a baya. A shekara ta 2008, Shugaban Anjouan ya ki gudanar da zabe kyauta. An tilasta masa ya gudu bayan shiga tsakani na soja da sojojin Tarayyar Comorian da [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]]. Kasar tsibirin ta ci gaba da tsarin mulkin tarayya na yanzu, duk da cewa tare da ƙananan canje-canje da aka amince da su a cikin raba gardama a cikin 2009 da 2018. <ref name="sasw">{{Cite web |title=Comoros |url=https://omar.ottenheimer.com/ |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=omar.ottenheimer.com}}</ref> Mayotte, wacce ta kada kuri'a don riƙe ikon mallakar Faransa a cikin raba gardama na 1975, ta nuna sha'awar shiga matsayin département d'outre-mer (DOM) (Overseas Department) biyo bayan wani raba gardama da aka gudanar a tsibirin a ranar 29 ga Maris 2009.<ref name="sasw">{{Cite web |title=Comoros |url=https://omar.ottenheimer.com/ |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=omar.ottenheimer.com}}</ref> Mayotte a hukumance ta zama sashen Faransa na 101 a ranar 31 ga Maris 2011. == Ilimin ƙasa == Tafkin Comoros ya ƙunshi tsibiran aman wuta. Waɗannan tsibiran aman wuta, tare da manyan duwatsu a arewacin Madagascar, an kafa su ne a zamanin Tertiary da Quaternary . Tsibirin Mayotte shine mafi tsufa wanda har yanzu yana saman matakin teku kuma ya fuskanci matakai uku na aman wuta tsakanin shekaru miliyan 15 zuwa 500,000 da suka gabata. Shekaru suna raguwa a hankali daga gabas zuwa yamma. Grande Comore ita ce tsibiri mafi ƙarami kuma har yanzu tana aiki da aman wuta. [[Dutsen Karthala|Karthala]], wani dutsen mai aman wuta mai kariya wanda ya mamaye kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na tsibirin, yana tashi zuwa mita 2361 (ƙafa 7746). Babban dutsen caldera yana da girma sosai, yana da kusan {{Cvt|3|x|4|km|mi}} a girmansa a gefen (2007). [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lj4pzmlai9e0hfodqiai2d068z5fmap 842181 842180 2026-05-29T06:45:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 842181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsibirin Comoro''' rukuni ne na tsibirai masu fitattun wuta a cikin Mozambique Channel, wani bangare na [[Tekun Indiya]] da ke tsakanin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da yankin Afirka. Uku daga cikin tsibirai sun samar da Union of the Comoros, wata ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, yayin da Mayotte ta kasance ta Faransa. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tsibiran Comoro suna cikin Tashar Mozambique da ke arewa maso yammacin Madagascar kuma suna fuskantar Mozambique. Waɗannan tsibiran masu aman wuta, waɗanda suka mamaye jimillar faɗin shekarar 2034.&nbsp;km ² (785 sq. mi.), sune kamar haka: * [[Grande Comore|Ngazidja]] (wanda aka fi sani da Grande Comore): tsibirin mafi girma na Union of the Comoros, tare da babban birninta [[Moroni]] * [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Anjouan" id="mwNg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani] (wanda aka fi sani da Anjouan): wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Comoros * [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Mohéli" id="mwOQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mohéli">Mwali] (wanda aka fi sani da Mohéli): wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Comoros * Mayotte (wanda aka fi sani da ''Maore''): sashen kasashen waje na Faransa. Mayotte ta ƙunshi tsibirai biyu, Grande-Terre da Petite-Terre (wanda aka fi sani da Pamanzi), inda Filin jirgin saman Dzaoudzi-Pamandzi yake. Tsibirin Glorioso, wanda ya ƙunshi Grande Glorieuse, Île du Lys da ƙananan tsibirai takwas na dutse, an haɗa su da tsibirin kafin 1975, kuma, a fannin ilimin ƙasa, sun zama wani ɓangare na tsibirin. Shahararrun reefs da ke cikin tsibirin sune kamar haka: * Banc Vailheu, ko ''Raaya'', dutsen mai fitattun wuta mai nisan kilomita 20 (10 miles) yammacin Grand Comoros&nbsp; * Banc du Geyser, wani reef mai auna 8 da 5 km (5 da 3 miles) a yankin, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 130 (80 miles) Arewa maso gabashin Grande-Terre&nbsp;&nbsp; * Banc du Leven, tsohon tsibiri tsakanin Madagascar da Grande-Terre wanda yanzu ya nutse == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Queen_of_Mohéli.jpg|thumb|Jumbe-Soudi, sarauniya ta tsibirin Comorian na Mohéli, tana karbar tawagar Faransa, 1863.]] ''wata'' an zauna a Comoros tun farkon ƙarni na 6; daga cikin mutanen da suka haye teku don su mamaye tsibirin akwai [[Mutanen Bantu|Mutanen da ke magana da Bantu]], Austronesian (ciki har da Malagasy), [[Larabawa]], Somaliya, Portuguese, [[Mutanen Faransa|Faransanci]], da Indiyawa. Musulunci mai yiwuwa ya zo a cikin karni na 10. Tsibirin Comoro sun kafa, tare da [[Zanzibar]], Pemba, [[Lamu]], da garuruwan bakin teku na Kenya da Tanzania, yanki mai haɗin kai da wadata na Al'adun Swahili, kasuwanci a cikin kayayyakin gida waɗanda aka fitar da su zuwa gabar Afirka, Madagascar, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Indiya. A wannan lokacin, ikon siyasa yana hannun sarakunan yankin. A lokacin binciken da suka yi a yankin Comoros, Portuguese sun sauka a tsibirin Moon, a cikin 1505; kamar Larabci ne don wata. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, mazauna Faransa sun kafa gonaki, da farko suna samar da sukari, tsari mai zurfi wanda ya dogara da aikin 'yan Afirka da yawa. A cikin karni na ashirin, sun shuka shuke-shuke masu turare da kayan yaji, kamar su ylang ylang, vanilla da [[Kaninfari|cloves]], da kuma copra. A shekara ta 1946, Faransa ta sake bayyana Comoros a matsayin Yankin kasashen waje na Faransa. A shekara ta 1974, Faransa ta shirya zaben raba gardama don tabbatar da kai a cikin tsibirin. Sai dai a Mayotte, yawan jama'a sun kada kuri'a da yawa don amincewa da 'yancin kai. Bayan sanarwar 'yancin kai a 1975, Faransa ta ci gaba da samun ikon mallakar Mayotte. Sauran tsibirai uku sun kafa Etat Comorian, wanda daga baya ya zama ''Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Tarayya ta Tsibirin Comoros'' kuma a yau ita ce Tarayyar Comoros. A cikin shekara ta 1996, an sace Jirgin Sama na Habasha Flight 961 kuma ya fadi a bakin tekun babban tsibirin. Mutane 125 sun mutu a cikin jirgin, ciki har da masu satar mutane uku da suka haifar da hadarin. Mutane 50 sun tsira. [[Fayil:Gungu_la_mcezo_contre_la_France_à_Mayotte.jpg|thumb|'Yan Comoros sun yi zanga-zanga a Mayotte, 2009]] A shekara ta 1997, buƙatun ƙarin ikon cin gashin kai a tsibirin Ndzuani (Anjouan) da Mwali (Moheli) sun haifar da rushewar Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Tarayya. A shekara ta 2001, gwamnati ta sake fasalin ta a matsayin Union of the Comoros a karkashin sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya ba kowane tsibirin uku ikon cin gashin kansa fiye da yadda aka ji daɗi a baya. A shekara ta 2008, Shugaban Anjouan ya ki gudanar da zabe kyauta. An tilasta masa ya gudu bayan shiga tsakani na soja da sojojin Tarayyar Comorian da [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]]. Kasar tsibirin ta ci gaba da tsarin mulkin tarayya na yanzu, duk da cewa tare da ƙananan canje-canje da aka amince da su a cikin raba gardama a cikin 2009 da 2018. <ref name="sasw">{{Cite web |title=Comoros |url=https://omar.ottenheimer.com/ |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=omar.ottenheimer.com}}</ref> Mayotte, wacce ta kada kuri'a don riƙe ikon mallakar Faransa a cikin raba gardama na 1975, ta nuna sha'awar shiga matsayin département d'outre-mer (DOM) (Overseas Department) biyo bayan wani raba gardama da aka gudanar a tsibirin a ranar 29 ga Maris 2009.<ref name="sasw">{{Cite web |title=Comoros |url=https://omar.ottenheimer.com/ |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=omar.ottenheimer.com}}</ref> Mayotte a hukumance ta zama sashen Faransa na 101 a ranar 31 ga Maris 2011. == Ilimin ƙasa == Tafkin Comoros ya ƙunshi tsibiran aman wuta. Waɗannan tsibiran aman wuta, tare da manyan duwatsu a arewacin Madagascar, an kafa su ne a zamanin Tertiary da Quaternary . Tsibirin Mayotte shine mafi tsufa wanda har yanzu yana saman matakin teku kuma ya fuskanci matakai uku na aman wuta tsakanin shekaru miliyan 15 zuwa 500,000 da suka gabata. Shekaru suna raguwa a hankali daga gabas zuwa yamma. Grande Comore ita ce tsibiri mafi ƙarami kuma har yanzu tana aiki da aman wuta. [[Dutsen Karthala|Karthala]], wani dutsen mai aman wuta mai kariya wanda ya mamaye kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na tsibirin, yana tashi zuwa mita 2361 (ƙafa 7746). Babban dutsen caldera yana da girma sosai, yana da kusan {{Cvt|3|x|4|km|mi}} a girmansa a gefen (2007). [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2q50zb30x5okt7mq3obzunldylemg6i 0 152978 842182 2026-05-29T06:46:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320361859|List of islands of the Comoros]]" 842182 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>Wannan jerin tsibirai ne na Comoros.<ref>Mayotte is claimed by Comoros, while being a department, region and being administered by the French Republic</ref> == Manyan tsibirai == * Anjouan * [[Grande Comore|Babban Comore]] * Mohéli Tsibirin uku a ƙarƙashin ikon Comoros suna da matsayin tsibirai masu cin gashin kansu (tsoffin gwamnatoci). * Mayotte == Ƙananan tsibirai == === Tsibirin da ke bakin tekun [[Grande Comore|Ngazidja]] (Grand Comore) === * Tsibirin La Tcheka === Tsibirin da ke bakin tekun Mwali (Mohéli) === * Chissioua Bouélachamba * Chissioua Bouelamahombe * Chissioua Mbouzi * Chissioua Bouelamanga * Chissioua Chikoundo * Chissioua Gnandza * Chissioua Mchaco * Taron Chissioua * Chissioua Mea * Chissioua Bouelamiradji * Chissioua Mbougo * Tsibirin Sanzi * Chissioua Ouenefou * Chissioua Kanzoni * Chissioua Dzaha * Chissioua Magnougni * Mbo Mbili === Tsibirin da ke bakin tekun Anjouan === * Tsibirin Selle * Mchakojou == Dubi kuma == * ISO 3166-2:KM == Manazarta == 4vw2nxnperai0p7egcj77ro49zd1q7h 842183 842182 2026-05-29T06:46:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 842183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin tsibirai ne na Comoros.<ref>Mayotte is claimed by Comoros, while being a department, region and being administered by the French Republic</ref> == Manyan tsibirai == * Anjouan * [[Grande Comore|Babban Comore]] * Mohéli Tsibirin uku a ƙarƙashin ikon Comoros suna da matsayin tsibirai masu cin gashin kansu (tsoffin gwamnatoci). * Mayotte == Ƙananan tsibirai == === Tsibirin da ke bakin tekun [[Grande Comore|Ngazidja]] (Grand Comore) === * Tsibirin La Tcheka === Tsibirin da ke bakin tekun Mwali (Mohéli) === * Chissioua Bouélachamba * Chissioua Bouelamahombe * Chissioua Mbouzi * Chissioua Bouelamanga * Chissioua Chikoundo * Chissioua Gnandza * Chissioua Mchaco * Taron Chissioua * Chissioua Mea * Chissioua Bouelamiradji * Chissioua Mbougo * Tsibirin Sanzi * Chissioua Ouenefou * Chissioua Kanzoni * Chissioua Dzaha * Chissioua Magnougni * Mbo Mbili === Tsibirin da ke bakin tekun Anjouan === * Tsibirin Selle * Mchakojou == Dubi kuma == * ISO 3166-2:KM == Manazarta == 4qqv42vbko4jigxpocbgzfhlosl5xpk 0 152979 842184 2026-05-29T06:47:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348815534|Anjouan]]" 842184 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anjouan''' ({{IPA|fr|ɑ̃.ʒu.ɑ̃|}}) tsibiri ne mai cin gashin kansa a cikin Tsibirin Comoro a kudu maso yammacin [[Tekun Indiya]], wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Comoros . An san shi a [[Harsunan Comorian|Shikomori]] da suna '''Ndzuani''', '''Ndzuwani''' ko '''Nzwani''', kuma, har zuwa farkon karni na ashirin lokacin da sunan ya fadi daga amfani gaba ɗaya (ko da yake har yanzu wani lokacin masu magana da Ingilishi a Zanzibar suna amfani da shi), a Turanci da '''Johanna''' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stevens |first=Kenneth |date=Winter 1986 |title=Of Whaling Ships and Kings: The Johanna Bombardment of 1851 |journal=Prologue |volume=18 |pages=241–249}}</ref> A tarihi an kuma kira shi '''Hinzuan''' ko '''Hanzoan''' . [[Fayil:Mutsamudu.jpg|thumb|Garin Mutsamudu]] Babban garinsu shine Mutsamudu kuma, tun daga shekara ta 2006, yawan jama'arta ya kai kusan 277,500. Jimlar yankin tsibirin yana da murabba'in kilomita 424 (murabba'in mil 163). == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko da mulkin mallaka === [[Fayil:Map_of_Anjouan,Comoros_(1748)_Jacques_Nicolas_Bellin.png|thumb|Taswirar Anjouan (1748) ta masanin ilimin ruwa na Faransa Jacques Nicolas Bellin.]] Mazaunan farko na tsibirin sun kasance mutanen da ke [[Mutanen Bantu|Magana da Bantu]] daga gabashin Afirka da masu ba da hanya daga [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] da [[Yammacin Asiya|Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya]]. A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha biyar babban matsayi na Hadrami Larabawa sun yi aure a cikin rukunin masu mulki na gida kuma sun kafa sultanate wanda ya faɗaɗa ikonsa a kan dukan tsibirin kuma a wasu lokuta yana faɗaɗa tasirin su ga tsibirin Mwali da Mayotte makwabta. A cikin 1812, Sultan Alawi bin Husain ya nemi taimakon Burtaniya a kan masu bautar Madagascar waɗanda ke barazanar mulkinsa, wanda aka ƙi. Duk da haka, tsibirin ya kasance a cikin tasirin Burtaniya har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19. A shekara ta 1886 [[Faransa]], wacce ta riga ta kasance a Mayotte, ta kafa kariya a kan tsibirin; an soke bautar a shekara ta 1899, kuma a shekara ta 1912, biyo bayan tilasta wa sultan na karshe, Faransa ta mamaye tsibirin. John Mucknell ya kori abokan gaba a Anjouan a shekara ta 1644. Jirginsa, John, mallakar Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya ne, amma bayan ya kawar da kansa daga adawa ta wannan hanyar, ya zama ɗan fashi kuma ya koma Burtaniya. === Anjouan a karkashin Comoros mai zaman kanta === Anjouan ya shiga Jihar Comoros lokacin da ta sami 'yanci a 1975, tare da Ahmed Abdallah a matsayin shugaban Jihar Comoras. Tsibirin, kasancewar wani bangare ne na kasar, ya wuce fiye da juyin mulki 20 tun lokacin da ya sami 'yancin kai kuma ya sami ƙoƙari da yawa na rabuwa. === Mai rabuwa / Anjouan mai cin gashin kansa === A shekara ta 1997, tsibirin Anjouan da Mohéli sun rabu da Comoros. A ranar 3 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1997, Anjouan ta ayyana kanta a matsayin '''Jihar Anjouan''' mai zaman kanta (État d"Anjouan) tare da Foundi Abdallah Ibrahim a matsayin shugaban kasa. An gudanar da raba gardama na 'yancin kai a watan Oktoba, tare da kuri'un sama da kashi 99% a cikin goyon baya. Tsibirin ya nemi a sake haɗa shi cikin Jamhuriyar Faransa; amma Faransa ta ki. An amince da kundin tsarin mulki ga Anjouan a cikin raba gardama a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1998. <ref name="1998 Constitution" /> A cikin 1999, Anjouan yana da rikice-rikice na ciki kuma a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, Foundi Abdallah Ibrahim mai shekaru 80 ya yi murabus, ya canja iko ga mai tsara ƙasa, Said Abeid . An hambarar da gwamnati a juyin mulki da jami'an sojan ruwa suka yi a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 2001. Ba da daɗewa ba Mohamed Bacar ya zama shugaban junta wanda ya karbe mulki kuma a ƙarshen watan ya zama shugaban kasar. Duk da yunkurin juyin mulki sau biyu a cikin watanni uku masu zuwa, ciki har da daya daga Abeid, gwamnatin Bacar ta ci gaba da mulki kuma a bayyane yake ta fi son yin shawarwari da Comoros. Bayan kirkirar Tarayyar, an sake haɗa tsibirai tare da Comoros a shekara ta 2002 kuma sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Comoros ya ba da umarnin zabar Shugaban Anjouan tare da shugabannin sauran tsibirai biyu masu cin gashin kansu da Shugaban Tarayyar. An zabi Bacar na tsawon shekaru 5 a matsayin Shugaban tsibirin Anjouan . Lokacinsa ya ƙare a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2007 kuma shugaban majalisa, Houmadi Caambi, ya zama mukaddashin shugaban kasa daga 15 ga Afrilu har sai sojojin da ke da aminci ga Bacar suka hambarar da shi a ranar 10 ga Mayu. === Rashin mamayewar Anjouan a shekara ta 2008 === [[Fayil:Anjouan-invasion-2008.png|thumb|Taswirar mamayewar Anjouan ta 2008 ta sojojin Comoran da Tarayyar Afirka]] A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2008, Comoros ta ki amincewa da takunkumin da [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] ta yi wa Anjouan kuma a maimakon haka ta zaɓi mafita ta soja. A farkon watan Maris, sojojin Comoros da kusan 400 na kasa da kasa daga [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] sun taru a tsibirin Mohéli. Rikicin ya fara ne a ranar 11 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, lokacin da sojojin Comorian suka kai hari kan tsibirin amma diflomasiyya ta ci gaba da shiga tsakani da Shugaba [[Thabo Mbeki]] na Afirka ta Kudu ya yi ƙoƙari ya jinkirta mamayewar da aka shirya don rashin jin daɗin gwamnatin Comorian. Akwai ci gaba da kai hare-hare tsakanin 14 Maris da 16 Maris 2008 da rikice-rikice tsakanin dakarun yankin da ke da aminci ga Mohamed Bacar da, mai yiwuwa, waɗanda suka fito daga rundunar mamaye Afirka wacce ta koma Mohéli. A ranar 19 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, wani jirgi mai saukar ungulu na soja na Faransa a kan wani Aikin ɓoye daga Mayotte mai gudanarwa na Faransa ya fadi a cikin Mozambique Channel kusa da birnin Sima a kan Anjouan . Masu sukar aikin sun yi zargin cewa helikofta yana da hannu a cikin ƙoƙari na kawo Bacar cikin gudun hijira ta Faransa, kuma cewa Bacar ya iya tsayawa na dogon lokaci ne kawai saboda Faransanci sun kare shi. Babban aikin kuma, a ƙarshe, mamayewar Anjouan ya fara ne a yammacin 24 ga Maris 2008 lokacin da jiragen ruwa biyar da ke dauke da kimanin sojoji 1,500 suka bar Mohéli a kan hanyarsu zuwa Anjouan. A farkon sa'o'i na 25 ga Maris 2008, sojojin Comoran sun sauka da taimakon dakarun daga Tarayyar Afirka. Sojojin da suka haɗu sun ci gaba da sauri a garin Ouani don tabbatar da filin jirgin sama. Bayan da aka tabbatar da filin jirgin sama rundunar mamayewa a bayyane ta rabu inda wani bangare na ta ke kan hanyar kudu maso yamma don shiga cikin masu goyon bayan Anjouanais a babban birnin, Mutsamudu, kuma sauran suka tafi kudu maso gabas suna kama tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bambao M'Sanga da birnin na biyu na Domoni ba tare da juriya ba. [[Rukuni:CS1 Faransanci-language sources (fr)]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qcogkz9u9ka6wry1ecoidp1tun0c0hp 842185 842184 2026-05-29T06:47:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 842185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anjouan''' ({{IPA|fr|ɑ̃.ʒu.ɑ̃|}}) tsibiri ne mai cin gashin kansa a cikin Tsibirin Comoro a kudu maso yammacin [[Tekun Indiya]], wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Comoros . An san shi a [[Harsunan Comorian|Shikomori]] da suna '''Ndzuani''', '''Ndzuwani''' ko '''Nzwani''', kuma, har zuwa farkon karni na ashirin lokacin da sunan ya fadi daga amfani gaba ɗaya (ko da yake har yanzu wani lokacin masu magana da Ingilishi a Zanzibar suna amfani da shi), a Turanci da '''Johanna''' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stevens |first=Kenneth |date=Winter 1986 |title=Of Whaling Ships and Kings: The Johanna Bombardment of 1851 |journal=Prologue |volume=18 |pages=241–249}}</ref> A tarihi an kuma kira shi '''Hinzuan''' ko '''Hanzoan''' . [[Fayil:Mutsamudu.jpg|thumb|Garin Mutsamudu]] Babban garinsu shine Mutsamudu kuma, tun daga shekara ta 2006, yawan jama'arta ya kai kusan 277,500. Jimlar yankin tsibirin yana da murabba'in kilomita 424 (murabba'in mil 163). == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko da mulkin mallaka === [[Fayil:Map_of_Anjouan,Comoros_(1748)_Jacques_Nicolas_Bellin.png|thumb|Taswirar Anjouan (1748) ta masanin ilimin ruwa na Faransa Jacques Nicolas Bellin.]] Mazaunan farko na tsibirin sun kasance mutanen da ke [[Mutanen Bantu|Magana da Bantu]] daga gabashin Afirka da masu ba da hanya daga [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] da [[Yammacin Asiya|Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya]]. A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha biyar babban matsayi na Hadrami Larabawa sun yi aure a cikin rukunin masu mulki na gida kuma sun kafa sultanate wanda ya faɗaɗa ikonsa a kan dukan tsibirin kuma a wasu lokuta yana faɗaɗa tasirin su ga tsibirin Mwali da Mayotte makwabta. A cikin 1812, Sultan Alawi bin Husain ya nemi taimakon Burtaniya a kan masu bautar Madagascar waɗanda ke barazanar mulkinsa, wanda aka ƙi. Duk da haka, tsibirin ya kasance a cikin tasirin Burtaniya har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19. A shekara ta 1886 [[Faransa]], wacce ta riga ta kasance a Mayotte, ta kafa kariya a kan tsibirin; an soke bautar a shekara ta 1899, kuma a shekara ta 1912, biyo bayan tilasta wa sultan na karshe, Faransa ta mamaye tsibirin. John Mucknell ya kori abokan gaba a Anjouan a shekara ta 1644. Jirginsa, John, mallakar Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya ne, amma bayan ya kawar da kansa daga adawa ta wannan hanyar, ya zama ɗan fashi kuma ya koma Burtaniya. === Anjouan a karkashin Comoros mai zaman kanta === Anjouan ya shiga Jihar Comoros lokacin da ta sami 'yanci a 1975, tare da Ahmed Abdallah a matsayin shugaban Jihar Comoras. Tsibirin, kasancewar wani bangare ne na kasar, ya wuce fiye da juyin mulki 20 tun lokacin da ya sami 'yancin kai kuma ya sami ƙoƙari da yawa na rabuwa. === Mai rabuwa / Anjouan mai cin gashin kansa === A shekara ta 1997, tsibirin Anjouan da Mohéli sun rabu da Comoros. A ranar 3 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1997, Anjouan ta ayyana kanta a matsayin '''Jihar Anjouan''' mai zaman kanta (État d"Anjouan) tare da Foundi Abdallah Ibrahim a matsayin shugaban kasa. An gudanar da raba gardama na 'yancin kai a watan Oktoba, tare da kuri'un sama da kashi 99% a cikin goyon baya. Tsibirin ya nemi a sake haɗa shi cikin Jamhuriyar Faransa; amma Faransa ta ki. An amince da kundin tsarin mulki ga Anjouan a cikin raba gardama a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1998. <ref name="1998 Constitution" /> A cikin 1999, Anjouan yana da rikice-rikice na ciki kuma a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, Foundi Abdallah Ibrahim mai shekaru 80 ya yi murabus, ya canja iko ga mai tsara ƙasa, Said Abeid . An hambarar da gwamnati a juyin mulki da jami'an sojan ruwa suka yi a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 2001. Ba da daɗewa ba Mohamed Bacar ya zama shugaban junta wanda ya karbe mulki kuma a ƙarshen watan ya zama shugaban kasar. Duk da yunkurin juyin mulki sau biyu a cikin watanni uku masu zuwa, ciki har da daya daga Abeid, gwamnatin Bacar ta ci gaba da mulki kuma a bayyane yake ta fi son yin shawarwari da Comoros. Bayan kirkirar Tarayyar, an sake haɗa tsibirai tare da Comoros a shekara ta 2002 kuma sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Comoros ya ba da umarnin zabar Shugaban Anjouan tare da shugabannin sauran tsibirai biyu masu cin gashin kansu da Shugaban Tarayyar. An zabi Bacar na tsawon shekaru 5 a matsayin Shugaban tsibirin Anjouan . Lokacinsa ya ƙare a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2007 kuma shugaban majalisa, Houmadi Caambi, ya zama mukaddashin shugaban kasa daga 15 ga Afrilu har sai sojojin da ke da aminci ga Bacar suka hambarar da shi a ranar 10 ga Mayu. === Rashin mamayewar Anjouan a shekara ta 2008 === [[Fayil:Anjouan-invasion-2008.png|thumb|Taswirar mamayewar Anjouan ta 2008 ta sojojin Comoran da Tarayyar Afirka]] A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2008, Comoros ta ki amincewa da takunkumin da [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] ta yi wa Anjouan kuma a maimakon haka ta zaɓi mafita ta soja. A farkon watan Maris, sojojin Comoros da kusan 400 na kasa da kasa daga [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] sun taru a tsibirin Mohéli. Rikicin ya fara ne a ranar 11 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, lokacin da sojojin Comorian suka kai hari kan tsibirin amma diflomasiyya ta ci gaba da shiga tsakani da Shugaba [[Thabo Mbeki]] na Afirka ta Kudu ya yi ƙoƙari ya jinkirta mamayewar da aka shirya don rashin jin daɗin gwamnatin Comorian. Akwai ci gaba da kai hare-hare tsakanin 14 Maris da 16 Maris 2008 da rikice-rikice tsakanin dakarun yankin da ke da aminci ga Mohamed Bacar da, mai yiwuwa, waɗanda suka fito daga rundunar mamaye Afirka wacce ta koma Mohéli. A ranar 19 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, wani jirgi mai saukar ungulu na soja na Faransa a kan wani Aikin ɓoye daga Mayotte mai gudanarwa na Faransa ya fadi a cikin Mozambique Channel kusa da birnin Sima a kan Anjouan . Masu sukar aikin sun yi zargin cewa helikofta yana da hannu a cikin ƙoƙari na kawo Bacar cikin gudun hijira ta Faransa, kuma cewa Bacar ya iya tsayawa na dogon lokaci ne kawai saboda Faransanci sun kare shi. Babban aikin kuma, a ƙarshe, mamayewar Anjouan ya fara ne a yammacin 24 ga Maris 2008 lokacin da jiragen ruwa biyar da ke dauke da kimanin sojoji 1,500 suka bar Mohéli a kan hanyarsu zuwa Anjouan. A farkon sa'o'i na 25 ga Maris 2008, sojojin Comoran sun sauka da taimakon dakarun daga Tarayyar Afirka. Sojojin da suka haɗu sun ci gaba da sauri a garin Ouani don tabbatar da filin jirgin sama. Bayan da aka tabbatar da filin jirgin sama rundunar mamayewa a bayyane ta rabu inda wani bangare na ta ke kan hanyar kudu maso yamma don shiga cikin masu goyon bayan Anjouanais a babban birnin, Mutsamudu, kuma sauran suka tafi kudu maso gabas suna kama tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bambao M'Sanga da birnin na biyu na Domoni ba tare da juriya ba. [[Rukuni:CS1 Faransanci-language sources (fr)]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dev4e78difeab1690bb6yxy153tjc06 0 152980 842186 2026-05-29T06:48:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354360843|Mayotte]]" 842186 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Mayotte</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">Ma'aikatar kasashen waje, yanki da yanki guda ɗaya na Faransa da [[Special territories of members of the European Economic Area#Outermost Regions|Yankin waje]] na [[European Union|Tarayyar Turai]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ma'aikatar Mayotte Ma'aikatu na Mayotte (Faransa) <br /><span class="nobold"><span title="French-language text">''Ma'aikatar Mayotte''</span>&nbsp;<span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal"> ([[French language|Faransanci]]) </span></span> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable" |<templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/columns/styles.css" /><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell">[[Fayil:Flag_of_Mayotte_(Local).svg|border|130x130px|Flag of Mayotte]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Fadar</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell">[[Fayil:Coat_of_Arms_of_Mayotte.svg|100x100px|Coat of arms of Mayotte]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Alamar makamai</div></div></div></div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Waƙar yabo: <span title="French-language text">''La Marseillaise''</span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"> ("The Marseillaise") </span> <br /><br /><div class="center"></div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Fayil:Département_976_in_France_(zoom).svg|250x250px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar daidaitawa: 12°50′35′′S 45°8′18′′E / 12.84306°S 45.13833°E / -12.84306; 45.138-33<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mayotte&params=12_50_35_S_45_8_18_E_region:FR-TF_type:isle_scale:500000 <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°50′35″S</span> <span class="longitude">45°8′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.84306°S 45.13833°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-12.84306; 45.13833</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Faransa |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Mamoudzou |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sashen | class="infobox-data" |1 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Gwamnati<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Shugaban Majalisar Ma'aikatar&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Ben Issa Ousseni (LR) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yankin<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |374 km² (144 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Matsayi&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Yankin 18 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Janairu 2024) <span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |320,901 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ƙarƙashin jama'a&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |858/km² (2,220/sq mi) &nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sunan aljanu | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="hlist"> * Mahoran </div> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |GDP <div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Yuro biliyan 3.786 (2024) |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ga kowane mutum&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |€11,508 (2024) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+03:00 (EAT) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambobin ISO 3166 | class="infobox-data nickname" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="hlist"> * YT * FR-976 </div> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kudin | class="infobox-data" |Yuro (Yuro) (Yuro |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |[https://www.mayotte.gouv.fr/ Gundumar]<br />[https://www.mayotte.fr/ Majalisar Ma'aikatar] |} '''Mayotte''' / / m aɪˈɒt / my-OT ; French , {{IPA|fr|majɔt||LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Mayotte.wav}} ; Shimaore , ;Kibushi,), a hukumance '''Ma'aikatar Mayotte''' (French), sashe ne na ƙasashen waje da yanki da kuma tarin yankuna guda ɗaya na Faransa. Yana ɗaya daga cikin sassan Faransa na ƙasashen waje da kuma ɗaya daga cikin yankuna 18 na Faransa, tare da matsayi iri ɗaya da sassan Metropolitan Faransa . Yana da yanki mafi nisa na Tarayyar Turai kuma, a matsayinsa na sashen ƙasashen waje na Faransa, wani ɓangare ne na yankin Turai. Mayotte tana arewacin Tashar Mozambique a yammacin Tekun Indiya a bakin tekun Kudu maso Gabashin Afirka, tsakanin arewa maso yammacin tsibirin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da arewa maso gabashin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] a nahiyar. Mayotte ta ƙunshi babban tsibiri, Grande-Terre (ko Maore), ƙaramin tsibiri, Petite-Terre (ko Pamanzi), da kuma wasu tsibirai da ke kewaye da waɗannan biyun. Yankin ƙasar Mayotte yana da {{Convert|374|km2}} kuma, tare da mutane 320,901 bisa ga kiyasin hukuma na Janairu 2024, yana da cunkoson jama'a sosai, yana da mazauna 858 a kowace kilomita ² (2,228 a kowace murabba'in mil). Babban birni da lardin shine Mamoudzou a kan babban Grande-Terre. Filin jirgin saman Dzaoudzi-Pamandzi yana kan ƙaramin tsibirin Petite-Terre maƙwabta. Ana kuma kiran yankin da Maore, sunan asalin babban tsibirin. Faransanci shine harshen hukuma kuma ana magana da shi a matsayin yare na biyu ta hanyar karuwar yawan jama'a, tare da kashi 63% na yawan jama'ar shekaru 14 da haihuwa suna ba da rahoto a cikin ƙidayar 2007 cewa za su iya magana da shi.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=LANG1M- Population de 14 ans ou plus par sexe, âge et langues parlées |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2569783 |access-date=10 October 2013 |website=INSEE |publisher=[[Cabinet of France|Government of France]] |language=fr}}</ref> Akwai harsuna biyu na Mayotte. Mafi yawan magana shine Shimaore, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta magana shine yaren Malagasy da ake kira Kibushi, wanda akwai yare biyu; Kibushi [[Mutanen Sakalava|Sakalava]], wanda ya fi alaƙa da yaren Sakalava na Malagasy, da Kibushi antalaotsi, wanda yafi alaƙa da yare da Antalaotra na [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] ke magana. Shimaore ya rinjayi yarukan biyu. Tsibirin sun cika da makwabta Gabashin Afirka, tare da isowar [[Larabawa]] daga baya, waɗanda suka kawo bangaskiyar addini ta Islama. An kafa sultanate a cikin 1500. Yawancin jama'a a yau [[Musulmi]] ne. A cikin karni na 19, Andriantsoly, tsohon sarki na Iboina a Madagascar ya ci Mayotte. Ya sayar da tsibirin ga Faransa a 1841. Nan da nan bayan ikon mallakar Faransa a kan tsibirai, an soke [[Bauta|Bautar]] kuma an shigo da ma'aikata zuwa yankin don yin aiki a gonaki da gonaki. Mayotte ta zaɓi ta kasance tare da Faransa <ref name="lexpress.fr">{{Cite web |date=12 March 2018 |title=Ce qu'il faut savoir sur Mayotte, le 101e département français |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/societe/ce-qu-il-faut-savoir-sur-mayotte-le-101e-departement-francais_1991787.html |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=LExpress.fr |language=fr}}</ref> bayan [[Komoros|Comoros]] da ke kusa da ita ta ayyana 'yancin kanta bayan raba gardama na' yancin kai na 1974. <ref name="lexpress.fr" /> Mayotte duk da haka ya zama sashen 101 na Faransa (Jamhuriyar Faransa ta Biyar) a ranar 31 ga Maris 2011 kuma ya zama yankin da ke da alaƙa da Tarayyar Turai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2014, biyo bayan raba gardama na Maris 2009 tare da sakamako mai yawa don amincewa da kasancewa a matsayin sashen Faransa. Batun shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba ya zama da muhimmanci sosai a rayuwar siyasa ta gida a cikin shekarun 2010 da 2020 wanda ya jagoranci Faransa ta shirya Operation Wuambushu . == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Mayotte_topographic_map-fr.svg|thumb|Taswirar taswirar Mayotte, "tsibiran teku"]] Kalmar Mayotte (ko Maore) na iya nufin dukkan tsibiran sashen, wanda mafi girma daga cikinsu ana kiransa Maore ( French ) kuma ya haɗa da tsibiran da ke kewaye da Maore, musamman Pamanzi ( French ), ko kuma kawai ga babban tsibiri. Ana kyautata zaton sunan ya fito ne daga ''Mawuti'', ƙanƙantar Larabci {{Lang|ar|جزيرة الموت}} ''Jazīrat al-Mawt'' – ma'ana "tsibirin mutuwa" (watakila saboda haɗarin raƙuman ruwa da ke kewaye da tsibirin) kuma an lalata shi zuwa ''Mayotta'' a cikin harshen Portugal, daga baya aka mayar da shi Faransanci. Duk da haka, sunan yankin shine ''Mahore'', kuma tushen Larabci yana da shakku. Babban tsibirin, Grande-Terre (ko Maore), mafi tsufa a cikin Tsibirin Comoro, yana da tsawon kilomita 39 (24 da faɗin kilomita 22, kuma mafi girman matsayi shine Dutsen Benara, a mita 660 (2,165 sama da matakin teku. Saboda dutsen dutse, ƙasa tana da wadata a wasu yankuna. Kayan murjani da ke kewaye da yawancin tsibirin yana tabbatar da kariya ga jiragen Ruwa da kuma wurin zama ga kifi. Dzaoudzi ita ce babban birnin Mayotte (kuma a baya babban birnin duk mulkin mallaka na Comoros) har zuwa 1977, lokacin da aka sake komawa babban birnin zuwa Mamoudzou a babban tsibirin Grande-Terre . Tana kan Petite-Terre (ko Pamanzi), wanda ke da kilomita 10 (4 sq shine mafi girma daga cikin tsibirai da yawa da ke kusa da Maore. Yankin tafkin a bayan kogi yana da kusan kilomita 1,500 (580 sq , yana kaiwa matsakaicin zurfin kusan 80m. An bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi girman shingen-reef-lagoon a cikin kudu maso yammacin Tekun Indiya".<ref name="Zinke2003">{{Cite journal |last=Zinke |first=J. |last2=Reijmer |first2=J. J. G. |last3=Thomassin |first3=B. A. |last4=Dullo |first4=W.-C. |last5=Grootes |first5=P. M. |last6=Erlenkeuser |first6=H. |date=2003 |title=Postglacial flooding history of Mayotte Lagoon (Comoro Archipelago, southwest Indian Ocean) |journal=Marine Geology |volume=194 |issue=3–4 |pages=181–196 |bibcode=2003MGeol.194..181Z |doi=10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00705-3}}</ref> === Yanayin ƙasa === Mayotte ita ce mafi tsufa daga cikin manyan tsibirai huɗu na Tsibirin Comoros, sarkar ƙasa da ke fitowa daga taimako jirgin ruwa mai kama da karami a ƙofar Mozambique Channel. Yana da nisan kilomita {{Convert|295|km}} (183 a yammacin Madagascar da nisan km {{Convert|67|km}} (42 a kudu maso gabashin Anjouan, wani lokacin ana iya ganinsa da faɗuwar rana a cikin inuwa, ya ƙunshi tsibirai da tsibirai masu yawa da aka rufe da ciyayi masu kyau. Tsibirin biyu mafi girma sune Grande-Terre da Petite-Terre, wanda ke da goyon bayan murjani. 2ilynl7mv4n8w62re72okn1bnw8jb8v 842187 842186 2026-05-29T06:49:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354360843|Mayotte]]" 842187 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mayotte''' / / m aɪˈɒt / my-OT ; French , {{IPA|fr|majɔt||LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Mayotte.wav}} ; Shimaore , ;Kibushi,), a hukumance '''Ma'aikatar Mayotte''' (French), sashe ne na ƙasashen waje da yanki da kuma tarin yankuna guda ɗaya na Faransa. Yana ɗaya daga cikin sassan Faransa na ƙasashen waje da kuma ɗaya daga cikin yankuna 18 na Faransa, tare da matsayi iri ɗaya da sassan Metropolitan Faransa . Yana da yanki mafi nisa na Tarayyar Turai kuma, a matsayinsa na sashen ƙasashen waje na Faransa, wani ɓangare ne na yankin Turai. Mayotte tana arewacin Tashar Mozambique a yammacin Tekun Indiya a bakin tekun Kudu maso Gabashin Afirka, tsakanin arewa maso yammacin tsibirin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da arewa maso gabashin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] a nahiyar. Mayotte ta ƙunshi babban tsibiri, Grande-Terre (ko Maore), ƙaramin tsibiri, Petite-Terre (ko Pamanzi), da kuma wasu tsibirai da ke kewaye da waɗannan biyun. Yankin ƙasar Mayotte yana da {{Convert|374|km2}} kuma, tare da mutane 320,901 bisa ga kiyasin hukuma na Janairu 2024, yana da cunkoson jama'a sosai, yana da mazauna 858 a kowace kilomita ² (2,228 a kowace murabba'in mil). Babban birni da lardin shine Mamoudzou a kan babban Grande-Terre. Filin jirgin saman Dzaoudzi-Pamandzi yana kan ƙaramin tsibirin Petite-Terre maƙwabta. Ana kuma kiran yankin da Maore, sunan asalin babban tsibirin. Faransanci shine harshen hukuma kuma ana magana da shi a matsayin yare na biyu ta hanyar karuwar yawan jama'a, tare da kashi 63% na yawan jama'ar shekaru 14 da haihuwa suna ba da rahoto a cikin ƙidayar 2007 cewa za su iya magana da shi.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=LANG1M- Population de 14 ans ou plus par sexe, âge et langues parlées |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2569783 |access-date=10 October 2013 |website=INSEE |publisher=[[Cabinet of France|Government of France]] |language=fr}}</ref> Akwai harsuna biyu na Mayotte. Mafi yawan magana shine Shimaore, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta magana shine yaren Malagasy da ake kira Kibushi, wanda akwai yare biyu; Kibushi [[Mutanen Sakalava|Sakalava]], wanda ya fi alaƙa da yaren Sakalava na Malagasy, da Kibushi antalaotsi, wanda yafi alaƙa da yare da Antalaotra na [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] ke magana. Shimaore ya rinjayi yarukan biyu. Tsibirin sun cika da makwabta Gabashin Afirka, tare da isowar [[Larabawa]] daga baya, waɗanda suka kawo bangaskiyar addini ta Islama. An kafa sultanate a cikin 1500. Yawancin jama'a a yau [[Musulmi]] ne. A cikin karni na 19, Andriantsoly, tsohon sarki na Iboina a Madagascar ya ci Mayotte. Ya sayar da tsibirin ga Faransa a 1841. Nan da nan bayan ikon mallakar Faransa a kan tsibirai, an soke [[Bauta|Bautar]] kuma an shigo da ma'aikata zuwa yankin don yin aiki a gonaki da gonaki. Mayotte ta zaɓi ta kasance tare da Faransa <ref name="lexpress.fr">{{Cite web |date=12 March 2018 |title=Ce qu'il faut savoir sur Mayotte, le 101e département français |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/societe/ce-qu-il-faut-savoir-sur-mayotte-le-101e-departement-francais_1991787.html |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=LExpress.fr |language=fr}}</ref> bayan [[Komoros|Comoros]] da ke kusa da ita ta ayyana 'yancin kanta bayan raba gardama na' yancin kai na 1974. <ref name="lexpress.fr" /> Mayotte duk da haka ya zama sashen 101 na Faransa (Jamhuriyar Faransa ta Biyar) a ranar 31 ga Maris 2011 kuma ya zama yankin da ke da alaƙa da Tarayyar Turai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2014, biyo bayan raba gardama na Maris 2009 tare da sakamako mai yawa don amincewa da kasancewa a matsayin sashen Faransa. Batun shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba ya zama da muhimmanci sosai a rayuwar siyasa ta gida a cikin shekarun 2010 da 2020 wanda ya jagoranci Faransa ta shirya Operation Wuambushu . == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Mayotte_topographic_map-fr.svg|thumb|Taswirar taswirar Mayotte, "tsibiran teku"]] Kalmar Mayotte (ko Maore) na iya nufin dukkan tsibiran sashen, wanda mafi girma daga cikinsu ana kiransa Maore ( French ) kuma ya haɗa da tsibiran da ke kewaye da Maore, musamman Pamanzi ( French ), ko kuma kawai ga babban tsibiri. Ana kyautata zaton sunan ya fito ne daga ''Mawuti'', ƙanƙantar Larabci {{Lang|ar|جزيرة الموت}} ''Jazīrat al-Mawt'' – ma'ana "tsibirin mutuwa" (watakila saboda haɗarin raƙuman ruwa da ke kewaye da tsibirin) kuma an lalata shi zuwa ''Mayotta'' a cikin harshen Portugal, daga baya aka mayar da shi Faransanci. Duk da haka, sunan yankin shine ''Mahore'', kuma tushen Larabci yana da shakku. Babban tsibirin, Grande-Terre (ko Maore), mafi tsufa a cikin Tsibirin Comoro, yana da tsawon kilomita 39 (24 da faɗin kilomita 22, kuma mafi girman matsayi shine Dutsen Benara, a mita 660 (2,165 sama da matakin teku. Saboda dutsen dutse, ƙasa tana da wadata a wasu yankuna. Kayan murjani da ke kewaye da yawancin tsibirin yana tabbatar da kariya ga jiragen Ruwa da kuma wurin zama ga kifi. Dzaoudzi ita ce babban birnin Mayotte (kuma a baya babban birnin duk mulkin mallaka na Comoros) har zuwa 1977, lokacin da aka sake komawa babban birnin zuwa Mamoudzou a babban tsibirin Grande-Terre . Tana kan Petite-Terre (ko Pamanzi), wanda ke da kilomita 10 (4 sq shine mafi girma daga cikin tsibirai da yawa da ke kusa da Maore. Yankin tafkin a bayan kogi yana da kusan kilomita 1,500 (580 sq , yana kaiwa matsakaicin zurfin kusan 80m. An bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi girman shingen-reef-lagoon a cikin kudu maso yammacin Tekun Indiya".<ref name="Zinke2003">{{Cite journal |last=Zinke |first=J. |last2=Reijmer |first2=J. J. G. |last3=Thomassin |first3=B. A. |last4=Dullo |first4=W.-C. |last5=Grootes |first5=P. M. |last6=Erlenkeuser |first6=H. |date=2003 |title=Postglacial flooding history of Mayotte Lagoon (Comoro Archipelago, southwest Indian Ocean) |journal=Marine Geology |volume=194 |issue=3–4 |pages=181–196 |bibcode=2003MGeol.194..181Z |doi=10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00705-3}}</ref> === Yanayin ƙasa === Mayotte ita ce mafi tsufa daga cikin manyan tsibirai huɗu na Tsibirin Comoros, sarkar ƙasa da ke fitowa daga taimako jirgin ruwa mai kama da karami a ƙofar Mozambique Channel. Yana da nisan kilomita {{Convert|295|km}} (183 a yammacin Madagascar da nisan km {{Convert|67|km}} (42 a kudu maso gabashin Anjouan, wani lokacin ana iya ganinsa da faɗuwar rana a cikin inuwa, ya ƙunshi tsibirai da tsibirai masu yawa da aka rufe da ciyayi masu kyau. Tsibirin biyu mafi girma sune Grande-Terre da Petite-Terre, wanda ke da goyon bayan murjani. jexilgkxonecj90w6k32w1did34tmo1 842188 842187 2026-05-29T06:49:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 842188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mayotte''' / / m aɪˈɒt / my-OT ; French , {{IPA|fr|majɔt||LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Mayotte.wav}} ; Shimaore , ;Kibushi,), a hukumance '''Ma'aikatar Mayotte''' (French), sashe ne na ƙasashen waje da yanki da kuma tarin yankuna guda ɗaya na Faransa. Yana ɗaya daga cikin sassan Faransa na ƙasashen waje da kuma ɗaya daga cikin yankuna 18 na Faransa, tare da matsayi iri ɗaya da sassan Metropolitan Faransa . Yana da yanki mafi nisa na Tarayyar Turai kuma, a matsayinsa na sashen ƙasashen waje na Faransa, wani ɓangare ne na yankin Turai. Mayotte tana arewacin Tashar Mozambique a yammacin Tekun Indiya a bakin tekun Kudu maso Gabashin Afirka, tsakanin arewa maso yammacin tsibirin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da arewa maso gabashin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] a nahiyar. Mayotte ta ƙunshi babban tsibiri, Grande-Terre (ko Maore), ƙaramin tsibiri, Petite-Terre (ko Pamanzi), da kuma wasu tsibirai da ke kewaye da waɗannan biyun. Yankin ƙasar Mayotte yana da {{Convert|374|km2}} kuma, tare da mutane 320,901 bisa ga kiyasin hukuma na Janairu 2024, yana da cunkoson jama'a sosai, yana da mazauna 858 a kowace kilomita ² (2,228 a kowace murabba'in mil). Babban birni da lardin shine Mamoudzou a kan babban Grande-Terre. Filin jirgin saman Dzaoudzi-Pamandzi yana kan ƙaramin tsibirin Petite-Terre maƙwabta. Ana kuma kiran yankin da Maore, sunan asalin babban tsibirin. Faransanci shine harshen hukuma kuma ana magana da shi a matsayin yare na biyu ta hanyar karuwar yawan jama'a, tare da kashi 63% na yawan jama'ar shekaru 14 da haihuwa suna ba da rahoto a cikin ƙidayar 2007 cewa za su iya magana da shi.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=LANG1M- Population de 14 ans ou plus par sexe, âge et langues parlées |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2569783 |access-date=10 October 2013 |website=INSEE |publisher=[[Cabinet of France|Government of France]] |language=fr}}</ref> Akwai harsuna biyu na Mayotte. Mafi yawan magana shine Shimaore, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta magana shine yaren Malagasy da ake kira Kibushi, wanda akwai yare biyu; Kibushi [[Mutanen Sakalava|Sakalava]], wanda ya fi alaƙa da yaren Sakalava na Malagasy, da Kibushi antalaotsi, wanda yafi alaƙa da yare da Antalaotra na [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] ke magana. Shimaore ya rinjayi yarukan biyu. Tsibirin sun cika da makwabta Gabashin Afirka, tare da isowar [[Larabawa]] daga baya, waɗanda suka kawo bangaskiyar addini ta Islama. An kafa sultanate a cikin 1500. Yawancin jama'a a yau [[Musulmi]] ne. A cikin karni na 19, Andriantsoly, tsohon sarki na Iboina a Madagascar ya ci Mayotte. Ya sayar da tsibirin ga Faransa a 1841. Nan da nan bayan ikon mallakar Faransa a kan tsibirai, an soke [[Bauta|Bautar]] kuma an shigo da ma'aikata zuwa yankin don yin aiki a gonaki da gonaki. Mayotte ta zaɓi ta kasance tare da Faransa <ref name="lexpress.fr">{{Cite web |date=12 March 2018 |title=Ce qu'il faut savoir sur Mayotte, le 101e département français |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/societe/ce-qu-il-faut-savoir-sur-mayotte-le-101e-departement-francais_1991787.html |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=LExpress.fr |language=fr}}</ref> bayan [[Komoros|Comoros]] da ke kusa da ita ta ayyana 'yancin kanta bayan raba gardama na' yancin kai na 1974. <ref name="lexpress.fr" /> Mayotte duk da haka ya zama sashen 101 na Faransa (Jamhuriyar Faransa ta Biyar) a ranar 31 ga Maris 2011 kuma ya zama yankin da ke da alaƙa da Tarayyar Turai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2014, biyo bayan raba gardama na Maris 2009 tare da sakamako mai yawa don amincewa da kasancewa a matsayin sashen Faransa. Batun shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba ya zama da muhimmanci sosai a rayuwar siyasa ta gida a cikin shekarun 2010 da 2020 wanda ya jagoranci Faransa ta shirya Operation Wuambushu . == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Mayotte_topographic_map-fr.svg|thumb|Taswirar taswirar Mayotte, "tsibiran teku"]] Kalmar Mayotte (ko Maore) na iya nufin dukkan tsibiran sashen, wanda mafi girma daga cikinsu ana kiransa Maore ( French ) kuma ya haɗa da tsibiran da ke kewaye da Maore, musamman Pamanzi ( French ), ko kuma kawai ga babban tsibiri. Ana kyautata zaton sunan ya fito ne daga ''Mawuti'', ƙanƙantar Larabci {{Lang|ar|جزيرة الموت}} ''Jazīrat al-Mawt'' – ma'ana "tsibirin mutuwa" (watakila saboda haɗarin raƙuman ruwa da ke kewaye da tsibirin) kuma an lalata shi zuwa ''Mayotta'' a cikin harshen Portugal, daga baya aka mayar da shi Faransanci. Duk da haka, sunan yankin shine ''Mahore'', kuma tushen Larabci yana da shakku. Babban tsibirin, Grande-Terre (ko Maore), mafi tsufa a cikin Tsibirin Comoro, yana da tsawon kilomita 39 (24 da faɗin kilomita 22, kuma mafi girman matsayi shine Dutsen Benara, a mita 660 (2,165 sama da matakin teku. Saboda dutsen dutse, ƙasa tana da wadata a wasu yankuna. Kayan murjani da ke kewaye da yawancin tsibirin yana tabbatar da kariya ga jiragen Ruwa da kuma wurin zama ga kifi. Dzaoudzi ita ce babban birnin Mayotte (kuma a baya babban birnin duk mulkin mallaka na Comoros) har zuwa 1977, lokacin da aka sake komawa babban birnin zuwa Mamoudzou a babban tsibirin Grande-Terre . Tana kan Petite-Terre (ko Pamanzi), wanda ke da kilomita 10 (4 sq shine mafi girma daga cikin tsibirai da yawa da ke kusa da Maore. Yankin tafkin a bayan kogi yana da kusan kilomita 1,500 (580 sq , yana kaiwa matsakaicin zurfin kusan 80m. An bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi girman shingen-reef-lagoon a cikin kudu maso yammacin Tekun Indiya".<ref name="Zinke2003">{{Cite journal |last=Zinke |first=J. |last2=Reijmer |first2=J. J. G. |last3=Thomassin |first3=B. A. |last4=Dullo |first4=W.-C. |last5=Grootes |first5=P. M. |last6=Erlenkeuser |first6=H. |date=2003 |title=Postglacial flooding history of Mayotte Lagoon (Comoro Archipelago, southwest Indian Ocean) |journal=Marine Geology |volume=194 |issue=3–4 |pages=181–196 |bibcode=2003MGeol.194..181Z |doi=10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00705-3}}</ref> === Yanayin ƙasa === Mayotte ita ce mafi tsufa daga cikin manyan tsibirai huɗu na Tsibirin Comoros, sarkar ƙasa da ke fitowa daga taimako jirgin ruwa mai kama da karami a ƙofar Mozambique Channel. Yana da nisan kilomita {{Convert|295|km}} (183 a yammacin Madagascar da nisan km {{Convert|67|km}} (42 a kudu maso gabashin Anjouan, wani lokacin ana iya ganinsa da faɗuwar rana a cikin inuwa, ya ƙunshi tsibirai da tsibirai masu yawa da aka rufe da ciyayi masu kyau. Tsibirin biyu mafi girma sune Grande-Terre da Petite-Terre, wanda ke da goyon bayan murjani. il1ks8dsjgfp71ta6jbjn5o8u092b9v 0 152981 842190 2026-05-29T06:50:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346341623|Mohéli]]" 842190 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohéli''' {{IPA|fr|mɔ.e.li|}}, wanda aka fi sani da '''Mwali''', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Figure 1. Map of the Comoros showing the islands of Ngazidja (Grande... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-the-Comoros-showing-the-islands-of-Ngazidja-Grande-Comore-Ndzuwani-Anjouan_fig1_273487529 |access-date=2020-01-25 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref> tsibiri ne mai cin gashin kansa wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Comoros . Ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin manyan tsibirai uku a cikin ƙasar. Tana cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] a bakin tekun [[Afirka]] kuma ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin manyan tsibirai huɗu na Comoro. Babban birninta kuma birni mafi girma shine Fomboni. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Moheli_island_map-general_view-fr.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar Mohéli.]] [[Fayil:Stamp_Moheli_1906_2c.jpg|right|thumb|142x142px|An ba da hatimi na gidan waya ga Mohéli a takaice a ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransa; wannan darajar kashi biyu ta kasance daga 1906.]] Har zuwa 1830, Mohéli ya kasance wani ɓangare na Ndzuwani Sultanate, wanda kuma ke kula da tsibirin Anjouan makwabta. A cikin 1830, 'yan gudun hijira daga [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] karkashin jagorancin Ramanetaka, wanda daga baya ya canza sunansa zuwa Abderemane, ya mallaki tsibirin kuma ya kafa sultanate na Mwali. Mai mulkinta ita ce Sarauniya Jumbe-Souli a tsakiyar karni na sha tara. A shekara ta 1886, [[Faransa]] ta sanya tsibirin a matsayin mai kariya. === Comoros === A shekara ta 1975, Mohéli ya amince da shiga kasar Comoros, tare da Grande Comore da Anjouan. Rikicin siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa ya shafi Mohéli da Comoros gabaɗaya. === 'Yancin kai === A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1997, Mohéli ya rabu da Comoros, mako guda bayan Anjouan. Shugabannin 'yan tawaye na Mohéli sune Said Mohamed Soefu, wanda ya zama shugaban kasa, da [[Soidri Ahmed]], wanda ya kasance [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MWALI INTERNATIONAL SERVICES AUTHORITY |url=https://www.mwaliregistrar.net/history_of_mwali.html#:~:text=On%2011%20August%201997,%20Moh%C3%A9li%20seceded%20from%20the,Prime%20Minister.%20Moh%C3%A9li%20quietly%20rejoined%20Comoros%20in%201998. |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=www.mwaliregistrar.net}}</ref> === Komawa cikin Comoros === Mohéli ya koma Comoros a shekarar 1998. A shekara ta 2002, Mohéli ya tabbatar da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Comorian, wanda ya samar da gwamnatin tarayya mai zurfi da ƙarin iko ga gwamnatocin tsibirin. Ya taimaka wajen daidaita ci gaba da rikice-rikicen siyasa a Comoros da ci gaba da rabuwa a Anjouan. A wannan shekarar, an zabi Mohamed Said Fazul a matsayin shugaban kasa. Magoya bayansa sun lashe mafi yawan kujeru a cikin tawagar Mohéli zuwa majalisar a zaben majalisar dokoki na shekara ta 2004. == Siyasa == An zabi Mohamed Said Fazul a matsayin shugaban Mohéli a shekara ta 2002 a kan Mohamed Hassanaly . majalisa dokoki ta tsibirin Moheli mai cin gashin kanta tana da kujeru goma kuma an zabe ta a ranar 14 da 21 ga Maris 2004. Magoya bayan Said Mohamed Fazul ne suka lashe kujeru tara, kuma na karshe daga mai goyon bayan Azali Assoumani. A shekara ta 2007, an zabi Mohamed Ali Said a matsayin shugaban tsibirin Moheli mai cin gashin kansa (a halin yanzu shugaban kasa maimakon gwamna) a kan Said Mohamed Fazul . Bayan taƙaita wa'adinsa na shekaru biyu, wanda zai ƙare a shekarar 2012, saboda matsaloli tare da kalandar [[Zaɓe|Zabe]], an sake zabar Mohamed Ali Said a matsayin gwamnan tsibirin Moheli mai cin gashin kansa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 a kan [[Ɗan takara|dan takara]] shugaban kasa mai rinjaye Said Ali Hilali . Zaben 'yan majalisa na tsibirin ya lashe ta hanyar rinjaye daga sansanin Mohamed Ali Said. Bayan zaben majalisa da na al'umma da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015, jam'iyyar [[Gwamna]] Mohamed Ali Said ce ta lashe rinjaye a majalisar tsibirin, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da 'yan majalisa (daidai da wakilai a matakin kasa) na magoya bayan Shugaba Ikililou da jam'iyyun da suka danganci (jam'iyyar UPDC). A watan Mayu 2016, bayan zaben gwamnonin tsibirin, Mohamed Said Fazul ne ya lashe matar Shugaba Ikililou ([[Hadidja Dhoinine]]) a zaben gwamna na shekaru 5. Saboda haka shi ne karo na biyu da ya dauki ragamar tsibirin Moheli. A matsayin tunatarwa, a matakin kasa, tsohon shugaban kasa (2002-2006) Azali Assoumani ne ya lashe zaben kafin Mohamed Ali Soilih . Wannan shi ne karo na biyu (2016-2021) a matsayin Shugaban Tarayyar Comoros . == Yawan jama'a == Yawan jama'ar Mohéli, tun daga shekara ta 2006, kusan 38,000. Babban kabilanci, kamar yadda yake a sauran tsibirin Comoros Grande Comore da Anjouan da kuma yankin Faransa Mayotte, shine kabilanci na Comorian, haɗin kai na [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]], [[Larabawa]], Malay da al'adun Malagasy. Babban addinin shine Musulunci na Sunni . === Al'ummomi === * Fomboni - 19,000 * Nioumachoua - 3,400 * Wanani - 2,500 * Djoièzi - 1,636 [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tkksvqy0vy0agj8d6epwjiwl725en03 842191 842190 2026-05-29T06:50:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 842191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohéli''' {{IPA|fr|mɔ.e.li|}}, wanda aka fi sani da '''Mwali''', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Figure 1. Map of the Comoros showing the islands of Ngazidja (Grande... |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-the-Comoros-showing-the-islands-of-Ngazidja-Grande-Comore-Ndzuwani-Anjouan_fig1_273487529 |access-date=2020-01-25 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref> tsibiri ne mai cin gashin kansa wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Comoros . Ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin manyan tsibirai uku a cikin ƙasar. Tana cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] a bakin tekun [[Afirka]] kuma ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin manyan tsibirai huɗu na Comoro. Babban birninta kuma birni mafi girma shine Fomboni. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Moheli_island_map-general_view-fr.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar Mohéli.]] [[Fayil:Stamp_Moheli_1906_2c.jpg|right|thumb|142x142px|An ba da hatimi na gidan waya ga Mohéli a takaice a ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransa; wannan darajar kashi biyu ta kasance daga 1906.]] Har zuwa 1830, Mohéli ya kasance wani ɓangare na Ndzuwani Sultanate, wanda kuma ke kula da tsibirin Anjouan makwabta. A cikin 1830, 'yan gudun hijira daga [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] karkashin jagorancin Ramanetaka, wanda daga baya ya canza sunansa zuwa Abderemane, ya mallaki tsibirin kuma ya kafa sultanate na Mwali. Mai mulkinta ita ce Sarauniya Jumbe-Souli a tsakiyar karni na sha tara. A shekara ta 1886, [[Faransa]] ta sanya tsibirin a matsayin mai kariya. === Comoros === A shekara ta 1975, Mohéli ya amince da shiga kasar Comoros, tare da Grande Comore da Anjouan. Rikicin siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa ya shafi Mohéli da Comoros gabaɗaya. === 'Yancin kai === A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1997, Mohéli ya rabu da Comoros, mako guda bayan Anjouan. Shugabannin 'yan tawaye na Mohéli sune Said Mohamed Soefu, wanda ya zama shugaban kasa, da [[Soidri Ahmed]], wanda ya kasance [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MWALI INTERNATIONAL SERVICES AUTHORITY |url=https://www.mwaliregistrar.net/history_of_mwali.html#:~:text=On%2011%20August%201997,%20Moh%C3%A9li%20seceded%20from%20the,Prime%20Minister.%20Moh%C3%A9li%20quietly%20rejoined%20Comoros%20in%201998. |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=www.mwaliregistrar.net}}</ref> === Komawa cikin Comoros === Mohéli ya koma Comoros a shekarar 1998. A shekara ta 2002, Mohéli ya tabbatar da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Comorian, wanda ya samar da gwamnatin tarayya mai zurfi da ƙarin iko ga gwamnatocin tsibirin. Ya taimaka wajen daidaita ci gaba da rikice-rikicen siyasa a Comoros da ci gaba da rabuwa a Anjouan. A wannan shekarar, an zabi Mohamed Said Fazul a matsayin shugaban kasa. Magoya bayansa sun lashe mafi yawan kujeru a cikin tawagar Mohéli zuwa majalisar a zaben majalisar dokoki na shekara ta 2004. == Siyasa == An zabi Mohamed Said Fazul a matsayin shugaban Mohéli a shekara ta 2002 a kan Mohamed Hassanaly . majalisa dokoki ta tsibirin Moheli mai cin gashin kanta tana da kujeru goma kuma an zabe ta a ranar 14 da 21 ga Maris 2004. Magoya bayan Said Mohamed Fazul ne suka lashe kujeru tara, kuma na karshe daga mai goyon bayan Azali Assoumani. A shekara ta 2007, an zabi Mohamed Ali Said a matsayin shugaban tsibirin Moheli mai cin gashin kansa (a halin yanzu shugaban kasa maimakon gwamna) a kan Said Mohamed Fazul . Bayan taƙaita wa'adinsa na shekaru biyu, wanda zai ƙare a shekarar 2012, saboda matsaloli tare da kalandar [[Zaɓe|Zabe]], an sake zabar Mohamed Ali Said a matsayin gwamnan tsibirin Moheli mai cin gashin kansa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 a kan [[Ɗan takara|dan takara]] shugaban kasa mai rinjaye Said Ali Hilali . Zaben 'yan majalisa na tsibirin ya lashe ta hanyar rinjaye daga sansanin Mohamed Ali Said. Bayan zaben majalisa da na al'umma da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015, jam'iyyar [[Gwamna]] Mohamed Ali Said ce ta lashe rinjaye a majalisar tsibirin, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da 'yan majalisa (daidai da wakilai a matakin kasa) na magoya bayan Shugaba Ikililou da jam'iyyun da suka danganci (jam'iyyar UPDC). A watan Mayu 2016, bayan zaben gwamnonin tsibirin, Mohamed Said Fazul ne ya lashe matar Shugaba Ikililou ([[Hadidja Dhoinine]]) a zaben gwamna na shekaru 5. Saboda haka shi ne karo na biyu da ya dauki ragamar tsibirin Moheli. A matsayin tunatarwa, a matakin kasa, tsohon shugaban kasa (2002-2006) Azali Assoumani ne ya lashe zaben kafin Mohamed Ali Soilih . Wannan shi ne karo na biyu (2016-2021) a matsayin Shugaban Tarayyar Comoros . == Yawan jama'a == Yawan jama'ar Mohéli, tun daga shekara ta 2006, kusan 38,000. Babban kabilanci, kamar yadda yake a sauran tsibirin Comoros Grande Comore da Anjouan da kuma yankin Faransa Mayotte, shine kabilanci na Comorian, haɗin kai na [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]], [[Larabawa]], Malay da al'adun Malagasy. Babban addinin shine Musulunci na Sunni . === Al'ummomi === * Fomboni - 19,000 * Nioumachoua - 3,400 * Wanani - 2,500 * Djoièzi - 1,636 [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jsceasu3p01bylqjox9vc64thqne48r 0 152982 842192 2026-05-29T06:51:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314102664|France–Seychelles Maritime Boundary Agreement]]" 842192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}'''yarjejeniya iyakar teku ta [[Faransa]] da [[Seychelles]]''' yarjejeniya ce ta 2001 tsakanin Faransa da [[Seychelles]] wacce ke iyakance iyakar teku tsakanin Seychelles da tsibirin Glorioso da ba a zaune ba, wanda mallakar Faransa ce.<ref>Anderson, Ewan W. (2003). {{Google books|E7-menNPxREC|''International Boundaries: A Geopolitical Atlas,'' p.&nbsp;297.}}; Charney, Jonathan I. ''et al.'' (2005). ''International Maritime Boundaries,'' pp.&nbsp;3784–3794.</ref> An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a [[Seychelles]]" id="mwEg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria, Seychelles a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 2001. Yankin da aka tsara ta hanyar rubutun yarjejeniyar ya gano sassan teku guda biyu da aka ayyana ta hanyar ma'auni guda uku. Yankin yana da kusan layi tsakanin yankuna biyu. Ƙarshen arewacin iyaka ya tsaya kusa da tripoint tare da [[Komoros|Comoros]] kuma ƙarshen kudu ya tsaya kusa le tripoint tare le [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki nan da nan bayan sanya hannu. Cikakken sunan yarjejeniyar shine Yarjejeniya tsakanin Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Faransa da Gwamnatin Jëwrijin Seychelles game da Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary of the Exclusive Economic Zone da Continental Shelf of France and of Seychelles. Ministan Harkokin Waje Jérémie Bonnelame ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a madadin Seychelles. == Manazarta == 25czba95ji0svgfh8a13fb09d81q3ov 842193 842192 2026-05-29T06:51:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 842193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''yarjejeniya iyakar teku ta [[Faransa]] da [[Seychelles]]''' yarjejeniya ce ta 2001 tsakanin Faransa da [[Seychelles]] wacce ke iyakance iyakar teku tsakanin Seychelles da tsibirin Glorioso da ba a zaune ba, wanda mallakar Faransa ce.<ref>Anderson, Ewan W. (2003). {{Google books|E7-menNPxREC|''International Boundaries: A Geopolitical Atlas,'' p.&nbsp;297.}}; Charney, Jonathan I. ''et al.'' (2005). ''International Maritime Boundaries,'' pp.&nbsp;3784–3794.</ref> An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a [[Seychelles]]" id="mwEg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria, Seychelles a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 2001. Yankin da aka tsara ta hanyar rubutun yarjejeniyar ya gano sassan teku guda biyu da aka ayyana ta hanyar ma'auni guda uku. Yankin yana da kusan layi tsakanin yankuna biyu. Ƙarshen arewacin iyaka ya tsaya kusa da tripoint tare da [[Komoros|Comoros]] kuma ƙarshen kudu ya tsaya kusa le tripoint tare le [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki nan da nan bayan sanya hannu. Cikakken sunan yarjejeniyar shine Yarjejeniya tsakanin Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Faransa da Gwamnatin Jëwrijin Seychelles game da Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary of the Exclusive Economic Zone da Continental Shelf of France and of Seychelles. Ministan Harkokin Waje Jérémie Bonnelame ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a madadin Seychelles. == Manazarta == lgbpiix2b2ct3b596dj2w5wcslr4ep4 0 152983 842194 2026-05-29T06:52:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306198527|Lotikipi Basin Aquifer]]" 842194 wikitext text/x-wiki Lotikipi Basin Aquifer babban ruwa ne a yankin arewa maso yammacin [[Kenya]] wanda ke dauke da cubic mita biliyan ² na ruwan gishiri kuma yana rufe yanki na 4,164 km2.<ref name="itv article">{{Cite web |date=10 September 2013 |title=Exclusive: Huge water reserve discovered in Kenya |url=http://www.itv.com/news/2013-09-10/kenya-water-aquifer-found-in-lotikipi/ |access-date=11 September 2013 |website=ITV.com |publisher=ITV}}</ref> Ruwan ruwa, wanda aka gano a watan Satumbar 2013, ya ninka sau tara girman kowane ruwa a Kenya kuma yana da damar samar da isasshen ruwa mai kyau ga jama'a har tsawon shekaru 70 ko har abada idan an sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata.<ref name="itv article" /><ref name="Telegraph article">{{Cite web |last=Pflanz, Mike |date=11 September 2013 |title=Kenya finds '70 year supply' of water in desert region |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/kenya/10302421/Kenya-finds-70-year-supply-of-water-in-desert-region.html |access-date=11 September 2013 |website=telegraph.co.uk |publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref>&nbsp; == Bincike == Radar Technologies ne suka gano ruwa, tare da gwamnatin Kenya da [[UNESCO]], ta amfani da tauraron dan adam, radar, da taswirar ƙasa tare da dabarun girgizar ƙasa da ake amfani da su don gano wuraren ajiyar mai.<ref name="csmonitor">{{Cite web |last=Pflanz, Mike |date=11 September 2013 |title=Delaware-sized lake discovered beneath Kenya desert |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2013/0911/Delaware-sized-lake-discovered-beneath-Kenya-desert |access-date=11 September 2013 |website=csmonitor.com |publisher=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> == Ci gaba == Ruwan yana da mita 300 a ƙasa da farfajiyar kuma ya kai kusa da iyakokin [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], da [[Uganda]], yankin da ke da ƙarancin jama'a kuma yana iya yin rikici saboda karancin albarkatu a yankin.<ref name="csmonitor">{{Cite web |last=Pflanz, Mike |date=11 September 2013 |title=Delaware-sized lake discovered beneath Kenya desert |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2013/0911/Delaware-sized-lake-discovered-beneath-Kenya-desert |access-date=11 September 2013 |website=csmonitor.com |publisher=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> A cikin irin wannan yanki mai nisa, taɓawa wani ruwa mai zurfi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kuma kula da ramuka yana haifar da ƙalubalen fasaha ga gwamnatin Kenya.<ref name="csmonitor" /> == Gwaje-gwaje == A watan Fabrairun 2015, gwamnatin Kenya ta ba da sanarwar cewa gwaje-gwaje na farko na ruwa sun sami ruwan da ya fi gishiri don amfani da mutum.<ref>="Reuters">{{Cite web |last=Migiro, Katy |last2=Arsenault, Chris |date=27 February 2015 |title=First test shows Kenya's huge water find too salty to drink |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-water-aquifer-idUSKBN0LV1W720150227 |access-date=7 January 2017 |website=reuters.com |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> Zai buƙaci a cire shi ta amfani da osmosis na baya don ya dace. An sanar da sabbin matakai na gwaji a watan Yunin 2016 tare da kasafin kudin da aka tsara na KShs. Biliyan 5. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> ebiqibrhzhoiaevz1h4zwqmubizrb1o 842195 842194 2026-05-29T06:52:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 842195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lotikipi Basin Aquifer''' babban ruwa ne a yankin arewa maso yammacin [[Kenya]] wanda ke dauke da cubic mita biliyan ² na ruwan gishiri kuma yana rufe yanki na 4,164 km2.<ref name="itv article">{{Cite web |date=10 September 2013 |title=Exclusive: Huge water reserve discovered in Kenya |url=http://www.itv.com/news/2013-09-10/kenya-water-aquifer-found-in-lotikipi/ |access-date=11 September 2013 |website=ITV.com |publisher=ITV}}</ref> Ruwan ruwa, wanda aka gano a watan Satumbar 2013, ya ninka sau tara girman kowane ruwa a Kenya kuma yana da damar samar da isasshen ruwa mai kyau ga jama'a har tsawon shekaru 70 ko har abada idan an sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata.<ref name="itv article" /><ref name="Telegraph article">{{Cite web |last=Pflanz, Mike |date=11 September 2013 |title=Kenya finds '70 year supply' of water in desert region |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/kenya/10302421/Kenya-finds-70-year-supply-of-water-in-desert-region.html |access-date=11 September 2013 |website=telegraph.co.uk |publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref>&nbsp; == Bincike == Radar Technologies ne suka gano ruwa, tare da gwamnatin Kenya da [[UNESCO]], ta amfani da tauraron dan adam, radar, da taswirar ƙasa tare da dabarun girgizar ƙasa da ake amfani da su don gano wuraren ajiyar mai.<ref name="csmonitor">{{Cite web |last=Pflanz, Mike |date=11 September 2013 |title=Delaware-sized lake discovered beneath Kenya desert |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2013/0911/Delaware-sized-lake-discovered-beneath-Kenya-desert |access-date=11 September 2013 |website=csmonitor.com |publisher=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> == Ci gaba == Ruwan yana da mita 300 a ƙasa da farfajiyar kuma ya kai kusa da iyakokin [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], da [[Uganda]], yankin da ke da ƙarancin jama'a kuma yana iya yin rikici saboda karancin albarkatu a yankin.<ref name="csmonitor">{{Cite web |last=Pflanz, Mike |date=11 September 2013 |title=Delaware-sized lake discovered beneath Kenya desert |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2013/0911/Delaware-sized-lake-discovered-beneath-Kenya-desert |access-date=11 September 2013 |website=csmonitor.com |publisher=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> A cikin irin wannan yanki mai nisa, taɓawa wani ruwa mai zurfi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kuma kula da ramuka yana haifar da ƙalubalen fasaha ga gwamnatin Kenya.<ref name="csmonitor" /> == Gwaje-gwaje == A watan Fabrairun 2015, gwamnatin Kenya ta ba da sanarwar cewa gwaje-gwaje na farko na ruwa sun sami ruwan da ya fi gishiri don amfani da mutum.<ref>="Reuters">{{Cite web |last=Migiro, Katy |last2=Arsenault, Chris |date=27 February 2015 |title=First test shows Kenya's huge water find too salty to drink |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-water-aquifer-idUSKBN0LV1W720150227 |access-date=7 January 2017 |website=reuters.com |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> Zai buƙaci a cire shi ta amfani da osmosis na baya don ya dace. An sanar da sabbin matakai na gwaji a watan Yunin 2016 tare da kasafin kudin da aka tsara na KShs. Biliyan 5. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 5g5bg0nud9brlau1e0m2icvoj28zea4 0 152984 842197 2026-05-29T06:53:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1255471861|Yawri Bay]]" 842197 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yawri Bay''' <ref name="mapcarta">{{Cite web |title=Yawri Bay |url=http://mapcarta.com/17151432 |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> wani bay ne a bakin tekun [[Saliyo]] a kan [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika.]] == Yanayin ƙasa == Yawri Bay yana buɗewa zuwa kudu maso yamma kuma yana da nisan kilomita 25 zuwa kudancin Freetown. Tsibirin Banana - gami da Tsibirin Dublin, Tsibirin Ricketts da Wolf Rock - da kuma Mes-Meheux kusa da tudu, suna kusa da arewa maso yammacin iyakar bayin.&nbsp; === Muhalli === Bayar wuri ne mai laushi a bakin teku tare da ruwa mai kariya da kimanin kilomita 60 na bakin teku. Yana da hekta 9,000 na mudflats, wanda ke da goyon bayan hekta 25,000 na mangrove marshes da ke da alaƙa da raƙuman ruwa. An sanya shafin a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) ta BirdLife International saboda yana tallafawa yawan jama'a na ƙananan flamingos, Yammacin reef egrets, pink-backed da manyan fararen pelicans, Eurasian oystercatchers, pied avocets, Eurasian curlews, bar-tailed da black-tailed godwits, red knots, curlew sandpipers, little terns da Timneh parrots.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |title=Yawri Bay |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/yawri-bay-iba-sierra-leone |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Manazarta == i9i93cw3textx32kyh3tfe6msf5bd6z 842198 842197 2026-05-29T06:53:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 842198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yawri Bay''' <ref name="mapcarta">{{Cite web |title=Yawri Bay |url=http://mapcarta.com/17151432 |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> wani bay ne a bakin tekun [[Saliyo]] a kan [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika.]] == Yanayin ƙasa == Yawri Bay yana buɗewa zuwa kudu maso yamma kuma yana da nisan kilomita 25 zuwa kudancin Freetown. Tsibirin Banana - gami da Tsibirin Dublin, Tsibirin Ricketts da Wolf Rock - da kuma Mes-Meheux kusa da tudu, suna kusa da arewa maso yammacin iyakar bayin.&nbsp; === Muhalli === Bayar wuri ne mai laushi a bakin teku tare da ruwa mai kariya da kimanin kilomita 60 na bakin teku. Yana da hekta 9,000 na mudflats, wanda ke da goyon bayan hekta 25,000 na mangrove marshes da ke da alaƙa da raƙuman ruwa. An sanya shafin a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) ta BirdLife International saboda yana tallafawa yawan jama'a na ƙananan flamingos, Yammacin reef egrets, pink-backed da manyan fararen pelicans, Eurasian oystercatchers, pied avocets, Eurasian curlews, bar-tailed da black-tailed godwits, red knots, curlew sandpipers, little terns da Timneh parrots.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |title=Yawri Bay |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/yawri-bay-iba-sierra-leone |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Manazarta == 9z1tis63ud7c64ocdtzexvvd1lqbi93 0 152985 842199 2026-05-29T06:54:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353437483|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]]" 842199 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Sufuri na sassan bututu don Babban Kogin Man-Made (GMMR) a cikin hamadar [[Sahara]], [[Libya]], a cikin shekarun 1980. Cibiyar sadarwa ta bututu da ke samar da ruwa daga Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, burbushin ruwa a cikin hamadar Sahara na Libya, GMMR shine aikin ban ruwa mafi girma a duniya.]] Tsarin ruwa na Nubian Sandstone ('''NSAS''') shine mafi girman tsarin ruwa na burbushin ruwa a duniya. Tana karkashin kasa a gabashin gabashin hamadar [[Sahara]] kuma ta mamaye iyakokin siyasa na kasashe hudu a arewa maso gabashin [[Afirka]]. NSAS ta rufe yankin ƙasa wanda ya kai sama da kilomita miliyan biyu, gami da arewa maso yammacin [[Sudan]], arewa maso gabashin [[Cadi|Chadi]], kudu maso gabashin [[Libya]], da kuma mafi yawan Masar. Ya ƙunshi kimanin 150,000 km³ na [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|Ruwa]] kasa, muhimmancin NSAS a matsayin mai amfani da ruwa don shirye-shiryen ci gaba na gaba a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe yana da girma. Babban aikin Man-Made River (GMMR) a Libya yana amfani da tsarin, yana cire ruwa mai yawa daga wannan ruwa, yana cire kimanin ².4 km³ na ruwa mai kyau don amfani da noma a kowace shekara.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Halaye == [[Fayil:Acuifero_arenito_nubio.jpg|thumb|Tsarin Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa na Nubian]] Tun daga shekara ta 2001, ruwan Nubian Sandstone da ke tsakanin yankunan Toshka da [[Abu Simbel]] na Masar ya sami gagarumin tonowa da ci gaba a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin farfado da ƙasa. An yi amfani da bayanan hakowa don gudanar da karatu iri-iri game da yanayin hydrogeological na yankin. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa halaye na lithological da saitunan tectonic suna da tasiri sosai a kan tsarin kwararar ruwa da kuma yiwuwar ruwa na yankin gaba ɗaya, wanda ake la'akari da shi kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da yankunan makwabta a gabashin [[Oweinat]] ko Dakhla. === Ilimin ƙasa === Ruwan ruwa ya ƙunshi dutse mai tauri mai ƙarfi tare da babban shale da yumɓu, yana da kauri wanda ke tsakanin mita 140 da 230. Nau'in ruwan ƙasa ya bambanta daga sabo zuwa ɗan kauri ( gishirin yana tsakanin 240 zuwa 1300 ppm ). Tsarin ikon ion ya nuna cewa sodium cation ya fi rinjaye fiye da calcium da magnesium - yayin da chloride ya fi rinjaye akan sulfate da bicarbonate . Ruwan ƙasa na asali ne na meteoric <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Samie |first=S. Abd El |last2=M. |first2=Sadek |year=2001 |title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry |url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 |journal=Hydrogeology Journal |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=378–389 |bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E |doi=10.1007/s100400100140 |s2cid=129513948 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> (kalmar ruwan meteoric yana nufin ruwan da ya samo asali daga hazo; yawancin ruwan ƙasa asalin meteoric ne). Babban taro na sodium, chloride, da sulfates suna nuna leaching da rushewa gypsiferous shales da yumɓu, ban da dogon lokaci na zama na ruwa. Reika Yokochi et al. sun gano wurare biyu na sake caji: daya shekaru 38,000 da suka gabata ya samo asali ne daga Bahar Rum, kuma na biyu ya kasance a kusan shekaru 361,000 da suka gabata daga Atlantic mai zafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yokochi |first=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |date=13 August 2019 |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116 |pmc=6697870}}</ref> == Ayyukan ci gaban kasa da kasa == Tun daga shekara ta 2006, Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya tana aiki tare da hadin gwiwar kasashe hudu na NSAS don taimakawa wajen fahimtar matsalolin ruwa ta hanyar aikin Nubian na IAEA-UNDP-GEF . <ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{Cite journal |last=Brittain |first=John |date=June 22, 2015 |title=The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |url-status=dead |journal=Science and Diplomacy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002103/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |access-date=June 22, 2015}}</ref> Abokan aikin sun hada da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) / Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya (GEF), IAEA, Ƙungiyar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkinobho ([[UNESCO]]) da wakilan gwamnati daga ƙasashen NSAS. Manufar aikin na dogon lokaci ita ce kafa ingantaccen gudanarwa na NSAS a matsayin hanyar da za a iya inganta ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a yankin da kuma kare bambancin halittu da albarkatun ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAEA/UNDP/GEF Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Medium Sized Project: Inception Meeting Report. November 9, 2006 |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190909/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=September 20, 2007}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Tafkin Ptolemy]] * [[Lokacin zafi na Afirka]] == Manazarta == 5vbrzruzzshwkoz6nqnxjtku9gg1i0e 842200 842199 2026-05-29T06:54:35Z Pharouqenr 25549 842200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Sufuri na sassan bututu don Babban Kogin Man-Made (GMMR) a cikin hamadar [[Sahara]], [[Libya]], a cikin shekarun 1980. Cibiyar sadarwa ta bututu da ke samar da ruwa daga Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, burbushin ruwa a cikin hamadar Sahara na Libya, GMMR shine aikin ban ruwa mafi girma a duniya.]] Tsarin ruwa na Nubian Sandstone ('''NSAS''') shine mafi girman tsarin ruwa na burbushin ruwa a duniya. Tana karkashin kasa a gabashin gabashin hamadar [[Sahara]] kuma ta mamaye iyakokin siyasa na kasashe hudu a arewa maso gabashin [[Afirka]]. NSAS ta rufe yankin ƙasa wanda ya kai sama da kilomita miliyan biyu, gami da arewa maso yammacin [[Sudan]], arewa maso gabashin [[Cadi|Chadi]], kudu maso gabashin [[Libya]], da kuma mafi yawan Masar. Ya ƙunshi kimanin 150,000 km³ na [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|Ruwa]] kasa, muhimmancin NSAS a matsayin mai amfani da ruwa don shirye-shiryen ci gaba na gaba a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe yana da girma. Babban aikin Man-Made River (GMMR) a Libya yana amfani da tsarin, yana cire ruwa mai yawa daga wannan ruwa, yana cire kimanin ².4 km³ na ruwa mai kyau don amfani da noma a kowace shekara.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Halaye == [[Fayil:Acuifero_arenito_nubio.jpg|thumb|Tsarin Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa na Nubian]] Tun daga shekara ta 2001, ruwan Nubian Sandstone da ke tsakanin yankunan Toshka da [[Abu Simbel]] na Masar ya sami gagarumin tonowa da ci gaba a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin farfado da ƙasa. An yi amfani da bayanan hakowa don gudanar da karatu iri-iri game da yanayin hydrogeological na yankin. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa halaye na lithological da saitunan tectonic suna da tasiri sosai a kan tsarin kwararar ruwa da kuma yiwuwar ruwa na yankin gaba ɗaya, wanda ake la'akari da shi kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da yankunan makwabta a gabashin [[Oweinat]] ko Dakhla. === Ilimin ƙasa === Ruwan ruwa ya ƙunshi dutse mai tauri mai ƙarfi tare da babban shale da yumɓu, yana da kauri wanda ke tsakanin mita 140 da 230. Nau'in ruwan ƙasa ya bambanta daga sabo zuwa ɗan kauri ( gishirin yana tsakanin 240 zuwa 1300 ppm ). Tsarin ikon ion ya nuna cewa sodium cation ya fi rinjaye fiye da calcium da magnesium - yayin da chloride ya fi rinjaye akan sulfate da bicarbonate . Ruwan ƙasa na asali ne na meteoric <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Samie |first=S. Abd El |last2=M. |first2=Sadek |year=2001 |title=Groundwater recharge and flow in the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula, using isotopic techniques and hydrochemistry |url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100400100140 |journal=Hydrogeology Journal |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=378–389 |bibcode=2001HydJ....9..378E |doi=10.1007/s100400100140 |s2cid=129513948 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> (kalmar ruwan meteoric yana nufin ruwan da ya samo asali daga hazo; yawancin ruwan ƙasa asalin meteoric ne). Babban taro na sodium, chloride, da sulfates suna nuna leaching da rushewa gypsiferous shales da yumɓu, ban da dogon lokaci na zama na ruwa. Reika Yokochi et al. sun gano wurare biyu na sake caji: daya shekaru 38,000 da suka gabata ya samo asali ne daga Bahar Rum, kuma na biyu ya kasance a kusan shekaru 361,000 da suka gabata daga Atlantic mai zafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yokochi |first=Reika |last2=Ram |first2=Roi |last3=Zappala |first3=Jake C. |last4=Jiang |first4=Wei |last5=Adar |first5=Eilon |last6=Bernier |first6=Ryan |last7=Burg |first7=Avihu |last8=Dayan |first8=Uri |last9=Lu |first9=Zheng-Tian |last10=Mueller |first10=Peter |last11=Purtschert |first11=Roland |last12=Yechieli |first12=Yoseph |date=13 August 2019 |title=Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=116 |issue=33 |pages=16222–16227 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1904260116 |pmc=6697870}}</ref> == Ayyukan ci gaban kasa da kasa == Tun daga shekara ta 2006, Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya tana aiki tare da hadin gwiwar kasashe hudu na NSAS don taimakawa wajen fahimtar matsalolin ruwa ta hanyar aikin Nubian na IAEA-UNDP-GEF . <ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{Cite journal |last=Brittain |first=John |date=June 22, 2015 |title=The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |url-status=dead |journal=Science and Diplomacy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002103/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |access-date=June 22, 2015}}</ref> Abokan aikin sun hada da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) / Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya (GEF), IAEA, Ƙungiyar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkinobho ([[UNESCO]]) da wakilan gwamnati daga ƙasashen NSAS. Manufar aikin na dogon lokaci ita ce kafa ingantaccen gudanarwa na NSAS a matsayin hanyar da za a iya inganta ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a yankin da kuma kare bambancin halittu da albarkatun ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAEA/UNDP/GEF Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Medium Sized Project: Inception Meeting Report. November 9, 2006 |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190909/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/Nubian/document/Nubian%20inception_report%20-may1107.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=September 20, 2007}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Tafkin Ptolemy]] * [[Lokacin zafi na Afirka]] == Manazarta == 2xr34cju7lp0ajwukj5cfubtg39ikfo 0 152986 842202 2026-05-29T06:55:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253845398|Dungonab Bay]]" 842202 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dungonab Bay'''<ref name="mapcarta">{{Cite web |title=Dungunāb |url=http://mapcarta.com/13097906 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> or '''Dongonab Bay''' (Arabic: خليج دونجوناب ''Ḫalīj Dūnjūnāb'') is a body of water on the coastline of [[Sudan]] on the [[Red Sea]]. == Yanayin ƙasa == Dungonab Bay yana fuskantar kudu kuma yana da nisan kilomita 130 zuwa arewacin Port Sudan. Tsakanin ɓangarensa, Rawayah Lagoon, an kewaye shi da coral reefs. Tare da [[Mukkawar Island|Tsibirin Mukkawar]] da [[Sanganeb]] (wani kogi mai kariya), an ayyana yankin a matsayin Dungonab Bay - Mukkawar Island Marine National Park kuma ya zama [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidan Tarihin Duniya]] a cikin 2016. An sanya shi a matsayin wurin Ramsar mai kariya tun shekara ta 2009.&nbsp; === Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye === Yankin bakin teku na bakin teku, gami da mangroves na bakin teku na bay, tare da tsibirin Mukkawar, Mayetib da Taila da ruwan da ke kusa da su, an sanya su a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) ta BirdLife International saboda suna tallafawa manyan mazauna ko masu kiwo na sandgrouse, fararen ido gulls, karamin terns, sooty falcons, manyan hoopoe-larks, bar-tailed da larks na hamada, fulvous babblers da fararen kambi.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |title=Mukawwar island and Dunganab bay |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/mukawwar-island-and-dunganab-bay-iba-sudan |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Cibiyar Kula da Gidajen Afirka * Jerin wuraren tarihi na duniya a Afirka * Jerin wuraren tarihi na duniya a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa == Manazarta == i0yn3zwheztp2n9dh2b2zobpp1qie55 842203 842202 2026-05-29T06:55:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 842203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dungonab Bay'''<ref name="mapcarta">{{Cite web |title=Dungunāb |url=http://mapcarta.com/13097906 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> or '''Dongonab Bay''' (Arabic: خليج دونجوناب ''Ḫalīj Dūnjūnāb'') is a body of water on the coastline of [[Sudan]] on the [[Red Sea]]. == Yanayin ƙasa == Dungonab Bay yana fuskantar kudu kuma yana da nisan kilomita 130 zuwa arewacin Port Sudan. Tsakanin ɓangarensa, Rawayah Lagoon, an kewaye shi da coral reefs. Tare da [[Mukkawar Island|Tsibirin Mukkawar]] da [[Sanganeb]] (wani kogi mai kariya), an ayyana yankin a matsayin Dungonab Bay - Mukkawar Island Marine National Park kuma ya zama [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidan Tarihin Duniya]] a cikin 2016. An sanya shi a matsayin wurin Ramsar mai kariya tun shekara ta 2009.&nbsp; === Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye === Yankin bakin teku na bakin teku, gami da mangroves na bakin teku na bay, tare da tsibirin Mukkawar, Mayetib da Taila da ruwan da ke kusa da su, an sanya su a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) ta BirdLife International saboda suna tallafawa manyan mazauna ko masu kiwo na sandgrouse, fararen ido gulls, karamin terns, sooty falcons, manyan hoopoe-larks, bar-tailed da larks na hamada, fulvous babblers da fararen kambi.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |title=Mukawwar island and Dunganab bay |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/mukawwar-island-and-dunganab-bay-iba-sudan |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Cibiyar Kula da Gidajen Afirka * Jerin wuraren tarihi na duniya a Afirka * Jerin wuraren tarihi na duniya a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa == Manazarta == o551d1n6or0b8rqusodkhnipe18tnoh 0 152987 842204 2026-05-29T06:56:04Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1172100122|Bemarivo (Sofia)]]" 842204 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Carte_bassin_Sofia.svg|left|thumb|Bassin na Bemarivo & Sofia Rivers]] Kogin '''Bemarivo''' a yankin Sofia ({{IPA|/be.mari.v/}}), yana arewacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. Yana malala zuwa gabar tekun arewa, zuwa cikin [[Anjobony]] jim kaɗan kafin [[Kogin Sofia]], kusa da Boriziny (Port Bergé). Yana gudana ta hanyar RN 6 da RN 4. == Manazarta == j6hg7vl58t4dgedbeip1chz26xzsuz3 842209 842204 2026-05-29T06:57:46Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842209 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Carte_bassin_Sofia.svg|left|thumb|Bassin na Bemarivo & Sofia Rivers]] Kogin '''Bemarivo''' a yankin Sofia ({{IPA|/be.mari.v/}}), yana arewacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. Yana malala zuwa gabar tekun arewa, zuwa cikin [[Anjobony]]<ref>[http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/monographies/Fleuves%20et%20rivières%20de%20Madagascar.pdf Fleuves & Rivières de Madagascar]</ref> jim kaɗan kafin [[Kogin Sofia]], kusa da Boriziny (Port Bergé).<ref>[https://madagascar-tribune.com/La-galere-des-riverains-de-la-RN4,21801.html La galère da la RN4]</ref> Yana gudana ta hanyar RN 6 da RN 4.<ref>[http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/monographies/Fleuves%20et%20rivières%20de%20Madagascar.pdf Fleuves & Rivières de Madagascar]</ref> == Manazarta == 13x77x2krjrrtlhj9g4faossfns0l7d 842215 842209 2026-05-29T06:58:49Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842215 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Carte_bassin_Sofia.svg|left|thumb|Bassin na Bemarivo & Sofia Rivers]] {{Databox}} Kogin '''Bemarivo''' a yankin Sofia ({{IPA|/be.mari.v/}}), yana arewacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. Yana malala zuwa gabar tekun arewa, zuwa cikin [[Anjobony]]<ref>[http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/monographies/Fleuves%20et%20rivières%20de%20Madagascar.pdf Fleuves & Rivières de Madagascar]</ref> jim kaɗan kafin [[Kogin Sofia]], kusa da Boriziny (Port Bergé).<ref>[https://madagascar-tribune.com/La-galere-des-riverains-de-la-RN4,21801.html La galère da la RN4]</ref> Yana gudana ta hanyar RN 6 da RN 4.<ref>[http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/monographies/Fleuves%20et%20rivières%20de%20Madagascar.pdf Fleuves & Rivières de Madagascar]</ref> == Manazarta == 37o2bd89ogah6ke668ztsd3mmj72pvb 0 152988 842205 2026-05-29T06:56:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351880722|Porto Alexandre, Angola]]" 842205 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Porto Alexandre''', wani lokaci ana kiranta da shi a Turanci kamar Port Alexander, wani bay ne a [[Angola]] . <ref name="GN">{{Cite web |title=Port Alexander |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4016101&fid=327&c=angola |access-date=10 October 2016 |website=Geographic Names}}</ref> Tana cikin Lardin Namibe. == Yanayin ƙasa == Porto Alexandre wani bay ne mai kariya sosai na Tekun Atlantika ta Kudu. Bayin ƙasa fuskantar gabas, tare da tsaunuka masu tsawo {{Convert|41|m}} m (135 da ke tashi daga Ponta do Porto, da ke kula da ƙarshen gabashin tashar jiragen ruwa da ke ƙarshen kariya. ''Saco da Baleia'' wani bay ne da ke yammacin ƙarshen yammacin murfin.<ref name="mapcartaBS">{{Cite web |title=Ponta do Porto |url=http://mapcarta.com/19039002 |access-date=10 October 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> Garin Tômbua yana kan iyakar kudancin bayin. A baya tashar jiragen ruwa ce, <ref name="PA">{{Cite web |title=Southern Whaling & Sealing Co. at Port Alexander |url=http://glennmci.brinkster.net/pa/pa.html |access-date=10 October 2016 |website=Sound of Jura}}</ref> amma a halin yanzu muhimmiyar tashar jiragen kasa ce don samar da mai da kamun kifi a yankin. Tashar jiragen ruwa tana da wuraren sanyaya da aka shigar tare da taimakon [[Tarayyar Turai]] a masana'antar gwangwani ta Tombwa. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin fitilu a Angola * [[Yanayin Angola]] == Manazarta == bvwn8hlda6k2ypngm4vyyi1tb8k65i1 842206 842205 2026-05-29T06:56:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 842206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Porto Alexandre''', wani lokaci ana kiranta da shi a Turanci kamar Port Alexander, wani bay ne a [[Angola]] . <ref name="GN">{{Cite web |title=Port Alexander |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4016101&fid=327&c=angola |access-date=10 October 2016 |website=Geographic Names}}</ref> Tana cikin Lardin Namibe. == Yanayin ƙasa == Porto Alexandre wani bay ne mai kariya sosai na Tekun Atlantika ta Kudu. Bayin ƙasa fuskantar gabas, tare da tsaunuka masu tsawo {{Convert|41|m}} m (135 da ke tashi daga Ponta do Porto, da ke kula da ƙarshen gabashin tashar jiragen ruwa da ke ƙarshen kariya. ''Saco da Baleia'' wani bay ne da ke yammacin ƙarshen yammacin murfin.<ref name="mapcartaBS">{{Cite web |title=Ponta do Porto |url=http://mapcarta.com/19039002 |access-date=10 October 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> Garin Tômbua yana kan iyakar kudancin bayin. A baya tashar jiragen ruwa ce, <ref name="PA">{{Cite web |title=Southern Whaling & Sealing Co. at Port Alexander |url=http://glennmci.brinkster.net/pa/pa.html |access-date=10 October 2016 |website=Sound of Jura}}</ref> amma a halin yanzu muhimmiyar tashar jiragen kasa ce don samar da mai da kamun kifi a yankin. Tashar jiragen ruwa tana da wuraren sanyaya da aka shigar tare da taimakon [[Tarayyar Turai]] a masana'antar gwangwani ta Tombwa. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin fitilu a Angola * [[Yanayin Angola]] == Manazarta == 8vkm8p5slyerly9ckdg0p22p752ps7q 0 152989 842207 2026-05-29T06:57:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1254446936|Tigres Strait]]" 842207 wikitext text/x-wiki   Kogin Tigres, wanda aka fi sani da Tigres Bay ko Great Fish Bay, wani kogi ne a [[Angola]], wanda ke cikin Lardin Namibe, yana aiki a matsayin rabuwa tsakanin yankin Angola da Tsibirin Tigres . <ref name="mapcartaB">{{Cite web |title=Baia dos Tigres |url=http://mapcarta.com/19037300 |access-date=10 October 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Ya taɓa samun karamin tsibiri a gefen gabas, tare da isthmus a kudu da ƙauyen kamun kifi mai suna Saint Martin of the Tigers (a cikin Portuguese: ''San Martinho dos Tigres''). Tekun ya fashe ta isthmus na tsibirin a 1962 kuma an yanke layin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cool Waters |url=https://sites.google.com/a/coolwaterssara.com/www/ |access-date=2017-07-13 |website=sites.google.com}}</ref> Tigres ya zama tsibiri da daddare, Tsibirin Tigres, tsibirin mafi girma na Angola.<ref name="mapcartaI">{{Cite web |title=Ilha dos Tigres |url=http://mapcarta.com/19049252 |access-date=10 October 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> A halin yanzu, mafi yawan yankin tsohon bay ya zama ƙuƙwalwa tsakanin tsibirin da ƙasar. Daga asalin bayin, ƙaramin ƙofar da ke buɗewa zuwa arewa - ''Saco dos Tigres'' - ya kasance a ƙarshen kudu.<ref name="mapcartaST">{{Cite web |title=Saco dos Tigres |url=http://mapcarta.com/19037298 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> == Tarihi == A ranar 6 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1904 rundunar sojojin Rasha ta ci gaba zuwa Pacific don yaƙi da Yaƙin Tsushima na tsaya a bay don ɗaukar kwal.<ref name="Pleshakov140" /> Sun bar washegari da rana.<ref name="Pleshakov140" /> Jirgin Birtaniya na HMS Barrosa ya isa washegari yana neman rundunar kafin ya tafi Moçâmedes . == Dubi kuma == * [[Yanayin Angola]] == Manazarta == 0nce9euympqo0uxg063f0wy8vcyunmb 842208 842207 2026-05-29T06:57:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 842208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Tigres''', wanda aka fi sani da Tigres Bay ko Great Fish Bay, wani kogi ne a [[Angola]], wanda ke cikin Lardin Namibe, yana aiki a matsayin rabuwa tsakanin yankin Angola da Tsibirin Tigres . <ref name="mapcartaB">{{Cite web |title=Baia dos Tigres |url=http://mapcarta.com/19037300 |access-date=10 October 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Ya taɓa samun karamin tsibiri a gefen gabas, tare da isthmus a kudu da ƙauyen kamun kifi mai suna Saint Martin of the Tigers (a cikin Portuguese: ''San Martinho dos Tigres''). Tekun ya fashe ta isthmus na tsibirin a 1962 kuma an yanke layin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cool Waters |url=https://sites.google.com/a/coolwaterssara.com/www/ |access-date=2017-07-13 |website=sites.google.com}}</ref> Tigres ya zama tsibiri da daddare, Tsibirin Tigres, tsibirin mafi girma na Angola.<ref name="mapcartaI">{{Cite web |title=Ilha dos Tigres |url=http://mapcarta.com/19049252 |access-date=10 October 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> A halin yanzu, mafi yawan yankin tsohon bay ya zama ƙuƙwalwa tsakanin tsibirin da ƙasar. Daga asalin bayin, ƙaramin ƙofar da ke buɗewa zuwa arewa - ''Saco dos Tigres'' - ya kasance a ƙarshen kudu.<ref name="mapcartaST">{{Cite web |title=Saco dos Tigres |url=http://mapcarta.com/19037298 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> == Tarihi == A ranar 6 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1904 rundunar sojojin Rasha ta ci gaba zuwa Pacific don yaƙi da Yaƙin Tsushima na tsaya a bay don ɗaukar kwal.<ref name="Pleshakov140" /> Sun bar washegari da rana.<ref name="Pleshakov140" /> Jirgin Birtaniya na HMS Barrosa ya isa washegari yana neman rundunar kafin ya tafi Moçâmedes . == Dubi kuma == * [[Yanayin Angola]] == Manazarta == 0nl5fpy145vk7g220e470xju0m4ag1f 0 152990 842211 2026-05-29T06:57:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354196080|Abu Qir Bay]]" 842211 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abū Qīr Bay''' (wani lokacin ana fassara shi ''''''Abokir Bay'''''' ko Aboukir Bay; Larabci: خليج أبو قير, ) wani bay ne mai faɗi a kan Bahar Rum kusa da Alexandria a [[Misra|Misira]], yana kwance tsakanin bakin [[Rosetta]] na [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da garin Abu Qir . Tsoffin biranen Canopus, Heracleion da Menouthis sun nutse a ƙarƙashin bayin. A shekara ta 1798 shi ne wurin yakin Nilu, yakin basasa da aka yi tsakanin Royal Navy na Burtaniya da rundunar sojan ruwa na Jamhuriyar Faransanci. Bayin yana dauke da filin iskar gas, wanda aka gano a cikin shekarun 1970s. == Yanayin ƙasa == == Rashin ruwa == Tushen gargajiya sun nuna cewa reshen Canopic na Delta na Nilu ya taɓa shiga teku a kusa da Heracleion ko gabashin Canopus. Haɗin matani na Islama da bincike ta amfani da ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa sun nuna cewa wannan reshe har yanzu yana nan a ƙarni na takwas, lokacin da babban ambaliyar ruwa ta sa gabashin Canopus ya nutse cikin bay. Ofishin Canopic daga baya ya ƙi kuma daga ƙarshe ya rufe. Ƙasa a yankin Canopus tana ƙarƙashin hauhawar matakan teku, girgizar ƙasa, tsunami, kuma manyan sassanta suna da alama sun riga sun mutu ga liquefaction na ƙasa wani lokaci a ƙarshen ƙarni na 2 BC, sun zama a cikin ruwa. == Abubuwan da suka gabata == [[Fayil:Canopus_menouthis_herakleion.jpg|thumb|Taswirar Kogin Nilu da ke nuna tsohuwar Canopus, Heracleion, da Menouthis]] A zamanin d ̄ a Abu Qir Bay an kewaye shi da marshland kuma yana dauke da tsibirai da yawa. Tun daga farkon karni na 7 BC, an kafa biranen tashar jiragen ruwa a bakin tekun. Bayin yanzu ya ƙunshi wuraren binciken archaeological na karkashin ruwa na birane uku daga zamanin pre-Hellenistic, Hellenistic da Roman. Yankin gabashin tsohuwar birnin Canopus ya nutse a cikin bay, tare da ragowar Menouthis da 'yar'uwarta Herakleion-Thonis wanda yanzu yana da nisan kilomita 7 daga bakin teku. Masanin binciken kayan tarihi na karkashin ruwa na Faransa Frank Goddio ne ya tono su. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, aikin Masar tare da hadin gwiwar Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeology ta Turai ta ba da sanarwar gano jiragen ruwa guda uku da suka nutse masu shekaru 2,000 da suka koma zamanin Roman a Abu Qir Bay na Alexandria.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-21 |title=Sunken vessels dating back to Roman era discovered in Alexandria |url=https://www.egyptindependent.com/sunken-vessels-dating-back-roman-era-discovered-alexandria/ |access-date=2020-12-28 |website=Egypt Independent |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-21 |title=Remains of 3 ships dating back to Roman era Found in Alex. |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/33550/Remains-of-3-ships-dating-back-to-Roman-era-Found |access-date=2020-12-28 |website=EgyptToday}}</ref> Kayan da aka nutse sun haɗa da shugaban sarauta na lu'ulu'u watakila na kwamandan sojojin Romawa na "Antonio", tsabar zinariya guda uku daga zamanin Sarkin sarakuna Octavius Augustus, manyan allunan katako da tasoshin tukwane. A watan Yulin 2019, an sami karamin haikalin Girka da ginshiƙan dutse na dā, jiragen ruwa masu dauke da dukiya, tare da tsabar tagulla daga mulkin Ptolemy II, tukwane da suka samo asali daga ƙarni na uku da na huɗu BC a garin Heracleion, wanda aka sani da Atlantis na Masar. Masu binciken sun gudanar da su ne daga masu nutsewa na Masar da na Turai karkashin jagorancin masanin binciken karkashin ruwa Frank Goddio. Sun kuma gano wani haikalin tarihi na karkashin ruwa (babban haikalin birni) a arewacin gabar tekun Masar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Topics |first=Head |date=24 July 2019 |title=Archaeologists discover a sunken ancient settlement underwater |url=https://headtopics.com/uk/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater-7097571 |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=Head Topics |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=EDT |first=Katherine Hignett On 7/23/19 at 11:06 AM |date=2019-07-23 |title=Ancient Egypt: Underwater archaeologists uncover destroyed temple in the sunken city of Heracleion |url=https://www.newsweek.com/ancient-egypt-underwater-cities-sunken-cities-temple-coins-jewelry-archaeology-1450695 |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Santos |first=Edwin |date=2019-07-28 |title=Archaeologists discover a sunken ancient settlement underwater |url=https://nosymedia.info/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/1410/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817155916/https://nosymedia.info/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/1410/ |archive-date=2019-08-17 |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=Nosy Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=History |first=Laura Geggel 2019-07-29T10:37:58Z |date=29 July 2019 |title=Divers Find Remains of Ancient Temple in Sunken Egyptian City |url=https://www.livescience.com/66045-underwater-ancient-egypt-city-temple.html |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:The_Battle_of_the_Nile,_1_August_1798.jpg|thumb|Jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya suna kai hari kan jiragen ruwa na Faransa a Abukir]] A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1798, Horatio Nelson ya yi yaƙi da "Yaƙin Nilu", wanda ake kira "Yaƙin Aboukir Bay". (Kada a rikita shi da Yakin Abukir (1799) da Yakin abukir (1801). ) A ranar 1 ga Maris 1801, wasu jiragen yaki na Burtaniya 70, tare da sufuri dauke da sojoji 16,000, sun rataye a Aboukir Bay kusa da Alexandria. Manufar ita ce ta kayar da sojojin Faransa da suka kasance a Misira bayan dawowar [[Napoleon]] zuwa Faransa. Mummunan yanayi ya jinkirta saukowa da mako guda amma, a ranar 8 ga Maris, Kyaftin Alexander Cochrane na HMS <nowiki><i id="mwqQ">Ajax</i></nowiki> ya tura jiragen ruwa 320, a layi biyu tare, don kawo sojojin zuwa bakin teku. Batir na bakin teku na Faransa sun yi tsayayya da saukowa, amma Birtaniya sun iya korar su kuma, washegari, duk sojojin Burtaniya na Sir Ralph Abercromby sun kasance a bakin teku. Daga nan sai Birtaniya ta kayar da sojojin Faransa a Yaƙin Iskandariya . Siege na Alexandria ya biyo baya, tare da birnin ya fadi a ranar 2 ga Satumba 1801. L'Orient, flagship na Napoleon, ya lalace ta hanyar jirgin ruwa na Nelson kuma yana cikin bay a kasan teku. Yana ɗauke da miliyan biyar a cikin zinariya da miliyan ɗaya a cikin farantin azurfa da aka karɓa daga Knights Hospitaller a [[Malta]]. Tsakanin 1998 da 1999, masanin binciken kayan tarihi na Faransa Franck Goddio ya jagoranci wani balaguro wanda ya gudanar da binciken binciken archaeological na karkashin ruwa game da wurin da ya rushe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Napoleon Bonaparte's fleet |url=http://www.franckgoddio.org/projects/others/napoleon-bonapartes-fleet.html |access-date=12 October 2017 |website=Franck Goddio}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1ze2tw6eg5vy3yd2iio1v4u48hr3qkk 842213 842211 2026-05-29T06:58:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 842213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abū Qīr Bay''' (wani lokacin ana fassara shi ''''''Abokir Bay'''''' ko Aboukir Bay; Larabci: خليج أبو قير, ) wani bay ne mai faɗi a kan Bahar Rum kusa da Alexandria a [[Misra|Misira]], yana kwance tsakanin bakin [[Rosetta]] na [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da garin Abu Qir . Tsoffin biranen Canopus, Heracleion da Menouthis sun nutse a ƙarƙashin bayin. A shekara ta 1798 shi ne wurin yakin Nilu, yakin basasa da aka yi tsakanin Royal Navy na Burtaniya da rundunar sojan ruwa na Jamhuriyar Faransanci. Bayin yana dauke da filin iskar gas, wanda aka gano a cikin shekarun 1970s. == Yanayin ƙasa == == Rashin ruwa == Tushen gargajiya sun nuna cewa reshen Canopic na Delta na Nilu ya taɓa shiga teku a kusa da Heracleion ko gabashin Canopus. Haɗin matani na Islama da bincike ta amfani da ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa sun nuna cewa wannan reshe har yanzu yana nan a ƙarni na takwas, lokacin da babban ambaliyar ruwa ta sa gabashin Canopus ya nutse cikin bay. Ofishin Canopic daga baya ya ƙi kuma daga ƙarshe ya rufe. Ƙasa a yankin Canopus tana ƙarƙashin hauhawar matakan teku, girgizar ƙasa, tsunami, kuma manyan sassanta suna da alama sun riga sun mutu ga liquefaction na ƙasa wani lokaci a ƙarshen ƙarni na 2 BC, sun zama a cikin ruwa. == Abubuwan da suka gabata == [[Fayil:Canopus_menouthis_herakleion.jpg|thumb|Taswirar Kogin Nilu da ke nuna tsohuwar Canopus, Heracleion, da Menouthis]] A zamanin d ̄ a Abu Qir Bay an kewaye shi da marshland kuma yana dauke da tsibirai da yawa. Tun daga farkon karni na 7 BC, an kafa biranen tashar jiragen ruwa a bakin tekun. Bayin yanzu ya ƙunshi wuraren binciken archaeological na karkashin ruwa na birane uku daga zamanin pre-Hellenistic, Hellenistic da Roman. Yankin gabashin tsohuwar birnin Canopus ya nutse a cikin bay, tare da ragowar Menouthis da 'yar'uwarta Herakleion-Thonis wanda yanzu yana da nisan kilomita 7 daga bakin teku. Masanin binciken kayan tarihi na karkashin ruwa na Faransa Frank Goddio ne ya tono su. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, aikin Masar tare da hadin gwiwar Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeology ta Turai ta ba da sanarwar gano jiragen ruwa guda uku da suka nutse masu shekaru 2,000 da suka koma zamanin Roman a Abu Qir Bay na Alexandria.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-21 |title=Sunken vessels dating back to Roman era discovered in Alexandria |url=https://www.egyptindependent.com/sunken-vessels-dating-back-roman-era-discovered-alexandria/ |access-date=2020-12-28 |website=Egypt Independent |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-21 |title=Remains of 3 ships dating back to Roman era Found in Alex. |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/33550/Remains-of-3-ships-dating-back-to-Roman-era-Found |access-date=2020-12-28 |website=EgyptToday}}</ref> Kayan da aka nutse sun haɗa da shugaban sarauta na lu'ulu'u watakila na kwamandan sojojin Romawa na "Antonio", tsabar zinariya guda uku daga zamanin Sarkin sarakuna Octavius Augustus, manyan allunan katako da tasoshin tukwane. A watan Yulin 2019, an sami karamin haikalin Girka da ginshiƙan dutse na dā, jiragen ruwa masu dauke da dukiya, tare da tsabar tagulla daga mulkin Ptolemy II, tukwane da suka samo asali daga ƙarni na uku da na huɗu BC a garin Heracleion, wanda aka sani da Atlantis na Masar. Masu binciken sun gudanar da su ne daga masu nutsewa na Masar da na Turai karkashin jagorancin masanin binciken karkashin ruwa Frank Goddio. Sun kuma gano wani haikalin tarihi na karkashin ruwa (babban haikalin birni) a arewacin gabar tekun Masar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Topics |first=Head |date=24 July 2019 |title=Archaeologists discover a sunken ancient settlement underwater |url=https://headtopics.com/uk/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater-7097571 |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=Head Topics |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=EDT |first=Katherine Hignett On 7/23/19 at 11:06 AM |date=2019-07-23 |title=Ancient Egypt: Underwater archaeologists uncover destroyed temple in the sunken city of Heracleion |url=https://www.newsweek.com/ancient-egypt-underwater-cities-sunken-cities-temple-coins-jewelry-archaeology-1450695 |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Santos |first=Edwin |date=2019-07-28 |title=Archaeologists discover a sunken ancient settlement underwater |url=https://nosymedia.info/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/1410/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817155916/https://nosymedia.info/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/1410/ |archive-date=2019-08-17 |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=Nosy Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=History |first=Laura Geggel 2019-07-29T10:37:58Z |date=29 July 2019 |title=Divers Find Remains of Ancient Temple in Sunken Egyptian City |url=https://www.livescience.com/66045-underwater-ancient-egypt-city-temple.html |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:The_Battle_of_the_Nile,_1_August_1798.jpg|thumb|Jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya suna kai hari kan jiragen ruwa na Faransa a Abukir]] A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1798, Horatio Nelson ya yi yaƙi da "Yaƙin Nilu", wanda ake kira "Yaƙin Aboukir Bay". (Kada a rikita shi da Yakin Abukir (1799) da Yakin abukir (1801). ) A ranar 1 ga Maris 1801, wasu jiragen yaki na Burtaniya 70, tare da sufuri dauke da sojoji 16,000, sun rataye a Aboukir Bay kusa da Alexandria. Manufar ita ce ta kayar da sojojin Faransa da suka kasance a Misira bayan dawowar [[Napoleon]] zuwa Faransa. Mummunan yanayi ya jinkirta saukowa da mako guda amma, a ranar 8 ga Maris, Kyaftin Alexander Cochrane na HMS <nowiki><i id="mwqQ">Ajax</i></nowiki> ya tura jiragen ruwa 320, a layi biyu tare, don kawo sojojin zuwa bakin teku. Batir na bakin teku na Faransa sun yi tsayayya da saukowa, amma Birtaniya sun iya korar su kuma, washegari, duk sojojin Burtaniya na Sir Ralph Abercromby sun kasance a bakin teku. Daga nan sai Birtaniya ta kayar da sojojin Faransa a Yaƙin Iskandariya . Siege na Alexandria ya biyo baya, tare da birnin ya fadi a ranar 2 ga Satumba 1801. L'Orient, flagship na Napoleon, ya lalace ta hanyar jirgin ruwa na Nelson kuma yana cikin bay a kasan teku. Yana ɗauke da miliyan biyar a cikin zinariya da miliyan ɗaya a cikin farantin azurfa da aka karɓa daga Knights Hospitaller a [[Malta]]. Tsakanin 1998 da 1999, masanin binciken kayan tarihi na Faransa Franck Goddio ya jagoranci wani balaguro wanda ya gudanar da binciken binciken archaeological na karkashin ruwa game da wurin da ya rushe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Napoleon Bonaparte's fleet |url=http://www.franckgoddio.org/projects/others/napoleon-bonapartes-fleet.html |access-date=12 October 2017 |website=Franck Goddio}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3lfkqjf87ipt09ot0c6nxyws5d1ztnk 0 152991 842214 2026-05-29T06:58:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352034489|Foul Bay]]" 842214 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Foul Bay''' ( Greek , "marasa tsafta"; Latin , Arabic) wani bakin teku ne a gefen [[Misra|Masar]] na [[Red Sea|Tekun Ja]], a cikin Hukumar Tekun Ja. == Yanayin ƙasa == Foul Bay yana da ɗan arewacin Tropic of Cancer . Garin da ke cikin yankin bayin shine Berenice (Arabic, ''Barnīs''). Yankin arewacin Foul Bay tsibirin ne da ake kira Ras Banas.<ref name="mapcarta">{{Cite web |title=Foul Bay |url=http://mapcarta.com/13059354 |access-date=11 November 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> Tsohon rushewar Berenice Troglodytica suna kan bay. === Tsibirin === Foul Bay yana da tsibirai da yawa waɗanda aka kafa ta hanyar dutse a kusa da mantle a lokacin haɗuwa da faranti biyu na nahiyar a ƙarƙashin Bahar Maliya. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da su sune: * Tsibirin Mukawwa * Tsibirin Rocky * Tsibirin St. John == Wasanni == Foul Bay sananne ne a tsakanin masu yawon bude ido saboda damar da take samu. Ruwa mai ƙarfi da haɗari yana iyakance ƙwararrun masu nutsewa ne kawai zuwa wasu wurare inda za su iya lura da murjani. == Manazarta == lli4nqhpd6xq9yyz2lzzdstn31c5agx 842216 842214 2026-05-29T06:59:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 842216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Foul Bay''' ( Greek , "marasa tsafta"; Latin , Arabic) wani bakin teku ne a gefen [[Misra|Masar]] na [[Red Sea|Tekun Ja]], a cikin Hukumar Tekun Ja. == Yanayin ƙasa == Foul Bay yana da ɗan arewacin Tropic of Cancer . Garin da ke cikin yankin bayin shine Berenice (Arabic, ''Barnīs''). Yankin arewacin Foul Bay tsibirin ne da ake kira Ras Banas.<ref name="mapcarta">{{Cite web |title=Foul Bay |url=http://mapcarta.com/13059354 |access-date=11 November 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> Tsohon rushewar Berenice Troglodytica suna kan bay. === Tsibirin === Foul Bay yana da tsibirai da yawa waɗanda aka kafa ta hanyar dutse a kusa da mantle a lokacin haɗuwa da faranti biyu na nahiyar a ƙarƙashin Bahar Maliya. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da su sune: * Tsibirin Mukawwa * Tsibirin Rocky * Tsibirin St. John == Wasanni == Foul Bay sananne ne a tsakanin masu yawon bude ido saboda damar da take samu. Ruwa mai ƙarfi da haɗari yana iyakance ƙwararrun masu nutsewa ne kawai zuwa wasu wurare inda za su iya lura da murjani. == Manazarta == 5120p4rnuyxle7l3z8d2ykaot4dwqx3 0 152992 842217 2026-05-29T06:59:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336235674|Conception Bay (Namibia)]]" 842217 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Conception Bay''' (Afrikaans: Conceptionbaai, German: Empfängnisbucht) is a bay on the coast of [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Afirka|Africa]].<ref name="mapcarta">{{Cite web |title=Conception Bay |url=http://mapcarta.com/19061922 |access-date=13 November 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> The bay is exposed, thus not providing a useful anchorage. == Yanayin ƙasa == Conception Bay yana buɗewa zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a arewa maso yamma. Akwai tafki a gefen kudancin bakin tekun. Bayin yana cikin wani yanki mara kyau. Yana daga cikin yankunan bakin teku na Namibia inda ake samun lu'u-lu'u. == Jirgin da ya rushe == A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 1926, jirgin ruwa na SS Cawdor Castle, wanda ke aiki a karkashin tutar Burtaniya, ya fadi a Conception Bay. Ta rabu a cikin makonni masu zuwa kuma ta kasance cikakkiyar lalacewa a farkon watan Satumba. == Dubi kuma == * Yanayin ƙasar Namibia * Eduard Bohlen == Manazarta == rb74xjdbdyxrtcabwscxtrl0l7dpxni 842218 842217 2026-05-29T06:59:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336235674|Conception Bay (Namibia)]]" 842218 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Conception Bay''' ( Afrikaans , German ) wani bakin teku ne a bakin tekun [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Afirka]] . <ref name="mapcarta">{{Cite web |title=Conception Bay |url=http://mapcarta.com/19061922 |access-date=13 November 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> An fallasa bakin teku, don haka ba ya samar da wurin da za a iya sanya shi a wuri mai amfani. == Yanayin ƙasa == Conception Bay yana buɗewa zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a arewa maso yamma. Akwai tafki a gefen kudancin bakin tekun. Bayin yana cikin wani yanki mara kyau. Yana daga cikin yankunan bakin teku na Namibia inda ake samun lu'u-lu'u. == Jirgin da ya rushe == A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 1926, jirgin ruwa na SS Cawdor Castle, wanda ke aiki a karkashin tutar Burtaniya, ya fadi a Conception Bay. Ta rabu a cikin makonni masu zuwa kuma ta kasance cikakkiyar lalacewa a farkon watan Satumba. == Dubi kuma == * Yanayin ƙasar Namibia * Eduard Bohlen == Manazarta == clethhxx20rroudjs1q2zfagiiafvra 842219 842218 2026-05-29T07:00:06Z Pharouqenr 25549 842219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Conception Bay''' ( Afrikaans , German ) wani bakin teku ne a bakin tekun [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Afirka]] . <ref name="mapcarta">{{Cite web |title=Conception Bay |url=http://mapcarta.com/19061922 |access-date=13 November 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> An fallasa bakin teku, don haka ba ya samar da wurin da za a iya sanya shi a wuri mai amfani. == Yanayin ƙasa == Conception Bay yana buɗewa zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a arewa maso yamma. Akwai tafki a gefen kudancin bakin tekun. Bayin yana cikin wani yanki mara kyau. Yana daga cikin yankunan bakin teku na Namibia inda ake samun lu'u-lu'u. == Jirgin da ya rushe == A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 1926, jirgin ruwa na SS Cawdor Castle, wanda ke aiki a karkashin tutar Burtaniya, ya fadi a Conception Bay. Ta rabu a cikin makonni masu zuwa kuma ta kasance cikakkiyar lalacewa a farkon watan Satumba. == Dubi kuma == * Yanayin ƙasar Namibia * Eduard Bohlen == Manazarta == 0obc1ld55obtjdqrgprzh23lvlnehnv 0 152993 842222 2026-05-29T07:01:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1261482160|Lüderitz Bay]]" 842222 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lüderitz Bay''' ( Afrikaans ; German ), kuma aka sani da '''Angra Pequena''' ( , "ƙaramin kogi"), wani bakin teku ne a bakin tekun [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Afirka]] . Birnin Lüderitz yana gefen bakin teku. <ref name="mapcarta">{{Cite web |title=Lüderitzbaai |url=http://mapcarta.com/19057020 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Bayin yana da ƙuƙwalwa kuma yana da rikitarwa a cikin tsari. Yana buɗewa zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a yamma. Garin Lüderitz yana cikin kudancin gabar gabashin gabashin, wanda aka sani da ''Angra Pequena'' a Portuguese kuma yana buɗewa zuwa arewa. Ƙarin yammacin '''Griffith Bay''', mai zurfi mai zurfi, ya shimfiɗa zuwa kudu a kudancin. Yankin yammacin 'Angra Point' an san shi da '''Shearwater Bay''', wurin da aka tsara tashar jiragen ruwa don fitar da wasu abubuwa, kwal daga [[Botswana]]. Wannan yana buƙatar gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Trans-Kalahari mai nisan kilomita 1600.&nbsp; Akwai tsibirai biyu da ke fuskantar Agate Beach a arewa maso gabashin bayin, Tsibirin Penguin da Tsibirin Seal.<ref name="mapcarta">{{Cite web |title=Lüderitzbaai |url=http://mapcarta.com/19057020 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> A kudancin bayin, an kirkiro hanya don gudanar da Lüderitz Speed Challenge, taron saurin jirgin ruwa na shekara-shekara. == Tarihi == Sunan bakin tekun na gabas ''Angra Pequena'' lokacin da aka fara taswira a cikin 1487 da mai binciken [[Portugal|Portuguese]] Bartolomeu Dias, duk da cewa a wasu taswira ya bayyana a matsayin ''Angra de São Christóvão'' . A shekara ta 1883, ɗan kasuwan [[Jamus]] Adolf Lüderitz ya mayar da yankin bakin teku tashar kasuwanci . Ya sake masa suna Lüderitz kuma ya ƙulla yarjejeniyoyi da sarakunan da ke makwabtaka, waɗanda suka miƙa manyan yankuna ga sabbin ƙasashe. A ƙarƙashin imanin cewa [[Birtaniya]] za ta ɗauki yankin a matsayin kariya, Lüderitz ya miƙa haƙƙinsa na kan bakin teku a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1884 ga Gwamnatin Masarautar Jamus, kuma a ranar 7 ga Agusta, Shugaban Gwamnati [[Otto von Bismarck]] ya ayyana ikon mallakar Jamus a kan tashar da yankin da ke kewaye. An sake masa suna ''Lüderitzbucht'' (''Lüderitz Bay'') ta Jamusawa, wurin ya zama sansanin sojan ruwa na Jamus ta Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka, [[Namibiya|Namibia]] ta zamani. A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1904 rundunar sojojin Rasha ta ci gaba zuwa Pacific don yaƙi da Yaƙin Tsushima na tsaya a bay don ɗaukar kwal.<ref name="Pleshakov142" /> An jinkirta aikin saboda mummunan yanayi kuma rundunar ta bar ranar 17 ga Disamba. Tsibirin biyu da ke kusa da Agate Beach, masu wadata da ajiyar guano, Biritaniya ta haɗa su a 1867 kuma ta kara da su zuwa Cape Colony a 1874 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yankin da aka sani da Penguin Islands.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Edward Hertslet}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Walvis Bay * [[Shark Island concentration camp|sansanin fursunoni na tsibirin Shark]] == Manazarta == 297bxd8m7q328ymk9bpojqlhweip3oy 842224 842222 2026-05-29T07:01:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 842224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lüderitz Bay''' ( Afrikaans ; German ), kuma aka sani da '''Angra Pequena''' ( , "ƙaramin kogi"), wani bakin teku ne a bakin tekun [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Afirka]] . Birnin Lüderitz yana gefen bakin teku. <ref name="mapcarta">{{Cite web |title=Lüderitzbaai |url=http://mapcarta.com/19057020 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Bayin yana da ƙuƙwalwa kuma yana da rikitarwa a cikin tsari. Yana buɗewa zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a yamma. Garin Lüderitz yana cikin kudancin gabar gabashin gabashin, wanda aka sani da ''Angra Pequena'' a Portuguese kuma yana buɗewa zuwa arewa. Ƙarin yammacin '''Griffith Bay''', mai zurfi mai zurfi, ya shimfiɗa zuwa kudu a kudancin. Yankin yammacin 'Angra Point' an san shi da '''Shearwater Bay''', wurin da aka tsara tashar jiragen ruwa don fitar da wasu abubuwa, kwal daga [[Botswana]]. Wannan yana buƙatar gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Trans-Kalahari mai nisan kilomita 1600.&nbsp; Akwai tsibirai biyu da ke fuskantar Agate Beach a arewa maso gabashin bayin, Tsibirin Penguin da Tsibirin Seal.<ref name="mapcarta">{{Cite web |title=Lüderitzbaai |url=http://mapcarta.com/19057020 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> A kudancin bayin, an kirkiro hanya don gudanar da Lüderitz Speed Challenge, taron saurin jirgin ruwa na shekara-shekara. == Tarihi == Sunan bakin tekun na gabas ''Angra Pequena'' lokacin da aka fara taswira a cikin 1487 da mai binciken [[Portugal|Portuguese]] Bartolomeu Dias, duk da cewa a wasu taswira ya bayyana a matsayin ''Angra de São Christóvão'' . A shekara ta 1883, ɗan kasuwan [[Jamus]] Adolf Lüderitz ya mayar da yankin bakin teku tashar kasuwanci . Ya sake masa suna Lüderitz kuma ya ƙulla yarjejeniyoyi da sarakunan da ke makwabtaka, waɗanda suka miƙa manyan yankuna ga sabbin ƙasashe. A ƙarƙashin imanin cewa [[Birtaniya]] za ta ɗauki yankin a matsayin kariya, Lüderitz ya miƙa haƙƙinsa na kan bakin teku a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1884 ga Gwamnatin Masarautar Jamus, kuma a ranar 7 ga Agusta, Shugaban Gwamnati [[Otto von Bismarck]] ya ayyana ikon mallakar Jamus a kan tashar da yankin da ke kewaye. An sake masa suna ''Lüderitzbucht'' (''Lüderitz Bay'') ta Jamusawa, wurin ya zama sansanin sojan ruwa na Jamus ta Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka, [[Namibiya|Namibia]] ta zamani. A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1904 rundunar sojojin Rasha ta ci gaba zuwa Pacific don yaƙi da Yaƙin Tsushima na tsaya a bay don ɗaukar kwal.<ref name="Pleshakov142" /> An jinkirta aikin saboda mummunan yanayi kuma rundunar ta bar ranar 17 ga Disamba. Tsibirin biyu da ke kusa da Agate Beach, masu wadata da ajiyar guano, Biritaniya ta haɗa su a 1867 kuma ta kara da su zuwa Cape Colony a 1874 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yankin da aka sani da Penguin Islands.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Edward Hertslet}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Walvis Bay * [[Shark Island concentration camp|sansanin fursunoni na tsibirin Shark]] == Manazarta == 5thyfh74gp3dnfrmxqiwtsjukx5it6i 0 152994 842225 2026-05-29T07:02:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350115617|Sandwich Harbour]]" 842225 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Sandwich_Harbour_(Luftaufnahme).jpg|right|thumb|Bayyanar jirgin sama na Sandwich Habour]] '''Sandwich Harbour''' (: Porto d'Ilhéu), wanda aka fi sani da '''Sandwich Bay''', '''Sandvishawe''', '''Sandvisbaai''' da '''Sandfisch Bai''', yanki ne a bakin tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantic]] na [[Namibiya|Namibia]] wanda ya haɗa da bay a arewa da lagoon a ƙarshen kudu.<ref name="mapcarta">{{Cite web |title=Sandwich Bay |url=http://mapcarta.com/19052244 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> Sandwich Harbour na iya kasancewa da suna ne bayan Jirgin kifi na Ingila, Sandwich, wanda ya yi aiki a cikin shekarun 1780, ko kuma sunan na iya zama cin hanci da rashawa na kalmar Jamusanci "sandfische", nau'in shark da aka samu a yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandwich Harbour {{!}} Namibia |url=https://www.namibweb.com/sandwichharbour.htm |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=www.namibweb.com}}</ref> A baya, bayin ya kasance tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasuwanci mai matsakaici wanda ke kewaye da kifi da ƙananan kamun kifi, amma yanzu an fi saninsa da rayuwar tsuntsaye a cikin tafkin zuwa kudancin bayin. == Yanayin ƙasa == Yana da nisan kilomita 80 a kudancin Walvis Bay, Yankin yana cikin yankin Erongo. Bayin yana buɗewa zuwa arewa kuma yana da kimanin kilomita 4.2 da faɗin kilomita 4.2. Akwai wani tafki mai zurfi da ke kudu da bayin, wanda aka raba shi da wani yanki na rairayin bakin teku da Swales tare da saltpans.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tafkin yana da girman 3.7&nbsp;tsawon kilomita da 1&nbsp;Faɗin kilomita kuma hamadar yashi ta kewaye ta a gefen gabas. Tsoffin baƙi zuwa yankin sun ɗauka cewa ruwan da ke cikin tafkin sabo ne, amma wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano cewa tafkin yana cike da ruwa mara inganci wanda ke ratsa ƙarƙashin tuddai kuma yana ba da damar girma manyan gadajen ciyawa a gefen ruwan. An ayyana Sandwich Harbour a matsayin Ramsar Site a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta 1995. == Tarihi == Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal ta bincika yankin a cikin shekarun 1880, amma an dauke shi da ƙasa da Walvis Bay don haka babu ci gaba da ya faru. Jiragen ruwa na rufewa na lokaci-lokaci suna amfani da bay don ratayewa maimakon Walvis Bay, kuma akwai wasu ƙauyuka na wucin gadi da masunta na yanayi ke amfani da su don kama snoek (Thyrsites atun). A cikin shekarun 1930, an fara wani babban aiki don gina tsibirin guano a cikin tafkin ta amfani da famfo na yashi da aka shigo da su daga [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Abin takaici, jackals sun iya hayewa zuwa tsibirin a lokacin da ruwa ya ragu kuma ya kori tsuntsaye. Duk abin da ya rage na aikin shine gidan manajan. A halin yanzu, bay da lagoon suna cikin Namib-Naukluft National Park. Don shiga, baƙi suna buƙatar izini, wanda za'a iya samun shi daga ofishin Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Yawon Bude Ido a Swakopmund. Gidan Tarihin Afirka ta Kudu da [[Gidan Kayan Tarihi na Ƙasar Namibiya|Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Namibia]] sun bincika fauna, wanda ya gano cewa fauna gaba ɗaya ruwa ne. == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery> Fayil:Sandwich_Harbour_viewpoint.jpg|The Sandwich Harbour seen from atop a sand dune Fayil:Namib_desert_meets_Atlantic_ocean.jpg|The Namibian desert's edge at Sandwich Harbour Fayil:Road_to_Sandwich_Harbour.jpg|The road leading to Sandwich Harbour Fayil:Remains_of_the_guanu_factory.jpg|Remains of the guano factory Fayil:Ariel_view_of_Sandwich_Harbour_area.png|Aerial view of the Sandwich Harbour </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Walvis Bay == Manazarta == jpp5t1mwufvg20a66luv9v1mu6vbehn 842227 842225 2026-05-29T07:02:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 842227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Sandwich_Harbour_(Luftaufnahme).jpg|right|thumb|Bayyanar jirgin sama na Sandwich Habour]] '''Sandwich Harbour''' (: Porto d'Ilhéu), wanda aka fi sani da '''Sandwich Bay''', '''Sandvishawe''', '''Sandvisbaai''' da '''Sandfisch Bai''', yanki ne a bakin tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantic]] na [[Namibiya|Namibia]] wanda ya haɗa da bay a arewa da lagoon a ƙarshen kudu.<ref name="mapcarta">{{Cite web |title=Sandwich Bay |url=http://mapcarta.com/19052244 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}</ref> Sandwich Harbour na iya kasancewa da suna ne bayan Jirgin kifi na Ingila, Sandwich, wanda ya yi aiki a cikin shekarun 1780, ko kuma sunan na iya zama cin hanci da rashawa na kalmar Jamusanci "sandfische", nau'in shark da aka samu a yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandwich Harbour {{!}} Namibia |url=https://www.namibweb.com/sandwichharbour.htm |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=www.namibweb.com}}</ref> A baya, bayin ya kasance tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasuwanci mai matsakaici wanda ke kewaye da kifi da ƙananan kamun kifi, amma yanzu an fi saninsa da rayuwar tsuntsaye a cikin tafkin zuwa kudancin bayin. == Yanayin ƙasa == Yana da nisan kilomita 80 a kudancin Walvis Bay, Yankin yana cikin yankin Erongo. Bayin yana buɗewa zuwa arewa kuma yana da kimanin kilomita 4.2 da faɗin kilomita 4.2. Akwai wani tafki mai zurfi da ke kudu da bayin, wanda aka raba shi da wani yanki na rairayin bakin teku da Swales tare da saltpans.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tafkin yana da girman 3.7&nbsp;tsawon kilomita da 1&nbsp;Faɗin kilomita kuma hamadar yashi ta kewaye ta a gefen gabas. Tsoffin baƙi zuwa yankin sun ɗauka cewa ruwan da ke cikin tafkin sabo ne, amma wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano cewa tafkin yana cike da ruwa mara inganci wanda ke ratsa ƙarƙashin tuddai kuma yana ba da damar girma manyan gadajen ciyawa a gefen ruwan. An ayyana Sandwich Harbour a matsayin Ramsar Site a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta 1995. == Tarihi == Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal ta bincika yankin a cikin shekarun 1880, amma an dauke shi da ƙasa da Walvis Bay don haka babu ci gaba da ya faru. Jiragen ruwa na rufewa na lokaci-lokaci suna amfani da bay don ratayewa maimakon Walvis Bay, kuma akwai wasu ƙauyuka na wucin gadi da masunta na yanayi ke amfani da su don kama snoek (Thyrsites atun). A cikin shekarun 1930, an fara wani babban aiki don gina tsibirin guano a cikin tafkin ta amfani da famfo na yashi da aka shigo da su daga [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Abin takaici, jackals sun iya hayewa zuwa tsibirin a lokacin da ruwa ya ragu kuma ya kori tsuntsaye. Duk abin da ya rage na aikin shine gidan manajan. A halin yanzu, bay da lagoon suna cikin Namib-Naukluft National Park. Don shiga, baƙi suna buƙatar izini, wanda za'a iya samun shi daga ofishin Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Yawon Bude Ido a Swakopmund. Gidan Tarihin Afirka ta Kudu da [[Gidan Kayan Tarihi na Ƙasar Namibiya|Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Namibia]] sun bincika fauna, wanda ya gano cewa fauna gaba ɗaya ruwa ne. == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery> Fayil:Sandwich_Harbour_viewpoint.jpg|The Sandwich Harbour seen from atop a sand dune Fayil:Namib_desert_meets_Atlantic_ocean.jpg|The Namibian desert's edge at Sandwich Harbour Fayil:Road_to_Sandwich_Harbour.jpg|The road leading to Sandwich Harbour Fayil:Remains_of_the_guanu_factory.jpg|Remains of the guano factory Fayil:Ariel_view_of_Sandwich_Harbour_area.png|Aerial view of the Sandwich Harbour </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Walvis Bay == Manazarta == 6iirzsmdhf8nnq7jk4bujx7bxt40cnb 0 152995 842226 2026-05-29T07:02:18Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271262448|Bemarivo River]]" 842226 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Bemarivo''' ({{IPA|/be.mari.v/}}), a zahiri ''babban ƙaramin fili'', yana arewacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. Yana malala zuwa gabar tekun arewa maso gabas, zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]]. Yana malala gabashin Dutsen Tsaratanana da rabin arewacin Dutsen Marojejy. An ketare shi da RN 5a kusa da Nosiarina. Bakinsa yana da nisan kilomita 17 arewacin Sambava. Yana aiki a matsayin gefen arewa na yankin da aka sani da Betsimisaraka. Abin mamaki, wani magudanar ruwa ta [[Kogin Sofia]] ana kuma kiransa Kogin Bemarivo (Sofia). == Manazarta == b1rq5bu16ls0mzm6sq903x8otrpmg50 842231 842226 2026-05-29T07:04:54Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842231 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Bemarivo''' ({{IPA|/be.mari.v/}}),<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> a zahiri ''babban ƙaramin fili'', yana arewacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]].<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> Yana malala zuwa gabar tekun arewa maso gabas, zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]]. Yana malala gabashin Dutsen Tsaratanana da rabin arewacin Dutsen Marojejy. An ketare shi da RN 5a kusa da Nosiarina. Bakinsa yana da nisan kilomita 17 arewacin Sambava.<ref>[https://www.primemadaguide.com/guide-des-destinations-de-madagascar-riviere-bemarivo-sambava.html Riviere Bemarivo-Sambava]</ref> Yana aiki a matsayin gefen arewa na yankin da aka sani da Betsimisaraka.<ref name="study">[[Helen Chapin Metz]], ed., [http://countrystudies.us/madagascar/11.htm Madagascar: A Country Study], Library of Congress, 1994., accessed 14 August 2008</ref> Abin mamaki, wani magudanar ruwa ta [[Kogin Sofia]] ana kuma kiransa Kogin Bemarivo (Sofia).<ref>Sparks, J. S. (2008). ''Phylogeny of the Cichlid Subfamily Etroplinae and Taxonomic Revision of the Malagasy Cichlid Genus Paretroplus (Teleostei: Cichlidae).'' Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History Number 314: 1–151</ref> == Manazarta == 77i6r5q3ly8ije9mergl3anhm8kw738 842233 842231 2026-05-29T07:06:13Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Bemarivo''' ({{IPA|/be.mari.v/}}),<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> a zahiri ''babban ƙaramin fili'', yana arewacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]].<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> Yana malala zuwa gabar tekun arewa maso gabas, zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]]. Yana malala gabashin Dutsen Tsaratanana da rabin arewacin Dutsen Marojejy. An ketare shi da RN 5a kusa da Nosiarina. Bakinsa yana da nisan kilomita 17 arewacin Sambava.<ref>[https://www.primemadaguide.com/guide-des-destinations-de-madagascar-riviere-bemarivo-sambava.html Riviere Bemarivo-Sambava]</ref> Yana aiki a matsayin gefen arewa na yankin da aka sani da Betsimisaraka.<ref name="study">[[Helen Chapin Metz]], ed., [http://countrystudies.us/madagascar/11.htm Madagascar: A Country Study], Library of Congress, 1994., accessed 14 August 2008</ref> Abin mamaki, wani magudanar ruwa ta [[Kogin Sofia]] ana kuma kiransa Kogin Bemarivo (Sofia).<ref>Sparks, J. S. (2008). ''Phylogeny of the Cichlid Subfamily Etroplinae and Taxonomic Revision of the Malagasy Cichlid Genus Paretroplus (Teleostei: Cichlidae).'' Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History Number 314: 1–151</ref> == Manazarta == 5fplvu08f2mfbvbojc21qwe8zcjijo7 0 152996 842228 2026-05-29T07:03:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346465780|Algoa Bay]]" 842228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cquote|The early Portuguese navigators, endowed with patience, were more than sixty-nine years struggling to round this cape before they got as far as Algoa Bay, and there the crew mutinied. They landed on a small island, now called Santa Cruz, where they devoutly set up the cross, and swore they would cut the captain's throat if he attempted to sail farther. Beyond this they thought was the edge of the world, which they too believed was flat; and fearing that their ship would sail over the brink of it, they compelled Captain Dias, their commander, to retrace his course, all being only too glad to get home. A year later, we are told, Vasco da Gama sailed successfully round the "Cape of Storms," as the Cape of Good Hope was then called, and discovered Natal on Christmas or Natal day; hence the name. From this point the way to India was easy with the help of Arab and Indian fishermen.}} Algoa Bay wani bakin teku ne a Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Tana kan gabar gabas, kilomita 683 (424 gabashin [[Cape of Good Hope]]. Algoa Bay tana da iyaka a yammacin Cape Recife kuma a gabas ta Cape Padrone . Bayin ya kai zurfin {{Convert|436|m}} . Birnin tashar jiragen ruwa na Port Elizabeth yana kusa da bayin, kamar yadda tashar jiragen mmiri mai zurfi ta Ngqura ke. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:AMH-5603-NA_Map_of_Algoa_Bay.jpg|thumb|Taswirar ƙarshen karni na 17 na Algoa Bay.]] Mai binciken Portuguese Bartolomeu Dias shine Turai na farko da ya isa Algoa Bay a cikin 1488, inda ya dasa gicciye na katako a kan wani karamin tsibirin da ake kira St Croix ko tsibirin Santa Cruz. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bartholomeu Dias |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/people/bios/dias-b.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606174527/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/people/bios/dias-b.htm |archive-date=2011-06-06 |access-date=2007-12-03 |website=www.sahistory.org.za |publisher=South African History Online}}</ref> Ya ba bayin sunan da ke nufin "Bay of the Rock", wanda aka canza a Portugal zuwa ''Bahia de Lagoa'' ko Bay of the Lagoon, kuma wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama Algoa Bay. Algoa Bay ya zama sananne saboda dalilai uku. Da farko, shi ne lokacin da Bartolomeu Dias ya fahimci cewa ya buɗe hanyar teku zuwa Gabas don cinikayya ta duniya, don haka ya ba Portugal damar zama babbar ikon teku ta duniya ta farko. Abu na biyu, tsaunuka da ke kewaye da Algoa Bay, sun zama alamar kewayawa don kewaye Bankin Agulhas mai cin amana a kan hanyar zuwa Gabas, don haka suna nuna tsakiyar hanya a kan hanyar da ke zuwa Goa, Indiya (agoa na nufin zuwa Goa). Na uku, Algoa Bay ya zama sananne a matsayin wurin saukowa don ruwan sha.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Graham |date=2021 |title=Observations on Algoa Bay Landmarks and Water |url=https://historicalsocietype.co.za/looking-back/ |journal=Looking Back - Journal of the Historical Society of Port Elizabeth |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=9–19}}</ref> Joshua Slocum yayi magana game da Algoa Bay a cikin littafinsa 'Sailing Alone Around the World' (wannan ba labarin tarihi ba ne): {{Cquote|The early Portuguese navigators, endowed with patience, were more than sixty-nine years struggling to round this cape before they got as far as Algoa Bay, and there the crew mutinied. They landed on a small island, now called Santa Cruz, where they devoutly set up the cross, and swore they would cut the captain's throat if he attempted to sail farther. Beyond this they thought was the edge of the world, which they too believed was flat; and fearing that their ship would sail over the brink of it, they compelled Captain Dias, their commander, to retrace his course, all being only too glad to get home. A year later, we are told, Vasco da Gama sailed successfully round the "Cape of Storms," as the Cape of Good Hope was then called, and discovered Natal on Christmas or Natal day; hence the name. From this point the way to India was easy with the help of Arab and Indian fishermen.}} Taswirar jiragen ruwa na bakin teku masu aikin gargaɗi cewa "an gano harsasai da kwantena na iskar mustard da suka lalace sosai a yankin da ke tsakanin Cape St Francis da Tsibirin Bird har zuwa zurfin {{Convert|400|m}} . Ya kamata jiragen ruwa su yi taka tsantsan sosai." An jefar da makaman gubar a yankin bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 1946 |title=South Africa Dumps Mustard Gas |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2685392 |publisher=The Canberra Times, Thursday 6 June 1946}}</ref> A lokacin wannan rikicin, an yi amfani da Port Elizabeth a matsayin wurin bincike, ƙera da kuma adana iskar gas ta mustard da Ma'aikatar Jiragen Sama ta Burtaniya ta yi odarsa. == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:ISS067-E-54068_Gqeberha,_nee_Port_Elizabeth,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|Gqeberha da kewayenta a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2022, an ɗauke su daga tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya]] === Nelson Mandela Bay === Garin Nelson Mandela Bay, wanda ya hada da [[Port Elizabeth|Gqeberha]], Bluewater Bay, St Georges Strand da Coega, yana kan iyakar yammacin Algoa Bay. === Tsibirin === Bayin ya ƙunshi tsibirai shida masu suna a cikin rukuni biyu na uku waɗanda bisa ga BirdLife International "suna da matukar muhimmanci saboda su ne kawai tsibirai tare da iyakar kilomita {{Convert|1777|km}} (1,104 na bakin teku tsakanin [[Cape Agulhas]] da Inhaca Island a Mozambique. "An ce jimlar yankin waɗannan tsibirai ya kai hekta {{Convert|40|ha}} (acre 99). Kusa da bakin teku, kusa da sabon ci gaban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ngquru a Coega, a arewa maso gabashin Port Elizabeth, shine ƙungiyar St Croix, wanda ya ƙunshi babban tsibirin wannan sunan da ƙananan tsibirai biyu, Tsibirin Jahleel kawai a kusa da Ngqurha da Tsibirin Brenton a gefen teku. Ƙungiyar ta biyu ta ƙunshi Bird, Seal da Stag Islands. Dukkanin tsibirai shida da ruwan da ke kusa da su an ayyana su a matsayin wuraren ajiyar yanayi kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na Addo Elephant National Park. An rufe tsibirin ga jama'a. Ya cancanci a ambaci shi a matsayin cikas ga kewayawa shine Despatch Rock, + saboda gabashin Port Elizabeth na Summerstrand. Dutse, wanda aka nutse a lokacin babban ruwa, an yi masa alama da haske. Ƙarin kudu, kimanin kilomita 1 ( mi) kudu maso yammacin Cape Recife, wurin farawa na yammacin bay shine Thunderbolt Reef. Kodayake ba a cikin bay ba, wannan haɗari ga kewayawa ya yi ikirarin jiragen ruwa da yawa da ba su shiga ko barin ba. Thunderbolt Reef yana cikin ruwa sai dai don raƙuman ruwa na bazara kuma ana iya lura da raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa a kai daga ƙasa.{{Convert|2.4|km}}{{Convert|1|km|mi}} Vasco da Gama ya kira wannan rukuni na tsibirai ''Ilheus Chãos'' (ƙananan ko filayen tsibirai). A cikin 1755, East Indiaman ''Doddington'' ya rushe a nan yayin da yake tafiya daga [[Dover]] zuwa [[Indiya]]. Yawancin fasinjoji da ma'aikatan sun mutu, amma wasu sun sami damar zuwa tsibirin inda aka tsare su na watanni bakwai har sai daya daga cikin adadinsu, masassaƙi, ya sami damar yin musu jirgin ruwa. Wadanda suka tsira sun fi cin abinci da kifi, tsuntsaye da ƙwai har sai sun iya isa ƙasa. Jirgin yana dauke da zinariya da azurfa da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu an ceto su ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan. Wadanda suka tsira sun ba da sunan Tsibirin Bird yayin da suka bar tsibirin a cikin jirginsu. Tsibirin Bird (33°50′26′′S 26°1{{Convert|7|km}} / 33.8{{Convert|40|km}} 26.28611°E / -33.84056; 26.28611. (Bird Island)), Tsibirin Seal da Tsibirin Stag suna kusa da kusan kilomita 40 (25 gabashin ƙungiyar St Croix ko kilomita {{Convert|53|km}} (33 saboda gabashin Port Elizabeth da kilomita 7 (4.3 mi) daga mafi kusa da Woody Cape - wani ɓangare na Addo Elephant National Park. Tsibirin Bird yana da hasumiya, wanda aka gina a cikin 1898 bayan jerin fashewar jirgin ruwa a kusa da tsibirin. Doddington Rock, West rock da East Reef suna kudu maso yammacin rukunin tsibirai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] brpwdo30d1nppu86trtilvrn1s8s7f4 842229 842228 2026-05-29T07:03:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 842229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Algoa Bay''' wani bakin teku ne a Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Tana kan gabar gabas, kilomita 683 (424 gabashin [[Cape of Good Hope]]. Algoa Bay tana da iyaka a yammacin Cape Recife kuma a gabas ta Cape Padrone . Bayin ya kai zurfin {{Convert|436|m}} . Birnin tashar jiragen ruwa na Port Elizabeth yana kusa da bayin, kamar yadda tashar jiragen mmiri mai zurfi ta Ngqura ke. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:AMH-5603-NA_Map_of_Algoa_Bay.jpg|thumb|Taswirar ƙarshen karni na 17 na Algoa Bay.]] Mai binciken Portuguese Bartolomeu Dias shine Turai na farko da ya isa Algoa Bay a cikin 1488, inda ya dasa gicciye na katako a kan wani karamin tsibirin da ake kira St Croix ko tsibirin Santa Cruz. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bartholomeu Dias |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/people/bios/dias-b.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606174527/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/people/bios/dias-b.htm |archive-date=2011-06-06 |access-date=2007-12-03 |website=www.sahistory.org.za |publisher=South African History Online}}</ref> Ya ba bayin sunan da ke nufin "Bay of the Rock", wanda aka canza a Portugal zuwa ''Bahia de Lagoa'' ko Bay of the Lagoon, kuma wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama Algoa Bay. Algoa Bay ya zama sananne saboda dalilai uku. Da farko, shi ne lokacin da Bartolomeu Dias ya fahimci cewa ya buɗe hanyar teku zuwa Gabas don cinikayya ta duniya, don haka ya ba Portugal damar zama babbar ikon teku ta duniya ta farko. Abu na biyu, tsaunuka da ke kewaye da Algoa Bay, sun zama alamar kewayawa don kewaye Bankin Agulhas mai cin amana a kan hanyar zuwa Gabas, don haka suna nuna tsakiyar hanya a kan hanyar da ke zuwa Goa, Indiya (agoa na nufin zuwa Goa). Na uku, Algoa Bay ya zama sananne a matsayin wurin saukowa don ruwan sha.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Graham |date=2021 |title=Observations on Algoa Bay Landmarks and Water |url=https://historicalsocietype.co.za/looking-back/ |journal=Looking Back - Journal of the Historical Society of Port Elizabeth |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=9–19}}</ref> Joshua Slocum yayi magana game da Algoa Bay a cikin littafinsa 'Sailing Alone Around the World' (wannan ba labarin tarihi ba ne): {{Cquote|The early Portuguese navigators, endowed with patience, were more than sixty-nine years struggling to round this cape before they got as far as Algoa Bay, and there the crew mutinied. They landed on a small island, now called Santa Cruz, where they devoutly set up the cross, and swore they would cut the captain's throat if he attempted to sail farther. Beyond this they thought was the edge of the world, which they too believed was flat; and fearing that their ship would sail over the brink of it, they compelled Captain Dias, their commander, to retrace his course, all being only too glad to get home. A year later, we are told, Vasco da Gama sailed successfully round the "Cape of Storms," as the Cape of Good Hope was then called, and discovered Natal on Christmas or Natal day; hence the name. From this point the way to India was easy with the help of Arab and Indian fishermen.}} Taswirar jiragen ruwa na bakin teku masu aikin gargaɗi cewa "an gano harsasai da kwantena na iskar mustard da suka lalace sosai a yankin da ke tsakanin Cape St Francis da Tsibirin Bird har zuwa zurfin {{Convert|400|m}} . Ya kamata jiragen ruwa su yi taka tsantsan sosai." An jefar da makaman gubar a yankin bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 1946 |title=South Africa Dumps Mustard Gas |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2685392 |publisher=The Canberra Times, Thursday 6 June 1946}}</ref> A lokacin wannan rikicin, an yi amfani da Port Elizabeth a matsayin wurin bincike, ƙera da kuma adana iskar gas ta mustard da Ma'aikatar Jiragen Sama ta Burtaniya ta yi odarsa. == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:ISS067-E-54068_Gqeberha,_nee_Port_Elizabeth,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|Gqeberha da kewayenta a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2022, an ɗauke su daga tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya]] === Nelson Mandela Bay === Garin Nelson Mandela Bay, wanda ya hada da [[Port Elizabeth|Gqeberha]], Bluewater Bay, St Georges Strand da Coega, yana kan iyakar yammacin Algoa Bay. === Tsibirin === Bayin ya ƙunshi tsibirai shida masu suna a cikin rukuni biyu na uku waɗanda bisa ga BirdLife International "suna da matukar muhimmanci saboda su ne kawai tsibirai tare da iyakar kilomita {{Convert|1777|km}} (1,104 na bakin teku tsakanin [[Cape Agulhas]] da Inhaca Island a Mozambique. "An ce jimlar yankin waɗannan tsibirai ya kai hekta {{Convert|40|ha}} (acre 99). Kusa da bakin teku, kusa da sabon ci gaban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ngquru a Coega, a arewa maso gabashin Port Elizabeth, shine ƙungiyar St Croix, wanda ya ƙunshi babban tsibirin wannan sunan da ƙananan tsibirai biyu, Tsibirin Jahleel kawai a kusa da Ngqurha da Tsibirin Brenton a gefen teku. Ƙungiyar ta biyu ta ƙunshi Bird, Seal da Stag Islands. Dukkanin tsibirai shida da ruwan da ke kusa da su an ayyana su a matsayin wuraren ajiyar yanayi kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na Addo Elephant National Park. An rufe tsibirin ga jama'a. Ya cancanci a ambaci shi a matsayin cikas ga kewayawa shine Despatch Rock, + saboda gabashin Port Elizabeth na Summerstrand. Dutse, wanda aka nutse a lokacin babban ruwa, an yi masa alama da haske. Ƙarin kudu, kimanin kilomita 1 ( mi) kudu maso yammacin Cape Recife, wurin farawa na yammacin bay shine Thunderbolt Reef. Kodayake ba a cikin bay ba, wannan haɗari ga kewayawa ya yi ikirarin jiragen ruwa da yawa da ba su shiga ko barin ba. Thunderbolt Reef yana cikin ruwa sai dai don raƙuman ruwa na bazara kuma ana iya lura da raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa a kai daga ƙasa.{{Convert|2.4|km}}{{Convert|1|km|mi}} Vasco da Gama ya kira wannan rukuni na tsibirai ''Ilheus Chãos'' (ƙananan ko filayen tsibirai). A cikin 1755, East Indiaman ''Doddington'' ya rushe a nan yayin da yake tafiya daga [[Dover]] zuwa [[Indiya]]. Yawancin fasinjoji da ma'aikatan sun mutu, amma wasu sun sami damar zuwa tsibirin inda aka tsare su na watanni bakwai har sai daya daga cikin adadinsu, masassaƙi, ya sami damar yin musu jirgin ruwa. Wadanda suka tsira sun fi cin abinci da kifi, tsuntsaye da ƙwai har sai sun iya isa ƙasa. Jirgin yana dauke da zinariya da azurfa da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu an ceto su ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan. Wadanda suka tsira sun ba da sunan Tsibirin Bird yayin da suka bar tsibirin a cikin jirginsu. Tsibirin Bird (33°50′26′′S 26°1{{Convert|7|km}} / 33.8{{Convert|40|km}} 26.28611°E / -33.84056; 26.28611. (Bird Island)), Tsibirin Seal da Tsibirin Stag suna kusa da kusan kilomita 40 (25 gabashin ƙungiyar St Croix ko kilomita {{Convert|53|km}} (33 saboda gabashin Port Elizabeth da kilomita 7 (4.3 mi) daga mafi kusa da Woody Cape - wani ɓangare na Addo Elephant National Park. Tsibirin Bird yana da hasumiya, wanda aka gina a cikin 1898 bayan jerin fashewar jirgin ruwa a kusa da tsibirin. Doddington Rock, West rock da East Reef suna kudu maso yammacin rukunin tsibirai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ibxbkxmt100ywm6t1wqw3cgf8gadk2s 0 152997 842236 2026-05-29T07:16:37Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox football biography | name = Kenneth Igboke | fullname = Kenneth Obinna Igboke | birth_date = 27 July 2005 | birth_place = Enugu, Nigeria | position = Left-back | currentclub = Rangers International | clubnumber = | years1 = 2022– | clubs1 = Rangers International | caps1 = 61 <ref name="w445">{{cite web | title=Kenneth Igboke (Rangers Int'l) Stats | website=Flashscore.com | url=https://www.flashscore.com/player/igboke-kenneth/jPHTACkd/ | access-date=2026-05-28}}</r... 842236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Kenneth Igboke | fullname = Kenneth Obinna Igboke | birth_date = 27 July 2005 | birth_place = Enugu, Nigeria | position = Left-back | currentclub = Rangers International | clubnumber = | years1 = 2022– | clubs1 = Rangers International | caps1 = 61 <ref name="w445">{{cite web | title=Kenneth Igboke (Rangers Int'l) Stats | website=Flashscore.com | url=https://www.flashscore.com/player/igboke-kenneth/jPHTACkd/ | access-date=2026-05-28}}</ref> | goals1 = 4 | nationalyears1 = 2026– | nationalteam1 = Nigeria | nationalcaps1 = 1 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | pcupdate = 2026 | ntupdate = 2026 }} '''Kenneth Obinna Igboke''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar Najeriya wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya na hagu ga ƙungiyar [[Rangers International F.C.]] ta gasar NPFL ta Najeriya. An san shi da ƙwarewa wajen kai hari daga baya, saurin gudu, da kuma bayar da ingantattun ƙwallaye daga gefe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/kenneth-igboke/profil/spieler/1104250 |title=Kenneth Igboke - Player profile |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/385109/kenneth-igboke |title=Kenneth Igboke |website=ESPN |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Kenneth Igboke a jihar Enugu da ke kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Ya fara wasan ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami a titunan Nsukka kafin masu horarwa na Rangers Feeders suka gano baiwar da yake da ita. Daga nan ya samu damar haɓaka ƙwarewarsa har zuwa shiga babbar ƙungiyar Rangers International.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sportsnow.com.ng/igboke-sets-sight-on-achieving-great-things-with-rangers/ |title=Igboke sets sight on achieving great things with Rangers |website=SportsNow Nigeria |date=2024-05-23 |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africasport.net/article/football/flying-antelopes-playmaker-igboke-sets-sight-on-sustaining-club-s-winning-mentality |title=Flying Antelopes playmaker, Igboke sets sight on sustaining club's winning mentality |website=Africa Sport Network |date=2024-05-26 |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙwallo == Igboke ya fara bugawa babbar ƙungiyar Rangers International wasa a kakar 2022/2023 ta gasar NPFL inda ya nuna bajinta a wasan da suka buga da Niger Tornadoes. Tun daga lokacin ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasan ‘yan wasa a ƙungiyar, musamman saboda irin rawar da yake takawa wajen kai hari daga gefen baya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sportsnow.com.ng/igboke-sets-sight-on-achieving-great-things-with-rangers/ |title=Igboke sets sight on achieving great things with Rangers |website=SportsNow Nigeria |date=2024-05-23 |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> A kakar 2023/2024, Kenneth Igboke ya taimaka sosai wajen nasarorin da Rangers International ta samu a gasar NPFL. Ya zura ƙwallaye masu muhimmanci tare da bayar da taimako ga abokan wasansa, abin da ya sa aka fara kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan baya mafi hazaka a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/rising-npfl-star-kenneth-igboke-thrilled-with-maiden-super-eagles-call-up/ |title=Rising NPFL star Kenneth Igboke thrilled with maiden Super Eagles call-up |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Tawagar ƙasa == A watan Mayun 2024, mai horar da tawagar ƙasar Najeriya, Finidi George, ya gayyaci Kenneth Igboke zuwa tawagar '''Super Eagles''' karo na farko bayan rawar gani da ya taka a Rangers International. Gayyatar tasa ta zo ne bayan raunin da Victor Osimhen ya samu kafin wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/football/story/super-eagles-new-boy-kenneth-igboke-reacts-to-finidi-georges-call-2024053004444846466 |title=Dream come true - Super Eagles new boy Kenneth Igboke reacts to Finidi George's call |website=Pulse Sports Nigeria |date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/what-finidi-sees-in-npfl-youngster-kenneth-igboke/ |title=What Finidi sees in NPFL youngster Kenneth Igboke |website=Vanguard Nigeria |date=2024-06-01 |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Bayan samun gayyata zuwa Super Eagles, Igboke ya bayyana hakan a matsayin “cikar buri” domin ya daɗe yana mafarkin wakiltar Najeriya a matakin manya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/football/story/super-eagles-new-boy-kenneth-igboke-reacts-to-finidi-georges-call-2024053004444846466 |title=Dream come true - Super Eagles new boy Kenneth Igboke reacts to Finidi George's call |website=Pulse Sports Nigeria |date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Salon wasa == An fi sanin Kenneth Igboke da iya kai hari daga gefen baya, yin gudu cikin sauri, da kuma bayar da ƙwallayen da ke haifar da dama ga masu kai hari. Har ila yau yana da ƙwarewa wajen kare gefe da kuma dawo da ƙwallo daga hannun abokan hamayya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africasport.net/article/football/flying-antelopes-playmaker-igboke-sets-sight-on-sustaining-club-s-winning-mentality |title=Flying Antelopes playmaker, Igboke sets sight on sustaining club's winning mentality |website=Africa Sport Network |date=2024-05-26 |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu tsaron baya na ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Category:Mutanen Enugu]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwa a 2005]] jxrwe577a1b9qmn4uci276eu2l9w096 842238 842236 2026-05-29T07:22:32Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356622993|Kenneth Igboke]]" 842238 wikitext text/x-wiki  Kenneth Igboke Cikakken suna = Kenneth obinna Igboke Rabar Haihuwa = 27 july 2005 Kenneth Obinna Igboke (an haife shi 27 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2005) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kenneth Igboke - Profile, Stats, Injuries |url=https://www.livesoccertv.com/player/k-igboke/601247/ |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=www.livesoccertv.com}}</ref> ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin hagu na [[Enugu Rangers|Rangers International FC]].C. a gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ossai |first=Jude |date=2023-04-11 |title=Igboke emerges Rangers' Player-of-the-month |url=https://dailynewsngr.com.ng/igboke-emerges-rangers-player-of-the-month/ |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Daily News Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Igboke ya fito ne daga [[Nsukka]] a [[Enugu (jiha)|Enugu]] . Kocin kungiyar Rangers International ne suka gano shi yayin da yake buga kwallon kafa a titunan Nsukka, Jihar Enugu, kafin ya ci gaba ta hanyar tsarin matasa na kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okogba |first=Emmanuel |date=2024-06-01 |title=What Finidi sees in NPFL youngster Kenneth Igboke |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/what-finidi-sees-in-npfl-youngster-kenneth-igboke/ |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Rangers na kasa da kasa === Igboke ya fara babban aikinsa tare da Rangers International F.C., ya shiga cikin tawagar farko a lokacin kakar 2022-23 ta NPFL <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-04 |title=NPFL 2022/23 : It Is A Privilege To Appear In Rangers' Colours |url=https://www.sports247.ng/npfl-2022-23-it-is-a-privilege-to-appear-in-rangers-colours/ |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Sports247 Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, Igboke ya karbi kiransa na farko ga tawagar Najeriya (Super Eagles) don wasanni na kasa da kasa bayan ya zira kwallaye uku kuma ya ba da taimako daya, kodayake bai fara bugawa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amosu |first=Adeboye |date=2024-05-29 |title=2026 WCQ: Rangers Celebrate Igboke’s Super Eagles' Invitation |url=https://www.completesports.com/2026-wcq-rangers-celebrate-igbokes-super-eagles-invitation/ |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Complete Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyebola |first=Mike |date=2024-05-30 |title=2026 WCQ: Igboke vows to represent Rangers, NPFL well in Super Eagles |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/05/30/2026-wcq-igboke-vows-to-represent-rangers-npfl-well-in-super-eagles/ |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Erezi |first=Dennis |date=2024-05-30 |title=Rising NPFL star Kenneth Igboke thrilled with maiden Super Eagles call-up |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/rising-npfl-star-kenneth-igboke-thrilled-with-maiden-super-eagles-call-up/ |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025, [[Éric Chelle|Eric Chelle]] ya gayyace shi zuwa gasar cin kofin Unity, inda ya fara bugawa Super Eagles na Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adewale |first=Abiodun |date=2026-05-27 |title=Unity Cup: Azeez bags brace on debut as Eagles reach final |url=https://punchng.com/unity-cup-azeez-bags-brace-on-debut-as-eagles-reach-final/ |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olorunfemi |first=Victor |date=2026-05-26 |title=Debutant Femi Azeez scores brace as Super Eagles beat Zimbabwe to advance into Unity Cup final |url=https://gazettengr.com/debutant-femi-azeez-scores-brace-as-super-eagles-beat-zimbabwe-to-advance-into-unity-cup-final/ |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Peoples Gazette Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Daraja == Igboke ya lashe gasar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ta 2023/2024 da 2025/2026 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwoke |first=Chidi Uduma |date=2026-05-25 |title=Rangers International Clinches 9th NPFL Title In Style |url=https://von.gov.ng/rangers-international-clinches-9th-npfl-title-in-style/ |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Voice of Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Articles without Wikidata item]] jvph36hsfonsqpfkjbq4ueujefpzr5t 0 152998 842239 2026-05-29T07:32:03Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Ezekiel Adebiyi | image = | caption = | birth_name = Ezekiel Femi Adebiyi | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|7|28}} | birth_place = Ibadan, Oyo State, Najeriya | nationality = ɗan Najeriya | fields = [[Bioinformatics]], [[Computer science]], [[Computational biology]] | workplaces = [[Covenant University]] | alma_mater = [[University of Ilorin]]<br>[[University of Tübingen]] | known_for = Bincike a fannin bioinformatics da nazarin cutar malar... 842239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ezekiel Adebiyi | image = | caption = | birth_name = Ezekiel Femi Adebiyi | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|7|28}} | birth_place = Ibadan, Oyo State, Najeriya | nationality = ɗan Najeriya | fields = [[Bioinformatics]], [[Computer science]], [[Computational biology]] | workplaces = [[Covenant University]] | alma_mater = [[University of Ilorin]]<br>[[University of Tübingen]] | known_for = Bincike a fannin bioinformatics da nazarin cutar malaria | awards = }} '''Professor Ezekiel Femi Adebiyi''' ɗan Najeriya ne kuma farfesa a fannin [[Bioinformatics]] da [[Computer science]]. An san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jagororin binciken bioinformatics a Afirka ta Yamma, kuma ya zama farfesan bioinformatics na farko a yankin Afirka ta Yamma bayan naɗa shi a [[Covenant University]] a shekarar 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.h3abionet.org/index.php/nodes/cu |title=Prof. Ezekiel Adebiyi : Head of CUBRe |website=H3ABioNet |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Ya taba zama mataimakin shugaban kungiyar African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, sannan kuma shugaban Nigerian Society of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1390-2359 |title=Ezekiel Femi Adebiyi |website=ORCID |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Ezekiel Adebiyi a ranar 28 ga Yulin shekarar 1970 a birnin Ibadan da ke jihar Oyo, Najeriya. Asalinsa daga yankin Boluwaduro na jihar Osun yake.<ref>{{cite news |title=We Aim to Eradicate Malaria in Africa - Ezekiel Adebiyi |work=Vanguard Newspaper |date=2012-10-25}}</ref> Ya yi karatun sakandare a makarantar United Community Secondary School da ke Ilorin. Daga shekarar 1987 zuwa 1991 ya yi karatun lissafi a [[University of Ilorin]], inda ya kammala a matsayin mafi ƙwazon ɗalibi a ajinsa. Daga baya ya samu digirin digirgir (M.Sc) a wannan jami'a a shekarar 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1390-2359 |title=Ezekiel Femi Adebiyi |website=ORCID |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> A shekarar 2002 ya samu digirin PhD a fannin Computer Science – Algorithms and Bioinformatics daga [[University of Tübingen]] da ke ƙasar Jamus ta karkashin tallafin karatu na DAAD.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.h3abionet.org/index.php/nodes/cu |title=Prof. Ezekiel Adebiyi : Head of CUBRe |website=H3ABioNet |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Aiki == Adebiyi ya fara aikin koyarwa a [[University of Ilorin]] a matsayin Graduate Assistant a shekarar 1992. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin visiting scientist a cibiyoyi daban-daban na bincike a Turai da Amurka, ciki har da San Diego Supercomputer Center da German Cancer Research Center.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1390-2359 |title=Ezekiel Femi Adebiyi |website=ORCID |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> A shekarar 2008 ya koma [[Covenant University]], sannan aka naɗa shi farfesa a shekarar 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cubre.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/previous-team/ |title=Previous CUBRe Team |website=Covenant University Bioinformatics Research |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Shi ne shugaban farko na Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), wata cibiyar bincike da ke mayar da hankali kan bioinformatics, genomics, da nazarin cututtuka irin su malaria da cututtukan gado.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.h3abionet.org/nodes/cu |title=Building Pan-African Bioinformatics Capacity |website=H3ABioNet |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Bincike == Babban fannin bincikensa ya haɗa da: * Computational molecular biology * Bioinformatics * Human genetics * Genomics * Nazarin malaria ta hanyar amfani da kwamfuta Adebiyi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a ayyukan binciken malaria a Afirka, tare da amfani da dabarun bioinformatics wajen gano hanyoyin magance cutar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Covenant varsity don discovers way to eradicate malaria |work=Vanguard Newspaper |date=2011-04-07}}</ref> Har ila yau ya kasance cikin jagororin aikin NIH H3ABioNet Consortium, wanda ke tallafa wa binciken genomics da bioinformatics a Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.h3abionet.org/index.php/nodes/cu |title=Prof. Ezekiel Adebiyi : Head of CUBRe |website=H3ABioNet |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Mukamai == * Shugaban Nigerian Society of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology * Mataimakin shugaban African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (2007–2011) * Jagoran Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe) == Duba kuma == * [[Covenant University]] * [[Bioinformatics]] * [[University of Ilorin]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1390-2359 ORCID Profile] * [https://www.h3abionet.org/index.php/nodes/cu H3ABioNet Profile] le031mdal8jyggvqfiqr2jf126yn9kg 0 152999 842240 2026-05-29T07:40:11Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271262437|Besokatra River]]" 842240 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Mahavanona_(Diana)-riviere_Besokatra.jpg|left|thumb|Kogin Besokatra da aka gani daga gadar RN6 (kusa da Mahavanona (Diana))]] '''Kogin Besokatra''' yana arewacin [[Madagaskar|ƙasar Madagascar]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rivers and streams on Madagascar - MADADOC |url=http://madadoc.irenala.edu.mg/v02045_RIV.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013841/http://madadoc.irenala.edu.mg/v02045_RIV.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=6 December 2013 |publisher=madadoc.irenala.edu.mg}}</ref> Majiyoyinsa suna kusa da Joffreville a cikin Amber Mountain National Park, a cikin [[Ambohitra Massif]], yana ratsa Route nationale 6 kusa da Mahavanona kuma yana kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]]. Ruwan da Diego Suarez ke samarwa ya dogara ne kacokan da ruwan da ke kwarara daga kogin Besokatra. == Manazarta == aznzsio1vpslfc1aelptr08jwibpei8 842241 842240 2026-05-29T07:41:50Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842241 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Mahavanona_(Diana)-riviere_Besokatra.jpg|left|thumb|Kogin Besokatra da aka gani daga gadar RN6 (kusa da Mahavanona (Diana))]] '''Kogin Besokatra''' yana arewacin [[Madagaskar|ƙasar Madagascar]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rivers and streams on Madagascar - MADADOC |url=http://madadoc.irenala.edu.mg/v02045_RIV.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013841/http://madadoc.irenala.edu.mg/v02045_RIV.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=6 December 2013 |publisher=madadoc.irenala.edu.mg}}</ref> Majiyoyinsa suna kusa da Joffreville a cikin Amber Mountain National Park, a cikin [[Ambohitra Massif]], yana ratsa Route nationale 6 kusa da Mahavanona kuma yana kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]]. Ruwan da Diego Suarez ke samarwa ya dogara ne kacokan da ruwan da ke kwarara daga kogin Besokatra.<ref>[https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/06/antsiranana-quand-les-eleves-menent.html ANTSIRANANA - Quand les élèves mènent l’enquête sur l’eau]</ref> == Manazarta == fcxph152kc1vcf2hbwg9kb7l2rplscl 842242 842241 2026-05-29T07:42:30Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842242 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Mahavanona_(Diana)-riviere_Besokatra.jpg|left|thumb|Kogin Besokatra da aka gani daga gadar RN6 (kusa da Mahavanona (Diana))]]{{Databox}} '''Kogin Besokatra''' yana arewacin [[Madagaskar|ƙasar Madagascar]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rivers and streams on Madagascar - MADADOC |url=http://madadoc.irenala.edu.mg/v02045_RIV.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013841/http://madadoc.irenala.edu.mg/v02045_RIV.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=6 December 2013 |publisher=madadoc.irenala.edu.mg}}</ref> Majiyoyinsa suna kusa da Joffreville a cikin Amber Mountain National Park, a cikin [[Ambohitra Massif]], yana ratsa Route nationale 6 kusa da Mahavanona kuma yana kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]]. Ruwan da Diego Suarez ke samarwa ya dogara ne kacokan da ruwan da ke kwarara daga kogin Besokatra.<ref>[https://www.lexpress.mg/2024/06/antsiranana-quand-les-eleves-menent.html ANTSIRANANA - Quand les élèves mènent l’enquête sur l’eau]</ref> == Manazarta == 18z33b1p7fbjp1jnnt5daf2httue5l9 0 153000 842244 2026-05-29T07:44:34Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Fatiu Ademola Akesode | image = | birth_date = Mayu 1940 | birth_place = [[Lagos State]], Najeriya | death_date = 30 Maris 2001 | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, Likitan yara, Mai gudanarwar jami'a | known_for = Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar [[Lagos State University]] | office = Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Lagos State University | term_start = 1997 | term_end = 2001 | predecessor = Enitan Bababunmi | successor = Abisogun Leigh... 842244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Fatiu Ademola Akesode | image = | birth_date = Mayu 1940 | birth_place = [[Lagos State]], Najeriya | death_date = 30 Maris 2001 | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, Likitan yara, Mai gudanarwar jami'a | known_for = Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar [[Lagos State University]] | office = Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Lagos State University | term_start = 1997 | term_end = 2001 | predecessor = Enitan Bababunmi | successor = Abisogun Leigh }} '''Fatiu Ademola Akesode''' (Mayu 1940 – 30 Maris 2001) ya kasance fitaccen farfesan ilimin kula da lafiyar yara (Paediatrics), masanin kiwon lafiya, kuma tsohon mataimakin shugaban jami'ar [[Lagos State University]] (LASU) a Najeriya. An san shi da rawar da ya taka wajen bunƙasa jami'ar LASU ta fuskar gine-gine, ƙara sababbin fannoni na karatu da kuma inganta harkokin ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/lasu-vc-race-the-untold-story/ |title=LASU VC race: The untold story |website=Tribune Online |date=22 Afrilu 2021 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Akesode a tsibirin Lagos cikin dangin Bajulaiye. Ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar Ansar-Ud-Deen Primary School da ke Amuto Okepopo sannan ya halarci Methodist Boys' High School domin karatun sakandare.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/51235/fatiu-ademola-akesode-a-personal-reminiscence.html |title=Fatiu Ademola Akesode: A Personal Reminiscence |website=The Nigerian Voice |date=7 Mayu 2011 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1962 ya shiga Kwalejin Koyon Likitanci ta [[University of Lagos]] inda ya karanci likitanci. Bayan kammala digirinsa na farko, ya samu digirin MSc a fannin lafiyar jama'a daga jami'ar Johns Hopkins a shekarar 1968. Daga baya ya samu digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin kula da lafiyar yara daga Baltimore, Maryland a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/51235/fatiu-ademola-akesode-a-personal-reminiscence.html |title=Fatiu Ademola Akesode: A Personal Reminiscence |website=The Nigerian Voice |date=7 Mayu 2011 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aiki == Akesode ya fara aikinsa a matsayin babban likitan horaswa (Chief Resident) a fannin kula da lafiyar yara a Baltimore, Amurka. Daga baya ya zama malami a jami'ar [[University of British Columbia]] da ke Kanada a shekarar 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/lasu-vc-race-the-untold-story/ |title=LASU VC race: The untold story |website=Tribune Online |date=22 Afrilu 2021 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya, ya koyar a [[University of Lagos]] a matsayin babban malami kafin a naɗa shi farfesa a jami'ar Ogun State University, wacce yanzu ake kira [[Olabisi Onabanjo University]]. Har ila yau ya riƙe muƙamin Chief Medical Director na asibitin koyarwa na jami'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/51235/fatiu-ademola-akesode-a-personal-reminiscence.html |title=Fatiu Ademola Akesode: A Personal Reminiscence |website=The Nigerian Voice |date=7 Mayu 2011 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1997 aka naɗa shi mataimakin shugaban jami'ar LASU. Lokacin mulkinsa jami'ar ta samu ci gaba sosai wajen gine-gine da ƙirƙirar sababbin fannoni kamar Faculty of Management Sciences da School of Communication.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archivi.ng/search/41Mc5IsBg5yxONaMn5de |title=PM News Archive on LASU VC Fatiu Akesode |website=Archivi.ng |date=30 Maris 2001 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Gudummawa == Ana kallon Akesode a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin jami'a da suka taimaka wajen rage rikice-rikicen cikin gida a LASU tare da bunƙasa martabar jami'ar. Ya kuma taka rawa wajen kafa LASU College of Medicine.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/51235/fatiu-ademola-akesode-a-personal-reminiscence.html |title=Fatiu Ademola Akesode: A Personal Reminiscence |website=The Nigerian Voice |date=7 Mayu 2011 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Daga baya jami'ar LASU ta sanya sunansa ga babban ɗakin karatu na jami'ar, wanda ake kira '''Fatiu Ademola Akesode Library'''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_State_University |title=Lagos State University |website=Wikipedia |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Farfesa Akesode ya rasu a ranar 30 Maris 2001 yana da shekaru 61 a duniya, jim kaɗan bayan sake naɗa shi karo na biyu a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jami'ar LASU.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archivi.ng/search/41Mc5IsBg5yxONaMn5de |title=PM News Archive on LASU VC Fatiu Akesode |website=Archivi.ng |date=30 Maris 2001 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:2001 deaths]] [[Category:Nigerian academics]] [[Category:Nigerian medical doctors]] [[Category:Lagos State University people]] [[Category:University administrators]] tljp6dkze32j7ga6qxk5tjiaucxfi01 0 153001 842246 2026-05-29T07:52:27Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Festus Iyayi | image = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1947|9|29}} | birth_place = Ugbegun, Jihar Edo, Najeriya | death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|11|12|1947|9|29}} | death_place = Lokoja, Jihar Kogi, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Marubuci, malami, ɗan gwagwarmayar ma’aikata | known_for = Adabin siyasa da gwagwarmayar ASUU | organization = Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) | notable_works = ''Violence'', ''The Co... 842246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Festus Iyayi | image = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1947|9|29}} | birth_place = Ugbegun, Jihar Edo, Najeriya | death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|11|12|1947|9|29}} | death_place = Lokoja, Jihar Kogi, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Marubuci, malami, ɗan gwagwarmayar ma’aikata | known_for = Adabin siyasa da gwagwarmayar ASUU | organization = Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) | notable_works = ''Violence'', ''The Contract'', ''Heroes'', ''Awaiting Court Martial'' }} '''Festus Iyayi''' (29 ga Satumba, 1947 – 12 ga Nuwamba, 2013) marubuci ne ɗan Najeriya, malamin jami'a kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa mai ra’ayin hagu. An fi saninsa da rubuce-rubucensa masu bayyana matsalolin talauci, cin hanci, zalunci da bambancin azuzuwan jama'a a Najeriya. Haka kuma ya kasance tsohon shugaban kungiyar malaman jami’o’i ta Najeriya wato ASUU.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former ASUU President, Prof Festus Iyayi dies in auto crash |url=https://dailypost.ng/2013/11/12/former-asuu-president-prof-festus-iyayi-dies-auto-crash/ |work=Daily Post Nigeria |date=12 Nuwamba 2013 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Iyayi a garin Ugbegun da ke yankin Esan a Jihar Edo ta Najeriya. Ya taso cikin iyali mai ƙaramin ƙarfi amma mai cusa masa tarbiyya da kishin talakawa. Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a Annunciation Catholic College kafin ya wuce Government College Ughelli.<ref>{{cite news |title=Festus Iyayi: Death at the peak of struggle |url=https://punchng.com/festus-iyayi-death-at-the-peak-of-struggle/ |work=The Punch |date=12 Nuwamba 2013 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ya tafi tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet inda ya yi karatun tattalin arziki a Kiev Institute of Economics. Bayan haka ya samu digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Bradford da ke Birtaniya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria: Death of an Activist - Festus Iyayi |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201311151142.html |work=AllAfrica |date=15 Nuwamba 2013 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa da gwagwarmaya == Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya, Iyayi ya zama malami a Sashen Gudanar da Kasuwanci na Jami'ar Benin. A lokacin aikinsa ne ya shiga gwagwarmayar kare haƙƙin malaman jami'a da dalibai. Ya zama shugaban reshen ASUU na jami’ar sannan daga baya shugaban ƙasa na ASUU a shekarar 1986.<ref>{{cite news |title=ASUU President, Uniabuja chapter mourn Festus Iyayi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/11/asuu-president-uniabuja-chapter-mourn-festus-iyayi/ |work=Vanguard Nigeria |date=12 Nuwamba 2013 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Iyayi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu ra’ayin gurguzu da suka yi amfani da adabi wajen bayyana matsalolin Najeriya, musamman yadda masu mulki ke cin zarafin talakawa da ma’aikata.<ref>{{cite news |title=Festus Iyayi buried |url=https://www.socialistnigeria.org/2301/2013/12/11/festus-iyayi-buried/ |work=Democratic Socialist Movement |date=11 Disamba 2013 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Littattafan Festus Iyayi sun fi karkata zuwa adabin siyasa da rayuwar talakawa. Daga cikin sanannun ayyukansa akwai: * ''Violence'' (1979) * ''The Contract'' (1982) * ''Heroes'' (1986) * ''Awaiting Court Martial'' (1996) Littafinsa ''Heroes'' ya lashe kyautar Commonwealth Writers Prize a shekarar 1988 saboda yadda ya bayyana illolin Yaƙin Basasar Najeriya da kuma wahalhalun talakawa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Festus Iyayi Biography |url=https://www.jrank.org/literature/pages/4542/Festus-Iyayi.html |work=JRank Literature Encyclopedia |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Festus Iyayi ya rasu a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2013 sakamakon hatsarin mota a kusa da Lokoja, Jihar Kogi. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa motar tawagar gwamnan Jihar Kogi ce ta haddasa hatsarin yayin da Iyayi ke tafiya zuwa Kano domin halartar taron ASUU.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-ASUU President Festus Iyayi dies in car accident |url=https://www.legit.ng/51864.html |work=Legit.ng |date=12 Nuwamba 2013 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Mutuwarsa ta girgiza masana ilimi, marubuta da masu rajin kare haƙƙin ma’aikata a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Festus Iyayi, Professor and Former ASUU Leader, Dies on Way to NEC Meeting |url=https://www.theepochtimes.com/article/festus-iyayi-professor-and-former-asuu-leader-dies-at-66-358489/ |work=The Epoch Times |date=13 Nuwamba 2013 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Gadonsa == Ana kallon Festus Iyayi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan Najeriya masu amfani da adabi wajen yaƙar rashin adalci. Rubuce-rubucensa da gwagwarmayarsa sun taimaka wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalolin tsarin siyasa da tattalin arziki a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigerian Writer, Academic and Activist Festus Iyayi (1947–2013) |url=https://sbenews.com.ng/2025/03/22/nigeria-writer-academic-and-activist-festus-iyayi1947-2013-www-sbenews-com-ng-www-efficiency-com-ng/ |work=SB E-News |date=22 Maris 2025 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[ASUU]] * [[Adabin Najeriya]] * [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] [[Category:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Category:Yan gwagwarmayar Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Category:Haihuwa a 1947]] [[Category:Mutuwa a 2013]] gta2m113ab82dkeulu395vegj6em0ez 0 153002 842247 2026-05-29T07:55:41Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Fidelis Uzochukwu Okafor | image = | birth_date = 1950 | birth_place = [[Onitsha]], Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Malami, masani, farfesa | known_for = Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a na Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University | alma_mater = Urban University, Rome<br>Gregorian University, Rome }} '''Fidelis Uzochukwu Okafor''' ɗan Najeriya ne masani kuma farfesa wanda ya yi suna a harkar ilimi da gudanar da jami’o’i a Na... 842247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Fidelis Uzochukwu Okafor | image = | birth_date = 1950 | birth_place = [[Onitsha]], Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Malami, masani, farfesa | known_for = Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a na Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University | alma_mater = Urban University, Rome<br>Gregorian University, Rome }} '''Fidelis Uzochukwu Okafor''' ɗan Najeriya ne masani kuma farfesa wanda ya yi suna a harkar ilimi da gudanar da jami’o’i a Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon shugaban jami’ar [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University]] (tsohuwar Anambra State University) dake jihar Anambra. An san shi da gudummawar da ya bayar wajen bunƙasa ilimi da gudanar da manyan cibiyoyin ilimi a Najeriya. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Okafor a shekarar 1950 a garin [[Onitsha]] na jihar Anambra. Ya yi karatunsa na farko da sakandare a All Hallows Seminary, Onitsha inda ya samu takardar G.C.E a shekarar 1972. Bayan haka ya tafi ƙasar Italiya inda ya samu digirin BA daga Urban University, Rome a shekarar 1976. Daga bisani ya samu digirin Masters da kuma PhD daga Urban University da Gregorian University dake Rome. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} == Aiki == Okafor ya fara aikin koyarwa a [[University of Nigeria, Nsukka]] inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Lecturer II daga 1982 zuwa 1984, sannan Lecturer I daga 1984 zuwa 1986. Daga baya ya zama Senior Lecturer kafin a naɗa shi Farfesa a shekarar 1997. :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2} Ya kuma riƙe muƙamin Provost na Nwafor Orizu College of Education, Nsugbe tsakanin 2007 zuwa 2010. Daga baya gwamnatin jihar Anambra ta naɗa shi shugaban jami’ar Anambra State University, wacce daga baya aka sauya sunanta zuwa Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3} A lokacin shugabancinsa, jami’ar ta samu ci gaba a fannin gine-gine da yanayin koyarwa, abin da ya sa aka karrama shi da lambar yabo ta Commonwealth Vice-Chancellor of the Year a shekarar 2015. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4} == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Farfesa Okafor ya gudanar da bincike a jami’o’i daban-daban na ƙasashen waje ciki har da: * University of Cologne, Jamus * International Christian University, Tokyo, Japan * University of Bayreuth, Jamus * University of Hamburg, Jamus Ya wallafa littattafai da dama musamman a fannin falsafa, doka da tunanin Afirka. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai: * ''Legal Positivism and the African Legal Tradition'' * ''Right and Law in Hobbes' Ethical and Political Theory'' :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5} == Kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo == A shekarar 1994 ya samu lambar yabo daga Japan Foundation saboda kyakkyawan rahoton bincike. Haka kuma ya samu kyautar Commonwealth Vice-Chancellor of the Year a shekarar 2015 saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a fannin gudanar da jami’a. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6} A shekarar 2018 wasu ƙungiyoyin matasa na ECOWAS sun karrama shi da lambar yabo saboda ayyukansa wajen inganta ilimi da zaman lafiya a Afirka ta Yamma. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7} == Cece-kuce == A shekarar 2013 hukumar EFCC ta gurfanar da Okafor tare da wani jami’in makaranta bisa zargin almundahana lokacin da yake Provost na Nwafor Orizu College of Education, Nsugbe. An saurari shari’ar a kotun tarayya dake Awka. :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8} A shekarar 2016 kuma an samu rikici a jami’ar Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University dangane da batun tsawaita wa’adin shugabancinsa. Ƙungiyar ASUU ta jami’ar ta nuna adawa da wannan mataki. :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/uzochukwu-professor-okafor-fidelis/ BLERF Biography] * [https://www.pulse.ng/story/prof-fidelis-okafor-ojukwu-university-vc-wins-commonwealth-vice-chancellor-of-the-2024080908450945000 Pulse Nigeria Report] [[Category:Yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Masana ilimi]] [[Category:Mutanen Anambra]] [[Category:Haihuwa a 1950]] bemil3cf5d9w8tjm7mxl23hkqjx2uqy 0 153003 842248 2026-05-29T07:57:14Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox organization | name = League Management Company | abbreviation = LMC | image = | caption = | formation = 2012 | headquarters = Abuja, Najeriya | membership = Ƙungiyoyin NPFL | language = Turanci | leader_title = Shugaba | leader_name = Shehu Dikko | parent_organization = Nigeria Football Federation | website = {{URL|https://npfl.com.ng}} }} '''League Management Company''' (LMC) wata ƙungiya ce da ke kula da gudanar da gasar [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] (NP... 842248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = League Management Company | abbreviation = LMC | image = | caption = | formation = 2012 | headquarters = Abuja, Najeriya | membership = Ƙungiyoyin NPFL | language = Turanci | leader_title = Shugaba | leader_name = Shehu Dikko | parent_organization = Nigeria Football Federation | website = {{URL|https://npfl.com.ng}} }} '''League Management Company''' (LMC) wata ƙungiya ce da ke kula da gudanar da gasar [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] (NPFL), wacce ita ce babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a Najeriya. An kafa ta a shekarar 2012 bayan rikice-rikicen shugabanci da matsalolin gudanarwa da suka dabaibaye tsohuwar '''Nigeria Football League''' (NFL). Hukumar [[Nigeria Football Federation]] (NFF) ce ta amince da kafuwar LMC domin sake farfaɗo da gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta cikin gida tare da kawo tsarin kasuwanci da ingantaccen shugabanci.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NPL Now League Management Company |url=https://www.nigeriaa2z.com/2013/03/21/npl-now-league-management-company/ |work=Nigeria A-Z Online |date=21 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=NPFL gets mgt company |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/npfl-gets-mgt-company/ |work=The Nation |date=9 March 2013}}</ref> == Tarihi == Asalin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a Najeriya ya fara ne tun shekarar 1990 lokacin da aka kafa '''Nigeria Premier League''' domin ƙara ƙwarewa da tsarin gudanar da gasar cikin gida. Sai dai daga ƙarshen shekarun 2000 gasar ta shiga matsalolin kuɗi, rikice-rikicen shugabanci da kuma ƙarancin amincewar masu zuba jari. Wannan ya jawo hukumar NFF tare da goyon bayan National Sports Commission suka kafa '''Interim Management Committee''' (IMC) a shekarar 2012 domin hana rugujewar gasar baki ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kanu joins interim Nigerian Premier League management team |url=https://www.insideworldfootball.com/2012/12/27/kanu-joins-interim-nigerian-premier-league-management-team/ |work=Inside World Football |date=27 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=League Management Company |url=https://a.osmarks.net/content/wikipedia_en_all_maxi_2020-08/A/League_Management_Company}}</ref> Bayan kafa kwamitin riƙo, an yi rajistar sabuwar hukuma mai suna '''League Management Company Limited''' domin ta karɓi ragamar gudanar da gasar. Wannan mataki ya bai wa gasar sabon salo na kasuwanci da kuma tsarin gudanarwa irin na manyan wasannin duniya. Haka kuma, an sauya sunan gasar daga '''Nigeria Premier League''' zuwa '''Nigeria Professional Football League''' (NPFL).<ref>{{Cite news |title=NPFL gets mgt company |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/npfl-gets-mgt-company/ |work=The Nation |date=9 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Complete History of the NPFL: 36 Years of Nigerian Professional Football |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2026/04/15/complete-history-of-the-npfl-36-years-of-nigerian-professional-football/ |work=Within Nigeria |date=15 April 2026}}</ref> == Ayyuka da manufofi == LMC ta mayar da hankali wajen inganta harkokin gudanar da gasar NPFL ta hanyar kafa dokoki masu tsauri kan rajistar ‘yan wasa, lasisin kulob-kulob, kula da alƙalai da kuma inganta filayen wasa. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta yi ƙoƙarin jawo masu ɗaukar nauyin talla da kafafen watsa labarai domin bunƙasa kuɗaɗen shiga na gasar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=LMC: Building commercial value for the football industry |url=https://thesun.ng/lmc-building-commercial-value-for-the-football-industry/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=18 February 2017}}</ref> A cikin manyan nasarorin da aka samu ƙarƙashin LMC akwai yarjejeniyar haƙƙin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin da aka kiyasta darajarta ta kai dala miliyan 34, wacce ta taimaka wajen ƙara yaɗuwar gasar NPFL a Najeriya da wasu ƙasashe na Afirka. Haka kuma, a shekarar 2016, NPFL ta zama gasar farko a Afirka da ta fara amfani da tsarin '''Domestic Transfer Matching System''' (DTMS) domin kula da sauya shekar ‘yan wasa cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=League Management Company |url=https://a.osmarks.net/content/wikipedia_en_all_maxi_2020-08/A/League_Management_Company}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=LMC: Building commercial value for the football industry |url=https://thesun.ng/lmc-building-commercial-value-for-the-football-industry/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=18 February 2017}}</ref> == Shugabanci == Daga cikin manyan shugabannin da suka jagoranci LMC akwai '''Nduka Irabor''' wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa tsarin gudanar da sabuwar hukuma bayan rushewar tsohuwar Nigeria Premier League. Daga baya kuma '''Shehu Dikko''' ya zama shugaban LMC, inda ya jagoranci sauye-sauye da dama da suka haɗa da inganta tsarin kasuwanci, haƙƙin talabijin da kuma tsarin gudanar da kulob-kulob.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NPL Now League Management Company |url=https://www.nigeriaa2z.com/2013/03/21/npl-now-league-management-company/ |work=Nigeria A-Z Online |date=21 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shehu Dikko |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehu_Dikko}}</ref> == Tasiri a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya == Kafuwar LMC ta taimaka wajen dawo da wani mataki na daidaito da tsarin gudanarwa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya bayan shekaru na rikice-rikice. Duk da cewa har yanzu ana fuskantar ƙalubale kamar ƙarancin masu kallo a filaye, matsalolin kuɗi da ƙarancin kayan aiki, masana harkar wasanni sun bayyana cewa LMC ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen farfaɗo da NPFL da kuma ƙoƙarin mayar da ita gasa mai jan hankalin masu saka jari.<ref>{{Cite news |title=LMC: Building commercial value for the football industry |url=https://thesun.ng/lmc-building-commercial-value-for-the-football-industry/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=18 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Complete History of the NPFL: 36 Years of Nigerian Professional Football |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2026/04/15/complete-history-of-the-npfl-36-years-of-nigerian-professional-football/ |work=Within Nigeria |date=15 April 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ```0 a2fndkvuqford5s8ccfjde60lq0ykjl 842250 842248 2026-05-29T07:59:15Z Saad Nuhu 43323 842250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = League Management Company | abbreviation = LMC | image = | caption = | formation = 2012 | headquarters = Abuja, Najeriya | membership = Ƙungiyoyin NPFL | language = Turanci | leader_title = Shugaba | leader_name = Shehu Dikko | parent_organization = Nigeria Football Federation | website = {{URL|https://npfl.com.ng}} }} '''League Management Company''' (LMC) wata ƙungiya ce da ke kula da gudanar da gasar [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] (NPFL), wacce ita ce babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a Najeriya. An kafa ta a shekarar 2012 bayan rikice-rikicen shugabanci da matsalolin gudanarwa da suka dabaibaye tsohuwar '''Nigeria Football League''' (NFL). Hukumar [[Nigeria Football Federation]] (NFF) ce ta amince da kafuwar LMC domin sake farfaɗo da gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta cikin gida tare da kawo tsarin kasuwanci da ingantaccen shugabanci.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NPL Now League Management Company |url=https://www.nigeriaa2z.com/2013/03/21/npl-now-league-management-company/ |work=Nigeria A-Z Online |date=21 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=NPFL gets mgt company |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/npfl-gets-mgt-company/ |work=The Nation |date=9 March 2013}}</ref> == Tarihi == Asalin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a Najeriya ya fara ne tun shekarar 1990 lokacin da aka kafa '''Nigeria Premier League''' domin ƙara ƙwarewa da tsarin gudanar da gasar cikin gida. Sai dai daga ƙarshen shekarun 2000 gasar ta shiga matsalolin kuɗi, rikice-rikicen shugabanci da kuma ƙarancin amincewar masu zuba jari. Wannan ya jawo hukumar NFF tare da goyon bayan National Sports Commission suka kafa '''Interim Management Committee''' (IMC) a shekarar 2012 domin hana rugujewar gasar baki ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kanu joins interim Nigerian Premier League management team |url=https://www.insideworldfootball.com/2012/12/27/kanu-joins-interim-nigerian-premier-league-management-team/ |work=Inside World Football |date=27 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=League Management Company |url=https://a.osmarks.net/content/wikipedia_en_all_maxi_2020-08/A/League_Management_Company}}</ref> Bayan kafa kwamitin riƙo, an yi rajistar sabuwar hukuma mai suna '''League Management Company Limited''' domin ta karɓi ragamar gudanar da gasar. Wannan mataki ya bai wa gasar sabon salo na kasuwanci da kuma tsarin gudanarwa irin na manyan wasannin duniya. Haka kuma, an sauya sunan gasar daga '''Nigeria Premier League''' zuwa '''Nigeria Professional Football League''' (NPFL).<ref>{{Cite news |title=NPFL gets mgt company |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/npfl-gets-mgt-company/ |work=The Nation |date=9 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Complete History of the NPFL: 36 Years of Nigerian Professional Football |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2026/04/15/complete-history-of-the-npfl-36-years-of-nigerian-professional-football/ |work=Within Nigeria |date=15 April 2026}}</ref> == Ayyuka da manufofi == LMC ta mayar da hankali wajen inganta harkokin gudanar da gasar NPFL ta hanyar kafa dokoki masu tsauri kan rajistar ‘yan wasa, lasisin kulob-kulob, kula da alƙalai da kuma inganta filayen wasa. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta yi ƙoƙarin jawo masu ɗaukar nauyin talla da kafafen watsa labarai domin bunƙasa kuɗaɗen shiga na gasar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=LMC: Building commercial value for the football industry |url=https://thesun.ng/lmc-building-commercial-value-for-the-football-industry/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=18 February 2017}}</ref> A cikin manyan nasarorin da aka samu ƙarƙashin LMC akwai yarjejeniyar haƙƙin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin da aka kiyasta darajarta ta kai dala miliyan 34, wacce ta taimaka wajen ƙara yaɗuwar gasar NPFL a Najeriya da wasu ƙasashe na Afirka. Haka kuma, a shekarar 2016, NPFL ta zama gasar farko a Afirka da ta fara amfani da tsarin '''Domestic Transfer Matching System''' (DTMS) domin kula da sauya shekar ‘yan wasa cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=League Management Company |url=https://a.osmarks.net/content/wikipedia_en_all_maxi_2020-08/A/League_Management_Company}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=LMC: Building commercial value for the football industry |url=https://thesun.ng/lmc-building-commercial-value-for-the-football-industry/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=18 February 2017}}</ref> == Shugabanci == Daga cikin manyan shugabannin da suka jagoranci LMC akwai '''Nduka Irabor''' wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa tsarin gudanar da sabuwar hukuma bayan rushewar tsohuwar Nigeria Premier League. Daga baya kuma '''Shehu Dikko''' ya zama shugaban LMC, inda ya jagoranci sauye-sauye da dama da suka haɗa da inganta tsarin kasuwanci, haƙƙin talabijin da kuma tsarin gudanar da kulob-kulob.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NPL Now League Management Company |url=https://www.nigeriaa2z.com/2013/03/21/npl-now-league-management-company/ |work=Nigeria A-Z Online |date=21 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shehu Dikko |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehu_Dikko}}</ref> == Tasiri a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya == Kafuwar LMC ta taimaka wajen dawo da wani mataki na daidaito da tsarin gudanarwa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya bayan shekaru na rikice-rikice. Duk da cewa har yanzu ana fuskantar ƙalubale kamar ƙarancin masu kallo a filaye, matsalolin kuɗi da ƙarancin kayan aiki, masana harkar wasanni sun bayyana cewa LMC ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen farfaɗo da NPFL da kuma ƙoƙarin mayar da ita gasa mai jan hankalin masu saka jari.<ref>{{Cite news |title=LMC: Building commercial value for the football industry |url=https://thesun.ng/lmc-building-commercial-value-for-the-football-industry/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=18 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Complete History of the NPFL: 36 Years of Nigerian Professional Football |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2026/04/15/complete-history-of-the-npfl-36-years-of-nigerian-professional-football/ |work=Within Nigeria |date=15 April 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} a5727e4bibjye10shoddq5lpg2j0l1x 0 153004 842251 2026-05-29T08:03:54Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Fidelis Uzochukwu Okafor | birth_date = 1950 | birth_place = Onitsha, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Masanin falsafa, malami, jami'in ilimi | known_for = Tsohon shugaban jami'ar Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University | alma_mater = Pontifical Urban University, Rome<br>Gregorian University, Rome<br>University of Nigeria, Nsukka }} '''Fidelis Uzochukwu Okafor''' ɗan Najeriya ne masani a fannin falsafa, malami kuma jami'in gudana... 842251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Fidelis Uzochukwu Okafor | birth_date = 1950 | birth_place = Onitsha, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Masanin falsafa, malami, jami'in ilimi | known_for = Tsohon shugaban jami'ar Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University | alma_mater = Pontifical Urban University, Rome<br>Gregorian University, Rome<br>University of Nigeria, Nsukka }} '''Fidelis Uzochukwu Okafor''' ɗan Najeriya ne masani a fannin falsafa, malami kuma jami'in gudanarwar ilimi wanda ya yi suna a matsayin shugaban jami'ar '''Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University''' (tsohuwar Anambra State University). Ya yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban na koyarwa da shugabanci a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/uzochukwu-professor-okafor-fidelis/ |title=UZOCHUKWU, Prof Okafor Fidelis |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Okafor a shekarar 1950 a garin Onitsha da ke jihar Anambra a Najeriya. Ya yi karatunsa na farko da sakandare a All Hallows Seminary, Onitsha, inda ya samu takardar GCE ta Jami'ar London a shekarar 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/uzochukwu-professor-okafor-fidelis/ |title=UZOCHUKWU, Prof Okafor Fidelis |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Daga bisani ya tafi Rome inda ya samu digirin BA daga Pontifical Urban University tsakanin 1973 zuwa 1976. Ya kuma samu digirin MA da PhD daga Urban University da Gregorian University da ke Rome.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biography:Fidelis_Uzochukwu_Okafor |title=Biography:Fidelis Uzochukwu Okafor |website=HandWiki |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Haka kuma ya karanci lauya (LL.B) a Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/uzochukwu-professor-okafor-fidelis/ |title=UZOCHUKWU, Prof Okafor Fidelis |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Aiki == Okafor ya fara aiki a Jami'ar Najeriya a matsayin Lecturer II daga shekarar 1982 zuwa 1984, sannan ya zama Lecturer I daga 1984 zuwa 1986. Ya zama babban malami (Senior Lecturer) daga 1986 zuwa 1997 kafin a naɗa shi Farfesa a shekarar 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biography:Fidelis_Uzochukwu_Okafor |title=Biography:Fidelis Uzochukwu Okafor |website=HandWiki |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Ya kuma taba zama Provost na '''Nwafor Orizu College of Education, Nsugbe''' daga 2007 zuwa 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/uzochukwu-professor-okafor-fidelis/ |title=UZOCHUKWU, Prof Okafor Fidelis |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> A shekarar 2010s, gwamnatin jihar Anambra ta naɗa shi shugaban jami'ar Anambra State University wanda daga baya aka sauya wa suna zuwa Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://amp.pulse.ng/communities/student/prof-fidelis-okafor-ojukwu-university-vc-wins-commonwealth-vice-chancellor-of-the-year-award-id3851352.html |title=Prof Fidelis Okafor: Ojukwu University VC wins Commonwealth Vice-Chancellor of the Year award |website=Pulse Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Okafor ya wallafa littattafai da dama a fannin falsafa da dokoki, ciki har da: * ''Legal Positivism and the African Legal Tradition'' * ''Right and Law in Hobbes' Ethical and Political Theory''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biography:Fidelis_Uzochukwu_Okafor |title=Biography:Fidelis Uzochukwu Okafor |website=HandWiki |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Ya gudanar da bincike a jami'o'i daban-daban na ƙasashen waje ciki har da: * University of Cologne, Jamus * International Christian University, Tokyo, Japan * University of Bayreuth * University of Hamburg<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/uzochukwu-professor-okafor-fidelis/ |title=UZOCHUKWU, Prof Okafor Fidelis |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo == A shekarar 1994 ya samu kyautar '''Japan Foundation Best Report Award'''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biography:Fidelis_Uzochukwu_Okafor |title=Biography:Fidelis Uzochukwu Okafor |website=HandWiki |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Haka kuma ya samu lambar yabo daga kungiyar matasan ECOWAS saboda gudummawarsa wajen bunkasa ilimi da zaman lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.odogwublog.com/prof-fidelis-okafor-stands-on-world-stage-as-world-peace-advocate-receives-ecowas-award/ |title=Prof Okafor on World stage as a Peace Advocate |website=Odogwu Blog |date=2018-12-10 |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Muƙamai == * Farfesa a Jami'ar Najeriya * Provost na Nwafor Orizu College of Education * Shugaban jami'ar Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Nwakoby |title=Greg Nwakoby |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University]] * [[University of Nigeria]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutanen Anambra]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshin Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana falsafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Haihuwa a 1950]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 4owk51lwtd6vkm7fei1do6p5rvfkcrn 0 153005 842252 2026-05-29T08:06:00Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox organization | suna = Nationwide League One | tambari = NLO logo.png | ƙasa = Najeriya | mataki = Mataki na uku | ƙungiyoyi = Sama da 300 | kafa = 1972 | tsohon_suna = Nigerian Amateur League | haɓaka_zuwa = Nigeria National League | gasar_kofi = Federation Cup | hukuma = Nigeria Football Federation | yanar_gizo = https://www.nlo.ng/ }} ''... 842252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | suna = Nationwide League One | tambari = NLO logo.png | ƙasa = Najeriya | mataki = Mataki na uku | ƙungiyoyi = Sama da 300 | kafa = 1972 | tsohon_suna = Nigerian Amateur League | haɓaka_zuwa = Nigeria National League | gasar_kofi = Federation Cup | hukuma = Nigeria Football Federation | yanar_gizo = https://www.nlo.ng/ }} '''Nationwide League One''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''NLO''') ita ce gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mataki na uku a tsarin lig ɗin ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya. Ana gudanar da gasar ƙarƙashin kulawar [[Nigeria Football Federation]] (NFF), kuma tana zama muhimmiyar hanyar haɓaka matasan ‘yan wasa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi zuwa manyan matakan ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙasar. An san gasar da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan gasar ƙwallon ƙafa na matasan ‘yan wasa a Afirka saboda yawan ƙungiyoyin da ke shiga a dukkan yankunan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newtelegraphng.com/nationwide-league-one-a-decade-of-growth-professionalization-opportunities/ |title=Nationwide League One: A Decade Of Growth, Professionalization, Opportunities |publisher=New Telegraph |date=27 April 2023 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gongnews.net/nationwide-league-one-a-decade-of-growth-professionalization-and-opportunities/ |title=Nationwide League One: A Decade Of Growth, Professionalization And Opportunities |publisher=GongNews |date=27 April 2023 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1972 aka fara gasar da sunan '''Nigerian Amateur League''', kafin daga bisani aka sauya mata suna zuwa '''Nationwide League One''' a shekarar 2012 a wani babban sauyi da aka yi wa tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya. Sauyin ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin ƙara ƙwarewa da inganta harkokin gudanar da ƙananan lig-lig na ƙasar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.teamstats.net/league/nationwide-league-one/about |title=About Nationwide League One |publisher=TeamStats |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_Nationwide_League |title=Nigeria Nationwide League |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> NLO tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gano sabbin ‘yan wasa da haɓaka ƙungiyoyin matasa. Yawancin ‘yan wasan da suka yi fice a Najeriya sun fara ne daga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin da ke wannan mataki kafin daga baya su koma manyan lig-lig na cikin gida da ƙasashen waje. Gasar na kuma bai wa ƙananan al’ummomi damar shiga harkokin ƙwallon ƙafa ta hanyar kafa ƙungiyoyi masu wakiltar yankunansu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://platinumnewsng.com/ballpoint-reassembling-nationwide-league-one-the-homebrewers-of-national-youth-teams/ |title=Reassembling Nationwide League One – The Homebrewers of National Youth Teams |publisher=Platinum News |date=2 December 2023 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> A tsarin gudanarwa, ƙungiyoyin da ke cikin NLO suna fafatawa a yankuna daban-daban na ƙasar domin rage yawan kuɗin zirga-zirga da sauƙaƙa gudanar da gasar. Kungiyoyin da suka yi fice a ƙarshen kakar wasa suna samun damar hawa zuwa [[Nigeria National League]], wadda ita ce gasar mataki na biyu a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_National_League |title=Nigeria National League |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nlo.ng/league/nlo-division-one |title=NLO Division One |publisher=Nationwide League One |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, hukumar NLO ta bayyana cewa gasar ta ƙunshi sama da ƙungiyoyi 340 da kuma dubban ‘yan wasa, jami’ai da masu horaswa a faɗin Najeriya. Hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan gasar ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newtelegraphng.com/nationwide-league-one-a-decade-of-growth-professionalization-opportunities/ |title=Nationwide League One: A Decade Of Growth, Professionalization, Opportunities |publisher=New Telegraph |date=27 April 2023 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://von.gov.ng/nigeria-third-tier-nationwide-league-begins-may-3rd/ |title=Nigeria Third Tier Nationwide League Begins May 3rd |publisher=Voice of Nigeria |date=27 April 2023 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> Daga cikin sanannun ƙungiyoyin da suka taɓa bugawa a gasar akwai '''FC One Rocket''', '''Real Sapphire FC''', da sauran ƙungiyoyin matasa masu tasowa daga jihohin Najeriya. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun samu nasarar hawa zuwa manyan lig-lig na ƙasar bayan nuna ƙwarewa a gasar NLO.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_One_Rocket |title=FC One Rocket |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Sapphire_F.C. |title=Real Sapphire F.C. |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2026, hukumar gasar ta sanar da dawo da tsarin '''home-and-away''' domin ƙarfafa gasa da tabbatar da adalci tsakanin ƙungiyoyi bayan wasu sauye-sauye da aka yi a shekarun baya saboda matsalolin gudanarwa da tattalin arziki.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sports247.ng/nlo-sets-march-15-deadline-reaffirms-home-and-away-return-for-2025-2026-season/ |title=NLO Sets March 15 Deadline, Reaffirms Home-and-Away Return for 2025/2026 Season |publisher=Sports247 Nigeria |date=10 February 2026 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.nlo.ng/ Shafin hukuma na Nationwide League One] [[Category:Football leagues in Nigeria]] [[Category:Sports organizations established in 1972]] [[Category:Football in Nigeria]] j4chhiyx1tfc6bdamtjz0uoxulyg7jz 0 153006 842253 2026-05-29T08:09:05Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox organization | suna = Nigeria Referees Association | gajarta = NRA | kafa = | hedkwata = Abuja, Najeriya | kasa = Najeriya | affiliation = Nigeria Football Federation (NFF) | irin_kungiya = Kungiyar alkalan wasa }} '''Nigeria Referees Association''' ('''NRA''') kungiya ce da ke kula da harkokin alkalan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya. Kungiyar tana aiki tare da [[Nigeria Football Federation]] (NFF) wajen horaswa, kula da ladabtarwa da kuma inganta aikin alkalanci a... 842253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | suna = Nigeria Referees Association | gajarta = NRA | kafa = | hedkwata = Abuja, Najeriya | kasa = Najeriya | affiliation = Nigeria Football Federation (NFF) | irin_kungiya = Kungiyar alkalan wasa }} '''Nigeria Referees Association''' ('''NRA''') kungiya ce da ke kula da harkokin alkalan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya. Kungiyar tana aiki tare da [[Nigeria Football Federation]] (NFF) wajen horaswa, kula da ladabtarwa da kuma inganta aikin alkalanci a wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa. Hedikwatar kungiyar tana birnin Abuja, Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NFF Reiterates Commitment To Improving Refereeing Situation |url=https://von.gov.ng/nff-reiterates-commitment-to-improving-refereeing-situation/ |work=Voice of Nigeria |date=2026-04-16}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kungiyar ne domin haɗa dukkan alkalan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya a karkashin tsari guda tare da tabbatar da bin dokokin hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya ta FIFA da kuma CAF. Tsawon shekaru kungiyar tana taka rawa wajen samar da alkalan wasa masu lasisin FIFA da ke wakiltar Najeriya a manyan gasa na duniya da Afirka.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NFF president: Absence of Nigerian referees at AFCON is real shame |url=https://www.thecable.ng/nff-president-absence-of-nigerian-referees-at-afcon-shameful/ |work=TheCable |date=2024-02-21}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Babban aikin kungiyar shi ne horas da alkalan wasa, shirya tarurrukan ƙara ilimi, tantance cancanta, da kuma kare muradun mambobinta. Haka kuma kungiyar tana aiki tare da NFF wajen duba ƙorafe-ƙorafen da suka shafi alkalanci a lig-lig daban-daban na Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NFF slams refs, seeks sponsors for VAR after AFCON omission |url=https://punchng.com/nff-slams-refs-seeks-sponsors-for-var-after-afcon-omission/ |work=Punch Newspapers |date=2025-12-15}}</ref> Kungiyar tana kuma da alhakin inganta nagartar alkalanci a Najeriya ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen lafiyar jiki, koyar da dokokin wasa, da kuma amfani da sabbin fasahohi irin su ''Video Assistant Referee'' (VAR). A shekarar 2026, shugaban NFF Ibrahim Gusau ya bayyana aniyar horas da wasu alkalan wasa goma daga Najeriya a harkar VAR domin bunƙasa alkalanci a ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NFF To Train 10 Referees In VAR As Gusau Pushes Reforms |url=https://www.naijanews.com/2026/04/16/nff-train-10-referees-var-gusau-pushes-reforms/ |work=Naija News |date=2026-04-16}}</ref> == Kalubale == Kungiyar ta fuskanci suka daga masu ruwa da tsaki kan matsalolin alkalanci a wasannin cikin gida. A wasu lokuta NFF ta bayyana rashin jin daɗinta kan kura-kuran alkalai da zargin nuna son kai a wasannin lig. Hakan ya janyo kira ga gyare-gyare da tsaurara matakai a cikin tsarin alkalanci.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NFF Express Disappointment Over The Poor Performances By Nigerian Referees |url=https://sahelsportsnews.com/2025/12/nff-express-disappointment-over-the-poor-performance-by-nigerian-referees-as-committee-impose-severe-sanctions-on-erring-referees/ |work=Sahel Sports News |date=2025-12-15}}</ref> A shekarar 2022 shugaban kungiyar a lokacin, Tade Azeez, ya bayyana cewa alkalan wasan Najeriya sun gaza bayan rashin samun cikakken wakilci a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta AFCON. Ya bukaci mambobin kungiyar su ƙara ƙaimi domin dawo da martabar alkalancin Najeriya a matakin duniya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=You’ve failed, NRA boss chides Nigerian referees |url=https://dailytrust.com/youve-failed-nra-boss-chides-nigerian-referees/ |work=Daily Trust |date=2022-02-02}}</ref> == FIFA Badges == Nigeria Referees Association tana haɗa kai da NFF wajen gudanar da bikin bai wa alkalan wasa lasisin FIFA duk shekara. A shekarar 2026 an bai wa alkalan wasa 30 lasisin FIFA a Abuja, inda shugaban NFF Ibrahim Gusau ya gargade su kan muhimmancin gaskiya da riƙon amana yayin gudanar da wasa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gusau urges integrity as Nigerian referees receive FIFA badges in Abuja |url=https://thenff.com/gusau-urges-integrity-as-nigerian-referees-receive-fifa-badges-in-abuja/ |work=NFF Official Website |date=2026-02-16}}</ref> Babban sakataren NFF, Mohammed Sanusi, ya bayyana cewa Najeriya na da ƙwararrun alkalan wasa masu iya wakiltar ƙasa a duniya idan aka ci gaba da inganta horo da tsari.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nigerian referees competent – Sanusi |url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-referees-competent-sanusi/ |work=Punch Newspapers |date=2026-02-19}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[FIFA]] * [[Confederation of African Football]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Alkalan wasan kwallon kafa]] [[Category:Wasanni a Najeriya]] ot63dl9otfiqqwk8gp64574rjbrh8fh 0 153007 842254 2026-05-29T08:13:08Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox organization | name = Football Coaches Association of African Nations | abbreviation = FCAAN | formation = 2004 | type = Ƙungiyar horas da masu horas da ƙwallon ƙafa | headquarters = Houston, Texas, Amurka | region_served = Afirka | leader_title = Shugaba | leader_name = Dr. Terry Eguaoje | website = }} '''Football Coaches Association of African Nations''' ('''FCAAN''') ƙungiya ce da ke mayar da hankali wajen horaswa da bunƙasa ilimin koyar da ƙwallon ƙafa a... 842254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Football Coaches Association of African Nations | abbreviation = FCAAN | formation = 2004 | type = Ƙungiyar horas da masu horas da ƙwallon ƙafa | headquarters = Houston, Texas, Amurka | region_served = Afirka | leader_title = Shugaba | leader_name = Dr. Terry Eguaoje | website = }} '''Football Coaches Association of African Nations''' ('''FCAAN''') ƙungiya ce da ke mayar da hankali wajen horaswa da bunƙasa ilimin koyar da ƙwallon ƙafa a nahiyar Afirka. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a shekarar 2004 a Houston, Texas ta ƙasar Amurka domin samar da ilimin horaswa na zamani ga masu koyar da ƙwallon ƙafa daga matakin yara har zuwa ƙwararru a faɗin Afirka.<ref>{{cite news |title=FCAAN, US Agree On Coaching Education Partnership |url=https://independent.ng/fcaan-us-agree-on-coaching-education/ |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=13 Fabrairu 2023 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta shahara wajen shirya kwasa-kwasan horas da masu horas da ƙwallon ƙafa tare da haɗin gwiwa da hukumomin ƙwallon ƙafa daban-daban. FCAAN ta bayyana cewa manufarta ita ce zama babbar cibiyar horas da masu horaswa a Afirka ta hanyar samar da ingantattun dabaru da ilimin zamani ga masu koyarwa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Football Coaches Association Of Africa Nations Unveils OWU Sportswear As Official Kit Partner |url=https://www.sports247.ng/football-coaches-association-of-africa-nations-unveils-owu-sportswear-as-official-kit-partner/ |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=14 Mayu 2021 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, FCAAN ta zama ɗaya daga cikin abokan hulɗar ilimin horaswa na [[Nigeria Football Federation]] (NFF), inda take taimakawa wajen bunƙasa masu horas da ƙwallon ƙafa daga matakin tushe zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Football: FCAAN, US partner on coaching education |url=https://www.westafricanpilotnews.com/2023/02/14/football-fcaan-us-partner-on-coaching-education/ |work=West African Pilot News |date=14 Fabrairu 2023 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, FCAAN ta shiga yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa da jami'ar Baker University ta Amurka domin inganta ilimin koyar da ƙwallon ƙafa. Wannan haɗin gwiwar ya bai wa mambobin FCAAN damar samun horo da takardun ƙwarewa a fannin koyar da ƙwallon ƙafa da sauran fannoni na ilimi.<ref>{{cite news |title=FCAAN, US Agree On Coaching Education Partnership |url=https://independent.ng/fcaan-us-agree-on-coaching-education/ |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=13 Fabrairu 2023 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da wani babban shiri na horas da masu horas da ƙwallon ƙafa 2,000 kyauta a Najeriya. Shirin ya fara ne daga jihar Legas inda aka horas da masu horaswa 250 daga yankuna daban-daban ciki har da Ikeja, Ikorodu, Badagry, Lagos Island da Epe.<ref>{{cite news |title=FCAAN offers free training to 2000 grassroots coaches |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/football/fcaan-offers-free-training-to-2000-grassroots-coaches/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=17 Afirilu 2025 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Shugaban FCAAN, Dr. Terry Eguaoje, ya bayyana cewa ilimin horaswa a matakin tushe yana da muhimmanci wajen haɓaka ƙwallon ƙafa a Afirka. Haka kuma shugaban gudanarwar ƙungiyar Danny Nazzal ya ce rashin ingantaccen ilimin horaswa yana daga cikin matsalolin da ke rage cigaban 'yan wasan Afirka.<ref>{{cite news |title=FCAAN launches free training for Nigerian football coaches |url=https://sportingtribune.com/fcaan-launches-free-training-for-nigerian-football-coaches/ |work=Sporting Tribune |date=5 Yuli 2025 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> FCAAN ta kuma yi haɗin gwiwa da kamfanin kayan wasa na Owu Sportswear a shekarar 2021 domin samar da kayan wasanni ga ƙungiyar. Wannan haɗin gwiwar ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin ƙungiyar wajen faɗaɗa ayyukanta da kuma tallafa wa masu horaswa a faɗin Afirka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Football Coaches Association Of Africa Nations Unveils OWU Sportswear As Official Kit Partner |url=https://www.sports247.ng/football-coaches-association-of-africa-nations-unveils-owu-sportswear-as-official-kit-partner/ |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=14 Mayu 2021 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin wasanni a Afirka]] [[Category:An kafa su a 2004]] jinp8fi3kkfmahyh5et7xzfh4s05k18 0 153008 842255 2026-05-29T08:16:49Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Grace Olusola Gbotosho''' (née Omitowo) ƙwararriyar masaniya ce daga Najeriya a fannin '''pharmacology''' wato ilimin magunguna, musamman bincike kan magungunan zazzabin cizon sauro (malaria). Ita farfesa ce a Sashen Pharmacology and Therapeutics na Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Ibadan. Ta shahara wajen bincike kan yadda ƙwayoyin malaria ke nuna juriya ga magunguna da kuma ingancin magungunan haɗin gwiwar artemisinin wajen yaƙi da malaria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grac... 842255 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Grace Olusola Gbotosho''' (née Omitowo) ƙwararriyar masaniya ce daga Najeriya a fannin '''pharmacology''' wato ilimin magunguna, musamman bincike kan magungunan zazzabin cizon sauro (malaria). Ita farfesa ce a Sashen Pharmacology and Therapeutics na Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Ibadan. Ta shahara wajen bincike kan yadda ƙwayoyin malaria ke nuna juriya ga magunguna da kuma ingancin magungunan haɗin gwiwar artemisinin wajen yaƙi da malaria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grace Gbotosho |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Gbotosho |website=Wikipedia |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa da karatu == Grace Gbotosho ta yi karatunta na farko a '''Jami'ar Ife''' (wacce yanzu ake kira Obafemi Awolowo University) inda ta samu digiri a fannin pharmacology a shekarar 1985. Daga baya ta samu digirin MSc a shekarar 1991 da PhD a Pharmacology and Therapeutics daga '''Jami'ar Ibadan''' a shekarar 2000. Ta kuma yi wani ɓangare na horonta a makarantar Pharmacy ta London.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Trustees – Professor Grace Gbotosho |url=https://thomasbassir.org.ng/about/leadership/our-trustees/ |website=Thomas Bassir Biomedical Foundation |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Aiki == A shekarar 1995 ta fara aiki a matsayin malama a Jami'ar Ibadan kafin daga baya ta zama babban malami sannan farfesa. Ta kasance shugabar farko ta Sashen Pharmacology and Toxicology na Faculty of Pharmacy a Jami'ar Ibadan tsakanin shekarun 2017 zuwa 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria Research Laboratories |url=https://iamrat.org/index.php/malaria |website=Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> Gbotosho ita ce shugabar '''Malaria Research Laboratories''' a Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training (IMRAT), wani cibiyar bincike da aka ayyana a matsayin cibiyar ƙwarewa kan binciken malaria ta African Network for Drugs and Diagnostics Innovation (ANDi).<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria Research Laboratories |url=https://iamrat.org/index.php/malaria |website=Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Bincike == Binciken Grace Gbotosho ya fi mayar da hankali kan: * pharmacodynamics da pharmacokinetics na magungunan malaria; * gano yadda ƙwayoyin ''Plasmodium falciparum'' ke nuna juriya ga magunguna; * binciken hanyoyin gano malaria; * amfani da magungunan gargajiya wajen samar da sababbin magunguna. Ta jagoranci ko ta shiga cikin manyan ayyukan bincike da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO/TDR), NIH ta Amurka, EDCTP da sauran ƙungiyoyi suka tallafa musu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. Grace O. GBOTOSHO |url=https://com.ui.edu.ng/index.php/prof-grace-o-gbotosho |website=College of Medicine, University of Ibadan |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> A wani bincike da aka wallafa a ''American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene'', Gbotosho da abokan aikinta sun nuna yadda magungunan artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) suka yi tasiri wajen kula da malaria a yara a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gbotosho |first1=Grace O. |title=Therapeutic Efficacies of Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies in Nigerian Children with Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria |journal=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |year=2011 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3110368/}}</ref> Ta kuma yi bincike kan bambance-bambancen ƙwayoyin malaria masu juriya ga magunguna a Najeriya da Brazil.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gbotosho |first1=Grace O. |title=Different Patterns of pfcrt and pfmdr1 Polymorphisms in P. falciparum Isolates from Nigeria and Brazil |journal=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |year=2012 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3269269/}}</ref> == Gudummawa == Grace Gbotosho ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen horar da matasa masu bincike a Afirka ta Yamma. Ta jagoranci ɗaliban MSc da PhD da dama a fannin pharmacology da malaria research.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. Grace O. GBOTOSHO |url=https://com.ui.edu.ng/index.php/prof-grace-o-gbotosho |website=College of Medicine, University of Ibadan |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> Har ila yau ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO/TDR) a tarurrukan ƙasa da ƙasa kan magungunan malaria da binciken tropical diseases.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. Grace O. GBOTOSHO |url=https://com.ui.edu.ng/index.php/prof-grace-o-gbotosho |website=College of Medicine, University of Ibadan |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo == * Fellow, African Academy of Sciences (2019) * Fellow, Nigerian Academy of Science (2020)<ref>{{cite web |title=Grace Gbotosho |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Gbotosho |website=Wikipedia |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[University of Ibadan]] * [[Malaria]] * [[Pharmacology]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Nigerian pharmacologists]] [[Category:Nigerian academics]] [[Category:University of Ibadan alumni]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Women scientists]] q7lgpi6ol9wbidypja08tjy6zfnqxkh 0 153009 842261 2026-05-29T08:35:45Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Green Nwankwo | birth_name = Green Onyekaba Nwankwo | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1933|9|11}} | birth_place = Arondizuogu, Imo State, Nigeria | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Malami, masanin tattalin arziki, marubuci, banki, sarki na gargajiya | known_for = Fannin harkokin kuɗi da banki a Najeriya | alma_mater = [[University of Strathclyde]], [[London School of Economics]], [[SOAS University of London]] }} '''Green Onyekaba Nwankwo''' ɗ... 842261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Green Nwankwo | birth_name = Green Onyekaba Nwankwo | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1933|9|11}} | birth_place = Arondizuogu, Imo State, Nigeria | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Malami, masanin tattalin arziki, marubuci, banki, sarki na gargajiya | known_for = Fannin harkokin kuɗi da banki a Najeriya | alma_mater = [[University of Strathclyde]], [[London School of Economics]], [[SOAS University of London]] }} '''Green Onyekaba Nwankwo''' ɗan Najeriya ne mai ilimi sosai, masanin harkokin kuɗi da banki, sannan kuma sarki na gargajiya. Ya shahara wajen rubuce-rubuce da koyarwa a fannin tattalin arziki da tsarin kuɗi na Najeriya.<ref>“Green Nwankwo”, Wikipedia English. Retrieved 2026.</ref> Ya kasance daga cikin mutanen farko da suka taimaka wajen kafa sashen koyar da harkokin kuɗi a [[University of Lagos]].<ref name="vanguard">Amaka Abayomi, “Green Nwankwo Foundation donates 8,000 books to institutions”, ''Vanguard News'', 20 September 2012.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Green Nwankwo a ranar 11 ga Satumba 1933 a Arondizuogu, jihar Imo, Najeriya.<ref name="blerf">Mary Udo, “NWANKWO, (Professor) Green Onyekaba”, Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation, 2017.</ref> Ya taso ne a gida mai sauƙin rayuwa inda mahaifinsa yake noma da kuma aikin tattara ruwan dabino.<ref name="aro">Emeka Aniche, “HRH (Prof.) Green Onyekaba Nwankwo”, Arochukwu.info, 2019.</ref> Ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar St. Peters CMS Central School da ke Ndiawa Arondizuogu. Bayan haka ya samu gurbin karatu zuwa ƙasar Birtaniya inda ya karanci tattalin arziki a [[University of Strathclyde]]. Daga baya ya samu digirin digirgir daga [[London School of Economics]] da kuma [[SOAS University of London]].<ref name="aro" /> == Aiki == Nwankwo ya fara aiki a harkar banki a shekarar 1951 a reshen Bank of British West Africa da ke Port Harcourt.<ref name="aro" /> Bayan shekaru da dama a aikin banki, ya shiga harkar koyarwa da bincike. A shekarar 1972 ya koma Najeriya domin taimakawa wajen kafa sashen harkokin kuɗi a [[University of Lagos]], wanda daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin koyar da harkokin kasuwanci da kuɗi a ƙasar.<ref name="vanguard" /> A shekarar 1977 an naɗa shi babban jami’i mai kula da manufofin kuɗi da banki a [[Central Bank of Nigeria]].<ref>“Green Nwankwo”, Wikipedia English. Retrieved 2026.</ref> Har ila yau ya taɓa zama shugaban: * [[Union Bank of Nigeria]] daga 1990 zuwa 1996 * [[African Continental Bank]] daga 2001 zuwa 2005<ref name="aro" /> == Rubuce-rubuce == Green Nwankwo ya rubuta littattafai da dama kan harkokin kuɗi da tsarin banki a Najeriya. Daga cikin fitattun ayyukansa akwai: * ''The Nigerian Financial System'' (1980) * ''Money and Capital Markets in Nigeria'' * ''Prudential Regulation of Nigerian Banking'' Littattafan nasa sun taimaka sosai wajen fahimtar tsarin kuɗi da banki bayan mulkin mallaka a Najeriya.<ref>Kwasi Kwarteng, “Banking and Finance in Africa: A Review Article”, ''Savings and Development'', 1982.</ref> == Sarautar gargajiya == Baya ga harkokin ilimi da banki, Green Nwankwo ya zama sarki na gargajiya a yankin Aro Amuro da ke jihar Imo. An naɗa shi da sarautar '''Eze Ohazurume''' a shekarar 2005.<ref name="aro" /> == Gado da tasiri == Ana kallon Green Nwankwo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masana harkokin kuɗi a Najeriya. Gudummawar da ya bayar wajen koyarwa, bincike, da rubuce-rubuce ta taimaka wajen haɓaka ilimin banki da tattalin arziki a ƙasar.<ref name="vanguard" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/09/green-nwankwo-foundation-donates-8000-books-to-institutions/ Vanguard News] * [https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/nwankwo-professor-green-onyekaba/ BLERF Biography] * [https://www.arochukwu.info/post/hrh-prof-green-onyekaba-nwankwo-oon-scholar-author-economist-banker-and-traditional-ruler Arochukwu Biography] [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:Nigerian economists]] [[Category:Nigerian academics]] [[Category:Nigerian bankers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Imo State]] iz4cf519c87gug0jm8s1aj77v9j3bra 0 153010 842262 2026-05-29T08:38:10Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox organization | suna = Nigerian Football Supporters Club | gajeren_suna = NFSC | kafa = 1955 | hedkwata = Lagos, Najeriya | shugaban_kasa = Dr. Rafiu Ladipo | nau'i = Kungiyar magoya bayan ƙwallon ƙafa | yanki = Najeriya da ƙasashen duniya }} '''Nigerian Football Supporters Club''' (NFSC) ƙungiya ce ta magoya bayan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya wadda aka kafa domin tallafawa ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafar ƙasar, musamman tawagar {{entity|["sports_team","Nigeria national... 842262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | suna = Nigerian Football Supporters Club | gajeren_suna = NFSC | kafa = 1955 | hedkwata = Lagos, Najeriya | shugaban_kasa = Dr. Rafiu Ladipo | nau'i = Kungiyar magoya bayan ƙwallon ƙafa | yanki = Najeriya da ƙasashen duniya }} '''Nigerian Football Supporters Club''' (NFSC) ƙungiya ce ta magoya bayan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya wadda aka kafa domin tallafawa ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafar ƙasar, musamman tawagar {{entity|["sports_team","Nigeria national football team","Nigeria men's national football team"]}} wacce aka fi sani da ''Super Eagles''. Kungiyar tana daga cikin tsofaffin ƙungiyoyin magoya baya a Afirka, kuma ta shahara wajen amfani da ganguna, sarewa, waƙoƙi da tufafin al’ada wajen ƙarfafa ’yan wasa a wasannin gida da na ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nigeriafootballsupportersclub.com.ng/about/ |title=About Us – Nigeria Football Supporters Club |website=NFSC Official Website |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> An kafa ƙungiyar ne a shekarar 1955 bayan wasu masoya ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya sun fara shirya kansu domin mara wa tawagar ƙasar baya. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa Mista da Mrs. Derby Allen suna daga cikin mutanen da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa al’adun goyon bayan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya tun lokacin da ake kiran tawagar ƙasar da suna “Red Devils”.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nigeriafootballsupportersclub.com.ng/about/ |title=About Us – Nigeria Football Supporters Club |website=NFSC Official Website |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Kungiyar ta yi fice sosai a shekarun 1980 da 1990 lokacin da ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya ta samu babban ci gaba a nahiyar Afirka da duniya baki ɗaya. Magoya bayan NFSC sun kasance a manyan gasar {{entity|["sports_event","FIFA World Cup","international football tournament"]}} da kuma {{entity|["sports_event","Africa Cup of Nations","African football tournament"]}}, inda suke ƙarfafa ’yan wasan Najeriya da waƙoƙi da kayan gargajiya masu launin kore da fari.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/how-i-have-run-supporters-club-for-45yrs/ |title=How I Have Run Supporters Club For 45Yrs |website=City People Magazine |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Daya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin ƙungiyar shi ne Dr. Rafiu Ladipo, wanda ya jagoranci kungiyar tsawon shekaru masu yawa. Ladipo ya taimaka wajen faɗaɗa NFSC zuwa ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya tare da kafa rassan ƙungiyar a Turai, Afirka da Arewacin Amurka. Har ila yau, ya kasance mai rajistar kungiyar a hukumance tare da kula da shirye-shiryenta na ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/how-i-have-run-supporters-club-for-45yrs/ |title=How I Have Run Supporters Club For 45Yrs |website=City People Magazine |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> A tsawon lokaci, ƙungiyar ta fuskanci rikice-rikice da rabuwar kai tsakanin wasu shugabanni da mambobi. A shekarar 2017, an samu saɓani tsakanin wasu bangarori na kungiyar inda Dr. Rafiu Ladipo ya bayyana cewa babu wata “faction” ta hukuma face wasu dakatarattun mambobi da suka yi wa ƙungiyar zagon ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dailytimesng.com/no-faction-supporters-club-says-ladipo/ |title=No faction in Supporters Club, says Ladipo |website=Daily Times Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, shugabannin kungiyar sun yi kira da a sake haɗa kan dukkan rassan magoya bayan ƙwallon ƙafa domin samar da cikakkiyar haɗin kai. Ladipo ya bayyana cewa rabuwar kai ta rage ƙarfin kungiyar idan aka kwatanta da shekarun baya lokacin da take aiki a matsayin iyali guda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://independent.ng/well-reunite-supporters-club-in-nigeria-to-one-big-family-ladipo/ |title=We’ll Reunite Supporters Club In Nigeria To “One Big Family” – Ladipo |website=Independent Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kuma sha bayyana matsayinta kan harkokin gudanar da ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya. A shekarar 2026, Dr. Rafiu Ladipo ya zargi {{entity|["organization","Nigeria Football Federation","Nigeria football governing body"]}} da katsalandan a harkokin kungiyar, yana mai cewa NFSC ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wadda ta shafe sama da shekaru saba’in tana tallafawa ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thesun.ng/nff-interference-has-crippled-supporters-club-ladipo/ |title=NFF interference has crippled Supporters Club – Ladipo |website=The Sun Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Baya ga ƙwallon ƙafa, kungiyar tana shiga wasu ayyukan zamantakewa da na haɗin kai tsakanin al’umma. Haka kuma tana gudanar da bikin karramawa ga fitattun mutane da ke tallafawa wasanni da ci gaban matasa a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/05/ladipo-eulogies-anirah-becomes-supporters-club-patron/ |title=Ladipo eulogies Anirah as he becomes Supporters’ Club patron |website=Vanguard Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * {{entity|["organization","Nigeria Football Federation","Nigeria football governing body"]}} * {{entity|["sports_team","Nigeria national football team","Nigeria men's national football team"]}} * {{entity|["sports_event","Africa Cup of Nations","African football tournament"]}} == Manazarta == {{reflist}} ilafzc9qadv4evsp5ul5fnrzfbzcg35 842264 842262 2026-05-29T08:38:45Z Saad Nuhu 43323 842264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | suna = Nigerian Football Supporters Club | gajeren_suna = NFSC | kafa = 1955 | hedkwata = Lagos, Najeriya | shugaban_kasa = Dr. Rafiu Ladipo | nau'i = Kungiyar magoya bayan ƙwallon ƙafa | yanki = Najeriya da ƙasashen duniya }} '''Nigerian Football Supporters Club''' (NFSC) ƙungiya ce ta magoya bayan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya wadda aka kafa domin tallafawa ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafar ƙasar, musamman tawagar {{entity|["sports_team","Nigeria national football team","Nigeria men's national football team"]}} wacce aka fi sani da ''Super Eagles''. Kungiyar tana daga cikin tsofaffin ƙungiyoyin magoya baya a Afirka, kuma ta shahara wajen amfani da ganguna, sarewa, waƙoƙi da tufafin al’ada wajen ƙarfafa ’yan wasa a wasannin gida da na ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nigeriafootballsupportersclub.com.ng/about/ |title=About Us – Nigeria Football Supporters Club |website=NFSC Official Website |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> An kafa ƙungiyar ne a shekarar 1955 bayan wasu masoya ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya sun fara shirya kansu domin mara wa tawagar ƙasar baya. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa Mista da Mrs. Derby Allen suna daga cikin mutanen da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa al’adun goyon bayan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya tun lokacin da ake kiran tawagar ƙasar da suna “Red Devils”.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nigeriafootballsupportersclub.com.ng/about/ |title=About Us – Nigeria Football Supporters Club |website=NFSC Official Website |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Kungiyar ta yi fice sosai a shekarun 1980 da 1990 lokacin da ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya ta samu babban ci gaba a nahiyar Afirka da duniya baki ɗaya. Magoya bayan NFSC sun kasance a manyan gasar {{entity|["sports_event","FIFA World Cup","international football tournament"]}} da kuma {{entity|["sports_event","Africa Cup of Nations","African football tournament"]}}, inda suke ƙarfafa ’yan wasan Najeriya da waƙoƙi da kayan gargajiya masu launin kore da fari.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/how-i-have-run-supporters-club-for-45yrs/ |title=How I Have Run Supporters Club For 45Yrs |website=City People Magazine |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Daya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin ƙungiyar shi ne Dr. Rafiu Ladipo, wanda ya jagoranci kungiyar tsawon shekaru masu yawa. Ladipo ya taimaka wajen faɗaɗa NFSC zuwa ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya tare da kafa rassan ƙungiyar a Turai, Afirka da Arewacin Amurka. Har ila yau, ya kasance mai rajistar kungiyar a hukumance tare da kula da shirye-shiryenta na ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/how-i-have-run-supporters-club-for-45yrs/ |title=How I Have Run Supporters Club For 45Yrs |website=City People Magazine |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> A tsawon lokaci, ƙungiyar ta fuskanci rikice-rikice da rabuwar kai tsakanin wasu shugabanni da mambobi. A shekarar 2017, an samu saɓani tsakanin wasu bangarori na kungiyar inda Dr. Rafiu Ladipo ya bayyana cewa babu wata “faction” ta hukuma face wasu dakatarattun mambobi da suka yi wa ƙungiyar zagon ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dailytimesng.com/no-faction-supporters-club-says-ladipo/ |title=No faction in Supporters Club, says Ladipo |website=Daily Times Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, shugabannin kungiyar sun yi kira da a sake haɗa kan dukkan rassan magoya bayan ƙwallon ƙafa domin samar da cikakkiyar haɗin kai. Ladipo ya bayyana cewa rabuwar kai ta rage ƙarfin kungiyar idan aka kwatanta da shekarun baya lokacin da take aiki a matsayin iyali guda.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://independent.ng/well-reunite-supporters-club-in-nigeria-to-one-big-family-ladipo/ |title=We’ll Reunite Supporters Club In Nigeria To “One Big Family” – Ladipo |website=Independent Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kuma sha bayyana matsayinta kan harkokin gudanar da ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya. A shekarar 2026, Dr. Rafiu Ladipo ya zargi {{entity|["organization","Nigeria Football Federation","Nigeria football governing body"]}} da katsalandan a harkokin kungiyar, yana mai cewa NFSC ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wadda ta shafe sama da shekaru saba’in tana tallafawa ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thesun.ng/nff-interference-has-crippled-supporters-club-ladipo/ |title=NFF interference has crippled Supporters Club – Ladipo |website=The Sun Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Baya ga ƙwallon ƙafa, kungiyar tana shiga wasu ayyukan zamantakewa da na haɗin kai tsakanin al’umma. Haka kuma tana gudanar da bikin karramawa ga fitattun mutane da ke tallafawa wasanni da ci gaban matasa a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/05/ladipo-eulogies-anirah-becomes-supporters-club-patron/ |title=Ladipo eulogies Anirah as he becomes Supporters’ Club patron |website=Vanguard Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} klwy0tyucxlyuyqbmpbdmasmoesinvx 0 153011 842263 2026-05-29T08:38:38Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Humphrey Nwosu | image = | caption = Humphrey Nwosu | birth_date = {{Birth date|1941|10|2}} | birth_place = Anambra State, Najeriya | death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|10|20|1941|10|2}} | death_place = Virginia, Amurka | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, ma’aikacin gwamnati | known_for = Shugaban Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa (NEC) | office = Shugaban National Electoral Commission | term_start = 1989 | term_end = 1993 | predecessor = Em... 842263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Humphrey Nwosu | image = | caption = Humphrey Nwosu | birth_date = {{Birth date|1941|10|2}} | birth_place = Anambra State, Najeriya | death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|10|20|1941|10|2}} | death_place = Virginia, Amurka | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, ma’aikacin gwamnati | known_for = Shugaban Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa (NEC) | office = Shugaban National Electoral Commission | term_start = 1989 | term_end = 1993 | predecessor = Eme Awa | successor = Okon Uya }} '''Humphrey Nwosu''' (2 Oktoba 1941 – 20 Oktoba 2024) fitaccen malami ne kuma ma’aikacin gwamnatin Najeriya wanda ya yi suna a matsayin shugaban tsohuwar '''National Electoral Commission (NEC)''', hukumar da ta kasance kafin kafuwar [[Independent National Electoral Commission|INEC]]. Ya jagoranci gudanar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na ranar 12 ga Yuni 1993, wanda ake kallon sa a matsayin mafi inganci da adalci a tarihin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://leadership.ng/former-nec-chairman-humphrey-nwosu-dies-at-83/ |title=Former NEC Chairman, Humphrey Nwosu, Dies At 83 |website=Leadership Newspaper |date=24 Oktoba 2024 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ripplesnigeria.com/ex-nec-chairman-prof-humphrey-nwosu-who-conducted-june-1293-poll-dies-at-83/ |title=Ex-NEC Chairman, Prof Humphrey Nwosu, who conducted June 12’93 poll dies at 83 |website=Ripples Nigeria |date=24 Oktoba 2024 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Humphrey Nwosu a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1941 a jihar Anambra, Najeriya. Ya zama farfesa a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Najeriya da ke Nsukka. Ya yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban na gwamnati kafin nada shi shugaban hukumar zabe ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thecable.ng/rewind-the-military-tried-to-stop-me-in-2014-nwosu-said-abiola-won-june-12-election/ |title=REWIND: In 2014 interview, Nwosu narrated how he defied military to conduct June 12 election |website=TheCable |date=28 Maris 2025 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Shugabancin NEC == A shekarar 1989 ne shugaban mulkin soja na lokacin, Janar Ibrahim Babangida, ya nada Humphrey Nwosu shugaban '''National Electoral Commission (NEC)'''. A lokacin mulkinsa ne aka bullo da tsarin zaɓe na '''Option A4''' da kuma tsarin '''Open Ballot''', wadanda suka taimaka wajen ƙara gaskiya da amincewar jama'a ga tsarin zabe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.westernpost.ng/former-nec-chair-nwosu-dies-at-83/ |title=Former NEC Chair, Nwosu dies at 83 |website=Western Post |date=24 Oktoba 2024 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Zaɓen 12 ga Yuni 1993 == Humphrey Nwosu ya jagoranci zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na ranar 12 ga Yuni 1993 tsakanin '''Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola''' na jam’iyyar SDP da '''Bashir Tofa''' na NRC. Yawancin ‘yan Najeriya da masu sa ido sun bayyana zaɓen a matsayin mafi gaskiya da adalci a tarihin ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.primebusiness.africa/ex-nec-chairman-nwosu-who-conducted-june-12-1993-election-dead/ |title=Ex-NEC Chairman, Nwosu, Who Conducted June 12 1993 Election Dead |website=Prime Business Africa |date=24 Oktoba 2024 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Sai dai gwamnatin soja ta Babangida ta soke sakamakon zaɓen bayan an fara bayyana sakamakon jihohi daban-daban. Wannan mataki ya haifar da rikicin siyasa da zanga-zanga a fadin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://globalupfront.com/2024/10/24/professor-humphrey-nwosu-nec-chairman-who-conducted-annulled-june-12-election-dies-at-83/ |title=Professor Humphrey Nwosu, NEC Chairman Who Conducted Annulled June 12 Election, Dies At 83 |website=Global Upfront Newspapers |date=24 Oktoba 2024 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Daga baya Nwosu ya bayyana cewa MKO Abiola ne ya lashe zaɓen, duk da matsin lamba daga gwamnatin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thecable.ng/rewind-the-military-tried-to-stop-me-in-2014-nwosu-said-abiola-won-june-12-election/ |title=REWIND: In 2014 interview, Nwosu narrated how he defied military to conduct June 12 election |website=TheCable |date=28 Maris 2025 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Humphrey Nwosu ya rasu a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2024 a wani asibiti da ke jihar Virginia a kasar Amurka yana da shekaru 83.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://independent.ng/former-nec-chairman-nwosu-dies-at-83/ |title=Former NEC Chairman, Nwosu, Dies At 83 |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=25 Oktoba 2024 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Gadonsa == Ana tunawa da Humphrey Nwosu a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutanen da suka taimaka wajen bunkasa dimokuradiyya a Najeriya. Tsarin '''Option A4''' da ya gabatar ya zama daya daga cikin hanyoyin zabe mafi gaskiya a tarihin kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://leadership.ng/former-nec-chairman-humphrey-nwosu-dies-at-83/ |title=Former NEC Chairman, Humphrey Nwosu, Dies At 83 |website=Leadership Newspaper |date=24 Oktoba 2024 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:1941 births]] [[Category:2024 deaths]] [[Category:Nigerian civil servants]] [[Category:Nigerian political scientists]] [[Category:People from Anambra State]] 5l7jh5fv95y2fhraisb2hz1mupckowv 0 153012 842265 2026-05-29T08:39:01Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341504202|Sahatandra]]" 842265 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Young_fishermen_at_Andasibe.jpg|thumb|Matasan masunta a kogin Sahatandra]] '''Sahatandra''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Boat tour through the mountain cloud forest - |url=https://www.urlaub-auf-madagaskar.com/en/boat-tour-through-the-mountain-mist-forest/ |access-date=3 March 2026 |website=urlaub-auf-madagaskar.com}}</ref> ƙaramin kogi ne da ke ratsawa ta Andasibe a cikin yankin Alaotra-Mangoro na [[Madagaskar|ƙasar Madagascar]] da gandun dajin Andasibe-Mantadia. Bakinsa yana cikin [[kogin Vohitra]] a Andasibe. == Manazarta == 65udz1nw14hz38ha9r6i80avs5pofpd 842266 842265 2026-05-29T08:39:59Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Young_fishermen_at_Andasibe.jpg|thumb|Matasan masunta a kogin Sahatandra]] '''Sahatandra''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Boat tour through the mountain cloud forest - |url=https://www.urlaub-auf-madagaskar.com/en/boat-tour-through-the-mountain-mist-forest/ |access-date=3 March 2026 |website=urlaub-auf-madagaskar.com}}</ref> ƙaramin kogi ne da ke ratsawa ta Andasibe a cikin yankin Alaotra-Mangoro na [[Madagaskar|ƙasar Madagascar]] da gandun dajin Andasibe-Mantadia. Bakinsa yana cikin [[kogin Vohitra]] a Andasibe. == Manazarta == oy3noqv3yt35o6h1pv95fhbx9gi768j 0 153013 842267 2026-05-29T08:42:05Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox organization | name = Federal Ministry of Sports Development | image = Coat of arms of Nigeria.svg | image_size = 150px | headquarters = Abuja, Najeriya | type = Ma’aikatar gwamnatin tarayya | language = Turanci | shugaban = Ministan Wasanni | website = {{URL|https://sports.gov.ng}} }} '''Federal Ministry of Sports Development''' wata ma’aikatar gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ce da ke kula da bunƙasa harkokin wasanni a ƙasar. Ma’aikatar tana da alhakin tsara man... 842267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Federal Ministry of Sports Development | image = Coat of arms of Nigeria.svg | image_size = 150px | headquarters = Abuja, Najeriya | type = Ma’aikatar gwamnatin tarayya | language = Turanci | shugaban = Ministan Wasanni | website = {{URL|https://sports.gov.ng}} }} '''Federal Ministry of Sports Development''' wata ma’aikatar gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ce da ke kula da bunƙasa harkokin wasanni a ƙasar. Ma’aikatar tana da alhakin tsara manufofi, kula da ci gaban wasanni, haɓaka matasa masu baiwa, da kuma haɗa kai da ƙungiyoyin wasanni kamar [[Nigeria Football Federation]] (NFF). Hedikwatar ma’aikatar tana a birnin Abuja. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://facts.ng/ministries/sports-development |title=Sports Development |publisher=Facts.ng |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Ma’aikatar tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafa wa ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya, musamman ta hanyar kula da shirye-shiryen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa irin su Super Eagles da Super Falcons tare da samar da yanayi mai kyau ga ci gaban wasanni. Haka kuma tana aiki tare da Hukumar Wasanni ta Ƙasa (National Sports Commission) wajen gano matasa masu baiwa da haɓaka su daga matakin makarantu zuwa ƙasa baki ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/fg-charges-football-stakeholders-to-synergize-for-its-development/ |title=FG charges Football Stakeholders to Synergize for its Development |publisher=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |date=2023-09-15 |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> A shekarar 2016 ne aka haɗa tsohuwar Ma’aikatar Matasa da Hukumar Wasanni ta Ƙasa domin kafa Federal Ministry of Youth and Sports Development. Daga baya gwamnatin shugaban Bola Ahmed Tinubu ta sake ware ɓangaren wasanni domin ya zama cikakkiyar ma’aikata mai zaman kanta da ake kira Federal Ministry of Sports Development. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/federal-ministry-of-youth-and-sports-development-nigeria-160471 |title=Federal Ministry of Youth and Sports Development (Nigeria) |publisher=Devex |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Daga cikin manyan ayyukan ma’aikatar akwai gyaran filayen wasa da inganta kayayyakin more rayuwa na wasanni a Najeriya. A shekarar 2021 gwamnatin tarayya ta karɓi sabon filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da aka gyara a filin wasa na Moshood Abiola National Stadium da ke Abuja tare da sabon allo na zamani daga kamfanin Dangote Group. Wannan wani ɓangare ne na shirin “Adopt-a-Pitch Initiative” domin bunƙasa harkokin ƙwallon ƙafa da sauran wasanni ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/fg-receives-rehabilitated-football-pitch-score-board-from-dangote-group/ |title=FG receives rehabilitated Football Pitch, score Board from Dangote Group |publisher=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |date=2021-12-03 |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Ma’aikatar tana kuma kula da cibiyoyin horas da masu koyarwa da shugabannin wasanni kamar National Institute for Sports (NIS). Wannan cibiya ta horar da dubban masu horaswa da jami’an wasanni a Najeriya da sauran ƙasashe. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nis.gov.ng/about-national-institute-for-sports/ |title=About National Institute for Sports |publisher=National Institute for Sports |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> A fannin ƙwallon ƙafa, ma’aikatar tana aiki tare da Nigeria Football Federation domin shirya gasar cikin gida da ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Har ila yau tana tallafawa shirye-shiryen ƙwallon ƙafar mata da ci gaban wasannin matasa domin samar da sabbin ‘yan wasa masu hazaka da za su wakilci Najeriya a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/fg-charges-football-stakeholders-to-synergize-for-its-development/ |title=FG charges Football Stakeholders to Synergize for its Development |publisher=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |date=2023-09-15 |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[Super Eagles]] * [[Super Falcons]] * [[National Sports Commission]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hhuoumosjpq1ozbbbqk3eqpt73nzcwn 0 153014 842268 2026-05-29T08:42:20Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Bamitale Omole | image = | caption = Farfesa Bamitale Omole | birth_name = Idowu Bamitale Omole | birth_date = Satumba 1954 | birth_place = Oye-Ekiti, Jihar Ekiti, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, masanin hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa, jami'in gudanarwa | known_for = Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo | alma_mater = Jami'ar Ife<br>Jami'ar Bordeaux | office = Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo na 10 | ter... 842268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Bamitale Omole | image = | caption = Farfesa Bamitale Omole | birth_name = Idowu Bamitale Omole | birth_date = Satumba 1954 | birth_place = Oye-Ekiti, Jihar Ekiti, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, masanin hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa, jami'in gudanarwa | known_for = Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo | alma_mater = Jami'ar Ife<br>Jami'ar Bordeaux | office = Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo na 10 | term_start = 2011 | term_end = 2016 | predecessor = Micheal Oladimeji Faborode | successor = Anthony Elujoba }} '''Idowu Bamitale Omole''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa kuma masani a harkar gudanar da jami’o’i. Ya yi suna ne bayan nada shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban [[Obafemi Awolowo University]] (OAU), Ile-Ife, daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=OAU Appoints New Vice-Chancellor |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/05/18/oau-appoints-new-vice-chancellor/ |publisher=PM News Nigeria |date=18 Mayu 2011 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Bamitale Omole a watan Satumban shekarar 1954 a garin Oye-Ekiti da ke Jihar Ekiti, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun sakandare a Methodist High School, Ilesa, sannan ya halarci Government College, Ibadan domin karatun Advanced Level. Bayan haka ya shiga Jami'ar Ife (wacce yanzu ake kira Obafemi Awolowo University) inda ya samu digirin farko a fannin Tarihi a shekarar 1976.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bamitale Omole |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamitale_Omole |website=Wikipedia |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ya samu digirin digirgir da na biyu a fannin hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Bordeaux da ke Faransa. Har ila yau, ya samu ƙarin horo a fannin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa daga Institute of Social Studies da ke Hague a ƙasar Netherlands.<ref>{{cite news |title=Omole Assumes Office As EKSU Pro-Chancellor, Council Chairman |url=https://independent.ng/omole-assumes-office-as-eksu-pro-chancellor-council-chairman/ |publisher=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=30 Janairu 2019 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aiki == Omole ya fara aiki a matsayin malami mai taimako a Obafemi Awolowo University a shekarar 1986. Daga baya ya zama farfesa a fannin hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya riƙe muƙamai daban-daban a jami’ar ciki har da shugaban sashen International Relations, mataimakin shugaban tsangaya, da shugaban tsangaya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bamitale Omole |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamitale_Omole |website=Wikipedia |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2011 aka naɗa shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo na goma. A lokacin mulkinsa, jami’ar ta samu ci gaba sosai a bangaren gine-gine, bincike, da fasahar sadarwa. Haka kuma jami’ar ta kasance cikin manyan jami’o’in Najeriya a ma’aunin Webometrics tsawon shekaru da dama.<ref>{{cite news |title=My Administration Achieved More Than Set Targets – Bamitale Omole |url=https://www.oaupeeps.org/2016/06/my-administration-achieved-more-than.html |publisher=OAU Peeps |date=24 Yuni 2016 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A lokacin shugabancinsa, an gudanar da manyan ayyukan gine-gine kamar sabon ginin majalisar jami’a, wurin shakatawa na wasanni, da cibiyoyin bincike. Haka kuma jami’ar ta samu tallafin dala miliyan takwas daga Bankin Duniya domin kafa cibiyar bincike ta African Center of Excellence.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bamitale Omole |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamitale_Omole |website=Wikipedia |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Sauran muƙamai == Bayan barinsa OAU, an naɗa shi shugaban majalisar gudanarwa kuma Pro-Chancellor na Ekiti State University (EKSU) a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Omole Assumes Office As EKSU Pro-Chancellor, Council Chairman |url=https://independent.ng/omole-assumes-office-as-eksu-pro-chancellor-council-chairman/ |publisher=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=30 Janairu 2019 |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance memba a kwamitoci da hukumomi daban-daban masu alaƙa da ilimi da ci gaban jami’o’i a Najeriya. == Karramawa == Farfesa Omole ya samu lambobin yabo da guraben karatu daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na duniya ciki har da USIA/Ford Foundation da kuma International Visitors Leadership Program na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bamitale Omole |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamitale_Omole |website=Wikipedia |access-date=29 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Obafemi Awolowo University]] * [[Ekiti State University]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} n02pw7d49lusjyjf8xhn0d94yyjiflz 0 153015 842269 2026-05-29T08:44:40Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox organization | name = National Sports Commission | native_name = Hukumar Kula da Wasanni ta Ƙasa | abbreviation = NSC | headquarters = Moshood Abiola National Stadium, Abuja, Nigeria | region_served = Najeriya | language = Turanci | parent_organization = Ma’aikatar Wasanni ta Tarayyar Najeriya | website = {{URL|https://sports.gov.ng}} }} '''National Sports Commission''' (NSC) hukuma ce ta gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya da ke kula da tsara manufofi, haɓaka wasanni, k... 842269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = National Sports Commission | native_name = Hukumar Kula da Wasanni ta Ƙasa | abbreviation = NSC | headquarters = Moshood Abiola National Stadium, Abuja, Nigeria | region_served = Najeriya | language = Turanci | parent_organization = Ma’aikatar Wasanni ta Tarayyar Najeriya | website = {{URL|https://sports.gov.ng}} }} '''National Sports Commission''' (NSC) hukuma ce ta gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya da ke kula da tsara manufofi, haɓaka wasanni, kula da cibiyoyin wasanni, da bunƙasa matasa masu baiwar wasanni a faɗin ƙasar. Hukumar tana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin wasanni daban-daban kamar [[Nigeria Football Federation]] (NFF), Athletics Federation of Nigeria, da kuma Nigeria Olympic Committee domin bunƙasa wasanni musamman ƙwallon ƙafa da sauran fannoni na wasanni a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sports Development |url=https://facts.ng/ministries/sports-development |website=Facts.ng |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The National Sports Commission |url=https://ng.linkedin.com/company/the-national-sports-commission |website=LinkedIn |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> An kafa tushen hukumar tun daga shekarar 1962 lokacin da aka samar da ''National Sports Council'' domin kula da harkokin wasanni a Najeriya. A shekarar 1971 ne gwamnatin tarayya ta mayar da ita ''National Sports Commission'' ta hanyar doka ta gwamnatin soja. Tun daga wannan lokaci hukumar ta kasance cibiyar tsara manufofin wasanni, gudanar da shirye-shiryen gano matasa masu baiwa, da kuma tallafa wa ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa ciki har da Super Eagles da Super Falcons.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Sports Commission |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sports_Commission |website=Wikipedia |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=National Sports Commission |url=https://nigeriawide.com/listing/national-sports-commission/ |website=Nigeriawide |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> Hukumar NSC tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da Nigeria Football Federation wajen samar da filayen wasa, horas da ‘yan wasa, da tallafa wa shirye-shiryen matasa. A shekarar 2025 hukumar ta bayyana goyon baya ga shirin ''Lagos Liga'', wani sabon tsarin gasar matasa wanda aka ƙaddamar domin bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafa daga tushe a Najeriya. Hukumar ta bayyana cewa irin waɗannan shirye-shirye za su taimaka wajen gano sababbin taurarin ƙwallon ƙafa da kuma samar da ayyukan yi ga matasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Sports Commission Backs Lagos Liga, Pledges Full Support for Grassroots Football Innovation |url=https://www.sports247.ng/national-sports-commission-backs-lagos-liga-pledges-full-support-for-grassroots-football-innovation/ |website=Sports247 Nigeria |date=11 October 2025 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2026 gwamnatin Najeriya ta amince da manyan ayyukan gyaran cibiyoyin wasanni ƙarƙashin jagorancin NSC. Wannan ya haɗa da gyaran babban filin wasa na Moshood Abiola National Stadium da ke Abuja, sake gina filayen horaswa, cibiyoyin ‘yan jarida, da kuma samar da sabbin fasahohi irin su VAR domin tallafa wa ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa da sauran wasanni. Hukumar ta bayyana cewa waɗannan ayyuka za su taimaka wajen dawo da Najeriya cikin sahun ƙasashen da ke da ingantattun cibiyoyin wasanni a Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=FG Approves Major Sports Infrastructure Upgrades Nationwide, As NSC Drives New Era Of Infrastructure Development |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/fg-approves-major-sports-infrastructure-upgrades-nationwide-as-nsc-drives-new-era-of-infrastructure-development/ |website=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |date=26 May 2026 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian Government Approves Major Sports Infrastructure Upgrades Nationwide |url=https://von.gov.ng/nigerian-government-approves-major-sports-infrastructure-upgrades-nationwide/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=27 May 2026 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> NSC tana kuma tallafa wa shirye-shiryen gano matasa masu baiwar wasanni daga makarantu da ƙananan hukumomi. Darakta Janar na hukumar, Bukola Olopade, ya bayyana cewa Najeriya na buƙatar tsarin da zai fara gano ƙwararrun ‘yan wasa tun suna ƙanana domin samar da sabbin zakarun duniya a nan gaba. Wannan manufar ta haɗa da shirya gasanni na matasa da horas da masu koyarwa a faɗin ƙasar.<ref>{{cite web |title=NSC Calls For More Grassroots Sports Competitions |url=https://von.gov.ng/nsc-calls-for-more-grassroots-sports-competitions/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=26 May 2026 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sports Development: Senate Backs NIS N60Billion Budget Proposal |url=https://von.gov.ng/sports-development-senate-backs-nis-n60billion-budget-proposal/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=13 February 2026 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> Baya ga ƙwallon ƙafa, hukumar tana kula da shirye-shiryen Najeriya a wasannin Olympics, Commonwealth Games, All African Games, da sauran manyan gasanni na duniya. NSC na aiki tare da hukumomin wasanni na duniya domin tabbatar da cewa Najeriya ta ci gaba da taka rawa a harkokin wasanni na duniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sports Development |url=https://facts.ng/ministries/sports-development |website=Facts.ng |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The National Sports Commission |url=https://ng.linkedin.com/company/the-national-sports-commission |website=LinkedIn |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[Super Eagles]] * [[Super Falcons]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} mcf5ajls5k374q9ufjx00wgyn61q2lm 0 153016 842270 2026-05-29T08:47:04Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Short description|Ƙungiyar ƙasashen yammacin Afirka ta yankin B}} {{Infobox organization | name = WAFU Zone B | full_name = West African Football Union Zone B | abbreviation = WAFU B | type = Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa | region_served = Yammacin Afirka | membership = Najeriya, Ghana, Jamhuriyar Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Nijar da Togo | parent_organization = CAF | headquarters = Yammacin Afirka | website = {{URL|https://wafu-fo.org}} }} '''WAFU Zone B''' ƙungiya c... 842270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ƙungiyar ƙasashen yammacin Afirka ta yankin B}} {{Infobox organization | name = WAFU Zone B | full_name = West African Football Union Zone B | abbreviation = WAFU B | type = Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa | region_served = Yammacin Afirka | membership = Najeriya, Ghana, Jamhuriyar Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Nijar da Togo | parent_organization = CAF | headquarters = Yammacin Afirka | website = {{URL|https://wafu-fo.org}} }} '''WAFU Zone B''' ƙungiya ce ta ƙwallon ƙafa da ke ƙarƙashin [[Confederation of African Football]] (CAF), wadda ke kula da gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a yankin yammacin Afirka na rukuni na B. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi ƙasashe kamar Najeriya, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Nijar, Benin da Togo. Ana shirya gasa daban-daban na maza da mata a ƙarƙashin wannan yanki domin bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafa a matakin matasa da manya. An kafa tsarin yankin WAFU B ne domin sauƙaƙa gudanar da gasannin yankin yammacin Afirka ƙarƙashin CAF. Yankin yana ɗaya daga cikin rassa biyu na West African Football Union, wato Zone A da Zone B. WAFU B na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya gasannin neman cancantar shiga manyan gasannin CAF, musamman a matakan matasa da ƙwallon ƙafar mata. A fannin gasar matasa, WAFU B na shirya gasar '''WAFU Zone B U-20 Championship''' inda ƙasashen yankin ke fafatawa. An fara gudanar da gasar a shekarar 2018, kuma Najeriya ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka yi fice a gasar. A gasar farko da aka gudanar a Togo, Najeriya ta kai wasan ƙarshe kafin Senegal ta lashe kofin. Ƙungiyar tana kuma gudanar da gasannin mata kamar '''WAFU Zone B Women's Cup''' da kuma '''CAF Women's Champions League WAFU Zone B Qualifiers'''. Wadannan gasa sun taimaka wajen bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafar mata a yankin. Kungiyoyin Najeriya irin su Rivers Angels, Bayelsa Queens da Edo Queens sun samu nasarori a waɗannan gasa tare da wakiltar yankin a babban gasar nahiyar Afirka. WAFU B na kuma tallafa wa ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa na makarantu ta hanyar shirya wasannin '''CAF African Schools Football Championship''' a yankin. A shekarar 2023 da 2024, Najeriya ta shiga cikin ƙasashen da suka yi fice a gasannin makarantu na yankin, inda matasa suka nuna ƙwarewa da basira. CAF ta bayyana cewa gasar makarantu ta taimaka wajen gano sababbin hazikan 'yan wasa a Afirka. A bangaren shugabanci, WAFU B na aiki tare da CAF wajen bunƙasa harkokin ƙwallon ƙafa a yankin yammacin Afirka. Shugabannin yankin suna halartar tarukan CAF tare da taimakawa wajen tsara manufofin ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa a nahiyar. == Ƙasashen da ke cikin WAFU Zone B == * Najeriya * Ghana * Burkina Faso * Côte d'Ivoire * Nijar * Jamhuriyar Benin * Togo == Manyan Gasanni == * WAFU Zone B Cup * WAFU Zone B U-20 Championship * WAFU Zone B Women's Cup * CAF Women's Champions League WAFU B Qualifiers * CAF African Schools Football Championship (WAFU B) == Duba kuma == * [[Confederation of African Football]] * [[West African Football Union]] * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} olq3ugracpjcqsln2ate847e8x2r2gm 842271 842270 2026-05-29T08:48:12Z Saad Nuhu 43323 842271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football organization | name = WAFU Zone B | full_name = West African Football Union Zone B | native_name = Union des Fédérations Ouest-Africaines Zone B | abbreviation = WAFU B | founded = 2011 | region_served = Yammacin Afirka | membership = Kasashe 7 | headquarters = Yammacin Afirka | parent_organization = CAF | website = {{URL|https://ufoawafub.com}} }} '''WAFU Zone B''' ƙungiya ce ta kula da harkokin ƙwallon ƙafa a yankin Yammacin Afirka ƙarƙashin [[Confederation of African Football]] (CAF). An kafa ta ne bayan da aka raba tsohuwar ƙungiyar WAFU zuwa yankuna biyu domin sauƙaƙa gudanarwa da bunƙasa gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa a yankin. Ƙasashen da suke cikin wannan yanki sun haɗa da Najeriya, Ghana, Jamhuriyar Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Nijar da Togo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.okay.ng/nff-president-ibrahim-gusau-elected-wafu-zone-b-president/ |title=NFF President Ibrahim Gusau Elected WAFU Zone B President |website=Okay.ng |date=19 May 2025 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> WAFU Zone B tana shirya gasanni daban-daban na maza da mata domin haɓaka matasan ’yan wasa da kuma ƙarfafa haɗin kan ƙasashen yankin. Daga cikin manyan gasannin da take gudanarwa akwai WAFU B Cup, WAFU B U-20 Championship, WAFU B Women’s Cup da kuma gasannin mata na CAF Women’s Champions League qualifiers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAFU_Zone_B_U-20_Championship |title=WAFU Zone B U-20 Championship |website=Wikipedia |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAFU_Zone_B_Women%27s_Cup |title=WAFU Zone B Women's Cup |website=Wikipedia |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> Najeriya na daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi tasiri a WAFU Zone B saboda irin nasarorin da ƙungiyoyin ƙasar suke samu a matakan manya da matasa. Ƙungiyar Flying Eagles ta Najeriya ta lashe gasar WAFU B U-20 a lokuta daban-daban, yayin da ƙungiyoyin mata irin su Bayelsa Queens da Edo Queens suka wakilci yankin a CAF Women’s Champions League.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://soccernet.ng/2025/05/why-nigeria-wafu-b.html |title=Why Nigeria’s football chief believes Africa’s next football kings will come from WAFU B |website=Soccernet.ng |date=22 May 2025 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAF_Women%27s_Champions_League_WAFU_Zone_B |title=CAF Women's Champions League WAFU Zone B |website=Wikipedia |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, shugaban Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Najeriya (NFF), [[Ibrahim Gusau]], ya zama shugaban WAFU Zone B bayan zaɓen da aka gudanar tsakanin shugabannin yankin. Wannan ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ’yan Najeriya da suka jagoranci ƙungiyar tun bayan kafuwarta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.okay.ng/nff-president-ibrahim-gusau-elected-wafu-zone-b-president/ |title=NFF President Ibrahim Gusau Elected WAFU Zone B President |website=Okay.ng |date=19 May 2025 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Ƙasashen da suke cikin WAFU Zone B == * Najeriya * Ghana * Jamhuriyar Benin * Burkina Faso * Côte d’Ivoire * Nijar * Togo<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telegraph.ng/news/2024/11/22/nff-president-gusau-elected-1st-vice-president-of-wafu-b/ |title=NFF president, Gusau, elected 1st vice president of WAFU B |website=Telegraph Nigeria |date=22 November 2024 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Manyan Gasanni == * WAFU B Cup * WAFU B U-20 Championship * WAFU B Women’s Cup * WAFU B U-20 Women’s Cup * CAF Women’s Champions League WAFU B Qualifiers<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAFU_Zone_B_U20_Women%27s_Cup |title=WAFU Zone B U20 Women's Cup |website=Wikipedia |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Muhimmanci == WAFU Zone B tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gano sababbin ’yan wasa a yankin Yammacin Afirka. Yawancin fitattun ’yan wasan Najeriya da Ghana sun fara haskakawa ne ta irin waɗannan gasanni na yankin kafin su kai matakin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://soccernet.ng/2025/05/why-nigeria-wafu-b.html |title=Why Nigeria’s football chief believes Africa’s next football kings will come from WAFU B |website=Soccernet.ng |date=22 May 2025 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Football in Africa]] [[Category:Sports organizations]] [[Category:WAFU Zone B]] [[Category:Football in Nigeria]] b6y8paxhetstqel2uqvpg6tmxetzefr 842272 842271 2026-05-29T08:48:57Z Saad Nuhu 43323 842272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = WAFU Zone B | full_name = West African Football Union Zone B | native_name = Union des Fédérations Ouest-Africaines Zone B | abbreviation = WAFU B | founded = 2011 | region_served = Yammacin Afirka | membership = Kasashe 7 | headquarters = Yammacin Afirka | parent_organization = CAF | website = {{URL|https://ufoawafub.com}} }} '''WAFU Zone B''' ƙungiya ce ta kula da harkokin ƙwallon ƙafa a yankin Yammacin Afirka ƙarƙashin [[Confederation of African Football]] (CAF). An kafa ta ne bayan da aka raba tsohuwar ƙungiyar WAFU zuwa yankuna biyu domin sauƙaƙa gudanarwa da bunƙasa gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa a yankin. Ƙasashen da suke cikin wannan yanki sun haɗa da Najeriya, Ghana, Jamhuriyar Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Nijar da Togo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.okay.ng/nff-president-ibrahim-gusau-elected-wafu-zone-b-president/ |title=NFF President Ibrahim Gusau Elected WAFU Zone B President |website=Okay.ng |date=19 May 2025 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> WAFU Zone B tana shirya gasanni daban-daban na maza da mata domin haɓaka matasan ’yan wasa da kuma ƙarfafa haɗin kan ƙasashen yankin. Daga cikin manyan gasannin da take gudanarwa akwai WAFU B Cup, WAFU B U-20 Championship, WAFU B Women’s Cup da kuma gasannin mata na CAF Women’s Champions League qualifiers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAFU_Zone_B_U-20_Championship |title=WAFU Zone B U-20 Championship |website=Wikipedia |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAFU_Zone_B_Women%27s_Cup |title=WAFU Zone B Women's Cup |website=Wikipedia |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> Najeriya na daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi tasiri a WAFU Zone B saboda irin nasarorin da ƙungiyoyin ƙasar suke samu a matakan manya da matasa. Ƙungiyar Flying Eagles ta Najeriya ta lashe gasar WAFU B U-20 a lokuta daban-daban, yayin da ƙungiyoyin mata irin su Bayelsa Queens da Edo Queens suka wakilci yankin a CAF Women’s Champions League.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://soccernet.ng/2025/05/why-nigeria-wafu-b.html |title=Why Nigeria’s football chief believes Africa’s next football kings will come from WAFU B |website=Soccernet.ng |date=22 May 2025 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAF_Women%27s_Champions_League_WAFU_Zone_B |title=CAF Women's Champions League WAFU Zone B |website=Wikipedia |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, shugaban Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Najeriya (NFF), [[Ibrahim Gusau]], ya zama shugaban WAFU Zone B bayan zaɓen da aka gudanar tsakanin shugabannin yankin. Wannan ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ’yan Najeriya da suka jagoranci ƙungiyar tun bayan kafuwarta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.okay.ng/nff-president-ibrahim-gusau-elected-wafu-zone-b-president/ |title=NFF President Ibrahim Gusau Elected WAFU Zone B President |website=Okay.ng |date=19 May 2025 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Ƙasashen da suke cikin WAFU Zone B == * Najeriya * Ghana * Jamhuriyar Benin * Burkina Faso * Côte d’Ivoire * Nijar * Togo<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telegraph.ng/news/2024/11/22/nff-president-gusau-elected-1st-vice-president-of-wafu-b/ |title=NFF president, Gusau, elected 1st vice president of WAFU B |website=Telegraph Nigeria |date=22 November 2024 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Manyan Gasanni == * WAFU B Cup * WAFU B U-20 Championship * WAFU B Women’s Cup * WAFU B U-20 Women’s Cup * CAF Women’s Champions League WAFU B Qualifiers<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAFU_Zone_B_U20_Women%27s_Cup |title=WAFU Zone B U20 Women's Cup |website=Wikipedia |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Muhimmanci == WAFU Zone B tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gano sababbin ’yan wasa a yankin Yammacin Afirka. Yawancin fitattun ’yan wasan Najeriya da Ghana sun fara haskakawa ne ta irin waɗannan gasanni na yankin kafin su kai matakin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://soccernet.ng/2025/05/why-nigeria-wafu-b.html |title=Why Nigeria’s football chief believes Africa’s next football kings will come from WAFU B |website=Soccernet.ng |date=22 May 2025 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Football in Africa]] [[Category:Sports organizations]] [[Category:WAFU Zone B]] [[Category:Football in Nigeria]] jr82cav8rti22rrvofpngpsr88vx6n9 0 153017 842273 2026-05-29T08:49:15Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = I. N. C. Aniebo | image = | caption = | birth_name = Ifeanyichukwu Ndubuisi Chikezie Aniebo | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|1|31}} | birth_place = Port Harcourt, Nigeria | occupation = Marubuci (novelist, short story writer), malami | nationality = Najeriya | notable_works = ''The Anonymity of Sacrifice'', ''The Journey Within'', ''Rearguard Actions'' }} '''Ifeanyichukwu Ndubuisi Chikezie Aniebo''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''I. N. C. Aniebo'... 842273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = I. N. C. Aniebo | image = | caption = | birth_name = Ifeanyichukwu Ndubuisi Chikezie Aniebo | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|1|31}} | birth_place = Port Harcourt, Nigeria | occupation = Marubuci (novelist, short story writer), malami | nationality = Najeriya | notable_works = ''The Anonymity of Sacrifice'', ''The Journey Within'', ''Rearguard Actions'' }} '''Ifeanyichukwu Ndubuisi Chikezie Aniebo''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''I. N. C. Aniebo''', an haife shi 31 ga Janairu 1939) marubucin littattafan labari ne kuma gajerun labarai daga Najeriya. An san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun marubutan da suka rubuta kan yakin basasar Najeriya da kuma batun cin zarafin iko a cikin al’umma. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Aniebo ya yi karatu a Government College, Umuahia, makaranta da ta shahara wajen samar da manyan marubutan Afirka kamar Chinua Achebe da sauransu. Daga baya ya shiga aikin soja a Najeriya a 1959, inda ya samu horo a Ghana da Ingila. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} Ya kuma yi aikin soja a rundunar Najeriya kuma ya yi hidima a rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Congo. :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2} == Yakin Biafra da tasirin sa == A lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya (1967–1970), Aniebo ya yi yaƙi a ɓangaren Biafra. Wannan kwarewa ta yaƙi ta yi tasiri sosai a rubuce-rubucensa, musamman wajen nuna wahalhalu, zalunci, da rikice-rikicen ɗan Adam a lokacin yaƙi. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3} == Ayyukan ilimi == Bayan ya gama karatunsa a jami’ar University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Aniebo ya koma Najeriya a 1979 inda ya fara koyar da Adabi da Rubutun Kirkira a University of Port Harcourt. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4} == Rubuce-rubuce == Aniebo ya rubuta novels da gajerun labarai da dama. Daga cikin fitattun ayyukansa akwai: === Littattafan labari (Novels) === * ''The Anonymity of Sacrifice'' (1974) * ''The Journey Within'' (1978) * ''Rearguard Actions'' (1998) :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5} === Gajerun labarai === * ''Of Wives, Talismans and the Dead'' (1983) * ''Man of the Market'' (1994) == Salon rubutu da muhimmanci == Masana adabi sun bayyana Aniebo a matsayin marubucin da ya fi mayar da hankali kan: * Yakin basasa na Najeriya da tasirinsa ga al’umma * Cin zarafin iko a siyasa da zamantakewa * Canjin al’adu a Najeriya bayan samun ‘yancin kai :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6} == Tasiri == Aniebo ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubutan da suka taimaka wajen bayyana gaskiyar rayuwa a lokacin rikicin Biafra, inda rubuce-rubucensa suka taimaka wajen fahimtar yadda yaƙi ke shafar talakawa da tsarin mulki. == Manazarta == * :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7} – Wikipedia: I. N. C. Aniebo * :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8} – Bloomsbury Publishing author biography * :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9} – iNigerian.com interview/article on I.N.C. Aniebo db69rzdg8ddhxxywtipyfp810y1b3bu 0 153018 842274 2026-05-29T08:50:30Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320555454|Onilahy River]]" 842274 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Onilahy''' wani kogi ne a cikin Atsimo-Andrefana da Anosy (Lardin Toliara), kudancin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. Yana gudana daga tuddai kusa da [[Betroka]] zuwa [[Mozambique]] Channel. Yana kwarara a St. Augustin (23°34′00′′S 43°45′00′′E / 23.5666667°S 43.75°E / -23.5666667; 43.75), kuma cikin Bay of Saint-Augustin. Nau'o'in cichlids guda biyu suna da yawa a [[Ruwan ruwa|yankin kogin]], amma ''Ptychochromis onilahy'' wataƙila ya riga [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|ya ɓace]] kuma sauran nau'ikan ''Ptychochromoides betsileanus'' sun kai ƙasa da {{Convert|10|km2|mi2}}. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walaszczyk |first=I. |last2=Marcinowski |first2=R. |last3=Praszkier |first3=T. |last4=Dembicz |first4=K. |last5=Bieńkowska |first5=M. |date=August 2004 |title=Biogeographical and stratigraphical significance of the latest Turonian and Early Coniacian inoceramid/ammonite succession of the Manasoa section on the Onilahy River, south-west Madagascar |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=543–576 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2004.05.001 |issn=0195-6671}}</ref> [[Fayil:Onilahy_Basin_OSM.png|thumb|Tafkin Onilahy]] == Yanayin ƙasa == Tushen kogin Onilahy yana kusa [[Beadabo|da Beadabo]]. Yana gudana ta Ankilimary, zuwa Benenitra, Ehara, Bezaha da Antanimena. An ketare ta RN 10 kusa da Tameantsoa. Bakin kogin Onilahy yana cikin Tekun Indiya a Saint Augustin, Madagascar, kilomita 35 kudu da Toliara (Tuléar). Manyan masu girma daga kudu su ne [[Sakamena river|kogin Sakamena]], [[Evasy River|kogin Evasy]], [[Ianapera River|kogin Ianapera]], [[Isoanala river|kogin Isoanala]] da kuma [[Ihazofotsy River|kogin Ihazofotsy]]. Daga arewa akwai kogin [[Sakondry]], [[Taheza]], [[Sakamare]] da kuma kogin [[Imatoto]]. == Manazarta == 1awebkdrz773t8un8t09ws0logg3wke 842278 842274 2026-05-29T08:57:25Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Onilahy''' wani kogi ne a cikin Atsimo-Andrefana da Anosy (Lardin Toliara), kudancin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. Yana gudana daga tuddai kusa da [[Betroka]] zuwa [[Mozambique]] Channel. Yana kwarara a St. Augustin (23°34′00′′S 43°45′00′′E / 23.5666667°S 43.75°E / -23.5666667; 43.75), kuma cikin Bay of Saint-Augustin. Nau'o'in cichlids guda biyu suna da yawa a [[Ruwan ruwa|yankin kogin]], amma ''Ptychochromis onilahy'' wataƙila ya riga [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|ya ɓace]] kuma sauran nau'ikan ''Ptychochromoides betsileanus'' sun kai ƙasa da {{Convert|10|km2|mi2}}. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walaszczyk |first=I. |last2=Marcinowski |first2=R. |last3=Praszkier |first3=T. |last4=Dembicz |first4=K. |last5=Bieńkowska |first5=M. |date=August 2004 |title=Biogeographical and stratigraphical significance of the latest Turonian and Early Coniacian inoceramid/ammonite succession of the Manasoa section on the Onilahy River, south-west Madagascar |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=543–576 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2004.05.001 |issn=0195-6671}}</ref> [[Fayil:Onilahy_Basin_OSM.png|thumb|Tafkin Onilahy]] == Yanayin ƙasa == Tushen kogin Onilahy yana kusa [[Beadabo|da Beadabo]]. Yana gudana ta Ankilimary, zuwa Benenitra, Ehara, Bezaha da Antanimena. An ketare ta RN 10 kusa da Tameantsoa. Bakin kogin Onilahy yana cikin Tekun Indiya a Saint Augustin, Madagascar, kilomita 35 kudu da Toliara (Tuléar). Manyan masu girma daga kudu su ne [[Sakamena river|kogin Sakamena]], [[Evasy River|kogin Evasy]], [[Ianapera River|kogin Ianapera]], [[Isoanala river|kogin Isoanala]] da kuma [[Ihazofotsy River|kogin Ihazofotsy]]. Daga arewa akwai kogin [[Sakondry]], [[Taheza]], [[Sakamare]] da kuma kogin [[Imatoto]]. == Manazarta == q1m5c3oobhechqqboyr9yanjoyq0fcb 842282 842278 2026-05-29T09:06:17Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Onilahy''' wani kogi ne a cikin Atsimo-Andrefana da Anosy (Lardin Toliara), kudancin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. Yana gudana daga tuddai kusa da [[Betroka]] zuwa [[Mozambique]] Channel.<ref>[http://pravarini.free.fr/Onilahy.htm Onilahy]</ref> Yana kwarara a St. Augustin (23°34′00′′S 43°45′00′′E / 23.5666667°S 43.75°E / -23.5666667; 43.75), kuma cikin Bay of Saint-Augustin.<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> Nau'o'in cichlids guda biyu suna da yawa a [[Ruwan ruwa|yankin kogin]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zones humides de l'Onilahy|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2304|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> amma ''Ptychochromis onilahy'' wataƙila ya riga [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|ya ɓace]] kuma sauran nau'ikan ''Ptychochromoides betsileanus'' sun kai ƙasa da {{Convert|10|km2|mi2}}. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walaszczyk |first=I. |last2=Marcinowski |first2=R. |last3=Praszkier |first3=T. |last4=Dembicz |first4=K. |last5=Bieńkowska |first5=M. |date=August 2004 |title=Biogeographical and stratigraphical significance of the latest Turonian and Early Coniacian inoceramid/ammonite succession of the Manasoa section on the Onilahy River, south-west Madagascar |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=543–576 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2004.05.001 |issn=0195-6671}}</ref> [[Fayil:Onilahy_Basin_OSM.png|thumb|Tafkin Onilahy]] == Yanayin ƙasa == Tushen kogin Onilahy yana kusa [[Beadabo|da Beadabo]]. Yana gudana ta Ankilimary, zuwa Benenitra, Ehara, Bezaha da Antanimena.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Ravelomanana, T. |author2=Sparks, J.S. |date=2020 |title=''Ptychochromoides betsileanus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T18832A177066640 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18832A177066640.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Walaszczyk|first1=I.|last2=Marcinowski|first2=R.|last3=Praszkier|first3=T.|last4=Dembicz|first4=K.|last5=Bieńkowska|first5=M.|date=August 2004|title=Biogeographical and stratigraphical significance of the latest Turonian and Early Coniacian inoceramid/ammonite succession of the Manasoa section on the Onilahy River, south-west Madagascar|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=25|issue=4|pages=543–576|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2004.05.001|issn=0195-6671}}</ref> An ketare ta RN 10 kusa da Tameantsoa. Bakin kogin Onilahy yana cikin Tekun Indiya a Saint Augustin, Madagascar, kilomita 35 kudu da Toliara (Tuléar). Manyan masu girma daga kudu su ne [[Sakamena river|kogin Sakamena]], [[Evasy River|kogin Evasy]], [[Ianapera River|kogin Ianapera]], [[Isoanala river|kogin Isoanala]] da kuma [[Ihazofotsy River|kogin Ihazofotsy]]. Daga arewa akwai kogin [[Sakondry]], [[Taheza]], [[Sakamare]] da kuma kogin [[Imatoto]]. == Manazarta == 2386h65ffccba42fwdwom2he1v4ctoj 0 153019 842276 2026-05-29T08:53:40Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox organization | name = NPFL Board | full_name = Nigeria Premier Football League Board | native_name = Hukumar Gudanarwar Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya | abbreviation = NPFL Board | founded = 2023 | headquarters = [[Abuja]], Najeriya | region_served = Najeriya | parent_organization = [[Nigeria Football Federation]] | leader_title = Shugaba | leader_name = Gbenga Elegbeleye | website = {{URL|https://npfl.com.ng}} }} '''NPFL Board''' ko kuma '''Nigeria Premier Football Leag... 842276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = NPFL Board | full_name = Nigeria Premier Football League Board | native_name = Hukumar Gudanarwar Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya | abbreviation = NPFL Board | founded = 2023 | headquarters = [[Abuja]], Najeriya | region_served = Najeriya | parent_organization = [[Nigeria Football Federation]] | leader_title = Shugaba | leader_name = Gbenga Elegbeleye | website = {{URL|https://npfl.com.ng}} }} '''NPFL Board''' ko kuma '''Nigeria Premier Football League Board''' ita ce hukumar da ke kula da gudanarwa, tsari da cigaban gasar babbar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya wato [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] (NPFL). Hukumar tana ƙarƙashin [[Nigeria Football Federation]] (NFF), kuma an kafa ta domin kula da harkokin gudanar da gasar cikin ƙwarewa da inganta tsarin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npfl.com.ng/npl-board-members/ |title=NPL Board Members |publisher=Nigeria Premier Football League |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> An ƙaddamar da sabon kwamitin NPFL Board a watan Yulin 2023 bayan rushewar tsohuwar '''League Management Company''' (LMC) da gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi. Hukumar ta NFF ta nada Hon. Gbenga Elegbeleye a matsayin shugaban kwamitin, tare da wasu manyan masu ruwa da tsaki a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa domin jagorantar sabon tsarin gudanarwa na gasar lig ɗin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecable.ng/nff-inaugurates-new-npfl-board/ |title=NFF inaugurates new NPFL board |publisher=TheCable |date=26 July 2023 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> NPFL Board tana da alhakin tsara jadawalin wasanni, tabbatar da bin dokokin lasisin kulob, tallata gasar, kula da haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye da kuma inganta harkokin kasuwanci na gasar. Hukumar ta kuma mayar da hankali wajen daidaita kalandar gasar da tsarin ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya domin bai wa kulob ɗin Najeriya damar fafatawa yadda ya kamata a nahiyar Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2026/04/15/complete-history-of-the-npfl-36-years-of-nigerian-professional-football/ |title=Complete History of the NPFL: 36 Years of Nigerian Professional Football |publisher=Within Nigeria |date=15 April 2026 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> A lokacin ƙaddamar da kwamitin, shugaban NFF Ibrahim Musa Gusau ya bukaci hukumar da ta mayar da hankali wajen tabbatar da cewa kulob ɗin lig suna bin ƙa’idojin lasisi, tare da ƙarfafa cigaban ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida. Ya bayyana cewa bin ƙa’idojin gudanarwa zai taimaka wajen ɗaga darajar gasar ta Najeriya a nahiyar Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecable.ng/nff-inaugurates-new-npfl-board/ |title=NFF inaugurates new NPFL board |publisher=TheCable |date=26 July 2023 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, kwamitin zartarwa na NFF ya tsawaita wa’adin shugabannin NPFL Board har zuwa watan Satumban 2026 saboda yabon ayyukan da suka gudanar cikin shekaru biyu na farko. NFF ta bayyana cewa hukumar ta taimaka wajen inganta tsarin gasar da ƙara darajar lig ɗin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/football/nff-extends-npfl-nnl-nlo-board-tenures-to-sept-2026/ |title=NFF extends NPFL, NNL, NLO board tenures to Sept 2026 |publisher=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2 July 2025 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Mambobin Hukumar == A lokacin da aka kafa NPFL Board a shekarar 2023, mambobin hukumar sun haɗa da:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npfl.com.ng/2023/07/20/elegbeleye-heads-npfl-board/ |title=Elegbeleye heads NPFL board |publisher=Nigeria Premier Football League |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> * Hon. Gbenga Elegbeleye — Shugaba * Mohammed Nasiru Sa’idu — Mamba * Daniel Amokachi — Mamba * Barrister Poubeni Ogun — Mamba * Okey Kpalukwu — Mamba * Suleiman Umar — Mamba * Dominic Iorfa — Mamba * Barrister Danlami Ibrahim — Sakataren Hukuma * Davidson Owumi — Babban Jami’in Gudanarwa (COO) == Ayyuka == Babban aikin NPFL Board shi ne kula da gudanar da gasar NPFL tare da tabbatar da bin ƙa’idojin FIFA da CAF. Hukumar tana kuma aiki wajen jawo masu zuba jari, haɓaka harkokin tallace-tallace, da samar da ingantaccen tsarin gudanar da wasanni a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportinglife.ng/nff-extends-npfl-nnl-nlo-boards-tenure-until-2026/ |title=NFF extends NPFL, NNL, NLO boards’ tenure until 2026 |publisher=Sporting Life |date=2 July 2025 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[Nigerian National League]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Football governing bodies in Nigeria]] [[Category:Sports organizations established in 2023]] [[Category:Football in Nigeria]] 0rip5gjq16stllkkhcsyhuvzf3qdfnw 0 153020 842279 2026-05-29T09:02:53Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Short description|Ƙungiyar tallafa wa ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya}} '''Shehu Dikko Football Foundation''' ƙungiya ce da ake dangantawa da ayyukan tallafawa ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa da wasanni a Najeriya, musamman ta hannun ɗan gudanarwar wasanni na Najeriya, '''Shehu Dikko'''. Duk da cewa babu cikakken bayanin ƙungiyar a manyan kundin bayanai na duniya, ana danganta sunan Shehu Dikko da ayyukan bunƙasa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta cikin gida, ci gaban matasa, da shirye... 842279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ƙungiyar tallafa wa ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya}} '''Shehu Dikko Football Foundation''' ƙungiya ce da ake dangantawa da ayyukan tallafawa ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa da wasanni a Najeriya, musamman ta hannun ɗan gudanarwar wasanni na Najeriya, '''Shehu Dikko'''. Duk da cewa babu cikakken bayanin ƙungiyar a manyan kundin bayanai na duniya, ana danganta sunan Shehu Dikko da ayyukan bunƙasa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta cikin gida, ci gaban matasa, da shirye-shiryen inganta harkokin wasanni a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former NFF VP Dikko appointed Chairman of National Sports Commission |url=https://www.westernpost.ng/former-nff-vp-dikko-appointed-chairman-of-national-sports-commission/ |work=Western Post |date=23 October 2024 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == An danganta Shehu Dikko da gudanarwa da gyaran tsarin ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya tun daga shekarun 2000. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban '''League Management Company (LMC)''', wacce ke kula da gasar Nigerian Professional Football League (NPFL). A lokacin jagorancinsa, an yi ƙoƙarin inganta tsarin gudanarwa, tallace-tallace, da kuma bunƙasa gasar cikin gida.<ref>{{cite news |title=DOMESTIC LEAGUE: A Cornerstone in Nigeria’s Sports Economy - Shehu Dikko |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/domestic-league-a-cornerstone-in-nigerias-sports-economy-shehu-dikko/ |work=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |date=8 November 2024 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ayyukan da ake dangantawa da Shehu Dikko da masu ruwa da tsaki a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa sun haɗa da tallafawa ci gaban matasa, samar da kyakkyawan tsarin gudanar da lig, da kuma haɗin gwiwa da FIFA wajen ayyukan raya wasanni da ababen more rayuwa. Ya kuma bayyana muhimmancin gasar cikin gida wajen gina tattalin arzikin wasanni a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shehu Dikko Pledges Full Support for FIFA Forward Project 3.0 |url=https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/football-governance/shehu-dikko-pledges-full-support-for-fifa-forward-project-3-0/ |work=Football In Nigeria |date=7 February 2025 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Gudummawa ga ƙwallon ƙafa == Shehu Dikko ya taka rawa wajen shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Najeriya da FIFA, ciki har da ayyukan FIFA Goal Project da FIFA Forward Programme. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa ya kasance cikin mutanen da suka jagoranci ƙoƙarin samar da cibiyoyin horaswa da filayen wasa domin ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title='FIFA manages its projects directly' — Shehu Dikko speaks on $1.19m mini-stadium in Birnin-Kebbi |url=https://www.thecable.ng/fifa-manages-its-projects-directly-shehu-dikko-speaks-on-1-19m-mini-stadium-in-birnin-kebbi/ |work=TheCable |date=31 October 2025 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Jagoranci == A shekarar 2024, gwamnatin Najeriya ta naɗa Shehu Dikko a matsayin shugaban '''National Sports Commission (NSC)''', inda aka bayyana cewa ana sa ran zai yi amfani da gogewarsa wajen ƙara bunƙasa harkokin wasanni da ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙasar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former NFF VP Dikko appointed Chairman of National Sports Commission |url=https://www.westernpost.ng/former-nff-vp-dikko-appointed-chairman-of-national-sports-commission/ |work=Western Post |date=23 October 2024 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Wasanni a Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin tallafawa wasanni]] 952nz5g01m66zjnfb70yern0yh6ta01 0 153021 842280 2026-05-29T09:05:12Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338957164|Rebmann Glacier]]" 842280 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gilashin Rebmann''' wani ƙaramin [[Gileshiya (Tsaunin kankara)|ƙanƙara]] ne da ke aiki kusa da ƙololuwar [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]] a [[Tanzaniya]] . Ƙaramin ragowar wani babban murfin ƙanƙara ne wanda ya taɓa lashe Kilimanjaro. Wannan murfin ƙanƙara ya ja da baya sosai a cikin ƙarni da ya gabata; tsakanin 1912 da 2000, kashi 82 cikin ɗari na ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara da ke kan dutsen ya ɓace. <ref name="Thompson">{{Cite web |title=Snows of Kilimanjaro Disappearing, Glacial Ice Loss Increasing |url=https://news.osu.edu/news/2006/02/13/scndkili/ |access-date=2006-09-02 |publisher=Ohio State University}}</ref> An sanya wa Rebmann Glacier suna ne saboda wani mai wa'azin [[Jamus]] kuma mai bincike Johann Rebmann, wanda shi ne ɗan binciken Turai na farko da ya ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru na dusar ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara a saman Kilimanjaro, a shekara ta 1848. [[Fayil:Kibo-großer_Gletscher(big_glacier).jpg|left|thumb|Bangon tsaye na Dutsen Rebmann a shekarar 2005 tare da Dutsen Meru, wanda yake {{Convert|70|km|mi|0}} nesa, a bango.]] [[Fayil:Kilimanjaro_Glaciers.jpg|left|thumb|260x260px|Hoton NASA daga shekarar 2004 tare da wuraren manyan ƙanƙara a kan Dutsen Kilimanjaro. Yankunan da ba a gano ba galibi ƙananan ƙanƙara ne ko filayen dusar ƙanƙara.]] == Duba kuma == * [[Komawar kankara tun daga 1850|Komawa daga dusar ƙanƙara tun daga 1850]] * Jerin Kankara a Afirka == Manazarta == q01rz4eug3mbxkiidvtq98xyz1o7le8 842281 842280 2026-05-29T09:05:44Z Engineer014 44591 842281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gilashin Rebmann''' wani ƙaramin [[Gileshiya (Tsaunin kankara)|ƙanƙara]] ne da ke aiki kusa da ƙololuwar [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]] a [[Tanzaniya]] . Ƙaramin ragowar wani babban murfin ƙanƙara ne wanda ya taɓa lashe Kilimanjaro. Wannan murfin ƙanƙara ya ja da baya sosai a cikin ƙarni da ya gabata; tsakanin 1912 da 2000, kashi 82 cikin ɗari na ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara da ke kan dutsen ya ɓace. <ref name="Thompson">{{Cite web |title=Snows of Kilimanjaro Disappearing, Glacial Ice Loss Increasing |url=https://news.osu.edu/news/2006/02/13/scndkili/ |access-date=2006-09-02 |publisher=Ohio State University}}</ref> An sanya wa Rebmann Glacier suna ne saboda wani mai wa'azin [[Jamus]] kuma mai bincike Johann Rebmann, wanda shi ne ɗan binciken Turai na farko da ya ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru na dusar ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara a saman Kilimanjaro, a shekara ta 1848. [[Fayil:Kibo-großer_Gletscher(big_glacier).jpg|left|thumb|Bangon tsaye na Dutsen Rebmann a shekarar 2005 tare da Dutsen Meru, wanda yake {{Convert|70|km|mi|0}} nesa, a bango.]] [[Fayil:Kilimanjaro_Glaciers.jpg|left|thumb|260x260px|Hoton NASA daga shekarar 2004 tare da wuraren manyan ƙanƙara a kan Dutsen Kilimanjaro. Yankunan da ba a gano ba galibi ƙananan ƙanƙara ne ko filayen dusar ƙanƙara.]] == Duba kuma == * [[Komawar kankara tun daga 1850|Komawa daga dusar ƙanƙara tun daga 1850]] * Jerin Kankara a Afirka == Manazarta == s4djdot44943id937iva96joihptt8s 0 153022 842283 2026-05-29T09:07:15Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1300368076|Matadi Bridge]]" 842283 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gadar Matadi''', wacce aka fi sani da '''OEBK Bridge''' for ''Organization pour l'équipement de Banana-Kinshasa'', wacce a da aka fi sani da '''Pont Maréchal''' a Faransanci, gada ce mai dakatarwa a fadin [[Kogin Congo]] a Matadi, [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo]] . An kammala ta a shekarar 1983, ta hannun wasu kamfanonin Japan. Tana da tsawon {{Convert|520|m}}, an ce ita ce gadar da ta fi tsayi a Afirka tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da ita har zuwa buɗe gadar Maputo-Katembe a shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2018 |title=Africa's longest suspension bridge opens to the public |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2018/11/africas-longest-suspension-bridge-opens-to-the-public/}}</ref> Gadar ta ratsa Kogin Congo a mafi ƙunci, kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Matadi. Ita ce gada ɗaya tilo da ta ratsa Kogin Congo. == Gine-gine == An kammala ginin gadar Matadi a shekarar 1983 ta hannun haɗin gwiwar kamfanonin [[Japan]], ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries . Tana da babban faɗin {{Convert|520|m}} kuma ya ketare [[Kogin Congo]] . An gina gadar Matadi da tan 14,000 na ƙarfe. An tsara gadar ta hanyar jaddada cewa hasumiyoyin sun ƙunshi sanduna, tare da kowace hasumiya ta zama firam ɗaya mai tauri. miliyan 25 Gwamnatin Japan ta biya buƙatar tsohon shugaban ƙasa Mobutu, akan kuɗin Yen biliyan 34.5 na Japan . <ref name="BernsteinFukui2016" /> A shekarun 1990, rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da rikici a Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kwango sun kawo cikas ga kula da gadar. Duk da janye tallafin da Japan ta bayar, injiniyoyin Congo, musamman André Madiata, Ndele Buba da Kalombo Mukeba Josef, sun ci gaba da kula da tsarin ta hanyar amfani da takardun fasaha da takwarorinsu na Japan suka bari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Le 40ème anniversaire du Pont Maréchal à Matadi : le transfert des technologies japonaises et l'attachement au pont |url=https://www.jica.go.jp/french/information/topics/2023/230612_01.html |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=jica.go.jp}}</ref> Japan ta sabunta haɗin gwiwarta a shekarar 2012, inda ta ƙaddamar da wani aiki don inganta kula da gadar. Ziyarar da Tatsumi Masaaki ta kai ta tabbatar da cewa gadar tana cikin kyakkyawan yanayi, wanda aka danganta da sadaukarwar injiniyoyin gida da kuma mahimmancin ginin. == Layin Jirgin Kasa == An yi niyyar layin dogo a kan gadar ya zama wani ɓangare na layin da zai kai Boma da Muanda . Duk da haka, ba a taɓa gina shi ba. == Duba kuma == * Jerin gadojin jirgin ƙasa na kan hanya == Manazarta == 618ei5vbdqw4brkd3qx889lh3ixiss3 842284 842283 2026-05-29T09:07:42Z Engineer014 44591 842284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gadar Matadi''', wacce aka fi sani da '''OEBK Bridge''' for ''Organization pour l'équipement de Banana-Kinshasa'', wacce a da aka fi sani da '''Pont Maréchal''' a Faransanci, gada ce mai dakatarwa a fadin [[Kogin Congo]] a Matadi, [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo]] . An kammala ta a shekarar 1983, ta hannun wasu kamfanonin Japan. Tana da tsawon {{Convert|520|m}}, an ce ita ce gadar da ta fi tsayi a Afirka tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da ita har zuwa buɗe gadar Maputo-Katembe a shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2018 |title=Africa's longest suspension bridge opens to the public |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2018/11/africas-longest-suspension-bridge-opens-to-the-public/}}</ref> Gadar ta ratsa Kogin Congo a mafi ƙunci, kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Matadi. Ita ce gada ɗaya tilo da ta ratsa Kogin Congo. == Gine-gine == An kammala ginin gadar Matadi a shekarar 1983 ta hannun haɗin gwiwar kamfanonin [[Japan]], ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries . Tana da babban faɗin {{Convert|520|m}} kuma ya ketare [[Kogin Congo]] . An gina gadar Matadi da tan 14,000 na ƙarfe. An tsara gadar ta hanyar jaddada cewa hasumiyoyin sun ƙunshi sanduna, tare da kowace hasumiya ta zama firam ɗaya mai tauri. miliyan 25 Gwamnatin Japan ta biya buƙatar tsohon shugaban ƙasa Mobutu, akan kuɗin Yen biliyan 34.5 na Japan . <ref name="BernsteinFukui2016" /> A shekarun 1990, rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da rikici a Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kwango sun kawo cikas ga kula da gadar. Duk da janye tallafin da Japan ta bayar, injiniyoyin Congo, musamman André Madiata, Ndele Buba da Kalombo Mukeba Josef, sun ci gaba da kula da tsarin ta hanyar amfani da takardun fasaha da takwarorinsu na Japan suka bari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Le 40ème anniversaire du Pont Maréchal à Matadi : le transfert des technologies japonaises et l'attachement au pont |url=https://www.jica.go.jp/french/information/topics/2023/230612_01.html |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=jica.go.jp}}</ref> Japan ta sabunta haɗin gwiwarta a shekarar 2012, inda ta ƙaddamar da wani aiki don inganta kula da gadar. Ziyarar da Tatsumi Masaaki ta kai ta tabbatar da cewa gadar tana cikin kyakkyawan yanayi, wanda aka danganta da sadaukarwar injiniyoyin gida da kuma mahimmancin ginin. == Layin Jirgin Kasa == An yi niyyar layin dogo a kan gadar ya zama wani ɓangare na layin da zai kai Boma da Muanda . Duk da haka, ba a taɓa gina shi ba. == Duba kuma == * Jerin gadojin jirgin ƙasa na kan hanya == Manazarta == 5q3hf9if3llzjgwvj6niqy515xi5fud 0 153023 842285 2026-05-29T09:09:13Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327498581|2021 Congo River disaster]]" 842285 wikitext text/x-wiki A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2021, wani jirgin ruwa ya nutse a [[kogin Congo]] a lardin Mai-Ndombe, kusa da [[Kinshasa]] a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=16 February 2021 |title=Congo River Disaster: Nine dead, Many Missing as Boat Capsizes Near DR Congo Capital |url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/congo-river-disaster-nine-dead-many-missing-as-boat-capsizes-near-dr-congo-capital-3439022.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216042442/https://www.news18.com/news/world/congo-river-disaster-nine-dead-many-missing-as-boat-capsizes-near-dr-congo-capital-3439022.html |archive-date=16 February 2021 |access-date=16 February 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> wanda ya kashe akalla mutane 60. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRC: Dozens killed, hundreds missing in Congo River boat disaster |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/15/scores-killed-in-dr-congo-boat-accident |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216020015/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/15/scores-killed-in-dr-congo-boat-accident |archive-date=16 February 2021 |access-date=16 February 2021 |website=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == Wani jirgin ruwa mai lodin kaya ya nutse da misalin karfe 20:00 na dare agogon yankin kusa da ƙauyen [[Longola Ekoti]] a lardin Mai-Ndombe . Jirgin ruwan yana tafiya 700&nbsp;km along the Congo River, from Kinshasa to Mbandaka City, and over 700 people were on board. Only 300 people survived, while 60 were killed and the remaining passengers were unaccounted for. Ministan Ayyukan Jinkai Steve Mbikayi Mabuluki ya shaida wa Al-Jazeera cewa babban dalilin da ya jawo wannan lamari shi ne cewa jirgin ruwan yana da fasinjoji da yawa da kuma kaya da yawa a cikinsa. Ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa "jigilar jiragen ruwa ta dare ma ta taka rawa" - wani abu da aka haramta a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|DRC]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Guardian Staff |date=2021-02-16 |title=Congo river disaster: at least 60 dead and hundreds missing after 'overloaded' boat sinks |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/16/congo-river-boat-sinks-deaths-missing |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu, a cewar mazauna yankin, jirgin ruwan ya bugi dutse. A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, Mbikayi ya yi ta'aziyya ga iyalan da abin ya shafa, yayin da ya kuma yi kira da a sanya takunkumi ga kamfanonin sufuri da abin ya shafa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Guardian Staff |date=2021-02-16 |title=Congo river disaster: at least 60 dead and hundreds missing after 'overloaded' boat sinks |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/16/congo-river-boat-sinks-deaths-missing |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGuardian_Staff2021">Guardian Staff (2021-02-16). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/16/congo-river-boat-sinks-deaths-missing "Congo river disaster: at least 60 dead and hundreds missing after 'overloaded' boat sinks"]. ''the Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> Daga baya Shugaba [[Félix Tshisekedi]] ya sanar da cewa dole ne a sanya rigunan ceto ga dukkan fasinjoji. Taron ya yi daidai da nadin sabon Firayim Minista Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=16 February 2021 |title=Congo River Disaster: Nine dead, Many Missing as Boat Capsizes Near DR Congo Capital |url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/congo-river-disaster-nine-dead-many-missing-as-boat-capsizes-near-dr-congo-capital-3439022.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216042442/https://www.news18.com/news/world/congo-river-disaster-nine-dead-many-missing-as-boat-capsizes-near-dr-congo-capital-3439022.html |archive-date=16 February 2021 |access-date=16 February 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.news18.com/news/world/congo-river-disaster-nine-dead-many-missing-as-boat-capsizes-near-dr-congo-capital-3439022.html "Congo River Disaster: Nine dead, Many Missing as Boat Capsizes Near DR Congo Capital"]. ''[[News18]]''. 16 February 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210216042442/https://www.news18.com/news/world/congo-river-disaster-nine-dead-many-missing-as-boat-capsizes-near-dr-congo-capital-3439022.html Archived] from the original on 16 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Duba kuma == * Bala'in kogin Bangui na 2024 == Manazarta == nziuklli6d51coiau8mkuloo98tbf0h 842286 842285 2026-05-29T09:09:36Z Engineer014 44591 842286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2021, wani jirgin ruwa ya nutse a [[kogin Congo]] a lardin Mai-Ndombe, kusa da [[Kinshasa]] a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=16 February 2021 |title=Congo River Disaster: Nine dead, Many Missing as Boat Capsizes Near DR Congo Capital |url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/congo-river-disaster-nine-dead-many-missing-as-boat-capsizes-near-dr-congo-capital-3439022.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216042442/https://www.news18.com/news/world/congo-river-disaster-nine-dead-many-missing-as-boat-capsizes-near-dr-congo-capital-3439022.html |archive-date=16 February 2021 |access-date=16 February 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> wanda ya kashe akalla mutane 60. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRC: Dozens killed, hundreds missing in Congo River boat disaster |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/15/scores-killed-in-dr-congo-boat-accident |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216020015/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/15/scores-killed-in-dr-congo-boat-accident |archive-date=16 February 2021 |access-date=16 February 2021 |website=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == Wani jirgin ruwa mai lodin kaya ya nutse da misalin karfe 20:00 na dare agogon yankin kusa da ƙauyen [[Longola Ekoti]] a lardin Mai-Ndombe . Jirgin ruwan yana tafiya 700&nbsp;km along the Congo River, from Kinshasa to Mbandaka City, and over 700 people were on board. Only 300 people survived, while 60 were killed and the remaining passengers were unaccounted for. Ministan Ayyukan Jinkai Steve Mbikayi Mabuluki ya shaida wa Al-Jazeera cewa babban dalilin da ya jawo wannan lamari shi ne cewa jirgin ruwan yana da fasinjoji da yawa da kuma kaya da yawa a cikinsa. Ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa "jigilar jiragen ruwa ta dare ma ta taka rawa" - wani abu da aka haramta a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|DRC]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Guardian Staff |date=2021-02-16 |title=Congo river disaster: at least 60 dead and hundreds missing after 'overloaded' boat sinks |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/16/congo-river-boat-sinks-deaths-missing |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu, a cewar mazauna yankin, jirgin ruwan ya bugi dutse. A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, Mbikayi ya yi ta'aziyya ga iyalan da abin ya shafa, yayin da ya kuma yi kira da a sanya takunkumi ga kamfanonin sufuri da abin ya shafa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Guardian Staff |date=2021-02-16 |title=Congo river disaster: at least 60 dead and hundreds missing after 'overloaded' boat sinks |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/16/congo-river-boat-sinks-deaths-missing |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGuardian_Staff2021">Guardian Staff (2021-02-16). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/16/congo-river-boat-sinks-deaths-missing "Congo river disaster: at least 60 dead and hundreds missing after 'overloaded' boat sinks"]. ''the Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> Daga baya Shugaba [[Félix Tshisekedi]] ya sanar da cewa dole ne a sanya rigunan ceto ga dukkan fasinjoji. Taron ya yi daidai da nadin sabon Firayim Minista Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=16 February 2021 |title=Congo River Disaster: Nine dead, Many Missing as Boat Capsizes Near DR Congo Capital |url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/congo-river-disaster-nine-dead-many-missing-as-boat-capsizes-near-dr-congo-capital-3439022.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216042442/https://www.news18.com/news/world/congo-river-disaster-nine-dead-many-missing-as-boat-capsizes-near-dr-congo-capital-3439022.html |archive-date=16 February 2021 |access-date=16 February 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.news18.com/news/world/congo-river-disaster-nine-dead-many-missing-as-boat-capsizes-near-dr-congo-capital-3439022.html "Congo River Disaster: Nine dead, Many Missing as Boat Capsizes Near DR Congo Capital"]. ''[[News18]]''. 16 February 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210216042442/https://www.news18.com/news/world/congo-river-disaster-nine-dead-many-missing-as-boat-capsizes-near-dr-congo-capital-3439022.html Archived] from the original on 16 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Duba kuma == * Bala'in kogin Bangui na 2024 == Manazarta == jefs6dx37zqc12egeq0slod0c3g470q 0 153024 842289 2026-05-29T09:16:53Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346297874|Damu Naik]]" 842289 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Damodar Gajanan "Damu" Naik''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1971) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne kuma yana da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata daga jihar [[Goa]] . Yana aiki a matsayin shugaban jihar na yanzu. Ya kasance memba na mazabar Fatorda na Majalisar Dokokin Goa tsakanin 2002 da 2012 a cikin majalisar ministocin Manohar Parrikar . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Late Manohar Parrikar |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/manohar-parrikar/}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Damodar Naik <ref>{{Cite web |title=Damu Naik Fatorda candidate |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/goa/damu-g.-naik-fatorda-candidate-s05a030c01/}}</ref> a ranar 6 ga Satumba 1971 ga Gajanan B. Naik da Laxmi G. Naik . Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha daga Jami'ar Goa a shekarar 1994. a'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ayyukan siyasa == Ya wakilci [[Fatorda]]_Assembly_constituency" id="mwKA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Fatorda Assembly constituency">Mazabar Majalisar Fatorda na Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Damodar (Damu Naik) Goa Vidhan Sabha |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member-election-detail.php?id=77&flag=MEM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305113404/https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member-election-detail.php?id=77&flag=MEM |archive-date=5 March 2022 |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Damu G. Naik BJP Fatorda Goa |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/goa/damu-g.-naik-fatorda-candidate-s05a030c01/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Damu G. Naik Lok Sabha 2019 Fatorda Goa |url=https://myneta.info/goa2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=89}}</ref> An zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Goa daga mazaba ɗaya a zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Goa na 2002 da kuma zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Goa na 2007. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ɗan Majalisar Zartarwa na Ƙasa na Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha a 2006. Ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Dokokin Goa..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly election candidate from Fatorda |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/goa/2012/fatorda/damodar-damu-g-naik/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Election 2022: Fatorda Assembly Seat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/goa-assembly-election/fatorda-186066493 |website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The BJP |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bharatiya-Janata-Party}}</ref> kuma ya rasa ga Vijay Sardessai da kuri'u 1527. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 10g737iup9jovnb3b7g093ko87fo95s 842290 842289 2026-05-29T09:17:32Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 842290 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Damodar Gajanan "Damu" Naik''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1971) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne kuma yana da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata daga jihar [[Goa]] . Yana aiki a matsayin shugaban jihar na yanzu. Ya kasance memba na mazabar Fatorda na Majalisar Dokokin Goa tsakanin 2002 da 2012 a cikin majalisar ministocin Manohar Parrikar . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Late Manohar Parrikar |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/manohar-parrikar/}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Damodar Naik <ref>{{Cite web |title=Damu Naik Fatorda candidate |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/goa/damu-g.-naik-fatorda-candidate-s05a030c01/}}</ref> a ranar 6 ga Satumba 1971 ga Gajanan B. Naik da Laxmi G. Naik . Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha daga Jami'ar Goa a shekarar 1994. a'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ayyukan siyasa == Ya wakilci [[Fatorda]]_Assembly_constituency" id="mwKA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Fatorda Assembly constituency">Mazabar Majalisar Fatorda na Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Damodar (Damu Naik) Goa Vidhan Sabha |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member-election-detail.php?id=77&flag=MEM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305113404/https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member-election-detail.php?id=77&flag=MEM |archive-date=5 March 2022 |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Damu G. Naik BJP Fatorda Goa |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/goa/damu-g.-naik-fatorda-candidate-s05a030c01/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Damu G. Naik Lok Sabha 2019 Fatorda Goa |url=https://myneta.info/goa2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=89}}</ref> An zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Goa daga mazaba ɗaya a zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Goa na 2002 da kuma zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Goa na 2007. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ɗan Majalisar Zartarwa na Ƙasa na Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha a 2006. Ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Dokokin Goa..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly election candidate from Fatorda |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/goa/2012/fatorda/damodar-damu-g-naik/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Election 2022: Fatorda Assembly Seat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/goa-assembly-election/fatorda-186066493 |website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The BJP |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bharatiya-Janata-Party}}</ref> kuma ya rasa ga Vijay Sardessai da kuri'u 1527. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] e6bloltgm2l5j9cxy2vb5kivlig8594 0 153025 842291 2026-05-29T09:22:23Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Ike Odimegwu | birth_place = Obiaruku, Delta State, Nigeria | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Professor of Philosophy, writer, academic administrator | known_for = African philosophy, migration studies, political philosophy | education = University of Nigeria, Nsukka; Pontifical Urban University, Rome | workplaces = Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka }} '''Ike Ferdinand Odimegwu''' is a Nigerian professor of philosophy, academic administrator, an... 842291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ike Odimegwu | birth_place = Obiaruku, Delta State, Nigeria | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Professor of Philosophy, writer, academic administrator | known_for = African philosophy, migration studies, political philosophy | education = University of Nigeria, Nsukka; Pontifical Urban University, Rome | workplaces = Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka }} '''Ike Ferdinand Odimegwu''' is a Nigerian professor of philosophy, academic administrator, and scholar known for his work in African philosophy, political philosophy, and migration studies. He is a senior academic at the Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, where he has served in various leadership positions including departmental and faculty administration roles. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} == Early life and education == Ike Odimegwu was born in Obiaruku, Delta State, Nigeria. He pursued his early academic training in philosophy and later advanced his studies at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, where he earned higher degrees in philosophy. He also studied at the Pontifical Urban University in Rome, focusing on philosophical traditions that later influenced his work in African metaphysical anthropology and social philosophy. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} == Academic career == Odimegwu began his academic career teaching philosophy at the Federal College of Education, Umunze. In 1999, he joined Nnamdi Azikiwe University (UNIZIK), Awka, where he rose through academic ranks to become a professor and senior administrator. At UNIZIK, he has served in multiple capacities including: * Head, Department of Philosophy * Dean and Sub-Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies * Member and chair of several senate committees * Director, Academic Planning :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2} He has also been actively involved in academic unionism, serving as Chairman of the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) UNIZIK branch and later as ASUU Zonal Coordinator for the Owerri zone. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3} == Research and contributions == Odimegwu’s scholarly work focuses on: * African philosophy and metaphysical anthropology * Human personhood and identity * Social and political philosophy * Migration studies and governance He is widely associated with efforts to develop migration studies as an academic field in Nigeria and founded the Centre for Migration Studies at Nnamdi Azikiwe University. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4} He has authored and edited numerous books and academic articles, including works such as: * ''Integrative Personhood: Perspectives on African Communalism'' * ''Philosophic Foundations of Politics'' * ''Nigerian Migration Dynamics and Governance'' :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5} He has also published more than 50 journal articles and book chapters across philosophy and social sciences. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6} == Professional roles == Beyond teaching and research, Odimegwu has been involved in academic leadership and policy engagement. He has participated in international collaborations with organizations such as the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and other research institutions working on governance and migration policy in Africa. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7} He is also involved in professional philosophical associations in Nigeria and internationally, contributing to debates on African identity, governance, and human development. == Selected works == * ''Integrative Personhood: A Communalist Metaphysical Anthropology'' * ''Philosophic Foundations of Politics'' * ''Nigerian Migration Dynamics and Governance'' * ''Perspectives on African Communalism'' == See also == * African philosophy * Nnamdi Azikiwe University * Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) == References == {{reflist}} 0auzrikeigeh8oo8oeyfxscngk543dl 0 153026 842292 2026-05-29T09:26:02Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271262852|Nosivolo River]]" 842292 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Carte_bassin_Mangoro.svg|left|thumb|kogin Nosivolo a cikin kogin Mangoro]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Kogin Nosivolo''' kogi ne a gabashin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] kuma babban magudanar ruwa ne na Kogin Mangoro. Ya fara ne a gabashin Fandriana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-25 |title=MADAGASCAR: New Livelihoods to Protect A River's Life |url=http://www.globalissues.org/news/2010/11/25/7760 |access-date=2013-03-05 |website=Global Issues, Inter Press Service}}</ref> Ƙauyen Marolambo, babban birnin Gundumar Marolambo a yankin Atsinanana, yana gefen kogin a mahaɗar Kogin Sandranamby. Kogi ne mai muhimmanci a Madagascar saboda bambancin halittu (gami da cichlids ''Katria katria'' da ''Oxylapia polli'', da kuma Malagasy rainbowfish), wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙoƙarin kare shi. An tsara shi wurin farko na kogin Ramsar a ƙasar a shekarar 2010. <ref name="ramsreport">[http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1MG007_RIS_FR.pdf Fiche technique du site Ramsar - ‘Rivière Nosivolo et affluents’ Madagascar]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|fix-attempted=yes}} (2010)(detailed Ramsar report on river)</ref> Ƙungiyoyin farko na Nosivolo su ne kogin Sandranamby (wanda ke haɗuwa kusa da Marolambo), Sahadinta, Manandriana, da Sahanao. <ref name="ramsreport">[http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1MG007_RIS_FR.pdf Fiche technique du site Ramsar - ‘Rivière Nosivolo et affluents’ Madagascar]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|fix-attempted=yes}} [[Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2020]] [[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" data-ve-ignore=""><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Link rot|<span title=" Dead link tagged April 2020">permanent dead link</span>]]''&#x5D;</span></sup> (2010)(detailed Ramsar report on river)</ref> == Manazarta == Nosivolo RiverNosivolo RiverNosivolo RiverNosivolo RiverNosivolo RiverNosivolo RiverNosivolo River 4nqn6i3j29m604l1or0pdqm1h9ucx6j 842293 842292 2026-05-29T09:26:26Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 842293 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Carte_bassin_Mangoro.svg|left|thumb|kogin Nosivolo a cikin kogin Mangoro]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Kogin Nosivolo''' kogi ne a gabashin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] kuma babban magudanar ruwa ne na Kogin Mangoro. Ya fara ne a gabashin Fandriana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-25 |title=MADAGASCAR: New Livelihoods to Protect A River's Life |url=http://www.globalissues.org/news/2010/11/25/7760 |access-date=2013-03-05 |website=Global Issues, Inter Press Service}}</ref> Ƙauyen Marolambo, babban birnin Gundumar Marolambo a yankin Atsinanana, yana gefen kogin a mahaɗar Kogin Sandranamby. Kogi ne mai muhimmanci a Madagascar saboda bambancin halittu (gami da cichlids ''Katria katria'' da ''Oxylapia polli'', da kuma Malagasy rainbowfish), wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙoƙarin kare shi. An tsara shi wurin farko na kogin Ramsar a ƙasar a shekarar 2010. <ref name="ramsreport">[http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1MG007_RIS_FR.pdf Fiche technique du site Ramsar - ‘Rivière Nosivolo et affluents’ Madagascar]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|fix-attempted=yes}} (2010)(detailed Ramsar report on river)</ref> Ƙungiyoyin farko na Nosivolo su ne kogin Sandranamby (wanda ke haɗuwa kusa da Marolambo), Sahadinta, Manandriana, da Sahanao. <ref name="ramsreport">[http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1MG007_RIS_FR.pdf Fiche technique du site Ramsar - ‘Rivière Nosivolo et affluents’ Madagascar]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|fix-attempted=yes}} [[Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2020]] [[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" data-ve-ignore=""><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Link rot|<span title=" Dead link tagged April 2020">permanent dead link</span>]]''&#x5D;</span></sup> (2010)(detailed Ramsar report on river)</ref> == Manazarta == t6cf42tefj82kcbhxbego092env8vt4 842294 842293 2026-05-29T09:30:40Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842294 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Carte_bassin_Mangoro.svg|left|thumb|kogin Nosivolo a cikin kogin Mangoro]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Kogin Nosivolo''' kogi ne a gabashin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] kuma babban magudanar ruwa ne na Kogin Mangoro.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rivière Nosivolo et affluents|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1916|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> Ya fara ne a gabashin Fandriana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-25 |title=MADAGASCAR: New Livelihoods to Protect A River's Life |url=http://www.globalissues.org/news/2010/11/25/7760 |access-date=2013-03-05 |website=Global Issues, Inter Press Service}}</ref> Ƙauyen Marolambo, babban birnin Gundumar Marolambo a yankin Atsinanana, yana gefen kogin a mahaɗar Kogin Sandranamby.<ref>{{Cite web | title = MADAGASCAR: New Livelihoods to Protect A River's Life | work = Global Issues, Inter Press Service| accessdate = 2013-03-05| date = 2010-11-25| url = http://www.globalissues.org/news/2010/11/25/7760}}</ref><ref name="mission">Campbell, Gwynn. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7pDNL4apVpgC&pg=PA488 David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"], p. 488–89 ([[Brill Publishers|Brill]] 2012) (citing Aldegheri, Marius. ''The Rivers and Streams on Madagascar'', in Battistini, Rene & G. Richard-Vindard (ed.), ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar'' (1972))</ref> Kogi ne mai muhimmanci a Madagascar saboda bambancin halittu (gami da cichlids ''Katria katria'' da ''Oxylapia polli'', da kuma Malagasy rainbowfish), wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙoƙarin kare shi. An tsara shi wurin farko na kogin Ramsar a ƙasar a shekarar 2010.<ref name="bio">(20 September 2010). [http://www.conservation.org/newsroom/pressreleases/Pages/Nosivolo-Madagascar-First-River-Ramsar-Site.aspx Nosivolo is designated as Madagascar's first riverine Ramsar site], ''Conservation.org''</ref><ref name="monga">(20 September 2010). [http://news.mongabay.com/2010/0920-ci_nosivolo.html Crystal-clear river becomes first in Madagascar to wins Ramsar protected status], WildMadagascar.org</ref><ref name="ramsreport">[http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1MG007_RIS_FR.pdf Fiche technique du site Ramsar - ‘Rivière Nosivolo et affluents’ Madagascar]{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (2010)(detailed Ramsar report on river)</ref><ref name="ramsreport">[http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1MG007_RIS_FR.pdf Fiche technique du site Ramsar - ‘Rivière Nosivolo et affluents’ Madagascar]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|fix-attempted=yes}} (2010)(detailed Ramsar report on river)</ref> Ƙungiyoyin farko na Nosivolo su ne kogin Sandranamby (wanda ke haɗuwa kusa da Marolambo), Sahadinta, Manandriana, da Sahanao. <ref name="ramsreport">[http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1MG007_RIS_FR.pdf Fiche technique du site Ramsar - ‘Rivière Nosivolo et affluents’ Madagascar]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|fix-attempted=yes}} [[Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2020]] [[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" data-ve-ignore=""><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Link rot|<span title=" Dead link tagged April 2020">permanent dead link</span>]]''&#x5D;</span></sup> (2010)(detailed Ramsar report on river)</ref> == Manazarta == ssjho7p0yqcad8dxlfjk7cwnpx4k8x4 842297 842294 2026-05-29T09:39:22Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842297 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Carte_bassin_Mangoro.svg|left|thumb|kogin Nosivolo a cikin kogin Mangoro]] {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Kogin Nosivolo''' kogi ne a gabashin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] kuma babban magudanar ruwa ne na Kogin Mangoro.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rivière Nosivolo et affluents|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1916|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> Ya fara ne a gabashin Fandriana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-25 |title=MADAGASCAR: New Livelihoods to Protect A River's Life |url=http://www.globalissues.org/news/2010/11/25/7760 |access-date=2013-03-05 |website=Global Issues, Inter Press Service}}</ref> Ƙauyen Marolambo, babban birnin Gundumar Marolambo a yankin Atsinanana, yana gefen kogin a mahaɗar Kogin Sandranamby.<ref>{{Cite web | title = MADAGASCAR: New Livelihoods to Protect A River's Life | work = Global Issues, Inter Press Service| accessdate = 2013-03-05| date = 2010-11-25| url = http://www.globalissues.org/news/2010/11/25/7760}}</ref><ref name="mission">Campbell, Gwynn. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7pDNL4apVpgC&pg=PA488 David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"], p. 488–89 ([[Brill Publishers|Brill]] 2012) (citing Aldegheri, Marius. ''The Rivers and Streams on Madagascar'', in Battistini, Rene & G. Richard-Vindard (ed.), ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar'' (1972))</ref> Kogi ne mai muhimmanci a Madagascar saboda bambancin halittu (gami da cichlids ''Katria katria'' da ''Oxylapia polli'', da kuma Malagasy rainbowfish), wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙoƙarin kare shi. An tsara shi wurin farko na kogin Ramsar a ƙasar a shekarar 2010.<ref name="bio">(20 September 2010). [http://www.conservation.org/newsroom/pressreleases/Pages/Nosivolo-Madagascar-First-River-Ramsar-Site.aspx Nosivolo is designated as Madagascar's first riverine Ramsar site], ''Conservation.org''</ref><ref name="monga">(20 September 2010). [http://news.mongabay.com/2010/0920-ci_nosivolo.html Crystal-clear river becomes first in Madagascar to wins Ramsar protected status], WildMadagascar.org</ref><ref name="ramsreport">[http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1MG007_RIS_FR.pdf Fiche technique du site Ramsar - ‘Rivière Nosivolo et affluents’ Madagascar]{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (2010)(detailed Ramsar report on river)</ref><ref name="ramsreport">[http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1MG007_RIS_FR.pdf Fiche technique du site Ramsar - ‘Rivière Nosivolo et affluents’ Madagascar]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|fix-attempted=yes}} (2010)(detailed Ramsar report on river)</ref> Ƙungiyoyin farko na Nosivolo su ne kogin Sandranamby (wanda ke haɗuwa kusa da Marolambo), Sahadinta, Manandriana, da Sahanao. <ref name="ramsreport">[http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1MG007_RIS_FR.pdf Fiche technique du site Ramsar - ‘Rivière Nosivolo et affluents’ Madagascar]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|fix-attempted=yes}} [[Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2020]] [[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" data-ve-ignore=""><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Link rot|<span title=" Dead link tagged April 2020">permanent dead link</span>]]''&#x5D;</span></sup> (2010)(detailed Ramsar report on river)</ref> == Manazarta == l82y0pbf584krjsk8bwujqsu80vk01f 0 153027 842295 2026-05-29T09:36:28Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353468127|Bafuliiru Chiefdom]]" 842295 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masarautar Bafuliiru''' ( [[Faransanci]] : '''''Chefferie de Bafuliiru''''' ), wanda aka fi sani da '''Masarautar Bafulero''' ( '''''Chefferie de Bafulero''''' ), masarauta ce da ke yankin Uvira, Kudancin Kivu, a yankin gabashin [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Kishamata |first=Jérôme Katongo |title=Monographie de la Cheffeerie des Bafuliiru |trans-title=Monograph of the Bafuliiru Chiefdom |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html |access-date=15 January 2025 |publisher=Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Secteurs et Chefferies (Niveau 3 Rurale) |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/ungegn/sessions/2nd_session_2021/documents/GEGN.2_2021_CRP103_4b_attachment_CODES_%20DES_ENTITES.pdf |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=Unstats.un.org |page=15 |language=fr}}</ref> Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 1,568.27, <ref name=":5022">{{Cite web |last=Munyakazi |first=Fidèle Mulumeoderhwa |date=2023 |title=Analyse de la performance économique de la petite agriculture dans le Sud-Kivu montagneux en République Démocratique du Congo |trans-title=Analysis of the economic performance of small-scale agriculture in the mountainous South Kivu region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306128/1/THESE-FIDELE%20MM.pdf |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=Orbi.uliege.be |publisher=[[University of Liège]] |pages=49 |language=fr |publication-place=Liège, Arlon, Gembloux, Belgium}}</ref> ita ce babbar hukuma a Yankin Uvira, wacce galibi ake ganin ta yi kama da wani yanki daban saboda girmanta. <ref name=":02" /> An kafa masarautar a shekarar 1928, tare da Masarautar Bavira da Masarautar Ruzizi Plain, a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake tsara Yankin Uvira a lokacin mulkin mallaka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2014 |title=Zone "Hauts Plateaux de Mwenga ‐ Plaine de la Ruzizi" |trans-title="Mwenga Highlands - Ruzizi Plain" area |url=https://documents.sfcg.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/SFCG-Analyse-ISSSS-Ruzizi-Mwenga-2014-1.pdf |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Sfcg.org |publisher=[[Search for Common Ground]] |page=9 |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name=":112">{{Cite web |last=Verweijen |first=Judith |date=2016 |title=Un microcosme de militarisation: Conflit, gouvernance et mobilisation armée en territoire d'Uvira |trans-title=A Microcosm of Militarization: Conflict, Governance and Armed Mobilization in Uvira Territory |url=https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Un-microcosme-de-militarisation-par-Judith-Verweijen-RVI-PSRP-Projet-Usalama-2016.pdf |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Riftvalley.net |publisher=[[Rift Valley Institute]] |page=13 |language=fr |isbn=978-1-907431-40-1}}</ref> <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last=Ruhebuza |first=Honoré Mapenzi |date=September 2021 |title=Le déclassement social dans les communes urbaines de Mulongwe et Kalundu, ville d'Uvira en République Démocratique du Congo |trans-title=Social downgrading in the urban communes of Mulongwe and Kalundu, city of Uvira in the Democratic Republic of Congo |url=https://repository.ub.edu.bi/server/api/core/bitstreams/63e386d2-a2d0-4c27-bc3c-d1e01729afba/content |access-date=15 January 2025 |publisher=[[University of Burundi]] |pages=20–21 |language=fr |publication-place=Bujumbura, Burundi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kihangu |first=Godefroid Muzalia |date=2020 |title=L'insécurité dans la plaine de la Ruzizi hier et aujourd'hui: Repenser les perspectives de paix |trans-title=Insecurity in the Ruzizi Plain yesterday and today: Rethinking the prospects for peace |url=https://www.ssrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Issue-2_ResCongo-Conference-Paper.pdf |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Social Science Research Council (SSRC) |publisher=Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu (ISP-Bukavu) |page=6 |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rukakiza |first=Bosco Muchukiwa |date=2016 |title=Identités territoriales et conflits dans la province du Sud-Kivu, R. D. Congo |trans-title=Territorial identities and conflicts in South Kivu province, DR Congo |url=https://repository.globethics.net/bitstream/handle/20.500.12424/166524/GE_Focus_34_Identites_territorials_conflits.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Globethics.net |publisher=Globethics.net |page=33 |language=fr |publication-place=Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland |isbn=978-2-88931-112-5}}</ref> Masarautar Bafuliiru galibi tana da mazaunan kabilar Fuliiru, waɗanda suka dogara da tsarin mulkin masarautun don gudanar da harkokin gida da kiyaye al'adu. An raba ta zuwa ''ƙungiyoyi'' biyar ( ƙungiyoyi ), waɗanda aka ƙara raba su zuwa ƙauyuka. <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Kishamata |first=Jérôme Katongo |title=Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html |access-date=24 June 2023 |publisher=Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kityaba |first=Innocent Bihundo |date=2015 |title=Impact des rebellions Congolaises sur le pouvoir coutumier dans le groupement d'Itara Luvungi (1996-2014) |trans-title=Impact of Congolese rebellions on customary power in the Itara Luvungi group (1996-2014) |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.3-chap-i-le-groupement-ditara-luvungi-dans-la-cheferie-de-bafuliiru-930.html |access-date=15 January 2025 |publisher=Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu (ISP-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref name=":112">{{Cite web |last=Verweijen |first=Judith |date=2016 |title=Un microcosme de militarisation: Conflit, gouvernance et mobilisation armée en territoire d'Uvira |trans-title=A Microcosm of Militarization: Conflict, Governance and Armed Mobilization in Uvira Territory |url=https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Un-microcosme-de-militarisation-par-Judith-Verweijen-RVI-PSRP-Projet-Usalama-2016.pdf |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Riftvalley.net |publisher=[[Rift Valley Institute]] |page=13 |language=fr |isbn=978-1-907431-40-1}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Masarautar Bafuliiru tana gabashin Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Congo, musamman a Yankin Uvira na lardin Kudancin Kivu. Tana da fadin kasa 1,514,270&nbsp;^km2, ita ce mafi girma a cikin dukkan masarautu a Yankin Uvira kuma da alama ta ƙunshi yanki daban. Yankin yana da nau'ikan filaye daban-daban. Ya haɗa da sassan gabashin [[Kyautar Albertine|Rift na Albertine]], wanda reshe ne na Tsarin Rift na Gabashin Afirka . Yankin ya fi yawan tsaunuka, tare da [[Duwatsun Mitumba|tsaunukan Mitumba]] waɗanda ke samar da wani muhimmin ɓangare na shimfidar wuri. Ya miƙe zuwa gaɓar gabashin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]], ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka . Bugu da ƙari, Masarautar Bafuliiru tana kewaye da dazuzzuka masu kyau, gami da sassan Itombwe Massif, [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Wurin Tarihi na Duniya na UNESCO]] . Tsire-tsire a yankin galibi suna da yanayin [[Gandun Daji Na Yankuna masu Zafi|dazuzzukan ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi]] da ciyayi na savannah . <ref name=":132" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nacishali Nteranya |first=Jean |date=2020 |title=Cartographie de l'érosion hydrique des sols et priorisation des mesures de conservation dans le territoire d'Uvira (République démocratique du Congo) |journal=VertigO: La revue électronique en sciences de l'environnement |language=fr |volume=20 |issue=3 |doi=10.4000/vertigo.28888 |issn=1492-8442 |s2cid=234071876 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ilimin Ruwa da Ruwa === Masarautar Bafuliiru tana da siffofi daban-daban na yanayin ruwa, waɗanda suka haɗa da filayen fili, filayen tuddai, da [[Tafki|tafkuna]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=Rapport final des consultations participatives de la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP): Territoire de UVIRA - Province du Sud Kivu. |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4917/4024.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=University of Texas Libraries |language=fr |publication-place=Austin, Texas}}</ref> Yankin gabas na masarautar galibi yana da faɗi da filayen fili waɗanda suka ƙunshi yankuna kamar Luvungi, Lubarika, Katogota, Kiliba, Runingu, da Kawizi. Waɗannan yankuna suna da muhimmin ɓangare na [[Ruzizi Plain|Filin Ruzizi]], wanda ke tsakanin [[Duwatsun Mitumba|sarkar tsaunukan Mitumba]] da Kogin Ruzizi . Tsayin wannan yanki ya kama daga mita 773 zuwa 1000 sama da matakin teku . <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Kishamata |first=Jérôme Katongo |title=Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html |access-date=24 June 2023 |publisher=Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Masarautar kuma tana da alaƙa da Tsakiyar Plateau da Babban Plateau. Tsakiyar Plateau ta haɗu tsakanin Luvungi da Mulenge, tare da bambancin tsayi daga mita 100 zuwa mita 1800. A cikin wannan tudun, ƙauyuka masu mahimmanci sun haɗa da Namutiri, Ndolera, Bulaga, Langala, Bushokw, Bushuju, Butole, Bwesho, Katala da Mulenge . Tsakiyar Plateau tana ba da yanayi mai kyau don noman amfanin gona kamar rogo, kofi, ayaba, wake, da masara a wurare daban-daban. Babban Plateau, wanda ke zama wani ɓangare na [[Duwatsun Mitumba|sarkar Mitumba]], yana da mafi tsayin kololuwa, wanda ya wuce mita 3,000 sama da matakin teku. Babban Plateau yana aiki a matsayin magudanar ruwa tsakanin magudanar ruwan kogunan Ulindi da [[Kogin Elila|Elila]], da kuma koguna da yawa da ke kwarara zuwa Kogin Ruzizi da [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] . <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Kishamata |first=Jérôme Katongo |title=Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html |access-date=24 June 2023 |publisher=Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> === Yanayi === [[Fayil:Butaho_Village,_Ruzizi_Plan,_DR_Congo.jpg|thumb|248x248px|Ra'ayin ciyawa a Butaho a cikin [[Ruzizi Plain|Filin Ruzizi]]]] Masarautar tana da yanayi mai zafi da ɗan bushewa a yankin Ruzizi, kuma tana da yanayi mai sanyi da kuma yanayi mai kyau a tsaunuka. Filin Ruzizi yana da ƙarancin ruwan sama a lokacin rani daga watan Yuni zuwa Satumba, inda ruwan sama na wata-wata bai wuce 50 ba.&nbsp;mm. <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Kishamata |first=Jérôme Katongo |title=Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html |access-date=24 June 2023 |publisher=Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKishamata">Kishamata, Jérôme Katongo. [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html "Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru"] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a cikin yanayin ƙasa yana kusan 22.5&nbsp;°C, matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun yana farawa daga 30.5&nbsp;°C zuwa 35.5&nbsp;°C a watan Satumba, kuma yana raguwa zuwa 14.5&nbsp;°C zuwa 17.5&nbsp;°C a lokacin tsakiyar lokacin rani a watan Yuli. <ref name=":132" /> Iska, wacce galibi ke saukowa daga [[Burundi]] kuma tana bin kwarin Ruzizi da tafkin Tanganyika, tana ƙara jaddada yanayin zafi da rashin daidaituwa na wurare masu zafi a wannan yanki. <ref name=":132" /> Ƙasan tsayin fili yana taimakawa wajen haifar da yanayin zafi mai yawa da ƙarancin ruwan sama, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar ciyayi na savanna da raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa . <ref name=":132" /> Sabanin haka, tsaunukan masarautun suna fuskantar yanayin zafi mai sanyi saboda tsayin daka. Zafin jiki yana raguwa a hankali tare da tsayin daka, daga digiri 24&nbsp;°C a mita 100 zuwa 12&nbsp;°C a mita 3,000, kodayake yanayin da aka lura da shi ya ɗan yi ƙasa da tsayi fiye da matsakaicin ka'idar 6&nbsp;°C a kowace mita 1,000. <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Kishamata |first=Jérôme Katongo |title=Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html |access-date=24 June 2023 |publisher=Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKishamata">Kishamata, Jérôme Katongo. [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html "Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru"] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Tsaunukan tsaunuka suna amfana daga yawan ruwan sama akai-akai, suna haɓaka nau'ikan ciyayi daban-daban, gami da savannas na daji, dazuzzukan gallery, dazuzzukan bamboo, da dazuzzukan equatorial masu yawa. <ref name=":132" /> Tsakanin Ruzizi Plain da tsaunuka akwai wani yanki na canji, wanda ya miƙe daga Namutiri zuwa Katala. Wannan yanki yana da yanayi mai danshi wanda ke daidaita bushewar filayen da yanayin sanyi na tsaunuka. <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Kishamata |first=Jérôme Katongo |title=Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html |access-date=24 June 2023 |publisher=Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKishamata">Kishamata, Jérôme Katongo. [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html "Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru"] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Yanayin canjin yana tallafawa ayyukan noma, musamman noman amfanin gona kamar [[rogo]], kofi, da [[wake]] . <ref name=":132" /> === Sashen gudanarwa === An rarraba Masarautar Bafuliiru a matsayin Hukumar Yankuna Masu Rarraba Yankin Ƙasa ( ''Entité Territoriale Décentralisée'', ETD), bisa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2006. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rukakiza |first=Bosco Muchukiwa |last2=Emmanuel |first2=Simbi Saleh |date=2019 |title=Education a la paix dans la bible et chez les Bafuliiru |trans-title=Peace education in the Bible and among the Bafuliiru |url=https://www.isdrbukavu.ac.cd/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Education-%C3%A0-la-paix-dans-la-bible-et-chez-les-bafuliiru-3.pdf |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Isdrbukavu.ac.cd |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |page=4 |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2008 |title=Loi organique n° 08/016 du 07 octobre 2008 portant composition, organisation et fonctionnement des Entités Territoriales Décentralisées et leurs rapports avec l'Etat et les Provinces |trans-title=Organic Law No. 08/016 of October 7, 2008 on the composition, organization and operation of Decentralized Territorial Entities and their relations with the State and the Provinces |url=https://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Administration.ter/L.08.16.17.10.2008.htm |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=Leganet.cd |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> ''Mwami'' yana da iko na al'ada da na zamani a cikin wannan tsarin rarraba yankin. A cikin ikonsa na gudanarwa, yana wakiltar zartarwa na lardin kuma yana kula da harkokin ci gaban gida. <ref name=":1" /> Masarautar an raba ta zuwa ''ƙungiyoyi'' (ƙungiyoyi), kowannensu yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaban ''ƙungiya'' ( ''chef de groupement'' ) wanda ke aiki a matsayin wakilin ''Mwami'' kai tsaye. Kowace ''ƙungiya'' an ƙara raba ta zuwa ''ƙananan ƙauyuka'' (ƙauyuka), waɗanda shugabannin ƙauye ke jagoranta waɗanda ke ba da rahoto ga shugabannin ''ƙungiyoyinsu'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2011 |title=Au-delà des "groupes armés": Conflits locaux et connexions sous-regionales L'exemple de Fizi et Uvira (Sud-Kivu, RDC) |trans-title=Beyond "armed groups": Local conflicts and sub-regional connections The example of Fizi and Uvira (South Kivu, DRC) |url=https://assets.ctfassets.net/jzxyrkiixcim/6Eaz1Te5UjWdGVvoGm2jLQ/bae90570fcb8c56187821ce0e7afbe86/LPI_2011_Au-dela_des_groupes_armes__Uvira__Fizi.pdf |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=Life & Peace Institute |page=25 |language=fr}}</ref> '''''Ƙungiyar''''' '''Muhungu''' ta ƙunshi ƙauyuka masu zuwa: <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Kishamata |first=Jérôme Katongo |title=Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html |access-date=24 June 2023 |publisher=Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKishamata">Kishamata, Jérôme Katongo. [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html "Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru"] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref>{{Columns-list|* Kabondola * Kagunga * Kaholwa * Kalemba * Kasheke * Kaluzi * Kazimwe * Kibumbu * Kasanga * Kihanda * Mukololo * Lugwaja * Masango * Muzinda * Muhungu * Namukanga * Kiriba * [[Butaho]] * Kawizi}}'''<nowiki><i id="mwAQI">Ƙungiyar</i></nowiki> Kigoma''' ta ƙunshi ƙauyuka masu zuwa:<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />{{Columns-list|* Bibangwa * Bikenge * Kukanga * Bushajaga * Kahungwe * Butumba * Kabere * Karava * Kalengera * Kahololo * Kalimba * Karaguza * Kahungwe * Kasheke * Kiryama * Kanga * Kashagala * Kasenya * Kishugwe * Kigoma * Lubembe * Kihinga * Mangwa * Miduga * Kitembe * Mibere * Kitija * Muhanga * Kabamba * [[Mulenge]] * Kaduma * Mushojo * Masango * Kitoga * Mashuba * Mulama * Kagaragara * Ndegu * Rurambira * Rugeje * Rubuga * Rusako * Sogoti * Taba * Kabunambo}} === Kafa === Al'adar siyasa mai zaman kanta ta ci gaba da kasancewa duk da cewa hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun fara tsara iyakokin ƙabilu a shekarar 1907, wanda ya faɗaɗa a [[tafkin Tanganyika]] da kuma [[Ruzizi Plain|yankin Ruzizi]], wani lokacin kuma ya haɗu da yankunan Bavira. <ref name=":122">{{Cite web |last=Sabuni |first=Abel Mukunde |date=2007 |title=Bilan humain des conflits armés et ses conséquences sur le développement du territoire d'Uvira de 1996 à 2005 |trans-title=Human toll of armed conflicts and its consequences on the development of the Uvira territory from 1996 to 2005 |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/22/13250/m_Bilan-humain-des-conflits-arms-et-ses-consquences-sur-le-dveloppement-du-territoire-d-Uv9.html |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Buvira da Bufuliiru sun ƙunshi ''bami'' da yawa. Zuwan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ya haifar da ƙoƙarin mayar da iko a tsakiya, inda aka kafa tsarin amincewa da ''mwami'' guda ɗaya ga Vira, ɗaya ga Fuliiru, ɗaya kuma ga baƙin Barundi. Wannan haɗin kai ya taimaka ne saboda gaskiyar cewa dukkan ''bami'' na Fuliiru na cikin dangin Bahamba. <ref name=":1422" /> ''Mwami'' Luhama, wani muhimmin mutum a tarihin Bafuliru, ya ƙarfafa ikon daular Bahamba ta hanyar raba masarautarsa tsakanin 'ya'yansa uku: Nyamugira, wanda ya mulki daga Moira zuwa Kogin Munyovwe; Mutahonga, wanda ya mallaki yankin tsakanin Kogin Munyovwe da Kise, gami da gangaren gabashin kwarin Ruzizi; da Lusagara, wanda ya kula da yankunan tsaunuka. Wannan rukunin dabarun ya tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali yayin da yake riƙe da iko na tsakiya a cikin iyali, tare da shugabanci yana wucewa daga uba zuwa babban ɗa. <ref name=":122" /> Masarautar ta kuma haɗa sauran kabilu, musamman Bazige, wanda masarautarsa mai cin gashin kanta wacce take a cikin ''ƙungiyar'' Muhungu ta yanzu a ƙarƙashin Cif Kalunga, ɗan Mukobesi, ta koma bayan shan kaye daga Mahina Mukogabwe II, wani sarkin Bafuliru wanda ya yi mulki daga 1914 zuwa 1927. <ref name=":1222">{{Cite web |last=Sabuni |first=Abel Mukunde |date=2007 |title=Bilan humain des conflits armés et ses conséquences sur le développement du territoire d'Uvira de 1996 à 2005 |trans-title=Human toll of armed conflicts and its consequences on the development of the Uvira territory from 1996 to 2005 |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/22/13250/m_Bilan-humain-des-conflits-arms-et-ses-consquences-sur-le-dveloppement-du-territoire-d-Uv9.html |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> A tsawon lokaci, Bazige ya ɗauki [[Harshen Fuliiru|Kifuliiru]] ya kuma haɗu cikin al'ummar Bafuliru ta hanyar auratayya tsakanin mutane da musayar tattalin arziki, a ƙarshe ya amince da Mukogabwe a matsayin mwami . <ref name=":1222" /> A halin yanzu, ƙabilar Balunga ta haɗu da Bavira, inda ta kafa ƙungiya ta musamman wadda ba ta rungumi tsarin jagoranci na gargajiya na Bafuliru ba. <ref name=":1222" /> [[Fayil:Luvungi,_Congo_Belge,_1928.jpg|thumb|245x245px|Itara-Luvungi a shekarar 1928]] A ranar 18 ga Agusta 1928, an kafa Masarautar Bafuliru a hukumance a matsayin wani ɓangare na sabuwar Yankin Uvira, tare da Masarautar Bavira da Ruzizi Plain, ta hanyar wata doka da Chef de Division des Districts (CDD) na yankin Kivu ta fitar. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Verweijen |first=Judith |date=2016 |title=Un microcosme de militarisation: Conflit, gouvernance et mobilisation armée en territoire d'Uvira |trans-title=A Microcosm of Militarization: Conflict, Governance and Armed Mobilization in Uvira Territory |url=https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Un-microcosme-de-militarisation-par-Judith-Verweijen-RVI-PSRP-Projet-Usalama-2016.pdf |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=Riftvalley.net |publisher=[[Rift Valley Institute]] |page=13 |language=fr |isbn=978-1-907431-40-1}}</ref> <ref name=":522">{{Cite web |last=Ruhebuza |first=Honoré Mapenzi |date=September 2021 |title=Le déclassement social dans les communes urbaines de Mulongwe et Kalundu, ville d'Uvira en République Démocratique du Congo |trans-title=Social downgrading in the urban communes of Mulongwe and Kalundu, city of Uvira in the Democratic Republic of Congo |url=https://repository.ub.edu.bi/server/api/core/bitstreams/63e386d2-a2d0-4c27-bc3c-d1e01729afba/content |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=[[University of Burundi]] |pages=20–21 |language=fr |publication-place=Bujumbura, Burundi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kihangu |first=Godefroid Muzalia |date=2020 |title=L'insécurité dans la plaine de la Ruzizi hier et aujourd'hui: Repenser les perspectives de paix |trans-title=Insecurity in the Ruzizi Plain yesterday and today: Rethinking the prospects for peace |url=https://www.ssrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Issue-2_ResCongo-Conference-Paper.pdf |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=Social Science Research Council (SSRC) |publisher=Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu (ISP-Bukavu) |page=6 |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rukakiza |first=Bosco Muchukiwa |date=2016 |title=Identités territoriales et conflits dans la province du Sud-Kivu, R. D. Congo |trans-title=Territorial identities and conflicts in South Kivu province, DR Congo |url=https://repository.globethics.net/bitstream/handle/20.500.12424/166524/GE_Focus_34_Identites_territorials_conflits.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=Globethics.net |publisher=Globethics.net |page=33 |language=fr |publication-place=Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland |isbn=978-2-88931-112-5}}</ref> Masanin tarihi na Fuliru Kingwegwe Mupe ya lura cewa Cif Matakambo, ɗan Mahina Mukogabwe kuma jikan Nyamugira I, shugaban farko na Bahamba, ya sami naɗin sa na hukuma a ranar 19 ga Maris 1933. <ref name=":1222">{{Cite web |last=Sabuni |first=Abel Mukunde |date=2007 |title=Bilan humain des conflits armés et ses conséquences sur le développement du territoire d'Uvira de 1996 à 2005 |trans-title=Human toll of armed conflicts and its consequences on the development of the Uvira territory from 1996 to 2005 |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/22/13250/m_Bilan-humain-des-conflits-arms-et-ses-consquences-sur-le-dveloppement-du-territoire-d-Uv9.html |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSabuni2007">Sabuni, Abel Mukunde (2007). [https://www.memoireonline.com/11/22/13250/m_Bilan-humain-des-conflits-arms-et-ses-consquences-sur-le-dveloppement-du-territoire-d-Uv9.html "Bilan humain des conflits armés et ses conséquences sur le développement du territoire d'Uvira de 1996 à 2005"] &#x5B;Human toll of armed conflicts and its consequences on the development of the Uvira territory from 1996 to 2005&#x5D; (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Duk da kafuwarta a hukumance, girman masarautar ya haifar da ƙalubale wajen fayyace ainihin iyakokinta. Bayanan mulkin mallaka daga [[Belgian Congo|Kongo ta Belgium]] sun nuna cewa iyakokin ƙasa na Masarautar Bafuliiru an kammala su ne a ranar da aka naɗa Matakambo a 1933: <ref name="Culture et société: Volume 4" /> * A gabas: Kogin Ruzizi har zuwa inda yake haɗuwa da Luvubu, sannan daga Luvubu zuwa Kalinda. Daga Kalinda, iyakar ta bi layin tsaunukan da ke kaiwa Ravine Mize, kuma daga nan, ta bi Titin Costermansville ( [[Bukavu]] ) zuwa Kawizi, har da Kogin Kanomo. Iyakar ta miƙe har zuwa bakin Kogin Kanomo inda ta haɗu da babban Musondjo. * A kudu: Daga mahaɗin Musondjo da Kamono, an ja layi zuwa Dutsen Ngongwa, sannan daga tushen ƙaramin Musondjo zuwa bakinsa inda ya haɗu da babban Musondjo. Iyakar ta ci gaba tare da babban Musondjo har sai ta haɗu da Kogin Lwindi. * Zuwa yamma: Daga Lwindi, iyakar ta miƙe zuwa ƙasan Dutsen Lutandala, ta kewaye kwarin da ke tsakanin tsaunukan Matiazo da Biximvu. Sannan ta bi hanyar rafin Kalongofya da ke daidai da Dutsen Kaya. Daga nan, ta ci gaba da gangaren gabashin Dutsen Kaya zuwa tushen Kogin Kinwalangazi, kuma a ƙarshe, ta bi Kogin Kinwalangazi har zuwa haɗuwa da Luvubu. Iyakar ta miƙe daga tushen Kogin Luvubu zuwa tushen Kogin Kabundji, wanda daga ƙarshe ya haɗu da Kogin Luvimbi a bakinsa. Waɗannan ƙa'idodi sun taimaka wajen tabbatar da yankin Masarautar Bafuliru a cikin yankin. An naɗa Nyamugira, wani zuriyar Mahina Mukogabwe, a matsayin shugaba a ranar 4 ga Maris 1940, inda ya haɗa shugabancin Bahamba a kan masarauta. <ref name=":1222">{{Cite web |last=Sabuni |first=Abel Mukunde |date=2007 |title=Bilan humain des conflits armés et ses conséquences sur le développement du territoire d'Uvira de 1996 à 2005 |trans-title=Human toll of armed conflicts and its consequences on the development of the Uvira territory from 1996 to 2005 |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/22/13250/m_Bilan-humain-des-conflits-arms-et-ses-consquences-sur-le-dveloppement-du-territoire-d-Uv9.html |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSabuni2007">Sabuni, Abel Mukunde (2007). [https://www.memoireonline.com/11/22/13250/m_Bilan-humain-des-conflits-arms-et-ses-consquences-sur-le-dveloppement-du-territoire-d-Uv9.html "Bilan humain des conflits armés et ses conséquences sur le développement du territoire d'Uvira de 1996 à 2005"] &#x5B;Human toll of armed conflicts and its consequences on the development of the Uvira territory from 1996 to 2005&#x5D; (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Duk da cewa majiyoyi da yawa sun yaba wa Bahamba da kafa Masarautar Bafuliru, wasu kuma sun nuna cewa sun maye gurbin ƙabilar Balemera don kafa mulkinsu. Kingwengwe Mupe ya yi iƙirarin cewa ƙabilar Bahamba ta ƙaura ko kuma wataƙila ta hambarar da ƙabilar Balemera don tabbatar da iko a kan masarauta. Kabilar Balemera, wacce ake kyautata zaton mazauna yankin ne na asali, tana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da kakanni da yankin, tare da sansaninsu a ''ƙungiyar'' Lemera - wani wuri da ake ɗauka a matsayin cibiyar masarautarsu. <ref name=":15" /> <ref name=":16" /> == Matsalolin tsaro == A cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, Masarautar Bafuliiru ta fuskanci kalubalen tsaro, inda tarihin rikice-rikice galibi ke haifar da su sakamakon rikicin siyasa, kabilanci, da kuma albarkatun kasa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=Rapport final des consultations participatives de la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP): Territoire de UVIRA - Province du Sud Kivu |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4917/4024.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=University of Texas Libraries |language=fr |publication-place=Austin, Texas}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=García |first=José |date=16 September 2004 |title=Situation geographique de localites de Kamanyola et Katogota dans la cheferie de la plaine de Ruzizi |url=https://umoya.org/2004/09/16/situation-geographique-de-localites-de-kamanyola-et-katogota-dans-la-cheferie-de-la-plaine-de-ruzizi/ |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Umoya.org |language=fr}}</ref> Irin waɗannan rikice-rikicen sun haifar da barkewar rikici mai tsanani da tilasta wa fararen hula yin ƙaura a yankunan da abin ya shafa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=Rapport final des consultations participatives de la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP): Territoire de UVIRA - Province du Sud Kivu. |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4917/4024.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=University of Texas Libraries |language=fr |publication-place=Austin, Texas}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4917/4024.pdf?sequence=1 "Rapport final des consultations participatives de la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP): Territoire de UVIRA - Province du Sud Kivu"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''University of Texas Libraries'' (in French). Austin, Texas. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2023 |title=Commémoration du 23ème anniversaire du massacre de Katogota au Sud-Kivu: des avancées significatives enregistrées dans le processus de lutte contre l'impunité! |trans-title=Commemoration of the 23rd anniversary of the Katogota massacre in South Kivu: significant progress recorded in the process of fighting impunity! |url=https://juardc.info/2023/05/actualite/droits-humains/commemoration-du-23eme-anniversaire-du-massacre-de-katogota-au-sud-kivu-des-avancees-significatives-enregistrees-dans-le-processus-de-lutte-contre-limpunite/ |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Juardc.info |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kakule |first=Job |date=14 May 2022 |title=[Histoire] 14 mai 2000 : Massacre de plus de 300 personnes à Katogota en territoire d'Uvira |trans-title=[History] May 14, 2000: Massacre of more than 300 people in Katogota in Uvira territory |url=https://www.grandslacsnews.com/posts/histoire-14-mai-2000-massacre-de-plus-de-300-personnes-a-katogota-en-territoire-d-uvira-5118 |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Grandslacsnews.com |language=fr}}</ref> === Yaƙe-yaƙen Congo na Farko da na Biyu === Sarakunan sun fuskanci mummunan tasiri sakamakon rikice-rikicen da suka barke a ƙasashe maƙwabta a lokacin Yaƙin Kongo [[Yaƙin Kongo na farko|na Farko]] da na Biyu. Waɗannan rikice-rikicen sun mayar da yankin babban filin yaƙi ga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban masu makamai, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali, ƙaura, da wahala mai yawa ga al'ummar yankin. Yankin ya shaida kasancewar rundunonin sojoji masu ƙarfi kamar [[Rundunar Tsaro ta Rwanda|Rundunar Sojojin Kishin Kasa ta Rwanda]] (RPA), Ƙungiyar Sojojin Demokraɗiyya don 'Yantar da Kongo-Zaire (AFDL), Rundunar Sojojin Armées Burundaises (FAB), Rally for Congo Democracy (RCD), da ƙungiyoyi da yawa na Mai-Mai, kowannensu yana bin manufofinsa da ƙawancensa. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mukwege |first=Denis |date=9 June 2022 |title=Rape as a weapon of war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: from holistic care to transitional justice |journal=Revue LISA/LISA e-journal. Littératures, Histoire des Idées, Images, Sociétés du Monde Anglophone – Literature, History of Ideas, Images and Societies of the English-speaking World |language=en |volume=20 |issue=53 |doi=10.4000/lisa.13875 |issn=1762-6153 |s2cid=249692220 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Nzongola-Ntalaja |first=Georges |date=2004 |title=From Zaire to the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Second And Revised Edition |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:240600/FULLTEXT02.pdf |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Nordiska Afrikainstitutet |language=en |publication-place=Uppsala, Sweden}}</ref> ==== Yaƙin Kwango na Farko ==== [[Fayil:L'Hôpital_Général_de_Référence_de_Lemera,_Sud-Kivu.jpg|thumb|Asibitin Lemera, inda aka yi kisan kiyashin Lemera a watan Oktoban 1996]] A lokacin Yaƙin Kwango na Farko, ƙungiyoyin adawa sun yi faɗa don neman iko. Ƙungiyar AFDL, wacce Rwanda da Uganda ke marawa baya, ta fuskanci sojojin gwamnatin Mobutu Sese Seko . A cewar [[Amnesty International]], ƙungiyar AFDL ce ke da alhakin take haƙƙin ɗan adam daban-daban a lokacin yaƙin neman hambarar da Mobutu. <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=19 December 1996 |title=Zaire: Hidden from scrutiny: human rights abuses in eastern Zaire |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3ae6a9b6c.pdf |access-date=15 April 2023 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |pages=1–9 |language= |publication-place=London, England, United Kingdom}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1996, an yi kisan gilla a Asibitin Lemera, inda AFDL da rundunar da Banyamulenge ke jagoranta suka kashe mutane 37, cikinsu har da [[Kisan kiyashi na Hutus a lokacin Yaƙin Kongo na farko|'yan gudun hijirar Hutu]], sojojin Zaire, da fararen hula na Fuliiru. A cewar Rahoton Taswirar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1993-2003, an kashe waɗanda abin ya shafa a kan gadajensu ta hanyar " bindigogi ko bayonet ". <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Attacks against other civilian populations - South Kivu |url=https://www.mapping-report.org/en/aattacks-against-other-civilian-populations-south-kivu/ |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Mapping-report.org |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2016 |title=Interview: A fate shaped by injustice – one man's mission to help the women of DR Congo |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2016/03/524722-interview-fate-shaped-injustice-one-mans-mission-help-women-dr-congo |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=News.un.org |language=en}}</ref> A cikin kwanaki da makonni masu zuwa, tashin hankalin ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa. A ranakun 13-14 ga Oktoba 1996, ƙungiyoyin AFDL da Banyamulenge sun kashe 'yan gudun hijira a sansanin Runingu . <ref name=":5" /> Hakazalika, a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1996, rundunonin AFDL/RPA/FAB sun kai hari kan 'yan gudun hijirar Burundi da Rwanda Hutu a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwAnM">kungiyar</i></nowiki> Luvungi, wanda ya haifar da asarar rayuka masu yawa. A ƙauyen Katala, wanda ke tsakiyar tudun Bafuliiru Chiefdom, sun kama kuma sun kashe 'yan gudun hijira waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin tserewa daga nesa. Daga nan aka tilasta wa mutanen yankin su binne gawawwakin a cikin kaburbura . <ref name=":5" /> A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 1996, rundunonin AFDL/APR/FAB sun kashe 'yan gudun hijirar Hutu da ba a san ko su waye ba, ciki har da kimanin ashirin a asibitin sansanin da ke sansanin Kanganiro a cikin ''rukunin'' Luvungi. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Attacks against other civilian populations - South Kivu |url=https://www.mapping-report.org/en/aattacks-against-other-civilian-populations-south-kivu/ |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Mapping-report.org |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.mapping-report.org/en/aattacks-against-other-civilian-populations-south-kivu/ "Attacks against other civilian populations - South Kivu"]. ''Mapping-report.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> A gefe guda kuma, rundunonin sun kashe 'yan gudun hijirar Hutu da ba a san adadinsu ba da kuma fararen hula 'yan Zaire da ke guduwa zuwa Burundi a ƙauyen Rubenga a yankin Uvira. A ƙauyen Kakumbukumbu, wanda ke da nisan kilomita biyar daga sansanin Lubarika, sojoji sun kona 'yan gudun hijira talatin da rai a cikin wani gida. <ref name=":5" /> A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1996, rundunonin AFDL/APR/FAB sun kashe 'yan gudun hijira kusan 370 a Luberizi da Mutarule . <ref name=":5" /> Zuwa watan Mayu na 1997, rikicin ya haifar da korar Mobutu kuma ya zama farkon lokacin rikici ga yankin. Laurent-Désiré Kabila ya ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban DRC kuma ya sake wa ƙasar suna " [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyya ta Kongo]] ". <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Nzongola-Ntalaja |first=Georges |date=2004 |title=From Zaire to the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Second And Revised Edition |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:240600/FULLTEXT02.pdf |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Nordiska Afrikainstitutet |language=en |publication-place=Uppsala, Sweden}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNzongola-Ntalaja2004">Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (2004). [https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:240600/FULLTEXT02.pdf "From Zaire to the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Second And Revised Edition"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Nordiska Afrikainstitutet''. Uppsala, Sweden<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Tattalin Arziki == [[Fayil:Cassava_Production_In_Katogota.jpg|left|thumb|Samar da rogo a Katogota]] Noman abinci shine babban aikin tattalin arziki na masarautar, tare da ƙasashe masu albarka da ke kewaye da su suna tallafawa noman nau'ikan amfanin gona kamar [[rogo]], [[wake]], gyada, kofi, [[ayaba]], [[shinkafa]], da [[masara]] . <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Kishamata |first=Jérôme Katongo |title=Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html |access-date=24 June 2023 |publisher=Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKishamata">Kishamata, Jérôme Katongo. [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html "Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru"] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Yankin kuma yana noman [[Sorghum|dawa]], alkama, da [[Waken suya|waken soya]], tare da bishiyoyin 'ya'yan itace daban-daban, ciki har da lemu, [[mangwaro]], [[Gweba|guava]], da avocado . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mutayubara |first=Yohana Patience Miruho |title=Dégradation des routes de desserte agricole et production agricole dans la Chefferie des Bafuliiru en Territoire d'Uvira |trans-title=Degradation of agricultural service roads and agricultural production in the Bafuliiru Chiefdom in Uvira Territory |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/06/24/14613/m_Degradation-des-routes-de-desserte-agricole-et-production-agricole-dans-la-chefferie-des-Bafuliiru0.html |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural d'Uvira |language=fr |publication-place=Uvira, Uvira Territory, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Rogo yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun kayayyakin noma a yankunan da ke [[Ruzizi Plain|da tsaunukan Ruzizi]] da kuma Masarautar Bafuliru. A cewar tatsuniyar Bafuliiru, an gabatar da rogo a yankin ne a lokacin da suka yi ƙaura daga Masarautar Lwindi, kuma yana ci gaba da zama tushen abinci mai mahimmanci. <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Kishamata |first=Jérôme Katongo |title=Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html |access-date=24 June 2023 |publisher=Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKishamata">Kishamata, Jérôme Katongo. [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html "Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru"] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Noman ayaba ya bazu a ko'ina cikin Masarautar Bafuliiru, yana aiki a matsayin amfanin gona na abinci da kuma albarkatun ƙasa don samar da ''Kasigisi'', wani abin sha mai tsami da aka yi da ayaba da dawa . <ref name=":132" /> == Duba kuma == * Sarakuna da sassan Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo * Jerin yankunan Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo * Masarautar Lwindi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 80dyy14i0owb5k1qug2yq14n0jmvevp 842296 842295 2026-05-29T09:37:07Z Engineer014 44591 842296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Masarautar Bafuliiru''' ( [[Faransanci]] : '''''Chefferie de Bafuliiru''''' ), wanda aka fi sani da '''Masarautar Bafulero''' ( '''''Chefferie de Bafulero''''' ), masarauta ce da ke yankin Uvira, Kudancin Kivu, a yankin gabashin [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Kishamata |first=Jérôme Katongo |title=Monographie de la Cheffeerie des Bafuliiru |trans-title=Monograph of the Bafuliiru Chiefdom |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html |access-date=15 January 2025 |publisher=Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Secteurs et Chefferies (Niveau 3 Rurale) |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/ungegn/sessions/2nd_session_2021/documents/GEGN.2_2021_CRP103_4b_attachment_CODES_%20DES_ENTITES.pdf |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=Unstats.un.org |page=15 |language=fr}}</ref> Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 1,568.27, <ref name=":5022">{{Cite web |last=Munyakazi |first=Fidèle Mulumeoderhwa |date=2023 |title=Analyse de la performance économique de la petite agriculture dans le Sud-Kivu montagneux en République Démocratique du Congo |trans-title=Analysis of the economic performance of small-scale agriculture in the mountainous South Kivu region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306128/1/THESE-FIDELE%20MM.pdf |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=Orbi.uliege.be |publisher=[[University of Liège]] |pages=49 |language=fr |publication-place=Liège, Arlon, Gembloux, Belgium}}</ref> ita ce babbar hukuma a Yankin Uvira, wacce galibi ake ganin ta yi kama da wani yanki daban saboda girmanta. <ref name=":02" /> An kafa masarautar a shekarar 1928, tare da Masarautar Bavira da Masarautar Ruzizi Plain, a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake tsara Yankin Uvira a lokacin mulkin mallaka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2014 |title=Zone "Hauts Plateaux de Mwenga ‐ Plaine de la Ruzizi" |trans-title="Mwenga Highlands - Ruzizi Plain" area |url=https://documents.sfcg.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/SFCG-Analyse-ISSSS-Ruzizi-Mwenga-2014-1.pdf |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Sfcg.org |publisher=[[Search for Common Ground]] |page=9 |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name=":112">{{Cite web |last=Verweijen |first=Judith |date=2016 |title=Un microcosme de militarisation: Conflit, gouvernance et mobilisation armée en territoire d'Uvira |trans-title=A Microcosm of Militarization: Conflict, Governance and Armed Mobilization in Uvira Territory |url=https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Un-microcosme-de-militarisation-par-Judith-Verweijen-RVI-PSRP-Projet-Usalama-2016.pdf |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Riftvalley.net |publisher=[[Rift Valley Institute]] |page=13 |language=fr |isbn=978-1-907431-40-1}}</ref> <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last=Ruhebuza |first=Honoré Mapenzi |date=September 2021 |title=Le déclassement social dans les communes urbaines de Mulongwe et Kalundu, ville d'Uvira en République Démocratique du Congo |trans-title=Social downgrading in the urban communes of Mulongwe and Kalundu, city of Uvira in the Democratic Republic of Congo |url=https://repository.ub.edu.bi/server/api/core/bitstreams/63e386d2-a2d0-4c27-bc3c-d1e01729afba/content |access-date=15 January 2025 |publisher=[[University of Burundi]] |pages=20–21 |language=fr |publication-place=Bujumbura, Burundi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kihangu |first=Godefroid Muzalia |date=2020 |title=L'insécurité dans la plaine de la Ruzizi hier et aujourd'hui: Repenser les perspectives de paix |trans-title=Insecurity in the Ruzizi Plain yesterday and today: Rethinking the prospects for peace |url=https://www.ssrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Issue-2_ResCongo-Conference-Paper.pdf |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Social Science Research Council (SSRC) |publisher=Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu (ISP-Bukavu) |page=6 |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rukakiza |first=Bosco Muchukiwa |date=2016 |title=Identités territoriales et conflits dans la province du Sud-Kivu, R. D. Congo |trans-title=Territorial identities and conflicts in South Kivu province, DR Congo |url=https://repository.globethics.net/bitstream/handle/20.500.12424/166524/GE_Focus_34_Identites_territorials_conflits.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Globethics.net |publisher=Globethics.net |page=33 |language=fr |publication-place=Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland |isbn=978-2-88931-112-5}}</ref> Masarautar Bafuliiru galibi tana da mazaunan kabilar Fuliiru, waɗanda suka dogara da tsarin mulkin masarautun don gudanar da harkokin gida da kiyaye al'adu. An raba ta zuwa ''ƙungiyoyi'' biyar ( ƙungiyoyi ), waɗanda aka ƙara raba su zuwa ƙauyuka. <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Kishamata |first=Jérôme Katongo |title=Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html |access-date=24 June 2023 |publisher=Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kityaba |first=Innocent Bihundo |date=2015 |title=Impact des rebellions Congolaises sur le pouvoir coutumier dans le groupement d'Itara Luvungi (1996-2014) |trans-title=Impact of Congolese rebellions on customary power in the Itara Luvungi group (1996-2014) |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.3-chap-i-le-groupement-ditara-luvungi-dans-la-cheferie-de-bafuliiru-930.html |access-date=15 January 2025 |publisher=Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu (ISP-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref name=":112">{{Cite web |last=Verweijen |first=Judith |date=2016 |title=Un microcosme de militarisation: Conflit, gouvernance et mobilisation armée en territoire d'Uvira |trans-title=A Microcosm of Militarization: Conflict, Governance and Armed Mobilization in Uvira Territory |url=https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Un-microcosme-de-militarisation-par-Judith-Verweijen-RVI-PSRP-Projet-Usalama-2016.pdf |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Riftvalley.net |publisher=[[Rift Valley Institute]] |page=13 |language=fr |isbn=978-1-907431-40-1}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Masarautar Bafuliiru tana gabashin Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Congo, musamman a Yankin Uvira na lardin Kudancin Kivu. Tana da fadin kasa 1,514,270&nbsp;^km2, ita ce mafi girma a cikin dukkan masarautu a Yankin Uvira kuma da alama ta ƙunshi yanki daban. Yankin yana da nau'ikan filaye daban-daban. Ya haɗa da sassan gabashin [[Kyautar Albertine|Rift na Albertine]], wanda reshe ne na Tsarin Rift na Gabashin Afirka . Yankin ya fi yawan tsaunuka, tare da [[Duwatsun Mitumba|tsaunukan Mitumba]] waɗanda ke samar da wani muhimmin ɓangare na shimfidar wuri. Ya miƙe zuwa gaɓar gabashin [[Tafkin Tanganyika]], ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka . Bugu da ƙari, Masarautar Bafuliiru tana kewaye da dazuzzuka masu kyau, gami da sassan Itombwe Massif, [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Wurin Tarihi na Duniya na UNESCO]] . Tsire-tsire a yankin galibi suna da yanayin [[Gandun Daji Na Yankuna masu Zafi|dazuzzukan ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi]] da ciyayi na savannah . <ref name=":132" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nacishali Nteranya |first=Jean |date=2020 |title=Cartographie de l'érosion hydrique des sols et priorisation des mesures de conservation dans le territoire d'Uvira (République démocratique du Congo) |journal=VertigO: La revue électronique en sciences de l'environnement |language=fr |volume=20 |issue=3 |doi=10.4000/vertigo.28888 |issn=1492-8442 |s2cid=234071876 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ilimin Ruwa da Ruwa === Masarautar Bafuliiru tana da siffofi daban-daban na yanayin ruwa, waɗanda suka haɗa da filayen fili, filayen tuddai, da [[Tafki|tafkuna]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=Rapport final des consultations participatives de la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP): Territoire de UVIRA - Province du Sud Kivu. |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4917/4024.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=University of Texas Libraries |language=fr |publication-place=Austin, Texas}}</ref> Yankin gabas na masarautar galibi yana da faɗi da filayen fili waɗanda suka ƙunshi yankuna kamar Luvungi, Lubarika, Katogota, Kiliba, Runingu, da Kawizi. Waɗannan yankuna suna da muhimmin ɓangare na [[Ruzizi Plain|Filin Ruzizi]], wanda ke tsakanin [[Duwatsun Mitumba|sarkar tsaunukan Mitumba]] da Kogin Ruzizi . Tsayin wannan yanki ya kama daga mita 773 zuwa 1000 sama da matakin teku . <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Kishamata |first=Jérôme Katongo |title=Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html |access-date=24 June 2023 |publisher=Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Masarautar kuma tana da alaƙa da Tsakiyar Plateau da Babban Plateau. Tsakiyar Plateau ta haɗu tsakanin Luvungi da Mulenge, tare da bambancin tsayi daga mita 100 zuwa mita 1800. A cikin wannan tudun, ƙauyuka masu mahimmanci sun haɗa da Namutiri, Ndolera, Bulaga, Langala, Bushokw, Bushuju, Butole, Bwesho, Katala da Mulenge . Tsakiyar Plateau tana ba da yanayi mai kyau don noman amfanin gona kamar rogo, kofi, ayaba, wake, da masara a wurare daban-daban. Babban Plateau, wanda ke zama wani ɓangare na [[Duwatsun Mitumba|sarkar Mitumba]], yana da mafi tsayin kololuwa, wanda ya wuce mita 3,000 sama da matakin teku. Babban Plateau yana aiki a matsayin magudanar ruwa tsakanin magudanar ruwan kogunan Ulindi da [[Kogin Elila|Elila]], da kuma koguna da yawa da ke kwarara zuwa Kogin Ruzizi da [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] . <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Kishamata |first=Jérôme Katongo |title=Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html |access-date=24 June 2023 |publisher=Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> === Yanayi === [[Fayil:Butaho_Village,_Ruzizi_Plan,_DR_Congo.jpg|thumb|248x248px|Ra'ayin ciyawa a Butaho a cikin [[Ruzizi Plain|Filin Ruzizi]]]] Masarautar tana da yanayi mai zafi da ɗan bushewa a yankin Ruzizi, kuma tana da yanayi mai sanyi da kuma yanayi mai kyau a tsaunuka. Filin Ruzizi yana da ƙarancin ruwan sama a lokacin rani daga watan Yuni zuwa Satumba, inda ruwan sama na wata-wata bai wuce 50 ba.&nbsp;mm. <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Kishamata |first=Jérôme Katongo |title=Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html |access-date=24 June 2023 |publisher=Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKishamata">Kishamata, Jérôme Katongo. [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html "Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru"] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a cikin yanayin ƙasa yana kusan 22.5&nbsp;°C, matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun yana farawa daga 30.5&nbsp;°C zuwa 35.5&nbsp;°C a watan Satumba, kuma yana raguwa zuwa 14.5&nbsp;°C zuwa 17.5&nbsp;°C a lokacin tsakiyar lokacin rani a watan Yuli. <ref name=":132" /> Iska, wacce galibi ke saukowa daga [[Burundi]] kuma tana bin kwarin Ruzizi da tafkin Tanganyika, tana ƙara jaddada yanayin zafi da rashin daidaituwa na wurare masu zafi a wannan yanki. <ref name=":132" /> Ƙasan tsayin fili yana taimakawa wajen haifar da yanayin zafi mai yawa da ƙarancin ruwan sama, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar ciyayi na savanna da raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa . <ref name=":132" /> Sabanin haka, tsaunukan masarautun suna fuskantar yanayin zafi mai sanyi saboda tsayin daka. Zafin jiki yana raguwa a hankali tare da tsayin daka, daga digiri 24&nbsp;°C a mita 100 zuwa 12&nbsp;°C a mita 3,000, kodayake yanayin da aka lura da shi ya ɗan yi ƙasa da tsayi fiye da matsakaicin ka'idar 6&nbsp;°C a kowace mita 1,000. <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Kishamata |first=Jérôme Katongo |title=Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html |access-date=24 June 2023 |publisher=Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKishamata">Kishamata, Jérôme Katongo. [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html "Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru"] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Tsaunukan tsaunuka suna amfana daga yawan ruwan sama akai-akai, suna haɓaka nau'ikan ciyayi daban-daban, gami da savannas na daji, dazuzzukan gallery, dazuzzukan bamboo, da dazuzzukan equatorial masu yawa. <ref name=":132" /> Tsakanin Ruzizi Plain da tsaunuka akwai wani yanki na canji, wanda ya miƙe daga Namutiri zuwa Katala. Wannan yanki yana da yanayi mai danshi wanda ke daidaita bushewar filayen da yanayin sanyi na tsaunuka. <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Kishamata |first=Jérôme Katongo |title=Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html |access-date=24 June 2023 |publisher=Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKishamata">Kishamata, Jérôme Katongo. [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html "Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru"] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Yanayin canjin yana tallafawa ayyukan noma, musamman noman amfanin gona kamar [[rogo]], kofi, da [[wake]] . <ref name=":132" /> === Sashen gudanarwa === An rarraba Masarautar Bafuliiru a matsayin Hukumar Yankuna Masu Rarraba Yankin Ƙasa ( ''Entité Territoriale Décentralisée'', ETD), bisa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2006. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rukakiza |first=Bosco Muchukiwa |last2=Emmanuel |first2=Simbi Saleh |date=2019 |title=Education a la paix dans la bible et chez les Bafuliiru |trans-title=Peace education in the Bible and among the Bafuliiru |url=https://www.isdrbukavu.ac.cd/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Education-%C3%A0-la-paix-dans-la-bible-et-chez-les-bafuliiru-3.pdf |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Isdrbukavu.ac.cd |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |page=4 |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2008 |title=Loi organique n° 08/016 du 07 octobre 2008 portant composition, organisation et fonctionnement des Entités Territoriales Décentralisées et leurs rapports avec l'Etat et les Provinces |trans-title=Organic Law No. 08/016 of October 7, 2008 on the composition, organization and operation of Decentralized Territorial Entities and their relations with the State and the Provinces |url=https://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Administration.ter/L.08.16.17.10.2008.htm |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=Leganet.cd |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> ''Mwami'' yana da iko na al'ada da na zamani a cikin wannan tsarin rarraba yankin. A cikin ikonsa na gudanarwa, yana wakiltar zartarwa na lardin kuma yana kula da harkokin ci gaban gida. <ref name=":1" /> Masarautar an raba ta zuwa ''ƙungiyoyi'' (ƙungiyoyi), kowannensu yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaban ''ƙungiya'' ( ''chef de groupement'' ) wanda ke aiki a matsayin wakilin ''Mwami'' kai tsaye. Kowace ''ƙungiya'' an ƙara raba ta zuwa ''ƙananan ƙauyuka'' (ƙauyuka), waɗanda shugabannin ƙauye ke jagoranta waɗanda ke ba da rahoto ga shugabannin ''ƙungiyoyinsu'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2011 |title=Au-delà des "groupes armés": Conflits locaux et connexions sous-regionales L'exemple de Fizi et Uvira (Sud-Kivu, RDC) |trans-title=Beyond "armed groups": Local conflicts and sub-regional connections The example of Fizi and Uvira (South Kivu, DRC) |url=https://assets.ctfassets.net/jzxyrkiixcim/6Eaz1Te5UjWdGVvoGm2jLQ/bae90570fcb8c56187821ce0e7afbe86/LPI_2011_Au-dela_des_groupes_armes__Uvira__Fizi.pdf |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=Life & Peace Institute |page=25 |language=fr}}</ref> '''''Ƙungiyar''''' '''Muhungu''' ta ƙunshi ƙauyuka masu zuwa: <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Kishamata |first=Jérôme Katongo |title=Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html |access-date=24 June 2023 |publisher=Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKishamata">Kishamata, Jérôme Katongo. [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html "Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru"] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref>{{Columns-list|* Kabondola * Kagunga * Kaholwa * Kalemba * Kasheke * Kaluzi * Kazimwe * Kibumbu * Kasanga * Kihanda * Mukololo * Lugwaja * Masango * Muzinda * Muhungu * Namukanga * Kiriba * [[Butaho]] * Kawizi}}'''<nowiki><i id="mwAQI">Ƙungiyar</i></nowiki> Kigoma''' ta ƙunshi ƙauyuka masu zuwa:<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />{{Columns-list|* Bibangwa * Bikenge * Kukanga * Bushajaga * Kahungwe * Butumba * Kabere * Karava * Kalengera * Kahololo * Kalimba * Karaguza * Kahungwe * Kasheke * Kiryama * Kanga * Kashagala * Kasenya * Kishugwe * Kigoma * Lubembe * Kihinga * Mangwa * Miduga * Kitembe * Mibere * Kitija * Muhanga * Kabamba * [[Mulenge]] * Kaduma * Mushojo * Masango * Kitoga * Mashuba * Mulama * Kagaragara * Ndegu * Rurambira * Rugeje * Rubuga * Rusako * Sogoti * Taba * Kabunambo}} === Kafa === Al'adar siyasa mai zaman kanta ta ci gaba da kasancewa duk da cewa hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun fara tsara iyakokin ƙabilu a shekarar 1907, wanda ya faɗaɗa a [[tafkin Tanganyika]] da kuma [[Ruzizi Plain|yankin Ruzizi]], wani lokacin kuma ya haɗu da yankunan Bavira. <ref name=":122">{{Cite web |last=Sabuni |first=Abel Mukunde |date=2007 |title=Bilan humain des conflits armés et ses conséquences sur le développement du territoire d'Uvira de 1996 à 2005 |trans-title=Human toll of armed conflicts and its consequences on the development of the Uvira territory from 1996 to 2005 |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/22/13250/m_Bilan-humain-des-conflits-arms-et-ses-consquences-sur-le-dveloppement-du-territoire-d-Uv9.html |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Buvira da Bufuliiru sun ƙunshi ''bami'' da yawa. Zuwan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ya haifar da ƙoƙarin mayar da iko a tsakiya, inda aka kafa tsarin amincewa da ''mwami'' guda ɗaya ga Vira, ɗaya ga Fuliiru, ɗaya kuma ga baƙin Barundi. Wannan haɗin kai ya taimaka ne saboda gaskiyar cewa dukkan ''bami'' na Fuliiru na cikin dangin Bahamba. <ref name=":1422" /> ''Mwami'' Luhama, wani muhimmin mutum a tarihin Bafuliru, ya ƙarfafa ikon daular Bahamba ta hanyar raba masarautarsa tsakanin 'ya'yansa uku: Nyamugira, wanda ya mulki daga Moira zuwa Kogin Munyovwe; Mutahonga, wanda ya mallaki yankin tsakanin Kogin Munyovwe da Kise, gami da gangaren gabashin kwarin Ruzizi; da Lusagara, wanda ya kula da yankunan tsaunuka. Wannan rukunin dabarun ya tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali yayin da yake riƙe da iko na tsakiya a cikin iyali, tare da shugabanci yana wucewa daga uba zuwa babban ɗa. <ref name=":122" /> Masarautar ta kuma haɗa sauran kabilu, musamman Bazige, wanda masarautarsa mai cin gashin kanta wacce take a cikin ''ƙungiyar'' Muhungu ta yanzu a ƙarƙashin Cif Kalunga, ɗan Mukobesi, ta koma bayan shan kaye daga Mahina Mukogabwe II, wani sarkin Bafuliru wanda ya yi mulki daga 1914 zuwa 1927. <ref name=":1222">{{Cite web |last=Sabuni |first=Abel Mukunde |date=2007 |title=Bilan humain des conflits armés et ses conséquences sur le développement du territoire d'Uvira de 1996 à 2005 |trans-title=Human toll of armed conflicts and its consequences on the development of the Uvira territory from 1996 to 2005 |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/22/13250/m_Bilan-humain-des-conflits-arms-et-ses-consquences-sur-le-dveloppement-du-territoire-d-Uv9.html |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> A tsawon lokaci, Bazige ya ɗauki [[Harshen Fuliiru|Kifuliiru]] ya kuma haɗu cikin al'ummar Bafuliru ta hanyar auratayya tsakanin mutane da musayar tattalin arziki, a ƙarshe ya amince da Mukogabwe a matsayin mwami . <ref name=":1222" /> A halin yanzu, ƙabilar Balunga ta haɗu da Bavira, inda ta kafa ƙungiya ta musamman wadda ba ta rungumi tsarin jagoranci na gargajiya na Bafuliru ba. <ref name=":1222" /> [[Fayil:Luvungi,_Congo_Belge,_1928.jpg|thumb|245x245px|Itara-Luvungi a shekarar 1928]] A ranar 18 ga Agusta 1928, an kafa Masarautar Bafuliru a hukumance a matsayin wani ɓangare na sabuwar Yankin Uvira, tare da Masarautar Bavira da Ruzizi Plain, ta hanyar wata doka da Chef de Division des Districts (CDD) na yankin Kivu ta fitar. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Verweijen |first=Judith |date=2016 |title=Un microcosme de militarisation: Conflit, gouvernance et mobilisation armée en territoire d'Uvira |trans-title=A Microcosm of Militarization: Conflict, Governance and Armed Mobilization in Uvira Territory |url=https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Un-microcosme-de-militarisation-par-Judith-Verweijen-RVI-PSRP-Projet-Usalama-2016.pdf |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=Riftvalley.net |publisher=[[Rift Valley Institute]] |page=13 |language=fr |isbn=978-1-907431-40-1}}</ref> <ref name=":522">{{Cite web |last=Ruhebuza |first=Honoré Mapenzi |date=September 2021 |title=Le déclassement social dans les communes urbaines de Mulongwe et Kalundu, ville d'Uvira en République Démocratique du Congo |trans-title=Social downgrading in the urban communes of Mulongwe and Kalundu, city of Uvira in the Democratic Republic of Congo |url=https://repository.ub.edu.bi/server/api/core/bitstreams/63e386d2-a2d0-4c27-bc3c-d1e01729afba/content |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=[[University of Burundi]] |pages=20–21 |language=fr |publication-place=Bujumbura, Burundi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kihangu |first=Godefroid Muzalia |date=2020 |title=L'insécurité dans la plaine de la Ruzizi hier et aujourd'hui: Repenser les perspectives de paix |trans-title=Insecurity in the Ruzizi Plain yesterday and today: Rethinking the prospects for peace |url=https://www.ssrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Issue-2_ResCongo-Conference-Paper.pdf |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=Social Science Research Council (SSRC) |publisher=Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu (ISP-Bukavu) |page=6 |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rukakiza |first=Bosco Muchukiwa |date=2016 |title=Identités territoriales et conflits dans la province du Sud-Kivu, R. D. Congo |trans-title=Territorial identities and conflicts in South Kivu province, DR Congo |url=https://repository.globethics.net/bitstream/handle/20.500.12424/166524/GE_Focus_34_Identites_territorials_conflits.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=Globethics.net |publisher=Globethics.net |page=33 |language=fr |publication-place=Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland |isbn=978-2-88931-112-5}}</ref> Masanin tarihi na Fuliru Kingwegwe Mupe ya lura cewa Cif Matakambo, ɗan Mahina Mukogabwe kuma jikan Nyamugira I, shugaban farko na Bahamba, ya sami naɗin sa na hukuma a ranar 19 ga Maris 1933. <ref name=":1222">{{Cite web |last=Sabuni |first=Abel Mukunde |date=2007 |title=Bilan humain des conflits armés et ses conséquences sur le développement du territoire d'Uvira de 1996 à 2005 |trans-title=Human toll of armed conflicts and its consequences on the development of the Uvira territory from 1996 to 2005 |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/22/13250/m_Bilan-humain-des-conflits-arms-et-ses-consquences-sur-le-dveloppement-du-territoire-d-Uv9.html |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSabuni2007">Sabuni, Abel Mukunde (2007). [https://www.memoireonline.com/11/22/13250/m_Bilan-humain-des-conflits-arms-et-ses-consquences-sur-le-dveloppement-du-territoire-d-Uv9.html "Bilan humain des conflits armés et ses conséquences sur le développement du territoire d'Uvira de 1996 à 2005"] &#x5B;Human toll of armed conflicts and its consequences on the development of the Uvira territory from 1996 to 2005&#x5D; (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Duk da kafuwarta a hukumance, girman masarautar ya haifar da ƙalubale wajen fayyace ainihin iyakokinta. Bayanan mulkin mallaka daga [[Belgian Congo|Kongo ta Belgium]] sun nuna cewa iyakokin ƙasa na Masarautar Bafuliiru an kammala su ne a ranar da aka naɗa Matakambo a 1933: <ref name="Culture et société: Volume 4" /> * A gabas: Kogin Ruzizi har zuwa inda yake haɗuwa da Luvubu, sannan daga Luvubu zuwa Kalinda. Daga Kalinda, iyakar ta bi layin tsaunukan da ke kaiwa Ravine Mize, kuma daga nan, ta bi Titin Costermansville ( [[Bukavu]] ) zuwa Kawizi, har da Kogin Kanomo. Iyakar ta miƙe har zuwa bakin Kogin Kanomo inda ta haɗu da babban Musondjo. * A kudu: Daga mahaɗin Musondjo da Kamono, an ja layi zuwa Dutsen Ngongwa, sannan daga tushen ƙaramin Musondjo zuwa bakinsa inda ya haɗu da babban Musondjo. Iyakar ta ci gaba tare da babban Musondjo har sai ta haɗu da Kogin Lwindi. * Zuwa yamma: Daga Lwindi, iyakar ta miƙe zuwa ƙasan Dutsen Lutandala, ta kewaye kwarin da ke tsakanin tsaunukan Matiazo da Biximvu. Sannan ta bi hanyar rafin Kalongofya da ke daidai da Dutsen Kaya. Daga nan, ta ci gaba da gangaren gabashin Dutsen Kaya zuwa tushen Kogin Kinwalangazi, kuma a ƙarshe, ta bi Kogin Kinwalangazi har zuwa haɗuwa da Luvubu. Iyakar ta miƙe daga tushen Kogin Luvubu zuwa tushen Kogin Kabundji, wanda daga ƙarshe ya haɗu da Kogin Luvimbi a bakinsa. Waɗannan ƙa'idodi sun taimaka wajen tabbatar da yankin Masarautar Bafuliru a cikin yankin. An naɗa Nyamugira, wani zuriyar Mahina Mukogabwe, a matsayin shugaba a ranar 4 ga Maris 1940, inda ya haɗa shugabancin Bahamba a kan masarauta. <ref name=":1222">{{Cite web |last=Sabuni |first=Abel Mukunde |date=2007 |title=Bilan humain des conflits armés et ses conséquences sur le développement du territoire d'Uvira de 1996 à 2005 |trans-title=Human toll of armed conflicts and its consequences on the development of the Uvira territory from 1996 to 2005 |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/22/13250/m_Bilan-humain-des-conflits-arms-et-ses-consquences-sur-le-dveloppement-du-territoire-d-Uv9.html |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSabuni2007">Sabuni, Abel Mukunde (2007). [https://www.memoireonline.com/11/22/13250/m_Bilan-humain-des-conflits-arms-et-ses-consquences-sur-le-dveloppement-du-territoire-d-Uv9.html "Bilan humain des conflits armés et ses conséquences sur le développement du territoire d'Uvira de 1996 à 2005"] &#x5B;Human toll of armed conflicts and its consequences on the development of the Uvira territory from 1996 to 2005&#x5D; (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Duk da cewa majiyoyi da yawa sun yaba wa Bahamba da kafa Masarautar Bafuliru, wasu kuma sun nuna cewa sun maye gurbin ƙabilar Balemera don kafa mulkinsu. Kingwengwe Mupe ya yi iƙirarin cewa ƙabilar Bahamba ta ƙaura ko kuma wataƙila ta hambarar da ƙabilar Balemera don tabbatar da iko a kan masarauta. Kabilar Balemera, wacce ake kyautata zaton mazauna yankin ne na asali, tana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da kakanni da yankin, tare da sansaninsu a ''ƙungiyar'' Lemera - wani wuri da ake ɗauka a matsayin cibiyar masarautarsu. <ref name=":15" /> <ref name=":16" /> == Matsalolin tsaro == A cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, Masarautar Bafuliiru ta fuskanci kalubalen tsaro, inda tarihin rikice-rikice galibi ke haifar da su sakamakon rikicin siyasa, kabilanci, da kuma albarkatun kasa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=Rapport final des consultations participatives de la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP): Territoire de UVIRA - Province du Sud Kivu |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4917/4024.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=University of Texas Libraries |language=fr |publication-place=Austin, Texas}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=García |first=José |date=16 September 2004 |title=Situation geographique de localites de Kamanyola et Katogota dans la cheferie de la plaine de Ruzizi |url=https://umoya.org/2004/09/16/situation-geographique-de-localites-de-kamanyola-et-katogota-dans-la-cheferie-de-la-plaine-de-ruzizi/ |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Umoya.org |language=fr}}</ref> Irin waɗannan rikice-rikicen sun haifar da barkewar rikici mai tsanani da tilasta wa fararen hula yin ƙaura a yankunan da abin ya shafa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=Rapport final des consultations participatives de la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP): Territoire de UVIRA - Province du Sud Kivu. |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4917/4024.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=University of Texas Libraries |language=fr |publication-place=Austin, Texas}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/4917/4024.pdf?sequence=1 "Rapport final des consultations participatives de la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP): Territoire de UVIRA - Province du Sud Kivu"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''University of Texas Libraries'' (in French). Austin, Texas. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2023 |title=Commémoration du 23ème anniversaire du massacre de Katogota au Sud-Kivu: des avancées significatives enregistrées dans le processus de lutte contre l'impunité! |trans-title=Commemoration of the 23rd anniversary of the Katogota massacre in South Kivu: significant progress recorded in the process of fighting impunity! |url=https://juardc.info/2023/05/actualite/droits-humains/commemoration-du-23eme-anniversaire-du-massacre-de-katogota-au-sud-kivu-des-avancees-significatives-enregistrees-dans-le-processus-de-lutte-contre-limpunite/ |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Juardc.info |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kakule |first=Job |date=14 May 2022 |title=[Histoire] 14 mai 2000 : Massacre de plus de 300 personnes à Katogota en territoire d'Uvira |trans-title=[History] May 14, 2000: Massacre of more than 300 people in Katogota in Uvira territory |url=https://www.grandslacsnews.com/posts/histoire-14-mai-2000-massacre-de-plus-de-300-personnes-a-katogota-en-territoire-d-uvira-5118 |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Grandslacsnews.com |language=fr}}</ref> === Yaƙe-yaƙen Congo na Farko da na Biyu === Sarakunan sun fuskanci mummunan tasiri sakamakon rikice-rikicen da suka barke a ƙasashe maƙwabta a lokacin Yaƙin Kongo [[Yaƙin Kongo na farko|na Farko]] da na Biyu. Waɗannan rikice-rikicen sun mayar da yankin babban filin yaƙi ga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban masu makamai, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali, ƙaura, da wahala mai yawa ga al'ummar yankin. Yankin ya shaida kasancewar rundunonin sojoji masu ƙarfi kamar [[Rundunar Tsaro ta Rwanda|Rundunar Sojojin Kishin Kasa ta Rwanda]] (RPA), Ƙungiyar Sojojin Demokraɗiyya don 'Yantar da Kongo-Zaire (AFDL), Rundunar Sojojin Armées Burundaises (FAB), Rally for Congo Democracy (RCD), da ƙungiyoyi da yawa na Mai-Mai, kowannensu yana bin manufofinsa da ƙawancensa. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mukwege |first=Denis |date=9 June 2022 |title=Rape as a weapon of war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: from holistic care to transitional justice |journal=Revue LISA/LISA e-journal. Littératures, Histoire des Idées, Images, Sociétés du Monde Anglophone – Literature, History of Ideas, Images and Societies of the English-speaking World |language=en |volume=20 |issue=53 |doi=10.4000/lisa.13875 |issn=1762-6153 |s2cid=249692220 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Nzongola-Ntalaja |first=Georges |date=2004 |title=From Zaire to the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Second And Revised Edition |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:240600/FULLTEXT02.pdf |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Nordiska Afrikainstitutet |language=en |publication-place=Uppsala, Sweden}}</ref> ==== Yaƙin Kwango na Farko ==== [[Fayil:L'Hôpital_Général_de_Référence_de_Lemera,_Sud-Kivu.jpg|thumb|Asibitin Lemera, inda aka yi kisan kiyashin Lemera a watan Oktoban 1996]] A lokacin Yaƙin Kwango na Farko, ƙungiyoyin adawa sun yi faɗa don neman iko. Ƙungiyar AFDL, wacce Rwanda da Uganda ke marawa baya, ta fuskanci sojojin gwamnatin Mobutu Sese Seko . A cewar [[Amnesty International]], ƙungiyar AFDL ce ke da alhakin take haƙƙin ɗan adam daban-daban a lokacin yaƙin neman hambarar da Mobutu. <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=19 December 1996 |title=Zaire: Hidden from scrutiny: human rights abuses in eastern Zaire |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3ae6a9b6c.pdf |access-date=15 April 2023 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |pages=1–9 |language= |publication-place=London, England, United Kingdom}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1996, an yi kisan gilla a Asibitin Lemera, inda AFDL da rundunar da Banyamulenge ke jagoranta suka kashe mutane 37, cikinsu har da [[Kisan kiyashi na Hutus a lokacin Yaƙin Kongo na farko|'yan gudun hijirar Hutu]], sojojin Zaire, da fararen hula na Fuliiru. A cewar Rahoton Taswirar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1993-2003, an kashe waɗanda abin ya shafa a kan gadajensu ta hanyar " bindigogi ko bayonet ". <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Attacks against other civilian populations - South Kivu |url=https://www.mapping-report.org/en/aattacks-against-other-civilian-populations-south-kivu/ |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Mapping-report.org |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2016 |title=Interview: A fate shaped by injustice – one man's mission to help the women of DR Congo |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2016/03/524722-interview-fate-shaped-injustice-one-mans-mission-help-women-dr-congo |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=News.un.org |language=en}}</ref> A cikin kwanaki da makonni masu zuwa, tashin hankalin ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa. A ranakun 13-14 ga Oktoba 1996, ƙungiyoyin AFDL da Banyamulenge sun kashe 'yan gudun hijira a sansanin Runingu . <ref name=":5" /> Hakazalika, a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1996, rundunonin AFDL/RPA/FAB sun kai hari kan 'yan gudun hijirar Burundi da Rwanda Hutu a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwAnM">kungiyar</i></nowiki> Luvungi, wanda ya haifar da asarar rayuka masu yawa. A ƙauyen Katala, wanda ke tsakiyar tudun Bafuliiru Chiefdom, sun kama kuma sun kashe 'yan gudun hijira waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin tserewa daga nesa. Daga nan aka tilasta wa mutanen yankin su binne gawawwakin a cikin kaburbura . <ref name=":5" /> A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 1996, rundunonin AFDL/APR/FAB sun kashe 'yan gudun hijirar Hutu da ba a san ko su waye ba, ciki har da kimanin ashirin a asibitin sansanin da ke sansanin Kanganiro a cikin ''rukunin'' Luvungi. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Attacks against other civilian populations - South Kivu |url=https://www.mapping-report.org/en/aattacks-against-other-civilian-populations-south-kivu/ |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Mapping-report.org |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.mapping-report.org/en/aattacks-against-other-civilian-populations-south-kivu/ "Attacks against other civilian populations - South Kivu"]. ''Mapping-report.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> A gefe guda kuma, rundunonin sun kashe 'yan gudun hijirar Hutu da ba a san adadinsu ba da kuma fararen hula 'yan Zaire da ke guduwa zuwa Burundi a ƙauyen Rubenga a yankin Uvira. A ƙauyen Kakumbukumbu, wanda ke da nisan kilomita biyar daga sansanin Lubarika, sojoji sun kona 'yan gudun hijira talatin da rai a cikin wani gida. <ref name=":5" /> A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1996, rundunonin AFDL/APR/FAB sun kashe 'yan gudun hijira kusan 370 a Luberizi da Mutarule . <ref name=":5" /> Zuwa watan Mayu na 1997, rikicin ya haifar da korar Mobutu kuma ya zama farkon lokacin rikici ga yankin. Laurent-Désiré Kabila ya ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban DRC kuma ya sake wa ƙasar suna " [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyya ta Kongo]] ". <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Nzongola-Ntalaja |first=Georges |date=2004 |title=From Zaire to the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Second And Revised Edition |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:240600/FULLTEXT02.pdf |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Nordiska Afrikainstitutet |language=en |publication-place=Uppsala, Sweden}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNzongola-Ntalaja2004">Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (2004). [https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:240600/FULLTEXT02.pdf "From Zaire to the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Second And Revised Edition"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Nordiska Afrikainstitutet''. Uppsala, Sweden<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Tattalin Arziki == [[Fayil:Cassava_Production_In_Katogota.jpg|left|thumb|Samar da rogo a Katogota]] Noman abinci shine babban aikin tattalin arziki na masarautar, tare da ƙasashe masu albarka da ke kewaye da su suna tallafawa noman nau'ikan amfanin gona kamar [[rogo]], [[wake]], gyada, kofi, [[ayaba]], [[shinkafa]], da [[masara]] . <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Kishamata |first=Jérôme Katongo |title=Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html |access-date=24 June 2023 |publisher=Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKishamata">Kishamata, Jérôme Katongo. [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html "Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru"] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Yankin kuma yana noman [[Sorghum|dawa]], alkama, da [[Waken suya|waken soya]], tare da bishiyoyin 'ya'yan itace daban-daban, ciki har da lemu, [[mangwaro]], [[Gweba|guava]], da avocado . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mutayubara |first=Yohana Patience Miruho |title=Dégradation des routes de desserte agricole et production agricole dans la Chefferie des Bafuliiru en Territoire d'Uvira |trans-title=Degradation of agricultural service roads and agricultural production in the Bafuliiru Chiefdom in Uvira Territory |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/06/24/14613/m_Degradation-des-routes-de-desserte-agricole-et-production-agricole-dans-la-chefferie-des-Bafuliiru0.html |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural d'Uvira |language=fr |publication-place=Uvira, Uvira Territory, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Rogo yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun kayayyakin noma a yankunan da ke [[Ruzizi Plain|da tsaunukan Ruzizi]] da kuma Masarautar Bafuliru. A cewar tatsuniyar Bafuliiru, an gabatar da rogo a yankin ne a lokacin da suka yi ƙaura daga Masarautar Lwindi, kuma yana ci gaba da zama tushen abinci mai mahimmanci. <ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Kishamata |first=Jérôme Katongo |title=Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html |access-date=24 June 2023 |publisher=Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB) |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKishamata">Kishamata, Jérôme Katongo. [https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-monographie-de-la-cheffeerie-des-bafuliiru-628.html "Monographie de la chefferie des Bafuliiru"] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Noman ayaba ya bazu a ko'ina cikin Masarautar Bafuliiru, yana aiki a matsayin amfanin gona na abinci da kuma albarkatun ƙasa don samar da ''Kasigisi'', wani abin sha mai tsami da aka yi da ayaba da dawa . <ref name=":132" /> == Duba kuma == * Sarakuna da sassan Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo * Jerin yankunan Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo * Masarautar Lwindi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7npqm5fxncvh94s8rs8itddputizkiz 0 153028 842299 2026-05-29T09:41:37Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305911017|Ndjili River]]" 842299 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Ndjili''' ( [[Faransanci]] : ''Rivière Ndjili'' ) kogi ne da ke gudana daga kudu ta cikin babban birnin [[Kinshasa]] a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]], inda ya haɗu da [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]] . Ya raba yankunan Tshangu da Mont Amba . {{Sfn|Trefon|2004}} Kogin ya ba da sunansa ga kwamin Ndjili da kuma filin jirgin saman Ndjili na duniya . {{Sfn|Kambale|2010}} == Wuri == [[Kinshasa]] tana cikin wani fili da ke kewaye da tuddai da koguna da dama na gida ke malala, wanda Nsele da Ndjili muhimman magudanan ruwa ne na [[Kogin Congo]] . Yanayi yana [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|da zafi sosai]], tare da lokacin rani da kuma lokacin damina. {{Sfn|Redwood|2009}} [[Kinshasa]] tana ƙasan [[Pool Malebo|tafkin Malebo]], inda [[kogin Congo]] ya faɗaɗa zuwa {{Convert|25|km|mi}} tsawon kimanin {{Convert|35|km|mi}} . [[Pool Malebo|Wurin waha na Malebo]] yana da fadin {{Convert|50000|ha|acre}}, tare da tsibirin [[Mbamu]] wanda ke mamaye tsakiyar yankin. Tsawonsa kusan {{Convert|300|m|ft}} sama da matakin teku, kewaye da tsaunuka masu tsayin {{Convert|718|m|ft}} a wani nesa sama da matakin teku. A gefen kudu na tafkin, ƙasar tana da dausayi tsakanin bakin kogunan Nsele da Ndjili, nisan {{Convert|30|km|mi}}, tare da dausayin da ya mamaye {{Convert|10800|ha|acre}} . Dausayin ya kai {{Convert|7|km|mi}} cikin ƙasa tare da Ndjili. {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992}} A zamanin mulkin mallaka, 'yan Jesuit waɗanda suka zauna a Kogin Ndjili a watan Yunin 1893 a Kimbangu, wanda yanzu ake kira Masina, su ne masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] na farko a yankin. Duk da haka, cikin wata guda suka ƙaura daga yanayin dausayi mara kyau da suka samu zuwa Kimwenza, kusa da Petites Chutes de la Lukaya {{Sfn|Mboka|2011}} Waɗannan ƙananan magudanan ruwa ne a [[Kogin Luka|Kogin Lukaya]], wani magudanar ruwa ta Ndjili da ke shigowa daga yamma, bayan sun yi gudu a kan iyakar kudu ta [[Kinshasa]] ta yanzu. == Samar da ruwan sha a birni == Ndjili ce ke samar da babban hanyar samar da ruwa ga [[Kinshasa]], amma tana da gurɓataccen dattin ɗan adam. {{Sfn|Trefon|2004}} [[Kinshasa]] tana da tashoshin tace ruwa guda biyu kafin samun 'yancin kai, ɗaya a [[Kogin Lukanga|Kogin Lukunga]] da ɗaya a [[Ngaliema bay|bakin Ngaliema]] a kan [[Kogin Congo]] . A shekarar 1985, dukkansu sun lalace sosai. An gina sabuwar tashar a kan Ndikili da ke Kingbabwe a cikin kwamin Limete a matakai biyu, ɗaya da [[Beljik|gwamnatin Belgium]] ta ba da kuɗi, a shekarar 1971, na biyu kuma [[Jamus|gwamnatin Jamus]], a shekarar 1982. {{Sfn|Trefon|2004}} Faransawa sun amince su ba da kuɗi ga tashar ta biyu a kan Ndjili, amma sun dakatar da tallafin da suke bai wa Shugaba Mobutu, a watan Oktoban 1991. An kuma soke tashar ta uku ta Ndjili, wadda gwamnatin Japan ta ba da kuɗi, saboda satar da aka yi a watan Satumban 1991. Sakamakon ya nuna gazawar biyan mafi ƙarancin buƙatun samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Trefon|2004}} Magudanar ruwan kogin tana da ƙasa mai yashi da kuma yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, kamar yadda yake a sauran kogunan da ke samar da ruwa ga birnin. Tare da share dazuzzukan, ana samun ƙaruwar zaizayar ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da gurɓatar laka. Lokacin da matakan datti suka tashi sama da iyakar NTU 1,000, wanda aka saba samun rahotanni a kogunan Ndjili da [[Kogin Luka|Lukaya]] a lokacin damina, dole ne masana'antun tsaftace ruwa su dakatar da ayyukansu. Ana buƙatar sinadarai masu haɗuwa da aka shigo da su da lemun tsami da aka shigo da su don ci gaba da aiki da tsire-tsire. {{Sfn|Watershed degradation...}} A wani abin farin ciki, bayan wani aikin shekaru huɗu na Yuro miliyan 51, wanda Bankin Duniya ya ba da kuɗi, a shekara ta 2009, kamfanin Ndjili ya ninka ƙarfinsa zuwa {{Convert|330000|m3|cuft}} kowace rana. Yanzu haka masana'antar za ta iya samar da kusan kashi 65% na ruwan da ke Kinshasa. {{Sfn|World Bank Funding...}} == Lambun kasuwa == A shekarar 1954, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Belgium ta raba filaye ga mata da marasa aikin yi a yankin da ke da dausayi na Kogin Ndijili a kokarin samar da gonakin lambu don samar da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu ga babban birnin. An farfado da wannan al'ada bayan samun 'yancin kai, tana kokarin biyan bukata yayin da yawan mutanen birnin ya karu daga 400,000 a shekarar 1969 zuwa kimanin miliyan 3.2 a shekarar 1990. {{Sfn|Ghorayshi|Bélanger|1996}} An kafa Kungiyar Hadin Kan Lambun Kasuwa ta Kinshasa a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1987. Akwai ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa 32 mambobi a shekarar 2004, kowannensu yana tallafawa cibiyar noma da kuma kula da duk masu lambun kasuwa da ke aiki a wurin. {{Sfn|Redwood|2009}} Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2005 ya nuna cewa yawancin masu lambun kasuwa manoma ne masu ƙwarewa suna noma amfanin gona don samun abin rayuwa. Sun yi amfani da dabarun hannu, inda farfesa ita ce babbar kayan aiki. Masu lambu ba su da ilimi sosai kuma suna cikin talauci sosai, suna rayuwa cikin yanayi mara tsafta. Matsalolin sun haɗa da wahalar samun iri, takin zamani, kayan aikin gona da ruwan ban ruwa, satar kayan lambu da daddare, rashin kyawun hanyoyi, cututtuka masu yaduwa, rashin wutar lantarki da ambaliyar ruwa. {{Sfn|Redwood|2009}} Cutar trypanosomiasis ta ɗan adam a Afirka, ko kuma rashin barci, cuta ce da yawanci ke faruwa ne kawai a yankunan karkara, domin tana yaɗuwa ne ta hanyar [[Ƙudan tsando|ƙudaje]] masu buƙatar haɗin daji da ruwa don bunƙasa. Tsakanin 1970 da 1995, an ruwaito kimanin shari'o'i 39 a kowace shekara a Kinshasa. Adadin shari'o'in da aka rubuta (wanda ƙila sun shafi ingantaccen bincike) sun haura zuwa shari'o'i 254 a 1996, 226 a 1997, 433 a 1998 da 912 a 1999. Adadin ƙudaje daga tarkon kwari a bakin Kogin Ndjili ya nuna cewa aikin lambu a kasuwa ya sake haifar da yanayin da ake buƙata don yaɗuwar cututtuka masu aiki. {{Sfn|Bilengue et al. 2003}} == Manazarta == 75votkopyavzx3x0rsb42ivwkoj3o5h 842300 842299 2026-05-29T09:45:05Z Engineer014 44591 842300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Ndjili''' ( [[Faransanci]] : ''Rivière Ndjili'' ) kogi ne da ke gudana daga kudu ta cikin babban birnin [[Kinshasa]] a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]], inda ya haɗu da [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]] . Ya raba yankunan Tshangu da Mont Amba . {{Sfn|Trefon|2004}} Kogin ya ba da sunansa ga kwamin Ndjili da kuma filin jirgin saman Ndjili na duniya . {{Sfn|Kambale|2010}} == Wuri == [[Kinshasa]] tana cikin wani fili da ke kewaye da tuddai da koguna da dama na gida ke malala, wanda Nsele da Ndjili muhimman magudanan ruwa ne na [[Kogin Congo]] . Yanayi yana [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|da zafi sosai]], tare da lokacin rani da kuma lokacin damina. {{Sfn|Redwood|2009}} [[Kinshasa]] tana ƙasan [[Pool Malebo|tafkin Malebo]], inda [[kogin Congo]] ya faɗaɗa zuwa {{Convert|25|km|mi}} tsawon kimanin {{Convert|35|km|mi}} . [[Pool Malebo|Wurin waha na Malebo]] yana da fadin {{Convert|50000|ha|acre}}, tare da tsibirin [[Mbamu]] wanda ke mamaye tsakiyar yankin. Tsawonsa kusan {{Convert|300|m|ft}} sama da matakin teku, kewaye da tsaunuka masu tsayin {{Convert|718|m|ft}} a wani nesa sama da matakin teku. A gefen kudu na tafkin, ƙasar tana da dausayi tsakanin bakin kogunan Nsele da Ndjili, nisan {{Convert|30|km|mi}}, tare da dausayin da ya mamaye {{Convert|10800|ha|acre}} . Dausayin ya kai {{Convert|7|km|mi}} cikin ƙasa tare da Ndjili. {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992}} A zamanin mulkin mallaka, 'yan Jesuit waɗanda suka zauna a Kogin Ndjili a watan Yunin 1893 a Kimbangu, wanda yanzu ake kira Masina, su ne masu wa'azin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] na farko a yankin. Duk da haka, cikin wata guda suka ƙaura daga yanayin dausayi mara kyau da suka samu zuwa Kimwenza, kusa da Petites Chutes de la Lukaya {{Sfn|Mboka|2011}} Waɗannan ƙananan magudanan ruwa ne a [[Kogin Luka|Kogin Lukaya]], wani magudanar ruwa ta Ndjili da ke shigowa daga yamma, bayan sun yi gudu a kan iyakar kudu ta [[Kinshasa]] ta yanzu. == Samar da ruwan sha a birni == Ndjili ce ke samar da babban hanyar samar da ruwa ga [[Kinshasa]], amma tana da gurɓataccen dattin ɗan adam. {{Sfn|Trefon|2004}} [[Kinshasa]] tana da tashoshin tace ruwa guda biyu kafin samun 'yancin kai, ɗaya a [[Kogin Lukanga|Kogin Lukunga]] da ɗaya a [[Ngaliema bay|bakin Ngaliema]] a kan [[Kogin Congo]] . A shekarar 1985, dukkansu sun lalace sosai. An gina sabuwar tashar a kan Ndikili da ke Kingbabwe a cikin kwamin Limete a matakai biyu, ɗaya da [[Beljik|gwamnatin Belgium]] ta ba da kuɗi, a shekarar 1971, na biyu kuma [[Jamus|gwamnatin Jamus]], a shekarar 1982. {{Sfn|Trefon|2004}} Faransawa sun amince su ba da kuɗi ga tashar ta biyu a kan Ndjili, amma sun dakatar da tallafin da suke bai wa Shugaba Mobutu, a watan Oktoban 1991. An kuma soke tashar ta uku ta Ndjili, wadda gwamnatin Japan ta ba da kuɗi, saboda satar da aka yi a watan Satumban 1991. Sakamakon ya nuna gazawar biyan mafi ƙarancin buƙatun samar da ruwa. {{Sfn|Trefon|2004}} Magudanar ruwan kogin tana da ƙasa mai yashi da kuma yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, kamar yadda yake a sauran kogunan da ke samar da ruwa ga birnin. Tare da share dazuzzukan, ana samun ƙaruwar zaizayar ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da gurɓatar laka. Lokacin da matakan datti suka tashi sama da iyakar NTU 1,000, wanda aka saba samun rahotanni a kogunan Ndjili da [[Kogin Luka|Lukaya]] a lokacin damina, dole ne masana'antun tsaftace ruwa su dakatar da ayyukansu. Ana buƙatar sinadarai masu haɗuwa da aka shigo da su da lemun tsami da aka shigo da su don ci gaba da aiki da tsire-tsire. {{Sfn|Watershed degradation...}} A wani abin farin ciki, bayan wani aikin shekaru huɗu na Yuro miliyan 51, wanda Bankin Duniya ya ba da kuɗi, a shekara ta 2009, kamfanin Ndjili ya ninka ƙarfinsa zuwa {{Convert|330000|m3|cuft}} kowace rana. Yanzu haka masana'antar za ta iya samar da kusan kashi 65% na ruwan da ke Kinshasa. {{Sfn|World Bank Funding...}} == Lambun kasuwa == A shekarar 1954, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Belgium ta raba filaye ga mata da marasa aikin yi a yankin da ke da dausayi na Kogin Ndijili a kokarin samar da gonakin lambu don samar da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu ga babban birnin. An farfado da wannan al'ada bayan samun 'yancin kai, tana kokarin biyan bukata yayin da yawan mutanen birnin ya karu daga 400,000 a shekarar 1969 zuwa kimanin miliyan 3.2 a shekarar 1990. {{Sfn|Ghorayshi|Bélanger|1996}} An kafa Kungiyar Hadin Kan Lambun Kasuwa ta Kinshasa a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1987. Akwai ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa 32 mambobi a shekarar 2004, kowannensu yana tallafawa cibiyar noma da kuma kula da duk masu lambun kasuwa da ke aiki a wurin. {{Sfn|Redwood|2009}} Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2005 ya nuna cewa yawancin masu lambun kasuwa manoma ne masu ƙwarewa suna noma amfanin gona don samun abin rayuwa. Sun yi amfani da dabarun hannu, inda farfesa ita ce babbar kayan aiki. Masu lambu ba su da ilimi sosai kuma suna cikin talauci sosai, suna rayuwa cikin yanayi mara tsafta. Matsalolin sun haɗa da wahalar samun iri, takin zamani, kayan aikin gona da ruwan ban ruwa, satar kayan lambu da daddare, rashin kyawun hanyoyi, cututtuka masu yaduwa, rashin wutar lantarki da ambaliyar ruwa. {{Sfn|Redwood|2009}} Cutar trypanosomiasis ta ɗan adam a Afirka, ko kuma rashin barci, cuta ce da yawanci ke faruwa ne kawai a yankunan karkara, domin tana yaɗuwa ne ta hanyar [[Ƙudan tsando|ƙudaje]] masu buƙatar haɗin daji da ruwa don bunƙasa. Tsakanin 1970 da 1995, an ruwaito kimanin shari'o'i 39 a kowace shekara a Kinshasa. Adadin shari'o'in da aka rubuta (wanda ƙila sun shafi ingantaccen bincike) sun haura zuwa shari'o'i 254 a 1996, 226 a 1997, 433 a 1998 da 912 a 1999. Adadin ƙudaje daga tarkon kwari a bakin Kogin Ndjili ya nuna cewa aikin lambu a kasuwa ya sake haifar da yanayin da ake buƙata don yaɗuwar cututtuka masu aiki. {{Sfn|Bilengue et al. 2003}} == Manazarta == 7mli4jd35atua8achhwxta3cxl0rk4a 0 153029 842301 2026-05-29T09:45:22Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Isidore Okpewho | honorific_suffix = NNOM | image = | birth_date = 9 Nuwamba 1941 | birth_place = Agbor, Jihar Delta, Najeriya | death_date = 4 Satumba 2016 | death_place = Binghamton, New York, Amurka | occupation = Marubuci, malamin jami’a, mai bincike (scholar), kuma masanin adabi | nationality = Najeriya | genre = Novel, binciken adabi (literary criticism), oral literature | notableworks = ''The Victims'', ''The Last Duty'', ''Tides'', ''Call M... 842301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Isidore Okpewho | honorific_suffix = NNOM | image = | birth_date = 9 Nuwamba 1941 | birth_place = Agbor, Jihar Delta, Najeriya | death_date = 4 Satumba 2016 | death_place = Binghamton, New York, Amurka | occupation = Marubuci, malamin jami’a, mai bincike (scholar), kuma masanin adabi | nationality = Najeriya | genre = Novel, binciken adabi (literary criticism), oral literature | notableworks = ''The Victims'', ''The Last Duty'', ''Tides'', ''Call Me By My Rightful Name'' }} '''Isidore Okpewho''' (9 Nuwamba 1941 – 4 Satumba 2016) sanannen marubucin litattafan Hausa/Ingilishi ne daga Najeriya, kuma daya daga cikin fitattun masana adabin Afirka. An fi saninsa da rubuta novels da kuma bincike kan adabin baka (oral literature) na Afirka. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Isidore Okpewho a Agbor, a Jihar Delta ta Najeriya. Ya yi karatu a St. Patrick’s College, Asaba, sannan ya wuce University College Ibadan inda ya kammala digiri na farko a Classics da sakamako mai kyau (first class). Daga baya ya sami PhD a Comparative Literature daga University of Denver a Amurka. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} == Ayyukan ilimi da aiki == Okpewho ya yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban na ilimi da gwamnati kafin ya koma koyarwa a jami’o’i. Ya koyar a: * University at Buffalo (SUNY) * University of Ibadan * Harvard University * Binghamton University (inda ya yi aiki har zuwa rasuwarsa) Haka kuma ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar International Society for the Oral Literatures of Africa (ISOLA), inda ya bada gudummawa wajen nazarin adabin baka na Afirka. :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2} == Ayyukan rubutu (Literary Works) == Okpewho ya rubuta litattafai da dama da suka shahara a Afirka da duniya. === Litattafan labari (Novels) === * ''The Victims'' (1970) * ''The Last Duty'' (1976) * ''Tides'' (1993) * ''Call Me By My Rightful Name'' (2004) :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3} Littafinsa ''The Last Duty'' ya yi bayani kan yakin basasar Najeriya (Biafra War) da tasirinsa ga al’umma da ƙananan kabilu. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4} === Ayyukan bincike (Scholarly works) === * ''The Epic in Africa'' (1979) * ''Myth in Africa'' (1983) * ''African Oral Literature'' Waɗannan littattafai sun taimaka wajen kafa sabon tunani kan adabin baka da tarihin labaran gargajiya a Afirka. == Karramawa da lambobin yabo == Okpewho ya samu lambobin yabo da dama saboda gudummawarsa ga adabi, ciki har da: * African Arts Prize for Literature (1972) * Commonwealth Writers’ Prize (1993) * Nigerian National Order of Merit (NNOM) == Mutuwa == Isidore Okpewho ya rasu a ranar 4 Satumba 2016 a Binghamton, New York, yana da shekaru 74. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5} == Muhimmanci a adabin Afirka == Okpewho ana daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan marubutan Najeriya da suka yi tasiri sosai a: * adabin labari (fiction) * nazarin adabin baka * binciken tarihin al’adu da tatsuniyoyi Ayyukansa sun taimaka wajen nuna cewa adabin Afirka yana da zurfi da kimar ilimi kamar na sauran sassan duniya. == Manazarta == * Premium Times (2016) – “Foremost literature scholar, Isidore Okpewho, dies at 74” * The Guardian Nigeria (2016) – Obituary and tributes * Vanguard Nigeria (2016) – Reports on his death and legacy * Pulse Nigeria (2016) – Coverage of public reactions * BusinessDay Nigeria (2016) – Literary tribute articles :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6} == Hanyoyin waje == * Isidore Okpewho CV – Binghamton University gbysgvti643lgbpahx6299ruh6bfwg2 0 153030 842302 2026-05-29T09:45:44Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322608558|Menarandra River]]" 842302 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Menarandra''' kogi ne a cikin yankunan Androy da Atsimo-Andrefana a kudancin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. Yana gudana cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] kusa da [[Bevoalavo Est]]. Ruwan da yake fitarwa a kowace shekara yana da ƙarancin ruwa, kimanin lita 2–3/km {{Sup|2}} a Tranora inda shi ma ya ratsa hanyar ƙasa 10. Tsakanin Tranoraa da bakinta a [[Tekun Indiya]] yana yin iyaka tsakanin yankunan Androy da Atsimo-Andrefana. Ƙabilar Mahafaly suna zaune a tsakanin kogin Menaranda da [[kogin Onilahy]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fenn |first=Mark |last2=Rebara |first2=Flavian |date=January 2003 |title=Present Migration Tendencies and Their Impacts in Madagascar's Spiny Forest Ecoregion |url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/abs/10.3167/082279403782088804 |journal=Nomadic Peoples |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=123–137 |doi=10.3167/082279403782088804 |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref> == Manazarta == f9bfrritltpemxo6fld2kiu3xagngof 842303 842302 2026-05-29T09:47:05Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Menarandra''' kogi ne a cikin yankunan Androy da Atsimo-Andrefana a kudancin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. Yana gudana cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] kusa da [[Bevoalavo Est]]. Ruwan da yake fitarwa a kowace shekara yana da ƙarancin ruwa, kimanin lita 2–3/km {{Sup|2}} a Tranora inda shi ma ya ratsa hanyar ƙasa 10. Tsakanin Tranoraa da bakinta a [[Tekun Indiya]] yana yin iyaka tsakanin yankunan Androy da Atsimo-Andrefana. Ƙabilar Mahafaly suna zaune a tsakanin kogin Menaranda da [[kogin Onilahy]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fenn |first=Mark |last2=Rebara |first2=Flavian |date=January 2003 |title=Present Migration Tendencies and Their Impacts in Madagascar's Spiny Forest Ecoregion |url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/abs/10.3167/082279403782088804 |journal=Nomadic Peoples |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=123–137 |doi=10.3167/082279403782088804 |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3f21wbk3vugpcctdpk91ap6mkabgcv5 0 153031 842305 2026-05-29T09:54:17Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1299139206|Fiherenana River]]" 842305 wikitext text/x-wiki Kogin '''Fiherenana''' wani kogi ne a yankin Atsimo-Andrefana da ke kudancin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. Yana kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]] a Tulear. Saboda ''rashin'' kyawun yanayi, ba a yarda da yin tukin jiragen ruwa a kogin ba. <ref>{{In lang|fr}} [http://www.formad-environnement.org/fiherena.html La vallée du Fiherenana (Toliara)]</ref> [[Fayil:JMLeb_2013_Mad_Fiherenana_Toliara_carte_25.jpg|center|thumb|298x298px|Yankin Fiherenana delta]] == Manazarta == n7ey815pvrir3hzydr2uiosyn8j2jbq 842307 842305 2026-05-29T09:56:58Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842307 wikitext text/x-wiki Kogin '''Fiherenana''' wani kogi ne a yankin Atsimo-Andrefana da ke kudancin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]].<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> Yana kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]] a Tulear.<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> Saboda ''rashin'' kyawun yanayi, ba a yarda da yin tukin jiragen ruwa a kogin ba.<ref>{{In lang|fr}} [http://www.formad-environnement.org/fiherena.html La vallée du Fiherenana (Toliara)]</ref> [[Fayil:JMLeb_2013_Mad_Fiherenana_Toliara_carte_25.jpg|center|thumb|298x298px|Yankin Fiherenana delta]] == Manazarta == ru4h5beejqycmlrlxp49k09ah2mzsnd 842308 842307 2026-05-29T09:57:29Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kogin '''Fiherenana''' wani kogi ne a yankin Atsimo-Andrefana da ke kudancin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]].<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> Yana kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]] a Tulear.<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> Saboda ''rashin'' kyawun yanayi, ba a yarda da yin tukin jiragen ruwa a kogin ba.<ref>{{In lang|fr}} [http://www.formad-environnement.org/fiherena.html La vallée du Fiherenana (Toliara)]</ref> [[Fayil:JMLeb_2013_Mad_Fiherenana_Toliara_carte_25.jpg|center|thumb|298x298px|Yankin Fiherenana delta]] == Manazarta == im7w3qpjjf3l8r59hwgctmhzu52nn65 0 153032 842309 2026-05-29T10:01:08Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271262900|Mananara River]]" 842309 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Mananara''' yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan koguna a gabashin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. <ref name="LC">{{Cite web |title=Madagascar-GEOGRAPHY |url=http://countrystudies.us/madagascar/7.htm |access-date=27 September 2017 |website=countrystudies.us |publisher=U. S. Library of Congress}}</ref> Bakinsa yana [[Tekun Indiya]] kusa da birnin [[Vangaindrano]] a yankin Atsimo-Atsinanana. An kafa yankin Mananara ta Kudu ta hanyar haɗakar Menarahaka, Itomampy, da Ionaivo. Ionaivo yana tashi a kan gangaren tsaunin Tsimahamory, a kusan tsayin mita 1500. Itomampy yana tashi ba da nisa da Ionaivo ba, kimanin kilomita 40 daga Tekun Indiya, a kusan mita 1600, kuma yana tafiya arewa har sai ya haɗu da Ionaivo. Menarahaka yana tashi a cikin babban dutsen Andringitra, a kusan tsayin mita 2000. Sahambano yana haɗuwa da shi kafin ya haɗu da Ionaivo. == Manazarta == Mananara RiverMananara RiverMananara RiverMananara RiverMananara River fxyznmvbpazdo6oa5nbk0xk8wjbjj23 842310 842309 2026-05-29T10:04:27Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842310 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Mananara''' yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan koguna a gabashin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. <ref name="LC">{{Cite web |title=Madagascar-GEOGRAPHY |url=http://countrystudies.us/madagascar/7.htm |access-date=27 September 2017 |website=countrystudies.us |publisher=U. S. Library of Congress}}</ref> Bakinsa yana [[Tekun Indiya]] kusa da birnin [[Vangaindrano]] a yankin Atsimo-Atsinanana.<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> An kafa yankin Mananara ta Kudu ta hanyar haɗakar Menarahaka, Itomampy, da Ionaivo.<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> Ionaivo yana tashi a kan gangaren tsaunin Tsimahamory, a kusan tsayin mita 1500. Itomampy yana tashi ba da nisa da Ionaivo ba, kimanin kilomita 40 daga Tekun Indiya, a kusan mita 1600, kuma yana tafiya arewa har sai ya haɗu da Ionaivo.<ref name="aldg">Aldegheri, Marius. ''Rivers and Streams on Madagascar'', in Battistini, Rene & G. Richard-Vindard (ed.), ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar'', p. 266–67 (1972))</ref> Menarahaka yana tashi a cikin babban dutsen Andringitra, a kusan tsayin mita 2000. Sahambano yana haɗuwa da shi kafin ya haɗu da Ionaivo.<ref name="aldg">Aldegheri, Marius. ''Rivers and Streams on Madagascar'', in Battistini, Rene & G. Richard-Vindard (ed.), ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar'', p. 266–67 (1972))</ref> == Manazarta == eb2rmmxxf3u8j9weht8gm259yntpudy 842312 842310 2026-05-29T10:06:27Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Mananara''' yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan koguna a gabashin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. <ref name="LC">{{Cite web |title=Madagascar-GEOGRAPHY |url=http://countrystudies.us/madagascar/7.htm |access-date=27 September 2017 |website=countrystudies.us |publisher=U. S. Library of Congress}}</ref> Bakinsa yana [[Tekun Indiya]] kusa da birnin [[Vangaindrano]] a yankin Atsimo-Atsinanana.<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> An kafa yankin Mananara ta Kudu ta hanyar haɗakar Menarahaka, Itomampy, da Ionaivo.<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> Ionaivo yana tashi a kan gangaren tsaunin Tsimahamory, a kusan tsayin mita 1500. Itomampy yana tashi ba da nisa da Ionaivo ba, kimanin kilomita 40 daga Tekun Indiya, a kusan mita 1600, kuma yana tafiya arewa har sai ya haɗu da Ionaivo.<ref name="aldg">Aldegheri, Marius. ''Rivers and Streams on Madagascar'', in Battistini, Rene & G. Richard-Vindard (ed.), ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar'', p. 266–67 (1972))</ref> Menarahaka yana tashi a cikin babban dutsen Andringitra, a kusan tsayin mita 2000. Sahambano yana haɗuwa da shi kafin ya haɗu da Ionaivo.<ref name="aldg">Aldegheri, Marius. ''Rivers and Streams on Madagascar'', in Battistini, Rene & G. Richard-Vindard (ed.), ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar'', p. 266–67 (1972))</ref> == Manazarta == 1izr1ein54ikt4w10bismdx3ekcc7ck 0 153033 842313 2026-05-29T10:08:35Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Jacob K. Olupona | image = | birth_date = 5 ga Fabrairu 1951 | birth_place = Ondo State, Najeriya | nationality = Nijeriya / Amurka | occupation = Malamin jami’a, marubuci, masanin addinai | known_for = Nazarin addinan gargajiya na Afirka, musamman na Yarbawa | institution = Harvard University }} '''Jacob Kehinde Olupona''' (an haife shi 1951) fitaccen masanin addinai ne na asalin Najeriya wanda ya kware wajen nazarin addinan gargajiya na Afirka,... 842313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jacob K. Olupona | image = | birth_date = 5 ga Fabrairu 1951 | birth_place = Ondo State, Najeriya | nationality = Nijeriya / Amurka | occupation = Malamin jami’a, marubuci, masanin addinai | known_for = Nazarin addinan gargajiya na Afirka, musamman na Yarbawa | institution = Harvard University }} '''Jacob Kehinde Olupona''' (an haife shi 1951) fitaccen masanin addinai ne na asalin Najeriya wanda ya kware wajen nazarin addinan gargajiya na Afirka, musamman na kabilar Yarbawa. Yana aiki a matsayin farfesa a Harvard University, inda yake koyarwa a fannin African Religious Traditions tare da haɗin gwiwa a African and African American Studies. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Olupona a jihar Ondo, Najeriya. Ya karanci ilimin addinai a University of Nigeria, Nsukka, inda ya samu digirin farko (BA) a shekarar 1975. Daga baya ya tafi Boston University a Amurka, inda ya samu MA da PhD a fannin History of Religions a shekarun 1981 da 1983. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} == Aikin ilimi == Olupona ya yi aiki a jami’o’i daban-daban kafin ya shiga Harvard University a 2006. A Harvard, yana koyar da darussa kan addinan Afirka da kuma al’adun addini a nahiyar Afirka da diaspora. :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2} Bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali kan: * Addinan gargajiya na Afirka * Addinan Yarbawa (Yoruba religion) * Addinan Afirka a Amurka * Dangantakar addini da siyasa a Afirka :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3} == Ayyuka da rubuce-rubuce == Daga cikin littattafansa akwai: * ''African Religions: A Very Short Introduction'' * ''City of 201 Gods: Ilé-Ifè in Time, Space, and the Imagination'' * ''African Immigrant Religions in America'' * ''Kingship, Religion, and Rituals in a Nigerian Community'' :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4} == Muhimmanci a ilimi == Olupona ya shahara wajen bayyana yadda addinan Afirka suke da muhimmanci a rayuwar yau da kullum, da kuma yadda suka shafi al’adu, siyasa da zamantakewa. Ya kuma taimaka wajen gabatar da ra’ayin “reverse missionaries” (’yan Afirka da ke yada addini a Turai da Amurka). :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5} == Kyaututtuka == Ya samu lambobin yabo da dama ciki har da: * Nigerian National Order of Merit (NNOM) * American Academy of Arts and Sciences fellowship * Martin E. Marty Award for Public Understanding of Religion :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6} == Nuni == Olupona ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana da suka taimaka wajen bunƙasa nazarin addinan Afirka a duniya, musamman a jami’o’in Amurka kamar Harvard. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7} == Manazarta == {{reflist}} gyftrd6yvaserw29vnx0jhplppr465m 0 153034 842314 2026-05-29T10:11:46Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353645491|Manambolo River]]" 842314 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Tsingy_-_016.jpg|left|thumb|Kogin Manambolo]] '''Kogin Manambolo''' [[kogi]] ne a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka na yammacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] mai nisan kilomita 370. Ya ketare Tsingy de Bemaraha Tsantsan Yanayin da Maningoza Reserve. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maningoza Special Reserve |url=http://www.madagaskar.com/parks-and-reserves/maningoza-special-reserve.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702223624/http://www.madagaskar.com/parks-and-reserves/maningoza-special-reserve.html |archive-date=2 July 2016 |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=Madagaskar.com}}</ref> [[Fayil:Carte_bassin_Manambolo.svg|left|thumb|Kogin Manambolo Bassin]] Hanyar ƙasa mara shimfidawa ta 8 (Madagascar) ta ratsa wannan kogin ta jirgin ruwa. Wannan kogin yana gudana ta Tsiroanomandidy, Bekopaka, [[Ambakaka]], [[Ankaramena]], Ankavandra da Soaloka. == Manazarta == Mananara RiverManambolo RiverMananara RiverManambolo River 4arkxiu3ryny3dcv5bpieobawkfkhnh 842315 842314 2026-05-29T10:12:12Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 842315 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Tsingy_-_016.jpg|left|thumb|Kogin Manambolo]] '''Kogin Manambolo''' [[kogi]] ne a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka na yammacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] mai nisan kilomita 370. Ya ketare Tsingy de Bemaraha Tsantsan Yanayin da Maningoza Reserve. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maningoza Special Reserve |url=http://www.madagaskar.com/parks-and-reserves/maningoza-special-reserve.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702223624/http://www.madagaskar.com/parks-and-reserves/maningoza-special-reserve.html |archive-date=2 July 2016 |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=Madagaskar.com}}</ref> [[Fayil:Carte_bassin_Manambolo.svg|left|thumb|Kogin Manambolo Bassin]] Hanyar ƙasa mara shimfidawa ta 8 (Madagascar) ta ratsa wannan kogin ta jirgin ruwa. Wannan kogin yana gudana ta Tsiroanomandidy, Bekopaka, [[Ambakaka]], [[Ankaramena]], Ankavandra da Soaloka. == Manazarta == cgxmd6z5kp5ftigstcg2z0rbyy2gkmn 842316 842315 2026-05-29T10:13:23Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842316 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Tsingy_-_016.jpg|left|thumb|Kogin Manambolo]] '''Kogin Manambolo''' [[kogi]] ne a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka na yammacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] mai nisan kilomita 370.<ref name=":0" /> Ya ketare Tsingy de Bemaraha Tsantsan Yanayin da Maningoza Reserve. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Maningoza Special Reserve |url=http://www.madagaskar.com/parks-and-reserves/maningoza-special-reserve.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702223624/http://www.madagaskar.com/parks-and-reserves/maningoza-special-reserve.html |archive-date=2 July 2016 |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=Madagaskar.com}}</ref> [[Fayil:Carte_bassin_Manambolo.svg|left|thumb|Kogin Manambolo Bassin]] Hanyar ƙasa mara shimfidawa ta 8 (Madagascar) ta ratsa wannan kogin ta jirgin ruwa. Wannan kogin yana gudana ta Tsiroanomandidy, Bekopaka, [[Ambakaka]], [[Ankaramena]], Ankavandra da Soaloka. == Manazarta == 2uwa44vn6nfoq68e0i1q5zq1dx62q4p 842317 842316 2026-05-29T10:14:15Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842317 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Tsingy_-_016.jpg|left|thumb|Kogin Manambolo]] '''Kogin Manambolo''' [[kogi]] ne a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka na yammacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] mai nisan kilomita 370.<ref name=":0" /> Ya ketare Tsingy de Bemaraha Tsantsan Yanayin da Maningoza Reserve. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Maningoza Special Reserve |url=http://www.madagaskar.com/parks-and-reserves/maningoza-special-reserve.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702223624/http://www.madagaskar.com/parks-and-reserves/maningoza-special-reserve.html |archive-date=2 July 2016 |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=Madagaskar.com}}</ref> [[Fayil:Carte_bassin_Manambolo.svg|left|thumb|Kogin Manambolo Bassin]] Hanyar ƙasa mara shimfidawa ta 8 (Madagascar) ta ratsa wannan kogin ta jirgin ruwa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Maningoza Special Reserve |url=http://www.madagaskar.com/parks-and-reserves/maningoza-special-reserve.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702223624/http://www.madagaskar.com/parks-and-reserves/maningoza-special-reserve.html |archive-date=2 July 2016 |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=Madagaskar.com}}</ref> Wannan kogin yana gudana ta Tsiroanomandidy, Bekopaka, [[Ambakaka]], [[Ankaramena]], Ankavandra da Soaloka. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Maningoza Special Reserve |url=http://www.madagaskar.com/parks-and-reserves/maningoza-special-reserve.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702223624/http://www.madagaskar.com/parks-and-reserves/maningoza-special-reserve.html |archive-date=2 July 2016 |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=Madagaskar.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == fd5a3t296chp7erajfab8noodfcnesu 0 153035 842318 2026-05-29T10:14:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354493807|False Bay]]" 842318 wikitext text/x-wiki   False Bay ([[Afrikaans]]: ''Valsbaai'') wani ruwa ne a cikin Tekun Atlantika tsakanin tsaunuka na Cape Peninsula da tsaunukan Hottentots Holland a cikin matsanancin kudu maso yammacin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Bakin bayin yana fuskantar kudu kuma Cape Point ne ya iyakance shi zuwa yamma da Cape Hangklip zuwa gabas. Yankin arewacin bayin shine Cape Flats mai ƙasƙanci, kuma gefen gabas shine ƙafar Dutsen Hottentots Holland zuwa Cape Hangklip, wanda ke kusan kusan daidai da Cape Point. A cikin shirin, bayin kusan murabba'i ne, tare da kusan daidai daga arewa zuwa kudu kamar daga gabas zuwa yamma, kuma gefen kudu yana buɗewa zuwa teku. Rashin teku gabaɗaya yana gangara a hankali daga arewa zuwa kudu, kuma galibi yana da shimfiɗa mai laushi wanda ba a haɗa shi ba. Yawancin bayin yana kusa da bakin tekun Birnin Cape Town, kuma ya haɗa da wani ɓangare na Yankin Kare Marine na Table Mountain National Park da dukan Yankin Kare Marina na Helderberg. An yi amfani da sunan "False Bay" aƙalla shekaru 300 da suka gabata ta hanyar ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da suka dawo daga gabas, waɗanda suka rikitar da Cape Point da Cape Hangklip, waɗanda suke da kama da juna a cikin bayanin martaba lokacin da aka kusanci su daga kudu maso gabas. False Bay yana a iyakar yammacin iyakar yankin Agulhas wanda ya kai daga Cape Point zuwa Kogin Mbashe a kan iyakar nahiyar, a cikin yankin da ke tsakanin Cape Agulhas da Cape Point inda Agulhas Current da ruwan Kudancin Atlantic ya haɗu. Shelf din na nahiyar yana da faɗin gaske a cikin wannan yankin, yana kaiwa har zuwa kilomita {{Convert|240|km}} (150 a bakin tekun Agulhas Bank, amma ya fi ƙanƙanta daga False Bay. Wannan yankin yana da mafi yawan nau'ikan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu kuma yanki ne na kiwo ga nau'o'i da yawa. Canjin tsakanin yankin Agulhas da Yankin Benguela mai sanyi yana Cape Point, a kan iyakar yammacin False Bay. False Bay kuma ya ƙunshi mafi girman sansanin sojan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu a Simon's Town (a tarihi tushe ne ga Royal Navy), da ƙananan tashar jiragen ruwa a Kalk Bay da Gordon's Bay. == Bayyanawa da wuri == [[Fayil:Cape_of_Good_Hope_Iss059e078303_lrg.jpg|thumb|Ra'ayi na Birnin Cape Town yana nuna yankin Cape da Cape Flats daga tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya]] Yankin yammacin yana da iyaka da yankin Cape Peninsula, kuma wannan iyakar bakin teku ya haɗa da karamin Buffels Bay, Smitswinkel Bay, Simon's Bay, da Fish Hoek Bay. A Muizenberg, bakin tekun ya zama ƙasa da yashi kuma yana karkata gabas a fadin iyakar kudancin Cape Flats zuwa Gordon's Bay don samar da iyakar arewacin False Bay. Daga Gordon's Bay, bakin tekun yana juyawa kusan kudu da zigzags tare da ƙasan Dutsen Hottentots Holland zuwa Cape Hangklip, wanda yake kusan daidai da Cape Point. Mafi girman tudu a wannan gefen shine Kogelberg a {{Convert|1269|m}}. A cikin shirin, bayin kusan 'i ne, tare da gefuna masu juyawa, kusan daidai da haka daga arewa zuwa kudu kamar daga gabas zuwa yamma (kilomita ), tare da duk gefen kudu a buɗe zuwa teku. An auna yankin False Bay a kusan km2 sq , kuma ƙarar kusan {{Convert|45|km3}} km3 mi) (mazaunin zurfin kusan 40 m). An auna iyakar ƙasa daga taswirar sikelin 1:50,000 a kilomita 116. Yankin gabas da yammacin bakin teku suna da duwatsu sosai har ma da tsaunuka; a wurare, manyan dutsen suna nutsewa cikin ruwa. Shahararrun tsaunuka da ke da alaƙa da bay sun haɗa da Koeëlberg ({{Cvt|1289|m}} ), wanda ke tashi daga ruwa da kansa, yana samar da mafi girman matsayi na Kogelberg, da kuma [[Somerset Sneeukop]] (1590m / 5217 feet) da Wemmershoek Peak ({{Cvt|1788|m}} ), waɗanda ke bayyane a fadin bayin. Wasu daga cikin tsaunuka mafi girma da ake gani a fadin False Bay sun hada da Du Toits Peak kusa da Paarl ({{Cvt|1995|m}} ), Klein Winterhoek Peak kusa le Tulbagh ({{Cvt|1995|m}} (6,544 , Mostertshoek Peek a Yammacin iyakar Michell's Pass ({{Cvt|2008|m}} ) da Groot Winterhoek peak Arewacin Tulbagh ({{Cvt|2077|m}} ). Yankin arewacin ya bayyana ta hanyar tsawo, mai laushi, rairayin bakin teku. Wannan yashi na arewacin bay yana nuna gefen kudancin Cape Flats. Bayin yana da faɗin kilomita 30 a mafi faɗin sa.&nbsp; Alamun bakin teku da ake gani daga bakin teku a False Bay, an jera su daga Cape Point zuwa Cape Hangklip: === Yanayin ƙasa === [[Fayil:Whittle_rock_and_surrounds_181022.jpg|thumb|Taswirar sonar Multibeam na yankin Whittle Rock]] Yanayin ƙasa na False Bay gabaɗaya yana da santsi kuma ba shi da zurfi, yana gangarowa a hankali zuwa ƙasa a kusan 3 m a kowace kilomita daga arewa zuwa kudu, don haka zurfin a tsakiyar bakin yana da kusan 80 m. An rufe ƙasa da laka daga mai laushi sosai zuwa mai kyau, tare da mafi yawan laka mai kyau da laka a tsakiyar bay. Babban banbanci shine doguwar dutse mai laushi wanda ya shimfiɗa zuwa kudu daga Strand zuwa kusan matakin tare da bakin Kogin Steenbras. Yankin kudancin wannan tudun an san shi da Steenbras Deep . &nbsp;&nbsp; Akwai tsibiri guda ɗaya na gaskiya a cikin bayin, [[tsibirin]] Seal, wani ɓarna da dutse mai laushi na dutse game da tsawon mita 200 kuma tare da yanki na kimanin hekta 2. Yana da kusan kilomita 6 a kudancin Strandfontein kuma yana ƙasa da mita 10 sama da matakin teku a mafi girman matsayi. Yawancin ƙananan tsibirai masu duwatsu sun shimfiɗa sama da alamar ruwa mai zurfi, da sauran duwatsu da raƙuman ruwa da ke kusantar farfajiya. Mafi girma daga cikin wadannan, kuma mafi mahimmancin haɗarin kewayawa a cikin bay, shine Whittle Rock, babban dutse mai zurfi game da rabi zuwa cikin bay da kwata na hanyar da ke fadin daga Cape Peninsula (34°14.846′S 18°33.714′E / 34.247433°S 18.561900°E / -34.247433; 18.561900)), wanda ke da kusan kilomita ɗaya a diamita kuma yana tashi daga ƙasa mai laushi a kusan 40 m zuwa cikin farfajiya. Akwai ƙananan dutsen dutse da aka warwatsa zuwa kudu, gabas, da yammacin Whittle Rock, da kuma ƙananan dutsen granite zuwa arewa maso yamma. Yawancin waɗannan reefs a gefen yammacin bay sun ƙunshi dutse daga Peninsula pluton. Duk da haka, gabashin Tsibirin Seal gabaɗaya sandstone ne, ko dai daga jerin Dutsen Tebur, ko kuma na tushen Tygerberg. Whittle Rock reef na iya karkatar da manyan raƙuman guguwa na kudu maso gabas, suna ƙara girman su a kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kalk Bay.<ref name="Pfaff et al 2019">{{Cite journal |last=Pfaff |first=Maya C. |last2=Logston |first2=Renae C. |last3=Raemaekers |first3=Serge J.P.N. |last4=Hermes |first4=Juliet C. |last5=Blamey |first5=Laura K. |last6=Cawthra |first6=Hayley C. |last7=Colenbrander |first7=Darryl R. |last8=Crawford |first8=Robert J. M. |last9=Day |first9=Elizabeth |last10=du Plessis |first10=Nicole |last11=Elwen |first11=Simon H. |last12=Fawcett |first12=Sarah E. |last13=Jury |first13=Mark R. |last14=Karenyi |first14=Natasha |last15=Kerwath |first15=Sven E. |year=2019 |title=A synthesis of three decades of socio-ecological change in False Bay, South Africa: setting the scene for multidisciplinary research and management |journal=Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene |volume=7 |issue=32 |bibcode=2019EleSA...7...32P |doi=10.1525/elementa.367 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}} Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0)</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Manazarta == [[Fayil:CapeHopeDetail.png|right|thumb|Taswirar da ke nuna wuraren False Bay da Table BayTebur Bay]] r7pawflvfgc8iulve7wq4xszwctj962 842319 842318 2026-05-29T10:15:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 842319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''False Bay''' ([[Afrikaans]]: ''Valsbaai'') wani ruwa ne a cikin Tekun Atlantika tsakanin tsaunuka na Cape Peninsula da tsaunukan Hottentots Holland a cikin matsanancin kudu maso yammacin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Bakin bayin yana fuskantar kudu kuma Cape Point ne ya iyakance shi zuwa yamma da Cape Hangklip zuwa gabas. Yankin arewacin bayin shine Cape Flats mai ƙasƙanci, kuma gefen gabas shine ƙafar Dutsen Hottentots Holland zuwa Cape Hangklip, wanda ke kusan kusan daidai da Cape Point. A cikin shirin, bayin kusan murabba'i ne, tare da kusan daidai daga arewa zuwa kudu kamar daga gabas zuwa yamma, kuma gefen kudu yana buɗewa zuwa teku. Rashin teku gabaɗaya yana gangara a hankali daga arewa zuwa kudu, kuma galibi yana da shimfiɗa mai laushi wanda ba a haɗa shi ba. Yawancin bayin yana kusa da bakin tekun Birnin Cape Town, kuma ya haɗa da wani ɓangare na Yankin Kare Marine na Table Mountain National Park da dukan Yankin Kare Marina na Helderberg. An yi amfani da sunan "False Bay" aƙalla shekaru 300 da suka gabata ta hanyar ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da suka dawo daga gabas, waɗanda suka rikitar da Cape Point da Cape Hangklip, waɗanda suke da kama da juna a cikin bayanin martaba lokacin da aka kusanci su daga kudu maso gabas. False Bay yana a iyakar yammacin iyakar yankin Agulhas wanda ya kai daga Cape Point zuwa Kogin Mbashe a kan iyakar nahiyar, a cikin yankin da ke tsakanin Cape Agulhas da Cape Point inda Agulhas Current da ruwan Kudancin Atlantic ya haɗu. Shelf din na nahiyar yana da faɗin gaske a cikin wannan yankin, yana kaiwa har zuwa kilomita {{Convert|240|km}} (150 a bakin tekun Agulhas Bank, amma ya fi ƙanƙanta daga False Bay. Wannan yankin yana da mafi yawan nau'ikan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu kuma yanki ne na kiwo ga nau'o'i da yawa. Canjin tsakanin yankin Agulhas da Yankin Benguela mai sanyi yana Cape Point, a kan iyakar yammacin False Bay. False Bay kuma ya ƙunshi mafi girman sansanin sojan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu a Simon's Town (a tarihi tushe ne ga Royal Navy), da ƙananan tashar jiragen ruwa a Kalk Bay da Gordon's Bay. == Bayyanawa da wuri == [[Fayil:Cape_of_Good_Hope_Iss059e078303_lrg.jpg|thumb|Ra'ayi na Birnin Cape Town yana nuna yankin Cape da Cape Flats daga tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya]] Yankin yammacin yana da iyaka da yankin Cape Peninsula, kuma wannan iyakar bakin teku ya haɗa da karamin Buffels Bay, Smitswinkel Bay, Simon's Bay, da Fish Hoek Bay. A Muizenberg, bakin tekun ya zama ƙasa da yashi kuma yana karkata gabas a fadin iyakar kudancin Cape Flats zuwa Gordon's Bay don samar da iyakar arewacin False Bay. Daga Gordon's Bay, bakin tekun yana juyawa kusan kudu da zigzags tare da ƙasan Dutsen Hottentots Holland zuwa Cape Hangklip, wanda yake kusan daidai da Cape Point. Mafi girman tudu a wannan gefen shine Kogelberg a {{Convert|1269|m}}. A cikin shirin, bayin kusan 'i ne, tare da gefuna masu juyawa, kusan daidai da haka daga arewa zuwa kudu kamar daga gabas zuwa yamma (kilomita ), tare da duk gefen kudu a buɗe zuwa teku. An auna yankin False Bay a kusan km2 sq , kuma ƙarar kusan {{Convert|45|km3}} km3 mi) (mazaunin zurfin kusan 40 m). An auna iyakar ƙasa daga taswirar sikelin 1:50,000 a kilomita 116. Yankin gabas da yammacin bakin teku suna da duwatsu sosai har ma da tsaunuka; a wurare, manyan dutsen suna nutsewa cikin ruwa. Shahararrun tsaunuka da ke da alaƙa da bay sun haɗa da Koeëlberg ({{Cvt|1289|m}} ), wanda ke tashi daga ruwa da kansa, yana samar da mafi girman matsayi na Kogelberg, da kuma [[Somerset Sneeukop]] (1590m / 5217 feet) da Wemmershoek Peak ({{Cvt|1788|m}} ), waɗanda ke bayyane a fadin bayin. Wasu daga cikin tsaunuka mafi girma da ake gani a fadin False Bay sun hada da Du Toits Peak kusa da Paarl ({{Cvt|1995|m}} ), Klein Winterhoek Peak kusa le Tulbagh ({{Cvt|1995|m}} (6,544 , Mostertshoek Peek a Yammacin iyakar Michell's Pass ({{Cvt|2008|m}} ) da Groot Winterhoek peak Arewacin Tulbagh ({{Cvt|2077|m}} ). Yankin arewacin ya bayyana ta hanyar tsawo, mai laushi, rairayin bakin teku. Wannan yashi na arewacin bay yana nuna gefen kudancin Cape Flats. Bayin yana da faɗin kilomita 30 a mafi faɗin sa.&nbsp; Alamun bakin teku da ake gani daga bakin teku a False Bay, an jera su daga Cape Point zuwa Cape Hangklip: === Yanayin ƙasa === [[Fayil:Whittle_rock_and_surrounds_181022.jpg|thumb|Taswirar sonar Multibeam na yankin Whittle Rock]] Yanayin ƙasa na False Bay gabaɗaya yana da santsi kuma ba shi da zurfi, yana gangarowa a hankali zuwa ƙasa a kusan 3 m a kowace kilomita daga arewa zuwa kudu, don haka zurfin a tsakiyar bakin yana da kusan 80 m. An rufe ƙasa da laka daga mai laushi sosai zuwa mai kyau, tare da mafi yawan laka mai kyau da laka a tsakiyar bay. Babban banbanci shine doguwar dutse mai laushi wanda ya shimfiɗa zuwa kudu daga Strand zuwa kusan matakin tare da bakin Kogin Steenbras. Yankin kudancin wannan tudun an san shi da Steenbras Deep . &nbsp;&nbsp; Akwai tsibiri guda ɗaya na gaskiya a cikin bayin, [[tsibirin]] Seal, wani ɓarna da dutse mai laushi na dutse game da tsawon mita 200 kuma tare da yanki na kimanin hekta 2. Yana da kusan kilomita 6 a kudancin Strandfontein kuma yana ƙasa da mita 10 sama da matakin teku a mafi girman matsayi. Yawancin ƙananan tsibirai masu duwatsu sun shimfiɗa sama da alamar ruwa mai zurfi, da sauran duwatsu da raƙuman ruwa da ke kusantar farfajiya. Mafi girma daga cikin wadannan, kuma mafi mahimmancin haɗarin kewayawa a cikin bay, shine Whittle Rock, babban dutse mai zurfi game da rabi zuwa cikin bay da kwata na hanyar da ke fadin daga Cape Peninsula (34°14.846′S 18°33.714′E / 34.247433°S 18.561900°E / -34.247433; 18.561900)), wanda ke da kusan kilomita ɗaya a diamita kuma yana tashi daga ƙasa mai laushi a kusan 40 m zuwa cikin farfajiya. Akwai ƙananan dutsen dutse da aka warwatsa zuwa kudu, gabas, da yammacin Whittle Rock, da kuma ƙananan dutsen granite zuwa arewa maso yamma. Yawancin waɗannan reefs a gefen yammacin bay sun ƙunshi dutse daga Peninsula pluton. Duk da haka, gabashin Tsibirin Seal gabaɗaya sandstone ne, ko dai daga jerin Dutsen Tebur, ko kuma na tushen Tygerberg. Whittle Rock reef na iya karkatar da manyan raƙuman guguwa na kudu maso gabas, suna ƙara girman su a kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kalk Bay.<ref name="Pfaff et al 2019">{{Cite journal |last=Pfaff |first=Maya C. |last2=Logston |first2=Renae C. |last3=Raemaekers |first3=Serge J.P.N. |last4=Hermes |first4=Juliet C. |last5=Blamey |first5=Laura K. |last6=Cawthra |first6=Hayley C. |last7=Colenbrander |first7=Darryl R. |last8=Crawford |first8=Robert J. M. |last9=Day |first9=Elizabeth |last10=du Plessis |first10=Nicole |last11=Elwen |first11=Simon H. |last12=Fawcett |first12=Sarah E. |last13=Jury |first13=Mark R. |last14=Karenyi |first14=Natasha |last15=Kerwath |first15=Sven E. |year=2019 |title=A synthesis of three decades of socio-ecological change in False Bay, South Africa: setting the scene for multidisciplinary research and management |journal=Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene |volume=7 |issue=32 |bibcode=2019EleSA...7...32P |doi=10.1525/elementa.367 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}} Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0)</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Manazarta == [[Fayil:CapeHopeDetail.png|right|thumb|Taswirar da ke nuna wuraren False Bay da Table BayTebur Bay]] 1edv7272gs84w3ogiqfr193jwuixmt9 0 153036 842320 2026-05-29T10:15:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1233660446|Herolds Bay]]" 842320 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Herolds Bay''' (Afrikaans) wani wurin shakatawa ne na rairayin bakin teku a bakin tekun Kudancin Cape . Yana da nisan kilomita 6.4 daga Filin jirgin saman George kuma ana iya isa ta hanyar R404 (hanyar Skimmelkrans).<ref>Main Place Herolds Bay". Census 2011. "Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 208.</ref> == Tarihi == Gidan shakatawa na rairayin bakin teku da farko ya kasance wani ɓangare na gonar Brakfontein, sannan mallakar Dirk Lamprecht kuma daga baya na Frans Gericke. Har yanzu zuriyar wannan na ƙarshe suna da sha'awa a yankin. Kodayake an fara saninsa da Sandstrand, a cikin 1823 an sanya masa suna ne bayan mai kula da farko a kan George, Tobias Johannes Herold, <ref name="dsapn">{{Cite web |title=Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain) |url=https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames |publisher=Human Science Research Council |page=208}}</ref> mai kifi mai ƙwazo. Da farko galibi George ne da mutanen da ke kusa da su suka kafa sansani a nan. Daga baya wani karamin rukuni daga Oudtshoorn (kuma musamman Kamanassie) ya biyo su. Oompie Meyer da John Urban, sanannun mazauna George, sun ɗauki aikin a cikin 1904 na rarraba ƙananan filayen ƙasa don alfarwan masu hutu, wagons da canopies. An kawo kayan gini a kan sleds da alfadarai ke ja. An gina gidan hutu na farko a 1895 ga Matilda Howitson daga Blanco. Wannan shi ne mataki na farko a ci gaban wurin shakatawa na yau da kullun. Kafin 1928, akwai gida daya kawai a gefen yamma, Sandstrand Street. Wannan shi ne gidan yammacin cocin kuma an gina shi ga 'yan'uwa mata da' yan mata na Makarantar Convent a kan George. Jerin baƙi na farko da masu gidaje jerin sunayen dukkan fitattun mutane ne na lokacin da ke kusa da su. Mazaunin dindindin na farko shine Thompson. Ya tsira daga fashewar jirgin ruwa a 1920 kuma ya yi gidansa a cikin kogo na bakin teku na tsawon shekaru takwas. == Yin iyo, kamun kifi, hawan igiyar ruwa == Raƙuman ruwa sanannen filin wasa ne a ranakun zafi. A gefen Stella Maris Chapel, John Urban da George Divisional Council suna da babban tafkin ruwa da aka gina don masu iyo a 1935. A lokacin wariyar launin fata, an gina tafki a Skulpieshoek . Ana samun [[Surfing|Masu hawan igiyar ruwa]] a cikin bay duk shekara. A lokacin hutun makaranta na rani, karamar hukumar George tana da ƙungiyar masu tsaron rairayin bakin teku da aka horar da su a lokacin da suke aiki a rana. Ga mai kamun kifi, yankin aljanna ce. A gabas Hanyar tafiya tana kaiwa kan duwatsu zuwa Bankin Scott, Dollieskraal da Dutton's Cove. A gefen yamma akwai hanyar da ke kaiwa Voëlklip. Hakanan ana iya isa ta mota ta hanyar Rooikransies Road wanda ke juyawa kudu daga Skimmelkrans Road. Daga hanyar fita zuwa Voëlklip yana da kilomita 21⁄2 a kan hanya mai datti. Bayan kusan kilomita 1 daga fita akwai wurin ajiye motoci don tafiya zuwa Rooikransies da kuma yamma zuwa Kogin Maalgaten.&nbsp; == Hanyoyin shiga == A farkon shekarun, kekunan shanu masu nauyi sun shiga bakin teku. Musamman saukowa ta ƙarshe ba ta kasance aiki mai sauƙi ga mutum, bijimi da karusa ba. Duk abin da ake buƙata don hutun dole ne a ɗauka tare, gami da [[Kaza|kaji]] masu rai waɗanda za su kasance wani ɓangare na abincin Kirsimeti. Lokacin da suka isa, an tara shanu a cikin teku don kawar da ƙwayoyin su. Bayan haka su da wagons sun koma filin inda Gerickes suka kula da su har sai an fara komawa baya. A cikin 1911 an gina hanyar farko zuwa Herolds Bay. Ya bi hanyar karusar bijimi daga George. Tsakanin unguwar Bos-en-Dal ta yanzu da hanyar jirgin kasa, a fadin gonar Soutkloof, ta hanyar Kogin Gwaing da kuma wuce gonar Dutton's Cove. Kusa da teku hanyar, wanda yanzu ake kira Rooidraai Road, tana da tsayi sosai. A 1933, [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] ya gina ɗakin sujada kusa da gidansu. John Urban da matarsa (na sanannen masana'antar takalma ta Urban a kan George) sun ba da gudummawar ƙasar kuma sun kasance suna da hannu sosai a gina ɗakin sujada. A yau, Stella Maris Chapel sanannen alama ce a cikin ƙauyen. An gina zauren coci na Dutch Reformed Church a cikin 1941 a kan makircin da Cecil Gericke ya bayar don manufar. Ruwa mai laushi, kamar yadda yake tare da wuraren shakatawa da yawa na rairayin bakin teku, matsala ce tun daga farko. Cocin ya yi amfani da damar ta hanyar sayar da ruwa mai kyau don biyan bashin ginin su. A shekara ta 1987, an canza zauren cocin zuwa cibiyar coci tare da kara gidajen matasa biyu. A halin yanzu mallakar ikilisiyar Dutch Reformed ce George-Suid . == Ci gaba == Akwai gidajen baƙi tun farkon shekarun 1940. Akwai shago daya da ke buɗewa a duk shekara. A lokacin hutun makaranta da karshen mako akwai wasu kiosks a bakin rairayin bakin teku. Herolds Bay yana da mazauna dindindin kaɗan. Yawancin gidaje suna da kyau sosai kuma sun kasance daga farkon rabin karni na baya. Wasu daga cikin wadannan tsoffin gidaje an rushe su kuma an maye gurbinsu da gine-gine masu hawa biyu. Inda Hanyar Skimmelkrans ta ƙare, Ernie Els yana da gidan da aka gina kusa da rairayin bakin teku. A shekara ta 1972, wani ɓangare na gonar Buffelsfontein a kan tudu an canza shi zuwa yankin zama na Herolds Bay Heights. Akwai mazauna dindindin da yawa waɗanda galibi suna aiki a George. Tare da wannan ci gaba, Herolds Bay kuma an haɗa shi da wutar lantarki, ruwa da hanyar sadarwa ta George. Wannan ya amfana da ci gaba. Mutane da yawa kuma suna zaune a gidan golf da ke kusa da Oubaai (Dutton's Cove). == Ilimin ƙasa == An ajiye duwatsu a cikin bayin tsakanin shekaru miliyan 600 da 900 da suka gabata a matsayin yumɓu da yashi mai laka. Kimanin shekaru miliyan 580 da suka gabata ya zo ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga kudu maso yamma kuma an ninka duwatsu, sun fashe kuma sun fashe. A lokaci guda, dutse ya shiga cikin tsagewa a cikin nau'in magma tare da zafin jiki har zuwa digiri 1,000 na Celsius. Tare da sakamakon cewa an dumama turɓaya zuwa kusan digiri 600 C kuma ya canza cikin duwatsu da aka samu a can a yau. A kan Herolds Bay tsagewa da folds sun fi karfi fiye da sauran wurare a wannan bakin tekun. Ana iya ganin wannan a cikin duwatsu a tsohuwar tafkin ruwa da kuma hulɗa tsakanin turɓaya da dutse a gefen gabas na bay. Wadannan tsagewa sun raunana dutsen don raƙuman ruwa sun lalata shi da sauri. Wannan shi ne abin da ya sa Herolds Bay na yau, saboda Brakfontein Spruit ba ya gudana da karfi sosai cewa zai iya kafa bay da kansa. == Dubi kuma == * Herold * Jerin wuraren da ke zaune a Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8ct2tcbrs1nwqqdo4qya7t69ic9xl33 842321 842320 2026-05-29T10:16:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 842321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Herolds Bay''' (Afrikaans) wani wurin shakatawa ne na rairayin bakin teku a bakin tekun Kudancin Cape . Yana da nisan kilomita 6.4 daga Filin jirgin saman George kuma ana iya isa ta hanyar R404 (hanyar Skimmelkrans).<ref>Main Place Herolds Bay". Census 2011. "Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain)". Human Science Research Council. p. 208.</ref> == Tarihi == Gidan shakatawa na rairayin bakin teku da farko ya kasance wani ɓangare na gonar Brakfontein, sannan mallakar Dirk Lamprecht kuma daga baya na Frans Gericke. Har yanzu zuriyar wannan na ƙarshe suna da sha'awa a yankin. Kodayake an fara saninsa da Sandstrand, a cikin 1823 an sanya masa suna ne bayan mai kula da farko a kan George, Tobias Johannes Herold, <ref name="dsapn">{{Cite web |title=Dictionary of Southern African Place Names (Public Domain) |url=https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames |publisher=Human Science Research Council |page=208}}</ref> mai kifi mai ƙwazo. Da farko galibi George ne da mutanen da ke kusa da su suka kafa sansani a nan. Daga baya wani karamin rukuni daga Oudtshoorn (kuma musamman Kamanassie) ya biyo su. Oompie Meyer da John Urban, sanannun mazauna George, sun ɗauki aikin a cikin 1904 na rarraba ƙananan filayen ƙasa don alfarwan masu hutu, wagons da canopies. An kawo kayan gini a kan sleds da alfadarai ke ja. An gina gidan hutu na farko a 1895 ga Matilda Howitson daga Blanco. Wannan shi ne mataki na farko a ci gaban wurin shakatawa na yau da kullun. Kafin 1928, akwai gida daya kawai a gefen yamma, Sandstrand Street. Wannan shi ne gidan yammacin cocin kuma an gina shi ga 'yan'uwa mata da' yan mata na Makarantar Convent a kan George. Jerin baƙi na farko da masu gidaje jerin sunayen dukkan fitattun mutane ne na lokacin da ke kusa da su. Mazaunin dindindin na farko shine Thompson. Ya tsira daga fashewar jirgin ruwa a 1920 kuma ya yi gidansa a cikin kogo na bakin teku na tsawon shekaru takwas. == Yin iyo, kamun kifi, hawan igiyar ruwa == Raƙuman ruwa sanannen filin wasa ne a ranakun zafi. A gefen Stella Maris Chapel, John Urban da George Divisional Council suna da babban tafkin ruwa da aka gina don masu iyo a 1935. A lokacin wariyar launin fata, an gina tafki a Skulpieshoek . Ana samun [[Surfing|Masu hawan igiyar ruwa]] a cikin bay duk shekara. A lokacin hutun makaranta na rani, karamar hukumar George tana da ƙungiyar masu tsaron rairayin bakin teku da aka horar da su a lokacin da suke aiki a rana. Ga mai kamun kifi, yankin aljanna ce. A gabas Hanyar tafiya tana kaiwa kan duwatsu zuwa Bankin Scott, Dollieskraal da Dutton's Cove. A gefen yamma akwai hanyar da ke kaiwa Voëlklip. Hakanan ana iya isa ta mota ta hanyar Rooikransies Road wanda ke juyawa kudu daga Skimmelkrans Road. Daga hanyar fita zuwa Voëlklip yana da kilomita 21⁄2 a kan hanya mai datti. Bayan kusan kilomita 1 daga fita akwai wurin ajiye motoci don tafiya zuwa Rooikransies da kuma yamma zuwa Kogin Maalgaten.&nbsp; == Hanyoyin shiga == A farkon shekarun, kekunan shanu masu nauyi sun shiga bakin teku. Musamman saukowa ta ƙarshe ba ta kasance aiki mai sauƙi ga mutum, bijimi da karusa ba. Duk abin da ake buƙata don hutun dole ne a ɗauka tare, gami da [[Kaza|kaji]] masu rai waɗanda za su kasance wani ɓangare na abincin Kirsimeti. Lokacin da suka isa, an tara shanu a cikin teku don kawar da ƙwayoyin su. Bayan haka su da wagons sun koma filin inda Gerickes suka kula da su har sai an fara komawa baya. A cikin 1911 an gina hanyar farko zuwa Herolds Bay. Ya bi hanyar karusar bijimi daga George. Tsakanin unguwar Bos-en-Dal ta yanzu da hanyar jirgin kasa, a fadin gonar Soutkloof, ta hanyar Kogin Gwaing da kuma wuce gonar Dutton's Cove. Kusa da teku hanyar, wanda yanzu ake kira Rooidraai Road, tana da tsayi sosai. A 1933, [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] ya gina ɗakin sujada kusa da gidansu. John Urban da matarsa (na sanannen masana'antar takalma ta Urban a kan George) sun ba da gudummawar ƙasar kuma sun kasance suna da hannu sosai a gina ɗakin sujada. A yau, Stella Maris Chapel sanannen alama ce a cikin ƙauyen. An gina zauren coci na Dutch Reformed Church a cikin 1941 a kan makircin da Cecil Gericke ya bayar don manufar. Ruwa mai laushi, kamar yadda yake tare da wuraren shakatawa da yawa na rairayin bakin teku, matsala ce tun daga farko. Cocin ya yi amfani da damar ta hanyar sayar da ruwa mai kyau don biyan bashin ginin su. A shekara ta 1987, an canza zauren cocin zuwa cibiyar coci tare da kara gidajen matasa biyu. A halin yanzu mallakar ikilisiyar Dutch Reformed ce George-Suid . == Ci gaba == Akwai gidajen baƙi tun farkon shekarun 1940. Akwai shago daya da ke buɗewa a duk shekara. A lokacin hutun makaranta da karshen mako akwai wasu kiosks a bakin rairayin bakin teku. Herolds Bay yana da mazauna dindindin kaɗan. Yawancin gidaje suna da kyau sosai kuma sun kasance daga farkon rabin karni na baya. Wasu daga cikin wadannan tsoffin gidaje an rushe su kuma an maye gurbinsu da gine-gine masu hawa biyu. Inda Hanyar Skimmelkrans ta ƙare, Ernie Els yana da gidan da aka gina kusa da rairayin bakin teku. A shekara ta 1972, wani ɓangare na gonar Buffelsfontein a kan tudu an canza shi zuwa yankin zama na Herolds Bay Heights. Akwai mazauna dindindin da yawa waɗanda galibi suna aiki a George. Tare da wannan ci gaba, Herolds Bay kuma an haɗa shi da wutar lantarki, ruwa da hanyar sadarwa ta George. Wannan ya amfana da ci gaba. Mutane da yawa kuma suna zaune a gidan golf da ke kusa da Oubaai (Dutton's Cove). == Ilimin ƙasa == An ajiye duwatsu a cikin bayin tsakanin shekaru miliyan 600 da 900 da suka gabata a matsayin yumɓu da yashi mai laka. Kimanin shekaru miliyan 580 da suka gabata ya zo ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga kudu maso yamma kuma an ninka duwatsu, sun fashe kuma sun fashe. A lokaci guda, dutse ya shiga cikin tsagewa a cikin nau'in magma tare da zafin jiki har zuwa digiri 1,000 na Celsius. Tare da sakamakon cewa an dumama turɓaya zuwa kusan digiri 600 C kuma ya canza cikin duwatsu da aka samu a can a yau. A kan Herolds Bay tsagewa da folds sun fi karfi fiye da sauran wurare a wannan bakin tekun. Ana iya ganin wannan a cikin duwatsu a tsohuwar tafkin ruwa da kuma hulɗa tsakanin turɓaya da dutse a gefen gabas na bay. Wadannan tsagewa sun raunana dutsen don raƙuman ruwa sun lalata shi da sauri. Wannan shi ne abin da ya sa Herolds Bay na yau, saboda Brakfontein Spruit ba ya gudana da karfi sosai cewa zai iya kafa bay da kansa. == Dubi kuma == * Herold * Jerin wuraren da ke zaune a Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2l0wrlzx1ly63ckbtu0rna7y3eecsu9 0 153037 842322 2026-05-29T10:16:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329750236|Saldanha Bay]]" 842322 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saldanha Bay''' (Afrikaans: Saldanhabaai) is a natural harbour on the south-western coast of [[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]].<ref name="eb">{{EB1911|wstitle=Saldanha Bay|inline=1}}</ref> The town that developed on the northern shore of the bay, also called Saldanha, was incorporated with five other towns into the Saldanha Bay Local Municipality in 2000. The current population of the municipality is estimated at 72,000. An ambaci wurin a cikin bugu na farko na [[John Locke]]'s Two Treatises of Government a matsayin misali na yanayin yanayi. == Yanayin ƙasa == Saldanha Bay yana da nisan kilomita 105 (65 arewa maso yammacin Cape Town. Yana fuskantar kudu maso yamma kuma yana da tsawon kilomita 11 da faɗin kilomita 12. Langebaan Lagoon, wani tsawo na SE na bay, ya kai kilomita 14 zuwa kudu maso gabas daga kusurwar SE na bay na ciki ta Langebaan.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi == An sanya sunan Saldanha Bay ne bayan António na Saldanha, kyaftin din jirgin ruwa a cikin rundunar Albuquerque's wanda ya ziyarci [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a cikin 1503. An fara ba da sunan ga Table Bay, inda jirgin Saldanha ya jefa jirgi. A kan Table Bay da aka ba da sunansa na yanzu a cikin 1601, an canja sunan tsohuwar zuwa bayin da ake kira bayan Saldanha. A shekara ta 1781 wani rukuni na Burtaniya a karkashin Commodore George Johnstone ya kwace 'yan Indiyawan Gabashin Dutch guda shida, wanda, saboda tsoron kai hari kan Cape Town, ya nemi mafaka a Saldanha Bay. Wannan ita ce kawai nasarar da aka samu, kamar yadda Afirka ta Kudu ta damu, na balaguron da aka aika don kama Cape Town a lokacin yakin 1781-1783. Jami'in diflomasiyya Edmund Roberts ya ziyarci Bay a 1833. Ya lura cewa "an kare shi sosai daga iska mai ƙarfi, yana da isasshen zurfin ruwa, amma ƙasar tana da yashi sosai da aikin gona amma ba a kula da ita sosai ba; ana kiwon shanu da tumaki kaɗan a cikin ƙananan ganye. " Ya ba da shawarar cewa yanki ne mai sauƙi don ziyarta, ban da wasu yankuna a cikin Bay inda whales ke zaune a lokacin ziyararsa. Saldanha Bay kuma gida ne ga masu sayar da kifi da yawa. Mafi sananne daga cikin waɗannan shine Kamfanin Saldanha Bay Canning, wanda James Kasner da Ellis Silverman suka kafa a cikin 1905. Tare da haɗin soja mai ƙarfi na tarihi Saldanha kuma tana karɓar bakuncin sansanin horar da Sojojin Ruwa da [[Kwalejin Sojojin Afirka ta Kudu]]. SAS Saldanha Nature Reserve yana ba da nuni na furanni na daji a ƙarshen hunturu da bazara yayin da whales na kudancin dama suma suna ziyartar ruwa a ciki da kewayen ajiyar yanayi. Yankin yana da yanayin Bahar Rum amma ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana da ƙanƙanta; yana kusa da yankin hamada na Namaqualand. == Zamani na zamani == Tashar jiragen ruwa ta zama tashar jiragen ruwa na zamani kwanan nan, lokacin da ya zama dole don sauƙaƙe fitar da ƙarfe daga Arewacin Cape. Wannan ya buƙaci gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa sama sama da kilomita 800 zuwa ma'adanai a Sishen a Arewacin Cape da kuma gina tashar ruwa mai zurfi a Saldanha Bay don saukar da jiragen ruwa masu ɗaukar ma'adinai na Capesize. == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery mode="packed" heights="165"> Fayil:Saldanhabay.JPG|Outer bay with surf pounding the shore Fayil:TF.Langebaan.jpg|View of the inner bay from Langebaan Fayil:Laangebaan_Lagoon,_West_Coast_National_Park.jpg|View of the Langebaan Lagoon Fayil:Saldanha_Bay_Sunset.jpg|View of a fishing house situated near the center of the bay </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin bays na Afirka ta Kudu * Yaƙin Saldanha Bay (1781) * Juya Hagu na Saldanha Bay * Mutumin Saldanha * Gidan shakatawa na Yammacin Yamma * Jerin tashar jiragen ruwa mafi zurfi == Manazarta == 31tvlbcpeidc1s220mwdhakgsidfoki 842323 842322 2026-05-29T10:16:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 842323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Saldanha Bay''' (Afrikaans: Saldanhabaai) is a natural harbour on the south-western coast of [[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]].<ref name="eb">{{EB1911|wstitle=Saldanha Bay|inline=1}}</ref> The town that developed on the northern shore of the bay, also called Saldanha, was incorporated with five other towns into the Saldanha Bay Local Municipality in 2000. The current population of the municipality is estimated at 72,000. An ambaci wurin a cikin bugu na farko na [[John Locke]]'s Two Treatises of Government a matsayin misali na yanayin yanayi. == Yanayin ƙasa == Saldanha Bay yana da nisan kilomita 105 (65 arewa maso yammacin Cape Town. Yana fuskantar kudu maso yamma kuma yana da tsawon kilomita 11 da faɗin kilomita 12. Langebaan Lagoon, wani tsawo na SE na bay, ya kai kilomita 14 zuwa kudu maso gabas daga kusurwar SE na bay na ciki ta Langebaan.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi == An sanya sunan Saldanha Bay ne bayan António na Saldanha, kyaftin din jirgin ruwa a cikin rundunar Albuquerque's wanda ya ziyarci [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a cikin 1503. An fara ba da sunan ga Table Bay, inda jirgin Saldanha ya jefa jirgi. A kan Table Bay da aka ba da sunansa na yanzu a cikin 1601, an canja sunan tsohuwar zuwa bayin da ake kira bayan Saldanha. A shekara ta 1781 wani rukuni na Burtaniya a karkashin Commodore George Johnstone ya kwace 'yan Indiyawan Gabashin Dutch guda shida, wanda, saboda tsoron kai hari kan Cape Town, ya nemi mafaka a Saldanha Bay. Wannan ita ce kawai nasarar da aka samu, kamar yadda Afirka ta Kudu ta damu, na balaguron da aka aika don kama Cape Town a lokacin yakin 1781-1783. Jami'in diflomasiyya Edmund Roberts ya ziyarci Bay a 1833. Ya lura cewa "an kare shi sosai daga iska mai ƙarfi, yana da isasshen zurfin ruwa, amma ƙasar tana da yashi sosai da aikin gona amma ba a kula da ita sosai ba; ana kiwon shanu da tumaki kaɗan a cikin ƙananan ganye. " Ya ba da shawarar cewa yanki ne mai sauƙi don ziyarta, ban da wasu yankuna a cikin Bay inda whales ke zaune a lokacin ziyararsa. Saldanha Bay kuma gida ne ga masu sayar da kifi da yawa. Mafi sananne daga cikin waɗannan shine Kamfanin Saldanha Bay Canning, wanda James Kasner da Ellis Silverman suka kafa a cikin 1905. Tare da haɗin soja mai ƙarfi na tarihi Saldanha kuma tana karɓar bakuncin sansanin horar da Sojojin Ruwa da [[Kwalejin Sojojin Afirka ta Kudu]]. SAS Saldanha Nature Reserve yana ba da nuni na furanni na daji a ƙarshen hunturu da bazara yayin da whales na kudancin dama suma suna ziyartar ruwa a ciki da kewayen ajiyar yanayi. Yankin yana da yanayin Bahar Rum amma ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana da ƙanƙanta; yana kusa da yankin hamada na Namaqualand. == Zamani na zamani == Tashar jiragen ruwa ta zama tashar jiragen ruwa na zamani kwanan nan, lokacin da ya zama dole don sauƙaƙe fitar da ƙarfe daga Arewacin Cape. Wannan ya buƙaci gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa sama sama da kilomita 800 zuwa ma'adanai a Sishen a Arewacin Cape da kuma gina tashar ruwa mai zurfi a Saldanha Bay don saukar da jiragen ruwa masu ɗaukar ma'adinai na Capesize. == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery mode="packed" heights="165"> Fayil:Saldanhabay.JPG|Outer bay with surf pounding the shore Fayil:TF.Langebaan.jpg|View of the inner bay from Langebaan Fayil:Laangebaan_Lagoon,_West_Coast_National_Park.jpg|View of the Langebaan Lagoon Fayil:Saldanha_Bay_Sunset.jpg|View of a fishing house situated near the center of the bay </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin bays na Afirka ta Kudu * Yaƙin Saldanha Bay (1781) * Juya Hagu na Saldanha Bay * Mutumin Saldanha * Gidan shakatawa na Yammacin Yamma * Jerin tashar jiragen ruwa mafi zurfi == Manazarta == pb87u8l8qhgdoahampm7kj7j0bfl140 0 153038 842324 2026-05-29T10:17:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343627094|Sodwana Bay]]" 842324 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:View_over_Mgobezeleni_Lake_towards_Sodwana_Bay.jpg|View over Mgobezeleni Lagoon towards Sodwana Bay Fayil:Sodwana_Beach.jpg|Sodwana beach Fayil:Sodwana_Beach_..._(Photo_JC_PLE)_-_52313083832.jpg|alt= </gallery>  Sodwana Bay wani bay ne a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a kan iyakar arewacin KwaZulu Natal, tsakanin St. Lucia da [[Tafkin Sibaya|Tafkin Sibhayi]] . Yana cikin Sodwana Bay National Park, da Maputalanine Reserve, kuma sanannen wurin shakatawa ne. Ana amfani da kalmar ne don komawa ga duka ajiyar ruwa da wurin shakatawa na ƙasa, da kuma bayin ƙasa. Gidan shakatawa na Sodwana Bay wani yanki ne mai laushi na yashi da ke gefen gabas. An ayyana shi a matsayin wurin shakatawa na kasa a cikin shekarun 19{{Convert|50|km|mi}}, masu kamun kifi da masu nutsewa suna yawan zuwa.<ref name="Nature reserve">{{Cite web |title=Water Based Activities at Sodwana Bay National Park |url=http://www.nature-reserve.co.za/sodwana-bay-national-park_activities.html |access-date=19 March 2021 |website=www.nature-reserve.co.za/}}</ref> Sodwana tana cikin Yankin Kare Ruwa na Maputaland kuma ita ce kawai wurin shakatawa na ruwa tare da Babban St Lucia Wetlands Park (yanzu an sake masa suna iSimangaliso ) bakin teku. An rarraba shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan wuraren nutsewa a duniya, wasu masu nutsewa 35 000 suna ziyartar wurin shakatawa a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top dive sites in the World {{!}} PADI |url=https://travel.padi.com/dive-sites/world/?ordering=-rating,-number_reviews |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=PADI Travel |language=en}}</ref> Bayin yana kusa da ƙarshen kudancin yankin Indo-Pacific na yammacin zafi, kuma corals na gine-ginen suna nan. Tsarin kogi mai nisan kilomita 50 (31 shine mazaunin bambancin mazauna da nau'ikan ƙaura. Yawancin koguna na karkashin ruwa sun yanke a gefen shelf na nahiyar, wanda ke kusa da bakin teku. A cikin ɗayan waɗannan ne a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2000 cewa an gano yawan mazauna coelacanths. == Yanayi == Yanayin yana da zafi tare da yanayin zafi na ruwa yawanci sama da {{Convert|20|C|F}} ° C (68 ° F), har zuwa {{Convert|29|C|F}} ° C (84 ° F) a lokacin rani. == Muhalli == === Duniya === [[Fayil:Ecoregions_of_South_Africa.svg|thumb|Taswirar Yankunan Afirka ta Kudu]] === Ruwa === [[Fayil:Ecoregions_of_SA_EEZ.png|alt=Marine ecoregions of the South African Exclusive Economic Zone|thumb|Sodwana tana cikin yankin Delagoa na bakin teku]] == Tattalin Arziki == Tattalin arzikin yankin ya dogara ne akan yawon bude ido. === Yawon shakatawa === Yawon shakatawa a wannan yanki ya dogara ne akan nutsewar ruwa, kifi da yawon shakatawa na filin wasa. ==== Gudun ruwa na nishaɗi ==== Ana buƙatar izini don nutsewa a cikin kowane MPA a Afirka ta Kudu, gami da wuraren nutsewa na nishaɗi na Yankin Kare Marine na iSimangaliso. Wadannan izini suna aiki na shekara guda kuma suna samuwa a wasu rassan Ofishin Jakadancin.<ref name="Gazette 39646 I">{{Cite journal |date=3 February 2016 |title=R118. Draft Regulations for the management of the Isimangaliso Marine Protected Area |url=http://www.gpwonline.co.za/Gazettes/Gazettes/39646_3-2_EnvAffairs.pdf |journal=Regulation Gazette No. 10553 |location=Pretoria |publisher=Government Printer |volume=608 |issue=39646}}</ref> Takaddun izini na wucin gadi, mai inganci na wata guda, na iya samuwa a shagunan nutsewa ko daga masu aikin jirgin ruwa waɗanda ke aiki a cikin MPA. Hukuncin nutsewa na nishaɗi na mutum yana da inganci a duk MPAs na Afirka ta Kudu inda aka ba da izinin nutsewa. Hukuncin kasuwanci don gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci na nishaɗi a cikin MPA an ƙuntata shi ga takamaiman MPA. Ruwa don dalilai na kasuwanci ko kimiyya kuma yana ƙarƙashin izini. Akwai wurare da yawa na snorkelling, da kuma adadi mai yawa na wuraren nutsewa na ruwa don nutsewa. Masu aiki da yawa suna zaune a Sodwana, kuma ana samun kayan aiki da iskar gas. Yanayin nutsewa gabaɗaya suna da kyau a ko'ina cikin shekara, amma mafi kyawun ganuwa har zuwa mita 30 mai yiwuwa ne a lokacin Afrilu zuwa Satumba. A cikin yanayi mai dacewa ana iya shirya nutsewar dare.<ref name="Nature reserve">{{Cite web |title=Water Based Activities at Sodwana Bay National Park |url=http://www.nature-reserve.co.za/sodwana-bay-national-park_activities.html |access-date=19 March 2021 |website=www.nature-reserve.co.za/}}</ref> Shafukan nutsewa suna mai da hankali a yankuna masu zuwa: <ref name="Nature reserve">{{Cite web |title=Water Based Activities at Sodwana Bay National Park |url=http://www.nature-reserve.co.za/sodwana-bay-national-park_activities.html |access-date=19 March 2021 |website=www.nature-reserve.co.za/}}</ref> * Reef mai nisan kilomita biyu shine mafi mashahuriyar yanki tare da zurfin da ya fara daga mita 9 zuwa sama da mita 30 a gefen waje. * Quarter Mile Reef galibi ana nutsewa a cikin Janairu da Fabrairu lokacin da sharks masu hakora suka taru. * Stringer Reef a zurfin mita 14 karamin reef ne tare da bambancin jinsuna. * Four da Five Mile Reefs suna da kimanin kilomita {{Convert|8|km|mi}} (5.0 daga Jesser Point. Suna da ɗan zurfi, kuma suna da rassa, tebur da murjani * Seven Mile Reef shine yankin kimanin kilomita {{Convert|11|km|mi}} (6.8 arewacin Jesser Point . Akwai overhangs, drop-offs da mushroom reefs. * Nine Mile Reef shine mafi yawan arewacin yankunan da ake samu. Rashin zurfi ya kasance daga mita 6 zuwa 21. Akwai itacen murjani mai kore a gefen teku na reef. * Coelacanth nutsewa a cikin canyon yana buƙatar izini na musamman da takaddun shaida da ƙwarewa a cikin nutsewa na trimix zuwa zurfin sama da 100 m. == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:View_over_Mgobezeleni_Lake_towards_Sodwana_Bay.jpg|View over Mgobezeleni Lagoon towards Sodwana Bay Fayil:Sodwana_Beach.jpg|Sodwana beach Fayil:Sodwana_Beach_..._(Photo_JC_PLE)_-_52313083832.jpg|alt= </gallery> == Manazarta == tuvmn1df1rcz1c0jba4ycq27djv8qf3 842325 842324 2026-05-29T10:18:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 842325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sodwana Bay''' wani bay ne a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a kan iyakar arewacin KwaZulu Natal, tsakanin St. Lucia da [[Tafkin Sibaya|Tafkin Sibhayi]] . Yana cikin Sodwana Bay National Park, da Maputalanine Reserve, kuma sanannen wurin shakatawa ne. Ana amfani da kalmar ne don komawa ga duka ajiyar ruwa da wurin shakatawa na ƙasa, da kuma bayin ƙasa. Gidan shakatawa na Sodwana Bay wani yanki ne mai laushi na yashi da ke gefen gabas. An ayyana shi a matsayin wurin shakatawa na kasa a cikin shekarun 19{{Convert|50|km|mi}}, masu kamun kifi da masu nutsewa suna yawan zuwa.<ref name="Nature reserve">{{Cite web |title=Water Based Activities at Sodwana Bay National Park |url=http://www.nature-reserve.co.za/sodwana-bay-national-park_activities.html |access-date=19 March 2021 |website=www.nature-reserve.co.za/}}</ref> Sodwana tana cikin Yankin Kare Ruwa na Maputaland kuma ita ce kawai wurin shakatawa na ruwa tare da Babban St Lucia Wetlands Park (yanzu an sake masa suna iSimangaliso ) bakin teku. An rarraba shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan wuraren nutsewa a duniya, wasu masu nutsewa 35 000 suna ziyartar wurin shakatawa a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top dive sites in the World {{!}} PADI |url=https://travel.padi.com/dive-sites/world/?ordering=-rating,-number_reviews |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=PADI Travel |language=en}}</ref> Bayin yana kusa da ƙarshen kudancin yankin Indo-Pacific na yammacin zafi, kuma corals na gine-ginen suna nan. Tsarin kogi mai nisan kilomita 50 (31 shine mazaunin bambancin mazauna da nau'ikan ƙaura. Yawancin koguna na karkashin ruwa sun yanke a gefen shelf na nahiyar, wanda ke kusa da bakin teku. A cikin ɗayan waɗannan ne a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2000 cewa an gano yawan mazauna coelacanths. == Yanayi == Yanayin yana da zafi tare da yanayin zafi na ruwa yawanci sama da {{Convert|20|C|F}} ° C (68 ° F), har zuwa {{Convert|29|C|F}} ° C (84 ° F) a lokacin rani. == Muhalli == === Duniya === [[Fayil:Ecoregions_of_South_Africa.svg|thumb|Taswirar Yankunan Afirka ta Kudu]] === Ruwa === [[Fayil:Ecoregions_of_SA_EEZ.png|alt=Marine ecoregions of the South African Exclusive Economic Zone|thumb|Sodwana tana cikin yankin Delagoa na bakin teku]] == Tattalin Arziki == Tattalin arzikin yankin ya dogara ne akan yawon bude ido. === Yawon shakatawa === Yawon shakatawa a wannan yanki ya dogara ne akan nutsewar ruwa, kifi da yawon shakatawa na filin wasa. ==== Gudun ruwa na nishaɗi ==== Ana buƙatar izini don nutsewa a cikin kowane MPA a Afirka ta Kudu, gami da wuraren nutsewa na nishaɗi na Yankin Kare Marine na iSimangaliso. Wadannan izini suna aiki na shekara guda kuma suna samuwa a wasu rassan Ofishin Jakadancin.<ref name="Gazette 39646 I">{{Cite journal |date=3 February 2016 |title=R118. Draft Regulations for the management of the Isimangaliso Marine Protected Area |url=http://www.gpwonline.co.za/Gazettes/Gazettes/39646_3-2_EnvAffairs.pdf |journal=Regulation Gazette No. 10553 |location=Pretoria |publisher=Government Printer |volume=608 |issue=39646}}</ref> Takaddun izini na wucin gadi, mai inganci na wata guda, na iya samuwa a shagunan nutsewa ko daga masu aikin jirgin ruwa waɗanda ke aiki a cikin MPA. Hukuncin nutsewa na nishaɗi na mutum yana da inganci a duk MPAs na Afirka ta Kudu inda aka ba da izinin nutsewa. Hukuncin kasuwanci don gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci na nishaɗi a cikin MPA an ƙuntata shi ga takamaiman MPA. Ruwa don dalilai na kasuwanci ko kimiyya kuma yana ƙarƙashin izini. Akwai wurare da yawa na snorkelling, da kuma adadi mai yawa na wuraren nutsewa na ruwa don nutsewa. Masu aiki da yawa suna zaune a Sodwana, kuma ana samun kayan aiki da iskar gas. Yanayin nutsewa gabaɗaya suna da kyau a ko'ina cikin shekara, amma mafi kyawun ganuwa har zuwa mita 30 mai yiwuwa ne a lokacin Afrilu zuwa Satumba. A cikin yanayi mai dacewa ana iya shirya nutsewar dare.<ref name="Nature reserve">{{Cite web |title=Water Based Activities at Sodwana Bay National Park |url=http://www.nature-reserve.co.za/sodwana-bay-national-park_activities.html |access-date=19 March 2021 |website=www.nature-reserve.co.za/}}</ref> Shafukan nutsewa suna mai da hankali a yankuna masu zuwa: <ref name="Nature reserve">{{Cite web |title=Water Based Activities at Sodwana Bay National Park |url=http://www.nature-reserve.co.za/sodwana-bay-national-park_activities.html |access-date=19 March 2021 |website=www.nature-reserve.co.za/}}</ref> * Reef mai nisan kilomita biyu shine mafi mashahuriyar yanki tare da zurfin da ya fara daga mita 9 zuwa sama da mita 30 a gefen waje. * Quarter Mile Reef galibi ana nutsewa a cikin Janairu da Fabrairu lokacin da sharks masu hakora suka taru. * Stringer Reef a zurfin mita 14 karamin reef ne tare da bambancin jinsuna. * Four da Five Mile Reefs suna da kimanin kilomita {{Convert|8|km|mi}} (5.0 daga Jesser Point. Suna da ɗan zurfi, kuma suna da rassa, tebur da murjani * Seven Mile Reef shine yankin kimanin kilomita {{Convert|11|km|mi}} (6.8 arewacin Jesser Point . Akwai overhangs, drop-offs da mushroom reefs. * Nine Mile Reef shine mafi yawan arewacin yankunan da ake samu. Rashin zurfi ya kasance daga mita 6 zuwa 21. Akwai itacen murjani mai kore a gefen teku na reef. * Coelacanth nutsewa a cikin canyon yana buƙatar izini na musamman da takaddun shaida da ƙwarewa a cikin nutsewa na trimix zuwa zurfin sama da 100 m. == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:View_over_Mgobezeleni_Lake_towards_Sodwana_Bay.jpg|View over Mgobezeleni Lagoon towards Sodwana Bay Fayil:Sodwana_Beach.jpg|Sodwana beach Fayil:Sodwana_Beach_..._(Photo_JC_PLE)_-_52313083832.jpg|alt= </gallery> == Manazarta == jmbt2eg7zzej56li71r0s23rtyyikl3 0 153039 842326 2026-05-29T10:19:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351972788|Table Bay]]" 842326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wide image|File:Table Bay pano from Table Mountain.jpg|700px|Table Bay, the harbour and the [[City Bowl]] from the summit of [[Table Mountain]] in 2022.}}Table Bay ([[Afrikaans]]: ''Tafelbaai'') wani bay ne na halitta a kan [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a arewacin ƙarshen Cape Peninsula, wanda ya shimfiɗa kudu zuwa [[Cape of Good Hope]] . Cape Town ta yi watsi da shi, bayin ya mamaye Dutsen '''Tebur Bay''' laushi, daga inda ya ɗauki sunansa. == Tarihi == === Binciken Turai na farko === Mutumin Turai na farko da ya binciki yankin shi ne Bartolomeu Dias, wanda ya kewaye Cape of Good Hope a cikin 1488. <ref name="BritannicaDias">{{Cite web |title=Bartolomeu Dias |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bartolomeu-Dias |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Britannica}}</ref><ref name="SAHODias">{{Cite web |title=Bartolomeu Dias |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/bartolomeu-dias |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Mutumin Turai na farko da ya sauka a cikin bayin kansa shi ne mai ba da hanya na Portugal António na Saldanha a cikin 1503. Saldanha kuma ya yi rikodin hawa na farko na Table Mountain . <ref name="SAHOSaldanha">{{Cite web |title=António de Saldanha |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/antonio-de-saldanha |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Daga baya aka sanya wa bayin suna Aguada de Saldanha ("Wurin Ruwa na Saldanha").<ref name="SAHOSaldanha" /><ref name="CastleTimeline">{{Cite web |title=A Timeline Of The Castle of Good Hope |url=https://castleofgoodhope.co.za/reps_pubs/ccb_annexA_Timeline-Of-Castle-of-Good-Hope.pdf |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=castleofgoodhope.co.za}}</ref> A cikin 1601, mai ba da hanya na Dutch Joris van Spilbergen ya sake masa suna Table Bay . <ref name="CastleTimeline" /> Kodayake sananne ne na ƙarni da yawa a matsayin mafaka ga jiragen ruwa, bayin tashar jiragen ruwa ce mara kyau, wanda ke fuskantar raƙuman guguwa na arewa maso yamma. Yawancin jiragen ruwa da ke neman mafaka a cikin bay a cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18 an kori su zuwa bakin teku ta hanyar hadari na hunturu. === Ginin Dutch da ginin tashar jiragen ruwa === Duk da yanayin talauci, masu mulkin mallaka na Dutch sun ci gaba da zama a bakin tekun Table Bay, saboda kyawawan tashoshin jiragen ruwa suna da ƙarancin wannan bakin tekun. A ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1652, Jan van Riebeeck ya kafa tashar shakatawa a bay don Kamfanin Dutch East India (VOC). <ref name="SAHORiebeeck">{{Cite web |title=The Arrival of Jan Van Riebeeck in the Cape – 6 April 1652 |url=https://sahistory.org.za/article/arrival-jan-van-riebeeck-cape-6-april-1652 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Ginin farko, wani karamin sansani mai suna Fort of Good Hope, an gina shi a bakin tekun.<ref name="SAHODutchForts">{{Cite web |title=Dutch and British coastal fortifications at the Cape of Good Hope, 1665-1829 |url=https://sahistory.org.za/place/dutch-and-british-coastal-fortifications-cape-good-hope-1665-1829 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Ginin ya girma ya zama birnin Cape Town . An yi la'akari da wasu bays da ke kusa. Mafi kyawun waɗannan, Saldanha Bay, ba shi da ruwa mai kyau. Simon's Bay, yayin da aka kare shi sosai daga guguwar hunturu da kumbura, ya fi fuskantar guguwar kudu maso gabas ta bazara kuma yana da wahala a isa ta ƙasa daga Cape Town. Hout Bay karami ne kuma ya fallasa ga yaduwar kudu maso yamma. A ƙarshe, an gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta zamani a Table Bay ta hanyar aiwatar da farfado da ƙasa kuma an kare shi daga raƙuman guguwa ta hanyar ruwa. Ginin farko na ruwa ya fara ne a 1860, tare da Yarima Alfred a bikin da ke ba da nauyin farko na duwatsu.<ref name="GatewayGuides">{{Cite web |title=A Walking Tour of the V&A Waterfront |url=https://www.gatewayguides.co.za/Downloads/Waterfront.pdf |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=gatewayguides.co.za}}</ref> Wannan tsari ya kare Alfred Basin, ɓangaren farko na sabon tashar jiragen ruwa.<ref name="CTHeritage">{{Cite web |title=Cape Town Breakwater |url=https://www.cape-town-heritage.co.za/landmark/cape-town-breakwater.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Cape Town Heritage}}</ref> Tsohon ɓangaren wannan ci gaba a yau ana kiransa Victoria &amp;amp; Alfred Waterfront . Sabon, mafi zurfi shine [[Duncan Dock]] .<ref name="ArtefactsDuncan">{{Cite web |title=Duncan Dock |url=https://artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=14872 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Artefacts.co.za}}</ref> Tsibirin Robben, inda aka tsare [[Nelson Mandela]] shekaru da yawa, yana cikin wannan bay. === Ruwan mai na Sliedrecht === An zuba man fetur a bakin rairayin bakin teku bayan hadarin da ya shafi jirgin ruwa na Dutch Sliedrecht a watan Nuwamba 1953. Jirgin ya motsa {{Cvt|96|km}} (60 daga bakin teku don fitar da tan 1,000 na mai wanda aka lalata da ruwan teku bayan tasirin farko. === Jirgin da ya rushe === == Yanayin ƙasa == === Tsibirin Robben === Tsibirin Robben yana cikin Table Bay . A fannin ilimin ƙasa, [[Tygerberg Formation|Tsarin Tygerberg]] ne ke ƙarƙashinsa, wanda yake wani ɓangare na Neoproterozoic zuwa farkon Cambrian Malmesbury Group na Saldania Belt . === Ruwa === Table Bay wani ruwa ne mai zurfi, wanda ke rufe yanki na kimanin 100 km2. Yana gangara a hankali daga gabas zuwa yamma, yana kaiwa matsakaicin zurfin 35 m a tsakiyar bakinsa. Dutse mai tushe shine shales, slates da sandstone na ƙungiyar Malmesbury, kama da halayyar, nutsewa, da yajin aiki, ga duwatsun da aka fallasa na Robben Island da Mouille Point. Rashin teku ya ƙunshi manyan yankuna na wani ɓangare na dutse da aka fallasa da kuma ɓangarorin yashi mai kyau zuwa yashi mai laushi. === Hadarin Jirgin Ruwa === * Whale Rock: Shafin yanar gizo na jiragen ruwa da yawa da kuma rushewa. * Green Point: Shafin yanar gizo na jiragen ruwa da yawa da kuma rushewa. == Hoton hoton == <gallery> Fayil:Anonymous_The_Noord-Nieuwland_in_Table_Bay,_1762.jpg|[[Holand|Dutch]] ships off Table Bay in 1763 Fayil:Pieter_van_der_Aa_Cape_of_Good_Hope.jpg|Looking over sailing ships in Table Bay in 1727 with Table Mountain in the background Fayil:Cape_Town_&_Table_Bay_1882.jpg|Map of Table Bay (1882) Fayil:IMRAY(1884)_p0707_TABLE_BAY.jpg|Map of the Docks and Infrastructure (1884) Fayil:Capetown_table_false_bay.jpg|Cape Town from space, looking south over [[False Bay]] with [[Hangklip Point]] (top left), Cape Point (top right) and Table Bay south and east of the clearly visible, circular Robben Island, February 1995. Fayil:Satellite_image_of_Cape_peninsula.jpg|Synthetic perspective with 2× exaggerated elevation, from satellite elevation and image data. Looking east over Cape Peninsula and [[False Bay]] (behind) with Robben Island (front left), Table Mountain (centre front) and Cape Point (front right). Fayil:Ship_Defense_at_Anchor_in_Table_Bay.jpg|Sketch of Cape Town from the East India Company Ship Defense, en route from the Downs to [[Mumbai|Bombay]], anchored in Table Bay on January 24, 1739. </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * False Bay - Bay of the Atlantic Ocean a Afirka ta Kudu * Port of Cape Town - Tashar jiragen ruwa ta birnin Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu * Cape Peninsula - Yankin dutse a Yammacin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu * Robben Island - Tsibirin a Table Bay, Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ovdd0qmyrqkbeqg23r9oe0xh38rdfio 842327 842326 2026-05-29T10:19:51Z Pharouqenr 25549 842327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Table Bay''' ([[Afrikaans]]: ''Tafelbaai'') wani bay ne na halitta a kan [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] a arewacin ƙarshen Cape Peninsula, wanda ya shimfiɗa kudu zuwa [[Cape of Good Hope]] . Cape Town ta yi watsi da shi, bayin ya mamaye Dutsen '''Tebur Bay''' laushi, daga inda ya ɗauki sunansa. == Tarihi == === Binciken Turai na farko === Mutumin Turai na farko da ya binciki yankin shi ne Bartolomeu Dias, wanda ya kewaye Cape of Good Hope a cikin 1488. <ref name="BritannicaDias">{{Cite web |title=Bartolomeu Dias |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bartolomeu-Dias |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Britannica}}</ref><ref name="SAHODias">{{Cite web |title=Bartolomeu Dias |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/bartolomeu-dias |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Mutumin Turai na farko da ya sauka a cikin bayin kansa shi ne mai ba da hanya na Portugal António na Saldanha a cikin 1503. Saldanha kuma ya yi rikodin hawa na farko na Table Mountain . <ref name="SAHOSaldanha">{{Cite web |title=António de Saldanha |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/antonio-de-saldanha |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Daga baya aka sanya wa bayin suna Aguada de Saldanha ("Wurin Ruwa na Saldanha").<ref name="SAHOSaldanha" /><ref name="CastleTimeline">{{Cite web |title=A Timeline Of The Castle of Good Hope |url=https://castleofgoodhope.co.za/reps_pubs/ccb_annexA_Timeline-Of-Castle-of-Good-Hope.pdf |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=castleofgoodhope.co.za}}</ref> A cikin 1601, mai ba da hanya na Dutch Joris van Spilbergen ya sake masa suna Table Bay . <ref name="CastleTimeline" /> Kodayake sananne ne na ƙarni da yawa a matsayin mafaka ga jiragen ruwa, bayin tashar jiragen ruwa ce mara kyau, wanda ke fuskantar raƙuman guguwa na arewa maso yamma. Yawancin jiragen ruwa da ke neman mafaka a cikin bay a cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18 an kori su zuwa bakin teku ta hanyar hadari na hunturu. === Ginin Dutch da ginin tashar jiragen ruwa === Duk da yanayin talauci, masu mulkin mallaka na Dutch sun ci gaba da zama a bakin tekun Table Bay, saboda kyawawan tashoshin jiragen ruwa suna da ƙarancin wannan bakin tekun. A ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1652, Jan van Riebeeck ya kafa tashar shakatawa a bay don Kamfanin Dutch East India (VOC). <ref name="SAHORiebeeck">{{Cite web |title=The Arrival of Jan Van Riebeeck in the Cape – 6 April 1652 |url=https://sahistory.org.za/article/arrival-jan-van-riebeeck-cape-6-april-1652 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Ginin farko, wani karamin sansani mai suna Fort of Good Hope, an gina shi a bakin tekun.<ref name="SAHODutchForts">{{Cite web |title=Dutch and British coastal fortifications at the Cape of Good Hope, 1665-1829 |url=https://sahistory.org.za/place/dutch-and-british-coastal-fortifications-cape-good-hope-1665-1829 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Ginin ya girma ya zama birnin Cape Town . An yi la'akari da wasu bays da ke kusa. Mafi kyawun waɗannan, Saldanha Bay, ba shi da ruwa mai kyau. Simon's Bay, yayin da aka kare shi sosai daga guguwar hunturu da kumbura, ya fi fuskantar guguwar kudu maso gabas ta bazara kuma yana da wahala a isa ta ƙasa daga Cape Town. Hout Bay karami ne kuma ya fallasa ga yaduwar kudu maso yamma. A ƙarshe, an gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta zamani a Table Bay ta hanyar aiwatar da farfado da ƙasa kuma an kare shi daga raƙuman guguwa ta hanyar ruwa. Ginin farko na ruwa ya fara ne a 1860, tare da Yarima Alfred a bikin da ke ba da nauyin farko na duwatsu.<ref name="GatewayGuides">{{Cite web |title=A Walking Tour of the V&A Waterfront |url=https://www.gatewayguides.co.za/Downloads/Waterfront.pdf |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=gatewayguides.co.za}}</ref> Wannan tsari ya kare Alfred Basin, ɓangaren farko na sabon tashar jiragen ruwa.<ref name="CTHeritage">{{Cite web |title=Cape Town Breakwater |url=https://www.cape-town-heritage.co.za/landmark/cape-town-breakwater.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Cape Town Heritage}}</ref> Tsohon ɓangaren wannan ci gaba a yau ana kiransa Victoria &amp;amp; Alfred Waterfront . Sabon, mafi zurfi shine [[Duncan Dock]] .<ref name="ArtefactsDuncan">{{Cite web |title=Duncan Dock |url=https://artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=14872 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Artefacts.co.za}}</ref> Tsibirin Robben, inda aka tsare [[Nelson Mandela]] shekaru da yawa, yana cikin wannan bay. === Ruwan mai na Sliedrecht === An zuba man fetur a bakin rairayin bakin teku bayan hadarin da ya shafi jirgin ruwa na Dutch Sliedrecht a watan Nuwamba 1953. Jirgin ya motsa {{Cvt|96|km}} (60 daga bakin teku don fitar da tan 1,000 na mai wanda aka lalata da ruwan teku bayan tasirin farko. === Jirgin da ya rushe === == Yanayin ƙasa == === Tsibirin Robben === Tsibirin Robben yana cikin Table Bay . A fannin ilimin ƙasa, [[Tygerberg Formation|Tsarin Tygerberg]] ne ke ƙarƙashinsa, wanda yake wani ɓangare na Neoproterozoic zuwa farkon Cambrian Malmesbury Group na Saldania Belt . === Ruwa === Table Bay wani ruwa ne mai zurfi, wanda ke rufe yanki na kimanin 100 km2. Yana gangara a hankali daga gabas zuwa yamma, yana kaiwa matsakaicin zurfin 35 m a tsakiyar bakinsa. Dutse mai tushe shine shales, slates da sandstone na ƙungiyar Malmesbury, kama da halayyar, nutsewa, da yajin aiki, ga duwatsun da aka fallasa na Robben Island da Mouille Point. Rashin teku ya ƙunshi manyan yankuna na wani ɓangare na dutse da aka fallasa da kuma ɓangarorin yashi mai kyau zuwa yashi mai laushi. === Hadarin Jirgin Ruwa === * Whale Rock: Shafin yanar gizo na jiragen ruwa da yawa da kuma rushewa. * Green Point: Shafin yanar gizo na jiragen ruwa da yawa da kuma rushewa. == Hoton hoton == <gallery> Fayil:Anonymous_The_Noord-Nieuwland_in_Table_Bay,_1762.jpg|[[Holand|Dutch]] ships off Table Bay in 1763 Fayil:Pieter_van_der_Aa_Cape_of_Good_Hope.jpg|Looking over sailing ships in Table Bay in 1727 with Table Mountain in the background Fayil:Cape_Town_&_Table_Bay_1882.jpg|Map of Table Bay (1882) Fayil:IMRAY(1884)_p0707_TABLE_BAY.jpg|Map of the Docks and Infrastructure (1884) Fayil:Capetown_table_false_bay.jpg|Cape Town from space, looking south over [[False Bay]] with [[Hangklip Point]] (top left), Cape Point (top right) and Table Bay south and east of the clearly visible, circular Robben Island, February 1995. Fayil:Satellite_image_of_Cape_peninsula.jpg|Synthetic perspective with 2× exaggerated elevation, from satellite elevation and image data. Looking east over Cape Peninsula and [[False Bay]] (behind) with Robben Island (front left), Table Mountain (centre front) and Cape Point (front right). Fayil:Ship_Defense_at_Anchor_in_Table_Bay.jpg|Sketch of Cape Town from the East India Company Ship Defense, en route from the Downs to [[Mumbai|Bombay]], anchored in Table Bay on January 24, 1739. </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * False Bay - Bay of the Atlantic Ocean a Afirka ta Kudu * Port of Cape Town - Tashar jiragen ruwa ta birnin Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu * Cape Peninsula - Yankin dutse a Yammacin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu * Robben Island - Tsibirin a Table Bay, Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p82vtaik2m31n0zjfbzd11fmly01hwd 0 153040 842328 2026-05-29T10:19:51Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Jerome Okon Nriagu | image = | birth_date = 24 Oktoba 1942 | birth_place = Ora-eri, Jihar Anambra, Najeriya | nationality = Najeriya–Amurka | fields = Environmental chemistry, Environmental health, Biogeochemistry | workplaces = University of Michigan; Environment Canada; University of Waterloo | alma_mater = University of Ibadan; University of Wisconsin–Madison; University of Toronto | known_for = Nazarin gurɓatar karafa masu nauyi (heavy metal... 842328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jerome Okon Nriagu | image = | birth_date = 24 Oktoba 1942 | birth_place = Ora-eri, Jihar Anambra, Najeriya | nationality = Najeriya–Amurka | fields = Environmental chemistry, Environmental health, Biogeochemistry | workplaces = University of Michigan; Environment Canada; University of Waterloo | alma_mater = University of Ibadan; University of Wisconsin–Madison; University of Toronto | known_for = Nazarin gurɓatar karafa masu nauyi (heavy metals), lafiyar muhalli, da adalcin muhalli | awards = Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC); Humboldt Prize; Fulbright Fellowship }} '''Jerome Okon Nriagu''' (an haife shi 24 Oktoba 1942) fitaccen ɗan Najeriya ne kuma masanin kimiyyar muhalli wanda ya yi fice a fannin ''environmental chemistry'' da ''environmental health''. A yau ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana da suka yi tasiri a nazarin gurɓatar muhalli da tasirinsa ga lafiyar ɗan adam. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Nriagu a garin Ora-eri, Jihar Anambra a Najeriya. Ya yi karatun digiri na farko a fannin Geology a Jami’ar Ibadan (1965), sannan ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a University of Wisconsin–Madison (1967), daga baya kuma ya samu PhD daga University of Toronto a 1970. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} A shekara ta 1987, Jami’ar Ibadan ta ba shi Digirin DSc na girmamawa saboda gudunmawarsa a fannin ''environmental biogeochemistry''. :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2} == Aikin ilimi da bincike == Nriagu ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin bincike a Environment Canada kafin ya koma Amurka, inda ya zama farfesa a University of Michigan, School of Public Health. A bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali kan: * gurɓatar muhalli da karafa masu nauyi (lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic) * yadda gurɓata ke shafar lafiyar ɗan adam * rashin daidaiton muhalli (environmental injustice) * tasirin muhalli a ƙasashe masu tasowa, ciki har da Najeriya :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3} == Gudunmawa ga ilimi == Ya wallafa: * fiye da littattafai 30 * sama da takardun bincike 400 * daruruwan babi-babi a littattafai na kimiyya :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4} Shi ne kuma tsohon Edita-Janar na mujallar ''Science of the Total Environment'' da kuma Edita a ''Encyclopedia of Environmental Health''. == Muhimman bincike == Daya daga cikin sanannun bincikensa shi ne hasashen cewa gurɓatar gubar (lead pollution) a zamanin Roma na iya kasancewa ta taimaka wajen raunin daular Roma saboda gubar ta shafi lafiyar mutane a wancan lokaci. Haka kuma ya gudanar da bincike kan: * gurɓatar muhalli a yankin Niger Delta na Najeriya * tasirin mai da iskar gas a lafiyar jama’a * cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da gurɓatar muhalli :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5} == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == Ya samu lambobin yabo da dama, ciki har da: * Humboldt Research Prize * Senior Fulbright Fellowship * Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada * lambar yabo ta duniya kan binciken muhalli :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6} == Tasiri == Nriagu yana daga cikin masana da suka taimaka wajen fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin gurɓatar muhalli da lafiyar jama’a a duniya. Ayyukansa sun yi tasiri sosai a fannin kimiyyar muhalli, musamman a Afirka da Arewacin Amurka. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} * University of Michigan Faculty Profile – Jerome Nriagu * Royal Society of Canada Fellows List * Science of the Total Environment editorial archives * Encyclopedia of Environmental Health (Elsevier, 2019) qm2u13zvyvb005lcze0660gkyt64y59 0 153041 842329 2026-05-29T10:20:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1176443722|Manza Bay]]" 842329 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Manza Bay''' ( ''Ghuba la Manza'', a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] ) wani bakin teku ne a gundumar Mkinga ta yankin Tanga na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Wannan bakin teku gida ne ga Tsibirin Kwale kuma yankin Boma ya kewaye shi a arewa. Yana bakin teku, kimanin {{Convert|10|mi}} arewacin garin [[Tanga, Tanzaniya|Tanga]]. == Tarihi == A yakin Gabashin Afirka na [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na]] Ɗaya, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Navy ta kare jirgin ruwan {{HMS|Hyacinth|1898|6}} ya kai hari kuma ya lalata wani jirgin ruwan Jamus a kusa da Manza Bay a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1915. Jirgin ruwan ya kai 3,587 Jirgin ruwan jigilar kaya na Burtaniya na , ''Rubens'', wanda hukumomin Jamus suka kwace a Hamburg a shekarar 1914. Rundunar sojin ruwan Jamus ta ɓoye ''Rubens'' a matsayin jirgin ruwan jigilar kaya na Denmark ''Kronborg'' kuma ta aika ta don sake cika SMS ɗin jirgin ruwan. Königsberg a [[Tekun Indiya]].<ref name="Wrecksite">{{Cite web |last=Lettens |first=Jan |last2=Patience |first2=Kevin |title=SS Kronborg (ex-Rubens) [+1915] |url=https://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?102286 |access-date=9 January 2022 |website=wrecksite.eu}}</ref> Ma'aikatan Jamus sun yi nasarar jefa jirginsu a cikin bay, sun ceci dukkan makamai da harsashi daga kayan ''Rubens'', kuma sun watsar da ita. Makamai da harsashi sun taimaka wa sojojin ƙasar Jamus a Gabashin Afirka don ci gaba da kamfen ɗin su a kan sojojin Burtaniya da na Daular.<ref name="Wrecksite">{{Cite web |last=Lettens |first=Jan |last2=Patience |first2=Kevin |title=SS Kronborg (ex-Rubens) [+1915] |url=https://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?102286 |access-date=9 January 2022 |website=wrecksite.eu}}</ref> ''Rubens'' ta kaya kuma sun hada da kwal zuwa Bunker ''Königsberg''. A shekara ta 1956 wani kamfani na ceto na Italiya ya gyara jikin ''Rubens'', ya sake dawo da ita, ya ja ta zuwa [[Dar es Salaam]] tare da Jiragen ruwa biyu kuma ya sayar da kwal ga Kamfanin Jirgin Sama da Harbours na Gabashin Afirka. <ref name="Wrecksite">{{Cite web |last=Lettens |first=Jan |last2=Patience |first2=Kevin |title=SS Kronborg (ex-Rubens) [+1915] |url=https://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?102286 |access-date=9 January 2022 |website=wrecksite.eu}}</ref> A yakin duniya na biyu Royal Navy ta sanya alamun alamomi a Manza Bay don kare bakin tekun daga jiragen ruwa na Jamus da na Japan. [[Fayil:Raid_hyacinth-rubens_east_africa1915-04-14.jpg|none|thumb|270x270px|Afrilu 1915: ''Rubens'' ya tsere a Manza Bay.]] == Dubi kuma == Gidajen Swahili na Tarihi == Manazarta == t8z3d43m35sukgc27jv019gtnfxbvx1 842330 842329 2026-05-29T10:20:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 842330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Manza Bay''' ( ''Ghuba la Manza'', a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] ) wani bakin teku ne a gundumar Mkinga ta yankin Tanga na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Wannan bakin teku gida ne ga Tsibirin Kwale kuma yankin Boma ya kewaye shi a arewa. Yana bakin teku, kimanin {{Convert|10|mi}} arewacin garin [[Tanga, Tanzaniya|Tanga]]. == Tarihi == A yakin Gabashin Afirka na [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na]] Ɗaya, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Navy ta kare jirgin ruwan {{HMS|Hyacinth|1898|6}} ya kai hari kuma ya lalata wani jirgin ruwan Jamus a kusa da Manza Bay a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1915. Jirgin ruwan ya kai 3,587 Jirgin ruwan jigilar kaya na Burtaniya na , ''Rubens'', wanda hukumomin Jamus suka kwace a Hamburg a shekarar 1914. Rundunar sojin ruwan Jamus ta ɓoye ''Rubens'' a matsayin jirgin ruwan jigilar kaya na Denmark ''Kronborg'' kuma ta aika ta don sake cika SMS ɗin jirgin ruwan. Königsberg a [[Tekun Indiya]].<ref name="Wrecksite">{{Cite web |last=Lettens |first=Jan |last2=Patience |first2=Kevin |title=SS Kronborg (ex-Rubens) [+1915] |url=https://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?102286 |access-date=9 January 2022 |website=wrecksite.eu}}</ref> Ma'aikatan Jamus sun yi nasarar jefa jirginsu a cikin bay, sun ceci dukkan makamai da harsashi daga kayan ''Rubens'', kuma sun watsar da ita. Makamai da harsashi sun taimaka wa sojojin ƙasar Jamus a Gabashin Afirka don ci gaba da kamfen ɗin su a kan sojojin Burtaniya da na Daular.<ref name="Wrecksite">{{Cite web |last=Lettens |first=Jan |last2=Patience |first2=Kevin |title=SS Kronborg (ex-Rubens) [+1915] |url=https://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?102286 |access-date=9 January 2022 |website=wrecksite.eu}}</ref> ''Rubens'' ta kaya kuma sun hada da kwal zuwa Bunker ''Königsberg''. A shekara ta 1956 wani kamfani na ceto na Italiya ya gyara jikin ''Rubens'', ya sake dawo da ita, ya ja ta zuwa [[Dar es Salaam]] tare da Jiragen ruwa biyu kuma ya sayar da kwal ga Kamfanin Jirgin Sama da Harbours na Gabashin Afirka. <ref name="Wrecksite">{{Cite web |last=Lettens |first=Jan |last2=Patience |first2=Kevin |title=SS Kronborg (ex-Rubens) [+1915] |url=https://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?102286 |access-date=9 January 2022 |website=wrecksite.eu}}</ref> A yakin duniya na biyu Royal Navy ta sanya alamun alamomi a Manza Bay don kare bakin tekun daga jiragen ruwa na Jamus da na Japan. [[Fayil:Raid_hyacinth-rubens_east_africa1915-04-14.jpg|none|thumb|270x270px|Afrilu 1915: ''Rubens'' ya tsere a Manza Bay.]] == Dubi kuma == Gidajen Swahili na Tarihi == Manazarta == my9q6xjplugkjiusz1jboyzxgbusqhi 0 153042 842331 2026-05-29T10:21:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340919149|Menai Bay]]" 842331 wikitext text/x-wiki Menai Bay (''Ghuba ya Menai'', a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) wani bay ne a cikin [[Zanzibar (birni)|Gundumar Mkinga]] na Yankin Mjini Magharibi na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Bayin yana cikin yankin Zanzibar Archipelago.<ref>Temple, Andrew J., et al. "Spatial and temporal variations in the occurrence and foraging activity of coastal dolphins in Menai Bay, Zanzibar, Tanzania." PloS one 11.3 (2016): e0148995.</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Yana da iyakar kilomita 10 a kan [[Zanzibar]] Channel na Yammacin [[Tekun Indiya]]. Tsawon bakin tekun Menai Bay yana da ƙauyuka goma sha tara, tare da jimlar yawan jama'a kusan 17,000. Ƙauyuka suna cikin yankin Unguja ta Kudu na Zanzibar . Yankin Kula da Bayar Menai (MBCA) wani wurin ajiyar ruwa ne wanda ke kare wuraren zama da halittu na yankin bay.&nbsp; == Rashin lalacewar mangrove == mangroves a cikin Menai Bay da suka fi kusa da ƙauyuka kamar Unguja Ukuu, Pete, da Uzi suna rasa mafi yawan yanayin su. Sabili da haka, yankin yammacin Menai yana da lalacewar mangrove fiye da yankin gabas. Kodayake a halin yanzu akwai tsarin doka da na ka'idoji don jinkirta lalacewar mangroves, yawan lalacewa a Zanzibar yana da damuwa. B. gymnorrhiza, R. mucronata, da C. tag sune nau'in mangrove da suka fi tasiri. == Dolphins == Akwai nau'o'in Delphinids guda takwas a kusa da Zanzibar; duk da haka, kawai biyu da ke rayuwa a duk shekara a cikin Menai Bay Conservation Area (MBCA), wanda ke kudu maso yammacin tsibirin Unguja, sune dolphin na Indo-Pacific (Tursiops aduncus) da dolphin na Indian Ocean humpback (Sousa plumbea). Nau'in dolphin guda biyu na MBCA suna cikin haɗari daga yawon shakatawa na jirgin ruwa da kuma kamawa daga kamun kifi. Wannan rauni an nuna shi ta hanyar ƙididdigar ƙididdigat yawan jama'a na jinsunan biyu, 35 S. plumbea da 136 T. aduncus. Koyaya, babu wani gudanarwa a wurin ga waɗannan nau'ikan a halin yanzu dangane da kamun kifi ko yawon shakatawa. Ba a taɓa yin wani binciken da aka yi a wannan fagen ba wanda ya bincika bambance-bambance a cikin rarraba, faru, ko halayyar. Bugu da ƙari, iliminmu game da tasirin da iyakokin da abubuwan da ke tattare da mutum da muhalli ke da su akan rarraba jinsin yana da iyaka. == Manazarta == egc39x7r7y1w8d642t0txuf8ytbtmfu 842332 842331 2026-05-29T10:21:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 842332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Menai Bay''' (''Ghuba ya Menai'', a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) wani bay ne a cikin [[Zanzibar (birni)|Gundumar Mkinga]] na Yankin Mjini Magharibi na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Bayin yana cikin yankin Zanzibar Archipelago.<ref>Temple, Andrew J., et al. "Spatial and temporal variations in the occurrence and foraging activity of coastal dolphins in Menai Bay, Zanzibar, Tanzania." PloS one 11.3 (2016): e0148995.</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Yana da iyakar kilomita 10 a kan [[Zanzibar]] Channel na Yammacin [[Tekun Indiya]]. Tsawon bakin tekun Menai Bay yana da ƙauyuka goma sha tara, tare da jimlar yawan jama'a kusan 17,000. Ƙauyuka suna cikin yankin Unguja ta Kudu na Zanzibar . Yankin Kula da Bayar Menai (MBCA) wani wurin ajiyar ruwa ne wanda ke kare wuraren zama da halittu na yankin bay.&nbsp; == Rashin lalacewar mangrove == mangroves a cikin Menai Bay da suka fi kusa da ƙauyuka kamar Unguja Ukuu, Pete, da Uzi suna rasa mafi yawan yanayin su. Sabili da haka, yankin yammacin Menai yana da lalacewar mangrove fiye da yankin gabas. Kodayake a halin yanzu akwai tsarin doka da na ka'idoji don jinkirta lalacewar mangroves, yawan lalacewa a Zanzibar yana da damuwa. B. gymnorrhiza, R. mucronata, da C. tag sune nau'in mangrove da suka fi tasiri. == Dolphins == Akwai nau'o'in Delphinids guda takwas a kusa da Zanzibar; duk da haka, kawai biyu da ke rayuwa a duk shekara a cikin Menai Bay Conservation Area (MBCA), wanda ke kudu maso yammacin tsibirin Unguja, sune dolphin na Indo-Pacific (Tursiops aduncus) da dolphin na Indian Ocean humpback (Sousa plumbea). Nau'in dolphin guda biyu na MBCA suna cikin haɗari daga yawon shakatawa na jirgin ruwa da kuma kamawa daga kamun kifi. Wannan rauni an nuna shi ta hanyar ƙididdigar ƙididdigat yawan jama'a na jinsunan biyu, 35 S. plumbea da 136 T. aduncus. Koyaya, babu wani gudanarwa a wurin ga waɗannan nau'ikan a halin yanzu dangane da kamun kifi ko yawon shakatawa. Ba a taɓa yin wani binciken da aka yi a wannan fagen ba wanda ya bincika bambance-bambance a cikin rarraba, faru, ko halayyar. Bugu da ƙari, iliminmu game da tasirin da iyakokin da abubuwan da ke tattare da mutum da muhalli ke da su akan rarraba jinsin yana da iyaka. == Manazarta == 3xi5lrf7yj28eomd4nwvwjzchvsoxcb 0 153043 842333 2026-05-29T10:23:46Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343546227|Furtwängler Glacier]]" 842333 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Furtwängler Glacier''' yana kusa da tsaunin [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]] a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . An sanya wa wannan ƙanƙarar suna ne bayan {{Interlanguage link|Walter Furtwängler|de}} wanda, tare da Siegfried König, suka kafa ƙungiya ta huɗu da ta hau kan ƙololuwar Kilimanjaro a shekarar 1912. <ref name="Stedman">{{Cite web |last=Stedman, Henry |title=History of Kilimanjaro: After Meyer |url=http://www.climbmountkilimanjaro.com/the-history-of-kilimanjaro/history-of-kilimanjaro-after-meyer/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908035210/http://www.climbmountkilimanjaro.com/the-history-of-kilimanjaro/history-of-kilimanjaro-after-meyer/index.html |archive-date=2008-09-08 |access-date=2007-05-03 |website=Excerpt from "Kilimanjaro" |publisher=Climb Mount Kilimanjaro}}</ref> Kankara ƙaramin ragowar [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro|murfin kankara]] ne wanda ya taɓa lashe saman Kilimanjaro. Kusan kashi 85 cikin 100 na murfin kankara ya ɓace daga Oktoba 1912 zuwa Yuni 2011. <ref name="Retreat">{{Cite journal |last=Cullen |first=N. J. |last2=Sirguey |first2=P. |last3=Mölg |first3=T. |last4=Kaser |first4=G. |last5=Winkler |first5=M. |last6=Fitzsimons |first6=S. J. |date=4 March 2013 |title=A century of ice retreat on Kilimanjaro: the mapping reloaded |url=http://www.the-cryosphere.net/7/419/2013/tc-7-419-2013.pdf |journal=[[The Cryosphere]] |publisher=[[Copernicus Publications]] |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=419–431 |bibcode=2013TCry....7..419C |doi=10.5194/tc-7-419-2013 |issn=1994-0424 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekarar 2013 an kiyasta cewa a lokacin da ake amfani da shi a yanzu, yawancin kankara za su ɓace nan da shekarar 2040 kuma "ba zai yiwu a sami wani gawar kankara bayan 2060 ba". <ref name="Retreat" /> [[Fayil:Kilimanjaro_Glaciers.jpg|left|thumb|260x260px|Hoton NASA daga 2004 tare da wuraren manyan ƙanƙara a kan Dutsen Kilimanjaro. Yankunan da ba a gano ba galibi ƙananan ƙanƙara ne ko filayen dusar ƙanƙara. Danna hoton don ƙarin bayani.]] Furtwängler Glacier ba shi da wani lokaci, yana ci gaba da wanzuwa tun kimanin shekara ta 1650 CE, wanda ya yi daidai da matakan da suka yi yawa a [[Tafkin Naivasha]] na Kenya da kuma farkon Maunder Minimum . <ref name="T&D">{{Cite web |last=Thompson, L. G. |last2=Davis, M. E. |date=2013 |title=Ice Core Records - Africa |url=http://research.bpcrc.osu.edu/Icecore/publications/Thompson_and_Davis_Ice_Cores_Africa_2013.pdf |publisher=[[The Ohio State University]]}}</ref> Tsakanin ma'aunin a 1976 da 2000, an yanke yankin wannan ƙanƙara kusan rabi, daga {{Convert|113,000|m2|ft2}} zuwa {{Convert|60,000|m2|ft2}} . <ref name="Thompson2002">{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Lonnie G. |display-authors=etal |date=October 2002 |title=Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa |url=https://africanscenicsafaris.com/mount-kilimanjaro-climbing |journal=Science |volume=298 |issue=5593 |pages=589–593 |bibcode=2002Sci...298..589T |doi=10.1126/science.1073198 |pmid=12386332 |s2cid=32880316 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304191326/http://www.geo.umass.edu/climate/doug/pubs/thompson_etal_sci02.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-04 |access-date=2006-08-31}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 2018 girman ya ragu zuwa {{Convert|11,000|m2|ft2}} . A shekarar 2022, an yi tunanin cewa ƙanƙarar za ta daina wanzuwa nan da shekarar 2023, inda za a rasa {{Convert|2,524|m2|ft2}} a kowace shekara. <ref name="gletscher">{{Cite web |title=Furtwängler Gletscher – Das Mount Kilimanjaro Wiki |url=https://kilimanjaro.bplaced.net/wiki/index.php?title=Furtw%C3%A4ngler_Gletscher#Der_Furtw.C3.A4ngler_Gletscher_im_Jahr_2018 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=Die Mount Kilimanjaro Info-Map |language=de}}</ref> A lokacin aikin filin da aka gudanar a farkon shekarar 2006, masana kimiyya sun gano wani babban rami kusa da tsakiyar kankara. Wannan ramin, wanda ya ratsa ta tsawon {{Convert|6|m|ft}} da ya rage na kankara zuwa dutsen da ke ƙarƙashinsa, ya raba kankara gida biyu kafin shekarar 2007. <ref name="Thompson2002">{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Lonnie G. |display-authors=etal |date=October 2002 |title=Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa |url=https://africanscenicsafaris.com/mount-kilimanjaro-climbing |journal=Science |volume=298 |issue=5593 |pages=589–593 |bibcode=2002Sci...298..589T |doi=10.1126/science.1073198 |pmid=12386332 |s2cid=32880316 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304191326/http://www.geo.umass.edu/climate/doug/pubs/thompson_etal_sci02.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-04 |access-date=2006-08-31}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFThompson2002">Thompson, Lonnie G.; et&nbsp;al. (October 2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304191326/http://www.geo.umass.edu/climate/doug/pubs/thompson_etal_sci02.pdf "Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Science''. '''298''' (5593): <span class="nowrap">589–</span>593. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...298..589T 2002Sci...298..589T]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1073198|10.1126/science.1073198]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12386332 12386332]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32880316 32880316]. Archived from [https://africanscenicsafaris.com/mount-kilimanjaro-climbing the original] on 2009-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Duba kuma == == Manazarta == qo78v826mbi730rtoygv7ka8r6nk2ug 842334 842333 2026-05-29T10:24:21Z Engineer014 44591 842334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Furtwängler Glacier''' yana kusa da tsaunin [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]] a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . An sanya wa wannan ƙanƙarar suna ne bayan {{Interlanguage link|Walter Furtwängler|de}} wanda, tare da Siegfried König, suka kafa ƙungiya ta huɗu da ta hau kan ƙololuwar Kilimanjaro a shekarar 1912. <ref name="Stedman">{{Cite web |last=Stedman, Henry |title=History of Kilimanjaro: After Meyer |url=http://www.climbmountkilimanjaro.com/the-history-of-kilimanjaro/history-of-kilimanjaro-after-meyer/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908035210/http://www.climbmountkilimanjaro.com/the-history-of-kilimanjaro/history-of-kilimanjaro-after-meyer/index.html |archive-date=2008-09-08 |access-date=2007-05-03 |website=Excerpt from "Kilimanjaro" |publisher=Climb Mount Kilimanjaro}}</ref> Kankara ƙaramin ragowar [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro|murfin kankara]] ne wanda ya taɓa lashe saman Kilimanjaro. Kusan kashi 85 cikin 100 na murfin kankara ya ɓace daga Oktoba 1912 zuwa Yuni 2011. <ref name="Retreat">{{Cite journal |last=Cullen |first=N. J. |last2=Sirguey |first2=P. |last3=Mölg |first3=T. |last4=Kaser |first4=G. |last5=Winkler |first5=M. |last6=Fitzsimons |first6=S. J. |date=4 March 2013 |title=A century of ice retreat on Kilimanjaro: the mapping reloaded |url=http://www.the-cryosphere.net/7/419/2013/tc-7-419-2013.pdf |journal=[[The Cryosphere]] |publisher=[[Copernicus Publications]] |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=419–431 |bibcode=2013TCry....7..419C |doi=10.5194/tc-7-419-2013 |issn=1994-0424 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekarar 2013 an kiyasta cewa a lokacin da ake amfani da shi a yanzu, yawancin kankara za su ɓace nan da shekarar 2040 kuma "ba zai yiwu a sami wani gawar kankara bayan 2060 ba". <ref name="Retreat" /> [[Fayil:Kilimanjaro_Glaciers.jpg|left|thumb|260x260px|Hoton NASA daga 2004 tare da wuraren manyan ƙanƙara a kan Dutsen Kilimanjaro. Yankunan da ba a gano ba galibi ƙananan ƙanƙara ne ko filayen dusar ƙanƙara. Danna hoton don ƙarin bayani.]] Furtwängler Glacier ba shi da wani lokaci, yana ci gaba da wanzuwa tun kimanin shekara ta 1650 CE, wanda ya yi daidai da matakan da suka yi yawa a [[Tafkin Naivasha]] na Kenya da kuma farkon Maunder Minimum . <ref name="T&D">{{Cite web |last=Thompson, L. G. |last2=Davis, M. E. |date=2013 |title=Ice Core Records - Africa |url=http://research.bpcrc.osu.edu/Icecore/publications/Thompson_and_Davis_Ice_Cores_Africa_2013.pdf |publisher=[[The Ohio State University]]}}</ref> Tsakanin ma'aunin a 1976 da 2000, an yanke yankin wannan ƙanƙara kusan rabi, daga {{Convert|113,000|m2|ft2}} zuwa {{Convert|60,000|m2|ft2}} . <ref name="Thompson2002">{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Lonnie G. |display-authors=etal |date=October 2002 |title=Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa |url=https://africanscenicsafaris.com/mount-kilimanjaro-climbing |journal=Science |volume=298 |issue=5593 |pages=589–593 |bibcode=2002Sci...298..589T |doi=10.1126/science.1073198 |pmid=12386332 |s2cid=32880316 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304191326/http://www.geo.umass.edu/climate/doug/pubs/thompson_etal_sci02.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-04 |access-date=2006-08-31}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 2018 girman ya ragu zuwa {{Convert|11,000|m2|ft2}} . A shekarar 2022, an yi tunanin cewa ƙanƙarar za ta daina wanzuwa nan da shekarar 2023, inda za a rasa {{Convert|2,524|m2|ft2}} a kowace shekara. <ref name="gletscher">{{Cite web |title=Furtwängler Gletscher – Das Mount Kilimanjaro Wiki |url=https://kilimanjaro.bplaced.net/wiki/index.php?title=Furtw%C3%A4ngler_Gletscher#Der_Furtw.C3.A4ngler_Gletscher_im_Jahr_2018 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=Die Mount Kilimanjaro Info-Map |language=de}}</ref> A lokacin aikin filin da aka gudanar a farkon shekarar 2006, masana kimiyya sun gano wani babban rami kusa da tsakiyar kankara. Wannan ramin, wanda ya ratsa ta tsawon {{Convert|6|m|ft}} da ya rage na kankara zuwa dutsen da ke ƙarƙashinsa, ya raba kankara gida biyu kafin shekarar 2007. <ref name="Thompson2002">{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Lonnie G. |display-authors=etal |date=October 2002 |title=Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa |url=https://africanscenicsafaris.com/mount-kilimanjaro-climbing |journal=Science |volume=298 |issue=5593 |pages=589–593 |bibcode=2002Sci...298..589T |doi=10.1126/science.1073198 |pmid=12386332 |s2cid=32880316 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304191326/http://www.geo.umass.edu/climate/doug/pubs/thompson_etal_sci02.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-04 |access-date=2006-08-31}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFThompson2002">Thompson, Lonnie G.; et&nbsp;al. (October 2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304191326/http://www.geo.umass.edu/climate/doug/pubs/thompson_etal_sci02.pdf "Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Science''. '''298''' (5593): <span class="nowrap">589–</span>593. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...298..589T 2002Sci...298..589T]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1073198|10.1126/science.1073198]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12386332 12386332]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32880316 32880316]. Archived from [https://africanscenicsafaris.com/mount-kilimanjaro-climbing the original] on 2009-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Duba kuma == == Manazarta == 4febzh9mkrva6y3pynig1c300n6jipn 0 153044 842335 2026-05-29T10:24:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351977522|Cintra Bay]]" 842335 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cintra Bay''' ko Gulf of Cintra babban bay ne, mai siffar rabin wata <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burkhalter M. |year=2011 |title=Cintra Bay West Sahara |url=https://www.panoramio.com/photo/52188144 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512215647/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/52188144 |archive-date=2014-05-12 |access-date=2013-12-02 |page=[[Panoramio]]}}</ref> a bakin tekun lardin Rio de Oro, Yammacin Sahara . Tana kusa da kilomita {{Convert|120|km|mi}} (75 kudu da Dakhla. Yankin bakin tekun yana da ƙarancin jama'a, kuma yanayin yafi yawan daji ne kuma ba a inganta shi ba. Asalin da ake kira "St. Cyprian's Bay", an sake masa suna bayan Kyaftin Gonçalo na Sintra, mai bincike Portuguese na ƙarni na 15 wanda aka yi zaton ya sadu da mutuwarsa a baya a lokacin wani hari na bawa mara izini. == Magana == Da farko ana kiran yankin "St. Cyprian's Bay" amma an sake masa suna bayan Gonçalo na Sintra . <ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Chris |date=27 March 2016 |title='V' is for Vintage Sahara Maps |url=https://sahara-overland.com/2016/03/27/o-is-for-old-sahara-maps/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008181957/https://sahara-overland.com/2016/03/27/o-is-for-old-sahara-maps/ |archive-date=8 October 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Bayin yana da nisan kilo 29 tsakanin Punta del Pescador da Lagouira bay, kuma gabaɗaya yana buɗewa kuma ba shi da zurfi, matsakaicin zurfin ɓangaren tsakiya yana da mita 10. Yana da kimanin kilomita {{Convert|24|km|mi}} () a diamita, daga arewacin Puntilla de las Raimas, kusa da Via Candelaria da Hassi Amatai, kudu zuwa Puntila Negra ko ''Punta Negra'', kusa da Las Talaitas . Matsayi mafi zurfi na bayin yana a ''Hasi el Beied'', kusa da tsakiyar Cintra Bay. Ruwan Gulf sun hada da ''Angra na Citra'' na ciki da yankunan waje na Bajo El Tortugo, Bajo Ahogado, da Bajo del Medio Golfo. Ruwa mai zurfi daga Cintra Bay ana kiranta Bajo Arcila . Duwatsu, dunes, [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]], da lagoons sun zama mafi yawan yanayin bakin teku. Wani babban tafki, Bajo Tortugo ("Bay of the Little Tortoise"), yana gefen arewa, kuma akwai wani yanki mai suna Las Matorrales a kudancin. Ana iya ganin tuddai da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun fadi ko tsaunuka a yankin. Cintra Bay yana da tsibirin a kowane ƙarshen. Punta de las Raimas a arewa yana da tsawon {{Convert|2|mi|km}} kuma mafi yawa yashi kuma yana da duwatsu da reef a saman, yayin da za'a iya samun yashi a kan Punta Negra, wanda ke da reefs da ke kewaye da shi. Yankin da ke kudu maso yammacin Cintra Bay ana kiransa Banco de Sylvia . Yana tsakanin Dakhla da Cintra Bay, yayin da [[Amseisat Saccum]] da Imlili ke gaba da gabas a cikin hamada ta ciki. A gefen da ke gefen Las ''Taraitas'' da Morro de Gorrei akwai Bay of Gorrei ko 'Bahia de Gorrei, mai kama da siffar amma karami fiye da Cintra Bay. Akwai wasu bays ko ƙofofi da yawa a cikin siffofi kusan iri ɗaya da Cintra ko Gorrei Bays tare da yankin Rio de Oro. === Ruwa === Abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙasa da ruwa na Cintra Bay sun sa ya dace da kamun kifi da kiwon kifi. Rashin zurfinsa da kuma rufewa yana ba shi mafi girman yanayin zafi na ruwa a yankin. Yankin kudu maso arewa yana gudana ne kawai a cikin bay kuma raƙuman ruwa suna shafar shi, musamman a yankunan da ke kusa da ruwa mai budewa. Wannan halin yanzu kuma yana haifar da vortex, ko yaduwar ruwa a cikin levorotation, a yankin arewa.<ref name="MoroccoAquaculture" /> == Tarihin halitta == Yankin bakin tekun da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi suna daga cikin yammacin hamadar Sahara, ana rufe su da dunes, suna sa tsire-tsire na Cintra bay matalauta sosai. Ya bambanta da ƙasar, ruwan da ke cikin wannan yanki suna cikin tsarin [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Canary]] Current wanda ke da wadataccen ruwa, da kuma Nouadhibou Upwelling. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan yankuna masu tasowa yana kusa da shelf na nahiyar. Wannan ya sa yankin ya zama daya daga cikin wuraren da suka fi arziki don kamun kifi a duniya, kuma Cintra Bay kanta tana aiki a matsayin hotspot don zooplankton <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berraho |first=Amina |last2=Abdelouahab |first2=Hinde |last3=Baibai |first3=Tarik |last4=Charib |first4=Said |last5=Larissi |first5=Jamila |last6=Agouzouk |first6=Aziz |last7=Makaoui |first7=Ahmed |date=1 July 2019 |title=Short-term variation of zooplankton community in Cintra Bay (Northwest Africa) |journal=Oceanologia |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=368–383 |doi=10.1016/j.oceano.2019.02.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma filin shayarwa don sardines. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fishery Audit Report Checklist |url=http://www.friendofthesea.org/public/catalogo/checklist_friend_of_the_sea_fishery%20audit%20report%20checklist%202009%20sardina%20pilchardus%20purse%20seine%20morocco%20fao34.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720221203/http://www.friendofthesea.org/public/catalogo/checklist_friend_of_the_sea_fishery%20audit%20report%20checklist%202009%20sardina%20pilchardus%20purse%20seine%20morocco%20fao34.pdf |archive-date=2014-07-20 |access-date=2014-12-27 |website=Friend of the Sea}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya samun Cephalaspidea a cikin bayin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malaquias |first=Manuel António E. |last2=Ohnheiser |first2=Lena T. |last3=Oskars |first3=Trond R. |last4=Willassen |first4=Endre |date=September 2016 |title=Diversity and systematics of philinid snails (Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea) in West Africa with remarks on the biogeography of the region |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1111/zoj.12478 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Kodayake Maroko ta taɓa la'akari da ƙirƙirar wurin shakatawa na ƙasa ciki har da Cintra da Dakhla Bays, <ref name="Waders">{{Cite journal |last=Rufino R. |last2=Neves R. |last3=Pina J.P. |year=1998 |title=Wintering waders in Dakhla Bay, Western Sahara |url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/iwsgb/v087/p00026-p00029.pdf |journal=Wader Study Group Bulletin |volume=87 |pages=26–29 |access-date=2014-12-26}}</ref> an yi iƙirarin cewa duka muhalli da bambancin halittu na Cintra Bay suna fuskantar barazanar wani shiri na ci gaba don ƙarfafa kiwon kifi na Maroko tare da tallafi daga EU, kuma ana buƙatar bincike a yankin, musamman a kan whale na dama, [4] da kariya ga al'ummomin kamun kifi na gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.anda.gov.ma/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/publications/Plan-aquacole-Oued%20Eddahab-fr-web.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514004801/https://www.anda.gov.ma/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/publications/Plan-aquacole-Oued%20Eddahab-fr-web.pdf |archive-date=2016-05-14 |access-date=2016-04-29}}</ref> === Dabbobi masu shayarwa === ==== Cetaceans ==== Dangane da rubuce-rubucen kifi na karni na 19, bakin tekun daga kilomita 10 a arewacin Puntilla de las Raimas, wanda ake kira "Goree" Bay ta masu kifi, zuwa kilomita 20 a arewacin [[wiktionary:sv:Cabo Barbas|Cabo Barbas]] kuma mai yiwuwa ya fi girma shine kawai sanannen yanayin hunturu ko haifuwa ga gabashin Arewacin Atlantic na Arewacin Atlantic. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reeves R.R. |year=2001 |title=Overview of catch history, historic abundance and distribution of right whales in the western North Atlantic and in Cintra Bay, West Africa. |journal=Journal of Cetacean Research and Management |volume=2 |pages=187–192}}</ref> Wadannan whales yanzu ana zaton sun ƙare ko kuma a cikin ƙananan dabbobi da aka bari a mafi kyau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silvia A M. |last2=Steiner L. |last3=Cascao I. |last4=Cruz J.M. |last5=Prieto R., Cole T. |last6=Hamilton K.P. |last7=Baumgartner M. |year=2012 |title=Winter sighting of a known western North Atlantic right whale in the Azores |url=http://www.whoi.edu/fileserver.do?id=124184&pt=2&p=9906 |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Cetacean Research and Management |volume=12 |pages=65–69 |access-date=2013-04-28}}</ref> A cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19, Cintra Bay Ground na ɗaya daga cikin manyan wurare uku ko huɗu don farautar whale na dama a Arewacin Atlantic, tare da kudu maso gabashin Amurka, Cape Farewell a Greenland, kuma mai yiwuwa yankin Icelandic, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin filayen hunturu guda biyu tare da iyakar Amurka. tare da<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reeves, R.R. |last2=Mitchell, E. |year=1986 |title=American pelagic whaling for right whales in the North Atlantic. |url=https://archive.iwc.int/pages/search.php?search=%21collection34&k=&offset=0&order_by=relevance&sort=DESC&#/pages/view.php?ref=470&search=%21collection34&order_by=relevance&sort=DESC&offset=0&archive=0&k= |format=PDF |journal=Report of the International Whaling Commission |issue=Special Issue 10 |pages=221–254 |access-date=2013-10-09}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ajf02i4uyjydi4h0upel5pnepikeqdh 842336 842335 2026-05-29T10:25:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 842336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cintra Bay''' ko Gulf of Cintra babban bay ne, mai siffar rabin wata <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burkhalter M. |year=2011 |title=Cintra Bay West Sahara |url=https://www.panoramio.com/photo/52188144 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512215647/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/52188144 |archive-date=2014-05-12 |access-date=2013-12-02 |page=[[Panoramio]]}}</ref> a bakin tekun lardin Rio de Oro, Yammacin Sahara . Tana kusa da kilomita {{Convert|120|km|mi}} (75 kudu da Dakhla. Yankin bakin tekun yana da ƙarancin jama'a, kuma yanayin yafi yawan daji ne kuma ba a inganta shi ba. Asalin da ake kira "St. Cyprian's Bay", an sake masa suna bayan Kyaftin Gonçalo na Sintra, mai bincike Portuguese na ƙarni na 15 wanda aka yi zaton ya sadu da mutuwarsa a baya a lokacin wani hari na bawa mara izini. == Magana == Da farko ana kiran yankin "St. Cyprian's Bay" amma an sake masa suna bayan Gonçalo na Sintra . <ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Chris |date=27 March 2016 |title='V' is for Vintage Sahara Maps |url=https://sahara-overland.com/2016/03/27/o-is-for-old-sahara-maps/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008181957/https://sahara-overland.com/2016/03/27/o-is-for-old-sahara-maps/ |archive-date=8 October 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Bayin yana da nisan kilo 29 tsakanin Punta del Pescador da Lagouira bay, kuma gabaɗaya yana buɗewa kuma ba shi da zurfi, matsakaicin zurfin ɓangaren tsakiya yana da mita 10. Yana da kimanin kilomita {{Convert|24|km|mi}} () a diamita, daga arewacin Puntilla de las Raimas, kusa da Via Candelaria da Hassi Amatai, kudu zuwa Puntila Negra ko ''Punta Negra'', kusa da Las Talaitas . Matsayi mafi zurfi na bayin yana a ''Hasi el Beied'', kusa da tsakiyar Cintra Bay. Ruwan Gulf sun hada da ''Angra na Citra'' na ciki da yankunan waje na Bajo El Tortugo, Bajo Ahogado, da Bajo del Medio Golfo. Ruwa mai zurfi daga Cintra Bay ana kiranta Bajo Arcila . Duwatsu, dunes, [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]], da lagoons sun zama mafi yawan yanayin bakin teku. Wani babban tafki, Bajo Tortugo ("Bay of the Little Tortoise"), yana gefen arewa, kuma akwai wani yanki mai suna Las Matorrales a kudancin. Ana iya ganin tuddai da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun fadi ko tsaunuka a yankin. Cintra Bay yana da tsibirin a kowane ƙarshen. Punta de las Raimas a arewa yana da tsawon {{Convert|2|mi|km}} kuma mafi yawa yashi kuma yana da duwatsu da reef a saman, yayin da za'a iya samun yashi a kan Punta Negra, wanda ke da reefs da ke kewaye da shi. Yankin da ke kudu maso yammacin Cintra Bay ana kiransa Banco de Sylvia . Yana tsakanin Dakhla da Cintra Bay, yayin da [[Amseisat Saccum]] da Imlili ke gaba da gabas a cikin hamada ta ciki. A gefen da ke gefen Las ''Taraitas'' da Morro de Gorrei akwai Bay of Gorrei ko 'Bahia de Gorrei, mai kama da siffar amma karami fiye da Cintra Bay. Akwai wasu bays ko ƙofofi da yawa a cikin siffofi kusan iri ɗaya da Cintra ko Gorrei Bays tare da yankin Rio de Oro. === Ruwa === Abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙasa da ruwa na Cintra Bay sun sa ya dace da kamun kifi da kiwon kifi. Rashin zurfinsa da kuma rufewa yana ba shi mafi girman yanayin zafi na ruwa a yankin. Yankin kudu maso arewa yana gudana ne kawai a cikin bay kuma raƙuman ruwa suna shafar shi, musamman a yankunan da ke kusa da ruwa mai budewa. Wannan halin yanzu kuma yana haifar da vortex, ko yaduwar ruwa a cikin levorotation, a yankin arewa.<ref name="MoroccoAquaculture" /> == Tarihin halitta == Yankin bakin tekun da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi suna daga cikin yammacin hamadar Sahara, ana rufe su da dunes, suna sa tsire-tsire na Cintra bay matalauta sosai. Ya bambanta da ƙasar, ruwan da ke cikin wannan yanki suna cikin tsarin [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Canary]] Current wanda ke da wadataccen ruwa, da kuma Nouadhibou Upwelling. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan yankuna masu tasowa yana kusa da shelf na nahiyar. Wannan ya sa yankin ya zama daya daga cikin wuraren da suka fi arziki don kamun kifi a duniya, kuma Cintra Bay kanta tana aiki a matsayin hotspot don zooplankton <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berraho |first=Amina |last2=Abdelouahab |first2=Hinde |last3=Baibai |first3=Tarik |last4=Charib |first4=Said |last5=Larissi |first5=Jamila |last6=Agouzouk |first6=Aziz |last7=Makaoui |first7=Ahmed |date=1 July 2019 |title=Short-term variation of zooplankton community in Cintra Bay (Northwest Africa) |journal=Oceanologia |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=368–383 |doi=10.1016/j.oceano.2019.02.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma filin shayarwa don sardines. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fishery Audit Report Checklist |url=http://www.friendofthesea.org/public/catalogo/checklist_friend_of_the_sea_fishery%20audit%20report%20checklist%202009%20sardina%20pilchardus%20purse%20seine%20morocco%20fao34.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720221203/http://www.friendofthesea.org/public/catalogo/checklist_friend_of_the_sea_fishery%20audit%20report%20checklist%202009%20sardina%20pilchardus%20purse%20seine%20morocco%20fao34.pdf |archive-date=2014-07-20 |access-date=2014-12-27 |website=Friend of the Sea}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya samun Cephalaspidea a cikin bayin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malaquias |first=Manuel António E. |last2=Ohnheiser |first2=Lena T. |last3=Oskars |first3=Trond R. |last4=Willassen |first4=Endre |date=September 2016 |title=Diversity and systematics of philinid snails (Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea) in West Africa with remarks on the biogeography of the region |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1111/zoj.12478 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Kodayake Maroko ta taɓa la'akari da ƙirƙirar wurin shakatawa na ƙasa ciki har da Cintra da Dakhla Bays, <ref name="Waders">{{Cite journal |last=Rufino R. |last2=Neves R. |last3=Pina J.P. |year=1998 |title=Wintering waders in Dakhla Bay, Western Sahara |url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/iwsgb/v087/p00026-p00029.pdf |journal=Wader Study Group Bulletin |volume=87 |pages=26–29 |access-date=2014-12-26}}</ref> an yi iƙirarin cewa duka muhalli da bambancin halittu na Cintra Bay suna fuskantar barazanar wani shiri na ci gaba don ƙarfafa kiwon kifi na Maroko tare da tallafi daga EU, kuma ana buƙatar bincike a yankin, musamman a kan whale na dama, [4] da kariya ga al'ummomin kamun kifi na gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.anda.gov.ma/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/publications/Plan-aquacole-Oued%20Eddahab-fr-web.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514004801/https://www.anda.gov.ma/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/publications/Plan-aquacole-Oued%20Eddahab-fr-web.pdf |archive-date=2016-05-14 |access-date=2016-04-29}}</ref> === Dabbobi masu shayarwa === ==== Cetaceans ==== Dangane da rubuce-rubucen kifi na karni na 19, bakin tekun daga kilomita 10 a arewacin Puntilla de las Raimas, wanda ake kira "Goree" Bay ta masu kifi, zuwa kilomita 20 a arewacin [[wiktionary:sv:Cabo Barbas|Cabo Barbas]] kuma mai yiwuwa ya fi girma shine kawai sanannen yanayin hunturu ko haifuwa ga gabashin Arewacin Atlantic na Arewacin Atlantic. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reeves R.R. |year=2001 |title=Overview of catch history, historic abundance and distribution of right whales in the western North Atlantic and in Cintra Bay, West Africa. |journal=Journal of Cetacean Research and Management |volume=2 |pages=187–192}}</ref> Wadannan whales yanzu ana zaton sun ƙare ko kuma a cikin ƙananan dabbobi da aka bari a mafi kyau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silvia A M. |last2=Steiner L. |last3=Cascao I. |last4=Cruz J.M. |last5=Prieto R., Cole T. |last6=Hamilton K.P. |last7=Baumgartner M. |year=2012 |title=Winter sighting of a known western North Atlantic right whale in the Azores |url=http://www.whoi.edu/fileserver.do?id=124184&pt=2&p=9906 |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Cetacean Research and Management |volume=12 |pages=65–69 |access-date=2013-04-28}}</ref> A cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19, Cintra Bay Ground na ɗaya daga cikin manyan wurare uku ko huɗu don farautar whale na dama a Arewacin Atlantic, tare da kudu maso gabashin Amurka, Cape Farewell a Greenland, kuma mai yiwuwa yankin Icelandic, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin filayen hunturu guda biyu tare da iyakar Amurka. tare da<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reeves, R.R. |last2=Mitchell, E. |year=1986 |title=American pelagic whaling for right whales in the North Atlantic. |url=https://archive.iwc.int/pages/search.php?search=%21collection34&k=&offset=0&order_by=relevance&sort=DESC&#/pages/view.php?ref=470&search=%21collection34&order_by=relevance&sort=DESC&offset=0&archive=0&k= |format=PDF |journal=Report of the International Whaling Commission |issue=Special Issue 10 |pages=221–254 |access-date=2013-10-09}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8unev64a9dgkx09cpvouk81d4xmkjfp 0 153045 842337 2026-05-29T10:25:57Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341263990|Fezzan Basin]]" 842337 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tafkin Fazzan''', ko kuma '''Tafkin Fezzan''', babban [[Endorheic Basin|kwarin endorheic]] ne a Libya. Ba shi da hanyar shiga teku kuma yana ɗauke da manyan yankuna na hamada ko kuma rabin ƙasa mai bushewa. Yana ɗaya daga cikin kwarin biyu a kudancin [[Libya]] a gefen arewa na tsaunukan Tibesti a tsakiyar [[Sahara|hamadar Sahara]], ɗayan kuma shine Tafkin Kufra, kusa da gabas. == Tsarin aiki == Fazzan Basin yana kan mahadar tsakanin faranti biyu na tectonic . Haɗuwa tsakanin waɗannan ya faru ne a zamanin Paleozoic kuma ya haifar da kauri na ɓawon duniya, wanda daga nan ya faɗi ƙasa ƙarƙashin nauyinsa ya samar da rami a cikin ƙasa, Fazzan Basin. Tun daga lokacin, an sami tarin "tsakanin nahiyoyi" da sauran duwatsu na nahiyar, kuma an kama ruwa mai yawa a cikin magudanar ruwa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Akwai wani ɓullar basalt tsakanin Fazzan da Kufra Basin, kuma duka biyun sun rufe da yashi. Yanayin wannan yanki ya bambanta sosai a baya, inda lokutan ruwa da bushewa ke canzawa; matsakaicin lokacin bushewa na yanzu bai wuce {{Convert|20|mm|in|1}} ba ruwan sama a kowace shekara. <ref name="Armitage" /> A tarihin ƙasa, Fazzan Basin ya cika aƙalla sau huɗu a lokacin Pleistocene da ruwa don samar da babban tafki. <ref name="Armitage" /> A kowane lokaci, an ajiye wani kauri na dutse mai daraja. Armitage et al. (2007) sun kiyasta cewa biyu daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan sun faru a baya fiye da shekaru 400,000 da suka gabata, wani kuma ya faru ne a MIS 11 (kimanin shekaru 400,000 da suka wuce) da kuma wani a [[Marine Isotope Mataki na 5|MIS 5]] (tsakanin shekaru 130,000 da 80,000 da suka wuce). <ref name="Armitage">{{Cite journal |last=Armitage, S.J. |last2=Drake, N.A. |last3=Stokes, S. |last4=El-Hawat, A. |last5=Salem, M.J. |last6=White, K. |last7=Turner, P. |last8=McLaren, S.J. |year=2007 |title=Multiple phases of North African humidity recorded in lacustrine sediments from the Fazzan Basin, Libyan Sahara |journal=Quaternary Geochronology |volume=2 |issue=1–4 |pages=181–186 |doi=10.1016/j.quageo.2006.05.019 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Geye da Thiedig (2008) sun fahimci ƙarin lokutan laka a tafki a MIS 9 da [[MIS 7|MIS 7.]] Sun kuma kiyasta cewa tafkin ya kai {{Convert|100000|km2|mi2|0}} a cikin MIS 11, kuma a lokacin ne yake da girmansa mafi girma. Da MIS 5, tafkin ya ragu zuwa {{Convert|1400|km2|mi2|0}} kuma ƙasa da {{Convert|100|km2|mi2|0}} a lokacin sake maimaitawa na baya-bayan nan a [[Holocene]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geyh, Mebus A. |last2=Thiedig, Friedhelm |year=2008 |title=The Middle Pleistocene Al Mahrúqah Formation in the Murzuq Basin, northern Sahara, Libya evidence for orbitally-forced humid episodes during the last 500,000 years |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=257 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.07.001}}</ref> Duk da haka, Armitage et al. (2007), suna ambaton Brooks et al. (2003), sun sanya yankin tafkin Holocene a {{Convert|76250|km2|mi2|0}} . Duk da cewa akwai rashin jituwa game da ainihin lokacin da girman tafkin Megafazzan, hukumomin biyu sun yarda cewa babu wani aiki na lacustrine tsakanin MIS 5 da Holocene. Ma'adinan MIS 5 sun haɗa da burbushin ''Cerastoderma glaucum'', wanda ke nuna cewa ruwan yana da launin ruwan kasa . <ref name="Hublin" /> == Tafkin Megafazzan == A lokacin Miocene, Libya ta fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa ta hanyar manyan koguna guda biyu, dukkansu suna kwarara zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]], Kogin [[Wadi Nashu]] a yamma da [[Sahabi River|Kogin Sahabi]] a tsakiya da gabas. A ƙarshen Miocene da farkon Messinian, ƙaruwar ayyukan aman wuta a arewa maso gabashin Libya ya haifar da toshewar bayan Wadi Nashu, wanda ya sa ruwa ya taru a cikin Fazzan Basin, wanda ya samar da tafkin Megafazzan mai suna Lake Proto-Lake a lokacin danshi. <ref name="Drake">{{Cite journal |last=Drake, N.A. |last2=El-Hawat, A.S. |last3=Turner, P. |last4=Armitage, S.J. |last5=Salem, M.J. |last6=White, K.H. |last7=McLaren, S. |year=2008 |title=Palaeohydrology of the Fazzan Basin and surrounding regions: The last 7 million years |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=263 |issue=3–4 |pages=131–145 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.02.005}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3z6bi8hipkyfynntn1tz7eqd2yt491g 842340 842337 2026-05-29T10:26:24Z Engineer014 44591 842340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafkin Fazzan''', ko kuma '''Tafkin Fezzan''', babban [[Endorheic Basin|kwarin endorheic]] ne a Libya. Ba shi da hanyar shiga teku kuma yana ɗauke da manyan yankuna na hamada ko kuma rabin ƙasa mai bushewa. Yana ɗaya daga cikin kwarin biyu a kudancin [[Libya]] a gefen arewa na tsaunukan Tibesti a tsakiyar [[Sahara|hamadar Sahara]], ɗayan kuma shine Tafkin Kufra, kusa da gabas. == Tsarin aiki == Fazzan Basin yana kan mahadar tsakanin faranti biyu na tectonic . Haɗuwa tsakanin waɗannan ya faru ne a zamanin Paleozoic kuma ya haifar da kauri na ɓawon duniya, wanda daga nan ya faɗi ƙasa ƙarƙashin nauyinsa ya samar da rami a cikin ƙasa, Fazzan Basin. Tun daga lokacin, an sami tarin "tsakanin nahiyoyi" da sauran duwatsu na nahiyar, kuma an kama ruwa mai yawa a cikin magudanar ruwa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Akwai wani ɓullar basalt tsakanin Fazzan da Kufra Basin, kuma duka biyun sun rufe da yashi. Yanayin wannan yanki ya bambanta sosai a baya, inda lokutan ruwa da bushewa ke canzawa; matsakaicin lokacin bushewa na yanzu bai wuce {{Convert|20|mm|in|1}} ba ruwan sama a kowace shekara. <ref name="Armitage" /> A tarihin ƙasa, Fazzan Basin ya cika aƙalla sau huɗu a lokacin Pleistocene da ruwa don samar da babban tafki. <ref name="Armitage" /> A kowane lokaci, an ajiye wani kauri na dutse mai daraja. Armitage et al. (2007) sun kiyasta cewa biyu daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan sun faru a baya fiye da shekaru 400,000 da suka gabata, wani kuma ya faru ne a MIS 11 (kimanin shekaru 400,000 da suka wuce) da kuma wani a [[Marine Isotope Mataki na 5|MIS 5]] (tsakanin shekaru 130,000 da 80,000 da suka wuce). <ref name="Armitage">{{Cite journal |last=Armitage, S.J. |last2=Drake, N.A. |last3=Stokes, S. |last4=El-Hawat, A. |last5=Salem, M.J. |last6=White, K. |last7=Turner, P. |last8=McLaren, S.J. |year=2007 |title=Multiple phases of North African humidity recorded in lacustrine sediments from the Fazzan Basin, Libyan Sahara |journal=Quaternary Geochronology |volume=2 |issue=1–4 |pages=181–186 |doi=10.1016/j.quageo.2006.05.019 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Geye da Thiedig (2008) sun fahimci ƙarin lokutan laka a tafki a MIS 9 da [[MIS 7|MIS 7.]] Sun kuma kiyasta cewa tafkin ya kai {{Convert|100000|km2|mi2|0}} a cikin MIS 11, kuma a lokacin ne yake da girmansa mafi girma. Da MIS 5, tafkin ya ragu zuwa {{Convert|1400|km2|mi2|0}} kuma ƙasa da {{Convert|100|km2|mi2|0}} a lokacin sake maimaitawa na baya-bayan nan a [[Holocene]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geyh, Mebus A. |last2=Thiedig, Friedhelm |year=2008 |title=The Middle Pleistocene Al Mahrúqah Formation in the Murzuq Basin, northern Sahara, Libya evidence for orbitally-forced humid episodes during the last 500,000 years |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=257 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.07.001}}</ref> Duk da haka, Armitage et al. (2007), suna ambaton Brooks et al. (2003), sun sanya yankin tafkin Holocene a {{Convert|76250|km2|mi2|0}} . Duk da cewa akwai rashin jituwa game da ainihin lokacin da girman tafkin Megafazzan, hukumomin biyu sun yarda cewa babu wani aiki na lacustrine tsakanin MIS 5 da Holocene. Ma'adinan MIS 5 sun haɗa da burbushin ''Cerastoderma glaucum'', wanda ke nuna cewa ruwan yana da launin ruwan kasa . <ref name="Hublin" /> == Tafkin Megafazzan == A lokacin Miocene, Libya ta fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa ta hanyar manyan koguna guda biyu, dukkansu suna kwarara zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]], Kogin [[Wadi Nashu]] a yamma da [[Sahabi River|Kogin Sahabi]] a tsakiya da gabas. A ƙarshen Miocene da farkon Messinian, ƙaruwar ayyukan aman wuta a arewa maso gabashin Libya ya haifar da toshewar bayan Wadi Nashu, wanda ya sa ruwa ya taru a cikin Fazzan Basin, wanda ya samar da tafkin Megafazzan mai suna Lake Proto-Lake a lokacin danshi. <ref name="Drake">{{Cite journal |last=Drake, N.A. |last2=El-Hawat, A.S. |last3=Turner, P. |last4=Armitage, S.J. |last5=Salem, M.J. |last6=White, K.H. |last7=McLaren, S. |year=2008 |title=Palaeohydrology of the Fazzan Basin and surrounding regions: The last 7 million years |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=263 |issue=3–4 |pages=131–145 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.02.005}}</ref> == Manazarta == cv0ksfoyu8a6p28z5ymp0vorqmns77d 0 153046 842338 2026-05-29T10:26:18Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1241302270|Mahavavy Sud River]]" 842338 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mahavavy Sud''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Mahavavy South''', kogi ne a yammacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. Yana gudana daga kudu zuwa arewa ta yankunan Melaky, Betsiboka, Bongolava da Boeny. Tsawonsa ya kai kimanin {{Cvt|410|km|mi}}, kuma yana zubar da kwano mai nauyin {{Cvt|16,475|km2|mi2}}. Ya bambanta da [[Mahavavy River|Mahavavy North]] ɗaruruwan kilomita zuwa arewa. Mahavavy Sud yana hawa kan Dutsen Andranofotsibe a tsayin mita 1000. Yana kwarara zuwa kudu, tare da kogunan Kiranomena da Manamidona waɗanda suka samo asali daga dutsen Famoizankova. Kilomita 125 na farko na hanyar kogin yana da tsayi mai tsayi, kimanin mita 7 a kowace kilomita. A Kandreho kogin ya shiga wani yanki na gabas da yamma kuma Mahakambana ya haɗu da shi, wanda ke zubar da ɓangaren yamma na yankin. Bayan barin magudanar ruwa, kogin yana kwarara zuwa kudu ta cikin tsaunukan dutse na Ankara da Kelifely a cikin kwaruruka masu zurfi, kuma Kasijy Special Reserve yana gefen yamma na kogin. Ƙasan kogin, a ƙarƙashin Sitampiky mai nisan kilomita 280 daga tushensa, yana ratsa ƙasa mai faɗi. Rarraba kogin yana da ƙasa, tare da gangaren santimita 40 a kowace kilomita. Kogin yana da gefen dausayi da tafkuna marasa zurfi, gami da tafkunan Kinkony da Katondro, waɗanda kogin ke cika su a lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa. Kogin yana samar da babban delta yayin da yake kwarara zuwa cikin [[Tashar Mozambique]]. Yankin da aka kare Mahavavy-Kinkony ya mamaye mafi yawan yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa, ciki har da Tafkin Kinkony da kuma kogin delta. An sanya shi a matsayin Mahavavy-Kinkony mai kariya mai jituwa (''payage harmonieux protégé'' ) a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu 2015 ta Dokar Lamba ta 2015-718, wanda ya haɗa da wurin farauta na Tafkin Kinkony mai fadin hekta 15,000, wanda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1972, da kuma Dajin Tsiombikibo Classified (''Forêt Classée de Tsiombikibo''), wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1957. Mahavavy-Kinkony an sanya shi a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye. == Manazarta == Manambolo RiverManambolo RiverMahavavy Sud RiverManambolo RiverMahavavy Sud River abjtbh368lxmp9slxq6jpys2d8x5te6 842341 842338 2026-05-29T10:26:40Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 842341 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mahavavy Sud''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Mahavavy South''', kogi ne a yammacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. Yana gudana daga kudu zuwa arewa ta yankunan Melaky, Betsiboka, Bongolava da Boeny. Tsawonsa ya kai kimanin {{Cvt|410|km|mi}}, kuma yana zubar da kwano mai nauyin {{Cvt|16,475|km2|mi2}}. Ya bambanta da [[Mahavavy River|Mahavavy North]] ɗaruruwan kilomita zuwa arewa. Mahavavy Sud yana hawa kan Dutsen Andranofotsibe a tsayin mita 1000. Yana kwarara zuwa kudu, tare da kogunan Kiranomena da Manamidona waɗanda suka samo asali daga dutsen Famoizankova. Kilomita 125 na farko na hanyar kogin yana da tsayi mai tsayi, kimanin mita 7 a kowace kilomita. A Kandreho kogin ya shiga wani yanki na gabas da yamma kuma Mahakambana ya haɗu da shi, wanda ke zubar da ɓangaren yamma na yankin. Bayan barin magudanar ruwa, kogin yana kwarara zuwa kudu ta cikin tsaunukan dutse na Ankara da Kelifely a cikin kwaruruka masu zurfi, kuma Kasijy Special Reserve yana gefen yamma na kogin. Ƙasan kogin, a ƙarƙashin Sitampiky mai nisan kilomita 280 daga tushensa, yana ratsa ƙasa mai faɗi. Rarraba kogin yana da ƙasa, tare da gangaren santimita 40 a kowace kilomita. Kogin yana da gefen dausayi da tafkuna marasa zurfi, gami da tafkunan Kinkony da Katondro, waɗanda kogin ke cika su a lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa. Kogin yana samar da babban delta yayin da yake kwarara zuwa cikin [[Tashar Mozambique]]. Yankin da aka kare Mahavavy-Kinkony ya mamaye mafi yawan yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa, ciki har da Tafkin Kinkony da kuma kogin delta. An sanya shi a matsayin Mahavavy-Kinkony mai kariya mai jituwa (''payage harmonieux protégé'' ) a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu 2015 ta Dokar Lamba ta 2015-718, wanda ya haɗa da wurin farauta na Tafkin Kinkony mai fadin hekta 15,000, wanda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1972, da kuma Dajin Tsiombikibo Classified (''Forêt Classée de Tsiombikibo''), wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1957. Mahavavy-Kinkony an sanya shi a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye. == Manazarta == nsyh42lipb7ztvvak7aypzg20gqxabl 842346 842341 2026-05-29T10:29:12Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842346 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mahavavy Sud''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Mahavavy South''', kogi ne a yammacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. Yana gudana daga kudu zuwa arewa ta yankunan Melaky, Betsiboka, Bongolava da Boeny.<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> Tsawonsa ya kai kimanin {{Cvt|410|km|mi}}, kuma yana zubar da kwano mai nauyin {{Cvt|16,475|km2|mi2}}. Ya bambanta da [[Mahavavy River|Mahavavy North]] ɗaruruwan kilomita zuwa arewa.<ref name = Aldegheri>Aldegheri, M. (1972). Rivers and Streams on Madagascar. In: Battistini, R., Richard-Vindard, G. (eds) ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar''. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 21. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7159-3_8</ref> Mahavavy Sud yana hawa kan Dutsen Andranofotsibe a tsayin mita 1000. Yana kwarara zuwa kudu, tare da kogunan Kiranomena da Manamidona waɗanda suka samo asali daga dutsen Famoizankova.<ref name = protected>[https://protectedareas.mg/landscape/show/8? Mahavavy Kinkony Site #66]. ''Protected Areas of Madagascar''. Accessed 28 November 2022.</ref> Kilomita 125 na farko na hanyar kogin yana da tsayi mai tsayi, kimanin mita 7 a kowace kilomita. A Kandreho kogin ya shiga wani yanki na gabas da yamma kuma Mahakambana ya haɗu da shi, wanda ke zubar da ɓangaren yamma na yankin.<ref name = protected>[https://protectedareas.mg/landscape/show/8? Mahavavy Kinkony Site #66]. ''Protected Areas of Madagascar''. Accessed 28 November 2022.</ref> Bayan barin magudanar ruwa, kogin yana kwarara zuwa kudu ta cikin tsaunukan dutse na Ankara da Kelifely a cikin kwaruruka masu zurfi, kuma Kasijy Special Reserve yana gefen yamma na kogin.<ref name = Aldegheri>Aldegheri, M. (1972). Rivers and Streams on Madagascar. In: Battistini, R., Richard-Vindard, G. (eds) ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar''. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 21. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7159-3_8</ref> Ƙasan kogin, a ƙarƙashin Sitampiky mai nisan kilomita 280 daga tushensa, yana ratsa ƙasa mai faɗi. Rarraba kogin yana da ƙasa, tare da gangaren santimita 40 a kowace kilomita. Kogin yana da gefen dausayi da tafkuna marasa zurfi, gami da tafkunan Kinkony da Katondro, waɗanda kogin ke cika su a lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa. Kogin yana samar da babban delta yayin da yake kwarara zuwa cikin [[Tashar Mozambique]].<ref name = Aldegheri>Aldegheri, M. (1972). Rivers and Streams on Madagascar. In: Battistini, R., Richard-Vindard, G. (eds) ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar''. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 21. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7159-3_8</ref> Yankin da aka kare Mahavavy-Kinkony ya mamaye mafi yawan yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa, ciki har da Tafkin Kinkony da kuma kogin delta.<ref name = Aldegheri>Aldegheri, M. (1972). Rivers and Streams on Madagascar. In: Battistini, R., Richard-Vindard, G. (eds) ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar''. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 21. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7159-3_8</ref> An sanya shi a matsayin Mahavavy-Kinkony mai kariya mai jituwa (''payage harmonieux protégé'' ) a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu 2015 ta Dokar Lamba ta 2015-718, wanda ya haɗa da wurin farauta na Tafkin Kinkony mai fadin hekta 15,000, wanda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1972, da kuma Dajin Tsiombikibo Classified (''Forêt Classée de Tsiombikibo''), wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1957. Mahavavy-Kinkony an sanya shi a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye.<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> == Manazarta == p91sijhzzqbu4kyj71yq21fxu0jonfz 0 153047 842339 2026-05-29T10:26:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355725401|Estuário do Espírito Santo]]" 842339 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Maputo,_Mozambique.JPG|thumb|300x300px|Maputo, Mozambique. JPG]] Estuário do Espírito Santo wani kogi ne a yammacin bakin Maputo Bay, [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] inda koguna huɗu ke gudana: [[Kogin Tembe|Tembe]], Mbuluzi, [[Kogin Matola|Matola]] da Infulene Rivers . Matsakaicin zurfinsa shine mita 11, tare da tashoshin da aka hako.<ref name="B">{{Cite web |last=Maputo Port Development Company |title=Maputo Port Layout & Data |url=http://www.portmaputo.com/maputo-port-layout-data/ |access-date=6 December 2012 |language=en}}</ref> Yankin arewacin wannan bakin teku yana da babban aikin tattalin arziki, yana ƙare a babban tashar kasuwanci da kamun kifi. Sashe na karamar hukuma Matola yana da masana'antu sosai, gami da tsohuwar refinery na mai, masana'antar [[siminti]], ''salinas'' da sauran ayyukan. Sashe na gefen da mutum bai canza ba yana cike da mangroves kuma yana ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai yawa daga ayyukan tattalin arziki da aka ambata a sama. Koyaya, har yanzu ana amfani da bakin teku da yawa, tunda akwai yalwar shrimp da sauran Abincin teku. == Toponymy == Kalmar estuario de Espíritu Santo tana nufin tsohon sunan [[Kogin Matola]], wanda aka sani a cikin Portuguese da Río Espírito Santo.<ref name="A">{{Cite journal |last=Matsinhe |first=Isaac Isaias |year=1989 |title=Country Contribution, Mozambique |url=http://www.saber.ac.mz/bitstream/10857/3497/1/TM.Eco-011.pdf |url-status=dead |language=en |pages=20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910121309/http://www.saber.ac.mz/bitstream/10857/3497/1/TM.Eco-011.pdf |archive-date=September 10, 2014 |access-date=6 December 2012}}</ref> == Manazarta == 9pg33i95mb69lctv7xtijrtuzcxdgon 842342 842339 2026-05-29T10:27:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 842342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Maputo,_Mozambique.JPG|thumb|300x300px|Maputo, Mozambique. JPG]] '''Estuário do Espírito Santo''' wani kogi ne a yammacin bakin Maputo Bay, [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] inda koguna huɗu ke gudana: [[Kogin Tembe|Tembe]], Mbuluzi, [[Kogin Matola|Matola]] da Infulene Rivers . Matsakaicin zurfinsa shine mita 11, tare da tashoshin da aka hako.<ref name="B">{{Cite web |last=Maputo Port Development Company |title=Maputo Port Layout & Data |url=http://www.portmaputo.com/maputo-port-layout-data/ |access-date=6 December 2012 |language=en}}</ref> Yankin arewacin wannan bakin teku yana da babban aikin tattalin arziki, yana ƙare a babban tashar kasuwanci da kamun kifi. Sashe na karamar hukuma Matola yana da masana'antu sosai, gami da tsohuwar refinery na mai, masana'antar [[siminti]], ''salinas'' da sauran ayyukan. Sashe na gefen da mutum bai canza ba yana cike da mangroves kuma yana ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai yawa daga ayyukan tattalin arziki da aka ambata a sama. Koyaya, har yanzu ana amfani da bakin teku da yawa, tunda akwai yalwar shrimp da sauran Abincin teku. == Toponymy == Kalmar estuario de Espíritu Santo tana nufin tsohon sunan [[Kogin Matola]], wanda aka sani a cikin Portuguese da Río Espírito Santo.<ref name="A">{{Cite journal |last=Matsinhe |first=Isaac Isaias |year=1989 |title=Country Contribution, Mozambique |url=http://www.saber.ac.mz/bitstream/10857/3497/1/TM.Eco-011.pdf |url-status=dead |language=en |pages=20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910121309/http://www.saber.ac.mz/bitstream/10857/3497/1/TM.Eco-011.pdf |archive-date=September 10, 2014 |access-date=6 December 2012}}</ref> == Manazarta == c7h2hrxygd9t20ccuymoiwqu1td8mff 0 153048 842343 2026-05-29T10:28:00Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349169737|Douglas Weir]]" 842343 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Douglas Weir''' madatsar ruwa ce a kan Kogin Vaal, kusa da Douglas, Arewacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a 1896 kuma ya girma a 1977. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarts == jwil8vv7ylolv4gmysmfm07uru537ar 842344 842343 2026-05-29T10:28:34Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Douglas Weir''' madatsar ruwa ce a kan Kogin Vaal, kusa da Douglas, Arewacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a 1896 kuma ya girma a 1977. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarts == eyf4lmy5dc3hc6pe617cgkdcbgla21f 0 153049 842345 2026-05-29T10:28:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348282650|Betty's Bay]]" 842345 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/styles.css"></templatestyles>Betty's Bay wani karamin gari ne na hutu wanda ke kan iyakar Overberg na lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da nisan kilomita 100 daga Cape Town a ƙarƙashin Dutsen Kogelberg a kan kyawawan R44 teku tsakanin Pringle Bay da Kleinmond. Wannan ƙauyen ya shimfiɗa sama da kilomita 13 tare da bakin teku. Yawon shakatawa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin garin saboda shahararsa tare da masu yin hutu daga ko'ina cikin Yammacin Cape da Cape Town musamman.&nbsp;&nbsp; A zamanin mulkin mallaka, ana zargin cewa Betty's Bay wuri ne da bayi suka fi so, kuma a shekarar 1912 Betty's Bay ta zama tashar kifin kifi ta hukuma har zuwa shekarun 1930. Har yanzu ana iya ganin ragowar tashar kifin kifi a Stony Point. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Betty's Bay |url=https://xplorio.com/bettys-bay/en/about/history/ |access-date=30 December 2017 |publisher=xplorio}}</ref> Bettys Bay an sanya masa suna ne bayan Betty Youlden, 'yar mai haɓaka yankin na farko Arthur Youlden . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Betty's Bay |url=http://overbergliving.weebly.com/bettys-bay.html |access-date=30 December 2015 |publisher=Overberg Living}}</ref> Betty's Bay ya ƙunshi Harold Porter National Botanical Garden da kuma mulkin mallaka na Afirka a cikin Betty's bay Marine Protected Area, wanda shine ɗayan yankuna biyu na Penguin a yankin Western Cape. Ƙasar tana cikin Kogelberg da Stony Point Nature Reserve. Lokacin da aka rufe tsohon tashar kifi, penguins na Kudancin Afirka da ke cikin haɗari sun fara haifuwa a nan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=The African Penguins at Betty's Bay |url=https://www.besttime2travel.com/bettys-bay}}</ref> [[Fayil:Penguin_Colony_Betty's_Bay.ogv|thumb|Penguin Colony Betty's Bay]] == Yanayin ƙasa == Saboda wurin da garin yake a bakin tekun kudu maso yamma da kewaye da tsaunuka yana karɓar iska mai yawa da ruwan sama mai yawa a ko'ina cikin shekara, Tare da iskõki na kudu maso gabas da ke kawo tsawa na lokaci-lokaci daga bakin tekun gabas mai zafi a lokacin rani, yayin da hunturu ke kawo ci gaba da Arewa maso yamma zuwa ruwan sama na kudu na lokaci-mako, wani lokacin ƙanƙara, wanda zai iya zama mai tsanani a lokutan. Betty's Bay yana da Yanayin zafi na Bahar Rum (Köppen: Csb) tare da tasirin ruwan teku mai karfi na yammacin gabar teku ([[Yanayin teku|Köppen Cfb]]) ga yankin, wanda ke ganin yanayin zafi mai kyau a lokacin rani, da kuma yanayin sanyi a cikin hunturu tare da barazanar ruwan sama a duk shekara.{{Weather box}} [[Fayil:Bettysbay_coastline.jpg|right|thumb|Yankin bakin tekun Betty's Bay kusa da bakin Kogin Palmiet]] == Manazarta == h5zk3g798yijxj5hyx1x6c8cey9wrjq 842347 842345 2026-05-29T10:29:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 842347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Betty's Bay''' wani karamin gari ne na hutu wanda ke kan iyakar Overberg na lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da nisan kilomita 100 daga Cape Town a ƙarƙashin Dutsen Kogelberg a kan kyawawan R44 teku tsakanin Pringle Bay da Kleinmond. Wannan ƙauyen ya shimfiɗa sama da kilomita 13 tare da bakin teku. Yawon shakatawa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin garin saboda shahararsa tare da masu yin hutu daga ko'ina cikin Yammacin Cape da Cape Town musamman.&nbsp;&nbsp; A zamanin mulkin mallaka, ana zargin cewa Betty's Bay wuri ne da bayi suka fi so, kuma a shekarar 1912 Betty's Bay ta zama tashar kifin kifi ta hukuma har zuwa shekarun 1930. Har yanzu ana iya ganin ragowar tashar kifin kifi a Stony Point. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Betty's Bay |url=https://xplorio.com/bettys-bay/en/about/history/ |access-date=30 December 2017 |publisher=xplorio}}</ref> Bettys Bay an sanya masa suna ne bayan Betty Youlden, 'yar mai haɓaka yankin na farko Arthur Youlden . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Betty's Bay |url=http://overbergliving.weebly.com/bettys-bay.html |access-date=30 December 2015 |publisher=Overberg Living}}</ref> Betty's Bay ya ƙunshi Harold Porter National Botanical Garden da kuma mulkin mallaka na Afirka a cikin Betty's bay Marine Protected Area, wanda shine ɗayan yankuna biyu na Penguin a yankin Western Cape. Ƙasar tana cikin Kogelberg da Stony Point Nature Reserve. Lokacin da aka rufe tsohon tashar kifi, penguins na Kudancin Afirka da ke cikin haɗari sun fara haifuwa a nan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=The African Penguins at Betty's Bay |url=https://www.besttime2travel.com/bettys-bay}}</ref> [[Fayil:Penguin_Colony_Betty's_Bay.ogv|thumb|Penguin Colony Betty's Bay]] == Yanayin ƙasa == Saboda wurin da garin yake a bakin tekun kudu maso yamma da kewaye da tsaunuka yana karɓar iska mai yawa da ruwan sama mai yawa a ko'ina cikin shekara, Tare da iskõki na kudu maso gabas da ke kawo tsawa na lokaci-lokaci daga bakin tekun gabas mai zafi a lokacin rani, yayin da hunturu ke kawo ci gaba da Arewa maso yamma zuwa ruwan sama na kudu na lokaci-mako, wani lokacin ƙanƙara, wanda zai iya zama mai tsanani a lokutan. Betty's Bay yana da Yanayin zafi na Bahar Rum (Köppen: Csb) tare da tasirin ruwan teku mai karfi na yammacin gabar teku ([[Yanayin teku|Köppen Cfb]]) ga yankin, wanda ke ganin yanayin zafi mai kyau a lokacin rani, da kuma yanayin sanyi a cikin hunturu tare da barazanar ruwan sama a duk shekara.{{Weather box}} [[Fayil:Bettysbay_coastline.jpg|right|thumb|Yankin bakin tekun Betty's Bay kusa da bakin Kogin Palmiet]] == Manazarta == dgicfnehoyqm56rsh3oecl0o54n71yk 0 153050 842348 2026-05-29T10:29:46Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329003649|Doring River Dam]]" 842348 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam din [[Doring River (Eastern Cape)|Kogin Doring]]''' wani madatsar ruwa ne mai cike da ƙasa a kan Kogin Dorin, kusa da Indwe, Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a cikin shekara ta 1971. Da farko yana aiki ne don amfani da cikin gida da dalilai na masana'antu kuma an sanya yiwuwar haɗarinsa a matsayin babban matsayi. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == fpv6piis49fmw0jdvcwtdjh1i5xeh0i 842350 842348 2026-05-29T10:30:28Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din [[Doring River (Eastern Cape)|Kogin Doring]]''' wani madatsar ruwa ne mai cike da ƙasa a kan Kogin Dorin, kusa da Indwe, Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a cikin shekara ta 1971. Da farko yana aiki ne don amfani da cikin gida da dalilai na masana'antu kuma an sanya yiwuwar haɗarinsa a matsayin babban matsayi. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == h16bxjoei8jiwneautmhfwqxga6d6gx 0 153051 842351 2026-05-29T10:32:05Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329003224|Doorndraai Dam]]" 842351 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam din Doorndraai''' wani madatsar ruwa ne a kan [[Sterk River|Kogin Sterk]], Kogin Mogalakwena, wanda ke kusa da Mokopane, Limpopo, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a 1952 kuma an gyara shi a 1974. Babban manufarta ita ce don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Ana iya samun haɗari mai girma. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarata == 9j61c7r0i922jo6pfatpwo8hloij961 842352 842351 2026-05-29T10:32:22Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Doorndraai''' wani madatsar ruwa ne a kan [[Sterk River|Kogin Sterk]], Kogin Mogalakwena, wanda ke kusa da Mokopane, Limpopo, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a 1952 kuma an gyara shi a 1974. Babban manufarta ita ce don amfani da birni da masana'antu. Ana iya samun haɗari mai girma. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarata == ku6k6p5ofjp28hs4q8ng7j2009jlspk 0 153052 842353 2026-05-29T10:35:25Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329004066|Disaneng Dam]]" 842353 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dasaneng Dam''', wani madatsar ruwa ne mai cike da ƙasa a kan Kogin Molopo a cikin Karamar Hukumar Ratlou, kusa da iyakar Karamar Hukumar Mahikeng kuma ba da nisa da Mmabatho, Arewa maso Yamma, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. An kafa shi a cikin 1980 kuma ainihin manufarsa ita ce ban ruwa. Yana ba da babbar damar kamun kifi ga nau'o'in kamar carp, king carp, tilapia, catfish kuma kwanan nan an gabatar da nau'in bass wanda ke sannu a hankali yana karɓar wannan madatsar ruwan. A bangon madatsar ruwan, akwai babban taro na tsuntsaye masu ƙaura. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazartaa == p9mj38py8ib613klyxxvy7t9k4rlqdq 842354 842353 2026-05-29T10:36:14Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dasaneng Dam''', wani madatsar ruwa ne mai cike da ƙasa a kan Kogin Molopo a cikin Karamar Hukumar Ratlou, kusa da iyakar Karamar Hukumar Mahikeng kuma ba da nisa da Mmabatho, Arewa maso Yamma, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. An kafa shi a cikin 1980 kuma ainihin manufarsa ita ce ban ruwa. Yana ba da babbar damar kamun kifi ga nau'o'in kamar carp, king carp, tilapia, catfish kuma kwanan nan an gabatar da nau'in bass wanda ke sannu a hankali yana karɓar wannan madatsar ruwan. A bangon madatsar ruwan, akwai babban taro na tsuntsaye masu ƙaura. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazartaa == alr1vwgsu16s44ta5h4t2bb6nw1f6er 0 153053 842355 2026-05-29T10:37:25Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329003642|De Hoop Dam]]" 842355 wikitext text/x-wiki De Hoop Dam madatsar ruwa ce a kan [[Kamdeboo River|Kogin Kamdeboo]], kusa da Graaff-Reinet, Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a cikin 1938 kuma ainihin manufarsa ita ce ban ruwa. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == gn3j9s3a0bmylgferki3xvpg5ezoj7y 842356 842355 2026-05-29T10:37:48Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De Hoop Dam madatsar ruwa ce a kan [[Kamdeboo River|Kogin Kamdeboo]], kusa da Graaff-Reinet, Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a cikin 1938 kuma ainihin manufarsa ita ce ban ruwa. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == 5utpo78rusjnkvbmd05o0hv1cqki56w 0 153054 842357 2026-05-29T10:39:05Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329004321|Dap Naudé Dam]]" 842357 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam din Dap Naudé''' madatsar ruwa ce a kan Kogin Broederstroom, kusa da Polokwane, Limpopo, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a shekara ta 1958. An sanya masa suna ne bayan David Joseph Naudé (Dap Naudé), lauya wanda aka haife shi a Middelburg, Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 1895. Dam din yana da girman hekta 28 kuma idan ya cika yana ba da tafkin Dap Naude Dam tare da cubic mita miliyan 1.9 na ruwa. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == p9wun5vsf8mk0yn86o8m1229q6j5zw1 842358 842357 2026-05-29T10:39:54Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Dap Naudé''' madatsar ruwa ce a kan Kogin Broederstroom, kusa da Polokwane, Limpopo, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a shekara ta 1958. An sanya masa suna ne bayan David Joseph Naudé (Dap Naudé), lauya wanda aka haife shi a Middelburg, Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 1895. Dam din yana da girman hekta 28 kuma idan ya cika yana ba da tafkin Dap Naude Dam tare da cubic mita miliyan 1.9 na ruwa. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == 3ymyxjvvcd6jhd1luvk1wugbjv9xw1j 0 153055 842359 2026-05-29T10:42:08Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329003482|Craigie Burn Dam]]" 842359 wikitext text/x-wiki Craigie Burn Dam wani madatsar ruwa ne mai cike da ƙasa wanda ke kan [[Mnyamvubu River|Kogin Mnyamvubu]], kusa da [[KwaZulu-Natal]]" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Greytown, KwaZulu-Natal">Greytown, KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a 1963 kuma ainihin manufarsa ita ce amfani da ban ruwa. Bincike na baya-bayan nan duk da haka, ya sanya babban haɗari ga madatsar ruwa / tafkin wanda hakan ya sa amfani da aka nufa ya zama abin tambaya. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == ma60m8pp4lsq97lmapsvpnt4umtf7t8 842360 842359 2026-05-29T10:43:20Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Craigie Burn Dam wani madatsar ruwa ne mai cike da ƙasa wanda ke kan [[Mnyamvubu River|Kogin Mnyamvubu]], kusa da [[KwaZulu-Natal]]" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Greytown, KwaZulu-Natal">Greytown, KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a 1963 kuma ainihin manufarsa ita ce amfani da ban ruwa. Bincike na baya-bayan nan duk da haka, ya sanya babban haɗari ga madatsar ruwa / tafkin wanda hakan ya sa amfani da aka nufa ya zama abin tambaya. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == q99u789t7bbf7l9qwywze4ucc785vdw 0 153056 842361 2026-05-29T10:43:24Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1318797098|MacCarthy Island]]" 842361 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsibirin MacCarthy''', wanda aka sanya masa suna a hukumance '''Tsibirin Janjanbureh''' kuma aka fi sani da '''Tsibirin Lemain''', tsibiri ne mai nisan mil 170 (272 miles)&nbsp;km) daga bakin [[Kogin Gambiya|kogin Gambia]], a gabashin [[Gambiya|Gambia]], a gundumar Janjanbureh . A tsibirin akwai gari na biyu mafi girma a kasar, [[Janjanbureh]], amma a taswira da yawa har yanzu yana bayyana da sunan Turai na Georgetown. Baya ga kasancewa wurin yawon bude ido na namun daji, tsibirin kuma shine gidan [[Gidan Yari|yarin]] Gambia mafi girma. == Tarihi == Yan kasuwar Yammacin duniya ne suka fara zama a tsibirin a ƙarni na 15, kodayake a ƙarni na 19 ba wurin ciniki mai dorewa ba ne saboda yaƙe-yaƙe da ake yi tsakanin jihohin Wuli da Niani akai-akai. Daga baya [[Daular Biritaniya|Turawan Birtaniya]] suka sayi tsibirin don amfani da shi a matsayin wurin zama na fursunoni bayan rasa yawancin yankunan Arewacin Amurka <ref name="Webb">{{Cite journal |last=Webb |first=Patrick |date=1994 |title=Guests of the Crown: Convicts and Liberated Slaves on McCarthy Island, the Gambia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3060072 |journal=The Geographical Journal |language=en |volume=160 |issue=2 |pages=136–142 |doi=10.2307/3060072 |issn=0016-7398 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 February 2024}}</ref> daga baya kuma a matsayin sansanin soja don taimakawa kare 'yan kasuwa. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar mallaka a shekara ta 1823 don musayar kuɗin shekara-shekara ga shugaban, kuma an sanya wa tsibirin suna a hukumance MacCarthy Island (bayan Sir Charles MacCarthy, tsohon Gwamna Janar na [[Birtaniya Yammacin Afirka|Yankin Yammacin Afirka na Burtaniya]] ). A shekara ta 1832, Turawan Birtaniya suka kafa Georgetown a matsayin wurin zama na Creole, kodayake 'yan Afirka da aka 'yantar daga wasu wurare sun cika shi da sauri. A hankali garin ya zama cibiyar gudanarwa da tattalin arziki ga ƙasar. == Manazarta == 1sgaw4wdmvmzxgz4dvvn910gtd8f3i6 842362 842361 2026-05-29T10:44:14Z Engineer014 44591 842362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsibirin MacCarthy''', wanda aka sanya masa suna a hukumance '''Tsibirin Janjanbureh''' kuma aka fi sani da '''Tsibirin Lemain''', tsibiri ne mai nisan mil 170 (272 miles)&nbsp;km) daga bakin [[Kogin Gambiya|kogin Gambia]], a gabashin [[Gambiya|Gambia]], a gundumar Janjanbureh . A tsibirin akwai gari na biyu mafi girma a kasar, [[Janjanbureh]], amma a taswira da yawa har yanzu yana bayyana da sunan Turai na Georgetown. Baya ga kasancewa wurin yawon bude ido na namun daji, tsibirin kuma shine gidan [[Gidan Yari|yarin]] Gambia mafi girma. == Tarihi == Yan kasuwar Yammacin duniya ne suka fara zama a tsibirin a ƙarni na 15, kodayake a ƙarni na 19 ba wurin ciniki mai dorewa ba ne saboda yaƙe-yaƙe da ake yi tsakanin jihohin Wuli da Niani akai-akai. Daga baya [[Daular Biritaniya|Turawan Birtaniya]] suka sayi tsibirin don amfani da shi a matsayin wurin zama na fursunoni bayan rasa yawancin yankunan Arewacin Amurka <ref name="Webb">{{Cite journal |last=Webb |first=Patrick |date=1994 |title=Guests of the Crown: Convicts and Liberated Slaves on McCarthy Island, the Gambia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3060072 |journal=The Geographical Journal |language=en |volume=160 |issue=2 |pages=136–142 |doi=10.2307/3060072 |issn=0016-7398 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 February 2024}}</ref> daga baya kuma a matsayin sansanin soja don taimakawa kare 'yan kasuwa. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar mallaka a shekara ta 1823 don musayar kuɗin shekara-shekara ga shugaban, kuma an sanya wa tsibirin suna a hukumance MacCarthy Island (bayan Sir Charles MacCarthy, tsohon Gwamna Janar na [[Birtaniya Yammacin Afirka|Yankin Yammacin Afirka na Burtaniya]] ). A shekara ta 1832, Turawan Birtaniya suka kafa Georgetown a matsayin wurin zama na Creole, kodayake 'yan Afirka da aka 'yantar daga wasu wurare sun cika shi da sauri. A hankali garin ya zama cibiyar gudanarwa da tattalin arziki ga ƙasar. == Manazarta == fs6bbyj48us1j42uius3fu0iky390a3 0 153057 842363 2026-05-29T10:45:06Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329003916|Boegoeberg Dam]]" 842363 wikitext text/x-wiki Madatsar ruwan Boegoeberg madatsar ruwa ce mai nauyi a kan [[Kogin Orange]], kusa da Prieska, Arewacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An fara ginin ne a 1926 kuma an kammala shi a 1933. Boegoeberg an sanya masa suna ne saboda karamin itace ''Croton gratissimus'', wanda aka fi sani da Bergboegoe . Babban manufarta ita ce ban ruwa kuma tana da ƙarancin haɗari. == Tarihi == An san Groblershoop da sunan Sternham, bayan wani Mista Stern wanda ya gina wani karamin tashar famfo don jawo ruwa daga [[Kogin Orange]] a cikin 1920s kawai don ganin ambaliyar ruwa ta 1925 ta lalata shi. Wani Mista Litchfield ya riga ya kafa janareta na hydroelectric da famfo a kan Orange a cikin shekarun 1890, tunda yana sane da yiwuwar ban ruwa tare da bankunan inda manoma suka ja ruwa da wahala zuwa gonakin su tun 1872. Mista Litchfield ya ba da shawarar tsarin ban ruwa na jama'a a cikin 1895 ba tare da amfani ba. A cikin 1902, Wakilin Consular W.D. Gordon, injiniya tare da Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta Cape Colony da ke Cape Town, ya amince da shawarar Litchfield ba tare da amfani ba. A watan Fabrairun 1911, Alfred Dale Lewis, injiniyan sashi tare da Ma'aikatar Ruwa ta Cape Town, ya gudanar da cikakken bincike game da ƙananan Orange. Wani majagaba na ban ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan ban ruwa na kasa daga 1921 zuwa 1941, ya gudanar da binciken gargajiya tare da Orange galibi a ƙafa amma a wani bangare a kan doki. A cewar masanin tarihi T.V. Bulpin, gwagwarmayarsa ta hanyar zafi mai tsanani da kuma yanayin da ba a iya wucewa ba a cikin tarihin binciken kimiyya a Afirka ta Kudu. Lewis ya ba da shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a kusa da Boegoeberg (mai suna don kalmar [[Afrikaans]] don shuka buchu da ke girma a kan tuddai na gida) da kuma tashar ban ruwa mai nisan kilomita 130 don samar da kadada 4,000 na ƙasar da za a iya ban ruwa. An dakatar da shi ta hanyar batutuwan kasafin kuɗi, an farfado da shirin a matsayin aikin aiki mai ƙarancin albashi ga marasa aikin yi a ƙarƙashin [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin hali]] na Carnegie Kwamitin Bincike kan Matsalar White a Afirka ta Kudu. Manufar ba kawai don samar da aiki nan take ba har ma da ƙasa don daidaita ma'aikata don sauƙaƙa talaucinsu na dogon lokaci. Aikin yana daga cikin da dama da Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta ƙaddamar. An fara aiki a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1929, ya fara da bango mai tsawon mita 622, mai tsayi 10 ta Zeekoe Baard's Drift. An ɗaga shingen 68 don tace ruwan ambaliyar ruwa da kama laka, kuma bangon riƙewa ya ba da Ruwan ruwa tashar ruwa da tafki wanda ke ba da damar ban ruwa ya jawo daga kogin har zuwa Augrabies Falls. An gina sansani a wurin da aka ware, gami da alfarwa da gidaje don gidaje ga ma'aikata, shagunan, makaranta, da asibiti. An biya ma'aikata shillings 7, pence 6 a awa daya don nauyin aikinsu. Ma'aikata sun rubuta waka, sun yi rawa, kuma sun raira waƙa don bayyana fatan su cewa aiki tuƙuru zai kawo gonaki, masana'antu, da gidaje a cikin saurinsa. Wani foxtrot mai taken "Boegoeberg's Dam" ya kasance a wannan lokacin, alal misali. Injiniyoyi irin su Adolf Aslasksen, Sven Eklund, Gordon Allen, da D.F. Kokot sun kula da aikin ma'aikata 250 da suka yi aure waɗanda iyalansu suka fi dacewa da halin da ake ciki. 1ascii3d7i45q0nngo7yau2r3fu6a3l 842364 842363 2026-05-29T10:45:43Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Boegoeberg madatsar ruwa ce mai nauyi a kan [[Kogin Orange]], kusa da Prieska, Arewacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An fara ginin ne a 1926 kuma an kammala shi a 1933. Boegoeberg an sanya masa suna ne saboda karamin itace ''Croton gratissimus'', wanda aka fi sani da Bergboegoe . Babban manufarta ita ce ban ruwa kuma tana da ƙarancin haɗari. == Tarihi == An san Groblershoop da sunan Sternham, bayan wani Mista Stern wanda ya gina wani karamin tashar famfo don jawo ruwa daga [[Kogin Orange]] a cikin 1920s kawai don ganin ambaliyar ruwa ta 1925 ta lalata shi. Wani Mista Litchfield ya riga ya kafa janareta na hydroelectric da famfo a kan Orange a cikin shekarun 1890, tunda yana sane da yiwuwar ban ruwa tare da bankunan inda manoma suka ja ruwa da wahala zuwa gonakin su tun 1872. Mista Litchfield ya ba da shawarar tsarin ban ruwa na jama'a a cikin 1895 ba tare da amfani ba. A cikin 1902, Wakilin Consular W.D. Gordon, injiniya tare da Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta Cape Colony da ke Cape Town, ya amince da shawarar Litchfield ba tare da amfani ba. A watan Fabrairun 1911, Alfred Dale Lewis, injiniyan sashi tare da Ma'aikatar Ruwa ta Cape Town, ya gudanar da cikakken bincike game da ƙananan Orange. Wani majagaba na ban ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan ban ruwa na kasa daga 1921 zuwa 1941, ya gudanar da binciken gargajiya tare da Orange galibi a ƙafa amma a wani bangare a kan doki. A cewar masanin tarihi T.V. Bulpin, gwagwarmayarsa ta hanyar zafi mai tsanani da kuma yanayin da ba a iya wucewa ba a cikin tarihin binciken kimiyya a Afirka ta Kudu. Lewis ya ba da shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a kusa da Boegoeberg (mai suna don kalmar [[Afrikaans]] don shuka buchu da ke girma a kan tuddai na gida) da kuma tashar ban ruwa mai nisan kilomita 130 don samar da kadada 4,000 na ƙasar da za a iya ban ruwa. An dakatar da shi ta hanyar batutuwan kasafin kuɗi, an farfado da shirin a matsayin aikin aiki mai ƙarancin albashi ga marasa aikin yi a ƙarƙashin [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin hali]] na Carnegie Kwamitin Bincike kan Matsalar White a Afirka ta Kudu. Manufar ba kawai don samar da aiki nan take ba har ma da ƙasa don daidaita ma'aikata don sauƙaƙa talaucinsu na dogon lokaci. Aikin yana daga cikin da dama da Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta ƙaddamar. An fara aiki a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1929, ya fara da bango mai tsawon mita 622, mai tsayi 10 ta Zeekoe Baard's Drift. An ɗaga shingen 68 don tace ruwan ambaliyar ruwa da kama laka, kuma bangon riƙewa ya ba da Ruwan ruwa tashar ruwa da tafki wanda ke ba da damar ban ruwa ya jawo daga kogin har zuwa Augrabies Falls. An gina sansani a wurin da aka ware, gami da alfarwa da gidaje don gidaje ga ma'aikata, shagunan, makaranta, da asibiti. An biya ma'aikata shillings 7, pence 6 a awa daya don nauyin aikinsu. Ma'aikata sun rubuta waka, sun yi rawa, kuma sun raira waƙa don bayyana fatan su cewa aiki tuƙuru zai kawo gonaki, masana'antu, da gidaje a cikin saurinsa. Wani foxtrot mai taken "Boegoeberg's Dam" ya kasance a wannan lokacin, alal misali. Injiniyoyi irin su Adolf Aslasksen, Sven Eklund, Gordon Allen, da D.F. Kokot sun kula da aikin ma'aikata 250 da suka yi aure waɗanda iyalansu suka fi dacewa da halin da ake ciki. ==manazartq== oyed9mcieeel6702d7m5a4p1nb26acg 0 153058 842365 2026-05-29T10:46:13Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1274628192|Hale Dam]]" 842365 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Hale''' madatsar ruwa ce mai amfani da wutar lantarki a [[Tanzaniya]], wacce ke garin Hale a gundumar Mnyuzi ta gundumar Korogwe ta yankin Tanga . Ikon da aka sanya shi shine {{Convert|21|MW}} . Dubban mutane sun rasa matsugunansu don gina madatsar ruwa. == Tarihi == Madatsar ruwan Hale ita ce madatsar ruwa mafi tsufa a ƙasar a halin yanzu. Kogin Pangani ya kasance tushen wutar lantarki tun farkon zamanin mulkin mallaka na Tanganiyka . Wani kamfanin Jamus ne ya kafa tashar wutar lantarki ta Pangani a Pangani Falls tun a shekarar 1936. Tare da yankin Tanga da ke ƙaruwa da kuma kusanci da [[Mombasa]], gwamnati ta yanke shawarar gina sabuwar tashar wutar lantarki ta Hydro a Hale. <ref name="mcrew">{{Cite journal |last=Datoo |first=B.A. |date=April 1965 |title=The generation of hydro-electric power on the lower Pangani river |url=http://www.macalester.edu/academics/geography/agr/journals/1965_3_51.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=East African Geographical Review |volume=3 |pages=47–49 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053654/http://www.macalester.edu/academics/geography/agr/journals/1965_3_51.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> An fara gina masana'antar a shekarar 1961 kuma ta kashe kimanin fam miliyan 5,000,000, wanda shi ne jari mafi girma da aka zuba a kasar tun bayan durkushewar shirin gyada . <ref name="mcrew">{{Cite journal |last=Datoo |first=B.A. |date=April 1965 |title=The generation of hydro-electric power on the lower Pangani river |url=http://www.macalester.edu/academics/geography/agr/journals/1965_3_51.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=East African Geographical Review |volume=3 |pages=47–49 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053654/http://www.macalester.edu/academics/geography/agr/journals/1965_3_51.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=29 July 2015}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDatoo1965">Datoo, B.A. (April 1965). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053654/http://www.macalester.edu/academics/geography/agr/journals/1965_3_51.pdf "The generation of hydro-electric power on the lower Pangani river"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''East African Geographical Review''. '''3''': <span class="nowrap">47–</span>49. Archived from [http://www.macalester.edu/academics/geography/agr/journals/1965_3_51.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Masana'antar wutar lantarki ta fara aiki a watan Nuwamba na 1964. <ref name="tanhale">{{Cite web |title=Pangani Hydro Systems |url=http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113114/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=29 July 2015 |website=TANESCO}}</ref> == Bayani == Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta Hale tana amfani da faɗuwar ruwa ta halitta na mita 70. Tana nan a Garin Hale a kan babbar hanyar Segera-Tanga, 6&nbsp;kilomita daga mahadar Tanga zuwa Moshi a Segera. <ref name="tanhale">{{Cite web |title=Pangani Hydro Systems |url=http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113114/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=29 July 2015 |website=TANESCO}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113114/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 "Pangani Hydro Systems"]. ''TANESCO''. Archived from [http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 the original] on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ana tura ruwa daga kogunan da ke makwabtaka da su zuwa ƙasa da mita 70. Tashar wutar lantarki da kanta tana da tushe a ƙasa da mita 76. Tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa tana samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar na'urori biyu a tsaye waɗanda suka haɗa da injinan Francis da [[Salient pole generator|janareto masu aiki da wutar lantarki]], kuma tana da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na {{Convert|21|MW}} . <ref name="tanhale">{{Cite web |title=Pangani Hydro Systems |url=http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113114/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=29 July 2015 |website=TANESCO}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113114/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 "Pangani Hydro Systems"]. ''TANESCO''. Archived from [http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 the original] on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> An yi gagarumin gyara sau biyu tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da ita, a shekarar 1987 da 2009. <ref name="tanhale">{{Cite web |title=Pangani Hydro Systems |url=http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113114/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=29 July 2015 |website=TANESCO}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113114/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 "Pangani Hydro Systems"]. ''TANESCO''. Archived from [http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 the original] on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Gina madatsar ruwan a shekarun 1960 ya haifar da ƙaura daga mutane kimanin 12,000. Duk da haka, bayan kafa madatsar ruwan, tare da wadataccen ruwa da kifi, ya jawo hankalin mutane da yawa daga al'ummomin kamun kifi. Wannan ya kuma haifar da kafa manyan matsugunan birane da ake kira Nyumba ya Mungu, tare da kimanin mutane 20,000 a shekarar 2002. Ƙara yawan jama'a ya haifar da rikice-rikicen ruwa da yawa. <ref name="scc3">{{Cite journal |last=Mbonile |first=Milline J. |date=March 2005 |title=Migration and intensification of water conflicts in the Pangani Basin, Tanzania |journal=Habitat International |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=41–67 |doi=10.1016/s0197-3975(03)00061-4}}</ref> == Manazarta == hdsl3qpg4xffyw7511t287m8tuv45hk 842366 842365 2026-05-29T10:46:51Z Engineer014 44591 842366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Hale''' madatsar ruwa ce mai amfani da wutar lantarki a [[Tanzaniya]], wacce ke garin Hale a gundumar Mnyuzi ta gundumar Korogwe ta yankin Tanga . Ikon da aka sanya shi shine {{Convert|21|MW}} . Dubban mutane sun rasa matsugunansu don gina madatsar ruwa. == Tarihi == Madatsar ruwan Hale ita ce madatsar ruwa mafi tsufa a ƙasar a halin yanzu. Kogin Pangani ya kasance tushen wutar lantarki tun farkon zamanin mulkin mallaka na Tanganiyka . Wani kamfanin Jamus ne ya kafa tashar wutar lantarki ta Pangani a Pangani Falls tun a shekarar 1936. Tare da yankin Tanga da ke ƙaruwa da kuma kusanci da [[Mombasa]], gwamnati ta yanke shawarar gina sabuwar tashar wutar lantarki ta Hydro a Hale. <ref name="mcrew">{{Cite journal |last=Datoo |first=B.A. |date=April 1965 |title=The generation of hydro-electric power on the lower Pangani river |url=http://www.macalester.edu/academics/geography/agr/journals/1965_3_51.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=East African Geographical Review |volume=3 |pages=47–49 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053654/http://www.macalester.edu/academics/geography/agr/journals/1965_3_51.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> An fara gina masana'antar a shekarar 1961 kuma ta kashe kimanin fam miliyan 5,000,000, wanda shi ne jari mafi girma da aka zuba a kasar tun bayan durkushewar shirin gyada . <ref name="mcrew">{{Cite journal |last=Datoo |first=B.A. |date=April 1965 |title=The generation of hydro-electric power on the lower Pangani river |url=http://www.macalester.edu/academics/geography/agr/journals/1965_3_51.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=East African Geographical Review |volume=3 |pages=47–49 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053654/http://www.macalester.edu/academics/geography/agr/journals/1965_3_51.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=29 July 2015}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDatoo1965">Datoo, B.A. (April 1965). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053654/http://www.macalester.edu/academics/geography/agr/journals/1965_3_51.pdf "The generation of hydro-electric power on the lower Pangani river"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''East African Geographical Review''. '''3''': <span class="nowrap">47–</span>49. Archived from [http://www.macalester.edu/academics/geography/agr/journals/1965_3_51.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Masana'antar wutar lantarki ta fara aiki a watan Nuwamba na 1964. <ref name="tanhale">{{Cite web |title=Pangani Hydro Systems |url=http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113114/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=29 July 2015 |website=TANESCO}}</ref> == Bayani == Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta Hale tana amfani da faɗuwar ruwa ta halitta na mita 70. Tana nan a Garin Hale a kan babbar hanyar Segera-Tanga, 6&nbsp;kilomita daga mahadar Tanga zuwa Moshi a Segera. <ref name="tanhale">{{Cite web |title=Pangani Hydro Systems |url=http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113114/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=29 July 2015 |website=TANESCO}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113114/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 "Pangani Hydro Systems"]. ''TANESCO''. Archived from [http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 the original] on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ana tura ruwa daga kogunan da ke makwabtaka da su zuwa ƙasa da mita 70. Tashar wutar lantarki da kanta tana da tushe a ƙasa da mita 76. Tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa tana samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar na'urori biyu a tsaye waɗanda suka haɗa da injinan Francis da [[Salient pole generator|janareto masu aiki da wutar lantarki]], kuma tana da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na {{Convert|21|MW}} . <ref name="tanhale">{{Cite web |title=Pangani Hydro Systems |url=http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113114/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=29 July 2015 |website=TANESCO}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113114/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 "Pangani Hydro Systems"]. ''TANESCO''. Archived from [http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 the original] on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> An yi gagarumin gyara sau biyu tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da ita, a shekarar 1987 da 2009. <ref name="tanhale">{{Cite web |title=Pangani Hydro Systems |url=http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113114/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=29 July 2015 |website=TANESCO}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113114/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 "Pangani Hydro Systems"]. ''TANESCO''. Archived from [http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 the original] on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Gina madatsar ruwan a shekarun 1960 ya haifar da ƙaura daga mutane kimanin 12,000. Duk da haka, bayan kafa madatsar ruwan, tare da wadataccen ruwa da kifi, ya jawo hankalin mutane da yawa daga al'ummomin kamun kifi. Wannan ya kuma haifar da kafa manyan matsugunan birane da ake kira Nyumba ya Mungu, tare da kimanin mutane 20,000 a shekarar 2002. Ƙara yawan jama'a ya haifar da rikice-rikicen ruwa da yawa. <ref name="scc3">{{Cite journal |last=Mbonile |first=Milline J. |date=March 2005 |title=Migration and intensification of water conflicts in the Pangani Basin, Tanzania |journal=Habitat International |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=41–67 |doi=10.1016/s0197-3975(03)00061-4}}</ref> == Manazarta == puals4w4x4i5j4ojn5hygd9x5ea0e6z 0 153059 842367 2026-05-29T10:47:01Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352714507|Bloemhoek Dam]]" 842367 wikitext text/x-wiki Bloemhoek Dam, wani madatsar ruwa ne mai cike da ƙasa wanda ke kan wani karamin kogi da ake kira [[Jordaan Spruit]] kusa da Kroonstad, Free State, lardin [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana daga cikin Tsarin Kogin Vals . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bosman |first=Eddie |date=2011 |title=Guidelines on Freeboard for Dams |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/1759%20-1-111.pdf}}</ref> Dam din Serfontein, wanda kusan ya cika gaba ɗaya, ya saki ruwa kai tsaye zuwa cikin Kogin Vals daga inda aka zuba shi cikin '''Dam din Bloemhoek''', don samarwa ga birni na Kroonstad. Babban manufarta ita ce don amfani da birni da masana'antu. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == 7q71naxnlyct29dx7hjl28lgita5isb 842368 842367 2026-05-29T10:47:26Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bloemhoek Dam, wani madatsar ruwa ne mai cike da ƙasa wanda ke kan wani karamin kogi da ake kira [[Jordaan Spruit]] kusa da Kroonstad, Free State, lardin [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana daga cikin Tsarin Kogin Vals . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bosman |first=Eddie |date=2011 |title=Guidelines on Freeboard for Dams |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/1759%20-1-111.pdf}}</ref> Dam din Serfontein, wanda kusan ya cika gaba ɗaya, ya saki ruwa kai tsaye zuwa cikin Kogin Vals daga inda aka zuba shi cikin '''Dam din Bloemhoek''', don samarwa ga birni na Kroonstad. Babban manufarta ita ce don amfani da birni da masana'antu. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == q5fuzbaohau03q9wnob8udv1vdfkq2u 0 153060 842370 2026-05-29T10:48:24Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1235037766|Pangani Falls Dam]]" 842370 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madatsar ruwan Pangani''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke [[Tanzaniya]], wacce take wani bangare na tsarin samar da ruwa na Pangani. Madatsar ruwan tana Koani a gundumar Muheza ta yankin Tanga, kimanin {{Convert|8|km|mi}} kudu da wani tashar wutar lantarki a Hale . Tashar wutar lantarki ta Pangani falls tana da injinan turbine guda biyu kuma tana da karfin wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|68|MW}} . <ref name="tanesco_phs">{{Cite web |title=Pangani Hydro Systems |url=http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113114/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=27 July 2015 |website=Tanesco}}</ref> == Bayani == An fara gina madatsar ruwan a watan Disamba na shekarar 1991 kuma an fara aikin nan take bayan shekaru uku kacal domin taimakawa matsalar karancin wutar lantarki a kasar. Kasashen Turai ( [[Norway]], [[Finland]] da [[Sweden]] ) ne suka dauki nauyin aikin gaba daya, wadanda suka yanke shawarar daukar nauyin aikin sake gina madatsar ruwan Pangani a shekarar 1989. <ref name="tanesco_phs" /> An kashe jimillar dala miliyan 126 na aikin kuma masu kuɗi uku ne suka ɗauki nauyinsa: NORAD na Norway (42%); FINNIDA na Finland (33%) da SIDA na Sweden (25%). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == t53cz3tij4rvxdxj7nbderron29832b 842371 842370 2026-05-29T10:49:22Z Engineer014 44591 842371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Pangani''' madatsar ruwa ce da ke [[Tanzaniya]], wacce take wani bangare na tsarin samar da ruwa na Pangani. Madatsar ruwan tana Koani a gundumar Muheza ta yankin Tanga, kimanin {{Convert|8|km|mi}} kudu da wani tashar wutar lantarki a Hale . Tashar wutar lantarki ta Pangani falls tana da injinan turbine guda biyu kuma tana da karfin wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|68|MW}} . <ref name="tanesco_phs">{{Cite web |title=Pangani Hydro Systems |url=http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113114/http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=238 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=27 July 2015 |website=Tanesco}}</ref> == Bayani == An fara gina madatsar ruwan a watan Disamba na shekarar 1991 kuma an fara aikin nan take bayan shekaru uku kacal domin taimakawa matsalar karancin wutar lantarki a kasar. Kasashen Turai ( [[Norway]], [[Finland]] da [[Sweden]] ) ne suka dauki nauyin aikin gaba daya, wadanda suka yanke shawarar daukar nauyin aikin sake gina madatsar ruwan Pangani a shekarar 1989. <ref name="tanesco_phs" /> An kashe jimillar dala miliyan 126 na aikin kuma masu kuɗi uku ne suka ɗauki nauyinsa: NORAD na Norway (42%); FINNIDA na Finland (33%) da SIDA na Sweden (25%). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == elno8xgp6rffmiczoc31h275d066rpf 0 153061 842372 2026-05-29T10:50:06Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329003466|Albert Falls Dam]]" 842372 wikitext text/x-wiki Albert Falls Dam wani madatsar ruwa ne a cikin Kogin Umgeni, a waje da Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a shekara ta 1976, madatsar ruwan tana da ƙarfin cubic mita miliyan 290.1 da kuma yanki na kilomita 23.521 (9.082 sq . Ganuwar madatsar ruwan tana da mita 33 (108 a tsawo. Furewar tafkin na dinoflagellate Ceratium hirundinella, wanda aka gano a madatsar ruwan Albert Falls a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2006, ya fallasa wani canjin muhalli mai mahimmanci wanda ke nuna rage ingancin ruwa a cikin wannan tafkin mesotrophic na tarihi. An bincika rarrabawar sararin samaniya na fure a cikin Oktoba 2006 da kuma a cikin Janairu 2007. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hart |first=RC |last2=Wragg |first2=PD |date=2009-05-23 |title=Recent blooms of the dinoflagellate ''Ceratium'' in Albert Falls Dam (KZN): History, causes, spatial features and impacts on a reservoir ecosystem and its zooplankton |journal=Water SA |volume=35 |issue=4 |doi=10.4314/wsa.v35i4.76807 |issn=0378-4738 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == n9o9wu5a7tfxheet2cnnd2mfivncavw 842373 842372 2026-05-29T10:50:28Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Albert Falls Dam wani madatsar ruwa ne a cikin Kogin Umgeni, a waje da Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a shekara ta 1976, madatsar ruwan tana da ƙarfin cubic mita miliyan 290.1 da kuma yanki na kilomita 23.521 (9.082 sq . Ganuwar madatsar ruwan tana da mita 33 (108 a tsawo. Furewar tafkin na dinoflagellate Ceratium hirundinella, wanda aka gano a madatsar ruwan Albert Falls a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2006, ya fallasa wani canjin muhalli mai mahimmanci wanda ke nuna rage ingancin ruwa a cikin wannan tafkin mesotrophic na tarihi. An bincika rarrabawar sararin samaniya na fure a cikin Oktoba 2006 da kuma a cikin Janairu 2007. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hart |first=RC |last2=Wragg |first2=PD |date=2009-05-23 |title=Recent blooms of the dinoflagellate ''Ceratium'' in Albert Falls Dam (KZN): History, causes, spatial features and impacts on a reservoir ecosystem and its zooplankton |journal=Water SA |volume=35 |issue=4 |doi=10.4314/wsa.v35i4.76807 |issn=0378-4738 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna a Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == rpek3mfzjvnbphr3j0bps2sqjqk6oya 0 153062 842375 2026-05-29T10:52:57Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1231975603|Breede Water Management Area]]" 842375 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Breede WMA''', ko '''Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Breede (coded: 18) ''', Ya haɗa da manyan koguna masu zuwa: Kogin Breede, Kogin Riviersonderend, [[Sout River|Kogin Sout]], [[Kogin Bot]] da Kogin Palmiet, kuma ya rufe Dams masu zuwa: * Dam din Brandvlei Lower Brandvlei River[[Lower Brandvlei River|Kogin Brandvlei na Ƙananan]] * Buffeljags Dam Kogin Buffeljags * Dam din Eikenhof Kogin Palmiet * Kogin Elandskloof[[Elands River (Western Cape)|Kogin Elands]] * Keerom Dam Nuy River[[Nuy River|Kogin Nuy]] * Kogin Klipberg[[Konings River|Kogin Konings]] * Kwaggaskloof Dam Doorn River[[Doorn River|Kogin Doorn]] * Dam din Lakenvallei [[Sanddrifskloof River|Kogin Sanddrifskloof]] * Rashin ruwa na Pietersfontein [[Pietersfontein River|Kogin Pietersfontein]] * Kogin Groot na madatsar ruwan Poortjieskloof * Ruwan Els Berg Dam [[Sanddrifskloof River|Kogin Sanddrifskloof]] * Stettynskloof Dam [[Holsloot River|Kogin Holsloot]] * [[Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof|Rashin ruwa na Teewaterskloof]] Kogin Sonderend == Yankin == Yankunan ruwa na uku G40 (ban da G40A), G50, da H10 zuwa H70. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Mansazarta == krvq7lm605wgzvngvlmjlwcr1xpuzlh 842376 842375 2026-05-29T10:53:23Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Breede WMA''', ko '''Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Breede (coded: 18) ''', Ya haɗa da manyan koguna masu zuwa: Kogin Breede, Kogin Riviersonderend, [[Sout River|Kogin Sout]], [[Kogin Bot]] da Kogin Palmiet, kuma ya rufe Dams masu zuwa: * Dam din Brandvlei Lower Brandvlei River[[Lower Brandvlei River|Kogin Brandvlei na Ƙananan]] * Buffeljags Dam Kogin Buffeljags * Dam din Eikenhof Kogin Palmiet * Kogin Elandskloof[[Elands River (Western Cape)|Kogin Elands]] * Keerom Dam Nuy River[[Nuy River|Kogin Nuy]] * Kogin Klipberg[[Konings River|Kogin Konings]] * Kwaggaskloof Dam Doorn River[[Doorn River|Kogin Doorn]] * Dam din Lakenvallei [[Sanddrifskloof River|Kogin Sanddrifskloof]] * Rashin ruwa na Pietersfontein [[Pietersfontein River|Kogin Pietersfontein]] * Kogin Groot na madatsar ruwan Poortjieskloof * Ruwan Els Berg Dam [[Sanddrifskloof River|Kogin Sanddrifskloof]] * Stettynskloof Dam [[Holsloot River|Kogin Holsloot]] * [[Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof|Rashin ruwa na Teewaterskloof]] Kogin Sonderend == Yankin == Yankunan ruwa na uku G40 (ban da G40A), G50, da H10 zuwa H70. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Mansazarta == q3w8npqdmkgdvsmooj6ls7uwv83wwry 0 153063 842377 2026-05-29T10:54:39Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1231976071|Limpopo Water Management Area]]" 842377 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Limpopo WMA''', ko '''Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Limpopo''' (coded: 1), <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-09-03 |title=Hydrological Services - Surface Water Home |url=https://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326001013/https://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/ |archive-date=2015-03-26 |access-date=2015-05-03 |publisher=Dwaf.gov.za}}</ref> a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya haɗa da manyan koguna masu zuwa: [[Kogin Limpopo]], Kogin Matlabas, Kogin Mokolo, Kogin Lephalala, Kogin Mogalakwena, Kogin Sand da Kogin Nzhelele kuma yana rufe madatsun ruwa masu zuwa. * [[Cross Dam|Dam din Cross]], Kogin Nwanedi * [[Dam din Doorndraai]] [[Sterk River|Kogin Sterk]] * Glen Alpine Dam Kogin Mogalakwena * Dam din Luphephe, Kogin Luphephe * [[Mokolo Dam|Dam din Mokolo]] Kogin Mokolo * Dam din Mutshedzi [[Mutshedzi River|Kogin Mutshedzi]] * Dam din Nwanedi, a cikin Kogin Nwanedi * [[Dam ɗin Nzhelele|Dam din Nzhelele]] Kogin Nzhelele * == Yankin == Yankunan ruwa na uku A41, A42, A50, A61 zuwa A63, A71, A72 da A80. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == tv6wg77hnzfh0w7ccsoptmo4qt3irv0 842378 842377 2026-05-29T10:55:02Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Limpopo WMA''', ko '''Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Limpopo''' (coded: 1), <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-09-03 |title=Hydrological Services - Surface Water Home |url=https://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326001013/https://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/ |archive-date=2015-03-26 |access-date=2015-05-03 |publisher=Dwaf.gov.za}}</ref> a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya haɗa da manyan koguna masu zuwa: [[Kogin Limpopo]], Kogin Matlabas, Kogin Mokolo, Kogin Lephalala, Kogin Mogalakwena, Kogin Sand da Kogin Nzhelele kuma yana rufe madatsun ruwa masu zuwa. * [[Cross Dam|Dam din Cross]], Kogin Nwanedi * [[Dam din Doorndraai]] [[Sterk River|Kogin Sterk]] * Glen Alpine Dam Kogin Mogalakwena * Dam din Luphephe, Kogin Luphephe * [[Mokolo Dam|Dam din Mokolo]] Kogin Mokolo * Dam din Mutshedzi [[Mutshedzi River|Kogin Mutshedzi]] * Dam din Nwanedi, a cikin Kogin Nwanedi * [[Dam ɗin Nzhelele|Dam din Nzhelele]] Kogin Nzhelele * == Yankin == Yankunan ruwa na uku A41, A42, A50, A61 zuwa A63, A71, A72 da A80. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == d57yj3upjvbq467b4zoj0tf3osafm4q 0 153064 842379 2026-05-29T10:56:20Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1231976448|Olifants/Doorn Water Management Area]]" 842379 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olifants / Doorn WMA''', ko Olifants/Doorn Water Management Area, Ya haɗa da manyan koguna masu zuwa: Kogin Olifants, [[Doorn River|Kogin Doorn]], Kogin Krom, [[Sand River (Western Cape)|Kogin Sand]], da [[Sout River|Kogin Sout]], kuma yana rufe madatsun ruwa masu zuwa: * Kogin Bulshoek OlifantsKogin Olifants * Clanwilliam Dam Kogin Olifants * [[Karee Dam|Rashin ruwa na Karee]] [[Karee River|Kogin Karee]] == Yankin == Yankin ruwa na farko E da yankuna na uku G30 da F60. * [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == * http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/ d0lo4cgj9u3dgkm58k9agwh6njilzna 842380 842379 2026-05-29T10:56:42Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olifants / Doorn WMA''', ko Olifants/Doorn Water Management Area, Ya haɗa da manyan koguna masu zuwa: Kogin Olifants, [[Doorn River|Kogin Doorn]], Kogin Krom, [[Sand River (Western Cape)|Kogin Sand]], da [[Sout River|Kogin Sout]], kuma yana rufe madatsun ruwa masu zuwa: * Kogin Bulshoek OlifantsKogin Olifants * Clanwilliam Dam Kogin Olifants * [[Karee Dam|Rashin ruwa na Karee]] [[Karee River|Kogin Karee]] == Yankin == Yankin ruwa na farko E da yankuna na uku G30 da F60. * [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == * http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/ cwb0xjhdrwwh137ajjnqhwnrzkujghx 0 153065 842381 2026-05-29T10:58:04Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1231976695|Upper Orange Water Management Area]]" 842381 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Upper Orange WMA''', ko Upper Orange Water Management Area (coded: 13), Ya haɗa da manyan koguna masu zuwa: Kogin Modder, Kogin Riet, [[Kogin Caledon]] da [[Kogin Orange]], kuma ya rufe Dams masu zuwa: * [[Dammen Armeniya|Dam din Armenia]] [[Leeu River (Mohokare)|Kogin Leeu]] * Dam din Egmont [[Witspruit]] * Gariep Dam [[Kogin Orange]] * Kogin Groothoek Kgabanyane[[Kgabanyane River|Kogin Kgabanyane]] * Kogin Riet na Kalkfontein * Katse Dam Kogin Malibamatso * Knellpoort Dam [[Rietspruit]] * Kogin Modder na Krugersdrift * Dam din Mohale [[Kogin Senqunyane]] * Rustfontein Dam Modder RiverKogin Modder * [[Tierpoort Dam|Rashin ruwa na Tierpoort]] [[Tierpoort River|Kogin Tierpoort]] * Vanderkloof Dam Orange River[[Kogin Orange]] * Dam din Welbedacht [[Kogin Caledon]] == Yankin == Yankunan ruwa na uku C51, C52, D11 zuwa D18, D21 zuwa D24, D31, D32, D34 da D35. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == 7o53yy22kkj1fbuye56vd0ydix3xsf6 842382 842381 2026-05-29T10:58:25Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Upper Orange WMA''', ko Upper Orange Water Management Area (coded: 13), Ya haɗa da manyan koguna masu zuwa: Kogin Modder, Kogin Riet, [[Kogin Caledon]] da [[Kogin Orange]], kuma ya rufe Dams masu zuwa: * [[Dammen Armeniya|Dam din Armenia]] [[Leeu River (Mohokare)|Kogin Leeu]] * Dam din Egmont [[Witspruit]] * Gariep Dam [[Kogin Orange]] * Kogin Groothoek Kgabanyane[[Kgabanyane River|Kogin Kgabanyane]] * Kogin Riet na Kalkfontein * Katse Dam Kogin Malibamatso * Knellpoort Dam [[Rietspruit]] * Kogin Modder na Krugersdrift * Dam din Mohale [[Kogin Senqunyane]] * Rustfontein Dam Modder RiverKogin Modder * [[Tierpoort Dam|Rashin ruwa na Tierpoort]] [[Tierpoort River|Kogin Tierpoort]] * Vanderkloof Dam Orange River[[Kogin Orange]] * Dam din Welbedacht [[Kogin Caledon]] == Yankin == Yankunan ruwa na uku C51, C52, D11 zuwa D18, D21 zuwa D24, D31, D32, D34 da D35. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]] * [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin tafkuna da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] == Manazarta == qa26tjtrlpy8rjsxa96iawtn5iwuxct 0 153066 842383 2026-05-29T11:00:27Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256381312|Andranotsimisiamalona River]]" 842383 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Andranotsimisiamalona''' yana arewacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar.]] Mafarinsa yana cikin [[Ambohitra Massif|Dutsen Ambohitra]]; yana gudana cikin [[Kogin Saharenana]] a saman [[Antananandrenitelo]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:CS1 Faransanci-language sources (fr)]] dzny2jg98yiykgceqezzx3r57agavyn 842387 842383 2026-05-29T11:03:38Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842387 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Andranotsimisiamalona''' yana arewacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar.<ref name="ORSTOM">{{cite web|last1=Bauduin|first1=D.|last2=Servat|first2=E.|title=Etude d'Hydrologie à Usage Agricole|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-07/010013840.pdf|publisher=Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération|accessdate=23 April 2016|pages=14–16}} {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref name="ORSTOM">{{cite web|last1=Bauduin|first1=D.|last2=Servat|first2=E.|title=Etude d'Hydrologie à Usage Agricole|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-07/010013840.pdf|publisher=Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération|accessdate=23 April 2016|pages=14–16}} {{in lang|fr}}</ref>]] Mafarinsa yana cikin [[Ambohitra Massif|Dutsen Ambohitra]]; yana gudana cikin [[Kogin Saharenana]] a saman [[Antananandrenitelo]].<ref name="ORSTOM">{{cite web|last1=Bauduin|first1=D.|last2=Servat|first2=E.|title=Etude d'Hydrologie à Usage Agricole|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-07/010013840.pdf|publisher=Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération|accessdate=23 April 2016|pages=14–16}} {{in lang|fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:CS1 Faransanci-language sources (fr)]] egz6shyudi3vddk5m15x2is0fi25boq 842388 842387 2026-05-29T11:04:59Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Andranotsimisiamalona''' yana arewacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar.]]<ref name="ORSTOM">{{cite web|last1=Bauduin|first1=D.|last2=Servat|first2=E.|title=Etude d'Hydrologie à Usage Agricole|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-07/010013840.pdf|publisher=Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération|accessdate=23 April 2016|pages=14–16}} {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref name="ORSTOM">{{cite web|last1=Bauduin|first1=D.|last2=Servat|first2=E.|title=Etude d'Hydrologie à Usage Agricole|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-07/010013840.pdf|publisher=Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération|accessdate=23 April 2016|pages=14–16}} {{in lang|fr}}</ref> Mafarinsa yana cikin [[Ambohitra Massif|Dutsen Ambohitra]]; yana gudana cikin [[Kogin Saharenana]] a saman [[Antananandrenitelo]].<ref name="ORSTOM">{{cite web|last1=Bauduin|first1=D.|last2=Servat|first2=E.|title=Etude d'Hydrologie à Usage Agricole|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-07/010013840.pdf|publisher=Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération|accessdate=23 April 2016|pages=14–16}} {{in lang|fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:CS1 Faransanci-language sources (fr)]] i1vvdmlbnif2p0eqnbkxfc0xc8oxv01 0 153067 842384 2026-05-29T11:00:55Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1231976709|Usutu to Mhlatuze Water Management Area]]" 842384 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Usutu zuwa Mhlatuze WMA''', ko Usutu zuwa Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Mhlatuza (coded: 6), <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-09-03 |title=Hydrological Services - Surface Water Home |url=https://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326001013/https://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/ |archive-date=2015-03-26 |access-date=2015-05-03 |publisher=Dwaf.gov.za}}</ref> a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya haɗa da manyan koguna masu zuwa: [[Kogin Maputo|Kogin Usutu]], Kogin Pongola, Kogin Mhlatuze, Kogin Mfolozi da [[Mkuze River|Kogin Mkuze]], kuma ya rufe madatsun ruwa masu zuwa: * Goedertrouw Dam Kogin Mhlatuze * Madatsar ruwan Heyshope Kogin Assegaai * Hluhluwe Dam Kogin Hluhluwe * Jericho Dam [[Mpama River|Kogin Mpama]] * Dam din Klipfontein Wit Mfolozi River[[Wit Mfolozi River|Kogin Wit Mfolozi]] * Kogin Morgenstond[[Ngwempisi River|Kogin Ngwempisi]] * [[Dam ɗin Pongolapoort|Dam din Pongolapoort]] Kogin Phongolo * Westoe Dam [[Kogin Maputo|Kogin Usutu]] == Yankin == Yankin ruwa na farko W. [bayyanawa da ake buƙata]  == Manazarta == j3f7inuicvno6f9c42kuctatxynl9v3 842385 842384 2026-05-29T11:02:17Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Usutu zuwa Mhlatuze WMA''', ko Usutu zuwa Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Mhlatuza (coded: 6), <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-09-03 |title=Hydrological Services - Surface Water Home |url=https://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326001013/https://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/ |archive-date=2015-03-26 |access-date=2015-05-03 |publisher=Dwaf.gov.za}}</ref> a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya haɗa da manyan koguna masu zuwa: [[Kogin Maputo|Kogin Usutu]], Kogin Pongola, Kogin Mhlatuze, Kogin Mfolozi da [[Mkuze River|Kogin Mkuze]], kuma ya rufe madatsun ruwa masu zuwa: * Goedertrouw Dam Kogin Mhlatuze * Madatsar ruwan Heyshope Kogin Assegaai * Hluhluwe Dam Kogin Hluhluwe * Jericho Dam [[Mpama River|Kogin Mpama]] * Dam din Klipfontein Wit Mfolozi River[[Wit Mfolozi River|Kogin Wit Mfolozi]] * Kogin Morgenstond[[Ngwempisi River|Kogin Ngwempisi]] * [[Dam ɗin Pongolapoort|Dam din Pongolapoort]] Kogin Phongolo * Westoe Dam [[Kogin Maputo|Kogin Usutu]] == Yankin == Yankin ruwa na farko W. [bayyanawa da ake buƙata]  == Manazarta == mfvzwdkkh469hgcuj7kixde5yp06lty 0 153068 842391 2026-05-29T11:08:13Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324460162|Vaal Dam]]" 842391 wikitext text/x-wiki An gina madatsar ruwan Vaal a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a 1938 kuma tana da nisan kilomita 77 a kudancin Filin jirgin saman OR Tambo, [[Johannesburg]]. Tafkin da ke bayan bangon madatsar ruwan yana da yanki na kimanin kilomita 320 (120 sq <ref name="dawf-vaal">{{Cite web |title=VAAL DAM |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/orange/Vaal/vaaldam.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626050028/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/orange/Vaal/vaaldam.htm |archive-date=26 June 2019 |access-date=19 December 2009 |publisher=[[Department of Water Affairs]]}}</ref> kuma yana da zurfin mita 47. Dam din Vaal yana kan Kogin Vaal, wanda shine daya daga cikin koguna masu karfi a Afirka ta Kudu. Sauran koguna da ke gudana cikin madatsar ruwan sune Kogin Wilge, Molspruit da Grootspruit. Yana da sama da kilomita 800 (500 na bakin teku kuma shine madatsar ruwa ta biyu mafi girma a Afirka ta Kudu ta yanki kuma ta huɗu mafi girma ta girma.&nbsp; == Tarihi == Ginin madatsar ruwan Vaal ya fara ne a lokacin bakin ciki na farkon shekarun talatin kuma an kammala madatsar a 1938 tare da tsawo na bango na mita 54.2 (178 sama da tushe mafi ƙasƙanci da cikakken ƙarfin samar da mita 994,000,000 (3.51 cu . Dam din tsari ne mai nauyi tare da sashi na cika ƙasa a gefen dama. An gina shi a matsayin hadin gwiwa ta Rand Water da Ma'aikatar Ruwa (wanda yanzu ake kira Ma'aunin Ruwa). Daga baya aka ɗaga madatsar ruwan a farkon shekarun hamsin zuwa tsawo na mita 60.3 (198 wanda ya kara karfin zuwa mita 2,188,000,000 (7.73 . Wani tashin hankali na biyu ya faru ne a shekarar 1985 lokacin da aka ɗaga bango da karin mita 3.05 (.0 zuwa mita 63.4 (208 sama da tushe mafi ƙasƙanci. A halin yanzu ƙarfin madatsar ruwan yana da mita 2,609,799,000 (9.21642 kuma ana iya adana ƙarin mita 663,000,000 cu (2.34× Cu ft) ko 26% na ɗan lokaci don rage ambaliyar ruwa. == Wasanni na ruwa == Dam din Vaal wuri ne na kamun Kifi don carp da catfish. Yankin ya cika da masu kifi a duk shekara. Ana gudanar da wasannin ruwa da dama a nan, ciki har da tseren jirgin ruwa na shekara-shekara na "Round The Island" wanda Tafkin Deneys Yacht Club ke shiryawa— <ref>{{Cite web |title=There's much more to LDYC than Sailing |url=http://www.ldyc.co.za/ |access-date=2009-07-10 |publisher=Lake Deneys Yacht Club}}</ref> tseren da aka rubuta a cikin [[Guinness World Records|Littafin Tarihi na Guinness]] saboda kasancewa "Mafi yawan Jiragen Ruwa a Gasar Jiragen Ruwa ta Cikin Gida a Duniya", inda jiragen ruwa 389 suka ketare layin ƙarshe. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Wannan tseren ya shiga Littafin Tarihi na Guinness don yawancin jiragen ruwa a tseren jiragen ruwa na cikin gida. Manyan tarurruka da dama suna faruwa a nan, ciki har da Makon Keelboat da Bayshore 200&nbsp;tseren jetski na kilomita, da kuma yanzu farautar taskar madatsar ruwa ta Bayshore Marina Vaal. Ƙungiyar Yacht ta Lake Deneys da Ƙungiyar Yacht ta Pennant Nine sun haɗu wajen shirya wani jirgin ruwa wanda ya halarci bikin farko na 2014 da na biyu na 2015 na "Bart's Bash". hre8ebjfprrmjs85s3ws88252obk5il 842392 842391 2026-05-29T11:09:01Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An gina madatsar ruwan Vaal a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a 1938 kuma tana da nisan kilomita 77 a kudancin Filin jirgin saman OR Tambo, [[Johannesburg]]. Tafkin da ke bayan bangon madatsar ruwan yana da yanki na kimanin kilomita 320 (120 sq <ref name="dawf-vaal">{{Cite web |title=VAAL DAM |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/orange/Vaal/vaaldam.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626050028/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/orange/Vaal/vaaldam.htm |archive-date=26 June 2019 |access-date=19 December 2009 |publisher=[[Department of Water Affairs]]}}</ref> kuma yana da zurfin mita 47. Dam din Vaal yana kan Kogin Vaal, wanda shine daya daga cikin koguna masu karfi a Afirka ta Kudu. Sauran koguna da ke gudana cikin madatsar ruwan sune Kogin Wilge, Molspruit da Grootspruit. Ya da sama da kilomita 800 (500 na bakin teku kuma shine madatsar ruwa ta biyu mafi girma a Afirka ta Kudu ta yanki kuma ta huɗu mafi girma ta girma.&nbsp; == Tarihi == Ginin madatsar ruwan Vaal ya fara ne a lokacin bakin ciki na farkon shekarun talatin kuma an kammala madatsar a 1938 tare da tsawo na bango na mita 54.2 (178 sama da tushe mafi ƙasƙanci da cikakken ƙarfin samar da mita 994,000,000 (3.51 cu . Dam din tsari ne mai nauyi tare da sashi na cika ƙasa a gefen dama. An gina shi a matsayin hadin gwiwa ta Rand Water da Ma'aikatar Ruwa (wanda yanzu ake kira Ma'aunin Ruwa). Daga baya aka ɗaga madatsar ruwan a farkon shekarun hamsin zuwa tsawo na mita 60.3 (198 wanda ya kara karfin zuwa mita 2,188,000,000 (7.73 . Wani tashin hankali na biyu ya faru ne a shekarar 1985 lokacin da aka ɗaga bango da karin mita 3.05 (.0 zuwa mita 63.4 (208 sama da tushe mafi ƙasƙanci. A halin yanzu ƙarfin madatsar ruwan yana da mita 2,609,799,000 (9.21642 kuma ana iya adana ƙarin mita 663,000,000 cu (2.34× Cu ft) ko 26% na ɗan lokaci don rage ambaliyar ruwa. == Wasanni na ruwa == Dam din Vaal wuri ne na kamun Kifi don carp da catfish. Yankin ya cika da masu kifi a duk shekara. Ana gudanar da wasannin ruwa da dama a nan, ciki har da tseren jirgin ruwa na shekara-shekara na "Round The Island" wanda Tafkin Deneys Yacht Club ke shiryawa— <ref>{{Cite web |title=There's much more to LDYC than Sailing |url=http://www.ldyc.co.za/ |access-date=2009-07-10 |publisher=Lake Deneys Yacht Club}}</ref> tseren da aka rubuta a cikin [[Guinness World Records|Littafin Tarihi na Guinness]] saboda kasancewa "Mafi yawan Jiragen Ruwa a Gasar Jiragen Ruwa ta Cikin Gida a Duniya", inda jiragen ruwa 389 suka ketare layin ƙarshe. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Wannan tseren ya shiga Littafin Tarihi na Guinness don yawancin jiragen ruwa a tseren jiragen ruwa na cikin gida. Manyan tarurruka da dama suna faruwa a nan, ciki har da Makon Keelboat da Bayshore 200&nbsp;tseren jetski na kilomita, da kuma yanzu farautar taskar madatsar ruwa ta Bayshore Marina Vaal. Ƙungiyar Yacht ta Lake Deneys da Ƙungiyar Yacht ta Pennant Nine sun haɗu wajen shirya wani jirgin ruwa wanda ya halarci bikin farko na 2014 da na biyu na 2015 na "Bart's Bash". a4cije0uehe9lew207e063tsog3o5l6 842393 842392 2026-05-29T11:09:24Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An gina madatsar ruwan Vaal a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a 1938 kuma tana da nisan kilomita 77 a kudancin Filin jirgin saman OR Tambo, [[Johannesburg]]. Tafkin da ke bayan bangon madatsar ruwan yana da yanki na kimanin kilomita 320 (120 sq <ref name="dawf-vaal">{{Cite web |title=VAAL DAM |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/orange/Vaal/vaaldam.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626050028/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/orange/Vaal/vaaldam.htm |archive-date=26 June 2019 |access-date=19 December 2009 |publisher=[[Department of Water Affairs]]}}</ref> kuma yana da zurfin mita 47. Dam din Vaal yana kan Kogin Vaal, wanda shine daya daga cikin koguna masu karfi a Afirka ta Kudu. Sauran koguna da ke gudana cikin madatsar ruwan sune Kogin Wilge, Molspruit da Grootspruit. Ya da sama da kilomita 800 (500 na bakin teku kuma shine madatsar ruwa ta biyu mafi girma a Afirka ta Kudu ta yanki kuma ta huɗu mafi girma ta girma.&nbsp; == Tarihi == Ginin madatsar ruwan Vaal ya fara ne a lokacin bakin ciki na farkon shekarun talatin kuma an kammala madatsar a 1938 tare da tsawo na bango na mita 54.2 (178 sama da tushe mafi ƙasƙanci da cikakken ƙarfin samar da mita 994,000,000 (3.51 cu . Dam din tsari ne mai nauyi tare da sashi na cika ƙasa a gefen dama. An gina shi a matsayin hadin gwiwa ta Rand Water da Ma'aikatar Ruwa (wanda yanzu ake kira Ma'aunin Ruwa). Daga baya aka ɗaga madatsar ruwan a farkon shekarun hamsin zuwa tsawo na mita 60.3 (198 wanda ya kara karfin zuwa mita 2,188,000,000 (7.73 . Wani tashin hankali na biyu ya faru ne a shekarar 1985 lokacin da aka ɗaga bango da karin mita 3.05 (.0 zuwa mita 63.4 (208 sama da tushe mafi ƙasƙanci. A halin yanzu ƙarfin madatsar ruwan yana da mita 2,609,799,000 (9.21642 kuma ana iya adana ƙarin mita 663,000,000 cu (2.34× Cu ft) ko 26% na ɗan lokaci don rage ambaliyar ruwa. == Wasanni na ruwa == Dam din Vaal wuri ne na kamun Kifi don carp da catfish. Yankin ya cika da masu kifi a duk shekara. Ana gudanar da wasannin ruwa da dama a nan, ciki har da tseren jirgin ruwa na shekara-shekara na "Round The Island" wanda Tafkin Deneys Yacht Club ke shiryawa— <ref>{{Cite web |title=There's much more to LDYC than Sailing |url=http://www.ldyc.co.za/ |access-date=2009-07-10 |publisher=Lake Deneys Yacht Club}}</ref> tseren da aka rubuta a cikin [[Guinness World Records|Littafin Tarihi na Guinness]] saboda kasancewa "Mafi yawan Jiragen Ruwa a Gasar Jiragen Ruwa ta Cikin Gida a Duniya", inda jiragen ruwa 389 suka ketare layin ƙarshe. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Wannan tseren ya shiga Littafin Tarihi na Guinness don yawancin jiragen ruwa a tseren jiragen ruwa na cikin gida. Manyan tarurruka da dama suna faruwa a nan, ciki har da Makon Keelboat da Bayshore 200&nbsp;tseren jetski na kilomita, da kuma yanzu farautar taskar madatsar ruwa ta Bayshore Marina Vaal. Ƙungiyar Yacht ta Lake Deneys da Ƙungiyar Yacht ta Pennant Nine sun haɗu wajen shirya wani jirgin ruwa wanda ya halarci bikin farko na 2014 da na biyu na 2015 na "Bart's Bash". ==manazarta== mqjll19i5gv0bdpbx3n6n3l06m4w820 0 153069 842394 2026-05-29T11:11:09Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1233661204|Vaalharts Storage Weir]]" 842394 wikitext text/x-wiki Vaalharts Storage Weir madatsar ruwa ce a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a cikin 1936. Vaalhartz Weir (maɓallin rubutun) yana kan Kogin Vaal kusan kilomita 100 daga cikin madatsar ruwan Bloemhof da kilomita 13 daga saman Warrenton. Babban manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce karkatar da ruwa daga Kogin Vaal (wanda aka saki daga madatsar ruwa ta Bloemhof) zuwa Shirin Ruwa na Gwamnatin Olebogeng Mokoena da Shirin Ruwancin Gwamnatin Barkly. Hakanan ana amfani da ruwa ga ƙananan garuruwa da yawa ciki har da Vryburg, Hartswater, Jan Kempdorp, Warrenton, [[Winsorton]], [[Kipdam]], Barkly West da Delportshoop.&nbsp;&nbsp; An kammala babban ginin a cikin 1938 kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen gwamnati don rage rashin aikin yi bayan lalacewar shekarun 1930. A shekara ta 1967, an ɗaga weir da 1.2m zuwa tsayinsa na yanzu na 11m. Tsarin tsari ne na kankare, mai faɗin mita 765 tare da ƙuƙwalwa da yawa. Ruwan yana da nau'o'i biyu; wasu don sakin kogi na yau da kullun wasu don dalilai na kula da ambaliyar ruwa. An tsara madatsar ruwan don kula da ambaliyar ruwa har zuwa 14200 m3/s. Bayan da aka ɗaga madatsar ruwan a 1967, tana da ƙarfin ajiya na m3 miliyan 45. Yana karkatar da ruwa a cikin wani tashar da aka yi da kankare a gefen dama tare da damar 40 m3/s. Wannan tashar tana samar da ruwa ga kimanin hekta 37000 na ban ruwa, mafi yawansu suna cikin tsarin ruwa na Vaalhartz da Barkly. trl11kaxklfzqt04asinwbkuftlgwv1 842395 842394 2026-05-29T11:12:26Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Vaalharts Storage Weir madatsar ruwa ce a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a cikin 1936. Vaalhartz Weir (maɓallin rubutun) yana kan Kogin Vaal kusan kilomita 100 daga cikin madatsar ruwan Bloemhof da kilomita 13 daga saman Warrenton. Babban manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce karkatar da ruwa daga Kogin Vaal (wanda aka saki daga madatsar ruwa ta Bloemhof) zuwa Shirin Ruwa na Gwamnatin Olebogeng Mokoena da Shirin Ruwancin Gwamnatin Barkly. Hakanan ana amfani da ruwa ga ƙananan garuruwa da yawa ciki har da Vryburg, Hartswater, Jan Kempdorp, Warrenton, [[Winsorton]], [[Kipdam]], Barkly West da Delportshoop.&nbsp;&nbsp; An kammala babban ginin a cikin 1938 kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen gwamnati don rage rashin aikin yi bayan lalacewar shekarun 1930. A shekara ta 1967, an ɗaga weir da 1.2m zuwa tsayinsa na yanzu na 11m. Tsarin tsari ne na kankare, mai faɗin mita 765 tare da ƙuƙwalwa da yawa. Ruwan yana da nau'o'i biyu; wasu don sakin kogi na yau da kullun wasu don dalilai na kula da ambaliyar ruwa. An tsara madatsar ruwan don kula da ambaliyar ruwa har zuwa 14200 m3/s. Bayan da aka ɗaga madatsar ruwan a 1967, tana da ƙarfin ajiya na m3 miliyan 45. Yana karkatar da ruwa a cikin wani tashar da aka yi da kankare a gefen dama tare da damar 40 m3/s. Wannan tashar tana samar da ruwa ga kimanin hekta 37000 na ban ruwa, mafi yawansu suna cikin tsarin ruwa na Vaalhartz da Barkly. ==manazarta== o3bnhhafwc87a3h26lte7ii5j0y8lij 0 153070 842398 2026-05-29T11:18:28Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326067340|Kandadji Dam]]" 842398 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam din ''Kandadji''''', babban madatsar ruwa ne mai amfani da yawa wanda ake ginawa a kan [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]] . Shafin yana kusa da karamin garin Kandadji, [[Tillabéri (sashe)|Sashen Tillabéri]], [[Yankin Tillabéri]] [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], kilomita 180 arewa maso yammacin babban birnin [[Niamey]] . Babban Kwamishinan da ke cikin Aménagement de la Vallée du Niger (High Commission for Niger Valley), wani bangare na jama'a a karkashin Ofishin Firayim Minista ne ke gina shi. &nbsp; Dam din zai samar da wutar lantarki kuma yana sarrafa kwararar Kogin Neja, yana riƙe da ruwa a lokacin fari don kula da mafi ƙarancin kwararar ruwa da kuma yin ban ruwa mai yiwuwa. An kira aikin a hukumance ''Shirin Kandadji don Sabunta yanayin muhalli da Ci gaban Kogin Neja'' (Programme Kandadji de Régénération des Ecosystèmes et de Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Niger). == Tarihi == An fara gabatar da aikin ne a cikin shekarun 1970s, lokacin da aka yi la'akari da madatsar ruwa mafi girma. A cikin 1998 Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka ya amince da kudade don binciken yiwuwar da kamfanin ba da shawara na Jamus Lahmeyer ya gudanar. A karkashin binciken, an gudanar da bincike na muhalli da zamantakewa da kuma kimantawa na farko na muhallar da zamantakewa. An gabatar da binciken a cikin shekara ta 2002. A watan Agustan 2002 gwamnati ta yanke shawarar ta hanyar Dokar ci gaba da aikin, wanda daga wannan lokacin ake kira Kandadji Ecosystems Regeneration da Niger Valley Development Programme. Daga baya, an gudanar da cikakken kimantawa game da tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa, gami da Shirin Maido da Jama'a da Shirin Ci Gaban Gida. An tsara Shirin Ci Gaban Gida don sauƙaƙe sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki na mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu don maido da yanayin rayuwarsu ko ma inganta shi, fiye da sake zama kawai. An shirya zane na karshe na madatsar ruwan tare da kudade daga Bankin Ci Gaban Musulunci, da kuma na aikin ban ruwa na hekta 2,000 (4,900 acres) tare da kudaden shiga daga Bankin Raya Afirka ta Yamma. A cikin 2005 da 2006 an gudanar da shawarwari a matsayin wani ɓangare na kimanta muhalli da zamantakewa, wanda ya haɗa da mahalarta daga Asusun Duniya na Yanayi da Ƙungiyar Duniya don Kare Yanayi. A cewar wani majiya, an fara gina madatsar ruwan a watan Agustan 2008. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009 an gudanar da wani bita kan raba fa'idodi daga madatsun ruwa a Yammacin Afirka a Niamey wanda [[Hukumar Kula da Kogin Neja|Hukumar Kula da Kogin Nijar]], [[Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli da Ci Gaban Duniya]] da Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya suka shirya. Taron bita ya ba da shawarar inganta sadarwa ga mutanen da madatsar ruwan ta shafa da kuma mai da hankali sosai ga hanyoyin shari'a da suka shafi sake zama, da kuma ci gaba da tunani game da tsarin gudanarwa na gaba don raba fa'idodin madatsar ruwa daidai. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009 an fara wani tsari don zaɓar masu ba da shawara don tafiya tare da sake zama. A cewar Bankin Duniya, za a aiwatar da dukkan Shirin Kandadji a matakai uku: Ginin madatsar ruwan da kansa an kwangila da kamfanin Rasha [[Zarubezhvodstroy]], wanda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar gini a watan Satumbar 2010. <ref name="Zarubezhvodstroy">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2011 |title=News |url=http://www.zvs.ru/en/about/news/ |access-date=29 April 2013 |publisher=Zarubezhvodstroy}}</ref> An sake gina madatsar ruwan a wani bikin a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2011, bayan zaben Shugaba [[Mahamadou Issoufou]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Intelligence: exclusive news on Africa |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/ |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=Africa Intelligence |language=en}}</ref> Dam din Kandaji shine abu na farko da kamfanin Rasha ya gina a Nijar. <ref name="Kandaji Dam: History">{{Cite web |title=Kandaji Dam: History |url=http://www.zvs.ru/en/about/news/ |access-date=July 18, 2012 |publisher=Zarubezhvodstroy» OJSC}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011, Darakta Janar na Zarubezhvodstroy, OJSC EV Gudzenchuk, ya sanar da cewa "A karo na farko kamfanin Rasha yana da hannu wajen gina irin wannan babban aikin a Yammacin Afirka a kan kudin masu saka hannun jari na kasashen waje. Zarubezvodstroy yana da kwarewa sosai a fagen da zai ba mu damar fuskantar ƙalubalen tare da amincewa da babban ƙwarewa". <ref name="Kandaji Dam: History" /> An sanar da tsare-tsaren a watan Yunin 2011 don sake komawa mutane 5383 da iyalai 770 waɗanda madatsar ruwan za su kori. An fara gina madatsar ruwan ne a watan Agustan shekara ta 2008. Shugaban Nijar, [[Mamadou Tandja]] ne ya kafa tubali na farko na madatsar ruwan. A shekara ta 2008, ana sa ran kammala madatsar ruwan kanta a shekara ta 2013.<ref name="Reuters" /> A shekara ta 2012, ranar kammalawar ta koma Satumba 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2012 |title=Niger Criticizes Russian Company Over Delays on Hydropower Dam |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-02/niger-criticizes-russian-company-over-delays-on-hydropower-dam.html |access-date=29 April 2013 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> Ginin ya kasance mai jinkiri fiye da yadda ake tsammani, tare da katsewa saboda matsalolin kudi; tun daga shekarar 2019, ana sa ran kammala shi a shekarar 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=Niger : nouveau coup de pouce de la BAD pour la construction d'un barrage à Kandadji |url=https://afrique.latribune.fr/economie/2019-05-24/niger-nouveau-coup-de-pouce-de-la-bad-pour-la-construction-d-un-barrage-a-kandadji-818275.html |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=La Tribune |language=fr}}</ref> Ayyukan gini sun cika kashi 12% a watan Satumbar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger : les travaux du barrage de Kandadji confiés à une entreprise chinoise évoluent à la grande satisfaction des autorités - Xinhua {{!}} Actualités Chine & Afrique |url=http://french.xinhuanet.com/afrique/2019-10/14/c_138471555.htm |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=french.xinhuanet.com}}</ref> 1l3k0jmjzuss6zufbtg9lo8hhkelrz0 842399 842398 2026-05-29T11:19:03Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din ''Kandadji''''', babban madatsar ruwa ne mai amfani da yawa wanda ake ginawa a kan [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]] . Shafin yana kusa da karamin garin Kandadji, [[Tillabéri (sashe)|Sashen Tillabéri]], [[Yankin Tillabéri]] [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], kilomita 180 arewa maso yammacin babban birnin [[Niamey]] . Babban Kwamishinan da ke cikin Aménagement de la Vallée du Niger (High Commission for Niger Valley), wani bangare na jama'a a karkashin Ofishin Firayim Minista ne ke gina shi. &nbsp; Dam din zai samar da wutar lantarki kuma yana sarrafa kwararar Kogin Neja, yana riƙe da ruwa a lokacin fari don kula da mafi ƙarancin kwararar ruwa da kuma yin ban ruwa mai yiwuwa. An kira aikin a hukumance ''Shirin Kandadji don Sabunta yanayin muhalli da Ci gaban Kogin Neja'' (Programme Kandadji de Régénération des Ecosystèmes et de Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Niger). == Tarihi == An fara gabatar da aikin ne a cikin shekarun 1970s, lokacin da aka yi la'akari da madatsar ruwa mafi girma. A cikin 1998 Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka ya amince da kudade don binciken yiwuwar da kamfanin ba da shawara na Jamus Lahmeyer ya gudanar. A karkashin binciken, an gudanar da bincike na muhalli da zamantakewa da kuma kimantawa na farko na muhallar da zamantakewa. An gabatar da binciken a cikin shekara ta 2002. A watan Agustan 2002 gwamnati ta yanke shawarar ta hanyar Dokar ci gaba da aikin, wanda daga wannan lokacin ake kira Kandadji Ecosystems Regeneration da Niger Valley Development Programme. Daga baya, an gudanar da cikakken kimantawa game da tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa, gami da Shirin Maido da Jama'a da Shirin Ci Gaban Gida. An tsara Shirin Ci Gaban Gida don sauƙaƙe sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki na mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu don maido da yanayin rayuwarsu ko ma inganta shi, fiye da sake zama kawai. An shirya zane na karshe na madatsar ruwan tare da kudade daga Bankin Ci Gaban Musulunci, da kuma na aikin ban ruwa na hekta 2,000 (4,900 acres) tare da kudaden shiga daga Bankin Raya Afirka ta Yamma. A cikin 2005 da 2006 an gudanar da shawarwari a matsayin wani ɓangare na kimanta muhalli da zamantakewa, wanda ya haɗa da mahalarta daga Asusun Duniya na Yanayi da Ƙungiyar Duniya don Kare Yanayi. A cewar wani majiya, an fara gina madatsar ruwan a watan Agustan 2008. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009 an gudanar da wani bita kan raba fa'idodi daga madatsun ruwa a Yammacin Afirka a Niamey wanda [[Hukumar Kula da Kogin Neja|Hukumar Kula da Kogin Nijar]], [[Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli da Ci Gaban Duniya]] da Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya suka shirya. Taron bita ya ba da shawarar inganta sadarwa ga mutanen da madatsar ruwan ta shafa da kuma mai da hankali sosai ga hanyoyin shari'a da suka shafi sake zama, da kuma ci gaba da tunani game da tsarin gudanarwa na gaba don raba fa'idodin madatsar ruwa daidai. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009 an fara wani tsari don zaɓar masu ba da shawara don tafiya tare da sake zama. A cewar Bankin Duniya, za a aiwatar da dukkan Shirin Kandadji a matakai uku: Ginin madatsar ruwan da kansa an kwangila da kamfanin Rasha [[Zarubezhvodstroy]], wanda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar gini a watan Satumbar 2010. <ref name="Zarubezhvodstroy">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2011 |title=News |url=http://www.zvs.ru/en/about/news/ |access-date=29 April 2013 |publisher=Zarubezhvodstroy}}</ref> An sake gina madatsar ruwan a wani bikin a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2011, bayan zaben Shugaba [[Mahamadou Issoufou]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Intelligence: exclusive news on Africa |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/ |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=Africa Intelligence |language=en}}</ref> Dam din Kandaji shine abu na farko da kamfanin Rasha ya gina a Nijar. <ref name="Kandaji Dam: History">{{Cite web |title=Kandaji Dam: History |url=http://www.zvs.ru/en/about/news/ |access-date=July 18, 2012 |publisher=Zarubezhvodstroy» OJSC}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011, Darakta Janar na Zarubezhvodstroy, OJSC EV Gudzenchuk, ya sanar da cewa "A karo na farko kamfanin Rasha yana da hannu wajen gina irin wannan babban aikin a Yammacin Afirka a kan kudin masu saka hannun jari na kasashen waje. Zarubezvodstroy yana da kwarewa sosai a fagen da zai ba mu damar fuskantar ƙalubalen tare da amincewa da babban ƙwarewa". <ref name="Kandaji Dam: History" /> An sanar da tsare-tsaren a watan Yunin 2011 don sake komawa mutane 5383 da iyalai 770 waɗanda madatsar ruwan za su kori. An fara gina madatsar ruwan ne a watan Agustan shekara ta 2008. Shugaban Nijar, [[Mamadou Tandja]] ne ya kafa tubali na farko na madatsar ruwan. A shekara ta 2008, ana sa ran kammala madatsar ruwan kanta a shekara ta 2013.<ref name="Reuters" /> A shekara ta 2012, ranar kammalawar ta koma Satumba 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2012 |title=Niger Criticizes Russian Company Over Delays on Hydropower Dam |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-02/niger-criticizes-russian-company-over-delays-on-hydropower-dam.html |access-date=29 April 2013 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> Ginin ya kasance mai jinkiri fiye da yadda ake tsammani, tare da katsewa saboda matsalolin kudi; tun daga shekarar 2019, ana sa ran kammala shi a shekarar 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=Niger : nouveau coup de pouce de la BAD pour la construction d'un barrage à Kandadji |url=https://afrique.latribune.fr/economie/2019-05-24/niger-nouveau-coup-de-pouce-de-la-bad-pour-la-construction-d-un-barrage-a-kandadji-818275.html |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=La Tribune |language=fr}}</ref> Ayyukan gini sun cika kashi 12% a watan Satumbar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger : les travaux du barrage de Kandadji confiés à une entreprise chinoise évoluent à la grande satisfaction des autorités - Xinhua {{!}} Actualités Chine & Afrique |url=http://french.xinhuanet.com/afrique/2019-10/14/c_138471555.htm |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=french.xinhuanet.com}}</ref> ==manazarta== 95gvzm1k2j3pz9y9gvojebzko1doi07 0 153071 842400 2026-05-29T11:20:11Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353397740|Bondels Dam]]" 842400 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam din Bondels''' wani tafkin ne a wajen Karasburg a Yankin Karas na [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . Yana da nisan kilomita 7 a yammacin Karas, yana madatsar ruwan [[Obub River|Kogin Obub]] kuma an gina shi don inganta sake caji na madatsar ruwa ta Bondels. Yana da damar 1.105 miliyan cubic mita kuma an kammala shi a 1959 yayin da Namibia aka sani da Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka.&nbsp; == Manazarta == r6e3pnuvaxnb569riw63vu43j59kxkx 842401 842400 2026-05-29T11:20:28Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Bondels''' wani tafkin ne a wajen Karasburg a Yankin Karas na [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . Yana da nisan kilomita 7 a yammacin Karas, yana madatsar ruwan [[Obub River|Kogin Obub]] kuma an gina shi don inganta sake caji na madatsar ruwa ta Bondels. Yana da damar 1.105 miliyan cubic mita kuma an kammala shi a 1959 yayin da Namibia aka sani da Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka.&nbsp; == Manazarta == fq31a9svp468yq839p2797un6veccxb 0 153072 842403 2026-05-29T11:21:44Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1036065199|Friedenau Dam]]" 842403 wikitext text/x-wiki Madatsar ruwan Friedenau madatsar ruwa ce mai nauyi a Yankin Khomas, [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . Yana da nisan kilomita 38 (24 kudu maso yammacin [[Windhoek]], yana ba da madatsar Kogin Kuiseb kuma yana ba da ruwa ga Mine Matchless da ke kusa. Yana da damar mita miliyan {{Convert|6.723|e6m3|cuyd}} (8,793,000 cu yd) kuma an kammala shi a 1972, lokacin da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ta mamaye yankin. == Manazarta == f1v13alwz6820nmqf0w3i1u7yh1ekko 842404 842403 2026-05-29T11:21:59Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Madatsar ruwan Friedenau madatsar ruwa ce mai nauyi a Yankin Khomas, [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . Yana da nisan kilomita 38 (24 kudu maso yammacin [[Windhoek]], yana ba da madatsar Kogin Kuiseb kuma yana ba da ruwa ga Mine Matchless da ke kusa. Yana da damar mita miliyan {{Convert|6.723|e6m3|cuyd}} (8,793,000 cu yd) kuma an kammala shi a 1972, lokacin da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ta mamaye yankin. == Manazarta == q35fvokbe0281b3v5j9kndz0irbdir9 0 153073 842405 2026-05-29T11:23:00Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1279664700|Goreangab Dam]]" 842405 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam din Goreangab''' madatsar ruwa ce a yankin arewa maso yammacin [[Windhoek]], babban birnin [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . Yana damun [[Arebbusch River|Kogin Arebbusch]] na ɗan lokaci da kuma mai ba da gudummawa, [[Gammams River|Kogin Gammams]], wanda duka biyun suna gudana a fadin Windhoek. Rashin da ke bayan madatsar ruwan yana da damar mita miliyan {{Convert|3.6|e6m3|cuyd}} (4,700,000 cu yd). <ref name="biogas">{{Cite web |last=Ogunmokun |first=A. A. |last2=Mwandemele |first2=O. D. |last3=Dima |first3=S. J. |year=2000 |title=Use of recycled waste water from biogas digesters for vegetable production in the Goreangab Dam Area of Windhoek Municipality |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228471466 |place=1st WARFSA/WATERNET Symposium, Maputo Mozambique.}}</ref><gallery> Fayil:Goreangab_Dam.jpg|Goreangab Dam Fayil:Goreangab_Damm.jpg|Goreangab Dam </gallery> == Manazarta == qhufqjlfosm5u3s7r4443mayln3fc4g 842406 842405 2026-05-29T11:23:15Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Goreangab''' madatsar ruwa ce a yankin arewa maso yammacin [[Windhoek]], babban birnin [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . Yana damun [[Arebbusch River|Kogin Arebbusch]] na ɗan lokaci da kuma mai ba da gudummawa, [[Gammams River|Kogin Gammams]], wanda duka biyun suna gudana a fadin Windhoek. Rashin da ke bayan madatsar ruwan yana da damar mita miliyan {{Convert|3.6|e6m3|cuyd}} (4,700,000 cu yd). <ref name="biogas">{{Cite web |last=Ogunmokun |first=A. A. |last2=Mwandemele |first2=O. D. |last3=Dima |first3=S. J. |year=2000 |title=Use of recycled waste water from biogas digesters for vegetable production in the Goreangab Dam Area of Windhoek Municipality |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228471466 |place=1st WARFSA/WATERNET Symposium, Maputo Mozambique.}}</ref><gallery> Fayil:Goreangab_Dam.jpg|Goreangab Dam Fayil:Goreangab_Damm.jpg|Goreangab Dam </gallery> == Manazarta == pcx6fnagemr9lcwjmu5a1dpu27ptosz 0 153074 842407 2026-05-29T11:23:54Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326878618|Ankavanana]]" 842407 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ankavanana''' kogi ne da ke arewacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] a yankin Sava. Mafarinsa yana kudu da Andapa, ya ratsa hanyar Nationale 5a kusa da [[Antalaha]] sannan ya kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]]. == Manazarta == nk9apkrgdonxwak9hyltvkw0w1vbqde 842410 842407 2026-05-29T11:25:49Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842410 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ankavanana''' kogi ne da ke arewacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] a yankin Sava.<ref>[http://www.airboatafrika.com/africa/madagascar/ankavanana/nggallery/slideshow www.airboatafrika.com]</ref> Mafarinsa yana kudu da Andapa,<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> ya ratsa hanyar Nationale 5a kusa da [[Antalaha]] sannan ya kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]].<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> == Manazarta == abaa7thdbcafpjicnzscz49svlf73ds 842411 842410 2026-05-29T11:26:49Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 842411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ankavanana''' kogi ne da ke arewacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] a yankin Sava.<ref>[http://www.airboatafrika.com/africa/madagascar/ankavanana/nggallery/slideshow www.airboatafrika.com]</ref> Mafarinsa yana kudu da Andapa,<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> ya ratsa hanyar Nationale 5a kusa da [[Antalaha]] sannan ya kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]].<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> == Manazarta == jwhr86y3wn6tz9avijoktli00yizmyn 0 153075 842408 2026-05-29T11:25:00Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352278820|Naute Dam]]" 842408 wikitext text/x-wiki Dam din Naute [[madatsar ruwa]] ce a wajen Keetmanshoop a Yankin Karas na [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . Concor ce ta gina shi tsakanin 1970 da 1972 kuma an ba da izini a hukumance a watan Satumbar 1972. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a Namibia bayan madatsar ruwan Hardap zuwa arewacin Naute kuma tana iya riƙe da mita cubic miliyan 69 na ruwa. Tushen madatsar ruwan shine [[Löwen River|Kogin Löwen]], mai ba da gudummawa ga [[Kifi (kogin Namibia)|Kogin Kifi]].&nbsp; == Kasuwanci == Naute Dam yana ba da ruwan sha ga Keetmanshoop da wasu gonakin da ke kewaye, amma galibi ana amfani dashi don ban ruwa. An yi amfani da shi sosai kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan madatsar ruwa a Namibia waɗanda galibi ana cika su da ƙarfin. ''Naute Aqua Fish Farms Project'', gonar kifi mallakar gwamnati, tana zaune ne a madatsar ruwan. ''Gonar 'Ya'yan Itacen Naute'' kuma tana nan a madatsar ruwan Naute. Gonar galibi tana noma kwanakin da za a fitar da su zuwa Turai. A shekarar 2009, an yi hasashen cewa gonar za ta fitar da tan 180 na dabino, daga 120 a shekarar da ta gabata. Ya zuwa watan Maris na 2009, gonar ta dauki ma'aikata 76 na cikakken lokaci da ma'aikata 250 na yanayi. == Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Naute-Damm_Namibia_anagoria.JPG|Naute Dam Fayil:Naute_Damm_Namibia_anagoria.JPG|Naute Dam Fayil:Naute-Damm-Stausee_Namibia_anagoria.JPG|Reservoir of the Naute Dam Fayil:2011-02-07_IMG_08.JPG|Plantage of date palms next to the Naute Dam </gallery> == Manazartaa == f1s4wqgqh88hx0qc5yjqos1zun9lm1h 842409 842408 2026-05-29T11:25:39Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dam din Naute [[madatsar ruwa]] ce a wajen Keetmanshoop a Yankin Karas na [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . Concor ce ta gina shi tsakanin 1970 da 1972 kuma an ba da izini a hukumance a watan Satumbar 1972. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a Namibia bayan madatsar ruwan Hardap zuwa arewacin Naute kuma tana iya riƙe da mita cubic miliyan 69 na ruwa. Tushen madatsar ruwan shine [[Löwen River|Kogin Löwen]], mai ba da gudummawa ga [[Kifi (kogin Namibia)|Kogin Kifi]].&nbsp; == Kasuwanci == Naute Dam yana ba da ruwan sha ga Keetmanshoop da wasu gonakin da ke kewaye, amma galibi ana amfani dashi don ban ruwa. An yi amfani da shi sosai kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan madatsar ruwa a Namibia waɗanda galibi ana cika su da ƙarfin. ''Naute Aqua Fish Farms Project'', gonar kifi mallakar gwamnati, tana zaune ne a madatsar ruwan. ''Gonar 'Ya'yan Itacen Naute'' kuma tana nan a madatsar ruwan Naute. Gonar galibi tana noma kwanakin da za a fitar da su zuwa Turai. A shekarar 2009, an yi hasashen cewa gonar za ta fitar da tan 180 na dabino, daga 120 a shekarar da ta gabata. Ya zuwa watan Maris na 2009, gonar ta dauki ma'aikata 76 na cikakken lokaci da ma'aikata 250 na yanayi. == Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Naute-Damm_Namibia_anagoria.JPG|Naute Dam Fayil:Naute_Damm_Namibia_anagoria.JPG|Naute Dam Fayil:Naute-Damm-Stausee_Namibia_anagoria.JPG|Reservoir of the Naute Dam Fayil:2011-02-07_IMG_08.JPG|Plantage of date palms next to the Naute Dam </gallery> == Manazartaa == nc0g56rosd1bs90eztlmhk1be5hq19d 0 153076 842412 2026-05-29T11:28:10Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352278825|Neckartal Dam]]" 842412 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam din Neckartal''', wanda ake kira Desert Dragon, madatsar ruwa ce a cikin mazabar Berseba na yankin kudancin [[Namibiya|Namibia]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa mai laushi a kan [[Kifi (kogin Namibia)|Kogin Kifi]] kusa da Berseba, {{Circa}} kilomita 40 (25 arewa maso yammacin babban birnin yankin Keetmanshoop . Ginin ya fara ne a shekarar 2013 kuma ana sa ran kammala shi a shekarar 2017. Tun lokacin da aka kammala shi a cikin 2018, ita ce madatsar ruwa mafi girma a Namibia, fiye da sau uku na ƙarfin madatsar ruwan Hardap. Manufar madatsar ita ce ta tallafawa Tsarin ban ruwa na hekta 5,000 (acre 12,000) wanda har yanzu ba a kafa shi ba. == Gine-gine == Tunanin gina madatsar ruwa kusa da Keetmanshoop ya riga ya zo ne a zamanin Mulkin mallaka na Jamus. Bayan [[Yakin Iyaka na Afirka ta Kudu|Samun 'yancin kai na Namibia]] a cikin 1990, shirin ya fara aiki a hankali.<ref name="bloom">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2016 |title=Neckartal Dam: Making a Desert Bloom |url=https://www.webuildvalue.com/en/works-and-projects/neckartal-dam-making-a-desert-bloom.html |publisher=[[Salini Impregilo]]}}</ref> Kodayake an yaba da shi a matsayin aikin samar da aiki mai kyau, musamman bayan kwamiti saboda manufar a matsayin madatsar ruwa, akwai shakku game da bukatar gina shi. Naute Dam a cikin wannan yanki, kamar yadda madatsar ruwa, ba a amfani da ita sosai. Koyaya, don tsarin ban ruwa na hekta 5,000 (acre 12,000) kamar yadda aka tsara don madatsar ruwan Neckartal, an yi la'akari da madatsar ruwa ta Naute. NamWater ya ba da izinin madatsar ruwan. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2013 an ba da kamfanin Italiya Salini Impregilo kyautar [[Dalar Namibia|N$]] biliyan 2.8, a wannan lokacin mafi girma a tarihin Namibia, don gina madatsar ruwan. Bayan kalubalen shari'a daga wani mai fafatawa, an janye takardar amma an sake ba da ita ga wannan kamfani a watan Agustan 2013. Ginin ya fara cikin wata daya. Da farko an shirya shi don ɗaukar shekaru 3, an jinkirta aikin saboda shari'ar kotu da tashin hankali na ma'aikata. Har ila yau, jinkirin shari'a ya kara farashin da N$ miliyan 600. An kammala shi a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2018, a lokacin farashin ya karu zuwa N$ biliyan 5.7. Ana sa ran lokacin cikawa zai dauki akalla wasu shekaru biyu. Dam din ya cika a karo na farko a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2021 bayan wani yanayi mai kyau na ruwan sama. <ref name="bloom">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2016 |title=Neckartal Dam: Making a Desert Bloom |url=https://www.webuildvalue.com/en/works-and-projects/neckartal-dam-making-a-desert-bloom.html |publisher=[[Salini Impregilo]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.webuildvalue.com/en/works-and-projects/neckartal-dam-making-a-desert-bloom.html "Neckartal Dam: Making a Desert Bloom"]. [[Salini Impregilo]]. 7 April 2016.</cite></ref> Mataki na 2 na aikin madatsar ruwan, wanda ya haɗa da shimfiɗa bututu da haƙa magudanar ruwa don ayyukan ban ruwa da aka ba da shawarar, bai riga ya fara ba duk da cewa madatsar tana aiki sosai. == Amfani da shi == Manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce tallafawa shirin ban ruwa na {{Convert|5000|ha}} wanda har yanzu ba a kafa shi ba. <ref name="bloom">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2016 |title=Neckartal Dam: Making a Desert Bloom |url=https://www.webuildvalue.com/en/works-and-projects/neckartal-dam-making-a-desert-bloom.html |publisher=[[Salini Impregilo]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.webuildvalue.com/en/works-and-projects/neckartal-dam-making-a-desert-bloom.html "Neckartal Dam: Making a Desert Bloom"]. [[Salini Impregilo]]. 7 April 2016.</cite></ref> Za a buƙaci ƙarin jari tsakanin dala biliyan 2.4 zuwa 3.9 kafin a fara aikin ban ruwa, ta yadda {{As of|2025}} daga jarin kusan kashi 2/3 na GDP na Namibia, "ba a sami dala ɗaya ba". == Tsarin gini == <gallery> Fayil:NeckartalDamm.jpg|Aerial view of Neckartal Dam under construction in October 2016 Fayil:Neckartaldamm_Oktober_2017.jpg|Aerial view of Neckartal Dam under construction in October 2017 Fayil:Neckartal_dam_aerial_view_April_2018.jpg|Neckartal Dam near completion April 2018 </gallery> == Manazarta == s6iz9pxyemqcfj0zrffwr164yt3r5k3 842413 842412 2026-05-29T11:29:18Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Neckartal''', wanda ake kira Desert Dragon, madatsar ruwa ce a cikin mazabar Berseba na yankin kudancin [[Namibiya|Namibia]]. Ita ce madatsar ruwa mai laushi a kan [[Kifi (kogin Namibia)|Kogin Kifi]] kusa da Berseba, {{Circa}} kilomita 40 (25 arewa maso yammacin babban birnin yankin Keetmanshoop . Ginin ya fara ne a shekarar 2013 kuma ana sa ran kammala shi a shekarar 2017. Tun lokacin da aka kammala shi a cikin 2018, ita ce madatsar ruwa mafi girma a Namibia, fiye da sau uku na ƙarfin madatsar ruwan Hardap. Manufar madatsar ita ce ta tallafawa Tsarin ban ruwa na hekta 5,000 (acre 12,000) wanda har yanzu ba a kafa shi ba. == Gine-gine == Tunanin gina madatsar ruwa kusa da Keetmanshoop ya riga ya zo ne a zamanin Mulkin mallaka na Jamus. Bayan [[Yakin Iyaka na Afirka ta Kudu|Samun 'yancin kai na Namibia]] a cikin 1990, shirin ya fara aiki a hankali.<ref name="bloom">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2016 |title=Neckartal Dam: Making a Desert Bloom |url=https://www.webuildvalue.com/en/works-and-projects/neckartal-dam-making-a-desert-bloom.html |publisher=[[Salini Impregilo]]}}</ref> Kodayake an yaba da shi a matsayin aikin samar da aiki mai kyau, musamman bayan kwamiti saboda manufar a matsayin madatsar ruwa, akwai shakku game da bukatar gina shi. Naute Dam a cikin wannan yanki, kamar yadda madatsar ruwa, ba a amfani da ita sosai. Koyaya, don tsarin ban ruwa na hekta 5,000 (acre 12,000) kamar yadda aka tsara don madatsar ruwan Neckartal, an yi la'akari da madatsar ruwa ta Naute. NamWater ya ba da izinin madatsar ruwan. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2013 an ba da kamfanin Italiya Salini Impregilo kyautar [[Dalar Namibia|N$]] biliyan 2.8, a wannan lokacin mafi girma a tarihin Namibia, don gina madatsar ruwan. Bayan kalubalen shari'a daga wani mai fafatawa, an janye takardar amma an sake ba da ita ga wannan kamfani a watan Agustan 2013. Ginin ya fara cikin wata daya. Da farko an shirya shi don ɗaukar shekaru 3, an jinkirta aikin saboda shari'ar kotu da tashin hankali na ma'aikata. Har ila yau, jinkirin shari'a ya kara farashin da N$ miliyan 600. An kammala shi a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2018, a lokacin farashin ya karu zuwa N$ biliyan 5.7. Ana sa ran lokacin cikawa zai dauki akalla wasu shekaru biyu. Dam din ya cika a karo na farko a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2021 bayan wani yanayi mai kyau na ruwan sama. <ref name="bloom">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2016 |title=Neckartal Dam: Making a Desert Bloom |url=https://www.webuildvalue.com/en/works-and-projects/neckartal-dam-making-a-desert-bloom.html |publisher=[[Salini Impregilo]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.webuildvalue.com/en/works-and-projects/neckartal-dam-making-a-desert-bloom.html "Neckartal Dam: Making a Desert Bloom"]. [[Salini Impregilo]]. 7 April 2016.</cite></ref> Mataki na 2 na aikin madatsar ruwan, wanda ya haɗa da shimfiɗa bututu da haƙa magudanar ruwa don ayyukan ban ruwa da aka ba da shawarar, bai riga ya fara ba duk da cewa madatsar tana aiki sosai. == Amfani da shi == Manufar madatsar ruwan ita ce tallafawa shirin ban ruwa na {{Convert|5000|ha}} wanda har yanzu ba a kafa shi ba. <ref name="bloom">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2016 |title=Neckartal Dam: Making a Desert Bloom |url=https://www.webuildvalue.com/en/works-and-projects/neckartal-dam-making-a-desert-bloom.html |publisher=[[Salini Impregilo]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.webuildvalue.com/en/works-and-projects/neckartal-dam-making-a-desert-bloom.html "Neckartal Dam: Making a Desert Bloom"]. [[Salini Impregilo]]. 7 April 2016.</cite></ref> Za a buƙaci ƙarin jari tsakanin dala biliyan 2.4 zuwa 3.9 kafin a fara aikin ban ruwa, ta yadda {{As of|2025}} daga jarin kusan kashi 2/3 na GDP na Namibia, "ba a sami dala ɗaya ba". == Tsarin gini == <gallery> Fayil:NeckartalDamm.jpg|Aerial view of Neckartal Dam under construction in October 2016 Fayil:Neckartaldamm_Oktober_2017.jpg|Aerial view of Neckartal Dam under construction in October 2017 Fayil:Neckartal_dam_aerial_view_April_2018.jpg|Neckartal Dam near completion April 2018 </gallery> == Manazarta == 7qwh19tpnip8lo839p9r4svn7pvgqby 0 153077 842414 2026-05-29T11:31:42Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1270793563|Omatako Dam]]" 842414 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam din ''Omatako''''' madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da ƙasa kimanin kilomita 100 (62 a arewacin [[Okahandja]] a Yankin Otjozondjupa na [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . An sanya masa suna ne bayan Dutsen Omatako, kuma yana damun [[Omatako River|Kogin Omatako]] na ɗan lokaci, tare da Omatako ma'anar "butt" a cikin [[Harshen Ovambo|Oshiwambo]], sunan yana nufin siffar Dutsen O Matako. Dam din yana da damar mita miliyan {{Convert|43.49|e6m3|cuyd}} (56,880,000 cu yd). An kammala shi a cikin 1981, an fara la'akari da shi don zama wani ɓangare na Eastern National Water Carrier, wani makirci don samar da ruwa ga babban birnin Namibia [[Windhoek]] daga [[Kogin Okavango]], kilomita 1,000 (620 zuwa arewa a kan iyakar [[Angola|Angolan]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 1984 |title=Eastern National Water Carrier. Omatako Dam – S Van Bach Dam Component |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305204941/https://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=5 March 2015 |publisher=[[NamWater]] |page=3}}</ref> Ba a kammala makircin ba. Dam din Omatako a yau kawai ya ƙunshi ambaliyar ruwa kuma yana ba da ruwa ga Dam din Von Bach.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1984 |title=The Omatako Dam – Sartorius Von Bach Dam Components of The Eastern National Water Carrier |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305204941/https://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=6 March 2015 |publisher=Nam Water}}</ref> Saboda haka, yana ɗaya daga cikin madatsun ruwa guda uku da ke ba da ruwa ga babban birnin Windhoek. == Manazarta == 28y3v71ty641qde3p5kmq2nk72voi8f 842415 842414 2026-05-29T11:32:07Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din ''Omatako''''' madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da ƙasa kimanin kilomita 100 (62 a arewacin [[Okahandja]] a Yankin Otjozondjupa na [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . An sanya masa suna ne bayan Dutsen Omatako, kuma yana damun [[Omatako River|Kogin Omatako]] na ɗan lokaci, tare da Omatako ma'anar "butt" a cikin [[Harshen Ovambo|Oshiwambo]], sunan yana nufin siffar Dutsen O Matako. Dam din yana da damar mita miliyan {{Convert|43.49|e6m3|cuyd}} (56,880,000 cu yd). An kammala shi a cikin 1981, an fara la'akari da shi don zama wani ɓangare na Eastern National Water Carrier, wani makirci don samar da ruwa ga babban birnin Namibia [[Windhoek]] daga [[Kogin Okavango]], kilomita 1,000 (620 zuwa arewa a kan iyakar [[Angola|Angolan]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 1984 |title=Eastern National Water Carrier. Omatako Dam – S Van Bach Dam Component |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305204941/https://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=5 March 2015 |publisher=[[NamWater]] |page=3}}</ref> Ba a kammala makircin ba. Dam din Omatako a yau kawai ya ƙunshi ambaliyar ruwa kuma yana ba da ruwa ga Dam din Von Bach.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1984 |title=The Omatako Dam – Sartorius Von Bach Dam Components of The Eastern National Water Carrier |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305204941/https://www.namwater.com.na/images/data/The%20Omatako%20Dam.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=6 March 2015 |publisher=Nam Water}}</ref> Saboda haka, yana ɗaya daga cikin madatsun ruwa guda uku da ke ba da ruwa ga babban birnin Windhoek. == Manazarta == hnbm27oyboizdiwx0yyuwn02gq1yr9h 0 153078 842416 2026-05-29T11:38:17Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310757747|Ruacana Airport]]" 842416 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Filin jirgin saman Ruacana''' (: ) filin jirgin sama ne da ke aiki da Ruacana da Tashar wutar lantarki ta Ruacana a Yankin Omusati na [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . Hasken wuta na Ruacana (Ident: '''RC''') yana kan filin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruacana NDB (RC) @ OurAirports |url=http://ourairports.com/navaids/RC/Ruacana_NDB_NA/#lat=-17.417999267578125,lon=14.373100280761719,zoom=14,type=Satellite |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191853/http://ourairports.com/navaids/RC/Ruacana_NDB_NA/#lat=-17.417999267578125,lon=14.373100280761719,zoom=14,type=Satellite |archive-date=2018-08-21 |access-date=2018-08-21 |website=ourairports.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=RC - RUACANA |url=http://www.pilotnav.com/navaid/sps-8016 |access-date=2018-08-21 |website=www.pilotnav.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SkyVector: Flight Planning / Aeronautical Charts |url=https://skyvector.com/?ll=-17.417,14.373&chart=301&zoom=1 |access-date=2018-08-21 |website=skyvector.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tashar jirgin sama * Tashar Afirka * Jerin filayen jirgin sama a Namibia * Sufuri a Namibia == Manazarata == m45alvd2yu0v0aozoari5cfu1i5zaz3 842417 842416 2026-05-29T11:39:05Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Filin jirgin saman Ruacana''' (: ) filin jirgin sama ne da ke aiki da Ruacana da Tashar wutar lantarki ta Ruacana a Yankin Omusati na [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . Hasken wuta na Ruacana (Ident: '''RC''') yana kan filin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruacana NDB (RC) @ OurAirports |url=http://ourairports.com/navaids/RC/Ruacana_NDB_NA/#lat=-17.417999267578125,lon=14.373100280761719,zoom=14,type=Satellite |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191853/http://ourairports.com/navaids/RC/Ruacana_NDB_NA/#lat=-17.417999267578125,lon=14.373100280761719,zoom=14,type=Satellite |archive-date=2018-08-21 |access-date=2018-08-21 |website=ourairports.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=RC - RUACANA |url=http://www.pilotnav.com/navaid/sps-8016 |access-date=2018-08-21 |website=www.pilotnav.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SkyVector: Flight Planning / Aeronautical Charts |url=https://skyvector.com/?ll=-17.417,14.373&chart=301&zoom=1 |access-date=2018-08-21 |website=skyvector.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tashar jirgin sama * Tashar Afirka * Jerin filayen jirgin sama a Namibia * Sufuri a Namibia == Manazarata == 1d99svfdkmkhz1oohwi1ac0y8d0mf4m 0 153079 842418 2026-05-29T11:42:00Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1308859918|Von Bach Dam]]" 842418 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Dam din Von Bach |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:S-Von-Bach-Dam-1.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px">[[Fayil:Namibia_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|235x235px|Von Bach Dam is located in Namibia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:42.53%;left:40.227%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Von Bach Dam]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Dam din Von Bach</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin madatsar ruwan Von Bach a Namibia</div></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sunan hukuma | class="infobox-data" |Dam din Von Bach |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Namibiya|Namibia]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" |[[Okahandja]], Yankin Otjozondjupa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ma'auni | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Von_Bach_Dam&params=22_0_50.49_S_16_57_12.73_E_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°0′50.49′′S</span> <span class="longitude">16°57′12.73′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.0140250 ° S 16.9535361 ° E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-22.0140250; 16.9535361</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Von_Bach_Dam&params=22_0_50.49_S_16_57_12.73_E_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°0′50.49″S</span> <span class="longitude">16°57′12.73″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.0140250°S 16.9535361°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-22.0140250; 16.9535361</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An fara gini&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1968 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ranar buɗewa&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1970 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Dam da hanyoyin zubar da ruwa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Madatsar ruwa|Nau'in madatsar ruwa&nbsp;&nbsp;]] | class="infobox-data" |Rashin ruwa, cike da dutse |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Abubuwan da ake zargi da su | class="infobox-data" |Kogin Swakop |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsawon | class="infobox-data" |35 m (115 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsawon (tushen) &nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |40 m (130 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tsawon | class="infobox-data" |270 m (890 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Faɗin (ƙwanƙwasawa) &nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |7 m (23 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Irin hanyar zubar da ruwa&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Faduwa |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ruwa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Cikakken iyawa&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |48.5⁶<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span>^6 m³ (63,510,000 cu yd) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin saman&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |4.89 km² (1.89 mi²) &nbsp;&nbsp; |} '''Dam din Von Bach''' (asalin Sartorius von Bach Dam) madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da dutse a kan Kogin Swakop kusa da [[Okahandja]] a Yankin Otjozondjupa na [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . An gina shi a shekara ta 1968 kuma an ba da umurni a shekara ta 1970, madatsar ruwan ta samar da babban birnin Namibia na [[Windhoek]] da yawancin ruwan birnin. Hakanan yana samar da Okahandja. Dam din yana da damar mita miliyan {{Convert|48.56|e6m3|cuyd}} (63,510,000 cu yd). Ana aika ruwa daga tafkin kai tsaye zuwa tashar tsabtace ruwa a ƙasa. An kammala masana'antar magani a 1971 kuma an inganta ta a 1997. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Treatment Plant Von Bach Water Treatment Plant |url=http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123933/http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=7 March 2015 |publisher=Nam Water}}</ref> == Manazartaa == ri5ubev1ku4w6nui6vukiqyo72tzsfe 0 153080 842420 2026-05-29T11:43:58Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348425983|Cahora Bassa Dam]]" 842420 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dam din Cahora Bassa''' [[madatsar ruwa]] ce a fadin [[Kogin Zambezi]], wanda ke cikin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . An kammala shi a shekara ta 1979, an gina tafkin da ya samo asali, [[Cahora Bassa|Tafkin Cahora Bassa]], musamman don tsara wutar lantarki ta al'ada don amfani a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Dam din Cahora Bassa yana daya daga cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu a kan Zambezi, ɗayan kuma shine Dam din Kariba . An fara aikin ne a shekarar 1969 kuma, bayan muhawara mai yawa ta siyasa, ya fara zuwa kan layi a shekarar 1979. <ref name="WLD">{{Cite web |date= |title={{Title case|CABORA BASSA RESERVOIR}} |url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3595 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=World Lake Database |publisher=International Lake Environment Committee (ILEC) |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatocin Mozambique da Portugal ne suka mallake su, daga samun [[Yakin 'yancin kai na Mozambique|'yancin kai]] har zuwa shekara ta 2007, kashi goma sha takwas cikin dari na madatsar ruwan da tafkinsa mallakar Mozambique ne kuma kashi tamanin da biyu cikin dari na Portugal.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Cahora Bassa, 1969-1995 |url=http://www.mozambiquehistory.net/cahora_bassa_2.php |website=Mozambique History Net}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, Portugal ta sayar da rabonta zuwa kashi 15. Dam din Cahora Bassa shine mafi girman tashar wutar lantarki a [[kudancin Afirka]] kuma mafi inganci [ana buƙatar ambaton] tashar samar da wutar lantarki a Mozambique.<ref name="AAAS">{{Cite journal |last=Isaacman |first=Allen F. |date=Fall 2021 |title=Cahora Bassa Dam & the Delusion of Development |url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/daedalus/cahora-bassa-dam-delusion-development |journal=[[American Academy of Arts & Sciences]] |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2026}} == Tarihi == Kafin a fara ginin, 'yan asalin ƙasar sun yi zanga-zanga game da madatsar ruwan a kokarin riƙe mallakar da / ko amfani da gonar su. Lokacin da aka ba da umarnin fara gini a shekarar 1969, Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Portugal a Mozambique ta tilasta wa 'yan asalin ƙasar su fita daga gidajensu da ƙauyukansu don ma'aikatan Portugal da Turai su sami wurin zama yayin gini. Gwamnatin Portugal ta gina wani karamin gari ga dukkan 'Yan kwangila, masu lantarki, da injiniyoyi a saman gidajen Mozambique. Ba a ba da diyya ga manoma da aka fitar da su ba saboda asarar dukiyarsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Isaacman |first=Allen |date=2005 |title=Displaced People, Displaced Energy, and Displaced Memories: The Case of Cahora Bassa, 1970-2004 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=201–238 |jstor=40034919}}</ref> A cikin 2021, an yi iƙirarin cewa sama da manoma miliyan ɗaya da ke zaune a kogi sun sami mummunar tasiri daga madatsar ruwan; kuma fiye da mutane 42,000 sun rasa muhallinsu.<ref name="AAAS">{{Cite journal |last=Isaacman |first=Allen F. |date=Fall 2021 |title=Cahora Bassa Dam & the Delusion of Development |url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/daedalus/cahora-bassa-dam-delusion-development |journal=[[American Academy of Arts & Sciences]] |access-date=2026-04-11}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIsaacman2021">Isaacman, Allen F. (Fall 2021). </cite></ref> Baya ga samar da wutar lantarki, ana sa ran cewa sunan Zambezi zai haifar da aikin gona mai ban ruwa, karuwar zaman Turai da fitar da ma'adanai, inganta sadarwa da sufuri a ko'ina cikin kwarin, da rage abubuwan ambaliyar ruwa sakamakon sakamakon ruwan sama mai ban mamaki kuma wani lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa.<ref name="AAAS">{{Cite journal |last=Isaacman |first=Allen F. |date=Fall 2021 |title=Cahora Bassa Dam & the Delusion of Development |url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/daedalus/cahora-bassa-dam-delusion-development |journal=[[American Academy of Arts & Sciences]] |access-date=2026-04-11}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIsaacman2021">Isaacman, Allen F. (Fall 2021). </cite></ref> Ginin ya fara ne a shekarar 1969, wanda gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ba da izini, kuma madatsar ruwan ta fara cikawa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1974 kuma tana da mita 12 kawai (39 a ƙasa da cikakken matakin samarwa a cikin watanni shida.<ref name="WLD">{{Cite web |date= |title={{Title case|CABORA BASSA RESERVOIR}} |url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3595 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=World Lake Database |publisher=International Lake Environment Committee (ILEC) |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3595 "Cabora Bassa Reservoir"]. </cite></ref> A lokacin ginin, an lalata dogon layin watsa wutar lantarki a cikin shekaru 16 na yakin basasar Mozambican wanda ya ƙare a shekarar 1992. An yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu ta goyi bayan ci gaban madatsar ruwan don murkushe dakarun 'yan tawaye masu adawa da mulkin mallaka kamar [[FRELIMO]] da abokinsa, African National Congress (ANC). <ref name="AAAS">{{Cite journal |last=Isaacman |first=Allen F. |date=Fall 2021 |title=Cahora Bassa Dam & the Delusion of Development |url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/daedalus/cahora-bassa-dam-delusion-development |journal=[[American Academy of Arts & Sciences]] |access-date=2026-04-11}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIsaacman2021">Isaacman, Allen F. (Fall 2021). </cite></ref> An gina madatsar ruwan ne don samar da wutar lantarki ga gonakin Afirka ta Kudu, ma'adinai, da birane. Tun da madatsar ruwan ta canja wutar lantarki da ta kirkira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, tana karbar wutar lantarki daga 'yan asalin da suka riƙe wasu ƙasashensu. A shekara ta 2009, an ruwaito cewa 'yan asalin suna gwagwarmaya don samun wutar lantarki da samar da ruwan sha mai tsabta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sebitosi |first=A. B. |last2=Da Graça |first2=A. |date=2009-05-01 |title=Cahora Bassa and Tete Province (Mozambique): A great potential for an industrial hub in Southern Africa |journal=Energy Policy |language=en |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=2027–2032 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2009.01.001 |issn=0301-4215}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == Ganuwar madatsar ruwan tana da mita 171 (561 da tsawon mita 303 (994 . Gidan tafkin ya kai matsakaicin kusan kilomita 250 (160 tsawo da kilomita 38 (24 faɗin, ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye yanki na kilomita 2,700 (1,000 sq tare da matsakaicin zurfin mita 20.9 (69 . Kafin shekara ta 2010, matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance santimita 94 (37 in); kuma yana raguwa. 2016, matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance 64 centimeters (25 in). An ba da shawarar cewa idan matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya ci gaba da raguwa, masu aiki da madatsar ruwa na iya rufe kwarara zuwa wasu ko duk turbines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-30 |title=The Ring Around Lago de Cahora Bassa: Image of the Day |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=88558 |access-date=2018-03-26 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka zai adana ruwa da makamashi har sai tafkin ya cika don ba da damar ruwa ya juya turbines kuma ya samar da karin wutar lantarki. Samun wasu ko duk turbines zai haifar da wasu sassan Afirka ta Kudu su rasa makamashi. A lokacin rufe shuka, Songo da [[Apollo, South Africa|Apollo]] za su sami wani ɓangare na makamashi da ke zuw tashoshin mai canzawa. Wadannan wurare har yanzu za su iya amfani da wutar lantarki saboda makamashi da aka adana a cikin na'urar da ake kira accumulator ko ta amfani da hanyar famfo. Ana yin wannan hanyar ta hanyar yin famfo ruwa a cikin tafki kuma a bar shi ya shiga cikin turbine lokacin da ake buƙatar makamashi. Har ila yau, tafkin yana kula da kamun kifi mai amfani, yana tallafawa fiye da Hippos 4,000, kuma yana ba da mahimman wurin zama ga tsuntsaye masu yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2024 |title=Zambezi Basin: Cahora Bassa |url=https://www.thewildernessproject.org/research/publications-reports/cahora-bassa |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=The Wilderness Project}}</ref> == Tashar wutar lantarki == Tsarin Cahora Bassa shine mafi girman tsarin samar da wutar lantarki a kudancin Afirka, tare da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|415|MW}}injinan turbines . Yawancin wutar lantarki da ake samarwa ana fitar da su zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, wanda tsarin Cahora Bassa HVDC ke yi, wani tsari na layukan wutar lantarki kai tsaye . Tsarin ya haɗa da tashoshin juyawa guda biyu, ɗaya a Songo a Mozambique ɗayan kuma a Apollo a Afirka ta Kudu. Masana'antar tana samar da {{Convert|1450|MW|e3hp}} daga ruwan da ke ratsa injinan turbines guda biyar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sommer |first=Ulrich |last2=Gliwicz |first2=Z. Maciej |date=1986 |title=Long Range Vertical Migration of Volvox in Tropical Lake Cahora Bassa (Mozambique) |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=650–653 |doi=10.4319/lo.1986.31.3.0650 |jstor=2836880 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana canja wannan wutar lantarki sama da {{Convert|1800|km|mi}} na layukan wutar lantarki kai tsaye masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke gudana daga Songo zuwa ga hanyoyin wutar lantarki na Afirka ta Kudu. Akwai layukan wutar lantarki guda biyu a jere tsakanin waɗannan tashoshin guda biyu, waɗanda suka kai {{Convert|1400|km}}, wanda {{Convert|900|km}} yana cikin yankin Mozambique. Waɗannan layukan HVDC suna aiki a kan 533 kV kuma a yankin Mozambique suna da hasumiyai kusan 4,200. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-17 |title=Renegotiation of Cahora Bassa Dam deal |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-02-17-will-the-cahora-bassa-dam-deal-still-be-renegotiated/ |access-date= |website=mg.co.za}}</ref> === Sabuntawa da haɓakawa === A watan Disamba na 2022, Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB), mai kula da tashar wutar lantarki, ya sami rancen dala miliyan 125 don gyara da kuma sabunta kayayyakin more rayuwa da tsarin aiki na madatsar ruwa. Mai tuntubar EPC don gyaran wani kamfani ne da ya kunshi Sweco daga [[Sweden]] da Intertechne Consultores daga [[Brazil]] . Ana sa ran gyaran zai kiyaye karfin samar da wutar lantarki na tashar wutar lantarki a {{Convert|2075|MW|e6hp}} , har zuwa 2050 a mafi ƙarancin farashi. Ana sa ran aikin gyaran zai ƙare a 2025. <ref name="RehabR">{{Cite web |last=Takouleu, Jean Marie |date=1 December 2022 |title=Mozambique: US$125 Million to Upgrade Cahora Bassa Hydroelectric Plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-us125-million-to-upgrade-cahora-bassa-hydroelectric-plant/ |access-date=4 December 2022 |website=Afik2.africa}}</ref><gallery> Fayil:Caborabassa02.jpg|Construction of the dam in 1974 Fayil:Cahorra_bassa.jpg|Cahora Bassa Dam upstream view Fayil:Cahorabassadam.jpg|Cahora Bassa Dam </gallery> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] br6mjm25pa7poqhjd4i9tg9zq9lne9b 842421 842420 2026-05-29T11:44:26Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Cahora Bassa''' [[madatsar ruwa]] ce a fadin [[Kogin Zambezi]], wanda ke cikin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . An kammala shi a shekara ta 1979, an gina tafkin da ya samo asali, [[Cahora Bassa|Tafkin Cahora Bassa]], musamman don tsara wutar lantarki ta al'ada don amfani a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Dam din Cahora Bassa yana daya daga cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu a kan Zambezi, ɗayan kuma shine Dam din Kariba . An fara aikin ne a shekarar 1969 kuma, bayan muhawara mai yawa ta siyasa, ya fara zuwa kan layi a shekarar 1979. <ref name="WLD">{{Cite web |date= |title={{Title case|CABORA BASSA RESERVOIR}} |url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3595 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=World Lake Database |publisher=International Lake Environment Committee (ILEC) |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatocin Mozambique da Portugal ne suka mallake su, daga samun [[Yakin 'yancin kai na Mozambique|'yancin kai]] har zuwa shekara ta 2007, kashi goma sha takwas cikin dari na madatsar ruwan da tafkinsa mallakar Mozambique ne kuma kashi tamanin da biyu cikin dari na Portugal.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Cahora Bassa, 1969-1995 |url=http://www.mozambiquehistory.net/cahora_bassa_2.php |website=Mozambique History Net}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, Portugal ta sayar da rabonta zuwa kashi 15. Dam din Cahora Bassa shine mafi girman tashar wutar lantarki a [[kudancin Afirka]] kuma mafi inganci [ana buƙatar ambaton] tashar samar da wutar lantarki a Mozambique.<ref name="AAAS">{{Cite journal |last=Isaacman |first=Allen F. |date=Fall 2021 |title=Cahora Bassa Dam & the Delusion of Development |url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/daedalus/cahora-bassa-dam-delusion-development |journal=[[American Academy of Arts & Sciences]] |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2026}} == Tarihi == Kafin a fara ginin, 'yan asalin ƙasar sun yi zanga-zanga game da madatsar ruwan a kokarin riƙe mallakar da / ko amfani da gonar su. Lokacin da aka ba da umarnin fara gini a shekarar 1969, Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Portugal a Mozambique ta tilasta wa 'yan asalin ƙasar su fita daga gidajensu da ƙauyukansu don ma'aikatan Portugal da Turai su sami wurin zama yayin gini. Gwamnatin Portugal ta gina wani karamin gari ga dukkan 'Yan kwangila, masu lantarki, da injiniyoyi a saman gidajen Mozambique. Ba a ba da diyya ga manoma da aka fitar da su ba saboda asarar dukiyarsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Isaacman |first=Allen |date=2005 |title=Displaced People, Displaced Energy, and Displaced Memories: The Case of Cahora Bassa, 1970-2004 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=201–238 |jstor=40034919}}</ref> A cikin 2021, an yi iƙirarin cewa sama da manoma miliyan ɗaya da ke zaune a kogi sun sami mummunar tasiri daga madatsar ruwan; kuma fiye da mutane 42,000 sun rasa muhallinsu.<ref name="AAAS">{{Cite journal |last=Isaacman |first=Allen F. |date=Fall 2021 |title=Cahora Bassa Dam & the Delusion of Development |url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/daedalus/cahora-bassa-dam-delusion-development |journal=[[American Academy of Arts & Sciences]] |access-date=2026-04-11}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIsaacman2021">Isaacman, Allen F. (Fall 2021). </cite></ref> Baya ga samar da wutar lantarki, ana sa ran cewa sunan Zambezi zai haifar da aikin gona mai ban ruwa, karuwar zaman Turai da fitar da ma'adanai, inganta sadarwa da sufuri a ko'ina cikin kwarin, da rage abubuwan ambaliyar ruwa sakamakon sakamakon ruwan sama mai ban mamaki kuma wani lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa.<ref name="AAAS">{{Cite journal |last=Isaacman |first=Allen F. |date=Fall 2021 |title=Cahora Bassa Dam & the Delusion of Development |url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/daedalus/cahora-bassa-dam-delusion-development |journal=[[American Academy of Arts & Sciences]] |access-date=2026-04-11}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIsaacman2021">Isaacman, Allen F. (Fall 2021). </cite></ref> Ginin ya fara ne a shekarar 1969, wanda gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ba da izini, kuma madatsar ruwan ta fara cikawa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1974 kuma tana da mita 12 kawai (39 a ƙasa da cikakken matakin samarwa a cikin watanni shida.<ref name="WLD">{{Cite web |date= |title={{Title case|CABORA BASSA RESERVOIR}} |url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3595 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=World Lake Database |publisher=International Lake Environment Committee (ILEC) |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3595 "Cabora Bassa Reservoir"]. </cite></ref> A lokacin ginin, an lalata dogon layin watsa wutar lantarki a cikin shekaru 16 na yakin basasar Mozambican wanda ya ƙare a shekarar 1992. An yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu ta goyi bayan ci gaban madatsar ruwan don murkushe dakarun 'yan tawaye masu adawa da mulkin mallaka kamar [[FRELIMO]] da abokinsa, African National Congress (ANC). <ref name="AAAS">{{Cite journal |last=Isaacman |first=Allen F. |date=Fall 2021 |title=Cahora Bassa Dam & the Delusion of Development |url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/daedalus/cahora-bassa-dam-delusion-development |journal=[[American Academy of Arts & Sciences]] |access-date=2026-04-11}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIsaacman2021">Isaacman, Allen F. (Fall 2021). </cite></ref> An gina madatsar ruwan ne don samar da wutar lantarki ga gonakin Afirka ta Kudu, ma'adinai, da birane. Tun da madatsar ruwan ta canja wutar lantarki da ta kirkira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, tana karbar wutar lantarki daga 'yan asalin da suka riƙe wasu ƙasashensu. A shekara ta 2009, an ruwaito cewa 'yan asalin suna gwagwarmaya don samun wutar lantarki da samar da ruwan sha mai tsabta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sebitosi |first=A. B. |last2=Da Graça |first2=A. |date=2009-05-01 |title=Cahora Bassa and Tete Province (Mozambique): A great potential for an industrial hub in Southern Africa |journal=Energy Policy |language=en |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=2027–2032 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2009.01.001 |issn=0301-4215}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == Ganuwar madatsar ruwan tana da mita 171 (561 da tsawon mita 303 (994 . Gidan tafkin ya kai matsakaicin kusan kilomita 250 (160 tsawo da kilomita 38 (24 faɗin, ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye yanki na kilomita 2,700 (1,000 sq tare da matsakaicin zurfin mita 20.9 (69 . Kafin shekara ta 2010, matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance santimita 94 (37 in); kuma yana raguwa. 2016, matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance 64 centimeters (25 in). An ba da shawarar cewa idan matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya ci gaba da raguwa, masu aiki da madatsar ruwa na iya rufe kwarara zuwa wasu ko duk turbines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-30 |title=The Ring Around Lago de Cahora Bassa: Image of the Day |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=88558 |access-date=2018-03-26 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Yin haka zai adana ruwa da makamashi har sai tafkin ya cika don ba da damar ruwa ya juya turbines kuma ya samar da karin wutar lantarki. Samun wasu ko duk turbines zai haifar da wasu sassan Afirka ta Kudu su rasa makamashi. A lokacin rufe shuka, Songo da [[Apollo, South Africa|Apollo]] za su sami wani ɓangare na makamashi da ke zuw tashoshin mai canzawa. Wadannan wurare har yanzu za su iya amfani da wutar lantarki saboda makamashi da aka adana a cikin na'urar da ake kira accumulator ko ta amfani da hanyar famfo. Ana yin wannan hanyar ta hanyar yin famfo ruwa a cikin tafki kuma a bar shi ya shiga cikin turbine lokacin da ake buƙatar makamashi. Har ila yau, tafkin yana kula da kamun kifi mai amfani, yana tallafawa fiye da Hippos 4,000, kuma yana ba da mahimman wurin zama ga tsuntsaye masu yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2024 |title=Zambezi Basin: Cahora Bassa |url=https://www.thewildernessproject.org/research/publications-reports/cahora-bassa |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=The Wilderness Project}}</ref> == Tashar wutar lantarki == Tsarin Cahora Bassa shine mafi girman tsarin samar da wutar lantarki a kudancin Afirka, tare da wutar lantarki mai karfin {{Convert|415|MW}}injinan turbines . Yawancin wutar lantarki da ake samarwa ana fitar da su zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, wanda tsarin Cahora Bassa HVDC ke yi, wani tsari na layukan wutar lantarki kai tsaye . Tsarin ya haɗa da tashoshin juyawa guda biyu, ɗaya a Songo a Mozambique ɗayan kuma a Apollo a Afirka ta Kudu. Masana'antar tana samar da {{Convert|1450|MW|e3hp}} daga ruwan da ke ratsa injinan turbines guda biyar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sommer |first=Ulrich |last2=Gliwicz |first2=Z. Maciej |date=1986 |title=Long Range Vertical Migration of Volvox in Tropical Lake Cahora Bassa (Mozambique) |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=650–653 |doi=10.4319/lo.1986.31.3.0650 |jstor=2836880 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana canja wannan wutar lantarki sama da {{Convert|1800|km|mi}} na layukan wutar lantarki kai tsaye masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke gudana daga Songo zuwa ga hanyoyin wutar lantarki na Afirka ta Kudu. Akwai layukan wutar lantarki guda biyu a jere tsakanin waɗannan tashoshin guda biyu, waɗanda suka kai {{Convert|1400|km}}, wanda {{Convert|900|km}} yana cikin yankin Mozambique. Waɗannan layukan HVDC suna aiki a kan 533 kV kuma a yankin Mozambique suna da hasumiyai kusan 4,200. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-17 |title=Renegotiation of Cahora Bassa Dam deal |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-02-17-will-the-cahora-bassa-dam-deal-still-be-renegotiated/ |access-date= |website=mg.co.za}}</ref> === Sabuntawa da haɓakawa === A watan Disamba na 2022, Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB), mai kula da tashar wutar lantarki, ya sami rancen dala miliyan 125 don gyara da kuma sabunta kayayyakin more rayuwa da tsarin aiki na madatsar ruwa. Mai tuntubar EPC don gyaran wani kamfani ne da ya kunshi Sweco daga [[Sweden]] da Intertechne Consultores daga [[Brazil]] . Ana sa ran gyaran zai kiyaye karfin samar da wutar lantarki na tashar wutar lantarki a {{Convert|2075|MW|e6hp}} , har zuwa 2050 a mafi ƙarancin farashi. Ana sa ran aikin gyaran zai ƙare a 2025. <ref name="RehabR">{{Cite web |last=Takouleu, Jean Marie |date=1 December 2022 |title=Mozambique: US$125 Million to Upgrade Cahora Bassa Hydroelectric Plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-us125-million-to-upgrade-cahora-bassa-hydroelectric-plant/ |access-date=4 December 2022 |website=Afik2.africa}}</ref><gallery> Fayil:Caborabassa02.jpg|Construction of the dam in 1974 Fayil:Cahorra_bassa.jpg|Cahora Bassa Dam upstream view Fayil:Cahorabassadam.jpg|Cahora Bassa Dam </gallery> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta== 5hr4urerobwemcfhtk5g04q8ds9ejnd 0 153081 842422 2026-05-29T11:46:26Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334286056|Oued Seguellil]]" 842422 wikitext text/x-wiki ''''''Oued Seguellîl'''''' (ko '''Oued Séguélil''' ko '''Oued Seguelil''' ko Ouad Seguellîl) (Arabic) wani Wadi ne a [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] . Ya fara ne a filin Adrar kuma yana gudana kudu maso yamma ta hanyar garin Atar kuma ya ɓace a cikin yashi da ke kewaye. Kogin yana kan tsohon hanyar [[Kogin Tamanrasset|Tamanrasset Paleoriver]] . Filin Adrar kusa da Atar yana da wadataccen kwaruruka kamar ''Oued el Abiod'' . Yawancin waɗannan kwaruruka suna kwarara zuwa cikin gadon ''Seguellil'' wadi wanda ke haifar da jerin tafkuna da koguna masu katsewa. 20&nbsp;kilomita kudu da Atar akwai madatsar ruwa ta Seguellil mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, wadda aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 2019. Kogin ya ɓace a cikin yashi a arewacin tuddan yammacin tuddan Adrar. == Manazarta == 1jvgdlcdiakgb4sqppb8i36lw0wjjf7 842423 842422 2026-05-29T11:46:56Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''''''Oued Seguellîl'''''' (ko '''Oued Séguélil''' ko '''Oued Seguelil''' ko Ouad Seguellîl) (Arabic) wani Wadi ne a [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] . Ya fara ne a filin Adrar kuma yana gudana kudu maso yamma ta hanyar garin Atar kuma ya ɓace a cikin yashi da ke kewaye. Kogin yana kan tsohon hanyar [[Kogin Tamanrasset|Tamanrasset Paleoriver]] . Filin Adrar kusa da Atar yana da wadataccen kwaruruka kamar ''Oued el Abiod'' . Yawancin waɗannan kwaruruka suna kwarara zuwa cikin gadon ''Seguellil'' wadi wanda ke haifar da jerin tafkuna da koguna masu katsewa. 20&nbsp;kilomita kudu da Atar akwai madatsar ruwa ta Seguellil mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, wadda aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 2019. Kogin ya ɓace a cikin yashi a arewacin tuddan yammacin tuddan Adrar. == Manazarta == i8bq1ftxhi84j9myqoxs0zy88e0pzpn 0 153082 842424 2026-05-29T11:48:38Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1279663873|Foum Gleita Dam]]" 842424 wikitext text/x-wiki Foum Gleita Dam wani madatsar ruwa ne a kan Kogin Gorgol kusa da Foum Gleida a Yankin Gorgol na [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] . An kammala madatsar ruwan a cikin 1988 tare da ainihin manufar samar da ruwa don ban ruwa har zuwa {{Convert|4000|ha|acre}} na amfanin gona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dams in Africa |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/dams/african_dams.xls |access-date=25 March 2014 |publisher=UN FAO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1989 |title=Deplacements De Popuution Autour D'un Barrage En Zone Saheuenne Le Cas De Foum Gleita |url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/b_fdi_31-32/35166.pdf |access-date=25 March 2014 |publisher=ORSTOM |language=French}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar kan daidaiton madatsar ruwan, wanda aka gudanar a shekarar 2004, ya nuna matsaloli 19 na kwanciyar hankali da tsaro, galibi saboda jinkirin gyara. Duk da haka, babban tsarin madatsar ruwan yana cikin yanayi mai kyau a wancan lokacin. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} p36ivn79qegew2dtf4dyipwu11dcy44 842425 842424 2026-05-29T11:48:55Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 842425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Foum Gleita Dam wani madatsar ruwa ne a kan Kogin Gorgol kusa da Foum Gleida a Yankin Gorgol na [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] . An kammala madatsar ruwan a cikin 1988 tare da ainihin manufar samar da ruwa don ban ruwa har zuwa {{Convert|4000|ha|acre}} na amfanin gona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dams in Africa |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/dams/african_dams.xls |access-date=25 March 2014 |publisher=UN FAO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1989 |title=Deplacements De Popuution Autour D'un Barrage En Zone Saheuenne Le Cas De Foum Gleita |url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/b_fdi_31-32/35166.pdf |access-date=25 March 2014 |publisher=ORSTOM |language=French}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar kan daidaiton madatsar ruwan, wanda aka gudanar a shekarar 2004, ya nuna matsaloli 19 na kwanciyar hankali da tsaro, galibi saboda jinkirin gyara. Duk da haka, babban tsarin madatsar ruwan yana cikin yanayi mai kyau a wancan lokacin. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ekxokz45dqns0uq40d2zsmdqm0xydzt 0 153083 842426 2026-05-29T11:55:39Z Engineer014 44591 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305933704|Pangani River]]" 842426 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Pangani''' ( ''Mto Pangani'', a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] ), (wanda kuma ake kira '''Luffu''' da '''Jipe Ruvu''', musamman a tsoffin majiyoyi, kuma wataƙila ana kiransa '''Rhaptus''' ) babban kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Yana da manyan majiyoyi guda biyu: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Entry "Pangani" in the German Koloniallexikon |url=http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=Pangani |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011083932/http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=Pangani |archive-date=2014-10-11 |access-date=2011-12-10}}</ref> [[Kogin Ruvu Jipe|Ruvu]], wanda ke tashi yayin da [[Kogin Lumi (Gabas ta Afirka)|Lumi]] ke [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], yana ratsa [[tafkin Jipe]], kuma yana kwarara zuwa cikin madatsar ruwa ta Nyumba ya Mungu, da kuma [[Kogin Kikuletwa]], wanda ke fitowa daga yamma kuma galibin kogunan Dutsen Meru ne ke ciyar da su a Yankin Arusha, wanda kuma ke shiga cikin madatsar ruwa ta Nyumba ya Mungu a Yankin Kilimanjaro . Bayan barin madatsar ruwa, rafin ya zama babban Pangani, wanda ke kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]] a Yankin Tanga a garin Pangani mai tashar jiragen ruwa na Tangan. Tsawon tsawonsa kogin yana gudana a kan iyakokin yankin Kilimanjaro da Yankin Manyara, kafin ya kwarara zuwa Yankin Tanga, wanda ke dauke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 68.&nbsp;Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta MW Pangani da [[Dam din Pangani Falls|Madatsar Ruwan Pangani]] . Akwai tsibirai da dama da ke zaune a cikin kogin. Kogin yana cike da kada; dorinar ruwa ba ta da yawa a ƙananan sassansa. == Asalin Ma'anar == Babban tushen Pangani ya samo asali ne daga Kilimanjaro, inda yake [[Kogin Lumi (Gabas ta Afirka)|Kogin Lumi]] . Ana iya ɗaukar tafkin Jipe a matsayin wani ɓangare na Lumi. A ƙasan tafkin Jipe da kuma sama da magudanar ruwa, ana kiran kogin da "Ruvu". <ref name="BritainShaw1875">{{Cite journal |last=New |first=Charles |year=1875 |title=Journey from the Pangani, via Wadigo, to Mombasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA318 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=317–323 |doi=10.2307/1799979 |jstor=1799979}}</ref> A da, babban hanyar zuwa teku ana kiranta da "Ruvu" da "Pangani". A zamanin yau, an sanya wannan a matsayin "Pangani" daga ma'ajiyar Nyumba ya Mungu zuwa Teku. Yayin da [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] ke kiransa " ''Pangani'' " (ma'ana rarrabawa ko shirya), ana kiransa " ''Luffu'' " ta [[Wasambara]] (wanda ya samo asali daga yankin Nderema, a kan tuddai uku da ke kusa da bakin teku) da Zigua (waɗanda ke zaune a tsibiran kogin). <ref name="BritainShaw1875">{{Cite journal |last=New |first=Charles |year=1875 |title=Journey from the Pangani, via Wadigo, to Mombasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA318 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=317–323 |doi=10.2307/1799979 |jstor=1799979}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNew1875">New, Charles (1875). </cite></ref> Kusan dukkan hukumomi sun yarda cewa kogin "Rhaptus" na taswirar Ptolemy shine Pangani na taswirorin zamani. == Yanayin ƙasa == Pangani yana da nisan {{Convert|500|km}} a tsayi. <ref name="iwmnet.eu">{{Cite web |title=Pangani Basin |url=http://www.iwmnet.eu/index.php/research/pangani-basin |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218024206/http://www.iwmnet.eu/index.php/research/pangani-basin |archive-date=18 February 2012 |access-date=12 October 2011 |publisher=IWMNet}}</ref> Wani maɓuɓɓugar kogin yana fitowa a Kilimanjaro, kimanin {{Convert|120|mi}} daga teku. An san shi da Lumi a wannan yanki, hanyarsa tana ratsawa ta tafkin Jipe. Ɗayan kuma yana kan Dutsen Meru a yamma kuma an san shi da [[Kogin Kikuletwa|Kikuletwa]] . Kamar dukkan kogunan Afirka, zurfinsa ya bambanta dangane da yanayi. Kogin yana da tsayi a kusa da watan Mayu kuma mafi ƙanƙanta a kusa da Oktoba. Wani majiya kuma shine [[Kogin Saunyi]] a gundumar Kilindi . [[Fayil:Bushiri_Pangani_District.jpg|thumb|Kogin Pangani ta unguwar Bushiri na gundumar Pangani]] ; Tsakiyar sashe Ana iya tafiya da shi zuwa ƙananan jiragen ruwa tsakanin tafkin da Höhnel Cataracts, jerin raƙuman ruwa. A ƙarƙashin Höhnel Cataracts, yana da rafuka da yawa, da kuma tsibirai da yawa waɗanda ke da ƙauyuka a kansu. Kogin ya fi ƙarfi a sama da [[Koleni]], a cikin mil 5 daga Pangani Falls, inda kogin yake da kunkuntar. Wannan ɓangaren ba za a iya tafiya da shi ba ga wani nisa mai nisa saboda magudanar ruwa, wanda yake kimanin {{Convert|30|mi}} daga bakin. Kimanin {{Convert|4|mi}} daga bakin, dausayin mangwaro mai yawa ya mamaye ƙasa mai faɗi tsakanin tsaunuka a kowane gefe. A wannan yanki, kusa da Teufelsfelsen, akwai ƙasa mai tsayi, yanki mai albarka, da kuma busasshiyar Masai Steppe . <ref name="iwmnet.eu">{{Cite web |title=Pangani Basin |url=http://www.iwmnet.eu/index.php/research/pangani-basin |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218024206/http://www.iwmnet.eu/index.php/research/pangani-basin |archive-date=18 February 2012 |access-date=12 October 2011 |publisher=IWMNet}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120218024206/http://www.iwmnet.eu/index.php/research/pangani-basin "Pangani Basin"]. </cite></ref> A wannan gefen akwai Dutsen Kovu Kovu, {{Convert|360|ft}} a tsayi, yayin da a gefen kudu akwai tudu mai {{Convert|400|ft}} tsayi. [[Pombwe]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙauyukan da ke kan kogin, tana da nisan {{Convert|1|mi}} yamma da Kovu Kovu. Sama da Pombwe, itacen dabino na Yammacin Afirka yana tsiro, yayin da a ƙasa da Pombwe, bishiyoyi galibi sune bishiyoyin areca da kwakwa. Ƙauyen Lemkuna da ƙauyen Ngage suna kan gabar yammacin kogin, yayin da Mvungwe da Meserani suna kan gabar gabashin kogin. ; Baki Bakin yana da nisan {{Convert|52|km}} kudu da [[Tanga, Tanzaniya|Tanga]] . Kogin yana da ruwa mai ƙarfi na tsawon {{Convert|22|mi}} daga ƙofar shiga. Gefen kudu na ƙofar an yi masa alama da wani dutse mai lanƙwasa mai suna Bweni, kimanin {{Convert|200|ft}} tsayi; akwai wani ƙauye mai suna iri ɗaya, Bweni, wanda ke nan. Gefen arewa na ƙofar akwai rairayin bakin teku mai faɗi wanda ya miƙe daga saman teku. Akwai matsugunai da yawa a ƙofar, biyu a arewa da biyu a gefen kudu. A tarihi, garin Pangani, a gefen hagu na kogin, ya yi suna wajen zazzabi. A bakin tekunsa, kusa da garin Pangani, kogin yana da tsawon {{Convert|600|ft}} a faɗin, da kuma {{Convert|12|-|15|ft}} zurfi. ; Magudanar ruwa Magudanan ruwa da yawa da ke fitowa daga tsaunin Pare, tsaunin Usambara da jejin [[Wasegiia]] suna shiga cikin Pangani. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Kibaya, Komkuza, Kwachigulu, Kwamwadyau da Mnyusi. == Tsarin Halittar Halitta == Matsakaicin kwararar Pangani a kowane wata da aka auna a tashar ruwa da ke Korogwe Estate, kimanin 110&nbsp;km sama da baki a cikin m³ / s (1959–77). Guduwar Pangani tana motsa dangane da lokaci, kamar yawancin koguna a yankin.<timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:280 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:40 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:5 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:January bar:Fév text:February bar:Mar text:March bar:Avr text:April bar:Mai text:May bar:Jun text:June bar:Jul text:July bar:Aoû text:August bar:Sep text:Sept. bar:Oct text:Oct. bar:Nov text:Nov. bar:Déc text:Dec. PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 29 bar:Fév from:0 till: 22 bar:Mar from:0 till: 23 bar:Avr from:0 till: 33 bar:Mai from:0 till: 39 bar:Jun from:0 till: 33 bar:Jul from:0 till: 28 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 25 bar:Sep from:0 till: 21 bar:Oct from:0 till: 21 bar:Nov from:0 till: 25 bar:Déc from:0 till: 23 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 29 fontsize:S text: 29 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 22 fontsize:S text: 22 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 23 fontsize:S text: 23 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 33 fontsize:S text: 33 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 39 fontsize:S text: 39 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 33 fontsize:S text: 33 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 28 fontsize:S text: 28 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 25 fontsize:S text: 25 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 21 fontsize:S text: 21 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 21 fontsize:S text: 21 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 25 fontsize:S text: 25 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 23 fontsize:S text: 23 shift:(-10,5) </timeline> == Tafkin Pangani == Tafkin Pangani (PB) yana ɗaya daga cikin magudanan ruwa guda tara na Tanzaniya. Ya tashi daga tsaunukan arewa zuwa gabar tekun arewa maso gabashin Tanzaniya, faɗin PB yana da kusan {{Convert|56300|km2}} a girmansa, wanda {{Convert|4880|km2}} yana cikin Kenya. Ƙananan kwaruruka guda biyar sun ƙunshi kwarin: Kogin Pangani ( {{Convert|43650|km2}} ), [[Kogin Umba (Tanzania)|Kogin Umba]] ( {{Convert|8070|km2}} ), [[Kogin Msangazi]] ( {{Convert|5030|km2}} ), [[Kogin Zigi]], da [[Kogin Mkulamuzi|Kogin Mkulumuzi]] da sauran kogunan bakin teku ( {{Convert|2080|km2}} ). <ref name="MiniGrids">{{Cite web |title=Pangani Basin Water Board |url=http://www.minigrids.go.tz/en/Directory/Details/c4c1761f-fdb3-41d1-9aff-a79876e21663 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327112041/http://www.minigrids.go.tz/en/Directory/Details/c4c1761f-fdb3-41d1-9aff-a79876e21663 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |access-date=1 July 2018 |publisher=Mini Grids Information Portal}}</ref> Duk waɗannan sun ɓace cikin Tekun Indiya. <ref name="PBWB">{{Cite web |title=Pangani Basin |url=http://www.panganibasin.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021212915/http://www.panganibasin.com/# |archive-date=2011-10-21 |access-date=9 October 2011 |publisher=Pangani Basin Water Board}}</ref> An kafa [[Pangani Basin Water Board|Hukumar Ruwa ta Pangani]] (PBWB) a watan Yulin 1991 a ƙarƙashin Dokar Amfani da Ruwa (Sarrafawa da Ka'idoji) Mai Lamba ta 42 ta 1974. Hedikwatarta tana cikin gundumar Moshi da ke yankin Kilimanjaro. Sauran ofisoshinta guda biyu suna [[Arusha]] da [[Tanga, Tanzaniya|Tanga]] . <ref name="PBWB">{{Cite web |title=Pangani Basin |url=http://www.panganibasin.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021212915/http://www.panganibasin.com/# |archive-date=2011-10-21 |access-date=9 October 2011 |publisher=Pangani Basin Water Board}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111021212915/http://www.panganibasin.com/# "Pangani Basin"]. </cite></ref> PBWB ta ƙunshi ƙwararru goma daga cibiyoyin gwamnati da ƙananan hukumomi masu zaman kansu, UWSAs, da sauran kwamitoci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tsarin kogin yana fuskantar matsin lamba saboda rashin amfani da ruwa mai karo da juna da kuma yawan ruwan da ake rabawa. Manoma da yawa sun dogara ne da kogin don ban ruwa. Ayyukan magudanar ruwa a gefen kogin sun rage kwararar ruwan kogin daga daruruwan mita cubic a kowace dakika zuwa kasa da {{Convert|40|m3/s}} . Wannan ya shafi al'ummomin bakin teku, waɗanda suka ga raguwar yawan kifaye da kutse a cikin ruwan gishiri <ref name="IUCN">{{Cite web |title=Pangani River Basin |url=http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/water/wp_where_we_work/wp_our_work_projects/wp_our_work_pan/ |access-date=1 July 2018 |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, an kafa [[Pangani River Basin Management Project|Aikin Gudanar da Tafkin Kogin Pangani]] don kula da albarkatun ruwan yankin. Yana samun taimakon fasaha daga Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (IUCN), Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban SNV Netherlands, [[GIZ German Development Organisation|Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Jamus ta GIZ]] da ƙungiyar [[PAMOJA]] ta gida. <ref name="IUCN" /> Aikin kuma yana karɓar kuɗi daga gwamnatin Tanzania, IUCN, Hukumar Turai, da Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya ta hanyar Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . <ref name="IUCN" /> == Kasuwanci == Akwai ciniki mai yawa a nan, jiragen ruwa suna lodawa da sauke kaya a kogin. Ana kawo amfanin gona daga kogin, galibi a kan kwale-kwalen da aka yi da itacen dabino na Moale, wanda daga baya ake raba su su zama kayan kasuwanci. A shekarar 1878, an ruwaito cewa amfanin gona da aka fi nomawa a gefen kogin shine sukari. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pb36pz7vovknyua700yylfyswzxevii 842427 842426 2026-05-29T11:56:12Z Engineer014 44591 842427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Pangani''' ( ''Mto Pangani'', a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] ), (wanda kuma ake kira '''Luffu''' da '''Jipe Ruvu''', musamman a tsoffin majiyoyi, kuma wataƙila ana kiransa '''Rhaptus''' ) babban kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Yana da manyan majiyoyi guda biyu: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Entry "Pangani" in the German Koloniallexikon |url=http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=Pangani |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011083932/http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=Pangani |archive-date=2014-10-11 |access-date=2011-12-10}}</ref> [[Kogin Ruvu Jipe|Ruvu]], wanda ke tashi yayin da [[Kogin Lumi (Gabas ta Afirka)|Lumi]] ke [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], yana ratsa [[tafkin Jipe]], kuma yana kwarara zuwa cikin madatsar ruwa ta Nyumba ya Mungu, da kuma [[Kogin Kikuletwa]], wanda ke fitowa daga yamma kuma galibin kogunan Dutsen Meru ne ke ciyar da su a Yankin Arusha, wanda kuma ke shiga cikin madatsar ruwa ta Nyumba ya Mungu a Yankin Kilimanjaro . Bayan barin madatsar ruwa, rafin ya zama babban Pangani, wanda ke kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]] a Yankin Tanga a garin Pangani mai tashar jiragen ruwa na Tangan. Tsawon tsawonsa kogin yana gudana a kan iyakokin yankin Kilimanjaro da Yankin Manyara, kafin ya kwarara zuwa Yankin Tanga, wanda ke dauke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 68.&nbsp;Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta MW Pangani da [[Dam din Pangani Falls|Madatsar Ruwan Pangani]] . Akwai tsibirai da dama da ke zaune a cikin kogin. Kogin yana cike da kada; dorinar ruwa ba ta da yawa a ƙananan sassansa. == Asalin Ma'anar == Babban tushen Pangani ya samo asali ne daga Kilimanjaro, inda yake [[Kogin Lumi (Gabas ta Afirka)|Kogin Lumi]] . Ana iya ɗaukar tafkin Jipe a matsayin wani ɓangare na Lumi. A ƙasan tafkin Jipe da kuma sama da magudanar ruwa, ana kiran kogin da "Ruvu". <ref name="BritainShaw1875">{{Cite journal |last=New |first=Charles |year=1875 |title=Journey from the Pangani, via Wadigo, to Mombasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA318 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=317–323 |doi=10.2307/1799979 |jstor=1799979}}</ref> A da, babban hanyar zuwa teku ana kiranta da "Ruvu" da "Pangani". A zamanin yau, an sanya wannan a matsayin "Pangani" daga ma'ajiyar Nyumba ya Mungu zuwa Teku. Yayin da [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] ke kiransa " ''Pangani'' " (ma'ana rarrabawa ko shirya), ana kiransa " ''Luffu'' " ta [[Wasambara]] (wanda ya samo asali daga yankin Nderema, a kan tuddai uku da ke kusa da bakin teku) da Zigua (waɗanda ke zaune a tsibiran kogin). <ref name="BritainShaw1875">{{Cite journal |last=New |first=Charles |year=1875 |title=Journey from the Pangani, via Wadigo, to Mombasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA318 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=317–323 |doi=10.2307/1799979 |jstor=1799979}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNew1875">New, Charles (1875). </cite></ref> Kusan dukkan hukumomi sun yarda cewa kogin "Rhaptus" na taswirar Ptolemy shine Pangani na taswirorin zamani. == Yanayin ƙasa == Pangani yana da nisan {{Convert|500|km}} a tsayi. <ref name="iwmnet.eu">{{Cite web |title=Pangani Basin |url=http://www.iwmnet.eu/index.php/research/pangani-basin |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218024206/http://www.iwmnet.eu/index.php/research/pangani-basin |archive-date=18 February 2012 |access-date=12 October 2011 |publisher=IWMNet}}</ref> Wani maɓuɓɓugar kogin yana fitowa a Kilimanjaro, kimanin {{Convert|120|mi}} daga teku. An san shi da Lumi a wannan yanki, hanyarsa tana ratsawa ta tafkin Jipe. Ɗayan kuma yana kan Dutsen Meru a yamma kuma an san shi da [[Kogin Kikuletwa|Kikuletwa]] . Kamar dukkan kogunan Afirka, zurfinsa ya bambanta dangane da yanayi. Kogin yana da tsayi a kusa da watan Mayu kuma mafi ƙanƙanta a kusa da Oktoba. Wani majiya kuma shine [[Kogin Saunyi]] a gundumar Kilindi . [[Fayil:Bushiri_Pangani_District.jpg|thumb|Kogin Pangani ta unguwar Bushiri na gundumar Pangani]] ; Tsakiyar sashe Ana iya tafiya da shi zuwa ƙananan jiragen ruwa tsakanin tafkin da Höhnel Cataracts, jerin raƙuman ruwa. A ƙarƙashin Höhnel Cataracts, yana da rafuka da yawa, da kuma tsibirai da yawa waɗanda ke da ƙauyuka a kansu. Kogin ya fi ƙarfi a sama da [[Koleni]], a cikin mil 5 daga Pangani Falls, inda kogin yake da kunkuntar. Wannan ɓangaren ba za a iya tafiya da shi ba ga wani nisa mai nisa saboda magudanar ruwa, wanda yake kimanin {{Convert|30|mi}} daga bakin. Kimanin {{Convert|4|mi}} daga bakin, dausayin mangwaro mai yawa ya mamaye ƙasa mai faɗi tsakanin tsaunuka a kowane gefe. A wannan yanki, kusa da Teufelsfelsen, akwai ƙasa mai tsayi, yanki mai albarka, da kuma busasshiyar Masai Steppe . <ref name="iwmnet.eu">{{Cite web |title=Pangani Basin |url=http://www.iwmnet.eu/index.php/research/pangani-basin |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218024206/http://www.iwmnet.eu/index.php/research/pangani-basin |archive-date=18 February 2012 |access-date=12 October 2011 |publisher=IWMNet}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120218024206/http://www.iwmnet.eu/index.php/research/pangani-basin "Pangani Basin"]. </cite></ref> A wannan gefen akwai Dutsen Kovu Kovu, {{Convert|360|ft}} a tsayi, yayin da a gefen kudu akwai tudu mai {{Convert|400|ft}} tsayi. [[Pombwe]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙauyukan da ke kan kogin, tana da nisan {{Convert|1|mi}} yamma da Kovu Kovu. Sama da Pombwe, itacen dabino na Yammacin Afirka yana tsiro, yayin da a ƙasa da Pombwe, bishiyoyi galibi sune bishiyoyin areca da kwakwa. Ƙauyen Lemkuna da ƙauyen Ngage suna kan gabar yammacin kogin, yayin da Mvungwe da Meserani suna kan gabar gabashin kogin. ; Baki Bakin yana da nisan {{Convert|52|km}} kudu da [[Tanga, Tanzaniya|Tanga]] . Kogin yana da ruwa mai ƙarfi na tsawon {{Convert|22|mi}} daga ƙofar shiga. Gefen kudu na ƙofar an yi masa alama da wani dutse mai lanƙwasa mai suna Bweni, kimanin {{Convert|200|ft}} tsayi; akwai wani ƙauye mai suna iri ɗaya, Bweni, wanda ke nan. Gefen arewa na ƙofar akwai rairayin bakin teku mai faɗi wanda ya miƙe daga saman teku. Akwai matsugunai da yawa a ƙofar, biyu a arewa da biyu a gefen kudu. A tarihi, garin Pangani, a gefen hagu na kogin, ya yi suna wajen zazzabi. A bakin tekunsa, kusa da garin Pangani, kogin yana da tsawon {{Convert|600|ft}} a faɗin, da kuma {{Convert|12|-|15|ft}} zurfi. ; Magudanar ruwa Magudanan ruwa da yawa da ke fitowa daga tsaunin Pare, tsaunin Usambara da jejin [[Wasegiia]] suna shiga cikin Pangani. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Kibaya, Komkuza, Kwachigulu, Kwamwadyau da Mnyusi. == Tsarin Halittar Halitta == Matsakaicin kwararar Pangani a kowane wata da aka auna a tashar ruwa da ke Korogwe Estate, kimanin 110&nbsp;km sama da baki a cikin m³ / s (1959–77). Guduwar Pangani tana motsa dangane da lokaci, kamar yawancin koguna a yankin.<timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:280 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:40 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:5 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:January bar:Fév text:February bar:Mar text:March bar:Avr text:April bar:Mai text:May bar:Jun text:June bar:Jul text:July bar:Aoû text:August bar:Sep text:Sept. bar:Oct text:Oct. bar:Nov text:Nov. bar:Déc text:Dec. PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 29 bar:Fév from:0 till: 22 bar:Mar from:0 till: 23 bar:Avr from:0 till: 33 bar:Mai from:0 till: 39 bar:Jun from:0 till: 33 bar:Jul from:0 till: 28 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 25 bar:Sep from:0 till: 21 bar:Oct from:0 till: 21 bar:Nov from:0 till: 25 bar:Déc from:0 till: 23 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 29 fontsize:S text: 29 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 22 fontsize:S text: 22 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 23 fontsize:S text: 23 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 33 fontsize:S text: 33 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 39 fontsize:S text: 39 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 33 fontsize:S text: 33 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 28 fontsize:S text: 28 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 25 fontsize:S text: 25 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 21 fontsize:S text: 21 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 21 fontsize:S text: 21 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 25 fontsize:S text: 25 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 23 fontsize:S text: 23 shift:(-10,5) </timeline> == Tafkin Pangani == Tafkin Pangani (PB) yana ɗaya daga cikin magudanan ruwa guda tara na Tanzaniya. Ya tashi daga tsaunukan arewa zuwa gabar tekun arewa maso gabashin Tanzaniya, faɗin PB yana da kusan {{Convert|56300|km2}} a girmansa, wanda {{Convert|4880|km2}} yana cikin Kenya. Ƙananan kwaruruka guda biyar sun ƙunshi kwarin: Kogin Pangani ( {{Convert|43650|km2}} ), [[Kogin Umba (Tanzania)|Kogin Umba]] ( {{Convert|8070|km2}} ), [[Kogin Msangazi]] ( {{Convert|5030|km2}} ), [[Kogin Zigi]], da [[Kogin Mkulamuzi|Kogin Mkulumuzi]] da sauran kogunan bakin teku ( {{Convert|2080|km2}} ). <ref name="MiniGrids">{{Cite web |title=Pangani Basin Water Board |url=http://www.minigrids.go.tz/en/Directory/Details/c4c1761f-fdb3-41d1-9aff-a79876e21663 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327112041/http://www.minigrids.go.tz/en/Directory/Details/c4c1761f-fdb3-41d1-9aff-a79876e21663 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |access-date=1 July 2018 |publisher=Mini Grids Information Portal}}</ref> Duk waɗannan sun ɓace cikin Tekun Indiya. <ref name="PBWB">{{Cite web |title=Pangani Basin |url=http://www.panganibasin.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021212915/http://www.panganibasin.com/# |archive-date=2011-10-21 |access-date=9 October 2011 |publisher=Pangani Basin Water Board}}</ref> An kafa [[Pangani Basin Water Board|Hukumar Ruwa ta Pangani]] (PBWB) a watan Yulin 1991 a ƙarƙashin Dokar Amfani da Ruwa (Sarrafawa da Ka'idoji) Mai Lamba ta 42 ta 1974. Hedikwatarta tana cikin gundumar Moshi da ke yankin Kilimanjaro. Sauran ofisoshinta guda biyu suna [[Arusha]] da [[Tanga, Tanzaniya|Tanga]] . <ref name="PBWB">{{Cite web |title=Pangani Basin |url=http://www.panganibasin.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021212915/http://www.panganibasin.com/# |archive-date=2011-10-21 |access-date=9 October 2011 |publisher=Pangani Basin Water Board}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111021212915/http://www.panganibasin.com/# "Pangani Basin"]. </cite></ref> PBWB ta ƙunshi ƙwararru goma daga cibiyoyin gwamnati da ƙananan hukumomi masu zaman kansu, UWSAs, da sauran kwamitoci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tsarin kogin yana fuskantar matsin lamba saboda rashin amfani da ruwa mai karo da juna da kuma yawan ruwan da ake rabawa. Manoma da yawa sun dogara ne da kogin don ban ruwa. Ayyukan magudanar ruwa a gefen kogin sun rage kwararar ruwan kogin daga daruruwan mita cubic a kowace dakika zuwa kasa da {{Convert|40|m3/s}} . Wannan ya shafi al'ummomin bakin teku, waɗanda suka ga raguwar yawan kifaye da kutse a cikin ruwan gishiri <ref name="IUCN">{{Cite web |title=Pangani River Basin |url=http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/water/wp_where_we_work/wp_our_work_projects/wp_our_work_pan/ |access-date=1 July 2018 |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, an kafa [[Pangani River Basin Management Project|Aikin Gudanar da Tafkin Kogin Pangani]] don kula da albarkatun ruwan yankin. Yana samun taimakon fasaha daga Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (IUCN), Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban SNV Netherlands, [[GIZ German Development Organisation|Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Jamus ta GIZ]] da ƙungiyar [[PAMOJA]] ta gida. <ref name="IUCN" /> Aikin kuma yana karɓar kuɗi daga gwamnatin Tanzania, IUCN, Hukumar Turai, da Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya ta hanyar Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . <ref name="IUCN" /> == Kasuwanci == Akwai ciniki mai yawa a nan, jiragen ruwa suna lodawa da sauke kaya a kogin. Ana kawo amfanin gona daga kogin, galibi a kan kwale-kwalen da aka yi da itacen dabino na Moale, wanda daga baya ake raba su su zama kayan kasuwanci. A shekarar 1878, an ruwaito cewa amfanin gona da aka fi nomawa a gefen kogin shine sukari. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] itssb06dna2f1kp38hombaomsqrdmzr